Amorc Experiments In Magnetism (1952)
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EXPERIMENTS IN MAGNETISM
Unit Number One
AMORC Laboratorium
-CPage One
Prepared By The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC EXPERIMENTS IN MAGNETISM Preliminary Instructions. You will find accompanying these instructions as a supplement, a com plete list of all equipment supplied in this laboratorium. Included with the supplement you will also find a list of illustrations, which provide pictorial representations of the various items and the equip ment. Before you commence with your experiments check over this list and make certain that you are well acquainted with the appearance of the various objects. This procedure will avoid later misunderstandings. The materials supplied have been carefully checked by our laboratory staff before they were placed into the laboratorium. You will note that in addition to the articles supplied you, it will be necessary for you to obtain a large glass or porcelain bowl, filled with water, and a few other items. These materials were not included because they are either available in your home or are easily purchased at your local store at a very small cost. Another reason why we did not include them is that their inclusion would have raised the price of packing and shipping. It has been our aim to provide you with your laboratorium at the lowest possible cost. After you have checked your equipment and have become quite familiar with it, read the Introduction on pages two, three, and four. This con cise introduction will acquaint you with the fundamental laws and prin ciples of magnetism, most of which you will be verifying in your exper iments . As soon as you have completed your study of the Introduction you will be well prepared to commence with your experiments. For a workbench select a large steady wooden table. Remove from this table all metal lic objects which might disturb your experiments by their magnetism. It is suggested that your working table should be absolutely empty be fore you start. Place the items which you require upon this table. There should be no other objects upon it aside from your materials and these instructions. This procedure will aid you in keeping system and order. Before you commence any experiment, first read through the en tire text pertaining to the experiment which you intend to perform, so that you are thoroughly familiar w^ith the procedure. Obtain a small notebook into which you can record your observations for future refer ence . A.t the end of most experiments you will find a list of questions. These questions have been added to stimulate your thinking. DO NOT SEND THE ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS TO THE GRAND LODGE. The instructions pro vided with this laboratorium are complete. The purchase of this lab oratorium does not carry with it any privilege of writing for further information. However, if you should desire such information, send such a question to the librarian of the Rosicrucian Research Library, who will answer you, subject to the procedure and nominal charge estab lished for this purpose.
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Two
When you have completed an experiment you will find it helpful to re place the various objects into their envelopes, unless they are needed in the following experiment. Remember the Rosicrucian Law: "System and Order." Study the various laws and principles of magnetism, as stated in your Monographs. You will find the indexes, supplied by the Rosicrucian Supply Bureau, of great help in locating this information. Also read the article "The Magnet" in the Rosicrucian Manual. This will provide additional help in your magnetic studies. INTRODUCTION The study of magnetic phenomena is of special importance to us as Rosicrucians, because they visually demonstrate in the simplest possible manner the behavior of objects which are in a polarized condition. It is the fact that a polarized object is able to affect the space sur rounding it, creating what is known as a "field of force" or "aura," which makes such phenomena, worthy of our special attention and study. It is for this reason that the AMORC LABORATORIUM No. 1 is devoted to the study of magnetism. As an introduction to the various experiments which the student is to perform we state, with extreme brevity, the fundamental laws of magnetism. It can be shown that certain substances such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and some of their ores and alloys have the power of attracting other small pieces of the same substances. This force of attraction, requir ing apparently no material medium through which to act, is called a "magnetic" force; and the objects which are capable of exerting such a force are called "magnetic" objects, or simply "magnets." Substances which can be magnetized, using proper procedures, are also called "fer romagnetic." A ferromagnetic substance is a substance which is strong ly attracted by a magnet. It also shows the property commonly known as "retentivity." This is the ability of a magnetized substance to retain its magnetism. There are other kinds of magnetism beside ferromagnetism. But these oth er types are too weak to be observable under ordinary conditions, and we shall not be concerned with their properties in this brief introduction. When a magnet is examined it is found that its magnetic properties (its ability to attract) are concentrated at definite regions or centers of the magnet. These regions are called the "poles" of the magnet. Every magnet possesses at least two poles. When a magnet is suspended by a string so that it can swing freely then it will be observed that it moves in such a manner that the line be tween its strongest poles is approximately parallel to the geographic north-south direction. No matter how the magnet is moved, it will always swing back into this alignment. That pole of the magnet which points toward the geographic north pole is called the "north-seeking" pole, or the "north pole," while the other pole of the magnet is called the "south-seeking" pole or the "south pole." Due to the fact that a
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Unit Number One
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magnet, when allowed to swing freely, will always align itself along the same direction, it may be used as a compass. The north and south poles of a magnet are of equal strength. When any magnet is broken into two pieces, then each part becomes a complete mag net, having a north pole and a south pole. No one has ever been able to discover or produce a magnet with only a single pole. This fact has led to the theory that each of the molecules, of which a ferromagnetic substance is composed, may be considered as being a very small elemen tary magnet. When a ferromagnetic substance is in an unmagnetized state, all these elementary magnets are oriented at random, thus neu tralizing their effects, while in a magnetized object these elementary magnets are all oriented along the same direction; that is, all north poles are pointing together, and similarly for the south poles. It has been mentioned above that every magnet possesses two distinct polarities: a north pole and a south pole. Usually these poles are located near the ends of the magnet, but that is not always necessary. The magnetic poles obey the fundamental law of polarities, which is: Unlike polarities attract; like polarities repel one another. Using this law the polarities of an unknown magnet may be tested and deter mined by observing the attractions or repulsions which occur when this unknown magnet is brought into the neighborhood of a second magnet, the polarities of which are known. There are three methods by means of which an unmagnetized ferromagnetic substance may be magnetized. These methods are (1) by frictional con tact (see experiment 4), (2 ) by the method of magnetic induction (see experiment 14), (3) by means of an electric current (see experiment H8 ). For a description of these methods consult the experiment indicated within the brackets. In each of these methods a magnet is created which possesses two distinct poles. Iron and steel are the only two common substances which are ferromag netic and thus attracted by a magnet. Certain kinds of ferromagnetic substances are able to retain their magnetism and become permanent mag nets. The ability of a substance to retain its magnetism is called the "retentivity." Soft iron has a low retentivity; steel possesses a high retentivity. A magnetic force is able to act through many substances, such as paper, cardboard, or glass. However, iron acts as an effective magnetic screen if it completely encloses the substance which is to be screened. Each magnet is able to affect the space surrounding it and subject any other ferromagnetic substance to its influence. Thus a magnet creates what is called a magnetic "field" or an "aura." When iron filings are sprinkled around a magnet these filings align themselves under the ac tion of the magnetic field, affording in this manner a very clear ob jective picture of the magnetic field. Various combinations of magnets will produce different types of fields. Pictures of such fields are provided In this manual and also in the Rosicrucian Manual. They also afford interesting pictures, showing how the aura due to one magnet may be modified by the presence of a second magnet.
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Unit Number One
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Page Pour
There are three ways in which the magnetism of an object may be de stroyed: (1) extreme heat, (2) great mechanical strains and jars, and (3) the application of an alternating current. It is the last method which is commercially used in demagnetizing objects. This concludes the brief introduction into the laws and principles of magnetism. For further study the student should consult any textbook on general physics, where he will find much additional information which will be of interest to him in his Rosicrucian studies. OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTS Experiment No. 1 It Is the purpose of this experiment to demonstrate that (a) a lodestone has the power to attract small pieces of iron, (b) the magnetic force is concentrated at certain definite regions of the lodestone, called the "poles." Materials:
Large sheet of paper. Iron filings. Lodestone. (See A, B, and C on pictorial list for illustrations of equipment.)
Procedure:
Place a large sheet of paper upon the table. Open the bottle which contains the iron filings and spread two tea spoonfuls of the filings upon the sheet of paper. Now take the lodestone and immerse it completely within the iron filings, so that all of its sides are touched and nearly covered with the filings. Remove the lodestone and inspect it carefully.
Results:
You will note that the iron filings stick to the lodestone, demonstrating that such a stone has the property to attract small pieces of iron. At the same time you will observe that the filings cling more densely to certain spots of the stone than to others. This demonstrates that this force of attraction, or "magnetic" force, is concentrated at defi nite regions. These regions are called the "poles" of the magne t .
Questions:
1.
How many poles does your lodestone possess?
2.
What are the directions in which the various particles of iron point? Do these various directions provide ad ditional clues as to the nature of the magnetic force?
Note :
When you have completed this experiment scrape the iron filings from the lodestone and pour all the iron filings back into the bottle, to be used in future experiments.
s/iy Experiment No. 2
It is the purpose of this second experiment to demonstrate that when a lodestone is suspended freely then it will rotate into such a position that its strongest poles will line themselves up along the geographic
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Five
Experiment N o . 2 (Continued) north-south direction. or a magnetic compass. Materials:
The lodestone thus serves as a "leading stone"
Lodestone. Sheet of paper with iron filings. String. White sheet of paper. Pen and ink. (See A, B, C, F on pictorial illustration sheet for pictures of the equipment.)
