1 Automotive Council Roadmaps (1)

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Power electronics roadmap Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) Titanium LW transmission & driveline 11kW/kg + 9kW/l 14kW/kg + 13kW/l 12kW/kg + 12kW/l -425kg -170kg

Power electronics roadmap

2010 2010 EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km)

Carbon composite BIW PE system level integration of DC/DC Carbon compositeIntegration bolt on panels Alternative lightweight vehicle architectures

& chargers

2015intensive computing 2020 2025 Numerically & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring Prototype Production 2015 2030 2020 2025

95

Large

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) 7.9$/kW 5$/kW 3.3$/kW Lightweight roof systems o High temp inverters ~90 C Lightweight seat systems o High temp inverters >150 -290kgC -120kg Sheet moulding compound panel IGBT(SiC/GaN/SICN) drive Lightweight structural plastics Power electronics monitoring Lightweight seat systems Autotuning invertors Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Resonant convertors Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting PE system level integration Integration of invertors & motors Medium

Low cost inverters

Small

(on 2012 mass)

General Radical

High power Mass Reduction density inverters

2030

Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013 TBD Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Traction motors & generators roadmap (<40kW) Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) Titanium Magnet PM LW content reduction transmission & driveline -425kg -170kg

Permanent

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Induction

Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Development of lighter weight induction machines Lightweight roof systems Hybrid motors Lightweight seat systems

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-120kg Switched

-290kg

reluctance

Sheet moulding compound panel Synchronous reluctance Lightweight structural plastics Advanced electronics and control provides step change Lightweight seat systems Multistage Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting

Traction Motors

Traction motors & generators roadmap (<40kW)

Traction motion gearbox 2010

EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km)

Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring

cut gear shifts 2015Multispeed torque2020

Large

Integrated single speed traction motion gearbox

Medium

Modular single speed

Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Small

Thermal management

Carbon composite bolt on panels Integrated electric powertrain & vehicle cooling Alternative lightweight vehicle architectures

New Architecture & General Systems Integration Radical

48V Micro/mild hybridBIW Carbon composite

Multispeed power shift 2030 2025

TBD 95 Wheel motors: geared drive

Wheel motors: direct drive Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013 2010

2015 Prototype

2020 Production

2025

2030

Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

Lightweight vehicle and power train (100kW roadmap+) Traction motor & generator roadmap Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Traction motor & generator roadmap (100kW +)

Modular single speed Traction motion gearbox

BIW Integrated single speedCarbon tractioncomposite motion gearbox Carbon composite bolt on panels Multispeed torque cut gearlightweight shifts Multispeed power shift Alternative vehicle architectures Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Wheel motors: geared drive Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring

2015

2010

2015 Prototype

2025

95

TBD

Wheel motors: direct drive

EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km)

2010

2020

2020

Large

reluctance Sheet mouldingSynchronous compound panel Lightweight structural plastics Multistage Lightweight seat systems Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Integrated electric powertrain & vehicle cooling Thermal management Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting

-290kg

Medium

-120kg

Small

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Hybrid motors Lightweight roof systems Lightweight seat systems Switched reluctance

Traction Motors

Induction

Radical

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

New Architecture & General Systems Integration

Permanent magnet

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) Titanium PM content reduction LW transmission & driveline -425kg -170kg

2030

Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013 2025 2030

Production Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Power train (ICE) technology roadmap Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Euro 7 Magnesium (sheet) Air Quality 2019? Titanium LW transmission & driveline Fuel injection system optimisation -425kg -170kg

Power train (ICE) technology roadmap Euro 6 2014

Euro 5 2009 Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Large

Small Systems Efficiency Medium

Enabling Technologies

General Radical

Thermal Efficiency

Increased charge air boost efficiency/range Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) High efficiency low NOx combustion concepts Lightweight roof systems Reduced combustion heat losses Lightweight seat systems Mech. turbocompound Mass Reduction -290kg -120kg (on 2012 mass) Electrical turbocompound Sheet moulding compound panel Organic rankine cycles Lightweight structural plastics Split/recuperated cycle Lightweight seat systems Lower mechanical friction (coatings/bearings/etc) Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Downsizing & boosting technologies Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting Downspeeding for lower friction Carbon composite BIW Variable power ancillaries Carbon composite bolt on panels Low thermal inertia/fast warm-up systems Alternative lightweight vehicle architectures Thermo-electric generators Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation Integrated electrification & world energy technologies Real datarecovery (RWD) & structural health monitoring Flexible valve trains (timing/lift/actuation) 2015 2030 2010 2020 2025 Real Time Models Model Based Control Closed loop/feed back tuning EU Fleet Average TBD 130 95 CO2 Targets (g/km) Integrated PM and NOx emissions control systems Active charge thermal management/control Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013 Advanced/new lightweight materials Flexible/fast response boost Thermal energy storage/fast warm-up 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 130

