81877892-drilling-fluid-systems-products.pdf

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products version 5

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Table of contents Overview

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Integrated Solutions

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Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-Boss) 6 Opti-Stress 8

Drilling Fluid Simulation Software

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OptiBridge 10 Press Pro RT

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Virtual Hydraulics

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

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Drilplex

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Duratherm

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Envirotherm NT

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Glydril

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K-Mag

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Kla-Shield

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Poly-Plus

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SAGDril

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Sildril

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Ultradril 30

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

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Envirovert 33 Megadril System

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Rheliant

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Versaclean/Versadril

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Warp Advanced Fluids Technology

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

45

Ecogreen

45

Nova Systems

48

Paradril

50

Paraland

51

Paratherm/Versatherm 53

Drilling Fluid Products

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

The M‑I SWACO solutions mindset permeates our “company and p­ ositively influences the problem-solving

orientation we have toward our clients, the solutions we deliver, our new-technology advancement, people development within our company and our future strategies.

”

People are a valuable asset worth developing Before people work for M‑I SWACO, we screen them not only for current skills and experience, but also for their willingness to learn new things, solve problems and help others. Once they join the M‑I SWACO ­organ­­ization, employees have the ­advantages of a global learning-management ­system which ­provides worldwide access to learn­ing, in‑house and custom e‑learning solutions, talent and competency management, and ­performance management. Starting with the basic building blocks of training for the job at hand, M‑I SWACO instructors quickly bring new specialists up to speed in the disciplines required for them to deliver maximum value from our products and services.

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M‑I SWACO ensures customers around the world get the highest level of service by standardizing training courses to meet the universal expectations of all operators. Where locale dictates certain specialized practices, M‑I SWACO trainers prepare field ­personnel for those details as well. Once these capable people are working in the field, their learning and training are not over. In fact, basic training is just the beginning of a successful career with M‑I SWACO. As an organization, we are developing career paths, checkpoint criteria and progress-measurement methods to keep M‑I SWACO and its people at the forefront of the industry.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Research and development

QHSE

M‑I SWACO has made considerable investments in research and engineering facilities as well as laboratories and field-support operations. Our Research and Engineering Center in Houston and our three International Technical Centers - in Houston; Aberdeen, Scotland and Stavanger, Norway - provide 24 hr assistance, and innovative solutions, anywhere in the world. Our Ecotoxicological Laboratory in Bergen, Norway, performs a wide range of analytical services. Drilling and production frontiers such as offshore Canada, Russia and the Caspian Sea, China, Latin America, and land and offshore operations throughout North America are now just a phone call or mouse click away from powerful technical support.

Each of our global business units has a Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental (QHSE) manager who reports to our headquarters in Houston. Our loss-prevention teams ensure that M‑I SWACO oper­ations are in compliance with the latest safety standards. Full-time occupational health and safety specialists make sure that our locations and the customer locations and rigs where our ­people work are safe. The Occupational Health group provides a management framework that monitors and investigates a broad range of health hazards and initiates ­controls to manage those haz­ards through programs such as Hearing Conservation, Respiratory Protection, Ergonomics and Malaria Control. Our customers also frequently utilize our expertise to assess potential occupational health issues involving our ­products at their sites.

M‑I SWACO people operate with an awareness of the environment and a sense of responsibility for protecting it. We operate specialized laboratories, including a greenhouse, where our envi­ronmental specialists conduct exhaustive tests for toxicity, biodegradation, recyclability, reuse and more. On a larger scale, our environmental empha­sis and expertise are guiding forces behind the company’s focus on Environmental Solutions. Prime examples of this philosophy can be seen in our line of ­production chemicals and our Ecotoxicological Laboratory in Bergen, Norway. M‑I SWACO will continue to establish itself as a leader by listening to customers and trust­ing our people to develop customized solutions to solve their problems.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Solutions for you and your well

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products ■■

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Wellsite and project engineering Simulation software Drilling-fluid systems and additives Alpine Specialty Chemicals* Federal* Wholesale

Production Technologies ■■

Specialty production chemicals

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Chemical management

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Drag reduction

Completion Fluid Systems & Products, Reservoir Drill-In Fluids, Breakers, Filtration & Specialized Tools

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H2S treatment

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Engineering/simulation software

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Reservoir drill-in fluids

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Intervention fluids

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Descaling, decontamination and decommissioning

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HDD Mining & Waterwell

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Commodity and utility chemicals

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Technical support

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Produced water treatment

Breakers

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Production Waste Management

Spacers and Displacement Chemicals

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Specialized Tools

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Completion Fluids

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Filtration

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Fluid-loss control systems

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Packer fluids

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Solids Controls, Pressure Control & Waste Management ■■

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Rig-equipment engineering –– Solids control –– Solids-control systems –– Mud mixing –– Shakers –– Mud cleaners –– Centrifuges –– Fluids Processing System (FPS) Cuttings handling and transportation Oilfield screens

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Waste injection

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Cuttings treatment

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Pressure control –– D-Gassers –– Disc-type chokes –– Shuttle chokes –– Choke consoles –– Pressure & Fluid Management System (PFMS)

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Rig instrumentation

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Enhanced fluids treatment

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Vessel cleaning

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Produced water treatment

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Production waste management

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-Boss) Integrated Solutions The I-Boss strategy is an ideal option for mature fields, extended-reach drilling, complex well configurations, zones with narrow pore-pressure/fracturegradient drilling windows and when drilling through fragile or depleted zones above the target. The multi-pronged methodology, which begins with a pre-drilling well analysis, resolves many of the limitations of after-the-fact remedial treatments for stopping drilling fluid losses that often are unsuccessful.

The exclusive I-Boss* multi-disciplinary wellbore strengthening strategy is a revolutionary approach to minimizing the excessive non-production time (NPT) and enormously expensive costs of dealing with wellbore instability and resulting lost circulation.

Features

I-Boss combines chemicals, mechanical and engineering software tools into an integrated solution that effectively stabilizes wellbores during well construction. The I-Boss approach does not necessarily prevent fracturing, rather it uses techniques that manipulate existing and/or drilling-induced fractures to increase wellbore stresses, mitigate fracture propagation and seal the wellbore.

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As no universal cure exists for all drilling problems, the I-Boss solutions draw upon a range of proven tools and integrate the elements needed for a successful outcome on a wellby-well basis. As such, operators can construct wellbores in zones with low fracture gradients, resulting in significantly reduced drilling costs, less non-productive time, and possibly elimination of an entire casing string.

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Flexible solution can be tailored for specific wells

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Computer optimization

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Rigsite testing apparatus

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Ideal for permeable formations

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Novel solutions for shale and carbonate formations Ability to recover bridging particles Real-time, in-line particle size measurement

Benefits ■■

Reduced downhole fluid loss

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Lower NPT

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Potential to drill difficult plays

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Applicable for depleted zones

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Reduced stuck pipe incidence

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Potential reduction of one or more casing strings

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Reduced waste volumes

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Reduced well construction costs

In addition, the comprehensive I-Boss toolkit includes the patented Managed Particle-Size Recovery* (MPSR) technology that recycles wellbore strengthening materials, thus reducing drilling waste and cleanup problems. Overall, the I-Boss Suite of solutions reduces the waste associated with building larger volumes of whole mud to accommodate downhole losses. The mechanics I-Boss wellbore strengthening The fundamental difference between I-Boss and simple lost circulation cures is that the latter deals only with mitigating losses of whole mud. Wellbore strengthening with I-Boss focuses on avoiding losses by increasing the apparent fracture gradient. This is accomplished through enhancement of wellbore circumferential stresses, sealing induced and existing fractures, and isolating the fracture tip to prevent its elongation. This stress environment is created in much the same way that one would shore up an arch with a keystone, and thus, in a similar fashion, wedging or propping open fracturesand maintaining them in that state with particulates or settable chemicals.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Before beginning, the M-I SWACO specialist gathers information about the proposed well and uses M-I SWACO procedures, software and laboratory equipment to determine the exact combination of particulates that are needed. Those tools include: ■■

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Induced fractures: during drilling, Wellbore Strengthening Material (WSM) is driven into fractures as they are induced. The WSM acts similar to a keystone in an arch.

Opti-Stress* software for designing particulate-based solutions Laboratory testing equipment specifically designed for validation and preplanning, including –– High-pressure matrix loss tester –– Low-pressure matrix loss tester –– Fracture tester –– Cylindrical fracture cell

Drilling and monitoring Throughout the well construction process, M-I SWACO proprietary software, specialized wellbore strengthening products, testing equipment and procedures are used to identify the most cost-effective solution for the specific project. As drilling progresses, real-time sampling, monitoring and adjustments keep the wellbore-strengthening process optimized for the drilling conditions at hand. A suite of proprietary engineering software is employed to monitor the operation during execution that, among other functions, identifies potential problems and creates a virtual snapshot of downhole fluid behavior during drilling.

When drilling-fluid pressure induces a fracture, fluid fills the void, wedging it open until properly sized WSM is forced into the opening. This wedging process “squeezes” the formation outward, around the perimeter of the wellbore.

Outward compression of formation: where the WSM wedges into the induced fractures, it generates compression in the wellbore wall as it forces aside the formation.

Integrated Solutions: Integrated Borehole Strengthening Solutions (I-Boss)

I-Boss pre-drilling planning

Outward compression and strengthening of the wellbore

Once the drilling fluid is trapped in the fracture behind the WSM bridge, the filtrate bleeds off into the porous formations, and the fracture closes. In impermeable formations where the filtrate cannot bleed off, the WSM bridge must completely seal the fracture.

The drop in fluid pressure within the fracture transfers high compressive stress to the WSM bridge, thus maintaining wellbore compression.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Opti-Stress Integrated Solutions

Opti-Stress employs a probabilistic technique that utilizes WSM expected uncertainties in rock properties and drilling parameters. The software is Excel-based and is designed to operate as part of the M-I Engineering Constellation Control Program (ECCP) suite of programs.

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Wellbore Strengthening Software: Drilling Solutions

Opti-Stress comprises three main components that calculate

An integral component of the I-Boss wellbore strengthening technology, the proprietary Opti-Stress* engineering software package was developed to assist with the design of Wellbore Strengthening Material (WSM) treatments. The software utilizes the Circumferential, or Hoop, Stress Enhancement concept of I-Boss to first calculate the fracture width required to be achieved by a desired wellbore pressure, then calculates an WSMWSM formulation of the correct particle size distribution (PSD) to fill, prop and seal the fractures.

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Fracture width Total concentration of the WSM blend required to bridge and seal the fracture The particle size distribution and concentrations of individual WSM components in the WSM blend.

In making the calculations, the user inputs a variety of rock properties and available WSM products. The program uses a finite element analysis technique employed in rock mechanics to calculate the fracture width. Once the fracture width is calculated, the program selects the appropriate PSD and wellbore strengthening material blends to bridge, prop and seal fractures to maintain the required wellbore stress that allows use of the desired wellbore pressure in targeted formations. As some uncertainty always exist in the input parameters used to calculate the fracture width, Opti-Stress employs Monte Carlo analysis, typically running thousands of calculations that pick random values of the input parameters within their uncertainty bands and in the process generating a scattershot probability distribution curve for the fracture width ties in the input parameters. WSM blends can be calculated for any point on that curve.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

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Comprises three components that determine fracture width, WSM concentration and PSD Proprietary engineering tool Uses probabilistic techniques based on Monte Carlo simulation Probability model addresses uncertainties

Integrated Solutions: Opti-Stress

Features

Utilizes “hoop stress enhancement” concept Excel-based package

Benefits ■■

Helps assure success of wellbore strengthening strategy

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Reduces uncertainties

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Minimizes NPT

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Accurately and quickly identifies product solutions

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Reduces drilling costs

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Enhances well control

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

OptiBridge Drilling Fluid Simulation Software

Any fluid entering your reservoir affects production. Whether it’s a kill pill, a reservoir drill-in fluid or one designed for lost circulation or perforation sealing, it must be formulated precisely to block invasion and, ultimately, prevent formation damage. The first step in designing a non-damaging fluid is to determine the ideal particle-size distribution for the bridging material. Our proprietary OptiBridge* software gives the M‑I SWACO engineer a tool for precisely and quickly selecting correctly sized bridging agents. With the OptiBridge program, the M‑I SWACO engineer inputs formation data as well as information about locally available products. Then the software calculates the “best-fit” mixture of locally produced bridging particles for effectively sealing the formation face. The OptiBridge tool is another example of our commitment to ensure the integrity and long-time productivity of your reservoir.

Versatile software that takes the guesswork out of designing non-damaging reservoir fluids

OptiBridge software makes sure no void is left unsealed The OptiBridge program improves on the popular Ideal Packing Theory, which takes a graphical approach to determine the optimum sizing of bridging material for specific formation characteristics. Basically, this theory examines all the voids in a given formation and considers the full range of particle-size distribution that will be required to fill them effectively. OptiBridge software takes that theory a major step further. It generates a mathematical model based on the largest pore size, also known as the D1/2 rule.

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Features ■■

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Accurately matches local bridging agents with formation characteristics Applicable for reservoir drill-in fluids, lost-circulation treatments, kill pills, fracture sealing and perforation sealing Prevents fluid invasion Uses actual formation and bridgingagent information that will provide an optimum filter cake

Advantages ■■ ■■

Reduces formation damage Takes the guesswork out of selecting bridging material

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Lowers material costs

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Optimizes production

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Because the OptiBridge program considers characteristics of your specific formation and matches them with bridging particles available in your area, there is no concern about having to wait or bear the burden of extraordinary delivery costs. What’s more, this powerful software package ensures the desired solids are maintained in the fluid system, allowing you to maximize your solidscontrol program while still maintaining the precise particle-size distribution of the bridging agent.

Operator: Well Name: Location: Comments:

© 1999 - 2007 M-I L.L.C. - All Rights Reserved

Largest Pore Size :

Operator 1

102

microns

Sand Control Device :

Wimberly #1 Houston Optimum Blend

Optimum Bridging Agent Blend 1.0

D10 - D50 - D90 Target__

0.9

D10 Target / Blend:

__Blend

1.3

/

1.7

microns

D50 Target / Blend:

31.5

/

29.7

microns

D90 Target / Blend:

102.0

/

143.5

microns

Optimum Blend for 0 to 100 % CPS Range

0.8 Brand Name

Cumulative Particle-Size Distribution

0.7

0.6

Bridging Agent(lb/bbl)

Vol %

A=Safe-Carb 2 (VF)

0.1

B=Safe-Carb 10 (F)

0.0

0.00

C=Safe-Carb 20

14.5

48.48

0.29

D=Safe-Carb 40 (M)

15.4

51.23

E=Safe-Carb 250 (C)

0.0

0.00

F=Safe-Carb 500 (XC)

0.0

0.00

0.5 A 0.3%

0.4

C 48.5%

0.3 D 51.2%

0.2

0.1

Simulation Accuracy Calcium Carbonate added :

0 1x10 -2

1x10 -1

1x10 0

1x10 1 Particle Size (microns)

1x10 2

1x10 3

1x10 4

30

lb/bbl

Avg Error 0 - 100 % CPS Range :

1.63

%

Max Error 0 - 100 % CPS Range :

11.58

%

Drilling Fluid Simulation Software: OptiBridge

Using the software, the M‑I SWACO engineer examines data from the targeted formation, including maximum pore-size opening, permeability and/or screen sizes, and combines that input with the bridging-particle information. From that model, the OptiBridge program automatically generates a target line of the optimum blend of particles that will effectively minimize solids and filtrate invasion. Once the optimum blend is known, the ratio of bridging materials can be perfectly matched to the formation characteristics.

OptiBridge software generates a target line that defines the ideal blend of locally produced bridging materials that would best fit the targeted formation characteristics. Available anywhere in the world, the OptiBridge service is an ideal tool for formulating a non-damaging reservoir drill-in fluid. It also can be used to design fracture-sealing and lost-circulation treatments, and to formulate kill and perforation sealing pills for workover and completion operations.

OptiBridge software: One more weapon in the battle against reservoir damage The OptiBridge program clearly illustrates the ingenuity and lengths that M‑I SWACO will undertake to develop systems and tools to minimize formation damage and maximize your production. To find out more about how the OptiBridge program is performing for our customers worldwide, contact your local M‑I SWACO representative.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

PressPro RT Drilling Fluid Simulation Software

The PressPro package

Rig-floor display

Rig

Data source

PressPro RT

MWD/LWD Onshore drilling center

The PressPro RT package includes a computer that connects to the data-source company’s c­ omputer to receive and send data. The real-time data, in turn, is either sent back to the data‑acquisition­company or to another third party responsible for the rig-floor display.

