Basic English Language Skills

Preface

__________________________________________________________ Let us be clear at the start what Basic English is. Basic English, also known as Simple English, is English made easy for people learning it as a second or foreign language. It consists of the very basic vocabulary, simple language in communication, overview of grammar, and introduction to reading and writing. In Basic English, the vocabulary is reduced and the rules of grammar are simplified. This manual, designed for the improvement of the Basic English Language Skills to the Cambodian teachers of Upper Secondary Schools, is divided into four parts. Part 1, Introduction to the Basic English Language, introduces the learners to the English alphabets, consonants and vowels. It also briefly explains the English Numbers and How to Count Them. English Language in Communication such as Talking about Mealtime, Talking about Family Members and Personality, Using the Different Types of Questions, and Basic English Conversations for daily activities such as Talking about the Times of the Day, Talking about the Days of the Week, and Talking about the Months and Seasons of the Year are also included in this part. Part 2, Introduction to Basic English in Communication, is comprised of the basic language for use in different situations and functions such as Greeting and Saying Goodbye; Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations; Expressing Needs and Feelings; Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use; Introducing Yourself and Other People; Arranging to Meet Someone; Asking for and Giving Information; Talking about Education and Interests; Applying for a Job; Using the Telephone; and At the Estate Agents. For the Introduction to Basic English Grammar, which covers an overview of Parts of Speech, Tenses, Conditional Sentences, and Reported Speech are to be briefly explained in Part 3. Finally, Part 4, Introduction to Basic English Reading and Writing, provides five intensive reading passages for learners to practice reading. This part also introduces the learners to two types of academic writing, namely descriptive and argumentative essays. In addition, writing informal and formal letters are also included in this part. It is strongly believed that this manual will be found highly useful as it will equip you to basically use and understand English in different situations and functions. I wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency.

National Technical Assistant,

_______________________ Dr. Neau Vira

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Acknowledgements

__________________________________________________________ I would like to particularly express my profound gratitude to Asian Development Bank (ADB) for providing technical and financial assistance to the development of this Basic English Language Skills Manual. My appreciation would also go to all ELT trainers, teachers, professors, and staff from all concerned institutions who worked hard and participated in the fulfillment of developing this manual for the improvement of the Basic English Language Skills for the Upper Secondary Schools Cambodian teachers. I will never forget to convey my thanks to all the Governments and people of friend countries, national and international organizations, private sectors, and all development partners and agencies, who always give attention to provide all kinds of spiritual, material and financial supports for the cause of socio-economic development of Cambodia, especially through the quality improvement, capacity building and human resource development of education sector, which is the most vital key to economic growth for poverty reduction of the Cambodian people. I firmly believe that all development partners will continue good cooperation and supports for the development of high quality educational services.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

__________________________________________________________ Pages Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Table of Contents

i ii iii iv

__________________________________________________________ Part 1

Introduction to the Basic English Language Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11

The English Alphabets, Consonants and Vowels The English Numbers and How to Count Them Talking about the Times of the Day Talking about the Days of the Week Talking about the Months of the Year Talking about Seasons of the Year Talking about Family Members and Personality Talking about Mealtime Understanding the Different Types of Questions Basic English Conversations for Daily Activities English Language in Communication

1 2 4 6 7 8 9 11 13 14 16 18

__________________________________________________________ Part 2

Introduction to Basic English in Communication

21

Lesson 1 Lesson 2

22

Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11

Greeting and Saying Goodbye Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations Expressing Needs and Feelings Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use Introducing Yourself and Other People Arranging to Meet Someone Asking for and Giving Information Talking about Education and Interests Applying for a Job Using the Telephone At the Estate Agents

23 24 25 26 28 29 31 32 33 34

__________________________________________________________ Part 3

Introduction to Basic English Grammar

35

Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5

36 39 41 43

Overview of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives Overview of Adverbs, Verbs and Prepositions Overview of Conjunctions and Interjections Overview of Present Simple and Present Continuous Overview of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

iv

44

Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11

Overview of Past Simple and Past Continuous Overview of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Overview of Future Simple and Future Continuous Overview of Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect Continuous Overview of Conditional Sentences Overview of Direct and Indirect Speech

