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Begin All Things By First Using The All
Autochtonous/ Indigenous Standing over Sovereignty Treatise
Presented by: :Maku:Nubu:A’yunaat:Sagr :®©TM :Chief:Brown-Eyes:Hawk :®©TM :Chief:Nanya-Shaabu:El:®©TM Of the :At-sik-hata :Nation of :Yamassee-Moors http://sites.google.com/site/atsikhatanationy
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Begin All Things By First Using The All.
The Reason for this Power Point Presentation is to clear up the mis-understanding, mis-education, mis-interpretations, mis-comprehensions , mis-quotations regarding Indigenousness and Sovereignty. Regardless of how many times it has been explained that Sovereignty is a part of Being Autochthonous / Indigenousness, it is not THE re-quisite or ‘thing’ to get or ‘acquire’. One does NOT ‘get’ sovereignty, one CLAIMS one’s Autochthonous / Indigenousness as this is in accord with International Law. This is a Universal Autochthonous / Indigenous Service Announcement, which We trust will clear the fog and erase the confusion and make clear regarding the Terms Indigenousness & Sovereignty; for those wanting to claim their Autochthonous / Indigenous Standing.
Constitution of the :At-sik-hata :Nation of :Yamassee-Moors, UCC 1-308 All Autochthonous Rights Reserved Eternally. :Maku:Nubu-A’yunaat :Sagr ®©TM – http://sites.google.com/site/atsikhatanationy
FULL DISCLOSURE OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS USED AND THEIR PRECISE & EXACT MEANINGS, MUST BE CLEARLY PRESENTED, IDENTIFIED AND REVEALED. • Terms and definitions. Due to the (deliberate) confusion of the english language and its ability to have more than one meaning ( lawful, legal, commercial, ecclesiastical, maritime, equity, by-law, civil, criminal(sic) etc.) when spoken, It is necessary for terms and definitions to be clearly established. The failure specifically to ask for the terms and definitions used in ALL matters( commercial and otherwise), leaves one at the mercy of the corporation(s) as there is an assumption a meeting of the minds has been reached. • Upon reading the various definitions from Etymology to Law Dictionaries one can easily see there are various terms and definitions used which do NOT mean the same thing. So it is your responsibility to know exactly what terms and definitions are being used in all intercourse ( contract / commerce) so as not to ass-u-me or pre-su-me that there is a meeting of the minds.
Terms of Reference source of Definitions used in this Power Point, not limited to: • • • • • • •
Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary, Black‟s Law Dictionary, Oxford Law Dictionary, Webster‟s Law Dictionary, 1666 dekis Queen Victoria on the Bargain of 1835 1867 British North America Act Online Etymology Dictionary - http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=n&allowed_in_frame=0
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United Nations Charter, United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, United Nations Declaration on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights, United Nations International Law of the Sea(UNILOS), United Nations International Convention on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL), Uniform Commercial Code, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 1778 Articles of Confederation and perpetual union – Art. XI, Treaty 6, sec. 35 of the Canada constitution Act, Edmonton Aboriginal Declaration,
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Definitions: • • • • •
Edmonton Aboriginal Accord, SPP – Security & Prosperity Partnership, RCCC- Canada-U.S. Merger , Regina v. Jah – http://mtrial.org/node-133 Regina v. Jah - http://www.vbook.pub.com/doc/95182934/ReginavJahVerdictApostilleAHNYM
Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=i&p=15&allowed_in_frame=0 under letter „I‟ click on number 16 •
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autochthon (n.) 1640s, "one sprung from the soil he inhabits" (plural autochthones), from Greek autokhthon "aborigines, natives," lit. "sprung from the land itself," used of the Athenians and others who claimed descent from the Pelasgians, from auto"self" (see auto-) + khthon "land, earth, soil" (see chthonic). autochthonic (adj.) 1827, from autochthon + -ic. autochthonous (adj.) "native, indigenous," 1845, from autochthon + -ous.
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Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=i&p=15&allowed_in_frame=0 under letter „I‟ click on number 16 India Old English, from Latin India, from Greek India "region of the Indus River," later used of the region beyond it, from Indos "Indus River," from Old Persian Hindu, the name for the province of Sind, from Sanskrit sindhu "river." The more common Middle English form was Ynde or Inde, From French (see Indies). India began to prevail 16c., perhaps under Spanish or Portuguese influence. Indian "inhabit of India or South Asia," c.1300 (noun and adjective); applied to the native inhabitants of the Americas from at least 1553, on the mistaken notion that America was the eastern end of Asia. Red Indian, to distinguish them from inhabitants of India, is first attested 1831 (Carlyle) but was not commonly used in North America. More than 500 modern phrases include Indian, most of them U.S. and most impugning honesty or intelligence, e.g. Indian giver, first attested 1765 in Indian gift: An Indian gift is a proverbial expression, signifying a present for which an equivalent return is expected. [Thomas Hutchinson, "History of Massachusetts Bay," 1765]Meaning "one who gives a gift and then asks for it back" first attested 1892.
Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=i&p=15&allowed_in_frame=0 under letter „I‟ click on number 16
• indigene 1590s (adj.); 1660s (n.); from French indigène (16c.), from Latin indigena "sprung from the land," as a noun, "a native," lit. "in-born" (see indigenous).
• indigenous (adj.) 1640s, from Late Latin indigenus "born in a country, native," from Latin indigena "sprung from the land," as a noun, "a native," lit. "in-born," or "born in (a place)," from Old Latin indu "in, within" (earlier endo) + *gene-, root of gignere (perf. genui) "beget," from PIE *gen- "produce" (see genus).
• Page 922: Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary 1856 http://www.republicsg.info/dictionaries/1856_bouvier_6.pdf •
INDIAN TRIBE. A separate and distinct community or body of the aboriginal Indian race of men found in the United States.
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2. Such a tribe, situated within the boundaries of a state, and exercising the powers of government and, sovereignty, under the national government, is deemed politically a state; that is, a distinct political society, capable of self-government; but it is not deemed a foreign state, in the sense of the constitution. It is rather a domestic dependent nation. Such a tribe may properly be deemed in a state of pupilage and its relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to a guardian. 5 Pet. R. 1, 16, 17; 20 John. R. 193; 3 Kent, Com. 308 to 318; Story on Const. 1096; 4 How. U. S. 567; 1 McLean, 254; 6 Hill, 546; 8 Ala. R. 48.