The PressPro* RT service from M‑I SWACO provides unprecedented remote and wellsite engineering s­ upport with a unique, specifi­­cally designed suite of software. This proprietary and innovative suite of programs use surface measurements to cal­culate downhole pressure profiles and fluid properties in real time during drilling, tripping and other critical operations. This unique technology not only provides up-to-the-second Equivalent Static Densities (ESDs) and Equivalent Circulating Densities (ECDs) at any point in the wellbore during drilling, but also delivers surge and swab p­ ressure measurements, Equivalent Dynamic Density (EDD) while tripping drill pipe or setting casing.

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And the PressPro RT system is an advanced wellsite service. The PressPro RT system and dedi­cated computer aboard the rig are maintained by an M‑I SWACO ­criticalwell analyst, an experienced ­fluids specialist trained in all aspects of drilling the most demanding ­deepwater, HTHP, extended‑reach, and ­multilateral wells. The virtual sensor package provides ESD, ECD, and other key values for ­display at the driller’s station as if they were measured values. Using the PressPro RT package is like running the Virtual Hydraulics* package in real time.

Virtual Hydraulics provides a “snapshot.” PressPro RT gives you the “movie.” Now, the industry has access to an immediate processing technology that expands on the field-proven M‑I SWACO Virtual Hydraulics* and Virtual Rheology* platforms to consistently and accurately cal­culate ECDs and pump pressure as they occur. You get the information you need to mitigate, and even eliminate, critical drilling problems and events that can jeopardize the efficiency and economics of high-cost drilling programs. Because the system works in real time, you can make changes “on the fly” and impact operations that are ongoing.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

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Offsite centers cut cost, not service The PressPro RT system can also be monitored from a remote, onshore drilling center, also known as a realtime operations center. Real-time OCs can perform certain critical and routine functions traditionally performed at the wellsite and have input from experts who have a “virtual presence” at multiple wellsites. OCs can provide reliable, inexpensive transmission of drilling data to and from remote sites with minimal delay. The PressPro RT system has been installed in clients’ OCs to facilitate efficient deployment and provide instant, remote access to real-time drilling and other operational data. Results are compared immediately to Pressure While Drilling (PWD) and can be merged seamlessly with the real-time data stream simultaneously accessible at the OC and at the rigsite. If it impacts drilling or tripping, the PressPro RT service has you covered Specially designed PressPro RT modules provide valuable ­infor­mation about all the properties of the fluids in the wellbore.

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DrillPro* RT software targets c­ ritical parameters that must be c­ onsidered when drilling a well. For the very first time, ECD profiles are ­calculated and displayed every second while both ­drilling and making connections TripPro* RT software calculates and displays real-time fluid parameters while tripping drill pipe and running casing - situations where wellbore conditions can change very quickly SnapShot RT software provides a ­continuous graphical display of ­downhole profiles Visual Hydraulics software provides a visual representation of down­hole metrics using an easy‑to-understand­ color scale PressPro RT Navigator* provides a virtual window into downhole hydraulics using sophisticated 3-D visualization and interactive navigation that combine advanced drilling technology and 3-D computer graphics

Virtual Hydraulics software, long an integral component of the M‑I SWACO PressPro RT wellsite engineering service is the gold standard in the industry against which all other hydraulic programs are compared. Together, this incomparable suite of programs is ideal for the planning, monitoring, evaluating, optimization and collaboration required to successfully tackle today’s critical wells. The PressPro RT system is one more example of why M‑I SWACO is the industry leader when it comes to developing solutions to the most demanding applications.

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PressPro RT and PWD: a perfect match The PressPro RT package is an ­integral part of ECD management. It does not replace the popular PWD tool. Instead, it complements PWD data, comparing the “what are” measurements of PWD with a “what should be” scenario for early detection of impending problems. While PWD p­ rovides a single-point measurement at the bit, the PressPro RT package calculates complete pro­files of downhole hydraulics and mud behavior. Additionally, it can sub­stitute for the PWD when the tool is unavailable, such as while running casing, when the tool is non-operational, or when tem­peratures or pressures exceed tool limitations. PressPro RT and Virtual Hydraulics packages are a winning combination Now a vital element in many operators’ onshore real-time drilling centers, the PressPro RT package is the only technology that provides in-time equivalent static and equivalent cir­culating densities at any point in the wellbore during dril­ling.

Drilling Fluid Simulation Software: PressPro RT

The PressPro RT system lever­ages the proven technologies in the Virtual Hydraulics module and displays key downhole profiles and fluid properties in a real-time SnapShot* graph that is ­contin­­uously updated with live dril­ling and tripping data. Whereas Virtual Hydraulics provides ­accurate planning and sensitivity analyses, the PressPro RT system closes the feedback loop by monitoring current conditions, helping per­sonnel modify drilling practices and plan for con­tingencies in advance and VH Rhecon* module closes the infor­mation loop by generating projections that look ahead of the bit, based on ­current operating conditions.

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Managed by a spe­cially trained, onsite, critical-well analyst Can be operated from remote Operation Centers Monitors drilling and ­tripping parameters A dedicated computer can be interfaced to an existing dataacquisition system with the dataacquisition source on the rig Predefined screens for ­targeted drilling/tripping components Downhole profiles calculated and updated every second and displayed as virtual sensors

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Prevents/minimizes downhole fluid losses due to lost circulation­ Early detection of impending problems by providing “what should be” data to compare with “what is” Minimizes mud-related non‑productive time Helps reduce drilling costs Provides real-time monitoring for immediate response E nhances ECD management by providing downhole pressure profiles during drilling, tripping, and other critical operations  omplements PWD when available C and substitutes for PWD when the data is not available

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Virtual Hydraulics Drilling Fluid Simulation Software

Virtual Hydraulics gives you an even clearer view of your fluids’ behavior downhole The true value of the Virtual Hydraulics software suite is truly appreciated in deepwater wells where uncontrolled ECDs can quickly exceed the boundaries of narrow operating windows, in extended-reach and horizontal wells, in High-Temperature, High-Pressure (HTHP) applications and other technically demanding wells. Proven on thousands of projects, both critical and more routine applications, this powerful ­com­putational tool literally gives M‑I SWACO specialists a virtual snapshot of downhole fluid behav­ior - before drilling begins and while the well is in progress. This accurate prediction of downhole hydraulics has a proven, positive effect on overall well performance. Now, M‑I SWACO has raised the bar to an entirely new level with the release of the latest Virtual Hydraulics. Now you have everything you have come to rely on from this unparalleled hydraulics monitoring package, and much more: ■■

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Virtual Wellbore Stability analysis during planning and at the wellsite to design and monitor fluid properties required to maintain a stable wellbore The innovative Virtual Hydraulics Navigator* 3-D v­ isualization system was developed by M‑I SWACO to create a ­virtual window into downhole hydraulics and related issues The concept is the ideal combination of advanced drilling technology and 3-D computer graphics. The VH Navigator module makes it possible to navigate interac­tively through a virtual well and critically examine and analyze downhole hydraulics calculated by VRDH (snapshot case) and VH Rhecon (transient case) on a standard-issue laptop or PC using a gamepad or keyboard. Invaluable as an analysis tool, the Virtual Hydraulics

Navigator module is also a great training tool for office-based and field personnel, as well as non-drillers ■■

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Virtual wellbore stability analyses during planning and at the wellsite to design and monitor fluid properties required to maintain a stable wellbore The VH Rhecon provides dynamic reconnaissance simulations to optimize hydraulics ahead of the bit, using predefined drilling parameters The OptiPro* bit hydraulics optimization package in which rheological properties are results of the optimization process Improved models and parametric analyses for hole cleaning, ECD management, 3-D velocity profiles, downhole temperatures, and pressures and more

A totally redesigned, state-of-the‑art software system

With the latest Virtual Hydraulics, we kept some of the classics that you had come to depend on, but have added a host of newly engineered modules that considers every aspect of hydraulics analysis. Complementing our new Virtual Hydraulics Navigator, that allows our specialists to get up close and personal with your wellbore, we have added or enhanced a wide range of modules designed to consider every downhole condition.

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New graphics to address key hydraulics-related issues

The wide range of modules in Virtual Hydraulics covers all the issues in hydraulics modeling

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Virtual Rotary Drilling Hydraulics*, or VRDH, uses downhole ECD and pressure-loss calcu­lations to generate a veritable “SnapShot” of downhole profiles Virtual Hydraulics Rhecon provides reconnaissance simulations (pseudo real-time analysis) of transient drilling, tripping and ­circulation, and effect on ECDs and hole-cleaning

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The widely used TripPro, or Tripping Profiles* module provides optimum running speed based on transient surge and swab models combined with variable downhole fluid properties, and includes a host of liner surge-reduction tools The Virtual Hydraulics Plan*, or VH Plan*, performs hydraulic optimizations based on surface equipment limits and downhole ECD and hole-cleaning requirements OptiPro, or Optimum Profiles, optimizes fluid rheology and hydraulics based on surface equipment limits and downhole ECD and hole-cleaning requirements The TPro* Temperature Profiles generates downhole transient-temperature profiles during circulation or shut-in The leak-off and other volume change modules generates fluid compressibilities during cementing and other wellsite operations

As its predecessor did in the past, the new-generation Virtual Hydraulics 3.0 promises to deliver more information rather than mere data - information you can use to make educated decisions about how to safely, efficiently and cost-effectively drill your well.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Drilplex Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Drilplex

The bentonite/MMO associates into long ribbon-like structures that can bridge openings with diameters measured in 10s of microns.

The versatile water-base system with exceptional rheological properties designed to lower costs in a wide range of wells Ordinary bentonite, extraordinary results Simply combining the Drilplex* viscosifier with prescreened, high‑quality bentonite produces a highly shear-thinning fluid with a high yield point, low plastic viscosity and high, flat gel strengths. The result is a fluid system with unequaled solids suspension, but one that still screens easily, even at high flow rates.

A straightforward system for the most complex applications You might think that a system with the versatility and application range Drilplex has demonstrated would involve intricate and difficult-to-engineer chemical compositions. On the contrary, the proprietary Flo-Plex* primary fluid-loss-control additive, Replex anionic scavenger when necessary and the Drilplex viscosifier are the only components developed specifically for the Drilplex system. The remaining chemicals are relatively common and well understood.

A diverse, worldwide track record Challenging horizontal wells in the Gulf of Mexico. The establishment of milling records in the North Sea and elsewhere. Drilling in nearly 9,000 ft (2,743 m) of water in the Campos Basin with zero losses. In West Africa, the successful drilling of a depleted reservoir and unconsolidated formation with a maximum angle of 102°F (38.8°C). The success stories go on and on.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Rheogram showing unique Rheological properties

The ability to stabilize goes with the flow

The data was obtained on a Fann 35A viscometer. Both fluids were unweighted.

Stationary, gelled layer of fluid

80 Dial reading 70 60 50 40

Excellent cuttings transport

30 20 10 0 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Rheometer speed

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Helps prevent seepage losses

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No erosion of wellbore

Latest-generation Mixed-Metal Oxide (MMO) system Highly shear-thinning Excellent QHSE profile

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Temperature-stable to 250°F (121°C) Exceptional hole cleaning and suspension E xcellent ability to seal the highpermeability formations found in deepwater drilling

Advantages ■■

16

Minimal dynamic fluid loss

D RILPLEX system PV 4 YP 40 Gels 17/19 n 0.126 K 20.1

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Zero shear stress at wall

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X C p olymer PV 12 YP 48 Gels 28/40 n 0.263 K 11.6

Features ■■

The flow profile of the fluid in the ­annulus affords Drilplex the ability to stabilize mechanically weak and poorly consolidated formations. The high ­viscosity of the fluid at low shear rates results in a stationary layer of fluid on the sides of the wellbore. This protective layer shields weak rock formations from erosion caused by the flow. The capacity of the fluid to stabilize these weak and uncon­solidated formations is further­ enhanced by the lower pump rates used with the Drilplex system. This tendency may also explain the lower seepage losses that occurred in several wells in which the ­formations were fractured.

I deal for lost-circulation zones, unconsolidated formations, milling situations, and high-angle and horizontal wells

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Minimizes losses

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Reduces environmental impact

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High rates of penetration

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Well-suited for coiled-tubing drilling

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Cost-effective

Protects poorly consolidated or fractured formations

The unique mechanism driving Drilplex Bentonite platelet

Bentonite/MMO complex

MMO crystals 1 micron

The mixed-metal oxide comprising the core of the system has an electrondeficient lattice, and when added to water, the Drilplex particles bond to the cation exchange sites on bentonite, forming a strong complex, which in turn structures the fluid and provides viscosity and gels. When the MMO crystals are added to a suspension of bentonite platelets, the cationic crystals displace the naturally “resident” sodium or other cations and form strong associations with the anionic sites on the faces of the clay platelets. What results is a new complex or

adduct with characteristics that are ­fundamentally different from those of a virgin bentonite platelet. The entire mechanism appears to be electrostatic in nature, which makes it somewhat unusual and accounts for the unique c­ haracteristics of the fluid system. For example, an electrostatic-field-based mechanism could explain the elastic or deformable-solid behavior observed in the absence of shear and could also explain both the dramatic and instantaneous onset of the solidto‑liquid transition and the reversibility of the process.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Duratherm Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

High ROPs, improved solids-removal capability and minimal formation damage help reduce drilling costs, while its aqueous-base chemistry gives it environmental advantages over oilbase systems. The system is especially useful when there are concerns about formation evaluation, kick detection or lost circulation. It may be formulated with freshwater or seawater, and nonflocculating salts may be incorporated for inhibition. Because the Duratherm system evolved from formulations used as packer fluids, where long-term rheological stability is necessary, this low-colloid system remains stable in the presence of acid gases, salts, and drill solids. The system’s ­sta­­bility can be maintained by minimizing the concentration of active solids, and using polymeric materials for viscosity requirements. This reduces gelation caused by the flocculation of active clays at high temperature, as well as the viscosity increase resulting from saltwater flows, acid gases, or salt. Generally, treatments with ­lig­­nosulfonate (Spersene*) should be discontinued at bottomhole temperatures above 325°F (163°C). Solids-control equipment — shakers, hydroclones and centrifuges — must be operated as efficiently as possible to minimize maintenance costs. System products XP-20* potassium chrome lignite material is used as a viscosity-­stabilizing­agent and to control fluid loss in the Duratherm system. This product continues to function as designed in fluids that

encounter formation temperatures greater than 500°F (260°C). It is the primary treating agent in the Duratherm system, and it provides potassium ions for shale inhibition. Resinex* resin polymer is used for HTHP fluid-loss reduction by decreasing filtercake permeability, and it contributes to fluid stabilization. Field results have demonstrated the utility of Resinex in minimizing formation damage. Resinex is used in conjunction with XP-20 to control these properties in the Duratherm system. Tannathin* is a lignitic material that works with Resinex to reduce HTHP fluid-loss values and stabilize rheological properties in the Duratherm system. Polymers contribute viscosity and API fluid-loss control to the Duratherm system. Minimizing bentonite concentrations requires the use of polymeric materials as viscosifiers. Cellulosic polymers and xanthan gum provide the ­viscosity required to suspend weigh material and drill solids, and lower API fluid-loss values in the Duratherm system. M-I Gel* may be used for fluid-loss control and viscosity in wells with bottomhole temperatures below 250°F (121°C). For bottomhole temperatures above 250°F (121°C), M‑I Gel must be maintained at low levels. The primary function of M‑I Gel at these reduced concentrations is to help form a thin, dense, low-permeability filter cake. M-I Bar* and/or Fer-Ox* are high-density materials with specific gravities of 4.2 and 5.0, respectively. They provide fluid density in the Duratherm system.

Corrosion control and lubrication The Duratherm system is ­com­­patible with selected corrosion ­controlchemicals and lubricants. The low-solids feature of the Duratherm system, in conjunction with lubricants such as Lube-167* and Lube-945*, will reduce bit balling, torque and drag. The Duratherm system as a packer fluid The Duratherm system has been recognized as a drilling fluid applicable in areas of high temperature and pressure. Due to its physical characteristics it also may be used as a packer fluid. The characteristics that make the Duratherm system an ideal packer fluid are: ■■

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Thermal stability to temperatures in excess of 500°F (260°C) Minimal liquid separation or breakout Ability to suspend barite and solids without settling

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Duratherm

The Duratherm* system is a low-colloid, contaminant-resistant water-base fluid designed for high-temperature drilling. It provides good inhibition, minimizes clay migration and swelling, and is ­stable to >500°F (>260°C) ambient, with densities from 9 to 20 lb/gal (1.1 to 2.4 kg/L), and at depths from 5,000 to 25,000 ft (1,524 to 7,620 m).

