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Upstream Process Engineering Course 3. Environment Management
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
1
Environment Environmental Impacts • • • • • •
Atmospheric emissions Aqueous discharges Solid waste Landtake / Footprint / Habitat / Biodiversity Community - noise, odour, migration, disease Abandonment, liabilities
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
2
Management of Environmental Impacts • Policy goals and expectations - BU Performance Contract • BU Environmental Management System • Environmental Impact Assessment of major projects – – – –
Recommendations - Project database Set operating constraints Obtain permits to operate BP implements world-wide
• HSE considerations form part of FM approval process • HSE audits throughout life of operations • Emission Targets – Year on Year reduction – CO2 target Upstream Process Engineering Course
- HC target - Measure and report
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
3
Atmospheric Emissions • Combustion Products energy production gas flaring cold venting well testing
CO2 CO NOx SOx NMHC
• Evaporation / Leakage produced / treated gases gases used on installation
halon H2S
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
CFC NMHC CH4 The Environment VSep 06
4
Energy Production POWER
HEAT
GAS TURBINES / DIESEL ENGINES
ELECTRIC / GAS FIRED HEATERS PROCESS HEAT / EXHAUST GAS
• Compression / pumping of gas & oil for transport. • Gas & water injection into reservoir. • Gas recompression after separation. • Drilling • Process support / utilities.
• • • •
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Process heating. Sea water desalination. General platform heating. Glycol regeneration.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
5
Gas Flaring / Cold Venting Pressure relief / commissioning / start-up / maintenance / shutdown / flare purge / blanket gas / glycol regeneration / deoxygenation of seawater Released hydrocarbons direct to atmosphere OR burnt
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
COLD VENT FLARE
The Environment VSep 06
6
Evaporation / Leakage • Offshore oil loading. – Typical 0.1% by wt of loaded crude for RVP 10, 0.05% for RVP 5,
• • • • • • • •
Drilling fluid system. Leakage from valves, gaskets etc. Produced water treatment system. Equipment maintenance. Oil storage tanks. Well clean up. Leakage of halon from fire fighting equipment. Leakage of CFCs from refrigeration equipment.
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
7
Environmental Effects • • • • • • • •
• •
CO2 greenhouse gas - global CH4 greenhouse gas - global Halon ozone depletion, greenhouse gas - global CFC ozone depletion - global (ozone depletion coeff’ts) HCFCs ozone depletion - global SO2 acid rain - regional NOx acid rain - regional NMHC together with NOx in sunlight, form PAN and other photochemical pollutants - regional CO poisonous gas - local H2S strong odour, poisonous gas local
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
8
Atmospheric Emissions Constraints STATUTORY • Flaring - flare consent • PPC Permit Applications > 50 MW Thermal – Best Available Technique (BAT) – Energy Efficiency
• Halon / CFC / HCFC – phase out under Montreal Protocol 1989 and subsequent international agreements (including EC regulations). – Due to HCFC phase out, new refrigerants being evaluated e.g. Propane, ammonia.
• Emissions Trading Scheme – Phase I 2005-2007 Combustion CO2 – Phase II 2008-2012 Combustion and Flare CO2
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
9
Aqueous Discharges ROUTINE • Produced water • Chemical usage and discharge • Drilling fluid discharges • Drainage water • Displacement water • Black and grey water • Cooling water
Upstream Process Engineering Course
NON ROUTINE • Spills • Blow outs • Pipeline ruptures.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
10
Produced Water PRODUCED WATER • Produced with oil and gas. • Separated from h/c for discharge. • Overboard discharge. • Re-inject into reservoir for pressure support or into another zone. Possible problems of scaling if mixed with seawater. Upstream Process Engineering Course
POSSIBLE COMPONENTS • Dispersed oil • Dissolved hydrocarbon • Heavy metals • Radionuclides • Biocides and chemicals.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
11
Chemical Usage & Discharge USAGE • Wax inhibitor • Hydrate inhibitor • Scale inhibitor • Corrosion inhibitor • Demulsifiers • Drilling additives • Biocides
Upstream Process Engineering Course
DISCHARGE • With produced water • Via drains system hazardous/non-hazardous • With drill cuttings (either to sea or onshore for disposal).