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INDIANS. The aborigines of this country are so called. 2. In general, Indians have no political rights in the United States; they cannot vote at the general elections for officers, nor hold office. In New York they are considered as citizens and not as aliens, owing allegiance to the government and entitled to its protection. 20 John. 188, 633. But it was ruled that the Cherokee nation in Georgia was a distinct community. 6 Pet. 515. See 8 Cowen, 189; 9 Wheat. 673; 14 John. 181, 332 18 John. 506.
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NOTE: There is NO Definition for Indigen – singular of the Plural Indigenous. In either Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary of Black‟s Law Dictionary.
Definition of Aboriginal http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a&p=3&allowed_in_frame=0 under “A” click number 4.
• aboriginal (adj.) 1660s, "first, earliest," especially in reference to inhabitants of lands colonized by Europeans, from aborigines (see aborigine) + -al (1); specific Australian sense is from 1820. The noun is attested from 1767. Related: Aboriginally. • aborigine (n.) 1858, mistaken singular of aborigines (1540s; the correct singular is aboriginal), from Latin Aborigines "the first ancestors of the Romans; the first inhabitants" (especially of Latium), possibly a tribal name, or from ab origine, lit. "from the beginning." Extended 1789 to natives of other countries which Europeans have colonized. Australian slang shortening Abo attested from 1922.
Definition of Aboriginal http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=a&p=3&allowed_in_frame=0 under “A” click number 4.
• NOTE: No definition of Aboriginal in Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition and No Definition of Aboriginal in Bouvier’s Law Dictionary of 1856.
• Aboriginal Title: Such title provides original natives of united States exclusive right to occupy lands and waters used by them and their ancestors before United States asserted sovereignty over such areas. Yamkton Sioux Tribe of Indians v. State of S.D., C.A.S.D., 796 F. 2d 241,243. NOTE: NO Aboriginal Title defined in Bouvier’s Law Dictionary 1856 .
Definition of Treatise / Treaty http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=t&p=30&allowed_in_frame= 0 – Under “T” click number 31.
• treatise (n.) c.1300, from Anglo-French tretiz (mid13c.), contracted from Old French traiteiz, from GalloRomance *tractaticius, from Latin tractare "to deal with" (see treat). • treaty (n.) late 14c., "treatment, discussion," from Old French traité "assembly, agreement, treaty," from Latin tractatus "discussion, handling," from tractare "to handle, manage" (see treat). Sense of "contract between nations" is first recorded early 15c.
Definition of Treaty 1856 Bouvier‟s 6th Edition - page 1970 http://www.republicsg.info/dictionaries/1856_bouvier_6.pdf
• TREATY, international law. A treaty is a compact made between two or more independent nations with a view to the public welfare treaties are for a perpetuity, or for a considerable time. Those matters which are accomplished by a single act, and are at once perfected in their execution, are called agreements, conventions and pactions.
Definition of Treaty - Black‟s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, page 1502
• Treaty. A compact made between two or more independent nations with a view to the public welfare.
Definition of Sovereign / Sovereignty http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “S” click on number 52
• sovereign late 13c., from Old French soverain, from Vulgar Latin *superanus "chief, principal," from Latin super "over" (see super-). Spelling influenced by folk-etymology association with reign. Milton spelled it sovran, as though from Italian sovrano. Meaning "gold coin worth 22s 6d" first recorded late 15c.; value changed 1817 to 1 pound. As an adjective, attested from early 14c.; of remedies or medicines, "potent in a high degree," from late 14c. • sovereignty (n.) mid-14c., "pre-eminence," from AngloFrench sovereynete, from Old French souverainete, from soverain (see sovereign). Meaning "authority, rule" is recorded from late 14c.; sense of "existence as an independent state" is from 1715.
Definition of Republic / Republican – Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “R” click on number 21
• republic c.1600, "state in which supreme power rests in the people," from French république, from Latin respublica (ablative republica), lit. res publica "public interest, the state," from res "affair, matter, thing" + publica, fem. of publicus "public" (see public). • republican (adj.) 1712, "belonging to a republic," from republic + -an (see -ian). In noun sense of "one who favors a republic," it is recorded from 1690s; and in sense of a member of a specific U.S. political party (the AntiFederalists) from 1782, though this was not the ancestor of the modern U.S. Republican Party, which dates from 1854. Republicrat in U.S. political jargon usually meaning "moderate," is attested from 1940.
Definition of corporate / corporation http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “C” click on number 63
• corporate (adj.) early 15c., "united in one body," from Latin corporatus, pp. of corporare "form into a body," from corpus (genitive corporis) "body" (see corporeal).
• corporation (n.) mid-15c., "persons united in a body for some purpose," from such use in Anglo-Latin, from Late Latin corporationem (nom. corporatio), noun of action from pp. stem of Latin corporare "to embody" (see corporate). Meaning "legally authorized entity" (including municipal governments and modern business companies) is from 1610s.
Definition of Corporation Bouvier‟s law Dictionary 1856, 6th Edition; Page 476.
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CORPORATION. An aggregate corporation is an ideal body, created by law, composed of individuals united under a common name, the members of which succeed each other, so that the body continues the same, notwithstanding the changes of the individuals who compose it, and which for certain purposes is considered as a natural person. Browne's Civ. Law, 99; Civ. Code of Lo. art. 418; 2 Kent's Com. 215. Mr. Kyd, (Corpor. vol. 1, p.13,) defines a corporation as follows: " A corporation, or body politic, or body incorporate, is a collection of many;
Definition of Corporation Bouvier‟s law Dictionary 1856, 6th Edition; Page 478. • •
CORPORATOR. One who is a member of a corporation. 2. In general, a corporator is entitled to enjoy all the benefits and rights which belong to any other member of the corporation as such. But in some corporations, where the rights are of a pecuniary nature, each corporator is entitles to those rights in proportion to his interest; he will therefore be entitled to vote only in proportion to the amount of his stock, and be entitled to dividends in the same proportion.
Definition of Corporation Black‟s Law Dictionary, 6 th Edition Page 340 & 339.
• Corporation. An artificial person or legal entity created by or under the authority of the laws of a state. An association of persons created by statute as a legal entity. • Corporate name. When a corporation is formed, state statutes require that such be given a name and such name is kep on record with the proper state authority(e.g. Secretary of State’s office). Only by and under such name may the corporation sue or be sued and do all legal act.
Definition of Statute Bouvier‟s law Dictionary 1856, 6th Edition; Page 1888. • STATUTE. The written will of the legislature, solemnly expressed according to the forms prescribed in the constitution; an act of the legislature.