46 48 49 51 53 55

__________________________________________________________ Part 4

Introduction to Basic English Reading and Writing

57

Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Lesson 5 Lesson 6 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Lesson 10 Lesson 11

58 60 62 64 66 68 70 71 73 76 79

You can live to be a hundred Five Ways to Prevent Cancer Smoking Tobacco is Suicide Exercise for Good Health Healthy Food for a Healthy Body Introduction to Academic Writing: Descriptive Essay Introduction to Academic Writing: Argumentative Essay Introduction to Writing Informal Letters Samples of Informal Letters Introduction to Writing Formal Letters Samples of Formal Letters

__________________________________________________________ References

81

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Part 1 Introduction to the Basic English Language

__________________________________________________________ Lessons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Topics The English Alphabets, Consonants and Vowels The English Numbers and How to Count Them Talking about the Times of the Day Talking about the Days of the Week Talking about the Months of the Year Talking about Seasons of the Year Talking about Family Members and Personality Talking about Mealtime Understanding the Different Types of Questions Basic English Conversations for Daily Activities English Language in Communication

__________________________________________________________

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Lesson 1 The English Alphabets, Consonants and Vowels

__________________________________________________________ The small letter is also called a lowercase letter, and the capital letter is sometimes called a big letter or uppercase letter. See the differences between the two written forms and with the help from your teacher, practice pronouncing them correctly. Also, translate each word in your own language. 1. The English Alphabets: Small and Capital Letters Small Letters a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Capital Letters A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Examples apple – Apple boy – Boy car – Car dog – Dog ear – Ear flag – Flag great – Great house – House insect – Insect joy – Joy kind – Kind light – Light magic – Magic night – Night orchestra – Orchestra people – People question – Question red – Red sure – Sure truck – Truck unique – Unique video – Video world – World explain – Explain year – Year zebra – Zebra

animal – Animal boss – Boss cow – Cow doll – Doll earn – Earn flower – Flower group – Group horse – Horse inside – Inside joke – Joke kid – Kid laugh – Laugh money – Money noon – Noon ocean – Ocean pilot – Pilot quiet – Quiet rose – Rose song – Song tree – Tree uniform – Uniform voice – Voice wish – Wish x-ray – X-ray yellow – Yellow zone – Zone

2. The English Consonants: Small and Capital Letters Small Letters b c d f g h j k l

Capital Letters B C D F G H J K L

As in ... beach – Beach car – Car design – Design fail – Fail grapefruit – Grapefruit hit – Hit magician – Magician key – Key library – Library

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design – Design fail – Fail grill – Grill hostage – Hostage jeep – Jeep kangaroo – Kangaroo lizard – Lizard

m n p q r s t v w x y z

M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z

money – Money noodle – Noodle nightmare – Nightmare potato – Potato play - Play question – Question queen - Queen reporter – Reporter rose – Rose safe – Safe seat – Seat tongue – Tongue toy – Toy violin – Violin volcano – Volcano waterfall – Waterfall watch – Watch explain – Explain yoke – Yoke yawn – Yawn zoo – Zoo zebra - Zebra

3. The English Vowels: Small and Capital Letters Small Letters a

Capital Letters A

e

E

i

I

o

O

u

U

As in ... animal – Animal ability – Ability ant – Ant aunt – Aunt abnormal – Abnormal east – East eel – Eel earn – Earn election – Election easy – Easy important – Important interesting – Interesting impolite – Impolite inform – Inform influence – Influence overnight – Overnight oversee – Oversee oversea – Oversea obey – Obey observe – Observe university – University unilateral – Unilateral unique – Unique umbrella – Umbrella united – United

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Lesson 2 The English Numbers and How to Count Them

__________________________________________________________ Counting is a necessary tool in the world of business and schooling. Even going shopping entails not just knowing what numbers stand for, but also knowing their word equivalents. In English Language, when talking about numbers, we normally and commonly refer to the cardinal and ordinal numbers. Cardinal numbers are the numbers we use for counting: one, two, three, four ... and so on. Ordinal Numbers are used to indicate position: first, second, third, fourth...and so on. For example, if ten students ran a race, we would say that the student that ran the fastest was in first place, the next student was in the second place, and so on. Symbols