Non-corrosive (when freshwater is used as a base) Low static shear strengths Quick reversion to fluid state upon agitation

For corrosion protection, M‑I SWACO recommends that a filming amine corrosion inhibitor such as Conqor* 101 be added to the packer fluid. One barrel of Conqor 101 per 100 bbl of mud usually results in an adequate concentration of inhibitor. Additions of 0.2 to 0.5 lb/bbl (0.1 to 0.2 kg/bbl) BACBAN III preservative (bactericide) will prevent the growth of ­sulfate-reducing bacteria and ­fermentation of the mud.

Caustic, lime and gypsum are used to balance alkalinities and control the effects of carbonates/bicarbon­ates on rheological properties. The basic environment provided by hydroxyl ions aids in tubular corrosion control and in hydrolyzing mud products added at the surface.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Envirotherm NT Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The water-base system you wanted for high-temperature drilling in environmentally sensitive conditions The Envirotherm NT system is the result of three simultaneous operator demands. We have consistently received requests for a single drillingfluid system that is chrome-free for environmental reasons, that can resist bottomhole temperatures in excess of 450°F (232°C) and that uses water-base chemistry. Their requirements stem chiefly from traditional land-based operations, but now high-temperature shale drilling has the same requirements for certain areas.

The very definition of an ideal answer The system is a successful, field-proven HTHP water-base fluid and has been used under very severe conditions — to more than 350°F (177°C). It maintains its stable properties not only while drilling, but also during the prolonged static conditions experienced during tripping, logging and testing operations. The Envirotherm NT system is characterized by low and stable rheological properties, low HTHP fluid loss and minimizes hole problems, providing shale inhibition and resistance to contamination for extreme conditions of density and temperature.

Product

Function

Calovis FL

Fluid-loss control and secondary viscosifier

Calovis HT

Fluid-loss control and secondary viscosifier

Calothin

HTHP rheology stabilizer

Calosperse and/or Calosperse ZR

Chrome-free HTHP thinners

Poroseal

Shale / filter-cake sealing additive

M-I Gel Supreme

Viscosifier, LSRV, hole cleaning

The environmental and drilling characteristics you want The Envirotherm NT chemistry is water-base and chrome-free, making it environmentally acceptable worldwide. The system is stable in the presence of contamination from soluble calcium, salts and acid gases, and can be used at temperatures in excess of 450°F (232°C) and densities up to 19 ppg. The system’s stability derives from its low reactive-solids content and temperature-stable, chrome-free materials. The low reactive-solids content is achieved by decreasing the

18

bentonite and drill solids content as fluid density and wellbore temperatures increase. High-temperature-resistant polymeric materials replace the bentonite and stabilize the overall viscosity and gel strengths. This minimizes the problems caused by flocculation of reactive clay solids at high temperatures and the viscosity increase resulting from chemical contamination.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Easy to build, maintain and convert

The system can be easily converted from most chrome-free water-base system as the bottom hole temperature increases while drilling. The process for converting to a high-temperature system is seamless, with no rheology humps or loss of other properties. Calovis* FL synthetic polymer is a specially formulated product designed for use as a fluid-loss-reducing and rheology-stabilizing agent in waterbase drilling fluids. It is an excellent additive for HTHP filtration control and rheological stabilization for drilling fluids exposed to temperatures of up to 450°F (232°C). Calovis HT synthetic polymer is a specially formulated fluid-loss-control agent and viscosifier in water-base drilling fluids. It is an excellent additive for HTHP filtration control for drilling fluids subjected to temperatures of up to 500°F (260°C). Calothin* additive is a liquid anionic acrylic copolymer designed to provide rheology control in HTHP water-base drilling fluids. Secondary to its thinning effect, the product also provides a reduction of fluid loss. This synthetic additive has a temperature limit in excess of 450°F (232°C) and is not subject to bacterial degradation. Calosperse* additive is a unique blend of polymeric and organic, chromefree thinners specially formulated for improved rheology control of waterbase drilling fluids. Calosperse additive also functions well in high-temperature applications. It reduces and stabilizes

Calosperse ZR thinner is a specially formulated blend of zirconium and multivalent metallic salts, designed for use in high-temperature waterbase drilling fluids. Poroseal* product is a unique co-polymeric filtration control and shale sealing additive. Poroseal additive provides permeability plugging to effectively seal shales and filter cakes, improving the performance of highly inhibitive water-base drilling fluids. It is effective for low-temperature as well as high-temperature applications. M-I Gel* Supreme viscosifier is a premium grade Wyoming bentonite (a sodium montmorillonite clay) which has not been chemically treated. It is used at very low concentrations in the Envirotherm NT system, to aid in initial filter cake building and filtration control.

Features ■■

Easily managed in the field

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Excellent shale inhibition

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Water-base, chrome-free chemistry

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Stable at high temperatures

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Stable rheological properties

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Resists contamination

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Flexible formulation that can be adapted as temperatures increase

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Reduces the need for dilution

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Reduces NPT

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Maintains optimum ROP in highly compacted/hard shales Environmentally acceptable worldwide

Advantages ■■

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Reduces pressure spikes caused by gelation Less time spent treating the system Drilling can proceed in a range of conditions

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Envirotherm NT

The Envirotherm NT for most HTHP applications consists of the six products shown in the table. On occasion, and as drilling conditions dictate, other products may be added. Your M‑I SWACO representative can guide you in the composition of the system for your area.

overall viscosity and gel strengths and also contributes to reducing fluid loss. Due to its low pH, Calosperse rheology additive requires additions of caustic soda ±0.1 lb/bbl per each 1 lb/bbl of Calosperse product added to the system.

Economical to use, as fluid formulation can be customized for various temperature ranges Less waste for disposal

Optimize your drilling in high-temperature applications Your M‑I SWACO representative can give you more information and performance statistics about the waterbase Envirotherm NT system and how it’s reducing waste and improving environmental profiles.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Glydril Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The proven glycol system for high-performance, environmentally advanced drilling Proven by the M‑I SWACO team in hundreds of wells worldwide, the Glydril* system uses an enhancedpolymer, water-base chemistry that employs polyglycol technology. Thanks to that technology, operators can count on the Glydril system to deliver a high degree of shale inhibition; wellbore stability; HTHP fluid-loss control and lubricity. Because no two wells are alike, M‑I SWACO offers a range of glycols to meet all drilling needs.

Customization makes Glydril the right choice for a variety of applications In fact, the system’s broad range of glycols makes it a preferred system where environmental guidelines dictate a water-base fluid. The Glydril system can be customized to meet a variety of drilling challenges — large-diameter wellbores, extended-reach drilling, deepwater and subsalt applications, and par­ticularly reactive shales. The system also is ideal for drilling high-angle wells in reactive shale formations — where wellbore stability, torque and drag are major concerns. In addition, the glycols in the Glydril system enhance the thermal stability of Flo-Vis*, Duo-Vis*, Duo-Tec viscosifiers and polyanionic cellulose (PAC)/starch systems, and also enhance the low‑shear rheological behavior of Flo-Vis polymers at temperatures above 248°F (120°C).

Shale-recovery comparisons

100% Cutting recovery 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Gel PHPA Wet cuttings

Dry cuttings

Fluid-loss comparisons

14cc Fluid Loss

Glydril and ROP enhancement

12

Like most water-base systems, the Glydril system’s performance can benefit from the addition of an ROP enhancer in certain applications. Please contact your M‑I SWACO ­representative to derive maximum benefit from the Glydril system and any performance-boosting additives.

10 8 6 4 2 0

KCI/PHPA API

20

Glydril

KCI/PHPA

HTHP (200 F [93 c) O

O

Glydril

OBM

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Compare performance, then save with Glydril

As temperature increases and chemical environment changes, polyglycol clouds out.

Engineering experience comes with every ounce of Glydril Having the right drilling fluid is only one part of the story. M‑I SWACO also has the experience to help operators apply products to control rheology, fluid loss and density. In the case of the Glydril system, that experience helps determine the proper concentration and choice of glycol additive. We can even help you monitor glycol concentrations through the use of optical refraction techniques. Wherever you operate, M‑I SWACO has the experience that can make your operations run more smoothly and cost effectively. Glydril is the right choice for the environment, too The products that make up the Glydril system are formulated to address environmental concerns worldwide, both offshore and on land. For offshore operations, the system displays relatively low marine toxicity, provides relatively fast biodegradation rates, and minimizes cuttings piles and benthic impacts. Onshore, the Glydril system can be engineered to provide shale inhibition without the use of salts and contains no aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds, making cuttings ideally suited for landfarming.

Soluble polyglycol enters shale pores.

By plugging shale pores, the Glydril system provides a barrier against water migration, thereby reducing wellbore instability caused by fluid influx.

Features

Advantages

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Low-toxicity, water-base system

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In-gauge wellbores

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Relatively fast biodegradation

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Lower fluid losses and leak‑off values

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Shale inhibition

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Lower potential for ­differential sticking

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Less torque, drag and bit balling

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Lower dilution rates

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Pore-plugging, Thermally Activated Mud Emulsion (TAME) properties

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Improved filter-cake quality

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Slicker, firmer filter cake

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Pipe-wetting capabilities

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Greater wellbore stability

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Glydril

Lower dilution rates. Higher ROP and lubricity. Lower total costs. The Glydril system is one more example of the M‑I SWACO pledge to provide customers the most appropriate, costeffective drilling fluids and systems.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

K-Mag Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

Used primarily in the Gulf of Mexico, the K-Mag* system is an inhibitive water-base system that provides shale inhibition and wellbore stability while it minimizes bit balling. System benefits include reduced dispersion of drill cuttings for easier removal, near-gauge wellbores for better cement jobs, even in watersensitive shales, and reduced swelling for wellbore stability. The K-Mag system is designed to perform most efficiently in freshwater to seawater-salinity ­envi­­ronments, but the salinity can be increased to improve shale stability and gas-hydrate inhibition when necessary. The use of a powerful dispersant, such as lignosulfonate, is usually kept as low as possible in order to minimize excessive ­dispersion of drill solids and ­wellbore washout. The system’s popularity has increased as the use of synthetic-base fluids in offshore drilling has become more challenging due to more stringent environmental regulations, biodegradation restrictions and other environmental issues. In addition, low fracture gradients and narrow ECD windows often encountered in deepwater operations greatly increase the risk of lost circulation, which can drastically increase the cost of the operation. More economical water-base fluids, such as the K-Mag system, with good shale inhibition and effective ROP enhancement are now competing with synthetics in deepwater applications.

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Features and advantages ■■

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F lexible system can be formulated to suit drilling environment Excellent shale inhibition and wellbore stability Minimizes bit balling, improves ROP Preserves drill cuttings for easier removal Tolerates salinity from freshwater to seawater levels Substitutes for some ­synthetics where environmental issues are a concern

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Kla-Shield Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

250 Torque reading (in.-lbs)

200

150

100

50

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 11 12

Kla-Cure 2%

Kla-Hib 2%

Kla-Gard 2%

Kla-Stop 2%

Kla-Gard B 2% Kla-Gard dry 7lb/bbl

Water

Kla-Shield dispersion test: recovery data

13

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Kla-Shield

Bulk hardness test Kla-Shield amine inhibitors

100 Total recovered (%) 90 80 70

The right choice for a variety of applications The Kla-Shield* system’s broad range of polyamines makes it a preferred system where environmental guidelines dictate a water-base fluid and hole conditions demand flexibility. We have designed the system to deliver a customized approach in selecting the choice and concentration of polyamine additive for your project. This gives you a water-base system that is fine-tuned to meet a variety of drilling challenges — large diameter wellbores, extended-reach drilling, and highly reactive shales. The system is also ideal for drilling highangle wells in reactive shale formations where wellbore stability, torque and drag, and borehole and logging quality are major concerns.

The polyamines in the Kla-Shield system enhance the thermal stability of both the Flo-Vis* xanthan gum/Duo-Vis* biopolymer and modified starches/PAC which are used in the systems. These same polyamines also enhance the low-shear rheological behavior of Flo-Vis polymers at temperatures above 248°F (120°C).

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 lb/bbl Poly-Plus*RD

2 lb/bbl Idcap* D

2 lb/bbl Kla-Cap*

Blank

Kla-Shield and Rop enhancement For faster, smoother drilling, ROP enhancers and accretion inhibitors, such as Drilzone* or Drilzone L products, can be added to the system in addition to other products for improving rheology, fluid-loss control, formation bridging and density.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Amine inhibitors for use in Kla-Shield systems Inhibitor

Polyamine material

Function

Typical concentration

Kla-Cure*

Polyamine

Shale inhibitor

4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)

Kla-Gard*

Polyamine

Shale inhibitor

4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)

Kla-Gard B

Chloride-free version

Shale inhibitor

4 to 8 lb/bbl (11.4 to 22.8 kg/m3)

Kla-Gard D

Kla-Gard, dry version

Shale inhibitor

6 to 9 lb/bbl (17.1 to 25.7 kg/m3)

Kla-Stop*

Most effective Kla-Shield polyamine

Shale inhibitor

2 to 4% (v/v)

The right choice for the environment Products that make up the Kla-Shield system are formulated to address environmental concerns worldwide, both on land and offshore. Onshore, the Kla-Shield system can be engineered to provide shale inhibition without the use of salts, and it contains no aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds, making cuttings ideally suited for landfarming. For offshore operations, the system displays relatively low marine toxicity, provides relatively fast biodegradation rates, and minimizes cuttings piles and benthic impacts.

Protect your next project with the Kla-Shield system If you want to lower dilution rates and total costs, achieve higher ROP and lubricity, and effectively drill high-angle wells in reactive shale formations, contact your M‑I SWACO representative. Together, you can determine the anticipated benefits from the Kla-Shield system and its performance-boosting additives.

Features and advantages ■■

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Better waste management

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Superior stabilization in fractured shales

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Clear fluid returned to the system.

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Dewatered cuttings ready for disposal.

Chemical recovery ■■

24

Inhibitor and accretion additive - 60% recovery

Flexible enough to meet geological and performance requirements

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Dewatering of HPWBM

Polyamine base for enhanced environmental performance over potassium chloride-based systems

Economical and technical solutions to WBM issues Easy to build and maintain systems for optimized inhibition and reduced costs Ideal for drilling high-angle wells in reactive shale formations More tolerant to contam - ination with drill solids Reduced clay dispersion and hydration

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Poly-Plus Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Poly-Plus

The Poly-Plus* system employs highmolecular­‑weight polymers and anionic liquid to provide cuttings encapsulation and shale stabilization. It also acts as a viscosifier, friction reducer and flocculant while ­providing some fluid-loss ­control. Poly‑Plus additive can be used in mud systems ranging from low‑solids to weighted, ­utilizing makeup waters from fresh to saltwater­. ■■

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Poly-Plus additive mud systems. Poly-Plus provides excellent cuttings encapsulation and improved wellbore stability Clear-water fluids. Poly-Plus agent may be used in clear-water, solids‑free drilling fluids. Poly-Plus polymer increases v­ iscosity and enhances solids removal by flocculating the ­undesired solids. It also provides cuttings encapsulation and improved wellbore stability Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed (LSND) muds. Poly-Plus agent is well suited to LSND ­systems. In reducedbentonite­ muds, Poly‑Plus serves as a ­bentonite extender to increase ­viscosity, f­ locculates drill solids for more efficient removal, encapsulates cuttings and improves ­wellbore stability

Features and advantages ■■

Provides excellent cuttings ­encapsulation and limits cuttings dispersion

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Provides improved shale stabilization­

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Enhances the removal of drill solids

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Weighted muds. Poly-Plus can be used in weighted muds for ­cuttings encapsulation, improved wellbore stability, secondary ­viscosity and to improve filter-cake integrity

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Poly-Plus sweeps. Viscous Poly‑Plus sweeps are effective for periodic hole cleaning

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Liquid product for easy mixing and rapid yield Aids in preventing balling on the bit, stabilizers and BHA by coating and lubricating solids Improves the lubricity of most mud systems, partic­ularly non­dispersed muds, when used in combination with a lubricant Can be used to viscosify clear-water and low-solids drilling fluids

25

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

SAGDril Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

Features ■■

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Product functions and descriptions

26

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Product

Function

Description

DuoVis*

Rheological properties, especially LSRV

Biopolymer

Tarsurf*

Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive

Blend of solvents and surfactants

Tarlift*

Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive

Blend of solvents and surfactants

Tarclean*

Anti-accretion for rig equipment

Solvent

Screenclean

Prevention of shaker screen blinding

Surfactant

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I ntegrated Fluids Engineering (IFE) combined with latest-­generation­ SAGD drilling fluid Minimizes fluid impact on ­bitumen and cleans cuttings at surface Dual tar control through Tarlift* and Tarsurf* Excellent hole cleaning and s­ uspension Separates and cleans different waste streams

Advantages ■■

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New approach for drilling and drilling waste management Mud cooler not needed (flowline temperature >95°F (>35°C) may require cooling)

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Minimizes hole washout %

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Minimizes waste generation

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Liner run without incidents

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Easy to engineer

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No cuttings beds formed

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Maximizes ROP, saves drilling time

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

The SAGDril* system gives you exactly what you need for this demanding work M‑I SWACO developed the SAGDril system to address the specific problems unique to drilling high build-angles and long-reach horizontal sections through the tar sands. The system incorporates a combination of surfactants and solvents, each with a specific function. Extensive laboratory testing of several solvent and surfactant products resulted in the selection of two products, Tarlift and Tarsurf, for accretion control. These products, working in conjunction with water-wetting surfactants effectively control wellbore erosion by forming a stable emulsion of the solvents so their interaction with the wellbore can be reduced. The result of M‑I SWACO research, development and field testing is a proven system that delivers the features which help you get more production from the tar sands at a lower cost: ■■

 water-base drilling fluid that relies A on a strong water-wetting agent to minimize accretion of the sticky tar sands on the bit and drillstring while it minimizes shaker-screen blinding

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Oil-wetting surfactants to encapsulate tarry cuttings and promote their effective removal by the shakers and other solids-control equipment such as centrifuges A rheological profile optimized for minimal wellbore erosion Rheology that ensures o­ pti­mum hole conditions while drilling and running casing and production liners Onsite fluids specialists who ­monitor the system’s Low-Shear‑Rate Viscosity (LSRV) with a Brookfield viscometer

The SAGDril system’s stable wellbore helps you beyond just drilling Another area where the SAGDril system helps your operation run more smoothly is in running casing and liners. High operating ­temper­­atures, thermal expansion and high stress levels in the casing and cement sheath are facts of life in SAGD drilling. Add to that the absolute requirement that an excellent pipe/cement and cement/ formation­­bond be accomplished throughout the intermediate casing, and you have quite a challenge for any drilling fluid. And that’s precisely why the SAGDril system isn’t just any drilling fluid. It helps you achieve your running and cementing goals by ensuring maximum lubricity while running the ­inter­mediate casing, and it aids in c­ reating a better cement bond by delivering an in-gauge wellbore. An aid to responsible drilling waste management practices M‑I SWACO has formulated the SAGD system to address the specific problem areas of accretion, shaker-screen blinding and wellbore erosion. A reduction in accretion and shaker-screen blinding have resulted in a significant increase in shaker-screen life and a sharp decrease in both fluid dilution and drilling waste disposal costs. By controlling wellbore erosion, the system further reduces the amount of drilling waste generated.