Procedure: Draw a straight line upon a sheet of paper--about four inches long. Mark one end of the line "North" and the other end "South." Determine the geographic north-south direction in your room. Then place the sheet of paper which you have pre pared so that the line drawn upon it coincides with the geographic north-south direction. Next dip the lodestone into the iron filings. This will provide you with a clear indication of the location of its poles. (See experiment 1) Fasten a string around the lodestone. The string should be so tied around the stone that the strongest poles are hori zontal and remain so. (See figure 1, Experiment Illustra tions) Hold the free end of the string with your hand, about half way up. Let the stone hang freely from the string above the north-south line which you have just drawn. Make certain that the stone does not touch any object and also be sure that no other magnetic objects are located in the vicinity of the stone. Results:
You will observe that the stone will line itself up along a definite direction. Note the location of the strongest poles. Turn the stone slightly and observe that it will swing back into its former position.
Questions:
1.
How does the direction of your north-south line on the paper agree with the position of the strongest poles?
2.
Where are the weak poles located?
3.
How could you construct a compass, using this arrange ment?
Note :
When you have completed this experiment scrape the iron filings from the lodestone and pour all iron filings back into the bottle.
Experiment No. 3 The purpose of this experiment is to find the poles and the neutral region of a horseshoe magnet. Materials:
Sheet of paper. Iron filings. Horseshoe magnet. (See D, B, C on pictorial list of equipment.)
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Unit Number One
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Experiment No. _3 (Continued) Procedure:
Place a sheet of paper upon the table. Open the bottle containing the iron filings and spread the filing upon the pape r . Remove the horseshoe magnet from its wrapper. Remove the small cross bar (also called the "keeper"), which protects its ends. Immerse the magnet completely--all sides and ends--in the ix’on filings. Pick up the magnet with the filings clinging to it and in spect it carefully.
Results:
You will observe that the filings cling firmly to the two ends of the magnet. These are the two centers of magnetic attraction of the magnet and are called the "poles." You will also note that practically no filings cling around the curved part of the magnet. This region is called the "neu tral region" of the magnet. This experiment demonstrates that the poles of a horseshoe magnet are located at its ends and that there is no magnet ic force of attraction at the center of the magnet.
Question
Note:
1.
How could you use the horseshoe magnet as a compass?
2.
Why is it not practical to use it as a compass?
When you have completed the experiment, remove the filings from the magnet and return them to the bottle.
'/Experiment No. 4 The purpose of this experiment is to show how an unmagnetized object, made of steel, may be magnetized by frictional contact. Materials:
Paper with iron filings. Horseshoe magnet. One unmagne tized steel needle. (See C, B, D, E on illustration sheet of equipment.)
Procedure:
Remove the steel needle from the package, and immerse its full length into the iron filings. Observe that the fil ings will not cling to the needle, demonstrating that it is not magnetized. Now place the needle upon the table. Take the horseshoe magnet (remove the keeper) and, holding it in your hand, place one of the poles upon the end of the needle. (See figure 2, of experiment illustrations) Nrv rub the pole along the needle until you reach the needle*s other end. Make certain that only one pole of the horseshoe magnet touches the needle.
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Unit Number One
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Experiment N o . 4 (Continued) Remove the horseshoe magnet from the needle, and place the pole back where you first touched the needle. Rub the needle once more. Repeat this procedure, rubbing the steel needle with the same pole of the horseshoe magnet and always rubbing in the same direction. Do NOT,rub the needle back and forth. Repeat this procedure for approximately ten minutes. Now cover the steel needle with the iron filings. Remove the needle and inspect it carefully. Results:
You will observe that the filings cling to the two ends of the needle. This demonstrates that the needle has become magnetized and that it now possesses two poles, one at each end. You will also observe that there is a neutral region between the two poles.
Question:
What would occur if the needle were rubbed with both poles of the magnet touching it simultaneously?
Note :
Upon completion of the experiment, remove the iron filings from the needle.
Experiment No. 5 The purpose of this experiment is to locate the North and South poles of a magnet. Materials:
Magnetized steel needle of experiment 4.. Wooden block. Copper staple. String. Two small paper squares, one blue, the other red. Pen and ink. Nail. Sheet of paper, with a pencil line, marked "North-South," prepared in experiment 2. (See E, G-, H, F, I, J, K, C of pictorial list of equip ment .)
Procedure:
With pen and ink mark the blue paper square on both sides with the capital letter "N" and also mark the red square with the capital letter "S." Pierce two small holes through the top of the squares so that they may be attached to the steel needle. (See figure 3) Take the copper staple and push it firmly into the top of the wooden block. (See figure 4) Again determine the geographic north-south direction in your room. Place the sheet of paper upon which you have drawn the pencil line (See experiment 2) upon the table in such a manner that the line drawn upon the paper coincides with the geographic north-south direction. Now pierce the magnetized needle lengthwise through the wooden block until the block is situated at the center of the needle. Fasten a string to the staple and hold this
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Unit Number One
Page Seven
Experiment No. 4 (Continued) Remove the horseshoe magnet from the needle, and place the pole back where you first touched the needle. Rub the needle once more. Repeat this procedure, rubbing the steel needle with the same pole of the horseshoe magnet and always rubbing in the same direction. Do NOT,rub the needle back and forth. Repeat this procedure for approximately ten minutes. Now cover the steel needle with the iron filings. Remove the needle and inspect it carefully. Results:
You will observe that the filings cling to the two ends of the needle. This demonstrates that the needle has become magnetized and that it now possesses two poles, one at each end. You will also observe that there is a neutral region between the two poles.
Question:
What would occur if the needle were rubbed with both poles of the magnet touching it simultaneously?
Note :
Upon completion of the experiment, remove the iron filings from the needle.
Experiment No. The purpose of this experiment is to locate the North and South poles of a magnet. Materials:
Magnetized steel needle of experiment 4. Wooden block. Copper staple. String. Two small paper squares, one blue, the other red. Pen and ink. Nail. Sheet of paper, with a pencil line, marked "North-South," prepared in experiment 2. (See E, G-, H, F, I, J, K, C of pictorial list of equip ment .)
Procedure:
With pen and ink mark the blue paper square on both sides with the capital letter "N" and also mark the red square with the capital letter "S." Pierce two small holes through the top of the squares so that they may be attached to the steel needle. (See figure 3) Take the copper staple and push it firmly into the top of the wooden block. (See figure 4.) Again determine the geographic north-south direction in your room. Place the sheet of paper upon which you have drawn the pencil line (See experiment 2) upon the table in such a manner that the line drawn upon the paper coincides with the geographic north-south direction. Now pierce the magnetized needle lengthwise through the wooden block until the block is situated at the center of the needle. Fasten a string to the staple and hold this
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Eight
Experiment No. J2 (Continued) string in such a manner that the needle may move freely in space. Push the needle back and forth in the block until the needle swings horizontally. Hold the string in your hand and let the needle swing freely in space. Results;
You will observe that the needle lines itself up along the geographic north-south direction. The pole which is point ing toward the geographic north is called the "north-seek ing ," or north pole. The pole which is pointing toward the geographic south is called the "south-seeking," or south pole. Attach the blue square, marked "N" to the north pole of the needle, and attach the red label, marked "s" to the south pole of the needle. (See figure 5)
Questions;
1.
What is the magnetic polarity of the geographic north pole?
2.
Does the geographic north pole coincide with the cor responding magnetic pole? (Hint; use the law of polarity, experiment 7 .)
Note:
After the experiment has been completed remove the string from the staple.
Experiment No. 6 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that the north and south poles of a magnet are of equal strength. Materials;
Large bowl with water. Use the same magnetized steel needle, with labels and cork, just used in experiment 5 .
Procedure:
Remove the string from the staple. Float the magnetized needle with its wooden block in a nonmetallic (glass or porcelain, rubber) bowl of water. Make certain that the needle does not touch the edges of the container. Use a container large enough for needle to turn in. Have a depth of water of at least two inches.
Results:
Observe that the needle lines itself up along the geograph ic north-south direction. Thus, in this arrangement the needle serves as a simple magnetic compass. Also observe that the needle, once it has assumed the north-south direction remains perfectly quiet. This proves that the magnetic force which acts upon the north pole is equal to the magnetic force acting upon the south pole. The needle is perfectly balanced. Hence it follows that the north pole and the south pole of a magnet are equal in strength.
Questions;
<1.
What would occur if, for some reason, the north pole of the needle were stronger than its south pole?
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
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Page Nine
Experiment N o . 6 (Continued) 2.