95

TBD

EU Fleet Average CO2 Targets (g/km)

Automotive technologies: the UK’s current capability Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Passenger car low carbon technology roadmap

Passenger Car Low Carbon Technology Roadmap Mass Reduction -200kg (on 2012 mass)

EU Fleet Average COReduction 2 Targets (g/km) Mass

130

(on 2012 mass)

-435kg

Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) Titanium 95 TBD LW transmission & driveline -425kg -170kg

IC Engine and Transmission innovations (gasoline/diesel/gas/renewables) Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring 2015

2010 EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km)

2000

2020

2025

95

TBD

Vehicle Weight and Drag Reduction 2010

2020

2030

Large

Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Medium

General Radical

Micro/Mild

Carbon composite BIW Carbon composite bolt on panels Hybrid Alternative lightweight vehicle architectures

Small

Demonstrators Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, Fuelchassis) Cell Vehicle Lightweight roof systems Fuel Cell & H Supply/Storage Breakthrough 2 H2 Infrastructure Lightweight seat systems Mass Reduction Niche EVs Mass Market EV Technology -290kg -120kg (on 2012 mass) Sheet moulding compound panel Energy Storage Breakthrough Charging Infrastructure Lightweight structural plastics Demonstrators Plug-In Hybrid Lightweight seat systems Breakthrough Energy Storage Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting Full Hybrid

2030

2040

Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Commercial and off-road technology roadmap Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites in energy storage Magnesium (sheet) Titanium LW transmission & driveline Commercial/Off-Highway EV’s Niche EVs -425kg -170kg

Commercial and off-road technology roadmap

Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Lightweight roof systems Fuel cell vehicles Lightweight seat systems Fuel Cell APUs

H2 infrastructure

-120kg

Sheet moulding compound panel Plug in hybrid Full hybrid Lightweight structural plastics Lightweight seat systems Micro/Mild hybrid Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting IC Engine efficiency improvements

-290kg

Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation Powertrain efficiency improvements/ancillary electrification

Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring

Intelligent2010 vehicles logistics – operational efficiency (On & Off-highway) 2015 2020 2025 EU Fleet Average Advanced highway vehicle aerodynamics/selective lightweighting TBD 130 95 Drivers

CO2 Targets (g/km)

AirTechnology Quality Group 2013 “Zero” Air Source:Automotive Council Quality Impact Improvements

CO2 reductions limited by air quality regulations LD Van CO2 Regulation

2010

UK CO2 Target

Possible HD/MD CO2 Regulation

2020

2030

Large

Carbon composite bolt on panels SustainableAlternative liquid/gaseous fuels lightweight vehicle architectures

Medium

Biofuels

Carbon composite BIW Advanced thermodynamic cycles

Small

Waste heat recovery

Light Duty Cycles

Demos

Radical

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

General Medium Duty Cycles

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Heavy Duty Cycles

Breakthrough

2030

2040

2050

CO2 and GHG reduction

GHG greenhouse gas

Source: Automotive Council Technology Group 2012

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) -200kg -435kg Titanium Magnesium structural (castings) LW transmission & driveline Hybrid materials -425kg -170kg Metal matrix composites Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Magnesium (sheet) Lightweight roof systems Titanium Lightweight seat systems LW transmission & driveline -290kg -120kg -425kg -170kg

EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km)

2030

Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Large Large

2015

Medium

2010

Carbon composite BIW 2020 2025 Carbon composite bolt on panels Alternative lightweight vehicle TBD architectures 95

Medium

Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring

Small

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Sheet moulding compound panel Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Lightweight structural plastics Lightweight roof systems Lightweight Lightweightseat seatsystems systems -290kg -120kg Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) Sheet moulding compound panel Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting Lightweight structural plastics Carbon composite BIW Lightweight seat systems Carbon composite bolt on panels Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, stamping) Alternative lightweight hot vehicle architectures Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting

General Radical

Mass Reduction Mass Reduction (on 2012mass) mass) (on 2012

General Radical

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass) Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Small