Definition of corporate / corporation http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “S” click on number 63
• statute (n.) late 13c., from Old French statut, from Late Latin statutum "a law, decree," noun use of neuter pp. of Latin statuere "enact, establish," from status "condition, position," from stare "to stand" from PIE root *sta- "to stand" (see stet).
Definition of Law - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “L” click on number 7
• law (n.) Old English lagu (plural laga, comb. form lah-) "law, ordinance, rule, regulation; district governed by the same laws," from Old Norse *lagu "law," collective plural of lag "layer, measure, stroke," lit. "something laid down or fixed," from P.Gmc. *lagan "put, lay" (see lay (v.)). Replaced Old English æ and gesetnes, which had the same sense development as law. Cf. also statute, from Latin statuere; German Gesetz "law," from Old High German gisatzida; Lithuanian istatymas, from istatyti "set up, establish." In physics, from 1660s. Law and order have been coupled since 1796.
Definition of Law - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “C” click on number 38
• code (n.) c.1300, "systematic compilation of laws," from Old French code "system of laws, law-book" (13c.), from Latin codex, earlier caudex "book, book of laws," lit. "tree trunk," hence, book made up of wooden tablets covered with wax for writing. Meaning "cipher" (the sense in secret code) is from 1808.
Definition of Law - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “C” click on number 38
• code (n.) c.1300, "systematic compilation of laws," from Old French code "system of laws, law-book" (13c.), from Latin codex, earlier caudex "book, book of laws," lit. "tree trunk," hence, book made up of wooden tablets covered with wax for writing. Meaning "cipher" (the sense in secret code) is from 1808.
Definition of Code Black‟s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition; page 257.
• Code. A systematic collection, compendium or revisions of laws, rules, or regulations(e.g., Uniform Commercial code). A private or official compilation of all permanent law in force consolidated and classified according to subject matter(e.g. United States Code).
Definition of Code Bouvier‟s law Dictionary 1856, 6th Edition; Page 1888.
• CODE, legislation. Signifies in general a collection of laws. It is a name given by way of eminence to a collection • of such laws made by the legislature. Among the most noted may be mentioned the following:
CODES, Les Cing Codes; French law. The five codes. 2. These codes are, 1st. Code Civil, which is divided into three books; book 1, treats of persons, and of the enjoyment and privation of civil rights; book 2, of property and its different modifications; book 3, of the different ways of acquiring property. One of the most perspicuous and able, commentators on this code is Toullier, frequently cited in this work.
Definition of Legal - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “L” click on number 10
legal (adj.) mid-15c. "of or pertaining to the law," from Middle French légal or directly from Latin legalis "legal, pertaining to the law," from lex (genitive legis) "law," possibly related to legere "to gather," on notion of "a collection of rules" (see lecture (n.)). Sense of "permitted by law" is from 1640s. Related: Legally. The Old French form was leial, loial (see leal, loyal). Legal tender is from 1740.
Definition of Fiction- Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame=0 under “F” click on number 11
• fiction (n.) late 14c., "something invented," from Old French ficcion (13c.) "dissimulation, ruse; invention," and directly from Latin fictionem (nom. fictio) "a fashioning or feigning," noun of action from pp. stem of fingere "to shape, form, devise, feign," originally "to knead, form out of clay," from PIE *dheigh- (cf. Old English dag "dough;" see dough). As a branch of literature, 1590s.
Definition of American - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=s&p=51&allowed_in_frame= 0 under “A” click on number 25
• American 1570s (n.); 1590s (adj.), from Modern Latin Americanus, from America (q.v.); originally in reference to what now are called Native Americans; the sense of "resident of North America of European (originally British) descent" is first recorded 1640s (adj.); 1765 (n.).
Definition of Blackamoor - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame=0 – under “B” click Number 26
• Blackamoor (n.) "dark-skinned person," 1540s, from black (adj.) + Moor, with connecting element.
Definition of Black - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame=0 – under “B” click Number 26
• black (adj.) Old English blæc "dark," from P.Gmc. *blakaz "burned" (cf. Old Norse blakkr "dark," Old High German blah "black," Swedish bläck "ink," Dutch blaken "to burn"), from PIE *bhleg- "to burn, gleam, shine, flash" (cf. Greek phlegein "to burn, scorch," Latin flagrare "to blaze, glow, burn"), from root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn;" see bleach (v.).
Definition of Black - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame=0 – under “B” click Number 26
• black (n.) Old English blæc "the color black," also "ink," from noun use of black (adj.). From late 14c. as "dark spot in the pupil of the eye." The meaning "black person, African" is from 1620s (perhaps late 13c., and blackamoor is from 1540s). To be in the black (1922) is from the accounting practice of recording credits and balances in black ink.
Definition of Black - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame=0 – under “B” click Number 27
• bleach (v.) Old English blæcan "bleach, whiten," from P.Gmc. *blaikjan "to make white" (cf. Old Saxon blek, Old Norse bleikr, Dutch bleek, Old High German bleih, German bleich "pale;" Old Norse bleikja, Dutch bleken, German bleichen "to bleach"), from PIE root *bhel- (1) "to shine, flash, burn" (cf. Sanskrit bhrajate "shines;" Greek phlegein "to burn;" Latin flamma "flame," fulmen "lightning," fulgere "to shine, flash," flagrare "to burn;" Old Church Slavonic belu "white;" Lithuanian balnas "pale"). The same root probably produced black; perhaps because both black and white are colorless, or because both are associated with burning. Related: Bleached; bleaching. • bleach (n.) "act of bleaching," 1887; "a bleaching agent," 1898, probably directly from bleach (v.). The Old English noun blæce meant "leprosy;" Late Old English also had blæco "paleness," and Middle English had blech "whitening or bleaching agent."
Definition of Moor - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame=0 – under “M” click Number 45
• Moor (n.) "North African, Berber," late 14c., from Old French More, from Medieval Latin Morus, from Latin Maurus "inhabitant of Mauritania" (northwest Africa, a region now corresponding to northern Algeria and Morocco), from Greek Mauros, perhaps a native name, or else cognate with mauros "black" (but this adjective only appears in late Greek and may as well be from the people's name as the reverse). Being a dark people in relation to Europeans, their name in the Middle Ages was a synonym for "Negro;" later (16c.-17c.) used indiscriminately of Muslims (Persians, Arabs, etc.) but especially those in India.
Definition of Code Bouvier‟s law Dictionary 1856, 6th Edition, Page 1050.