Note:
Bring the end of the steel needle near the wall of the bowl. Do you observe an attraction between bowl and needle? Is this attraction due to cohesion, or is it due to adhesion?
This arrangement of the needle floating in the bowl of water will serve as an indicator of magnetism in future experiments. Such an arrangement is also called a "Mag netoscope." This arrangement will be used in experiments 7, 8, 10, l6, and 17.
Experiment N o . 7 The purpose of this experiment is to verify the fundamental law of po larity: Like polarities repel; unlike polarities attract one another. Materials:
Magnetoscope of experiment 6. (Magnetized needle with labelled polarities, floating within a bowl of water.) Un magnetized steel needle (E). Tw o paper squares (I, J), one blue, the other red. Wooden block (G). Copper staple (H). Pen and ink. String (F). (The capital letters placed in parenthesis refer to the pictorial list of illustrations.)
Procedure:
Magnetize the second steel needle, using the method of experiment 4. Pierce the needle through the wooden block to which a staple has been attached and determine the needle’s north and south poles, following the procedure of experiment 5* Attach a label, marked "N" and another marked "S" to the proper poles of the needle. Follow the method outlined in experiment 5. Remove the string and the staple. You now possess two magnetized steel needles, the polarities of which have been determined. Approach the south pole of the floating magnetic needle with the north pole of the other steel needle. Note the result. (See figure 6.) Approach the north pole of the floating magnet with the north pole of the steel needle. Note the result.
Results:
Observe that when the south pole of approached by the north pole of the fests an attraction between the two strates the first law of polarity: tract one another.
the floating magnet is steel needle there mani poles. This demon Unlike polarities at
Also observe that when the north pole of the floating magnet is approached by the north pole of the steel needle, then the two poles tend to move apart. This proves the second law of polarity: Like polarities repel one an other .
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Ten
Experiment No. 7 (Continued) Questions:
1.
What should occur if the north pole of the floating magnet is approached by the south pole of the other steel needle?
2.
Verify your conclusion by the proper experiment.
Experiment No, 8 The purpose of this experiment is to find the north and the south pole of the horseshoe magnet, using the law of polarities. Materials:
Magnetized steel needle, properly labelled, floating within a bowl of water (Magnetoscope of experiment 6). Horseshoe magnet (D). Pen and ink.
Procedure:
Set up the magnetoscope, as described in experiment 6. Take the horseshoe magnet and approach the north pole of the floating magnet with one of the poles of the horseshoe magnet. Observe whether an attraction occurs, or whether there manifests a repulsion. Pierce the needle through the wooden block to which a staple has been attached and determine the needle's north and south poles, following the procedure of experiment 5 . Attach a label, marked "N" and another marked "S" to the proper poles of the needle. Follow the method outlined in experiment 5* Remove the string and the staple. You now possess two magnetized steel needles, the polarities of which have been determined. Approach the south pole of the floating magnetic needle with the north pole of the other steel needle. Note the result. (See figure 6.) Approach the north pole of the floating magnet with the north pole of the steel needle. Note the result.
Results:
Observe that when the south pole of the floating magnet is approached by the north pole of the steel needle there manifests an attraction between the two poles. This dem onstrates the first law of polarity: Unlike polarities at tract one another. Also observe that when the north pole of the floating mag net is approached by the north pole of the steel needle, then the two poles tend to move apart. This proves the second law of polarity: Like polarities repel one another.
Questions:
1.
What should occur if the north pole of the floating magnet is approached by the south pole of the other steel needle?
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Eleven
Experiment N o . 8 (Continued) 2.
Verify your conclusion by the proper experiment.
Experiment N o . 9 The purpose of this experiment is to find the north and the south pole of the horseshoe magnet, using the law of polarities. Materials: Magnetized steel needle, properly labelled, floating within a bowl of water (Magnetoscope of experiment 6). Horseshoe magnet (D). Pen and ink. Procedure:
Set up the magnetoscope, as described in experiment 6. Take the horseshoe magnet and approach the north pole of the floating magnet with one of the poles of the horseshoe magnet. Observe whether an attraction occurs, or whether there manifests a repulsion.
Results:
If there occurs an attraction, then the pole of the horse shoe magnet under consideration is a south pole. If a repulsion occurs then the pole of the horseshoe magnet is a north pole. Write the name of the proper polarity with ink upon each pole of the horseshoe magnet. Repeat the experiment, using the other pole of the horse shoe magnet.
Experiment No. 10 To show that when a magnet is broken into two parts, then each part be comes a complete magnet, having two opposite poles. Materials: Unmagnetized steel needle (e ). Paper with iron filings (B). Horseshoe magnet (D). Floating magnet of experiment 6. '(Magnetoscope). Procedure: Magnetize the steel needle by the method of frictional con tact of experiment 4. Locate its north and south poles by means of the method of experiment 9. Verify that it possesses a neutral region in the center by dipping it into the iron filings on the paper. Iron fil ings will be found to cling to the ends of the needle but not to the middle. Now carefully break the needle into two parts. Place both halves of the needle into the iron filings and note that each half now possesses two poles. Determine the nature of each of the four poles by means of the method of experiment 9.
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Twelve
Experiment No. 10 (Continued) Result:
It is seen that when a magnet is broken into two parts each part becomes a complete magnet, having a north pole and a south pole. No one has ever been able to construct a mag net with only a single pole.
Questions:
1.
What would occur if each of the two new magnets were broken into two parts? Perform this experiment.
2.
Imagine that this process of breaking a magnet into two parts is repeated over and over' again. If this were done we would finally arrive at the smallest magnetic unit of which any magnetic substance is composed. You might visualize it as being a polarized molecule, hav ing a north and a south pole. When a magnetic substance is magnetized, all the north poles of the molecular magnets point in the same direction, while all south poles point in the opposite direction. Draw a picture of a magnetized steel bar and show why the magnetic force is apparently concentrated at the ends of the magnet, and why there is a neutral region in the center.
Experiment No. 11 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that extreme heat de stroys the magnetic force. Materials: Magnetizes steel needle (E). Paper with iron filings (C and B) . Needle holder (L). Wire frame (M). Gas burner (or any device producing a hot flame). Procedure: Remove the colored labels from the magnetized steel needle prepared in experiment 7• Also remove the wooden block. Place this needle into the needle holder so that the holder is at the center of the needle. Using the holder, heat the needle in a gas flame until the entire needle becomes red hot. (See figure 7A). (Be EXTREMELY careful not to burn yourself or your clothes!!). As soon as the needle becomes red hot on one side, turn the needle around until the other side becomes red hot. It is not necessary that the entire needle is red hot at any one time. Remove the needle from the flame and place the needle with its holder upon the wire frame. (See figure 7B). Allow the needle to cool for at least 1 5 minutes. After the needle has completely cooled, place It into the iron filings and see whether they cling to either pole. If the needle still exhibits any residual magnetism it shows that the needle was not heated long enough. Results:
It will be observed that the magnetism of the steel needle has completely disappeared. Thus it follows that the application of heat is one method used to demagnetize an object.
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Unit Number One
Page Thirteen
Experiment No. 3_1 (Continued) Question:
What are some of the other methods commonly used to demag netize objects?
Experiment No. 12 The purpose of this experiment is to show that iron and steel are the only two common materials that are attracted by a magnet. Materials: Horseshoe magnet (D). wood, and glass (N).
Small pieces of iron, steel, copper,
Procedure:
Place the pieces listed above in a row upon the table. Ap proach each piece in turn with one of the poles of the horseshoe magnet, after having removed the keeper. Observe whether any attractions are produced.
Results:
The only two objects which are attracted by the magnet are steel and iron. The others are not magnetic.
Experiment No. 13 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that a magnetic force is able to act through many substances. Materials:
Horseshoe magnet (D). Paper with iron filings (B and C). Sheets of paper (C) and of cardboard (0). Thin glass plate (P).
Procedure:
Sprinkle some iron filings upon a sheet of paper. Next cut a small sheet of paper about 2 inches square and place it over the poles of the horseshoe magnet after removing its keeper. Hold this combination of magnet and paper over the iron filings so that the paper lies between the iron fil ings and the poles of the magnet. The paper must touch the poles and be close to the filings. Look beneath the top paper and observe that the filings cling to the paper at the regions of the magnetic poles. Repeat this experiment, using the sheet of cardboard and also the thin glass plate.
Results:
It is observed that the magnetic force is able to penetrate the sheet of paper, cardboard and the thin glass plate.
Ques tion:
What would occur if a thin sheet of iron were used instead of the paper? Try it.
Experiment No. 14 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that an unmagnetized piece of iron or steel, when placed into contact with a magnet, will itself become a magnet. Materials:
Horseshoe magnet (D). Three small nails (q ). iron filings (C and B). Large nail (K).