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
12
Drilling Fluids • OBM & Cuttings
No discharge to sea (unless <1% oil on cuttings). Collection for onshore disposal.
• WBM & Cuttings
Discharge to sea permitted. Administered by DTI under the chemical regulations.
• SBM & Cuttings
Administered by DTI under chemical regs. No discharge to sea permitted unless <1% oil on cuttings.
DTI control via the Petroleum Operator’s Notice (PON) 15B
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
13
Environmental Effects • Hydrocarbons • • • • •
Chemicals Sedimentation Drainage LSA Scale Heavy Metals
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Biological oxygen demand, persistence. Toxicity, bioaccumulation. Toxicity, burial, bioaccumulation. Biological oxygen demand. Radioactivity. Bioaccumulation, toxicity.
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
14
Aqueous Discharge Constraints STATUTORY • Produced water: 30mg/l. • Chemicals: Permit to discharge from DTI under the Offshore Chemical Regulations. • Drainage water: 40ppm oil in water. OSPAR • 15% reduction of oil in produced water by 2006 cf 2000 • Administered under the Oil Pollution Prevention and Control Regulation 2005 (OPPC)
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
15
Solid Waste WASTE TYPES • Hazardous waste • General solid waste • Drill cuttings • LSA Scale • Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) • Sand
Upstream Process Engineering Course
DISPOSAL - STATUTORY • Hazardous waste onshore disposal. • General solid waste: (with exception of ground food waste) – Duty of Care. • Drill cuttings: Grind up & discharge to sea except where OBM/SBM used ship to shore. • Sand offshore under OPPC
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
16
Environmental Statement • Offshore Petroleum Production & Pipelines (Assessment of Environmental Effects) Regulations 1999.
• Requires Environmental Statement to be produced for new developments, well appraisals, subsea tie-backs etc. • Consultation period - available in public domain. • Requires identification of all environmental hazards, environmental effects and mitigation methods. Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
17
Environmental Statement Non Technical Summary
1.
Scope
i
Environmental Management
ii
Introduction 1.1.
Purpose of the Project
1-1
1.2.
Purpose of Environmental Statement
1-2
1.3.
Scope of Environmental Statement
1-2
Concept Selection
ii
Development Concept
ii
Environmental Description
iii
1.4.
Legislative Overview
1-2
Environmental Effects
iii
1.5.
Environmental Management Within BP
1-4
Mitigation Measures
iv
1.6.
Areas of Uncertainty
1-6
1.7.
Consultation Process
1-7
Habitats
iv
Main Conclusions
iv
Upstream Process Engineering Course
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
18
Environmental Statement 4.
2.1. 2.2.
3.
Nature of the Reservoir Options Selection
2-1 2-2
Nature of the Proposed Development 3.1.
Drilling
3-1
3.2.
Infield Subsea Infrastructure
3-8
3.3.
Modifications to Bruce
3-14
3.4.
Production
3-17
3.5
Changes to Bruce
3-21
5.
Baseline Environment 4.1.
Physical Environment
4.2.
Biological Environment
4.3.
Ecologically Important Sites
4.4.
Socio-Economic Environment
4.5.
Overview
Environmental Assessment 5.1.
3.5.
Pipeline Shut Down and Start Up
3-22
3.6.
Decommissioning
3-23
Upstream Process Engineering Course
6.
7.
EA Methodology
Assessment of Potential Impacts and Control Measures 6.1.
Drilling Phase
6.2.
Subsea Phase
6.3
Modifications to Bruce
6.4.
Production Phase
6.5.
Other Issues
Conclusions 7.1.
Environmental Effects
7.2.
Minimising the Environmental Impact
Prepared by Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd
The Environment VSep 06
19