• LEGAL. That which is according to law. It is used in opposition to equitable, as the legal estate is, in the trustee, the equitable estate in the cestui que trust. Vide Powell on Mortg. Index, h. t. • 2. The party who has the legal title, has alone the right to seek a remedy for a wrong to his estate, in a court of law, though he may have no beneficial interest in it. The equitable owner, is he who has not the legal estate, but is entitled to the beneficial interest.
Definition of Code Black‟s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition; page 892.
• Legal. 1. Conforming to the law; according to law; required or permitted by law; not forbidden or disacountenanced by law; good and effectual in law; of or pertaining to the law; good and effectural in law; of or pertaining to the law; lawful.
(U//FOUO) Domestic Extremism Lexicon 26 March 2009 • • •
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(U//FOUO) Domestic Extremism Lexicon 26 March 2009 (U) Prepared by the Strategic Analysis Group and the Extremism and Radicalization Branch, Homeland Environment Threat Analysis Division. (U//FOUO) Homeland Security Reference Aids—prepared by the DHS/Office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A)—provide baseline information on a variety of homeland security issues. This product is one in a series of reference aids designed to provide operational and intelligence advice and assistance to other elements of DHS, as well as state, local, and regional fusions centers. DHS/I&A intends this background information to assist federal, state, local, and tribal homeland security and law enforcement officials in conducting analytic activities. This product provides definitions for key terms and phrases that often appear in DHS analysis that addresses the nature and scope of the threat that domestic, non-Islamic extremism poses to the United States. Definitions were derived from a variety of open source materials and unclassified information, then further developed during facilitated workshops with DHS intelligence analysts knowledgeable about domestic, non-Islamic extremism in the United States.
(U//FOUO) Domestic Extremism Lexicon 26 March 2009
• (U) black separatism (U//FOUO) A movement of groups or individuals of black or • African American descent who advocate the separation of the • races or the separation of specific geographic regions from • the rest of the United States; some advocate forming their • own political system within a separate nation. Such groups or • individuals also may embrace radical religious beliefs. • Members have been known to advocate or engage in criminal • activity and plot acts of violence directed toward local law • enforcement in an attempt to advance their extremist goals.
(U//FOUO) Domestic Extremism Lexicon 26 March 2009
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(U) sovereign citizen Movement
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(U//FOUO) A rightwing extremist movement composed of groups or individuals who reject the notion of U.S. citizenship. They claim to follow only what they believe to be God‘s law or common law and the original 10 amendments (Bill of Rights) to the U.S. Constitution. They believe they are emancipated from all other responsibilities associated with being a U.S. citizen, such as paying taxes, possessing a driver‘s license and motor vehicle registration, or holding a social security number.
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They generally do not recognize federal or state government authority or laws. Several sovereign citizen groups in the United States produce fraudulent documents for their members in lieu of legitimate government-issued forms of identification.
U//FOUO) Domestic Extremism Lexicon 26 March 2009
• Members have been known to advocate or • engage in criminal activity and plot acts of violence and • terrorism in an attempt to advance their extremist goals.
• They often target government officials and law enforcement. • (also: state citizens, freemen, preamble citizens,
common law • citizens)
Definition of Blackamoor - Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame=0 – under “M” click Number 43 •
money (n.) mid-13c., "coinage, metal currency," from Old French monoie "money, coin, currency; change" (Modern French monnaie), from Latin moneta "place for coining money, mint; coined money, money, coinage," from Moneta, a title or surname of the Roman goddess Juno, in or near whose temple money was coined; perhaps from monere "advise, warn" (see monitor (n.)), with the sense of "admonishing goddess," which is sensible, but the etymology is difficult. Extended early 19c. to include paper money.
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It had been justly stated by a British writer that the power to make a small piece of paper, not worth one cent, by the inscribing of a few names, to be worth a thousand dollars, was a power too high to be entrusted to the hands of mortal man. [John C. Calhoun, speech, U.S. Senate, Dec. 29, 1841]
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I am not interested in money but in the things of which money is the symbol. [Henry Ford] To make money "earn pay" is first attested mid-15c. Highwayman's threat your money or your life first attested 1841. Phrase in the money (1902) originally meant "one who finishes among the prize-winners" (in a horse race, etc.). The challenge to put (one's) money where (one's) mouth is is first recorded 1942, American English. money-grub "one who is sordidly intent on amassing money" is from 1768. The image of money burning a hole in someone's pocket is attested from 1520s.
Definition of naga : Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame= 0 – under ―N‖ click Number 1
• naga (n.) in Hindu mythology, race of serpent demons, offspring of Kaduru, guardians of the under-regions; 1785, from Sanskrit naga "serpent, snake," of unknown origin.
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#011327
Vol. VII.
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Philadelphia, Sat., June 7, 1828.
Whole 358.
OR THE SATURDAY EVENING POST.
FOUR LETTERS. ON AMERICAN HISTORY. By Prof. Rafinesque, to Dr. J. H. M'Culloh, of Baltimore. •
FIRST LETTER. You appear desirous to learn something more of my Researches on the Ancient and Modern History of North and South America. I feel willing and happy to be able to answer your inquiries, and even to suggest perhaps some new facts. The continent of America has ever been the field of philosophical delusions, as Africa of fables and monsters, and Asia of religious creeds. All the various systems amd theories of monks and philosophers on the origin, climate, inhabitants, &c. of America, have been repeatedly destroyed by facts, and yet they find to this day many believers. To this day they speak and write of the Red men of America, while there is not a Red Man, (nor never was,) in this continent. To this day do they attempt to separate the American languages from all others, while their roots and structure are exactly like many in the Eastern Continent.
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#011327
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When we are led by systems, or do not investigate and compare subjects in all their bearings, we are apt to fall into these delusive mistakes. But whoever will take the trouble, (as I have done,) to compare the features, languages, religions, customs, &c. of all the nations of the five parts of this world, Asia, Europe, Africa, Polynesia, and America, will find, (as I have found,) that mankind is a unity with many deviations of features, complexions, languages, religions, governments, civilizations, &c. all derived from single primitive types of those effect, and a common central focus. To evince this result in a single but striking point, doubted to this day by superficial inquirers, it is sufficient to mention that there were in America, before Columbus came, nations and tribes of the following complexions: coppered, tawny, olive, dusky, white or pale yellow, dark brown, and black; (but none red unless painted,) and that all these complexions are also found in Asia, in Polynesia, and in Africa.