Cardinal Numbers

Symbols

Ordinal Numbers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty

11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th

eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth

30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th

thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth one hundredth

one thousand one million

1,000th 1,000,000th

one thousandth one millionth

1000 and 1,000,000 1,000 1,000,000

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Notice how to read the following numbers Use 100 always with “a” or “one”. For example, a hundred or one hundred. Use 1,000 and 1,000,000 always with “a” or “one”. For example, a thousand or one thousand (1,000). Two hundred and one thousand (201,000). Use commas as a separator. For example, 57,458,302. Separation between “hundreds” and “tens” (Note: in American English 'and' is not necessary). Cardinal numbers and How to read 101 One hundred and one 110 One hundred and ten 1,001 One thousand and one 2,001 Two thousand and one 1,250 One thousand, two hundred and fifty Ordinal numbers and How to read 1st the first 2nd the second 3rd the third 4th the fourth 5th the fifth 6th the sixth 7th the seventh 8th the eighth 9th the ninth 10th the tenth 11th the eleventh 12th the twelfth 13th the thirteenth 14th the fourteenth 15th the fifteenth 16th the sixteenth 17th the seventeenth 18th the eighteenth 19th the nineteenth 20th the twentieth

21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 40th 50th 60th 70th 80th 90th 100th 101st 1000th

Ordinal numbers are often used in fractions 1 One eighth /8 1 One fifth /5 1 One quarter /4 3 Three quarters /4 1 One third /3 2 Two thirds /3 1 One half /2

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the twenty-first the twenty-second the twenty-third the twenty-fourth the twenty-fifth the twenty-sixth the twenty-seventh the twenty-eighth the twenty-ninth the thirtieth the fortieth the fiftieth the sixtieth the seventieth the eightieth the ninetieth the hundredth the hundred and first the thousandth

Sums (Common terms in brackets) Plus (And) + Minus (Take away) Multiplied by (Times) x Divided by ÷ Equals (Is) = Point . Percent %

Lesson 3 Talking about the Times of the Day

__________________________________________________________ Increasing the basic vocabulary of English students can help them get a long way in their business, academic, and personal lives. When traveling to a foreign country or moving to a new country, it is often important to learn the native language. English is fast becoming the most commonly spoken language in the world. Therefore, expanding a basic English vocabulary is essential to thriving in the business world. Let’s learn the following commonly-used English words and phrases as the basic foundation for our daily situations and functions. Asking and Telling the Times In English, the 12-hour clock is normally used for telling the time. The 24-hour clock is only used for travel timetables. It's also possible to state the time in English by saying the hour followed by the minutes, followed by “am” or “pm” if necessary. Specifying the times watch clock a.m. p.m. now then soon

earlier later immediately or straight away It’s almost... It’s exactly... It’s ....... sharp. noon or midday

Questions

midnight My watch is out of order. My watch is (a little) fast. My watch is (a little) slow. That clock's a little fast. That clock's a little slow.

Answers

What's the time? What time is it? Could you tell me the time, please? Do you know what time it is? Would you mind telling me what time it is?

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It is (It’s): one o'clock. five past one. ten past one. fifteen (a quarter) past one. twenty past one. twenty-five past one. half past one. twenty-five to two. twenty to two. fifteen (a quarter) to two. ten to two. five to two. two o'clock. It’s one o’clock sharp. It’s exactly one o’clock. It’s almost one o’clock.

Lesson 4 Talking about the Days of the Week

__________________________________________________________ Monday Tuesday On/every Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Weekends Sunday Weekdays

Specifying the Day Yesterday The day before yesterday last night a long time ago the previous day the previous week yesterday morning yesterday afternoon yesterday evening last week five minutes ago an hour ago a week ago/two weeks ago

What day is it today? Today is Monday. What day is today? What's the date today? What's today's date?