SAGDril wells have realized significant savings in disposal costs of both solid and liquid drilling waste. They have also seen a significant reduction in solids-control costs and overall project costs. Drilling waste 400 tonnes 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Solvent/xanthan gum system SAGDRIL system

Compared to wells drilled with traditional ­solvent-base systems, SAGDril wells have ­realized significant savings in disposal costs of both solid and liquid drilling waste. They have also seen a significant reduction in solidscontrol costs and overall project costs.

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: SAGDril

A great deal of a steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) program’s success depends upon finding a highly specialized drilling fluid that will keep the hole clean, without wellbore erosion, for tight-build radii and extended-reach, horizontal sections; that will keep the bit and drillstring clean to minimize bitumen-accretion problems; and that will prevent screen blinding at the shale shakers. Add to that the need for an environmentally compatible formulation that also reduces the amount of drilling waste, and the challenge to find the right drilling-fluid system is even greater.

Differential rotor decay 0.5 Reduction in diameter (mm) 0 –0.5 –1 –1.5 –2 –2.5 –3 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Time, min SAGDRIL fluid Solvent-base System A Solvent-base System B Solvent-base System C

In a laboratory test to simulate hole erosion in various drilling fluids, technicians rotated calibrated tar-sand cores at controlled temperatures and rotating speeds in solvent/ xanthan gum formulations or SAGDril fluid. Periodically, the technicians measured the cores to check for erosion. The s­ olvent/xanthan gum formulations were more aggressive, causing higher erosion, while the SAGDril fluid proved to be the least aggressive.

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Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Sildril Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The adaptable silicate fluid system with the proven inhibition of an invertemulsion fluid

It’s hard to match the shale inhibition of the Sildril system The Sildril system achieves its superior inhibition through a ­threefold approach: ■■

Sildril*: The one system for optimum shale inhibition and environmental compliance This uniquely formulated system capitalizes on the very latest in ­silicate technology to give you ­performance approaching that of oil-base mud but with the environmental acceptability of a water-base fluid. This one system delivers optimum inhibition characteristics, high penetration rates, decreased trouble time, superior wellbore integrity and superb solidsremoval performance - all with minimal environmental impact.

28

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■■

Direct chemical bonding of the ­silicate polymers to drill cuttings and formation surfaces Precipitation of the silicate with divalent ions Silicate polymerization that results in complex, inorganic ­polymer structures that react with the shale surfaces to provide a hydrophobic barrier

The system generates highly competent, inhibited cuttings that contribute to optimum performance of the solidscontrol equipment and greatly enhanced for­mation evaluation. By dramatically reducing solids contamination, the Sildril system reduces dilution rates and the costs associated with drilling waste management. Field experience has shown the solids-control efficiency of the system can compare very favorably to that achieved with typical invert‑emulsion fluids.

Before Sildril treatment: Cuttings from a reactive formation drilled with a ­conventional KCl polymer fluid.

After treatment: In the same formation, Sildril produces a high degree of cuttings integrity.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Fewer components give you more flexibility

Shale recovery

Swellmeter test

Improved lubricity can be obtained with the addition of Sil-Lube* or Sildril EPL lubricants.

Features ■■

Outstanding inhibition

■■

Low toxicity

■■

Applicable for deepwater

■■

Minimum number of ­components

■■

Highly flexible fluid p­ arameters

35 Swelling (%)

90

30

80

25

70 20

60 50

15

40

10

30

5

20

0

10 –5

0 FW/ polymer

NaCl/ PHPA

KCl/ glycol/ PHPA

SILDRIL

Oil-base mud

100

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Time (min) DI water/XC

Low pH dispersed

KCl/glycol

SILDRIL

Filter-cake deposition

Si

Physical and chemical barrier to invasion

H

O O

H

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Sildril

100 Shale recovery (%)

The relatively small number of ­components that comprise the non-dispersed Sildril system ­provide a great deal of flexibility in matching the system to the particular application. Fewer products also mean ease of maintenance, simpler logistics and lower total fluid costs. The versatile Sildril system is compatible with a ­variety of inorganic salts that can be added to enhance inhib­ition and help meet specific environ­mental regulations.

Si Clay platelets Non-clay particles

Advantages ■■

High penetration rates

■■

Optimum solids removal

■■

■■

■■

Low dilution rates and superb drilling waste control

For systems formulated with Sildril, primary inhibition is achieved with the addition of a unique 2:6‑ratio silicate. Polymerization of the higher-ratio silicate monomer effectively p­ rovides a physical and chemical barrier to filtrate and particle invasion.

Excellent cuttings integrity and stable wellbores In-gauge holes

29

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Ultradril Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems

The water-base system that helps you achieve your drilling and environmental goals through an exclusive, triple-inhibition approach In the field, the Ultradril* system delivers results comparable to oil-base systems

Features

60

30

■■

Easy to build and maintain

■■

Anti-accretion agent

■■

Micro-pore plugging agent

Deepwater alternative

■■

Reduced costs

■■

Increases drilling rates

20

20

Near-OBM/SBM performance

Environmentally acceptable

40

40

Low dilution, low toxicity

■■

60

50

■■

■■

80

70

0

Optimizes inhibition

100

80

■■

■■

120 Hydration (%)

90

10

Advantages

Reactive-clay hydration

100 Moisture and recovery (%)

High chemical stabilization

■■

30

Comparative inhibition: GOM shales

0 –20 20% NaCl/PH PA

ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl)

Synthetic OBM

Moisture Recovery

The inhibitive capability of the Ultradril system surpasses that of a conventional water-base ­system and nearly matches that of a synthetic-base drilling fluid. The system’s low moisture content results in drier, firmer drilled cuttings. With ­densities of 11.3 lb/gal to 16 lb/gal (1.9 SG), Ultradril systems have successfully drilled long sections of highly reactive gumbo shales and graded out very high in terms of stability, inhibition, ­screen­­ ability and maintenance. Ultradril systems using Poroseal* micro-pore plugging additive have successfully drilled the troublesome water sensitive Nahr Umr shales in the Middle East. In sections typically drilled with CaCl2 or 20% NaCl/PHPA water-base fluids, the high-performance­shaker-screen blinding, rapid encapsulator depletion and high-dilution rates that had severely impacted wells drilled with its more ­traditional counterparts.

Gel/Lignosulphonate KCl/PHPA CaCl2/Polymer Seawater/glycol/PHPA KCl/glycol/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (Seawater only) ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl) ULTRADRIL (KCl) Invert OBM

The results of a 16 hr test of various drilling ­fluids on samples of reactive clay. Three for­mu­lations of Ultradril all had lower clay hydration than that of conventional water-base drilling f­ luids. Through highly reactive intervals, ROPs have a­ veraged up to 150 ft/hr (45.7 m/hr), delivering cuttings that exhibited the excellent integrity expected if drilling with an oil-base system.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Inhibition action #1: Superior clay inhibition

The high-performance, water‑base system that’s easy to build and maintain For all of the capabilities it provides, the Ultradril system is easy to build and maintain on location. The base fluid can be anything from freshwater to potassium chloride, to sodium chloride and, in some instances, seawater. The fluid is extremely clean, it does not use any bentonite in its makeup, and its inhibitive character means a very low colloidal content. Its properties can be easily maintained, even in the presence of contaminants such as cement and common drilling-fluid additives. And the Ultradril system provides its high degree of inhibition without the use of ­performance-limiting­salts such as calcium chloride.

Conventional water-base s­ ystems do not have the highly inhibitive quality of the Ultradril system, so shales are prone to sloughing and swelling that can cause stuck pipe, and washouts.

The first feature of the Ultradril ­system’s triple-inhibition approach is its ability to inhibit the most ­reactive shales and provide superb wellbore stability, even in the most reactive clays.

Inhibition action #2: Cuttings encapsulation

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Water-base Systems: Ultradril

Triple inhibition is your key to faster drilling and better drilling waste management

To ensure top performance in the field, the Ultradril system can be tested for proper concentrations, using simple, common tests such as pH titration, ammonia extraction and retort analysis to confirm ­product-volume percentage. The basic system consists of three main components: Ultrahib*, Ultracap* and Ultrafree*.

With conventional systems, drilling is slower, the cuttings are smaller, and there is not the same, high level of inhibition as we have with the Ultradril system. Many of the c­ uttings break apart and disperse, creating fines that not only require dilution of the system but that settle in the hole and can packoff the bit. Other particulates swell and agglomerate into large masses that adhere to the bit, drill pipe and Bottomhole Assembly (BHA).

The second feature of the Ultradril system’s triple-­inhibition approach is the way it encapsulates cuttings with a thin polymer coating that ­virtually eliminates shale dispersion. This, in turn, reduces the need for dilution and the disposal of large fluid volumes. Because it is a high-performance system, the well can be drilled at higher ROP, producing larger cuttings which reach the shaker firm and intact.

31

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Inhibition action #3: Protected metal surfaces

Conventional fluids allow gumbo buildup and bit balling to occur, s­ lowing down the entire drilling process.

32

The third feature of the system’s triple-inhibition approach is its ability to coat the bit, BHA and drill pipe with an accretion-inhibitive coating. The cutting structure stays clean and effective, resulting in less bit balling and higher ROP.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Envirovert Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

The invert drilling-fluid system that reduces drilling, completion and disposal costs

The Envirovert system has been shown to significantly reduce torque and drag, making it an ideal option for drilling high-angle or horizontal wellbores. Its high-­temperature­ stability gives you a dependable system for drilling deep, hot holes. What’s more, this highly versatile system has demonstrated its effectiveness as a perforating, completion, spotting and casing-pack fluid.

For a landfarming operation to succeed in its biodegradation activity, one or more supplemental applications of a fertilizer high in nitrogen is necessary. The Envirovert system gives you a head start by providing the nitrogen required for hydrocarbon-degrading ­micro­­organisms to perform effectively in landfarming operations. The Envirovert calcium nitrate salt not only eliminates the trouble and costs associated with chlorides, it also facilitates faster biodegradation. In addition, Envirovert meets NMX-L-162-1996-SCFI specifications.

Features ■■

■■

■■ ■■

1.00 Water activity 0.95 0.90 0.85

Uses calcium nitrate in place of calcium chloride Excellent torque and drag reduction­  revents lost circulation in P low‑pressure zones

Advantages ■■

Eliminates typical chloride disposal problem

■■

Promotes faster ­biodegradation

■■

Reduces unexpected events

■■

■■

Water activity of the Water Activity of the ENVIROVERT System Envirovert system

Invert drilling-fluid system for water-sensitive formations

Also works as a spotting, packer and casing-pack fluid Reduces drilling, completion and disposal costs

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems: Envirovert

With the Envirovert* system, operators now have all the performance advantages of a conventional invertemulsion drilling fluid, with the added benefit of reduced disposal costs. The system contains no chlorides, but rather a proprietary calcium nitrate salt that not only inhibits reactive shales, but also provides nitrogen that accelerates biodegradation.

Envirovert reduces your environmental costs and concerns

0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

Water-phase salinity (% by weight) ENVIROFLOC*

33

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Megadril System Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

The one-drum solution to elevated gel strengths in invert systems Most oil-base systems are reliably and thermally stable, but many ­typ­ ically exhibit elevated, and sometimes severe, progressive gel strengths as drilling progresses. Recognizing the elevated gel-strength trend as problematic in some oil-base-fluid ­appli­ca­tions, M‑I  SWACO Research and Development has devel­oped the Megadril* system. This new drillingfluid system delivers the durable and temperature-stable invert-emulsion fluid operators want, without the associated ­elevated gel strengths. In addi­tion, this fluid withstands high solids loading, lower HTHP fluid-loss values and delivers a high t­ olerance to seawater and cement contamination. To simplify mixing and reduce inventory on location, the Megadril system utilizes a single-drum formula that contains the emulsifier, wetting agents and coating agents.

An entire system engineered to minimize product additions and reduce overall fluid costs The Megadril system’s minimal product requirements simplify life on the rig through greatly reduced product requirements, while still maintaining desired fluid properties. The primary components of the Megadril system include: ■■

Features ■■ ■■

■■

■■ ■■

How it works Through its unique combination of chemistries, the Megadril ­system produces an improved relationship among the 6 RPM reading, gel strength and yield point. The result is a system that controls f­ il­tration without increasing overall ­viscosity and that has a higher tolerance for drill solids which can cause progressive gel strengths. This allows for reduced pump pressures and increased holecleaning capabilities while retaining manageable ECD values.

34

Single-drum emulsifier / wetting agent Reduced rheological properties result in lower pump pressure and ECD values Excellent drill-solids, ­temperature and contamination tolerance Lower HTHP fluid loss Capable of withstanding higher water ­content, especially in the lower mud densities

Advantages ■■

Simplified logistics

■■

Reduced disposal costs

■■

Decreased ECD for better hole cleaning

■■

Optimized drilling efficiency

■■

Lower pump pressures

■■

Increased hole cleaning

Megamul A one-drum product that serves as an emulsifier and w ­ etting agent for the Megadril invert-emulsion system. The p­ roduct is effective over a wide range of t­ emperatures, contaminants and OWRs. Initial system f­ ormu­lation requires 4 to 12 lb/bbl (11.4 to 34.2 kg/m3), depending on density, OWR and required ­temperature ­stability

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Typical formulations 9 lb/gal

11 lb/gal

13 lb/gal

16 lb/gal

Base-fluid:water ratio

70:30

80:20

80:20

85:15

Diesel, bbl

0.637

0.666

0.605

0.550

30

VG-Plus*, lb/bbl

5

4

4

3

25

Lime, lb/bbl

4

5

6

6

20

Megamul*, lb/bbl

6

7

8

9

15

25% CaCl2 brine, bbl

0.296

0.181

0.164

0.110

Barite, lb/bbl

49.4

174.0

280.8

448.6

Supplemental fluid-loss control is obtained through additions of M‑I SWACO Versatrol* products. When HTHP fluid-loss values of less than 2 mL are required, additions of Megatrol filtration-control additive, designed to be used in diesel-oil-base invert emulsion systems or Ecotrol for mineral-oil-base invert emulsion systems are recommended. The Megatrol and Ecotrol polymeric additives are specially designed to complement the ­emulsifiers of the invert-mud systems to provide HTHP fluid-loss ­control at low product concentrations. Megatrol is also effective in 100% diesel-oil-base applications and at t­ emperatures up to 300°F (149°C)

Field results that deliver the promise In the field, the Megadril system has shown superior performance characteristics above conventional invert-emulsion systems. ■■

■■

■■

■■

Reduced mud losses, less dilution and improved drilling ­performance Lower rheologies compared to ­traditional invert-emulsion ­systems Improved relationship among the gel strength, yield point and 6 RPM reading delivers higher penetration rates, improved cuttings transport and reduction in downhole losses Lower consumption of ­supplemental fluid-loss additives

■■

Reduced pump pressures and increased hole-cleaning capabilities while retaining ­manageable ECD values

10 5 0 YP, lb/100 ft2

6 rpm

10 sec, Gel

10 min, Gel

30 min, Gel

MEGADRIL 14.0 lb/gal MEGADRIL 14.6 lb/gal MEGADRIL 14.9 lb/gal

The Megadril system in action The system’s relationship among the yield point, 6 RPM dial reading and the gel structure allows for superior cuttings transport, ­dra­matically improving hole cleaning. The sys­tem’s constant rheological ­relation­ship ensures efficient cuttings transport and fewer packoffs. These properties are based on actual field data where the fluid design is optimized for an 8.5 in. ­horizontal well and where the OWR remains constant at 87:13 with 5.3% low-gravity solids in the system. Problem A: High gels In the mid-continent, operators required elevated yield points and 3 and 6 RPM dial readings for sufficient hole cleaning, when drilling ­horizontally but wish to maintain a close relationship with the gels.