Paper with
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Fourteen
Experiment N o . 14 (Continued) Part 1 Procedure:
Attach the large nail to the horseshoe magnet in the manner indicated in figure 8a. Pour some iron filings upon a sheet of paper and dip the tip of the nail (still attached to the magnet) into the filings.
Results:
You will observe that the filings cling to the tip of the nail. (See figure 8b). Shake the nail and magnet (togeth er) vigorously and note that the filings continue to cling to the nail. Now remove the nail from the magnet. Shake the nail. You will observe that the filings now drop to the ground, demonstrating the nail now has lost its magnetism.
Part 2 Procedure:
Test the three small nails by dipping them into the iron filings, to make certain that they are not magnetized,. Then place the three small nail3 in a row so that the tip of one nail touches the head of the succeeding nail. Place one pole of the horseshoe magnet in contact with the head end of the row. Slide the horseshoe magnet backward. (See figure 9)•
Results:
Observe that the magnet is able to pull the entire row of nails, like a locomotive pulling a train. Lift the magnet from the table and note that the nails still cling to the magnet, forming a hanging chain. Shake the magnet slightly and observe that the chain will persist. This shows that the nails have become magnetic under the influence of the horseshoe magnet.
Note:
This method of magnetization is also called "magnetization by induction." A very strong magnet is required for a suc cessful experiment. It will also be observed that some of the nails will retain some of their magnetism when the horseshoe magnet has been removed. This property of a substance to retain some of its magnetism is called its "retentivity." Soft iron pos sesses only a small retentivity while steel possesses a large retentivity.
Questions:
1.
How could you determine the polarity of the nails?
2.
What would be the magnetic polarity of the head and of the tip of each nail?
Experiment N o . 15 It is the purpose of this experiment to demonstrate that a magnet is able to affect the space surrounding it, creating what is known as a magnetic "field" or a magnetic "aura." Materials:
Horseshoe magnet (D).
Iron filings (B).
Sheet of paper (C).
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Unit Number One
Page Fifteen
Experiment No. 15 (Continued) Procedure: Place the horseshoe magnet on the table upon a flat sheet of paper. (Remove the keeper). Now, very carefully, sprinkle the iron filings upon the sheet of paper close to and around the entire magnet. Note the pattern which is produced by the filings, as they are aligned under the in fluence of the magnetic force. Tap the paper slightly with your fingers to make the pattern more distinct. (See figure 10) Results:
The illustration, as provided in figure 10, shows the characteristic pattern which the iron filings form. This shows that a magnet is able to affect the empty space sur rounding it.
Question:
Would there be any change in the pattern formed if the poles of the horseshoe magnet were reversed? Why not?
Experiment No. 1$ It is the purpose of this experiment to determine the magnetic field or aura of a small bar magnet. Materials:
Small steel bar (R). Horseshoe magnet (D). Iron filings (B). Sheet of paper (C). Magnetoscope of experiment 6. Pen and ink.
Procedure: Magnetize the small steel bar by means of the method of frictional contact of experiment k, using the horseshoe magnet. Set up the Magnetoscope, described in experiment 6, and determine the polarities of the ends of the small steel bar, using the method of experiment 8. Write the name of the proper polarity upon each end of the steel bar, using ink. Now place the magnetized bar upon the table and proceed exactly in the same manner as in experiment 14. Place the bar upon a sheet of paper and very carefully sprinkle the iron filings upon the sheet, covering the entire region around the bar magnet. Tap the paper with your fingers and note the pattern which is being formed by the iron filings which surround the magnet. Results:
The pattern which is produced will be similar to that il lustrated by the dotted lines in figure 11.
Question:
How will the direction of the earth’s magnetic field influ ence the pattern which is produced by the magnet alone?
Experiment No. 17 The purpose of this experiment is to study the various types of magnet ic fields (auras) produced by the combination of two magnetized steel bars .
AMORC Laboratoriura
Unit Number One
-CPage Sixteen
Experiment N o . 17 (Continued) Materials:
Same as in experiment 16. bar (R) will be required.
In addition, another small steel
Procedure: Magnetize the second small steel bar and determine its polarities by the same methods used in experiment 1 6 . Write the name of the proper polarity upon each end of the steel bar. Now look at figures 12a to 12g. On these dia grams you will note seven combinations in which the two small steel bars may be placed upon the sheet of paper. For each of these seven cases place the magnets upon a sheet of paper in their proper positions (observe the cor rect polarities). Sprinkle the iron filings carefully upon the sheet of paper in the space surrounding the magnets. Tap the paper with your finger and observe the patterns which are produced. Make a pencil sketch of each of the magnetic fields. Results:
A few of the various patterns which are formed are indi cated in figure 12 by the dotted lines. They indicate how the space surrounding the magnets is affected by the aura of the magnets.
Ques tion:
How do your pencil sketches compare with the illustrations provided in the Rosicrucian Manual? (Look up the chapter dealing with "The Magnet"). Carefully note any difference between your sketches and these illustrations. If any dif ferences do occur then they are due to the fact that the poles of your magnets have different strengths than the mag nets used in the illustrations. Another factor influencing the patterns is the distance between the two magnets. Place the magnets at different distances from one another and observe the changes which are produced in the patterns, although the basic designs will remain the same.
Experiment No. 18 The object of this experiment is to demonstrate the fundamental princi ples of electromagnetism. Materials:
1 l/2 volt dry cell. Wire (S). Nail (K). Paper with iron filings (C and B ) . 3 pieces or cardboard (T).
Part 1 Object:
The object of this experiment is to show that an electric current generates a magnetic field.
Procedure : Test the nail, to make certain that it is not magnetized, by dipping it into the iron filings. Wrap the wire around the nail so that the coils formed by the wire cover approx imately 3/4 of the nail. Remove the insulation from the two ends of the wire. Now connect the ends of the wire to
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-0-
Page Seventeen
Experiment No. _18 (Continued) the two poles of the 1 1/2 volt dry cell. Dip the tip of the nail into the iron filings. (See figure 13.) Result:
It is observed that the iron filings now cling to the tip of the nail, showing that the nail has become an electro magnet. Note also that the wire becomes hot. Be careful not to burn your fingers! Disconnect the wire from the nail. Observe that the nail possesses retentivity.
Part 2 Object:
The object of this experiment is to obtain a picture of the magnetic field produced by an electric current when flowing through a straight piece of wire.
Procedure: Unwrap the wire from the nail. Straighten the wire. Using the nail, puncture a hole through the center of a piece of cardboard and pierce the straight wire through this hole. Connect the ends of the wire to the two poles of the dry cell. (See figure 14.) Make sure that the wire forms a large rectangle, the longest side of which passes through the cardboard. Place a sheet of paper upon the table, underneath the piece of cardboard. Holding the piece of cardboard half way up, sprinkle a very thin layer of iron filings upon the piece of cardboard. Tap the cardboard with your fingers and observe the pattern which is formed around the wire. Result:
It is observed that the iron filings arrange themselves in circles, with the wire located at their common centers.
Part 3 Object:
The object of this experiment is to determine the magnetic field which is obtained when an electric current flows through a circular loop.
Procedure:
Pierce the wire through two points of a piece of cardboard, (about one inch apart). Arrange the wire so that it forms a circle, half of which is located above the cardboard, the other half being located below. (See figure 15) Place a sheet of paper upon the table, underneath your magnet. Conr nect the ends of the wire to the poles of the dry cell. Sprinkle iron filings upon the cardboard, proceeding as in part 2. Observe the pattern which is formed by the filings.
Results:
The pattern which is formed is indicated by the dotted lines in figure 15• It is seen that an electric current flowing through a circular coil produces a magnetic field which is the same as that produced by a single bar magnet, one of the poles being located on the right side of the coil, the other pole being located on the left side of the coil. In other words the magnetic field due to an electric
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Eighteen
Experiment N o . 18 (Continued) current flowing through a circular coil is identical with that of a bar magnet placed at the center of the coil, its axis being perpendicular to the coil. Question:
By what method could you determine the polarities of the right side and the left side of the coil? Try it.
Part 4 Object:
The object of this experiment is to find the magnetic field produced by an electric current flowing through a solenoid. (Note: A solenoid is an extended coil, consisting of sev eral windings, equally spaced. See figure 16.)
Procedure:
Consider figure 16. Puncture eight holes into the piece of cardboard, in two rows of four holes each. Thread the wire through these holes in such a manner that the wire forms an extended coil, the windings being spaced at equal distances from one another. Such an extended coil is called as "solenoid." Repeat the procedure of part 3* us~ ing this coil.
Result:
The pattern formed by the iron filings is indicated by the dotted lines in figure Id . It follows that a solenoid is equivalent in its effects to a bar magnet, one pole being located at one end of the solenoid, while the other pole Is located at the opposite end of the magnet.
Question:
How could you determine the magnetic polarities of each end of the solenoid? Try this experiment.