Today tonight in the morning in the afternoon in the evening this morning this afternoon this evening this week

National Holidays and Festivals in Cambodia National/Public Holidays International New Year Victory Day over the Genocidal Regime Meakha Bochea Day International Women’s Day Khmer New Year Visakha Bochea Day International Labor Day Royal Ploughing (Plowing) Day/Ceremony King Norodom Sihamoni’s Birthday Queen Mother’s Birthday Constitutional Day Pchum Ben’s Day King Sihamoni Coronation Day King Father Norodom Sihanouk’s Birthday Independence Day Water Festival International Human Rights Day

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Today is Monday the twenty first of February.

Tomorrow The day after tomorrow tomorrow night tomorrow morning tomorrow afternoon tomorrow evening

next week the following day

International Holidays and Festivals International New Year International Women’s Day International Labor Day International Human Rights Day Christmas Eve Christmas Day Valentine’s Day

Lesson 5 Talking about the Months of the Year

__________________________________________________________ The Months of the Year  January February March April May June July August September October November December Specifying the Month Last month The previous month A month ago Two months ago Last year The previous year A year ago Two years ago

January February March April May June July August September October November December

In At the beginning of In-mid At the end of By the end of In early In mid In late

This month

Next month The following month One month later Two months later

This year

Next year The following year One year later Two years later

Common Expressions How many months are there in a year? There are twelve months in a year. What are those twelve months? They are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, and December. In Cambodia, the cool season starts from January to March. The dry season has six months starting from November to April. The rainy season also has six months starting from May to October. When were you born? I was born on October 06, 1967. In Cambodia, the hottest month is April. Khmer New Year is in April. The Khmer Rouge came to power on April 17, 1975. How long have you been learning English? I have been learning English for three years. I have been learning English since year 2009.

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Lesson 6 Talking about Seasons of the Year

__________________________________________________________ 1. Seasons of the Year In the UK, there are FOUR seasons. Each seasons is spread over THREE months. Seasons Spring Summer Autumn (US English: falls) Winter

(a) Seasons in the Temperate Zone Months March April May In spring the days grow longer, the weather is warmer but it often rains and can get very windy. We celebrate Easter in the spring. June July August In summer the days are long and the weather's usually warm and sometimes even hot. We usually go on holiday in the summer. September October November In autumn the days get shorter, it gets colder and the leaves fall from the trees. We celebrate Halloween in autumn. December January February In winter the days are short and it is generally cold and often wet, sometimes it snows. We celebrate Christmas in the winter. (b) Seasons in the Tropical Zone

Rainy season Dry season Cool season

in

Rainy season Dry season Cool season

(c) Seasons in the Polar Zone It’s cold all year round. 2. Common Questions and Answers What's the weather like?

What's the temperature? What temperature do you think it is?

It’s

sunny cloudy windy foggy stormy raining hailing snowing It’s 29°C ("twenty-nine degrees") Temperatures are in the mid-20s. Probably about 30°C ("thirty degrees") It's baking hot freezing freezing cold below freezing

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3. Common Words and Phrases What a nice day! What a beautiful day! It's not a very nice day What a terrible day! What miserable weather! It's starting to rain. It's stopped raining. It's pouring with rain. It's raining cats and dogs. The sun's shining. There's not a cloud in the sky. The sky's overcast. It's clearing up. The sun's come out. The sun's just gone in. There's a strong wind. That sounds like thunder. That's lightning. We had a lot of heavy rain this morning. We haven't had any rain for a fortnight.

fog ice mist hail breeze sleet flood foggy misty icy snow snowflake gale frost drizzle hailstone frosty chilly

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sun sunshine rain rainy rainbow raindrop wind strong winds cloud cloudy hot cold warm cool dry wet storm tornado hurricane thunderstorm

Lesson 7 Talking about Family Members and Personality

__________________________________________________________ Here are some useful phrases for discussing family and relationships. Learn how to talk about brothers and sisters, children, and other family members, as well as describe your personal status. 1. Family Members Males father son husband brother uncle nephew grandfather (granddad, grandpa) grandson godfather godson stepfather stepson stepbrother father-in-law son-in-law brother-in-law

Females mother daughter Wife sister aunt niece grandmother (granny, grandma) granddaughter godmother goddaughter stepmother stepdaughter stepsister mother-in-law daughter-in-law sister-in-law Parent Child relation relative twin grandparents grandchild cousin

2. Personality confident sensitive calm hot-headed impulsive cheerful generous kind mean crazy sensible serious polite

Emotional Characteristics honest lazy good-humored outgoing moody cautious dishonest adventurous hard-working shy clever introverted intelligent extroverted arrogant easy-going snobbish rude happy bad-mannered unhappy impolite stupid Emotional impatient conceited

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funny witty boring patient

sophisticated cheeky friendly unfriendly

brave cowardly absent-minded talented modest

3. Common Questions about the Family Here are some sample sentences and phrases for describing people in English. Tell me about your father. What kind of person is he? What does he look like?