Conventional invert system vs  egadril system, 10 lb/gal M 120 Hydration (%)

100

80

60

40

20

0 –20 Gel/Lignosulphonate KCl/PHPA CaCl2/Polymer Seawater/glycol/PHPA KCl/glycol/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (Seawater only) ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl) ULTRADRIL (KCl) Invert OBM

The Megadril solution: With its tight rheological profile, this new invertemulsion system maintained a close relationship between the 6 RPM readings and the 10 sec through 30 min gel strengths.

The Megadril solution: Because the Megadril system lowered the overall diesel content by 10%, the operator not only saved an average of $20,000 per well but also ­bene­fitted from a generally lower overall rheological profile for the drilling-fluid system.

Problem B: Base-oil costs

Learn more about the Megadril solution

Base-oil costs were driving up the total AFE costs of wells drilled in the Bakken shale area of North Dakota.

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems: Megadril System

■■

Megadril rheology vs gel strength

Density

Your M‑I SWACO representative can give you the whole story about this one-drum system that enhances the economics of drilling with an invertemulsion system.

35

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Rheliant Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

The practical side of a flat rheological profile Rheliant system vs conventional SBM 35 YP (lb/100 ft 2 )

The Rheliant system’s lower clay content, fit-for-purpose ­­viscosifiers, specially designed emulsifiers, rheology modifiers and adaptability to different base f­ luids yield a high-performance system that is cost-effective yet easy to maintain.

30 25 20 15 10 50°

70°

90°

110°

130°

150°

170°

Temperature (°F) Conventional SBM

RHELIANT System

ECD Problem A In deepwater, the surface rheology must be reduced when encountering cold temperatures to offset negative ECD effects. ECD Problem B Adjusting the rhe­ology upwards to compensate for higher downhole temperatures and pressure can lead to excessive ECD values and gel strengths.

36

An entire system engineered to reduce dilution and costs

The Rheliant* solution With its flat rheology, this new generation system maintains consistent fluid properties that are independent of temperature and pressure. It maintains constant 150°F (65.5°C) prop­erties even when confronting temperatures as low as 40°F (4.4°C). You can drill with ECDs lower than, or equal to, conventional invert systems while encountering fewer drilling problems and successfully avoiding the loss of whole mud.

The non-aqueous system with the flat rheology you can trust to reduce expensive mud losses and protect your AFE.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Now, manage ECD without sacrificing hole cleaning or promoting barite sag

12,800

12.8

16,000

15,800 16,800 17,800 18,800

0.5 lb/gal

17,000

728 gpm

18,000

770 gpm

21,000

12.3 12.7 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.3

SBM 12∏ in. PWD (lb/gal)

600

11.35

400

12.6

11.3 200

13

13.5

14

11.25

0

12.5 12.5

RHELIANT 11∑ in. PWD (lb/gal) PWD

11.4

800 12.7

20,000

20,800

11.45

1000

0.4 lb/gal

19,000

19,800

ECD (lb/gal) 11.5

1200

15,000

14,800

21,800

1400 Pump output (gpm)

12.9 Sag flow loop test, NOVAPLUS and RHELIANT systems

14,000

13,800

Minimized pressure surges

0

50

100

150

200

250

Time, min Conventional system

4:07:41

4:10:34

4:13:26

4:16:19

4:19:12

4:22:05

4:24:58

Time RHELIANT system

Flow rate

ECD

MW (in.)

The Rheliant system’s superior cuttings transportation properties translate into smoother ECD profiles, reduced incidents of barite sag and dramatically improved hole cleaning. And, since the rate of removal keeps pace with the cuttings generated, the drill solids will not accumulate in the annulus and increase the ECD values. The system’s constant yield point ensures efficient hole cleaning and fewer packoffs. Not only is the Rheliant system ideal for the challenging deepwater or cold temperature environment, it has also yielded tremendous benefits in any application where superior ECD management is needed to reduce the risk of lost circulation.

The Rheliant system also has demonstrated its capacity to eliminate pressure spikes on connections. During the static period, the high gel strengths that can develop in conventional systems, especially at low temperatures, can cause excessive pressures to develop when the pumps are restarted, creating the potential for a formation breakdown.

Field results that deliver on the promise of the laboratory

The Rheliant system’s low clay content and flat rheology profile ensure minimum buildup of gels, effectively eliminating these pressure surges seen with other invert drilling fluids.

In the field, the Rheliant system has shown performance characteristics far superior to those of any conventional synthetic-base and other invert drilling fluids in ­deepwater applications. ■■

■■

■■

■■

ROP as much as 20 ft/hr (6.1 m/hr) faster than typical synthetic-base systems On-bottom drilling time reduced by as much as 24 hrs per interval  educed mud losses, less dilution and R improved displacement c­ haracteristics Balanced yield point delivers higher penetration rates, vastly improved cuttings-transport and considerable savings in hole‑conditioning­time

Rheliant technology builds on the Novaplus system’s success

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems: Rheliant

Rheliant system vs conventional SBM barite sag performance

Rheliant field data well B: PWD comparison with direct offset

No name is more synonymous with synthetic-base drilling fluids than the widely accepted Novaplus* system. Long the system of choice for the deepwater and similarly challenging environments, this award-winning system set the ­standard for balancing cost-­effective­ performance with ­environmental efficiency. While just as robust as its forerunner, the Rheliant system’s e­ asier-on-the-AFE formulation allows it to deliver value-added ­performance that no conventional synthetic-base or other invert ­drilling fluids can match.

37

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Versaclean/Versadril Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

The Versaclean* and Versadril* systems are oil-base fluids formulated with Versamul-Versacoat or Versacoat-Versawet emulsification packages and engineered to meet any drilling-fluid requirement. The only difference between the two systems is that the Versaclean system uses a highly refined mineral oil while the Versadril system is formulated with No. 2 diesel oil as the continuous external phase. Both systems deliver excellent thermal stability for drilling deep, hot holes. Their formulation provides inherent protection against acid gases, such as CO2 and H2S, as well as corrosion due to the ­presence of lime (used as an ­alka­­linity control reagent) in the c­ on­ tinuous oil phase. Versaclean and Versadril systems can drill water-soluble formations (anhydrite, gypsum, salts and complex salts) with minimum or no hole-washout problems. They provide improved lubricity for drilling deviated holes and for significantly reducing occurrences of stuck pipe. Versaclean and Versadril systems minimize damage to producing formations through the prevention of water intrusion, thereby eliminating clay swelling which can cause reduced permeability of the pay zone. They also provide increased rates of penetration and ability to drill thick, water-sensitive

38

shale sections with relative ease, thus providing for gauge hole drilling. In many cases, oil muds are not considered, although the drill­ing conditions warrant their use, because of their initial makeup costs. However, if the overall drilling costs are considered, the costs accompanying the use of an oil mud are usually comparable with, or less than, those of a water-base fluid, particularly when most drilling problems are eliminated, resulting in substantial time savings. In addition, both Versaclean and Versadril oil muds can be ­salvaged and reused following the drilling operation.

System

Base oil

Versaclean

Mineral oil

Versadril

Diesel

Features ■■

Low coefficient of friction

■■

High-temperature stability

■■

Chemically stable

■■

Excellent filtration control

Advantages ■■

Maximizes production

■■

Reduces torque and drag

■■

In-gauge wellbores

■■

Optimized ROP

■■

Stable wellbores

Oil:Water ratio

70:30

80:20

90:10

Versamul (lb/bbl)

6-8

8 - 10

8 - 10

Versacoat (lb/bbl)

1-2

1-2

2-3

Lime (lb/bbl)

6-8

8 - 10

8 - 10

VG-69 (lb/bbl)

2-4

2-3

1 - 1.5

Oil:Water ratio

75:25

80:20

85:15

90:10

Versacoat (lb/bbl)

2-3

3-4

4-5

5-6

Versawet (lb/bbl)

1-2

2-3

2-3

3-4

VG-69 (lb/bbl)

8 - 10

6-8

6-8

4-6

Lime (lb/bbl)

1-2

1-2

1-2

1-2

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Warp Advanced Fluids Technology Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems

Every manual on drilling-fluid engineering tells us that micron-size particles are detrimental to drilling fluids. With too many fines in the fluid, the rheology increases, often with detrimental effects. The technology behind Warp Fluids Technology lies in grinding the weighting material to extremely fine particle sizes — from 0.1 to 10 microns, with the majority measuring 1 micron. By treating these extremely fine particles, there is no rheology increase.

Features ■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

Warp* Fluids Technology particles are 10 times smaller than drillinggrade barite Low-viscosity fluids with low plastic viscosities and yield point and lowshear-rate viscosity, with no risk of barite sag Lower friction factors: up to 10% in cased hole and 25% in openhole Warp micron-sized weighting agents pass more efficiently through shaker screens and openhole-completion screens Non-damaging to producing formations and completion hardware Lower dynamic and static fluid loss with thinner filter cakes and lower breakthrough pressures

Advantages ■■

Reduces risk of static and dynamic sag

■■

Lower ECD values

■■

Lower swab and surge pressures

■■

Lower pump pressures

■■

Improves cement-job quality

■■

Faster pipe-running and tripping speeds

■■

Improves MWD/LWD data quality

■■

■■

■■

■■

Lowers rotary torque and friction factors

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems: Warp Advanced Fluids Technology

Warp Fluids Technology gives you high fluid weights and low rheologies with no barite sag

Increases solids-removal efficiency and lower dilution/maintenance Reduces risk of completion-screen plugging Lower downhole fluid losses can be used

39

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

The treated micronized weighting agents of Warp Fluids Technology - a new concept in drilling-fluid design Here are just a few examples of how the micronized weighting agents of Warp Fluids Technology can solve today’s drilling problems: ■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

Comparison of barite and Warp particles The specially treated micron-size weighting materials unique to Warp Fluids Technology are 10 times smaller than drilling-grade barite. Their ultra-small size, combined with their proprietary treatment, ensures that fluids formulated with Warp Fluids Technology have exceptionally stable properties.

Low-rheology drilling and completion fluids for extended-reach drilling Weight materials that do not settle, even with very low rheologies Better management of ECD and downhole losses while drilling and cementing

API barite 75 μm top size

Lower torque and friction factors for long reach wells Ultra-fine shaker screens that improve solids-removal efficiency without sacrificing valuable products for environmental performance Oil-base completion fluids for watersensitive hydrocarbons

WARP d10 0.6µ

When evaluated against conventionally weighted fluids, both water-base and invert systems formulated with Warp Fluids Technology deliver more added-value benefits:

■■

40

1 micron colloidal Warp particle

Typical particle-size distribution

Compared to conventionally weighted drilling and completion fluids, there is no comparison

■■

API barite d50 ~25 μm

Reduced sag tendencies make fluids using Warp Fluids Technology ideal for horizontal and extended-reach wells. With dramatically reduced particle diameters, compared to conventional weighting agents, settling velocities are reduced by a factor of 10,000. This makes Warp Fluids Technology an excellent option for all lower and intermediate portions of long-reach-horizontal sections and for completion and workover fluids Lower plastic viscosity is another advantage of Warp Fluids Technology over a conventionally weighted fluid with the same yield point. This effectively reduces ECD for drilling narrow mud-weight windows.

d50 1.6µ

API barite d90 3.8µ

The average size of particles in Warp Fluids Technology are less than 2 microns and nearly all the particles are less than 5 microns — about the same size as human red blood cells. For the first time since weighting agents were first used in drilling fluids more than 80 years ago, Warp Fluids Technology overcomes many of the deficiencies of barite. It is the weighting agent for solving 21st-century drilling problems.

Owing to higher allowable pump rates and non-laminar flow regimes, fluids formulated with Warp Fluids Technology enhance bit hydraulics, thereby improving hole cleaning, with associated increases in ROP and tripping and casing speeds ■■

Improved filtration properties are the result of the ultra-fine particle sizes of Warp Fluids Technology contributing to enhanced filtration control, minimizing the risk of differential sticking

■■

Improved solids-separation efficiency results in less dilution, optimum product performance and reduced costs. The fine particle size of the weighting agent in Warp Fluids Technology allows weight material to easily pass through 500-mesh shaker screens, removing virtually 100% of drilled cuttings on the first pass. The lower fluid viscosities at the shakers improve screening efficiency while reducing fluid discharge associated with cuttings. The improved solidsseparation efficiency also improves the tolerance of the fluid to lowgravity solids

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

■■

■■

Lower Rheology of Warp Fluids Technology

Improved torque in open and cased hole by as much as 25% compared to offset wells drilled with conventional weighting agents. Lower friction factors allow for greater horsepower at the bit, better drilling rates and less drag while running pipe Non-damaging to production formations. Of the sections drilled using Warp fluids, 66% are in 8½ in. and smaller sections. With correctly sized bridging materials, Warp fluids are non-damaging to the producing formation and deliver full flowback through completion screens

When the stakes are high, Warp Fluids Technology keeps rheologies and problems down The low rheological profile of a fluid enhanced with Warp Fluids Technology actually improves hole cleaning by effectively removing any cuttings buildup on the lower side of the hole. In addition, the low rheologies of Warp Fluids Technology clear the way for better control and management of equivalent circulating density, which is especially critical when a very narrow margin exists between the pore and fracture pressure. In fact, ECD values are actually reduced and pump pressures are lower with Warp Fluids Technology, also reducing pressure spikes while tripping and running casing.

Conventional oil-base drilling fluids

Plastic viscosity = 35 cps

d Yiel

t= poin

oint =

p Yield

2

0 ft

b/10

17 l

Plastic viscosity = 25 cps 2

00 ft

7 lb/1

These and other advantages make Warp Fluids Technology the ultimate choice for reducing drilling risk and well costs for a wide array of critical drilling applications, including: ■■ ■■

Horizontal and extended-reach wells Coiled-tubing and through-tubing rotary drilling

■■

Managed-pressure drilling

■■

Reservoir drill-in fluids

■■

Wells with narrow operating windows

■■

HTHP wells

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Casing drilling

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Inhibitive fluids

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Wells with risk of barite sag

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Drilling waste management

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Critical cementing operations

WARP Fluids Technology

extending outward. API-grade barite has served the industry well for the last 80 years or more as the natural product of choice to increase the density of fluids. In practice, drilling-fluid viscosity was controlled to ensure that the barite remained suspended, preventing it from settling out in the wellbore. That was fine in the past, but now well trajectories are becoming increasingly complex, forcing an inevitable compromise between the rheological requirements for barite suspension and hydraulics forwell control.