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#011327
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The native American Negroes or black Indians, have been seen in Brazil, Guyana, Caraccas, Popayan, Choco, North California, &c. Some of them, such as the Aroras or Caroras of Cumana, were black, but with fine features and long hair, like the Jolofs and Gallas of Africa. Others in New California, latitude 32, called Esteros, are like the Hottentots, Numuquas, Tambukis, and many other Nigritian tribes, not black, but dark brown, yet complete Negroes, with large thick lips, broad flat noses, and very ugly, with hair crisped or curly. The Negro features belong to the form of the head rather than the colour, since [there] are in Africa, Asia, and Polynesia, black, brown, yellow, olive, coppery, (and even white) Negroes. The American Negroes of Quarenqua, in Choco, (the great level plain 900 miles long, 90 wide, separating the Andes of South America from the mountains of Panama,) were black and with woolly heads in 1506. They are mentioned by Dangleria, and all the early accurate writers. The last two travellers who have seen these Negroes, are Stevenson, (20 years travels in South America, London, 1825,) and Mollien, travels in Columbia, Paris, 1824.
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#011327
• Stevenson says that the Indians of Mannabi, comprising the districts of Esmeraldas, Rioverde, and Atacamas, on the sea shore of Popayan, are all Zambos, and produced by a ship full of Negroes who came in the country before the Spaniards, killed the former inhabitants, kept the women and formed a mixed race. They are tall, of a blackish colour, with soft curley hair, large eyes, flat noses, thick lips, &c.; while the true Zambos, or modern offspring of Indians and Negroes are of a deep copper colour, with thick hair not curled, small eyes, sharp noses and good lips.
In another part of the second volume of Stevenson, is the following passage: The Puncays of Riobamba, in Popayan, have a tradition that once before the Spanish came, they were invaded from the West by a nation of monkeys; and as the Spaniards came the same way, they took them also at first for monkeys!
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#011327
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In Mollien, the following notice is found: Two Indians of Choco, (whose true name is Guana or Chuanas nation,) where Dangleria's Negroes were found, are very ugly and black, and their language harsh and rough. Some words are given which may be compared with other Negro languages. For instance, Man hemeora. Woman, Decupera. 1 Amba. 2 Numi. 3 Compa. 4 Aiapa. 5. Conambi, &c.
In the same quarter, or the west shore of Popayan, we have on record two other invasions by sea. The first is that of the giants mentioned by Lavega, in his history of Peru, and the second that of the Skeres nation, 500 years before Columbus, mentioned by Hervas, &c. The white Indians of America have been seen almost every where, as well as the bearded Indians; to quote my authorities, would fill many pages. Many tribes in the Antilles, Florida, Guyana, Peru, Chili, &c. are represented as white as the Spaniards, by the early writers, who had no system to support like modern theorists, and many had bushy beards. In fact we find all the races, features, and complexions of mankind in America; and we find also out of it many nations with scanty beards, or plucking it as a troublesome appendage.
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/PA/Phil1800.htm#011327
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In Mollien, the following notice is found: Two Indians of Choco, (whose true name is Guana or Chuanas nation,) where Dangleria's Negroes were found, are very ugly and black, and their language harsh and rough. Some words are given which may be compared with other Negro languages. For instance, Man hemeora. Woman, Decupera. 1 Amba. 2 Numi. 3 Compa. 4 Aiapa. 5. Conambi, &c.
In the same quarter, or the west shore of Popayan, we have on record two other invasions by sea. The first is that of the giants mentioned by Lavega, in his history of Peru, and the second that of the Skeres nation, 500 years before Columbus, mentioned by Hervas, &c. The white Indians of America have been seen almost every where, as well as the bearded Indians; to quote my authorities, would fill many pages. Many tribes in the Antilles, Florida, Guyana, Peru, Chili, &c. are represented as white as the Spaniards, by the early writers, who had no system to support like modern theorists, and many had bushy beards. In fact we find all the races, features, and complexions of mankind in America; and we find also out of it many nations with scanty beards, or plucking it as a troublesome appendage.
• A similar confusion and intermixture has occurred with languages, which have split from primitive stocks into mother tongues, dead, holy, written, and spoken languages, dialects, and sub-dialects, &c. thus in the course of time, producing all the immense varieties of speech that have existed, or do yet exist. All of which, can, however, be traced to each other, by comparative philology deeply searched, in spite of theories ands the apparent confusion or diversity and difficulties. May, 1828. C. S. RAFINESQUE.
Canada Already part of the United Statess of America Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union – POSTMARKED by Canada Post see: http://tarite9.tripod.com/id16.html
Canada Already part of the United Statess of America Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union – POSTMARKED by Canada Post see: http://tarite9.tripod.com/id16.html
HJR-194 U.S. Congress Apology to African-Americans for Slavery. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres194eh/pdf/BILLS110hres194eh.pdf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
H. Res. 194 In the House of Representatives, U. S., July 29, 2008. Whereas millions of Africans and their descendants were enslaved in the United States and the 13 American colonies from 1619 through 1865; Whereas slavery in America resembled no other form of involuntary servitude known in history, as Africans were captured and sold at auction like inanimate objects or animals; Whereas Africans forced into slavery were brutalized, humiliated, dehumanized, and subjected to the indignity of being stripped of their names and heritage; Whereas enslaved families were torn apart after having been sold separately from one another; Whereas the system of slavery and the visceral racism against persons of African descent upon which it depended became entrenched in the Nation’s social fabric; Whereas slavery was not officially abolished until the passage of the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865 after the end of the Civil War; Whereas after emancipation from 246 years of slavery, AfricanAmericans soon saw the fleeting political, social, and economic gains they made during Reconstruction eviscerated by virulent racism, lynchings, disenfranchisement,
HJR-194 U.S. Congress Apology to African-Americans for Slavery. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres194eh/pdf/BILLS110hres194eh.pdf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Black Codes, and racial segregation laws that imposed a rigid system of officially sanctioned racial segregation in virtually all areas of life; Whereas the system of de jure racial segregation known as ‗‗Jim Crow,‘‘ which arose in certain parts of the Nation following the Civil War to create separate and unequal societies for whites and African-Americans, was a direct result of the racism against persons of African descent engendered by slavery; Whereas a century after the official end of slavery in America, Federal action was required during the 1960s to eliminate the dejure and defacto system of Jim Crow throughout parts of the Nation, though its vestiges still linger to this day; Whereas African-Americans continue to suffer from the complex interplay between slavery and Jim Crow—long after both systems were formally abolished—through enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss of human dignity, the frustration of careers and professional lives, and the long-term loss of income and opportunity; Whereas the story of the enslavement and de jure segregation of African-Americans and the dehumanizing atrocities committed against them should not be purged from or minimized in the telling of American history; Whereas on July 8, 2003, during a trip to Goree Island, Senegal, a former slave port, President George W. Bush acknowledged slavery‘s continuing legacy in American life and the need to confront that legacy when he stated that slavery ‗‗was . . . one of the greatest crimes of history . . . The racial bigotry fed by slavery did not end with
HJR-194 U.S. Congress Apology to African-Americans for Slavery. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres194eh/pdf/BILLS110hres194eh.pdf • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