MJ-86a-ll49
Unit Number One
AMORC Laboratorium
-CPage One
Prepared By The Rosicrucian Order, AMORC EXPERIMENTS IN MAGNETISM Preliminary Instructions. You will find accompanying these instructions as a supplement, a com plete list of all equipment supplied in this laboratorium. Included with the supplement you will also find a list of illustrations, which provide pictorial representations of the various items and the equip ment. Before you commence with your experiments check over this list and make certain that you are well acquainted with the appearance of the various objects. This procedure will avoid later misunderstandings. The materials supplied have been carefully checked by our laboratory staff before they were placed into the laboratorium. You will note that in addition to the articles supplied you, it will be necessary for you to obtain a large glass or porcelain bowl, filled with water, and a few other items. These materials were not included because they are either available in your home or are easily purchased at your local store at a very small cost. Another reason why we did not include them is that their inclusion would have raised the price of packing and shipping. It has been our aim to provide you with your laboratorium at the lowest possible cost. After you have checked your equipment and have become quite familiar with it, read the Introduction on pages two, three, and four. This con cise introduction will acquaint you with the fundamental laws and prin ciples of magnetism, most of which you will be verifying in your exper iments . As soon as you have completed your study of the Introduction you will be well prepared to commence with your experiments. For a workbench select a large steady wooden table. Remove from this table all metal lic objects which might disturb your experiments by their magnetism. It is suggested that your working table should be absolutely empty be fore you start. Place the items which you require upon this table. There should be no other objects upon it aside from your materials and these instructions. This procedure will aid you in keeping system and order. Before you commence any experiment, first read through the en tire text pertaining to the experiment which you intend to perform, so that you are thoroughly familiar w^ith the procedure. Obtain a small notebook into which you can record your observations for future refer ence . A.t the end of most experiments you will find a list of questions. These questions have been added to stimulate your thinking. DO NOT SEND THE ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS TO THE GRAND LODGE. The instructions pro vided with this laboratorium are complete. The purchase of this lab oratorium does not carry with it any privilege of writing for further information. However, if you should desire such information, send such a question to the librarian of the Rosicrucian Research Library, who will answer you, subject to the procedure and nominal charge estab lished for this purpose.
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Two
When you have completed an experiment you will find it helpful to re place the various objects into their envelopes, unless they are needed in the following experiment. Remember the Rosicrucian Law: "System and Order." Study the various laws and principles of magnetism, as stated in your Monographs. You will find the indexes, supplied by the Rosicrucian Supply Bureau, of great help in locating this information. Also read the article "The Magnet" in the Rosicrucian Manual. This will provide additional help in your magnetic studies. INTRODUCTION The study of magnetic phenomena is of special importance to us as Rosicrucians, because they visually demonstrate in the simplest possible manner the behavior of objects which are in a polarized condition. It is the fact that a polarized object is able to affect the space sur rounding it, creating what is known as a "field of force" or "aura," which makes such phenomena, worthy of our special attention and study. It is for this reason that the AMORC LABORATORIUM No. 1 is devoted to the study of magnetism. As an introduction to the various experiments which the student is to perform we state, with extreme brevity, the fundamental laws of magnetism. It can be shown that certain substances such as iron, cobalt, nickel, and some of their ores and alloys have the power of attracting other small pieces of the same substances. This force of attraction, requir ing apparently no material medium through which to act, is called a "magnetic" force; and the objects which are capable of exerting such a force are called "magnetic" objects, or simply "magnets." Substances which can be magnetized, using proper procedures, are also called "fer romagnetic." A ferromagnetic substance is a substance which is strong ly attracted by a magnet. It also shows the property commonly known as "retentivity." This is the ability of a magnetized substance to retain its magnetism. There are other kinds of magnetism beside ferromagnetism. But these oth er types are too weak to be observable under ordinary conditions, and we shall not be concerned with their properties in this brief introduction. When a magnet is examined it is found that its magnetic properties (its ability to attract) are concentrated at definite regions or centers of the magnet. These regions are called the "poles" of the magnet. Every magnet possesses at least two poles. When a magnet is suspended by a string so that it can swing freely then it will be observed that it moves in such a manner that the line be tween its strongest poles is approximately parallel to the geographic north-south direction. No matter how the magnet is moved, it will always swing back into this alignment. That pole of the magnet which points toward the geographic north pole is called the "north-seeking" pole, or the "north pole," while the other pole of the magnet is called the "south-seeking" pole or the "south pole." Due to the fact that a
-cAMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
Page Three
magnet, when allowed to swing freely, will always align itself along the same direction, it may be used as a compass. The north and south poles of a magnet are of equal strength. When any magnet is broken into two pieces, then each part becomes a complete mag net, having a north pole and a south pole. No one has ever been able to discover or produce a magnet with only a single pole. This fact has led to the theory that each of the molecules, of which a ferromagnetic substance is composed, may be considered as being a very small elemen tary magnet. When a ferromagnetic substance is in an unmagnetized state, all these elementary magnets are oriented at random, thus neu tralizing their effects, while in a magnetized object these elementary magnets are all oriented along the same direction; that is, all north poles are pointing together, and similarly for the south poles. It has been mentioned above that every magnet possesses two distinct polarities: a north pole and a south pole. Usually these poles are located near the ends of the magnet, but that is not always necessary. The magnetic poles obey the fundamental law of polarities, which is: Unlike polarities attract; like polarities repel one another. Using this law the polarities of an unknown magnet may be tested and deter mined by observing the attractions or repulsions which occur when this unknown magnet is brought into the neighborhood of a second magnet, the polarities of which are known. There are three methods by means of which an unmagnetized ferromagnetic substance may be magnetized. These methods are (1) by frictional con tact (see experiment 4), (2 ) by the method of magnetic induction (see experiment 14), (3) by means of an electric current (see experiment H8 ). For a description of these methods consult the experiment indicated within the brackets. In each of these methods a magnet is created which possesses two distinct poles. Iron and steel are the only two common substances which are ferromag netic and thus attracted by a magnet. Certain kinds of ferromagnetic substances are able to retain their magnetism and become permanent mag nets. The ability of a substance to retain its magnetism is called the "retentivity." Soft iron has a low retentivity; steel possesses a high retentivity. A magnetic force is able to act through many substances, such as paper, cardboard, or glass. However, iron acts as an effective magnetic screen if it completely encloses the substance which is to be screened. Each magnet is able to affect the space surrounding it and subject any other ferromagnetic substance to its influence. Thus a magnet creates what is called a magnetic "field" or an "aura." When iron filings are sprinkled around a magnet these filings align themselves under the ac tion of the magnetic field, affording in this manner a very clear ob jective picture of the magnetic field. Various combinations of magnets will produce different types of fields. Pictures of such fields are provided In this manual and also in the Rosicrucian Manual. They also afford interesting pictures, showing how the aura due to one magnet may be modified by the presence of a second magnet.
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-c-
Page Pour
There are three ways in which the magnetism of an object may be de stroyed: (1) extreme heat, (2) great mechanical strains and jars, and (3) the application of an alternating current. It is the last method which is commercially used in demagnetizing objects. This concludes the brief introduction into the laws and principles of magnetism. For further study the student should consult any textbook on general physics, where he will find much additional information which will be of interest to him in his Rosicrucian studies. OUTLINE OF EXPERIMENTS Experiment No. 1 It Is the purpose of this experiment to demonstrate that (a) a lodestone has the power to attract small pieces of iron, (b) the magnetic force is concentrated at certain definite regions of the lodestone, called the "poles." Materials:
Large sheet of paper. Iron filings. Lodestone. (See A, B, and C on pictorial list for illustrations of equipment.)
Procedure:
Place a large sheet of paper upon the table. Open the bottle which contains the iron filings and spread two tea spoonfuls of the filings upon the sheet of paper. Now take the lodestone and immerse it completely within the iron filings, so that all of its sides are touched and nearly covered with the filings. Remove the lodestone and inspect it carefully.
Results:
You will note that the iron filings stick to the lodestone, demonstrating that such a stone has the property to attract small pieces of iron. At the same time you will observe that the filings cling more densely to certain spots of the stone than to others. This demonstrates that this force of attraction, or "magnetic" force, is concentrated at defi nite regions. These regions are called the "poles" of the magne t .
Questions:
1.
How many poles does your lodestone possess?
2.
What are the directions in which the various particles of iron point? Do these various directions provide ad ditional clues as to the nature of the magnetic force?
Note :
When you have completed this experiment scrape the iron filings from the lodestone and pour all the iron filings back into the bottle, to be used in future experiments.
s/iy Experiment No. 2
It is the purpose of this second experiment to demonstrate that when a lodestone is suspended freely then it will rotate into such a position that its strongest poles will line themselves up along the geographic
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Five
Experiment N o . 2 (Continued) north-south direction. or a magnetic compass. Materials:
The lodestone thus serves as a "leading stone"
Lodestone. Sheet of paper with iron filings. String. White sheet of paper. Pen and ink. (See A, B, C, F on pictorial illustration sheet for pictures of the equipment.)