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems: Warp Advanced Fluids Technology

■■

Improved pressure drops in narrow annuli allow greater flexibility for optimizing flow rates and pump pressures

The boundaries of extended-reach and horizontal drilling in “green” and “brown” field development are

41

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

The clear advantages of Warp Fluids Technology over conventional weighting materials Conventional weighting materials

Warp Fluids Technology

API Barite

Drilling Fluids

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Higher rheologies to control barite settlement and sag Problematic ECD management in sections with narrow pressure windows

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Horsepower limitations in extreme, horizontal wells

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Sized calcium carbonate Reservoir Drill-In Fluids

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Mud weights limited at higher densities

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Limited ECD management and rheology control at higher densities

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Completion and Workover Fluids

■■

High-density, solids-free brines ■■ ■■

High costs Personnel safety and handling concerns

■■

Disposal issues

■■

Environmental concerns

Near-zero sag and settlement in inclined and horizontal sections Fluid rheology may be low and independent of sag. No mudweight variation Better management of ECD and control of losses Lower drillstring torque for superior bit horsepower Lower dilution factors and lower well costs Reduced discharge volumes and environmental impacted factors and cost AFT All-in-one drilling and completion fluid Lower rheologies for the same density Better management of ECD and control of losses Complete flowback through sand screens

■■

No heavy metals

■■

No environmental concerns

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No particle settlement or sag

■■

■■

No personnel safety or handling issues Easy cleanup and disposal

Warp Fluids Technology keeps your drilling waste management and environmental programs clean, too Warp Fluids Technology allows solids control equipment to be run much more aggressively than with conventionally weighted fluids because the weighting-agent particles are so much smaller than the drilled solids. For fluids formulated with conventional APIgrade barite, the particle size is very close to that of the drilled solids which invariably become incorporated into the drilling-fluid system. In these instances, reducing the screen size to 250-mesh or finer removes barite as well as unwanted low-gravity drilled solids, resulting in higher fluid costs. The small particle size of Warp Fluids Technology ensures that extremely fine-mesh screens may be employed on the primary shaker. Meshes as fine as 500 have been used successfully, removing the majority of the drill solids on the first pass. Not only does the very thin viscosity of these fluids aid screening, it also reduces environmental impact and fluid volumes lost over the shakers, which in turn results in dilution rates as much as 35% lower than conventionally weighted systems.

Warp Fluids Technology achievements Recognized with prestigious award Warp Fluids Technology receives the Offshore Energy Achievement Award in December 2005. Southern North Sea record Warp Fluids Technology drills 810 m in a 24 hr period on an 81/2 in. interval offshore Holland - a client record for Southern North Sea. The 7- x 75 ⁄ 8 in. liner was the third-longest run by the client and reached TD without incident.

42

Overall drilling performance was regarded as the best in the Zechstein salt formation. World record ERD in East Russia Warp Fluids Technology drilled a world-record ERD in East Russia reaching a measured depth of 38,320 ft (11,680 m) and 8,530 ft (2,600 m) TVD.

Highest producer in Statfjord field Warp Fluids Technology drills a record 81/2 in. extended-reach well offshore Norway on Statfjord C platform and was categorized as one of the most difficult wells to drill and complete. The daily production rate of 12,600 bbl/d, making it the highest producer in the entire Statfjord field.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

This is the one technology you should know about

Maximum density of Warp Fluids Technology to common completion brines

We would welcome the opportunity to talk with you face-to-face about this technological development that could save you a lot of time and money. Just call your local M‑I SWACO representative and ask for information and proofs about Warp Fluids Technology.

Water-base WARP Fluids Technology (barite)

ZnBr 2 /CaBr 2 K/CsCOOH Water-base WARP Fluids Technology (CaCO 3 ) Oil-base WARP Fluids Technology (CaCO 3 ) CaBr2 KCOOH NaBr CaCl 2 NaCOOH NaCl KCl 9 (1.1)

10 (1.2)

11 (1.3)

12 (1.4)

13 (1.6)

14 (1.7)

15 (1.8)

16 (1.9)

17 (2)

Maximum density, lb/gal (kg/L)

Warp Fluids Technology facts Warp Fluids Technology is field-proven in over 190 sections worldwide: Maximum angle

98°

Highest density

18.4 lb/gal (2,200 kg/m3)

Lowest density

8.4 lb/gal (1,010 kg/m3)

Maximum BHT

405°F (207°C)

Longest 12 / in. interval

9,839 ft (2,999 m)

Longest 81/2 in. interval

12,011 ft (3,661 m)

Longest 6 in. interval

5,128 ft (1,563 m)

Longest measured depth well

38,320 ft (11,680 m)

Smallest sandscreen completion

150 μm expandable

Number of horizontal sections.

64

Number of sections <81/2 in.

171

Number of sections >8 / in.

25

Completion fluids

25

1 4

1 2

18 (2.2)

19 (2.3)

20 (2.4)

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Oil-base Systems: Warp Advanced Fluids Technology

Oil-base WARP Fluids Technology (barite)

43

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Cement displacement fluids

Replacing or complementing MPD

Casing pressure control

Coiled-tubing drilling

High-density spacers

Extended-reach drilling

Horizontal drilling

Casing drilling Through tubing rotary drilling Reservoir fluid drill-in fluids

Packer fluids

Casing pressure remediation

High temperature and high pressure

For completion fluids, Warp Fluids Technology wins out over conventional weighting agents Above 13 lb/gal (1.6 kg/L), solids-free completion and workover fluids are limited to mixed calcium chloride, calcium bromide and zinc bromide, or mixed potassium and cesium formate brines. These are inherently expensive and environmentally hazardous, carry the potential for scaling, and require special corrosion products. The only other alternatives are specially formulated barite or calcium carbonate weighted fluids that are prone to sag and settlement.

44

Slim-hole and small-bore drilling

Logging and testing fluids

High-density ZnBr 2 brine alternatives

Openhole screened completions

Multilateral drilling

Kill fluids and barrier fluids

In Warp Fluids Technology, the micron-sized particles behave as solids-free fluids with no settlement, no reservoir damage and complete flowback through gravel-pack and sand-screen completions - all with no environmental or disposal hazards. In addition, you now have the option of high-density oil-base completion fluids for a complete oil-base drilling and completion fluid train, minimizing spacers and the potential for emulsion blocks.

Reservoir fluid drill-in and completion fluids

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Ecogreen Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

Ecogreen delivers high performance in environmentally sensitive areas

Versatility is an Ecogreen trademark When you prefer an ester-base system in order to meet local discharge requirements without sacrificing the economic benefits of a highperformance fluid, look no further than Ecogreen. The true value of the Ecogreen system lies in its versatility. It is easily formulated to address a wide range of drilling requirements, including Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) and horizontal drilling, and drill-in fluid applications. Ecogreen produces the penetration rates consistent with oil muds, while eliminating or dramatically reducing the instances of stuck pipe, out-of-gauge holes and unstable

Ecogreen has been formulated with Synthetic/Water (S/W) ratios as low as 60/40 and as high as 95/5 with densities ranging from unweighted to as high as 17 lb/gal. wellbores normally associated with water-base systems. Its low lubricity coefficients dramatically reduce torque and drag, making it particularly beneficial in deviated and high-angle wellbores. From an environmental standpoint, Ecogreen is a synthesized material, and the fatty-acid ester comprising its base fluid contains no “priority pollutants” and is biodegradable. Ecogreen has passed some of the most rigorous toxicity, biodegradation and vapor tests in the industry and has been approved for discharge in some of the world’s most restricted environments. Ecogreen is also completely reusable after only minimal treatment, significantly reducing your mud consumption costs. Ecogreen’s “fingerprint” simplifies crude detection Ecogreen’s unique chemistry generates a very identifiable fingerprint - so identifiable, in fact, that crude oil concentrations as low as 0.5% are easily detectable.

Ecogreen balances high performance with environmental stewardship

Features ■■

Biodegradable

■■

Synthetic, invert-like system

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Non-aqueous-fluid system

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Ester chemistry

Advantages ■■

Wellbore stability

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Increased ROP

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Cuttings integrity

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Lubricity

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Hole cleaning

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Permission to discharge

Results ■■

Cost-effective drilling rates

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Reduced torque and drag

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Environmental compliance

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems: Ecogreen

Ecogreen*, our ester-base synthetic fluid system, is one more example of the uncompromising pledge from M‑I SWACO, to balance high performance downhole with environmental stewardship. Like the other members of our industry leading family of synthetic fluids, Ecogreen delivers the high level of drilling performance you would otherwise expect only from an invertemulsion fluid. And, it does so routinely, in some of the world’s most fragile marine ecosystems. Good inhibition and lubricity. Low fluid losses. Solids and chemical tolerance. Temperature-stable up to 320°F (160°C). Ease of maintenance. Ecogreen exhibits all these performance characteristics and more.

continuous phase while a brine solution serves as the dispersed phase. As such, it contains no toxic hydrocarbons and possesses an aromatic content of zero.

The ester that is the base for the Ecogreen system is synthesized from natural fatty acids and alcohol. The system is synthetically formulated as an emulsion in which the ester forms the

Ecogreen biodegradation data with Finagreen BDMF base fluid Test protocol

Finagreen BDMF (%)

Ecogreen

28 day aerobic degradation (OECD 306)

85

Not required

Anaerobic degradation (ISO.DIS 11734)

96.3 in 60 days

Not required

Bioaccumulation potential (Log POW)

4.99

Not applicable

Bioaccumulation test (BCF)

4.45 (dry weight)

Not applicable

Ecogreen is rated Category E in UK, meaning it carries no restrictions.

45

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Ecogreen is a true system Like the base fluid, the additives complementing Ecogreen are engineered to optimize all the properties desired in a system, from rheology to temperature stability to environmental compliance. Ecogreen B is the base fluid for the Ecogreen system. Depending on its origin (an ester derived from vegetable oils such as palm or coconut, or from fish oils), the actual name, and technical information may vary accordingly. The variations in physical properties between different types of esters will affect the final properties of the Ecogreen system. Ecogreen P is the primary emulsifier and wetting agent. While it can be used alone to form tight water-in-ester emulsions, Ecogreen P is particularly effective when used in combination with the secondary emulsifier and wetting agent, Ecogreen S. Along with providing high emulsification and wetting, Ecogreen P contributes to the system’s High-Temperature, HighPressure (HTHP) fluid-loss control. Ecogreen S, a blend of surfactants, is incorporated in the Ecogreen system as a secondary emulsifier and wetting agent. Ecogreen S also contributes to HTHP fluid-loss control, but primarily assists in the dispersion and suspension of solids within the Ecogreen system, thereby effecting better rheological control. Ecogreen VIS is an organophilic clay used to impart viscosity, with small treatments of 1 to 4 lb/bbl normally sufficient. Because it is designed to rapidly yield viscosity in all types of non-aqueous fluids to provide instantaneous rheology and gel strengths, you no longer have to wait for shear and temperature to obtain the desired properties.

46

Virtual Hydraulics provides a snapshot of downhole fluid behavior

Ecotrol is the primary fluid-loss control additive for the Ecogreen system. This additive is specially engineered to complement the emulsifiers and provide tight, HTHP fluid-loss-control at low product concentrations. Ecogreen A, an organic surfactant, is a concentrated, powerful emulsifier in a protonated form, formulated for synthetic-base muds. It is used primarily in acidic environments. Ecogreen A is an excellent emulsifier and conditioner that is especially effective in the presence of acid gases, such as CO2 and H2S, in the absence of alkalinity. Ecogreen and Virtual Hydraulics maximize cost-efficiency Like our other synthetic-base systems, Ecogreen is highly compressible, making it susceptible to lost circulation. As such, careful monitoring of its behavior downhole is critical. Our Virtual Hydraulics software gives the M‑I SWACO engineer, and you, a snapshot of Ecogreen’s downhole behavior, making accurate control of such factors as rheology, pressure loss and density an instantaneous

proposition. We program and monitor all of our high-performance synthetic systems, including Ecogreen, with our proprietary Virtual Hydraulics program. Take a closer look To learn more about Ecogreen, contact your local M‑I SWACO representative and ask to see our case histories.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Sample formulation 80:20 synthetic: water ratio, with a 25% active CaCl2 phase 0.612 bbl

Ecogreen P

10 lb/bbl

Ecogreen S

4 lb/bbl

Ecogreen VIS

4 lb/bbl

Ecotrol

2 lb/bbl

Water

0.162 bbl

Lime

4 lb/bbl

CaCl2, 96% purity

20 lb/bbl

M-I BART weight material

220 lb/bbl

System components Product

Function

Composition/Treatment Levels*

Ecogreen B

Base fluid

Mono-ester fatty acid

Ecogreen P

Primary emulsifier, wetting agent; HTHP fluid-loss control

Typically 4 - 8 lb/bbl

Ecogreen S

Secondary emulsifier, wetting agent; rheology and HTHP fluid-loss control

Typically 2 - 4 lb/bbl

Ecogreen VIS

Impart viscosity

1 - 4 lb/bbl

Ecotrol

Fluid-loss control; mild rheology modifier

0.5 - 3.0 lb/bbl

Emulsifier for low-alkalinity environments

1 - 2 lb/bbl

System supplement Ecogreen A

*These ranges are typical, but exact treatment levels are dependent on fluid properties required.

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems: Ecogreen

Ecogreen B

47

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Nova Systems Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

The Nova* line has proven itself in some of the stickiest applications ■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

48

 here increased rates of penetration W are required to reduce total time spent drilling the well, r­ educing overall well costs Drilling through highly reactive shales where aqueous fluids produce wellbore instability and v­ iscosity problems asso­ciated with hydration and dispersion of the formation High-angle wells, including extendedreach and horizontal wells where maximum lubricity is a high priority  ontrolling the stability and gauge of C the wellbore while drilling through massive salt sections  epleted reservoirs where high D differential pressures require low fluid loss, as well as the best available filter cake and lubricity to reduce the potential for ­differential-pressure sticking Production zones that may be sensitive to formation damage when drilled with water-base fluids  igh-pressure, high-­temperature­ H (>350°F or >177°C) wells where continuous phase ­temper­­ature stability is critical While drilling wells with potential formation-related problems: bit balling, gumbo heaving and blinding of shale shaker screens

The Nova line has what you’re looking for to replace your conventional system ■■

■■

■■ ■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

■■

 ompared to water-base systems, C Nova systems deliver signifi­cantly improved drilling rates and improved lubricity The choice of low synthetic-to-water ratios to reduce formulation costs and environmental impact The ability to discharge cuttings Excellent wellbore, temperature and contamination stability Superior return permeability results, ensuring minimal ­formation damage I ncreased hole cleaning, even in high-angle wellbores Improved health and safety ­compared to oil-base systems T he choice of rheological profile to suit drilling requirements Available in a wide range of ­drillingfluid properties and densities­

Nova systems deliver superior drilling performance Although the cost per barrel of a Nova system is higher than traditional, water-base systems, its improved performance significantly outweighs the initial investment. M‑I SWACO customers report that Nova systems have reduced their overall drilling costs by up to 55%. And rigs running Nova systems programs have set world-record penetration rates, representing improvements of up to 70% compared to other mud systems.

Nova systems have also reduced costs by minimizing wellbore ­stability problems associated with hydratable clays. The ­sub­stantial improvement in hole gauge obtained by using Nova ­fluids ­delivers in‑gauge wellbores. This means better logging and ­casing runs, reduced bit-balling, fewer stuck-pipe and downtime incidents, and a substantial ­reduction of waste volumes and cement consumption. Along with record-breaking drilling rates, Nova systems provide superior hole cleaning and lubricity for drilling “designer,” high-angle, extended-reach wells. The filter cake characteristics of a Nova system provide excellent lubricity equal to or better than that provided by oil-base systems. Lubricity, combined with effective cuttings removal, results in ­significant reductions in torque and drag.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

The Nova line satisfies virtually every country’s environmental regulations

Among the many stringent ­environmental tests conducted on Nova systems are those for the Gulf of Mexico. In 2001, the EPA established new regulations for the use of Synthetic-Base Drilling Fluid (SBF) for use in the Gulf of Mexico. These regulations included stock limitations and discharge limitations in a two-part approach to control SBF-cuttings ­discharges. The first part was based on product substitution through use of stock limitations (i.e., sediment toxicity, biodegradation, PAH content, metals content) and discharge limitations (i.e., sediment toxicity, limit on the retention of SBF on SBF-cuttings). The Nova system is designed to meet both the stock limitations and the discharge limit of sediment toxicity. It is also designed to biodegrade in the most difficult of environments: those without oxygen. Detailed documentation is developed to insure the compliance of the Nova system. The EPA has viewed the use of a product like the Nova system, in combination with the Verti-G* technology, as a pollution-prevention technology. M‑I SWACO formulated Nova systems with the health and safety of rig crews in mind. In addition to protecting the environment, Nova system fluids go a long way in making life easier for the people who handle and work with them.

Details of, and results from, the testing procedures for eye and skin irritation are available upon request. A significant safety benefit provided by the Nova products are high flash points. This is confirmed by the results of a study to detect and analyze the vapors emitted by the base fluids at different temperatures. The reduction in vapors has improved the work environment, especially in enclosed areas around shale shakers and mud pits.

M‑I SWACO supports the Nova line with complete environmental testing and analytical services M‑I SWACO confirms the environmental acceptability and regulatory compliance of its products. We maintain an environmental division within our R&D departments in Houston and Aberdeen and have the ability to run all tests for U.S. protocols within our own facilities. An in-house analytical department can supply further tests, including gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer for evaluating fluid samples for early signs of contamination. Extensive screening and analysis of synthetic-base fluids has made M‑I SWACO a leader in understanding environmental issues, a function of developing technologies that optimizes drilling performance and minimizes environmental impact. Among the environmental services with which we support our Nova line are: coordinating research ­samples, conducting seabed impact studies, developing appropriate ­protocols, interfacing with ­government officials and providing onsite ­monitoring.