slavery or with segregation. And many of the issues that still trouble America have roots in the bitter experience of other times. But however long the journey, our destiny is set: liberty and justice for all.‘‘; Whereas President Bill Clinton also acknowledged the deepseated problems caused by the continuing legacy of racism against African-Americans that began with slavery when he initiated a national dialogue about race; Whereas a genuine apology is an important and necessary first step in the process of racial reconciliation; Whereas an apology for centuries of brutal dehumanization and injustices cannot erase the past, but confession of the wrongs committed can speed racial healing and reconciliation and help Americans confront the ghosts of their past; Whereas the legislature of the Commonwealth of Virginia has recently taken the lead in adopting a resolution officially expressing appropriate remorse for slavery and other State legislatures have adopted or are considering similar resolutions; and Whereas it is important for this country, which legally recognized slavery through its Constitution and its laws, to make a formal apology for slavery and for its successor, Jim Crow, so that it can move forward and seek reconciliation, justice, and harmony for all of its citizens: Now, therefore, be it
Resolved, That the House of Representatives— (1) acknowledges that slavery is incompatible with
the basic founding principles recognized in the Declaration of Independence that all men are created equal;
HJR-194 U.S. Congress Apology to African-Americans for Slavery. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hres194eh/pdf/BILLS110hres194eh.pdf
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(2) acknowledges the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery and Jim Crow; (3) apologizes to African Americans on behalf of the people of the United States, for the wrongs committed against them and their ancestors who suffered under slavery and Jim Crow; and (4) expresses its commitment to rectify the lingering consequences of the misdeeds committed against African Americans under slavery and Jim Crow and to stop the occurrence of human rights violations in the future. Attest: Clerk.
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:S.CON.RES.26: - S.Con.Res 26 = U.S. Congress Apology to African Americans for Slavery • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION S. CON. RES. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES JUNE 18, 2009 Referred to the Committee on the CONCURRENT RESOLUTION Apologizing for the enslavement and African-Americans. Whereas during the history of the Nation, has grown into a symbol of democracy around the world; Whereas the legacy of African-Americans the very fabric of the democracy United States; Whereas millions of Africans and their enslaved in the United States and colonies from 1619 through 1865; Whereas Africans forced into slavery were humiliated, dehumanized, and subjected being stripped of their names and Whereas many enslaved families were members were sold separately;
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:S.CON.RES.26: - S.Con.Res 26 = U.S. Congress Apology to African Americans for Slavery • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Whereas the system of slavery and the visceral racism against people of African descent upon which it depended became enmeshed in the social fabric of the United States; Whereas slavery was not officially abolished until the ratification of the 13th amendment to the Constitution of the United States in 1865, after the end of the Civil War; Whereas after emancipation from 246 years of slavery, AfricanAmericans soon saw the fleeting political, social, and economic gains they made during Reconstruction eviscerated by virulent racism, lynchings, disenfranchisement, Black Codes, and racial segregation laws that imposed a rigid system of officially sanctioned racial segregation in virtually all areas of life; Whereas the system of de jure racial segregation known as ‗‗Jim Crow‘‘, which arose in certain parts of the United States after the Civil War to create separate and unequal societies for Whites and African-Americans, was a direct result of the racism against people of African descent that was engendered by slavery; Whereas the system of Jim Crow laws officially existed until the 1960s—a century after the official end of slavery in the United States—until Congress took action to end it, but the vestiges of Jim Crow continue to this day; Whereas African-Americans continue to suffer from the consequences of slavery and Jim Crow laws—long after both systems were formally abolished—through enormous damage and loss, both tangible and intangible, including the loss of human dignity and liberty; Whereas the story of the enslavement and de jure segregation of African-Americans and the dehumanizing atrocities committed against them should not be purged from or
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:S.CON.RES.26: - S.Con.Res 26 = U.S. Congress Apology to African Americans for Slavery •
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SCON 26 RFH minimized in the telling of the history of the United States; Whereas those African-Americans who suffered under slavery and Jim Crow laws, and their descendants, exemplify the strength of the human character and provide a model of courage, commitment, and perseverance; Whereas on July 8, 2003, during a trip to Goree Island, Senegal, a former slave port, President George W. Bush acknowledged the continuing legacy of slavery in life in the United States and the need to confront that legacy, when he stated that slavery ‗‗was . . . one of the greatest crimes of history . . . The racial bigotry fed by slavery did not end with slavery or with segregation. And many of the issues that still trouble America have roots in the bitter experience of other times. But however long the journey, our destiny is set: liberty and justice for all.‘‘; Whereas President Bill Clinton also acknowledged the deepseated problems caused by the continuing legacy of racism against African-Americans that began with slavery, when he initiated a national dialogue about race; Whereas an apology for centuries of brutal dehumanization and injustices cannot erase the past, but confession of the wrongs committed and a formal apology to AfricanAmericans will help bind the wounds of the Nation that are rooted in slavery and can speed racial healing and reconciliation and help the people of the United States understand the past and honor the history of all people of the United States; Whereas the legislatures of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the States of Alabama, Florida, Maryland, and North Carolina have taken the lead in adopting resolu-
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:S.CON.RES.26: - S.Con.Res 26 = U.S. Congress Apology to African Americans for Slavery • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
tions officially expressing appropriate remorse for slavery, and other State legislatures are considering similar resolutions; and Whereas it is important for the people of the United States, who legally recognized slavery through the Constitution and the laws of the United States, to make a formal apology for slavery and for its successor, Jim Crow, so they can move forward and seek reconciliation, justice, and harmony for all people of the United States: Now, therefore, be it 1 Resolved by the Senate (the House of Representatives 2 concurring), That the sense of the Congress is the fol3 lowing: 4 (1) APOLOGY FOR THE ENSLAVEMENT AND 5 SEGREGATION OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS.—The Con6 gress— 7 (A) acknowledges the fundamental injus8 tice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slav9 ery and Jim Crow laws; 10 (B) apologizes to African-Americans on be11 half of the people of the United States, for the 12 wrongs committed against them and their an13 cestors who suffered under slavery and Jim 14 Crow laws; and 15 (C) expresses its recommitment to the 16 principle that all people are created equal and 17 endowed with inalienable rights to life, liberty,
http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:S.CON.RES.26: - S.Con.Res 26 = U.S. Congress Apology to African Americans for Slavery
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1 and the pursuit of happiness, and calls on all 2 people of the United States to work toward 3 eliminating racial prejudices, injustices, and dis 4 crimination from our society. 5 (2) DISCLAIMER.—Nothing in this resolution— 6 (A) authorizes or supports any claim 7 against the United States; or 8 (B) serves as a settlement of any claim 9 against the United States. Passed the Senate June 18, 2009. Attest: NANCY ERICKSON, Secretary.