Well, he's very friendly, smart and funny. He's young, short and handsome. He has straight black hair and green eyes. She's tall, thin and beautiful. She has blonde hair and wears glasses. She has curly red hair and a cute smile. Everybody likes her.

What does your mother look like? How about your little sister?

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for talking about your family. This is my father/dad. This is my mother/mom. This is my husband. This is my wife. (These are my parents) There are five people in my family. (My mother, my father, my older brother, my older sister, me, my younger brother.) I have two brothers. One is older. One brother is older (than me). One is younger. I have one sister. What number are you? I'm number three. How many brothers and sisters do you have? He's the oldest (of five children). She's the youngest. Cindy doesn't have any brothers or sisters. Jared is an only child. How many children do you have? We have two. One son and one daughter. Do you have any kids? No, I'm not married.

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Lesson 8 Talking about Mealtime

__________________________________________________________ Common expressions 1. Breakfast Brunch 2. Lunch Snack time 3. Dinner Supper 1. What time do you usually have...

breakfast? lunch? dinner?

Breakfast Lunch Dinner 2. Everybody, it’s now mealtime. 3. What’s for

is ready.

breakfast? lunch? dinner? breakfast? lunch? dinner? Yes, please. No, thank you. salt, please? sugar, please? butter, please? chilli, please? pepper, please? water? orange juice? wine? Handle with care, please. No, thanks. I'm full. Absolutely.

4. What would you like for 5. Would you like some toast? 6. Could you pass me the

7. Would you like a glass of 8. Careful, the plate's very hot! 9. Would you like some more? 10. Have you had enough to eat? 11. Would anyone like dessert? 12. Would anyone like coffee? 13. What's for dessert? 14. That food/drink was

lovely. excellent. very tasty. delicious.

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Lesson 9 Understanding the Different Types of Questions

__________________________________________________________ 1. Yes/No Questions There are many types of questions in English. The easiest are questions that can be answered "yes" or "no." To Be Am I right? Are you Dr. Vira? Are you sure? Is everything OK? Is anything wrong? Is the man over there your father? Are you the student in this school? Is he the teacher in this school? Are you free right now? To Do Do you speak English? Do you remember me? Do you like Japanese food? Does she often come here? Does he live in Phnom Penh? Don’t you want to go with me? To Have Have you ever been to Angkor Wat? Have you got any brothers or sisters? Has she been there with you? Can Can you swim? Can you read English newspaper? Can you help me with this? May May I know your name? May I sit here? May I go to the bathroom? 2. Wh-Questions What What is this?/What’s this?/What is it? What is that? or What’s that? What are these? What are those? What languages can you speak? What is your name? What is your job? What’s your father’s job? What are you doing? What's this called? What's the matter?/What's going on? Why Why do you learn English? Why are you late for class today? Why are so tired today? Why are you so happy? Why are you in a hurry? Why are you so lazy today?

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When

Where

Which

Who

Whom Whose How

When did you start learning English? When can you come to my house? When did you go there? When will you pay me back? When can I know the result of my exam? When will he come? When can we meet each other again? Where is your house? Where do you work? Where are you going to? Which book is yours? Which one do you like? Which one do you prefer? Tea or Coffee? Which color do you like the best? Who is she? Who are you talking to? Who can speak French in this class? Who is the class monitor? Who are you looking for? Whom do you want to meet? Whom do you want to talk to? Whose book is this? Whose ruler is that? How much does it cost? How long does it take from here to your house? How far is it from here to your house? How often do you go to the cinema? How do you spell your name? How do you know Dr. Neau Vira? How is the food? How do you pronounce this word?