Skilled specialists and full computer support ensure high productivity on your well. It takes highly trained drilling-fluid specialists to support the exceptional Nova line. In addition to the extensive training in drilling fluids and our advanced programs, our specialists receive in‑depth training in running Nova systems, including the environmental and QHSE aspects of the systems. We support our rigsite specialists with local, area technical services supervisors and a technical services group working at our R&D facilities. This critical well support group of field and staff specialists has at its disposal some of the most advanced software available. One-Trax* reporting software can be used on a daily basis to track any losses of Nova system fluids while drilling and to provide information about the volume of fluid discharged into the sea. By analyzing the results from One-Trax, M‑I SWACO specialists can detect areas where fluid loses can be reduced, saving money. Virtual Hydraulics is proprietary software that provides ­cal­culations for dynamic downhole conditions involving temperature and pressure specifically for Nova systems. Our specialists use it to determine pressure drops, equivalent circulating densities, stand­pipe pressures and more. This information is extremely valuable when planning well hydraulics to minimize losses in areas of low ­fracture gradients.

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems: Nova Systems

One of the main reasons for developing a synthetic-base system was environmental considerations. Nova systems not only have proven less damaging (environmentally) than diesel-base and mineral-oil-base systems, but they also generate less waste than water-base systems.

Extensive ­testing has been carried out on the basic ingredient in the Nova system, the base fluid.

Supporting our field specialists is the most extensive drilling-fluids plant and warehouse network in the industry. This distribution network ensures that M‑I SWACO customers have access to the Nova line of fluids 24/7.

49

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Paradril Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

The Paradril* invert-emulsion system was designed specifically as an alternative to ­conventional or mineraloil-base drilling-fluid systems, balancing high performance with environmental compliance. The heart of the system is the paraffinic component which, depending on the application, discharge requirements and availability, can range from synthetic Linear Paraffins (LP) to mixed blends of refined paraffins. All of the products comprising the Paradril system have been formulated to meet local discharge requirements. The true value of the Paradril ­sys­tem lies in its flexibility. Weights can range from unweighted to 18 lb/gal (2.2 kg/L). The paraffin/water ratios can range from as low as 50:50 to as high as 95:5, depending on mud weight and solids loading. The system is formulated as an emulsion in which the paraffinic liquid forms the continuous phase, while a brine solution serves as the dispersed phase. It is easily formulated to address a wide range of requirements, including extended-reach, horizontal and reservoir drill‑in applications.

50

Hydrocarbon monitoring All too often, the inability to accurately monitor the presence of crude oil in mud returning from the production zone restricts the use of oil-base drilling fluids. With the Paradril system’s linear-paraffin base fluid, that concern has been eliminated. The unique chemistry of the Paradril SB base fluid generates a very identifiable fingerprint, and GC/MS work has shown that even in concentrations as low as 0.5%, crude oil is still detectable in the system.

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Paraland Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

The issues with conventional invert-emulsion fluids External phase

Weight material

Emulsifiers

The non-aqueous system designed to deliver outstanding performance coupled with unsurpassed environmental excellence

Typical formulations

Internal phase

External phase Typically diesel or mineral oils, these materials only partially and slowly degrade, leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant­waste that can pose a long-term liability for disposal. Emulsifiers Typically these m ­ aterials only partially and slowly degrade leaving behind toxic, ­ degradation-resistant waste.

Internal phase Typically ­calcium chloride, which provides high levels of conductivity to any waste and inhibits plant growth. Weight material Typically barite, non-toxic in itself, which can be substituted with an improved weight material that can promote site recovery. Other components Typically lime, organoclays and filtration-control additives, the latter materials can be slow to degrade leaving behind toxic, degradationresistant waste.

Concentration

Paraland* B

45 – 85%

Suremul*

6 – 8 lb/bbl

Surewet*

1 – 3 lb/bbl

Lime

3 – 6 lb/bbl

VG-Plus*

5 – 8 lb/bbl

Water

5 – 30%

K-52*

5 – 45 lb/bbl

Hematite

As needed

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems: Paraland

Others

Product

51

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Bioremediation: The Paraland options climate dependent

Landfarming

Increasing containment

Biopile/biocell

Increasing containment

Vermiculture climate independent

Co-composting (bag composter)

Total containment

An entire system engineered to reduce environmental liability The Paraland* system design incorporates ready biodegradability and low terrestrial toxicity into all of its organic components. In addition, the inorganic components are designed to minimize conductivity and enhance plant growth. All of this is accomplished while maintaining the high-performance characteristics of an invert-emulsion fluid.

Multiple treatment options ensure minimal environmental risk A wide range of efficient techniques can be used to treat the Paraland system to either meet local disposal regulations or to convert drill cuttings into a useful byproduct which can be utilized as a topsoil or a fertilizer, in a true beneficialreuse, zero-waste environmental scenario. Landfarming, biopiling, composting, bioreacting and vermiculture are all suitable treatment techniques for Paraland drill cuttings. With efficient composting and ­vermiculture, these cuttings can be beneficially reused as a soil-enhancing additive.

52

Co-composting (rotary composter)

The use of Paraland allows faster treatments with less dilution additives than conventional invert fluids, resulting in lower treatment costs and less environmental risk.

Field results deliver performance promises from laboratory In the field, Paraland has ­con­sistently exceeded performance ­expectations with high rates of ­penetration, low dilution rates and high levels of contamination tolerance. Mud weights from 7.5 to 16 lb/gal (0.9 to 1.92 kg/L) have been easily achieved with ideal rhe­ological and filtration ­prop­erties. The system is easily and ­economically maintained with actual total fluid-cost reductions of as much as 30% below estimate. The Paraland system has been used in various zero-waste operations. In New Zealand, Paraland cuttings were used as a food source for worms in a local vermiculture farm, converting the cuttings into vermicast fertilizer. In Colorado, Paraland cuttings were co-composted with straw, bark and sand to provide a topsoil for reseeding the drillsite.

Slurry bioreactor

Features ■■

High-performance, invert‑emulsion­ system

■■

Readily engineered and maintained­

■■

Biodegradable organic ­components

■■

All components low terrestrial toxicity

■■

Variety of compatible treatment options

Advantages ■■

Optimized drilling ­performance

■■

Low dilution rates

■■

Minimum environmental exposure

■■

Lower well costs

■■

Beneficial reuse of cuttings

■■

Zero-waste option

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Paratherm/Versatherm Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems

Both were ­originally designed for use in HTHP applications, but can be engineered for use in low-temperature wells. It was developed to meet the technical challenges associated with drilling wells with narrow hydraulic windows and extended-reach profiles. The system was designed with the specific goal of delivering the following qualities: ■■

Stability at high temperatures

■■

Reduced high-shear-rate viscosity

■■

Stable low-shear-rate viscosity

■■

■■

Applications The Paratherm system is suit­able for applications with narrow hydrau­lic windows, regardless of the expected Bottomhole Static Temperature (BHST). The first field application of the Paratherm ­system was in a low-temperature (160°F [71°C]), narrow-hydraulic-window well. The well was successful due in large part to the lower rheological properties and associated reduction in ECD obtainable with the Paratherm system. This application confirmed the ability of the Paratherm system to provide a fluid with reduced high-shear-rate viscosity compared to conventional systems, providing a direct benefit in reduced total system pressure loss.

The Paratherm system has also been used successfully to drill Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) wells. The Versatherm system has been successfully used in HTHP applications. The maximum bottomhole static temperature the system has been used to drill is slightly above 356°F (180°C). The system has exhibited very stable properties and low, non-progressive gel strengths.

 eduction in Equivalent R Circulating Density (ECD) Reduced sag potential

Typical system components Additive

Material

Function

Linear Paraffin

Base fluid

Continuous phase

Low-Toxicity Mineral Oil (LTMO)

Base fluid

Continuous phase

Versagel HT

Organophilic clay

Viscosifier

VG-Supreme*

Organophilic clay

Viscosifier

Lime

Calcium hydroxide

Alkalinity

Suremul/Paramul*

Polyamide

Primary emulsifier

Surewet/Parawet*

Fatty acid

Secondary emulsifier

Freshwater

Freshwater

Internal phase

CaCl2

Calcium chloride

Salinity

Versatrol*

Gilsonite

Fluid loss

Versatrol HT

Gilsonite

Fluid loss

Barite

Barium sulfate

Density

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products: Synthetic-base Systems: Paratherm/Versatherm

The Paratherm* and Versatherm* systems are invert-emulsion systems with one significant difference in their formulations. Paratherm uses a linear-paraffin base oil, while Versatherm employs a low-toxicity mineral oil.

53

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Drilling Fluid Products Product Trade Name

Description

Type

Primary Function

M-I Cide*

Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A.

Water

Biocide

—

Safe-Cide*

Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A.

Water

Biocide

—

Breakloose

Lithium Hypochlorite

Water

Breaker

—

Citric Acid

pH reducer

Water

Calcium remover

pH reducer

Soda Ash

Sodium carbonate

Water

Calcium remover

pH control

Sodium Bicarbonate

Bicarbonates of Soda

Water

Calcium remover

pH reducer

Conqor* 101

Filming amine

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

—

Conqor* 202 B

Persistent filming amine

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

—

Conqor* 303 A

Amine corrosion inhibitor for clear brines

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

—

Conqor* 404

General-use, phosphorus-base inhibitor

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

—

Os-1L*

Sulfite-base oxygen scavenger

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

Thermal stability

Sulfatreat* Dfs

H2S scavenger

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

—

Sulfatreat* Xlp

Extended-life H2S scavenger

Water

Corrosion inhibitor

—

Bubble Buster*

Low-toxicity defoamer

Water

Defoamer

—

Defoam-A*

Alcohol-base defoamer

Water

Defoamer

—

Defoam-X*

All-purpose liquid defoamer

Water

Defoamer

—

Ecogreen* P

Primary emulsifier for the Ecogreen system

Synthetic

Emulsifier

Surfactant

Ecogreen* S

Secondary emulsifier for the Ecogreen system

Synthetic

Emulsifier

Surfactant

Emul Ht*

HTHP emulsifier

Emulsifier

—

Megamul*

Multi-purpose emulsifier

Emulsifier

Wetting agent

Biocides

Breakers Calcium removers

Corrosion inhibitors

Defoamers

Emulsifiers

Oil Synthetic Oil

Secondary Function

Surfactant Filtration

Novamul*

Basic emulsifier package

Synthetic

Emulsifier

Novapro P/S

Sufactant

Synthetic

Emulsfier

Wetting agent

Novatec* P

Primary emulsifier for the Novatec system

Synthetic

Emulsifier

Filtration

Thermal stability Viscosifier

54

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Product Trade Name

Description

Type

Primary Function

Novatec* S

Secondary emulsifier for the Novatec system

Synthetic

Emulsifier

Oilfaze*

Sacked oil-base concentrate

Oil

Emulsifier

One-Mul*

Emulsifier package

Oil

Emulsifier

Wetting agent

Paramul

Environmentally acceptable emulsifier

Synthetic

Emulsifier

Filtration

Parawet*

Primary wetting agent for Rheliant

Oil

Wetting agent

Emulsifier

Primary emulsifier for invert-emulsion systems

Oil

Suremul*

Emulsifier

Surfactant

Surewet

Primary wetting agent for Rheliant

Oil

Wetting agent

Emulsifier

Swa Eh

Specialized surfactant

Oil

Wetting agent

—

Versacoat* Hf

High flash-point emulsifier for oil-base fluids

Oil

Emulsifier

Temp stability

Versacoat Na

Primary emulsifier for Oil base fluids

Oil

Emulsifier

Synthetic

Synthetic Synthetic

Filtration Filtration Viscosifier

Drilling Fluid Products

Emulsifiers

Synthetic

Secondary Function

Surfactant Thermal stability Surfactant Filtration

Versamul*

Basic emulsifier package

Versatrim

Cutting retention reducer

Oil

Wetting agent

LSRV modifier

Versawet

Organic surfactant

Oil

Wetting agent

—

Caustilig

Causticized lignite

Water

Filtration

Rheology control

Dual-Flo

Specially modified starch additive

Water

Filtration

LSRV modifier

Dual-Flo Ht

Specially modified starch additive

Water

HT Filtration

LSRV modifier

Duralon*

High-temperature filtration-control polymer

Water

Filtration

Thermal stability

Ecotrol*

Filtration control additive

Oil

HTHP filtration

—

Ecotrol* HT

Filtration control additive

Oil

HTHP filtration

—

Ecotrol* Rd

Readily dispersible filtration control additive

Oil

Filtration

—

Ecotrol F

Readily dispersible filtration control additive

Filtration

—

Ecotrol L

Liquid filtration control additive

Filtration

—

Oil

Emulsifier

Thermal stability Viscosifier

Filtration reducers

Synthetic Synthetic

Synthetic Oil Oil Synthetic

55

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Product trade name

Description

Type

Primary function

Flo-Plex

Polysaccharide derivative to control filtration in Drilplex system

Water

Filtration

Flo-Trol

Special starch derivative

Water

Filtration

Hibtrol*

Modified metalcellulose polymer

Water

Filtration

Shale inhibition

Hibtrol* Ulv

Fluid-loss additive and secondary shale inhibitor with ultra-low viscosity

Water

Filtration

Shale Control

Hibtrol* Hv

Modified metalcellulose polymer that also provides viscosity

Water

Filtration

Shale inhibition Viscosifier

Megatrol*

Readily dispersible filtration control additive

Oil

Filtration

—

M-I 157

Specialized emulsifier for filtration

Oil

Filtration Control

Emulsion stability

M-I Gel*

Bentonite, meets API specifications

Water

Filtration Viscosifier

—

M-I Pac* R

PAC polymer, tech grade

M-I Pac Sr

Regular semi-pure grade quality PAC

Water

Filtration

Viscosity control

M-I Pac Sul

Regular semi-pure grade quality PAC

Water

Filtration

—

M-I Pac* Ul

PAC polymer, lowviscosity, tech grade

Water

Filtration

Shale inhibitor

My-Lo-Jel*

Pregelatinized starch

Water

Filtration

—

Novatec F

Maleated rosin polymer/glycol ether

Synthetic

Filtration

—

Onetrol* ht

Filtration control additive

Filtration

—

Poly-Sal*

Preserved modified starch

Water

Filtration

Viscosifier

Poly-Sal* Ht

High-quality preserved polysaccharide

Water

Filtration

Viscosifier

Poly-Sal* T

Non-fermenting tapioca starch derivative

Water

Filtration

Viscosifier

Polypac* Elv

Extra-low-viscosity PAC

Water

Filtration

Shale inhibitor

Polypac* R

Polyanionic cellulose

Water

Filtration

Viscosifier

Polypac* Supreme UL

PAC, premium-grade, ultra-low viscosity

Water

Filtration

Shale control

Polypac* UL

Polyanionic cellulose

Water

Filtration

Shale control

Filtration reducers

56

Filtration

Oil Synthetic

Secondary function —

Viscosifier Shale inhibitor

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Flocculants

Description

Type

Primary function

Resinex*

Resinated lignite complex

Water

Filtration

Resinex* Ii

Resinated lignite, tech grade

Water

Filtration

Resinex Eh

Resinated lignite additive

Water

Filtration

Sp-101*

Sodium polyacrylate

Water

Filtration

Tannathin*

Ground lignite

Water

Thermpac Ul

Pure grade polyanionic polymer

Unipac Supreme R

Secondary function Thermal stability Thinner Thermal stability Thinner Thermal stability Thinner Shale control Thermal stability

Filtration

Emulsifier

Thinner

Thermal stability

Water

Filtration

—

Modified polyanionic cellulose

Water

Filtration

Viscosity

Unipac Supreme Ul

Modified polyanionic cellulose

Water

Filtration

—

Unitrol*

Modified polysaccharide

Water

Filtration

—

Versalig*

Amine-treated lignite

Oil

Filtration

Lost circulation

Versatrol*

Asphaltic resin

Oil

Filtration

Versatrol* Ht

High-temperature Gilsonite

Oil

Versatrol Ns

Blend of lignite & gilsonite for HTHP filtration

Vert-Trol Floxit

Lost circulation Viscosifier

Filtration

—

Oil

Filtration

Thermal stability

Asphaltic fluid loss additive

Oil

Filtration

—

Powerful organic floculant

Water

Flocculant

Shale control

Gelex*

Bentonite extender

Water

Flocculant viscosifier

—

Platinum Foam

Biodegradable foaming agent

Water

Foaming agent

—

Platinum Foam Plus

Foaming agent for air drilling applications

Water

Foaming agent

—

Foaming agents

Synthetic

Drilling Fluid Products

Filtration reducers

Product trade name

57

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Product trade name

Description

C-Seal*

Coke FLCA

Type

Primary function

Secondary function

Water Oil

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

Filtration

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

Lubricant

Lost circulation

Lubricant

Lost circulation

Lubricant

Synthetic Water C-Seal* F

Coke FLCA (fine grind)