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap

Real world data (RWD)Source:Automotive & structural health monitoring Council Technology Group 2013

2010 EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km)

2015

2020

2025

95

TBD

2030

Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Energy storage Echem Tech roadmap Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) Titanium Lithium mixed metal phosphate LW transmission & driveline Mass Reduction Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide Adv lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide -425kg -170kg (on 2012 mass)

Passenger Car LCV Energy Storage Echem Tech Roadmap

Lithium iron phosphate

Adv lithium iron phosphate

2020

2030

2025

TBDcobalt manganese oxide Adv lithium nickel Lithium mixed metal phosphate Adv lithium titanate Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013 Adv lithium iron phosphate 95

Lithium titanate Lithium iron phosphate

Advanced Lead Acid Cell eg Lead-carbon/asymmetric capacity

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Full Hybrid (<400V)

Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring

Mild Hybrid (48V)

Lithium titanate Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide 2015 2010Lithium iron phosphate

Plug in hybrid (200-400V) Large

Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Battery ‘pure’ EV (250-Medium 500v)

Adv lithium iron phosphate Carbon composite BIW Lithium sulphur/ Rechargeable Lithium-Air Carbon composite bolt on panels High energy (overlithiated) lithium nickel cobalt Alternative lightweight vehicle architectures manganese oxide v Silicon based composite electrodes

Small

Sheet moulding compound panel Advanced lithium mixed metal phosphate Lightweight structural plastics High energy (overlithiated) lithium nickel cobalt Lightweight seat systems manganese oxide v Silicon based composite electrodes Lithium manganese oxidetube spinelhydroforming, hot stamping) Steel (UHSS, Lithium nickel cobalt manganeseAluminium oxide Adv lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide thin-wall HPDC casting

EU Fleet Average 130 CO2 Targets (g/km) V. Low

Adv lithium iron phosphate

-290kg

Micro Hybrid (12V)

Medium

Lithium iron phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate

Low

Volumes

(on 2012 mass)

-120kg

General Radical

High

Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Lithium mixed metal phosphate Lightweight roof systems Adv lithium titanate Lithium titanate Lightweight seat systems Lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide Adv lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide Mass Reduction

Source :Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

Lightweight vehicle and power train roadmap Intelligent mobility technology roadmap Intelligent mobility technology roadmap Mass Reduction

-200kg -435kg Magnesium structural (castings) Hybrid materials Metal matrix composites Magnesium (sheet) Autonomous vehicles Titanium Safety critical systems & driveline LW transmission -425kg -170kg Multi-modal journey planning & optimisation systems

(on 2012 mass)

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Value

Processing 2010 Storage EU Fleet Average CO2 Targets (g/km)

Transfer

Alternative lightweight vehicle architectures

Communication &Entertainment

130

Fast 2015 Local 3G

Business & Commercial Benefit

Numerically intensive computing & CAE multi-physics optimisation

Real world data (RWD) & structural health monitoring

Mixed 4G

Faster 2020 95

Even faster 2025 CloudTBD

2030

5G

Medium Intelligent mobility Large

On-board sensors & actuators Sheet moulding compound panel V2V communications Lightweight structural plastics Cost reductions Lightweight seat systems Safety improvements Value (service & maintenance) Steel (UHSS, tube hydroforming, hot stamping) HMI Aluminium thin-wall HPDC casting V2I communications Carbon composite BIW Carbon composite bolt on panels A-V Systems

-290kg

General Connected travellers Radical Connected vehicles Small

-120kg

Data acquisition & processing

Mass Reduction (on 2012 mass)

Aluminium (BIW, bolt-on panels, chassis) Intelligent mobility Congestion & Increased mobility Value objectives delivered pollution reduction Lightweight roof systems Lightweight seat systems Recognition & control algorithms

Source:Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Source: Automotive Council Technology Group 2013

The motorsport technology roadmap focuses on chasing integrated performance efficiently with cost-effective CO2 reduction High Level Technology Roadmap for Motorsport

Formula “E” New F1 engine regulations

FE

New LMP regulations The motorsport technology roadmap focuses on chasing integrated Road relevance, technology transfer performance efficiently with cost-effective CO2 reduction F1

KERS

DRS

Cost and sustainability

LMP

Formula “E”

Market engagement spectators, customers (especially ageing demographic), the show, service industry Drivers FE New F1 engine regulations High Level Technology Roadmap for Motorsport