Definition of White : Online Etymology Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=b&p=25&allowed_in_frame= 0 – under ―W‖ click Number 10 •
white (n.) Old English hwit, from P.Gmc. *khwitaz (cf. Old Saxon and Old Frisian hwit, Old Norse hvitr, Dutch wit, Old High German hwiz, German weiß, Gothic hveits), from PIE *kwintos/*kwindos "bright" (cf. Sanskrit svetah "white;" Old Church Slavonic sviteti "to shine," svetu "light;" Lithuanian sviesti "to shine," svaityti "to brighten"). As a surname, originally with reference to fair hair or complexion, it is one of the oldest in English, being well-established before the Conquest. Meaning "morally pure" was in Old English. Association with royalist causes is late 18c. Slang sense of "honorable, fair" is 1877, American English.
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The racial sense (adj.) of "of those races (chiefly European or of European extraction) characterized by light complexion" is first recorded c.1600. The noun in this sense ("white man, person of a race distinguished by light complexion") is from 1670s; whitey in this sense is recorded from 1828. White supremacy attested from 1902; white flight is from 1967.
Ex. 24d, p. 1 Ex. 24d, p. 2 Ex. 24d, p. 3
June 2, 1953 Coronation bible of Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor Mountbatten Battenburg [ MISNOMER: Queen Elizabet II ]
http://mtrial.org/node/133 • A short video highlighting "queen" Elizabeth 2 promising to uphold "The Laws of God", which forbid her, parliament, or anyone else from legislating. She has broken this binding contract, and thus the contract is voided, meaning she has no actual authority to bring victimless, legislated charges against anyone. • Please share with everyone. • The direct youtube link is: http://www.youtube.com/embed/oNnyctcE4eQ
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf Article 1
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Indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights4 and international human rights law. Article 2 Indigenous peoples and individuals are free and equal to all other peoples and individuals and have the right to be free from any kind of discrimination, in the exercise of their rights, in particular that based on their indigenous origin or identity.
Article 3 Indigenous peoples have the right to self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status.
Definition of sovereign – Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary 1856, 6 th Edition ; page 1872
• SOVEREIGN. A chief ruler with supreme power; one possessing sovereignty. (q. v.) It is also applied • to a king or other magistrate with limited powers.
Definition of sovereign – Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary 1856, 6 th Edition ; page 1873
• 2. In the United States the sovereignty resides in the body of the people. Vide Rutherf. Inst. 282.
Definition of sovereign – Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary 1856, 6 th Edition ; page 1873
• SOVEREIGNTY. The union and exercise of all human power possessed in a state; it is a combination • of all power; it is the power to do everything in a state without accountability; to make laws, to execute • and to apply them: to impose and collect taxes, and, levy, contributions; to make war or peace; to form • treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations, and the like. Story on the Const. §207.
Definition of sovereign – Bouvier‟s Law Dictionary 1856, 6 th Edition ; page 1873
• 4. Strictly speaking, in our republican forms of government, the absolute sovereignty of the nation is in • the people of the nation; (q. v.) and the residuary sovereignty of each state, not granted to any of its • public functionaries, is in the people of the state. (q. v.) 2 Dall. 471; and vide, generally, 2 Dall. 433, • 455; 3 Dall. 93; 1 Story, Const. §208; 1 Toull. n. 20 Merl. Reper. h. t.
Definition of “Citizen”: page 244 Black‟s law dictionary 6 th Edition
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One who, under the constitutions and laws of the United States, or of a particular state, is a member of the political community, owing allegiance and being entitled to the enjoyment of full civil rights.
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“Citizens” are members of a political community who, in their associated capacity, have established or submitted themselves to the dominion of a government for the promotion of their general welfare and the protection of their individual as well as collective rights.
CONGRESSMAN, ALLEN WEST (FL), ADMITS AT THE :20SEC MARK www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8aWGweXoCk
Online Etymological Dictionary - http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=c&p=30&allowed_in_frame=0 under “C” click number 31
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citizen (n.) early 14c., "inhabitant of a city," from Anglo-French citezein (spelling altered by influence of denizen), from Old French citeien "city-dweller, citizen" (12c., Modern French citoyen), from cite (see city) + -ain (see -ian). Replaced Old English burhsittend and ceasterware. Sense of "inhabitant of a country" is late 14c.
Definition of Government: Online Etymological Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=c&p=30&allowed_in_frame=0 under “G” click number 20 •
govern (v.) late 13c., from Old French governer (11c., Modern French gouverner) "govern," from Latin gubernare "to direct, rule, guide, govern" (cf. Spanish gobernar, Italian governare), originally "to steer," a nautical borrowing from Greek kybernan "to steer or pilot a ship, direct" (the root of cybernetics). The -k- to -gsound shift is perhaps via the medium of Etruscan. Related: Governed; governing.
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government (n.) late 14c., "act of governing or ruling;" 1550s, "system by which a thing is governed" (especially a state), from Old French governement (Modern French gouvernement), from governer (see govern). Replaced Middle English governance. Meaning "governing power" in a given place is from 1702.
Definition of Govern(ment): Black’s Law Dictionary page 695, 6th Edition • Govern. To direct and control the actions or conduct of, either by established laws or by arbitrary will; to direct and control, rule, or regulate, by authority. To be a rule, precedent, law or deciding principle for.
• Government. From the Latin gubernaculum. Signifies the instrument, the helm, whereby the ship to which the state was compared, was guided on its course by the “gubernator” or helmsman, and in that view, the government is but an agency of the state, distinguished as it must be in accurate thought from its scheme and machinery of government.