Oil Synthetic

Form-A-Plug* Acc

Accelerator for the Form-A-Set II system

Water Oil Synthetic Water

Form-A-Plug* Ii

Acid-soluble plug

Oil Synthetic

Form-A-Plug* Ret

Lost circulation materials

Form-A-Set*

Cross-linked polymer plug

Form-A-Set* Acc

Accelerator for the Form-A-Set pill

Form-A-Set*Ak

Form-A-Set* Akx

Form-A-Set* Ret

Form-A-Set* Xl

G-Seal*

G-Seal Pus Coarse

G-Seal Plus

58

Retarder for the Form-A-Set II system

Polymeric lostcirculation material Variant of Form-ASet AK for water shut off Retarder for the FORM-A-SET pill

Cross-linker for the Form-A-Set pill

Sized graphite bridging agent

Coarse-size graphite bridging agent

Sized graphite bridging agent

Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Product trade name

Description

G-Seal Hrg Fine

Fine-size highresiliency graphite

G-Seal Hrg

Coarse-size highresiliency graphite

M-I Cedar Fiber*

Shredded cedar fiber LCM for fractured or vugular formations

Primary function

Secondary function

Water Oil

Lost circulation

Lubricant

Lost circulation

Lubricant

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

Filtration

Lost circulation

Filtration

Lost circulation

—

Bridging agent

Density

Lost circulation

Gelling agent

Lost circulation

Filtration

Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Oil Synthetic Water

Lost circulation materials

M-I-X* Ii

Ground cellulose

Oil Synthetic Water

Nut Plug*

Ground nut shells

Oil

Drilling Fluid Products

M-I Seal*

Type

Synthetic Safe-Carb*

Lubricant

Ground marble (calcium carbonate)

Water Oil Synthetic

Versapac

Thermally activated organic thixotrope

Vinseal*

Filtration control and electrical stability agent

Dril-Free*

High-performance lubricant, antisticking agent

Water

Lubricant

Surfactant

Idlube* Xl

Extreme-pressure lubricant

Water

Lubricant

—

Lotorq

Lubricant for high potenial toque and drag in Flopro systems

Water

Lubricant

—

Lube-945*

Water-dispersible lubricant

Water

Lubricant

Shale inhibition

Lube-100*

Water-dispersible lubricant

Water

Lubricant

Shale inhibition

Lube-167*

Water-dispersible lubricant

Water

Lubricant

Shale inhibition

Lube-776*

Water-dispersible lubricant

Water

Lubricant

Shale inhibition

Lube-1722*

Water-dispersible lubricant

Water

Lubricant

Shale inhibition

Lube Xls

Extreme-pressure lubricant

Water

Lubricant

—

M-I Lube*

General-purpose lubricant

Water

Lubricant

—

Sil-Lube*

Lubricant for the SILDRIL system

Water

Lubricant

—

Oil Oil Synthetic

59

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Lubricant

Pipe freeing compounds

Scale inhibitors

Product trade name

Description

Type

Primary function

Sildril Epl

Sildril torque/drag/ differential sticking reducer

Water

Lubricant

—

Starglide*

Lubricant and ROP enhancer

Water

Lubricant

Surfactant

Steel Lube* Ep

Extreme-pressure lubricant

Water

Lubricant

—

Versalube*

Oil-soluble lubricant

Oil

Lubricant

—

Pipe-Lax*

Oil-base, stuck-pipefreeing surfactant

Water

Free pipe

—

Pipe-Lax* Env

Low-toxicity, stuckpipe spotting fluid

Free pipe

Lubricant

Pipe-Lax* W Export

Liquid, one-drum, stuck-pipe spotting fluid

Water

Free pipe

—

Pipe-Lax* W Eh

Liquid, one-drum, stuck-pipe spotting fluid

Water

Free pipe

—

Si-1000

Blend containng water soluble organic phosphorus compounds

Scale inhibitor

—

Zinc Oxide

Very fine particle size Sulfide Scavenger

Sulfide scavenger

—

Sulfide scavenger

—

Scavengers

Shale inhibitors

60

Oil Water

Oil

Oil

Water

Secondary function

Water Oil Synthetic Water

Zinc Carbonate

Fine particle size zinc carbonate

Asphasol*

Sulfonated organicresin blend

Water

Shale inhibitor

Filtration

Asphasol* D

Sulfonated organic blend

Water

Shale inhibitor

Filtration

Asphasol* Supreme

Sulfonated asphalt

Water

Shale inhibitor

Filtration

Boretex

Water dispersible asphaltic compound for shale stability

Water

Shale Inhibitor

Filtration

Glydril* Gp

Broad-cloud-point, general-purpose polyglycol for lowsalinity fluids and low temperatures

Water

Shale control Filtration

Lubricity

Glydril* Hc

Polyglycol for highsalinity fluids and high temperatures

Water

Shale control Filtration

Lubricity

Glydril* Lc

Low-cloud-point polyglycol for lowsalinity fluids and low temperatures

Water

Shale control Filtration

Lubricity

Oil Synthetic

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Description

Type

Primary function

Secondary function

Glydril* Mc

Medium-cloudpoint polyglycol for moderate-salinity fluids and high temperatures

Water

Shale control Filtration

Lubricity

Idcap* D

Polymeric shale inhibitor

Water

Shale inhibition

—

Kla-Cap*

Shale encapsulator

Water

Shale inhibition

—

K-52*

Potassium supplement

Water

Shale control

—

Kla-Cure*

Hydration suppressant

Water

Shale control

—

Kla-Cure* Ii

Hydration suppressant plus detergent

Water

Shale control

—

Kla-Gard*

Shale stabilizer and inhibitor

Water

Shale control

Filtration

Kla-Gard* B

Salt-free Kla-Gard

Water

Shale inhibitor

Klafloc* I

Low-cost shale inhibitor for floc water drilling

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Klafloc* Ii

Cationic flocculant for floc water drilling

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Kla-Stop*

Shale inhibitor

Water

Shale control

—

Poly-Plus*

Liquid PHPA

Water

Encapsulator

Shale stabilization

Poly-Plus* Dry

Dry PHPA polymer

Water

Encapsulator

Shale stabilization

Poroseal

Co-polymeric shale sealing additive

Water

Shale control

Filtration

Poly-Plus* Lv

Low-viscosity PHPA

Water

Encapsulator

Shale stabilization

Poly-Plus* Rd

Readily dispersible PHPA powder

Water

Encapsulator

Shale stabilization

Sildril* D

Dry sodium silicate

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Sildril* K

Potassium silicate

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Sildril* L

Liquid sodium silicate

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Tarclean*

Anticrete agent for heavy oil to thin asphaltenes

Water

Shale control

—

Ultracap*

Encapsulator for the Ultradril system

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Ultracap P

Encapsulator for the Ultradril system powder

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Ultracap Plus

Encapsulator for the Ultradril system

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Ultrahib*

Shale inhibitor for the Ultradril system

Water

Shale inhibitor

—

Drilling Fluid Products

Shale inhibitors

Product trade name

61

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Surfactants

Product trade name

Description

Type Water

Clean Up*

Detergent for general rig cleaning when using oil- and synthetic-base fluids

D-D*

Drilling detergent

Water

Surfactant

D-Sperse

Mixed surfactant solution

Water

Surfactant

Dril-Kleen*

Concentrated, mild drilling detergent with low toxicity

Water

Surfactant

Dril-Kleen* Ii

Anti-bit balling agent

Water

Surfactant

Drilzone*

ROP enhancer

Water

Surfactant

—

Drilzone* L

Low-cost anticrete

Water

Surfactant

—

Ecokleen*

Anticrete for tar applications

Water

Surfactant

—

Faze-Mul

Primary emulsifier and wetting agent for Fazepro systems

Oil

Emulsifier

Wetting agent

Mudwash*

Rig wash

Rig wash

Rig wash

—

Novawet*

Wetting agent

Synthetic

Surfactant

Oil

Primary function

Surfactant

Secondary function

Emulsifier

Synthetic Emulsifier Shale control Dispersant Emulsifier

Synthetic

Shale control Emulsifier Lubricant

Emulsifier Thinner Thermal stability

62

Surewet*

Wetting agent for invert-emulsion systems

Swa* Eh

Oil-base wetting agent for high-brinecontent systems

Tarlift*

Synthetic

Surfactant

Emulsifier

Oil

Surfactant

Emulsifier

Solvent for the Sagdril* system

Water

Surfactant

—

Tarsurf*

Water-wetter for the Sagdril system

Water

Surfactant

—

Ultrafree*

ROP enhancer for the Ultradril system

Water

Surfactant

—

Ultrafree* L

Low-cost anticrete

Water

Surfactant

Lubricant

Ultrafree* Nh

Non-hydrocarbon version of Ultrafree ROP enhancer

Water

Surfactant

Lubricant

Versacoat*

Emulsifier and wetting agent

Oil

Surfactant

Versawet*

Wetting agent for oil-base fluids

Oil

Surfactant

Oil

Emulsifier Thermal stability Emulsifier Thinner Thermal stability

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Temperature stabilizers

Product trade name

Description

Type

Primary function

Secondary function

Glydril* Dg

Water-miscible glycol-hydrate inhibitor

Water

Thermal stability

Surfactant

Pts-200*

Polymeric temperature stabilizer

Water

Thermal stability

—

Xp-20K*

Potassium chrome lignite

Water

Thermal stability

Xp-20* N

Chrome lignite, sodium hydroxide, neutralized

Water

Thermal stability

Caustilig*

Caustilized lignite

Water

Thinner filtration

Thermal stability Emulsifier

Idsperse* Xt

High-temperature polymeric dispersant

Water

Thinner

—

K-17*

Potassium lignite

Water

Thinner

Rheduce*

Thinner for Rheliant system

Synthetic

Rheocheck

Modified lignin compound

Rheosperse*

Emulsifier Filtration Thinner

Filtration

Filtration Shale control

Thinner

—

Water

Thinner

—

Polymeric hightemperature deflocculant

Water

Thinner

—

Spersene*

Chrome lignosulfonate

Water

Thinner

Spersene* Cf

Chrome-free lignosulfonate

Water

Deflocculant

Filtration

Spersene* Cfi

Iron lignosulfonate

Water

Thinner

—

Spersene* I

Ferrochrome lignosulfonate

Water

Thinner

Thinners

Surethin*

Thinner for invertemulsion systems

Tackle*

Liquid, lowmolecular-weight polyacrylate (dry available)

Oil

Drilling Fluid Products

Thinner

Emulsifier Filtration Thermal stability

Synthetic Oil Water

Thermal stability Filtration

Thinner

Surfactant

Thinner

Filtration

63

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Thinners

Product trade name

Description

Type

Primary function

Tackle* Dry

Powdered lowmolecular-weight polyacrylate

Water

Thinner

—

Thinsmart*

Thinner for waterbase drilling fluids

Water

Thinner

—

Versathin*

Thinner and conditioner for oilbase fluids

Oil

Thinner

—

Oil

Thinner

Conditioner

Versathin* Hf

Tracers

Viscosifiers

Xp-20 N

Chrome Lignite

Water

Thinner

Filtration

Optitrak 600

Blue dye

Water

Tracer

—

Drilplex*

Viscosifier for the Drilplex MMO system

Water

Viscosifier

Shale inhibitor

Duo-Tec*

Xanthan gum

Water

Viscosifier

—

Duo-Tec* Ns

High molecular weight biopolymer

Water

Viscosifier

—

Duo-Vis*

Xanthan gum

Water

Viscosifier

—

Duo-Vis* L

Liquified xanthan gum, non-clarified

—

Viscosifier

—

Duo-Vis* Ns

Xanthan gum

Water

Viscosifier

—

Duo-Vis* Plus

Xanthan gum

Water

Viscosifier

—

Duo-Vis* Plus Ns

High molecular eight, nondispersable biopolymer

Water

Viscosifier

—

Durogel*

Sepiolite clay

Water

Viscosifier

—

Ecogreen* M

Low-end rheology modifier

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Water

Viscosifier

Water

Viscosifier

Flo-Vis Plus Gelplex*

64

High Flashpoint thinner and conditioner for Oil base fluids

Secondary function

High yield, premiumgrade, clarified xanthan gum

—

Guar Gum

Rapidly mixing,high viscosity polymer

Water

Viscosifier

—

Hrp*

Liquid viscosifier for oil fluids

Oil

Viscosifier

—

M-I Gel* Supreme

Non-treated bentonite, meets API specifications

Water

Viscosifier

Filtration

M-I Gel* Wyoming

API-spec bentonite sourced only from Wyoming

Water

Viscosifier

Filtration

Novamod*

Rheology modifier, LSRV

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Description

Type

Primary function

Novamod*

Rheology modifier, LSRV

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Novatec* M

Low-end rheology modifier for the Novatec system

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Rhebuild*

Viscosifier for Rheliant system

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Rheflat*

Rheological modifier for Rheliant system

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Rhethik*

Rheological modifier for Rheliant system

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Salt Gel*

Attapulgite clay

Water

Viscosifier

—

Supra-Vis*

High-performance biopolymer viscosifier

Water

Viscosifier

—

Suremod*

Viscosifier, gelling agent for invertemulsion systems

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Surethik*

Rheological modifier

Synthetic

Viscosifier

—

Tarvis*

Liquid viscosifier for the Sagdril system

Water

Viscosifier

—

Truvis*

Viscosifier for the Trudril system

Oil

Viscosifier

Filtration

Versagel* Ht

Hectorite

Oil

Viscosifier

Filtration

Versamod*

Rheology modifier, LSRV

Oil

Viscosifier

—

Vg-69*

Organophilic clay

Oil

Viscosifier

Filtration

Vg-Plus*

Organophilic clay

Viscosifier

Filtration

Vg-Supreme*

Organophilic clay for the Nova systems

Viscosifier

Filtration

Density

—

Density

—

Density

—

Density

Inhibition

Oil Oil Oil

Oil

Oil Synthetic Synthetic

Secondary function

Drilling Fluid Products

Viscosifiers

Product trade name

Water Fer-Ox*

Hematite

Oil Synthetic

M-I Bar* Weighting agents M-I Wate Salt Warp

Barite, meets API specifications

High quailty drilling grade barite Sodium Chloride Micronized weighting agent

Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Oil Synthetic

Eco reduction Density SAG mitigation

65

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

Wellbore strengthening mateial

Product trade name

Description

Type

LCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Water

Optiseal I

LCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Water

Optiseal Ii

Optiseal Iii

LCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Oil

Water

Optiseal Iv

LCM blend designed for wellbore strengthening

Ecogreen* B

Ester base fluid

Enviroblend*

Salt for Envirovert system

Hydrablok*

66

Secondary function

Fracture sealing

Fluid loss control

Fracture sealing

Fluid loss control

Fracture sealing

Fluid loss control

Fracture sealing

Fluid loss control

Synthetic

Thinner

Lubricant

Oil

Shale inhibitor

—

Deepwater hydrate inhibitor

Water

Surfactant

—

Novatec* B

LAO base fluid

Synthetic

Thinner

Lubricant

Paradril* B

Base fluid for the Paradril system

Synthetic

Thinner

—

Paraland* B

Base fluid C11-17 linear paraffin for the Paraland system

Synthetic

Thinner

—

Paramix* A

Salt for the Paraland system

Synthetic

Shale inhibitor

—

Paramix* N

Salt for the Paraland system

Synthetic

Shale inhibitor

—

Versaclean* B

Base fluid for the Versaclean system

Oil

Thinner

Lubricant

Versavert* B

Base fluid for Versavert system

Oil

Thinner

Lubricant

Versavert* Bt

Thin version of worker-friendly base oil

Oil

Thinner

Lubricant

General Products

Oil

Primary function

Synthetic Oil Synthetic

Synthetic Oil Synthetic

Version 5 – Drilling Fluid Systems & Products

Drilling Fluid Products 67

Drilling Fluid Systems & Products – Version 5

68

Technology Centers Houston, Texas Tel: 281 561 1300 Fax: 281 561 1441 Aberdeen, Scotland Tel: 44 1224 334634 Fax: 44 1224 334650 Stavanger, Norway Tel: 47 51 577300 Fax: 47 51 576503

This information is supplied solely for informational purposes and M‑I SWACO makes no guarantees or warranties, either expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy and use of this data. All product warranties and guarantees shall be governed by the Standard Terms of Sale. Nothing in this document is legal advice or is a substitute for competent legal advice.

©2011 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C. FMC.0600.1104.R3 (E) 1M Litho in U.S.A.

P.O. Box 42842 Houston, Texas 77242-2842 www.miswaco.slb.com Email: [email protected]