Procedure: Draw a straight line upon a sheet of paper--about four inches long. Mark one end of the line "North" and the other end "South." Determine the geographic north-south direction in your room. Then place the sheet of paper which you have pre pared so that the line drawn upon it coincides with the geographic north-south direction. Next dip the lodestone into the iron filings. This will provide you with a clear indication of the location of its poles. (See experiment 1) Fasten a string around the lodestone. The string should be so tied around the stone that the strongest poles are hori zontal and remain so. (See figure 1, Experiment Illustra tions) Hold the free end of the string with your hand, about half way up. Let the stone hang freely from the string above the north-south line which you have just drawn. Make certain that the stone does not touch any object and also be sure that no other magnetic objects are located in the vicinity of the stone. Results:
You will observe that the stone will line itself up along a definite direction. Note the location of the strongest poles. Turn the stone slightly and observe that it will swing back into its former position.
Questions:
1.
How does the direction of your north-south line on the paper agree with the position of the strongest poles?
2.
Where are the weak poles located?
3.
How could you construct a compass, using this arrange ment?
Note :
When you have completed this experiment scrape the iron filings from the lodestone and pour all iron filings back into the bottle.
Experiment No. 3 The purpose of this experiment is to find the poles and the neutral region of a horseshoe magnet. Materials:
Sheet of paper. Iron filings. Horseshoe magnet. (See D, B, C on pictorial list of equipment.)
-cAMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
Page Six
Experiment No. _3 (Continued) Procedure:
Place a sheet of paper upon the table. Open the bottle containing the iron filings and spread the filing upon the pape r . Remove the horseshoe magnet from its wrapper. Remove the small cross bar (also called the "keeper"), which protects its ends. Immerse the magnet completely--all sides and ends--in the ix’on filings. Pick up the magnet with the filings clinging to it and in spect it carefully.
Results:
You will observe that the filings cling firmly to the two ends of the magnet. These are the two centers of magnetic attraction of the magnet and are called the "poles." You will also note that practically no filings cling around the curved part of the magnet. This region is called the "neu tral region" of the magnet. This experiment demonstrates that the poles of a horseshoe magnet are located at its ends and that there is no magnet ic force of attraction at the center of the magnet.
Question
Note:
1.
How could you use the horseshoe magnet as a compass?
2.
Why is it not practical to use it as a compass?
When you have completed the experiment, remove the filings from the magnet and return them to the bottle.
'/Experiment No. 4 The purpose of this experiment is to show how an unmagnetized object, made of steel, may be magnetized by frictional contact. Materials:
Paper with iron filings. Horseshoe magnet. One unmagne tized steel needle. (See C, B, D, E on illustration sheet of equipment.)
Procedure:
Remove the steel needle from the package, and immerse its full length into the iron filings. Observe that the fil ings will not cling to the needle, demonstrating that it is not magnetized. Now place the needle upon the table. Take the horseshoe magnet (remove the keeper) and, holding it in your hand, place one of the poles upon the end of the needle. (See figure 2, of experiment illustrations) Nrv rub the pole along the needle until you reach the needle*s other end. Make certain that only one pole of the horseshoe magnet touches the needle.
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-c-
Page Seven
Experiment N o . 4 (Continued) Remove the horseshoe magnet from the needle, and place the pole back where you first touched the needle. Rub the needle once more. Repeat this procedure, rubbing the steel needle with the same pole of the horseshoe magnet and always rubbing in the same direction. Do NOT,rub the needle back and forth. Repeat this procedure for approximately ten minutes. Now cover the steel needle with the iron filings. Remove the needle and inspect it carefully. Results:
You will observe that the filings cling to the two ends of the needle. This demonstrates that the needle has become magnetized and that it now possesses two poles, one at each end. You will also observe that there is a neutral region between the two poles.
Question:
What would occur if the needle were rubbed with both poles of the magnet touching it simultaneously?
Note :
Upon completion of the experiment, remove the iron filings from the needle.
Experiment No. 5 The purpose of this experiment is to locate the North and South poles of a magnet. Materials:
Magnetized steel needle of experiment 4.. Wooden block. Copper staple. String. Two small paper squares, one blue, the other red. Pen and ink. Nail. Sheet of paper, with a pencil line, marked "North-South," prepared in experiment 2. (See E, G-, H, F, I, J, K, C of pictorial list of equip ment .)
Procedure:
With pen and ink mark the blue paper square on both sides with the capital letter "N" and also mark the red square with the capital letter "S." Pierce two small holes through the top of the squares so that they may be attached to the steel needle. (See figure 3) Take the copper staple and push it firmly into the top of the wooden block. (See figure 4) Again determine the geographic north-south direction in your room. Place the sheet of paper upon which you have drawn the pencil line (See experiment 2) upon the table in such a manner that the line drawn upon the paper coincides with the geographic north-south direction. Now pierce the magnetized needle lengthwise through the wooden block until the block is situated at the center of the needle. Fasten a string to the staple and hold this
-cAMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
Page Seven
Experiment No. 4 (Continued) Remove the horseshoe magnet from the needle, and place the pole back where you first touched the needle. Rub the needle once more. Repeat this procedure, rubbing the steel needle with the same pole of the horseshoe magnet and always rubbing in the same direction. Do NOT,rub the needle back and forth. Repeat this procedure for approximately ten minutes. Now cover the steel needle with the iron filings. Remove the needle and inspect it carefully. Results:
You will observe that the filings cling to the two ends of the needle. This demonstrates that the needle has become magnetized and that it now possesses two poles, one at each end. You will also observe that there is a neutral region between the two poles.
Question:
What would occur if the needle were rubbed with both poles of the magnet touching it simultaneously?
Note :
Upon completion of the experiment, remove the iron filings from the needle.
Experiment No. The purpose of this experiment is to locate the North and South poles of a magnet. Materials:
Magnetized steel needle of experiment 4. Wooden block. Copper staple. String. Two small paper squares, one blue, the other red. Pen and ink. Nail. Sheet of paper, with a pencil line, marked "North-South," prepared in experiment 2. (See E, G-, H, F, I, J, K, C of pictorial list of equip ment .)
Procedure:
With pen and ink mark the blue paper square on both sides with the capital letter "N" and also mark the red square with the capital letter "S." Pierce two small holes through the top of the squares so that they may be attached to the steel needle. (See figure 3) Take the copper staple and push it firmly into the top of the wooden block. (See figure 4.) Again determine the geographic north-south direction in your room. Place the sheet of paper upon which you have drawn the pencil line (See experiment 2) upon the table in such a manner that the line drawn upon the paper coincides with the geographic north-south direction. Now pierce the magnetized needle lengthwise through the wooden block until the block is situated at the center of the needle. Fasten a string to the staple and hold this
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Eight
Experiment No. J2 (Continued) string in such a manner that the needle may move freely in space. Push the needle back and forth in the block until the needle swings horizontally. Hold the string in your hand and let the needle swing freely in space. Results;
You will observe that the needle lines itself up along the geographic north-south direction. The pole which is point ing toward the geographic north is called the "north-seek ing ," or north pole. The pole which is pointing toward the geographic south is called the "south-seeking," or south pole. Attach the blue square, marked "N" to the north pole of the needle, and attach the red label, marked "s" to the south pole of the needle. (See figure 5)
Questions;
1.
What is the magnetic polarity of the geographic north pole?
2.
Does the geographic north pole coincide with the cor responding magnetic pole? (Hint; use the law of polarity, experiment 7 .)
Note:
After the experiment has been completed remove the string from the staple.
Experiment No. 6 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that the north and south poles of a magnet are of equal strength. Materials;
Large bowl with water. Use the same magnetized steel needle, with labels and cork, just used in experiment 5 .
Procedure:
Remove the string from the staple. Float the magnetized needle with its wooden block in a nonmetallic (glass or porcelain, rubber) bowl of water. Make certain that the needle does not touch the edges of the container. Use a container large enough for needle to turn in. Have a depth of water of at least two inches.
Results:
Observe that the needle lines itself up along the geograph ic north-south direction. Thus, in this arrangement the needle serves as a simple magnetic compass. Also observe that the needle, once it has assumed the north-south direction remains perfectly quiet. This proves that the magnetic force which acts upon the north pole is equal to the magnetic force acting upon the south pole. The needle is perfectly balanced. Hence it follows that the north pole and the south pole of a magnet are equal in strength.
Questions;
<1.
What would occur if, for some reason, the north pole of the needle were stronger than its south pole?
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
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Page Nine
Experiment N o . 6 (Continued) 2.
Note:
Bring the end of the steel needle near the wall of the bowl. Do you observe an attraction between bowl and needle? Is this attraction due to cohesion, or is it due to adhesion?