3. Direct and Indirect Questions I want to know what your name is? Can you tell me where your house is? Would you mind telling me what your job is? Could you please let me know when you will be free from work? May I know what your phone number is? 4. Tag Questions You are a student, aren’t you? You are not a teacher, are you? You can speak English, can’t you? You can’t speak English, can you? It’s your car, isn’t it? It isn’t your car, is it? You want to go with me, don’t you? You don’t want to go with me, do you?

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Lesson 10 Basic English Conversations for Daily Activities

__________________________________________________________ To learn Basic English, you need to, first of all, learn the following common English expressions which will be very useful in many different situations and functions. Practice reading these words and expressions with the help from your teacher. Student 1

Student 2

1

What time do you get up? What time is breakfast at your house?

I get up about seven fifteen. Breakfast is always at a quarter to eight.

2

What do you usually do in the afternoon? What do you generally do over the weekend?

We usually study or read. We generally enjoy sports and visit friends.

3

Do you ever go to museums? What kinds of things do you like to see?

I go every now and then. I enjoy seeing statues and old paintings.

4

Do you watch television very often? Did you watch television last night?

Well, I sometimes watch it in the evening. Yes, I did. I saw several good programs.

5

Do you ever listen to the radio? What's your favorite program?

Certainly. In fact, I listen every night. I like the 11 O'clock Theater best of all.

6

Do you speak English? Do you know many words?

Only a little, and not very well. No, I don’t. Only the important words.

7

Does your brother speak English? Do your sisters speak English?

Well, he speaks a little English. Yes, they do. They speak it very well.

8

Can I help you? I'm sorry, but I don't understand French.

Yes. I speak only French. Please find someone who speaks French.

9

What's the matter? Do you need some kind of help?

I don't speak English. Yes, but I can't explain it in English.

10

Do you think English is easy? Why don't you think so?

No, I don't. Because I don't understand it.

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Hello. How are you? I'm fine, thanks.

Pretty well, thanks. And you? It's good to see you again.

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Where have you been lately? I've had a lot of work to do too.

I've been busy with extra work. Yes. I haven't seen you for quite a while either.

13

Hello. How's everything? Just fine. What's new?

Fine, thanks. How about you? Nothing much.

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14

I'm pleased to meet you. I've heard John speak about you often.

The pleasure is mine. Only good things, I hope.

15

Look who's here! Sure. I thought you were in Europe.

Are you surprised to see me? I was, but I got back yesterday.

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When did you eat lunch today? Where did you have your lunch?

I ate from twelve to one. I had it at Pete's Restaurant today.

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Did you a good time at party? It was really a lot of fun.

We had a wonderful time. We ought to have another party like that soon.

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Did you have a good time last night? You'll probably have fun tomorrow too.

Yes, I had a wonderful time. I'm sure I'll have an excellent time.

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Where did you go? Did you swim in the ocean?

We went to a beautiful beach. Yes, but we swam close to the shore.

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Lesson 11 English Language in Communication

__________________________________________________________ 1

2

3

Basic Introduction Robert Hi, I'm Robert. Nice to meet you, too. What do you do? Me too! What university do you teach at? Oh, I teach at Hiroshima University. The Weekend Good morning. How are you today? Pretty good. Did you have a nice weekend? Oh yeah? What did you see? Did you like it? Practice A: I went to the movies. A: I went to a new restaurant. A: I went shopping. A: I went for a drive. Weekend Plans Do you have any plans for this weekend? I'm going to meet some friends. We might go sailing if the weather is nice. No, my friend has one. She goes sailing every weekend. Let's practice We might go for a drive. We might go hunting. We might go surfing. We might buy a house. We might play some music. Your turn. You answer the questions.

4

Bill Hi. I'm Bill. Nice to meet you. I'm a university teacher. How about you? I teach at Tokyo University. And you? Good morning. I'm all right. How are you? Not bad. I went to the movies on Saturday night. I saw the new Harry Potter movie. Yes, it was excellent! B: Oh yeah? What did you see? B: Oh yeah? What did you eat? B: Oh yeah? What did you buy? B: Oh yeah? Where did you go? I don't know. I might watch a video at home. And you? What are you going to do? Sailing, wow! Do you have a sailboat?