Source:, nterviews Ricardo analysis , nterviews with Williams F1,Racing, Force India, Ford Racing, Source: Ricardo analysis with Williams F1, Force India, Ford Alcon, Lola and Dallara Alcon, Lola and Dallara

New LMP (transmission) regulations Performance: reduce CO2 and increase kW/l (engine) and Nm/kg for efficiency and “green” image F1 Road relevance, technology transfer KERS DRS Safety LMP Cost and sustainability

Engine down-sizing and down-speeding, friction reduction Market engagement - spectators, customers (especially ageing demographic), the show, service industry Fuel systems: Direct injection, alternative fuels, fuel flow limits Performance: reduce CO2 and increase kW/l (engine) and Nm/kg (transmission) for efficiency and “green” image Advanced boosting systems Safety Energy recovery/split cycle/fuel cells

Drivers Propulsion

E-machines

Engine down-sizing and down-speeding, frictionand reduction Low friction design lubrication Fuel systems: Direct injection,semi-autos alternative fuels, fuel flow limits Cost effective fast-shifting Advanced boosting systems Materials, structures and manufacturing processes Integrated hybrid systems Energy recovery/split cycle/fuel cells

Transmission/ Propulsion driveline

E-machines

Moveable aerodynamics Low friction design and lubrication Lightweight structures Cost effective fast-shifting semi-autos Materials, structures and manufacturing processesEnclosed cockpits, covered wheels Thermal management, efficienthybrid powersystems electronics Integrated BrakeMoveable electrification (linked to energy storage) aerodynamics Tyres Lightweight structures

Transmission/ driveline Vehicle

Energy Vehicle management/ infrastructure

© Ricardo plc 2013 ITS Energy 2005 management/ Confidential infrastructure

ITS

© Ricardo plc 2013

2005 Confidential

Kinetic energy recovery Enclosed cockpits, covered wheels Energy (on-board/remote batteries, flywheels, ultra-caps, hydraulic ... ) Thermalstorage management, efficient power electronics Waste heat recovery Brake electrification (linked to energy storage) Tyres Battery/system charging/safety/management at venue Telemetry, data/information feed direct to consumers Kinetic energy recovery Energy batteries, flywheels, ultra-caps, hydraulic ... ) 2010storage (on-board/remote 2015 2020 2025 31 July 2013 Waste heat recovery Version 10 © Ricardo plc 2013 1 Battery/system charging/safety/management at venue Telemetry, data/information feed direct to consumers 2010

2015

31 July 2013

2020

Version 10

2025

© Ricardo plc 2013

1

Bus technology roadmap Breakthrough in energy storage

Mainstream EVs

Niche EVs

H2 infrastructure

Fuel cell vehicles Plug in hybrid

Breakthrough in energy storage Niche EVs

Full hybrid H2 infrastructure Fuel cell vehicles IC Engine efficiency improvements Plug in hybrid Waste heat recovery

Mainstream EVs

Advanced thermodynamic cycles Powertrain

Mild/mild hybrid Biofuels

Powertrain

Mild/mild hybrid

Sustainable liquid/gaseous fuels

Full hybrid

Intelligent vehicles logistics – operational efficiency Possible HD/MD CO Regulation 2 Reducing rolling resistance/lightweighting

2020

2030

UK CO2 Target

2040 “Zero” Air Quality Impact

CO2 reductions limited by emissions regulation

Now

LD Van CO2 Regulation

2020

2050

Possible HD/MD CO2 Regulation

UK CO2 Target

2030

2040

2050

Air Quality Improvement

Vehicle

Drivers

Now Drivers

“Zero” Air Quality Impact

CO reductions limited by 2 CO2 neutral improved bus desirability (driver/passenger) emissions regulation LD Van CO2 Regulation

Vehicle

Powertrain efficiency improvements/ancillary electrification IC Engine efficiency improvements Reducing body energy consumption Waste heat recovery Advanced thermodynamic cycles CO2 neutral improved bus desirability (driver/passenger) Sustainable liquid/gaseous fuels Biofuels Intelligent vehicles logistics – operational efficiency Powertrain efficiency improvements/ancillary electrification Reducing rolling resistance/lightweighting Reducing body energy consumption

CO2 and GHG reduction

GHG = greenhouse gas

Air Quality Improvement CO2 and GHG reduction

GHG = greenhouse gas