This arrangement of the needle floating in the bowl of water will serve as an indicator of magnetism in future experiments. Such an arrangement is also called a "Mag netoscope." This arrangement will be used in experiments 7, 8, 10, l6, and 17.
Experiment N o . 7 The purpose of this experiment is to verify the fundamental law of po larity: Like polarities repel; unlike polarities attract one another. Materials:
Magnetoscope of experiment 6. (Magnetized needle with labelled polarities, floating within a bowl of water.) Un magnetized steel needle (E). Tw o paper squares (I, J), one blue, the other red. Wooden block (G). Copper staple (H). Pen and ink. String (F). (The capital letters placed in parenthesis refer to the pictorial list of illustrations.)
Procedure:
Magnetize the second steel needle, using the method of experiment 4. Pierce the needle through the wooden block to which a staple has been attached and determine the needle’s north and south poles, following the procedure of experiment 5* Attach a label, marked "N" and another marked "S" to the proper poles of the needle. Follow the method outlined in experiment 5. Remove the string and the staple. You now possess two magnetized steel needles, the polarities of which have been determined. Approach the south pole of the floating magnetic needle with the north pole of the other steel needle. Note the result. (See figure 6.) Approach the north pole of the floating magnet with the north pole of the steel needle. Note the result.
Results:
Observe that when the south pole of approached by the north pole of the fests an attraction between the two strates the first law of polarity: tract one another.
the floating magnet is steel needle there mani poles. This demon Unlike polarities at
Also observe that when the north pole of the floating magnet is approached by the north pole of the steel needle, then the two poles tend to move apart. This proves the second law of polarity: Like polarities repel one an other .
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Ten
Experiment No. 7 (Continued) Questions:
1.
What should occur if the north pole of the floating magnet is approached by the south pole of the other steel needle?
2.
Verify your conclusion by the proper experiment.
Experiment No, 8 The purpose of this experiment is to find the north and the south pole of the horseshoe magnet, using the law of polarities. Materials:
Magnetized steel needle, properly labelled, floating within a bowl of water (Magnetoscope of experiment 6). Horseshoe magnet (D). Pen and ink.
Procedure:
Set up the magnetoscope, as described in experiment 6. Take the horseshoe magnet and approach the north pole of the floating magnet with one of the poles of the horseshoe magnet. Observe whether an attraction occurs, or whether there manifests a repulsion. Pierce the needle through the wooden block to which a staple has been attached and determine the needle's north and south poles, following the procedure of experiment 5 . Attach a label, marked "N" and another marked "S" to the proper poles of the needle. Follow the method outlined in experiment 5* Remove the string and the staple. You now possess two magnetized steel needles, the polarities of which have been determined. Approach the south pole of the floating magnetic needle with the north pole of the other steel needle. Note the result. (See figure 6.) Approach the north pole of the floating magnet with the north pole of the steel needle. Note the result.
Results:
Observe that when the south pole of the floating magnet is approached by the north pole of the steel needle there manifests an attraction between the two poles. This dem onstrates the first law of polarity: Unlike polarities at tract one another. Also observe that when the north pole of the floating mag net is approached by the north pole of the steel needle, then the two poles tend to move apart. This proves the second law of polarity: Like polarities repel one another.
Questions:
1.
What should occur if the north pole of the floating magnet is approached by the south pole of the other steel needle?
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Eleven
Experiment N o . 8 (Continued) 2.
Verify your conclusion by the proper experiment.
Experiment N o . 9 The purpose of this experiment is to find the north and the south pole of the horseshoe magnet, using the law of polarities. Materials: Magnetized steel needle, properly labelled, floating within a bowl of water (Magnetoscope of experiment 6). Horseshoe magnet (D). Pen and ink. Procedure:
Set up the magnetoscope, as described in experiment 6. Take the horseshoe magnet and approach the north pole of the floating magnet with one of the poles of the horseshoe magnet. Observe whether an attraction occurs, or whether there manifests a repulsion.
Results:
If there occurs an attraction, then the pole of the horse shoe magnet under consideration is a south pole. If a repulsion occurs then the pole of the horseshoe magnet is a north pole. Write the name of the proper polarity with ink upon each pole of the horseshoe magnet. Repeat the experiment, using the other pole of the horse shoe magnet.
Experiment No. 10 To show that when a magnet is broken into two parts, then each part be comes a complete magnet, having two opposite poles. Materials: Unmagnetized steel needle (e ). Paper with iron filings (B). Horseshoe magnet (D). Floating magnet of experiment 6. '(Magnetoscope). Procedure: Magnetize the steel needle by the method of frictional con tact of experiment 4. Locate its north and south poles by means of the method of experiment 9. Verify that it possesses a neutral region in the center by dipping it into the iron filings on the paper. Iron fil ings will be found to cling to the ends of the needle but not to the middle. Now carefully break the needle into two parts. Place both halves of the needle into the iron filings and note that each half now possesses two poles. Determine the nature of each of the four poles by means of the method of experiment 9.
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Twelve
Experiment No. 10 (Continued) Result:
It is seen that when a magnet is broken into two parts each part becomes a complete magnet, having a north pole and a south pole. No one has ever been able to construct a mag net with only a single pole.
Questions:
1.
What would occur if each of the two new magnets were broken into two parts? Perform this experiment.
2.
Imagine that this process of breaking a magnet into two parts is repeated over and over' again. If this were done we would finally arrive at the smallest magnetic unit of which any magnetic substance is composed. You might visualize it as being a polarized molecule, hav ing a north and a south pole. When a magnetic substance is magnetized, all the north poles of the molecular magnets point in the same direction, while all south poles point in the opposite direction. Draw a picture of a magnetized steel bar and show why the magnetic force is apparently concentrated at the ends of the magnet, and why there is a neutral region in the center.
Experiment No. 11 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that extreme heat de stroys the magnetic force. Materials: Magnetizes steel needle (E). Paper with iron filings (C and B) . Needle holder (L). Wire frame (M). Gas burner (or any device producing a hot flame). Procedure: Remove the colored labels from the magnetized steel needle prepared in experiment 7• Also remove the wooden block. Place this needle into the needle holder so that the holder is at the center of the needle. Using the holder, heat the needle in a gas flame until the entire needle becomes red hot. (See figure 7A). (Be EXTREMELY careful not to burn yourself or your clothes!!). As soon as the needle becomes red hot on one side, turn the needle around until the other side becomes red hot. It is not necessary that the entire needle is red hot at any one time. Remove the needle from the flame and place the needle with its holder upon the wire frame. (See figure 7B). Allow the needle to cool for at least 1 5 minutes. After the needle has completely cooled, place It into the iron filings and see whether they cling to either pole. If the needle still exhibits any residual magnetism it shows that the needle was not heated long enough. Results:
It will be observed that the magnetism of the steel needle has completely disappeared. Thus it follows that the application of heat is one method used to demagnetize an object.
-cAMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
Page Thirteen
Experiment No. 3_1 (Continued) Question:
What are some of the other methods commonly used to demag netize objects?
Experiment No. 12 The purpose of this experiment is to show that iron and steel are the only two common materials that are attracted by a magnet. Materials: Horseshoe magnet (D). wood, and glass (N).
Small pieces of iron, steel, copper,
Procedure:
Place the pieces listed above in a row upon the table. Ap proach each piece in turn with one of the poles of the horseshoe magnet, after having removed the keeper. Observe whether any attractions are produced.
Results:
The only two objects which are attracted by the magnet are steel and iron. The others are not magnetic.
Experiment No. 13 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that a magnetic force is able to act through many substances. Materials:
Horseshoe magnet (D). Paper with iron filings (B and C). Sheets of paper (C) and of cardboard (0). Thin glass plate (P).
Procedure:
Sprinkle some iron filings upon a sheet of paper. Next cut a small sheet of paper about 2 inches square and place it over the poles of the horseshoe magnet after removing its keeper. Hold this combination of magnet and paper over the iron filings so that the paper lies between the iron fil ings and the poles of the magnet. The paper must touch the poles and be close to the filings. Look beneath the top paper and observe that the filings cling to the paper at the regions of the magnetic poles. Repeat this experiment, using the sheet of cardboard and also the thin glass plate.
Results:
It is observed that the magnetic force is able to penetrate the sheet of paper, cardboard and the thin glass plate.
Ques tion:
What would occur if a thin sheet of iron were used instead of the paper? Try it.
Experiment No. 14 The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that an unmagnetized piece of iron or steel, when placed into contact with a magnet, will itself become a magnet. Materials:
Horseshoe magnet (D). Three small nails (q ). iron filings (C and B). Large nail (K).
Paper with
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Fourteen
Experiment N o . 14 (Continued) Part 1 Procedure:
Attach the large nail to the horseshoe magnet in the manner indicated in figure 8a. Pour some iron filings upon a sheet of paper and dip the tip of the nail (still attached to the magnet) into the filings.