Definition of Government: Online Etymological Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=p&p=44&allowed_in_frame=0 under “G” click number 45
• politics (n.) 1520s, "science of government," from politic (adj.), modeled on Aristotle's ta politika "affairs of state," the name of his book on governing and governments, which was in English mid-15c. as "Polettiques." Also see -ics. • Politicks is the science of good sense, applied to public affairs, and, as those are forever changing, what is wisdom to-day would be folly and perhaps, ruin to-morrow. Politicks is not a science so properly as a business. It cannot have fixed principles, from which a wise man would never swerve, unless the inconstancy of men's view of interest and the capriciousness of the tempers could be fixed. [Fisher Ames (1758-1808)]
• Meaning "a person's political allegiances or opinions" is from 1769.
Definition of Police: Definition of Government: Online Etymological Dictionary http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=p&p=44&allowed_in_frame=0 under “G” click number 45
• police (n.) c.1530, at first essentially the same word as policy (n.1); from Middle French police (late 15c.), from Latin politia "civil administration," from Greek polis "city" (see policy (n.1)). Still used in England for "civil administration" until mid-19c.; application to "administration of public order" (1716) is from French, and originally referred to France or other foreign nations. • The first force so-named in England was the Marine Police, set up 1798 to protect merchandise at the Port of London. Police state "state regulated by means of national police" first recorded 1865, wit • police (v.) "to keep order by means of police," 1841, from police (n.). Related: Policed; policing.h reference to Austria.
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Dutch West India Company (Dutch: Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie, Dutch pronunciation: [ɣəʔɔktroˈjɪrdə ʋɛstˈɪndisə kɔmpɑˈɲi] or Dutch: GWIC; English: Chartered West India Company) was a chartered company (known as the "WIC") of Dutch merchants. Among its founding fathers was Willem Usselincx (1567–1647). On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. The area where the company could operate consisted of West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas, which included the Pacific Ocean and the eastern part of New Guinea. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, between the various trading posts established by the merchants. The company became instrumental in the Dutch colonization of the Americas
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
• The first West India Company
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
• When the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was founded in 1602, some traders in Amsterdam did not agree with its monopolistic politics. With help from Plancius Peter, a Flemish minister who was engaged in producing maps, globes and nautical instruments, they sought for a northeastern or northwestern access to Asia to circumvent the VOC monopoly. In 1609 Henry Hudson, on behalf of the VOC, outwitted his competitors by landing on the coast of New England in his quest for the Northwest Passage to Asia. Consequently, in 1615 Isaac Le Maire and Samuel Blommaert, assisted by others, focused on finding a southwesterly route around Tierra del Fuego, in order to circumvent the monopoly of the VOC.
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
• One of the first sailors who focused on trade with Africa was Balthazar de Moucheron. The trade with Africa offered several possibilities to set up trading posts or factories, an important starting point for negotiations. It was Blommaert, however, who stated that in 1600 eight companies sailed on the coast of Africa, competing each other with the supply of copper, possibly from the kingdom of Loanga.[citation needed] Pieter van den Broecke was employed by one of these companies. In 1612, a Dutch fortress was built in Mouree, along the Dutch Gold Coast. • Trade with the Caribbean, for salt, sugar and tobacco, was hampered by Spain and delayed because of peace negotiations. Spain offered peace on condition that the Dutch Republic would withdraw from trading with Asia and America. Spain refused to sign the peace treaty, if a West Indian Company would be established.
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
• Grand Pensionary Johan van Oldenbarnevelt offered to only suspend trade with the West in exchange for the Twelve Years' Truce. The result was that during a few years the company sailed under a foreign flag in South America. However, ten years later, Stadtholder Maurice of Orange, proposed to continue the war with Spain, but also to distract attention from Spain to the Republic. In 1619, his opponent Johan van Oldenbarnevelt was beheaded, and when two years later the truce expired, the West Indian Company was established
The first West India Company • When the WIC could not repay its debts in 1674, the company was dissolved. But because of high demand for trade with the West (mainly slave trade), and the fact that still many colonies existed, it was decided to establish the Second Chartered West India Company (also called New West India Company) in 1675. This new company had the same trade area as the first. All ships, fortresses, etc. were taken over by the new company. The number of directors was reduced from 19 to 10, and the number of governors from 74 to 50. The new WIC had a capital that was slightly more than 6 million guilders around 1679, which was largely supplied by the Amsterdam Chamber.
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
• The WIC was organized similarly to the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, abbreviated as VOC). Like the VOC, the company had five offices, called chambers (kamers), in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Hoorn, Middelburg and Groningen, of which the chambers in Amsterdam and Middelburg contributed most to the company. The board consisted of 19 members, known as the Heeren XIX (the Lords Nineteen). The validity of the charter was set at 24 years. Only in 1623 was funding arranged, after several bidders were put under pressure. The StatesGeneral of the Netherlands and the VOC pledged one million guilders in the form of capital and subsidy. Unlike the VOC, the WIC had no right to deploy military troops. When the Twelve Years' Truce in 1621 was over, the Republic had a free hand to re-wage war with Spain.
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company
• A Groot Desseyn ("grand design") was devised to seize the Portuguese colonies in Africa and the Americas, so as to dominate the sugar and slave trade. When this plan failed, privateering became one of the major goals within the WIC. The arming of merchant ships with guns and soldiers to defend themselves against Spanish ships was of great importance. On almost all ships in 1623 40 to 50 soldiers were stationed, possibly to assist in the hijacking of enemy ships.[1] It is unclear whether this first expedition was the expedition by Jacques l'Hermite to the coast of Chile, Peru and Bolivia, set up by Stadtholder Maurice with the support of the States General and the VOC.
Dutch West India Company From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company • From 1694 until 1700, the WIC waged a long conflict against the Eguafo Kingdom along the Gold Coast, present-day Ghana. The Komenda Wars drew in significant numbers of neighboring African kingdoms and led to replacement of the gold trade with slaves. • After the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, it became apparent that the Dutch West India Company was no longer capable of defending its own colonies, as Sint Eustatius, Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara, and some forts on the Dutch Gold Coast were rapidly taken by them. In 1791, the company's stock was bought by the Dutch government, and on 1 January 1792, all territories previously held by the Dutch West India Company reverted to the rule of the States-General of the Dutch Republic. Around 1800 there was an attempt to create a third West Indian Company, without any success.