Results:
You will observe that the filings cling to the tip of the nail. (See figure 8b). Shake the nail and magnet (togeth er) vigorously and note that the filings continue to cling to the nail. Now remove the nail from the magnet. Shake the nail. You will observe that the filings now drop to the ground, demonstrating the nail now has lost its magnetism.
Part 2 Procedure:
Test the three small nails by dipping them into the iron filings, to make certain that they are not magnetized,. Then place the three small nail3 in a row so that the tip of one nail touches the head of the succeeding nail. Place one pole of the horseshoe magnet in contact with the head end of the row. Slide the horseshoe magnet backward. (See figure 9)•
Results:
Observe that the magnet is able to pull the entire row of nails, like a locomotive pulling a train. Lift the magnet from the table and note that the nails still cling to the magnet, forming a hanging chain. Shake the magnet slightly and observe that the chain will persist. This shows that the nails have become magnetic under the influence of the horseshoe magnet.
Note:
This method of magnetization is also called "magnetization by induction." A very strong magnet is required for a suc cessful experiment. It will also be observed that some of the nails will retain some of their magnetism when the horseshoe magnet has been removed. This property of a substance to retain some of its magnetism is called its "retentivity." Soft iron pos sesses only a small retentivity while steel possesses a large retentivity.
Questions:
1.
How could you determine the polarity of the nails?
2.
What would be the magnetic polarity of the head and of the tip of each nail?
Experiment N o . 15 It is the purpose of this experiment to demonstrate that a magnet is able to affect the space surrounding it, creating what is known as a magnetic "field" or a magnetic "aura." Materials:
Horseshoe magnet (D).
Iron filings (B).
Sheet of paper (C).
-cAMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
Page Fifteen
Experiment No. 15 (Continued) Procedure: Place the horseshoe magnet on the table upon a flat sheet of paper. (Remove the keeper). Now, very carefully, sprinkle the iron filings upon the sheet of paper close to and around the entire magnet. Note the pattern which is produced by the filings, as they are aligned under the in fluence of the magnetic force. Tap the paper slightly with your fingers to make the pattern more distinct. (See figure 10) Results:
The illustration, as provided in figure 10, shows the characteristic pattern which the iron filings form. This shows that a magnet is able to affect the empty space sur rounding it.
Question:
Would there be any change in the pattern formed if the poles of the horseshoe magnet were reversed? Why not?
Experiment No. 1$ It is the purpose of this experiment to determine the magnetic field or aura of a small bar magnet. Materials:
Small steel bar (R). Horseshoe magnet (D). Iron filings (B). Sheet of paper (C). Magnetoscope of experiment 6. Pen and ink.
Procedure: Magnetize the small steel bar by means of the method of frictional contact of experiment k, using the horseshoe magnet. Set up the Magnetoscope, described in experiment 6, and determine the polarities of the ends of the small steel bar, using the method of experiment 8. Write the name of the proper polarity upon each end of the steel bar, using ink. Now place the magnetized bar upon the table and proceed exactly in the same manner as in experiment 14. Place the bar upon a sheet of paper and very carefully sprinkle the iron filings upon the sheet, covering the entire region around the bar magnet. Tap the paper with your fingers and note the pattern which is being formed by the iron filings which surround the magnet. Results:
The pattern which is produced will be similar to that il lustrated by the dotted lines in figure 11.
Question:
How will the direction of the earth’s magnetic field influ ence the pattern which is produced by the magnet alone?
Experiment No. 17 The purpose of this experiment is to study the various types of magnet ic fields (auras) produced by the combination of two magnetized steel bars .
AMORC Laboratoriura
Unit Number One
-CPage Sixteen
Experiment N o . 17 (Continued) Materials:
Same as in experiment 16. bar (R) will be required.
In addition, another small steel
Procedure: Magnetize the second small steel bar and determine its polarities by the same methods used in experiment 1 6 . Write the name of the proper polarity upon each end of the steel bar. Now look at figures 12a to 12g. On these dia grams you will note seven combinations in which the two small steel bars may be placed upon the sheet of paper. For each of these seven cases place the magnets upon a sheet of paper in their proper positions (observe the cor rect polarities). Sprinkle the iron filings carefully upon the sheet of paper in the space surrounding the magnets. Tap the paper with your finger and observe the patterns which are produced. Make a pencil sketch of each of the magnetic fields. Results:
A few of the various patterns which are formed are indi cated in figure 12 by the dotted lines. They indicate how the space surrounding the magnets is affected by the aura of the magnets.
Ques tion:
How do your pencil sketches compare with the illustrations provided in the Rosicrucian Manual? (Look up the chapter dealing with "The Magnet"). Carefully note any difference between your sketches and these illustrations. If any dif ferences do occur then they are due to the fact that the poles of your magnets have different strengths than the mag nets used in the illustrations. Another factor influencing the patterns is the distance between the two magnets. Place the magnets at different distances from one another and observe the changes which are produced in the patterns, although the basic designs will remain the same.
Experiment No. 18 The object of this experiment is to demonstrate the fundamental princi ples of electromagnetism. Materials:
1 l/2 volt dry cell. Wire (S). Nail (K). Paper with iron filings (C and B ) . 3 pieces or cardboard (T).
Part 1 Object:
The object of this experiment is to show that an electric current generates a magnetic field.
Procedure : Test the nail, to make certain that it is not magnetized, by dipping it into the iron filings. Wrap the wire around the nail so that the coils formed by the wire cover approx imately 3/4 of the nail. Remove the insulation from the two ends of the wire. Now connect the ends of the wire to
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-0-
Page Seventeen
Experiment No. _18 (Continued) the two poles of the 1 1/2 volt dry cell. Dip the tip of the nail into the iron filings. (See figure 13.) Result:
It is observed that the iron filings now cling to the tip of the nail, showing that the nail has become an electro magnet. Note also that the wire becomes hot. Be careful not to burn your fingers! Disconnect the wire from the nail. Observe that the nail possesses retentivity.
Part 2 Object:
The object of this experiment is to obtain a picture of the magnetic field produced by an electric current when flowing through a straight piece of wire.
Procedure: Unwrap the wire from the nail. Straighten the wire. Using the nail, puncture a hole through the center of a piece of cardboard and pierce the straight wire through this hole. Connect the ends of the wire to the two poles of the dry cell. (See figure 14.) Make sure that the wire forms a large rectangle, the longest side of which passes through the cardboard. Place a sheet of paper upon the table, underneath the piece of cardboard. Holding the piece of cardboard half way up, sprinkle a very thin layer of iron filings upon the piece of cardboard. Tap the cardboard with your fingers and observe the pattern which is formed around the wire. Result:
It is observed that the iron filings arrange themselves in circles, with the wire located at their common centers.
Part 3 Object:
The object of this experiment is to determine the magnetic field which is obtained when an electric current flows through a circular loop.
Procedure:
Pierce the wire through two points of a piece of cardboard, (about one inch apart). Arrange the wire so that it forms a circle, half of which is located above the cardboard, the other half being located below. (See figure 15) Place a sheet of paper upon the table, underneath your magnet. Conr nect the ends of the wire to the poles of the dry cell. Sprinkle iron filings upon the cardboard, proceeding as in part 2. Observe the pattern which is formed by the filings.
Results:
The pattern which is formed is indicated by the dotted lines in figure 15• It is seen that an electric current flowing through a circular coil produces a magnetic field which is the same as that produced by a single bar magnet, one of the poles being located on the right side of the coil, the other pole being located on the left side of the coil. In other words the magnetic field due to an electric
AMORC Laboratorium
Unit Number One
-CPage Eighteen
Experiment N o . 18 (Continued) current flowing through a circular coil is identical with that of a bar magnet placed at the center of the coil, its axis being perpendicular to the coil. Question:
By what method could you determine the polarities of the right side and the left side of the coil? Try it.
Part 4 Object:
The object of this experiment is to find the magnetic field produced by an electric current flowing through a solenoid. (Note: A solenoid is an extended coil, consisting of sev eral windings, equally spaced. See figure 16.)
Procedure:
Consider figure 16. Puncture eight holes into the piece of cardboard, in two rows of four holes each. Thread the wire through these holes in such a manner that the wire forms an extended coil, the windings being spaced at equal distances from one another. Such an extended coil is called as "solenoid." Repeat the procedure of part 3* us~ ing this coil.
Result:
The pattern formed by the iron filings is indicated by the dotted lines in figure Id . It follows that a solenoid is equivalent in its effects to a bar magnet, one pole being located at one end of the solenoid, while the other pole Is located at the opposite end of the magnet.
Question:
How could you determine the magnetic polarities of each end of the solenoid? Try this experiment.
MJ-86a-ll49
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