A drive, wow! Do you have a car? Hunting, wow! Do you have a gun? Surfing, wow! Do you have a surfboard? A house, wow! Do you have enough money? Play music, wow! Do you have a band?

What are going to wear tomorrow? What are you are going eat for dinner? Who are you going to meet later? When are you going to go home? Where are you going to go for your next vacation? How are you going to go home? I don’t know how Hi Bill. What's happening Not much. How about you, Robert? Well, actually, I want to go to the art Which one? There are a few art museums in museum this afternoon, but I don't know Fukuoka. where it is. Do you know where it is? I want to see the Napoleon exhibit. Have Ah, sure. That's the Fukuoka Municipal Art you heard about it? Museum. It's in Ohori Park.

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So, how do I get there?

5

1

2

Do you mean that I have to walk to the other side of the park to get to the museum? OK, I think I understand. Thanks. Let's Practice I want to buy a suit, but I don't know where to shop. Do you know a good shop? I want to bake a cake, but I don't know how. Can you help me? I want to see a dentist, but I don't know who to see. Do you know a good dentist? Who did you talk to? I talked to someone interesting yesterday. I can't remember his name, but I was sitting on the train... ..and this young man started talking to me. He said that he was from Thailand and he was studying here in Japan. No, he was a high school student. He had a uniform on. He said that he enjoyed living in Japan, but he did not have much chance to speak in English. Pretty good. So, he asked me if we could chat while sitting on the train. Let's Practice S1: I saw someone interesting last week. S1: I went somewhere fun last month. S1: I ate something strange. I don't feel so good. S1: I read an interesting book. S1: I have to go to England next week. Bill How long are you staying? Hi Robert! What's up? Really? I didn't know that. Where’re you going? Where's that? What are you going to do there? That sounds nice. When are you leaving? How long are you staying? Where do you usually go? Where do you usually go on your

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That's easy. Just take the subway to the Ohori Park station. Walk through the park, and it's there. You can't miss it! Yes, that's right. It doesn't take long. About ten minutes or so. You're welcome. Yes, I like to buy suits at Fukuyama. You should go there. Sorry, I don't know how. You should buy a cook book. Yes, my dentist is good. I'll give you his number. Who did you talk to? Yeah... What did he say? You mean he was a university student. I see, so what did you talk about? How was his English? That's interesting. It's not everyday that you meet a Thai student in Japan. S2: Who did you see? S2: Where did you go? S2: When did you eat it? S2: What did you read? S2: Why do you have to go there? Robert I'm going to the U.S. next week. I'm going to Tampa. In Florida. I'm going to visit my family. My grandmother lives there. On Saturday March 11th. A couple of weeks. I usually go to Canada in the summer.

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vacation, Robert? What about the winter vacation? Don't you want to spend Christmas in Canada? I know what you mean. Practice A: Where do you usually buy clothes? B: I usually shop on the Internet. A: Don't you want to try on the clothes first? ________________________ A: Where do you usually go on the weekends? B: I usually stay home. A: Don't you want to go out? What kind of sports do you like? Robert, I have some tickets to the Hawks game. Do you want to go? Oh, do you like sports? What kind of sports do you like? Well, that's the world's most popular sport. Let's practice What kind of sports do you like? What kind of Japanese food do you like? What kind of books do you like? What kind of movies do you like? What kind of cars do you like? What kind of computers do you like? What are you reading? What are you reading? How is it? Sure. Thanks. Practice A: What are you eating? B: A tuna sandwitch. A: How is it? B: It's delicious. ________________________ A: What are you watching? B: A movie. A: What movie? B: I don't know. A: How is it? B: It's boring.

I like to stay here in Japan in the winter. I do, but it's just too cold.

A: Where do you usually study? B: I usually don't study much. A: Don't you want to pass your tests? ________________________ A: Where do you usually eat lunch? B: I usually eat lunch at a restaurant. A: Don't you like the cafeteria?

Not really, Bill. I don't like baseball. Yes, of course. I like soccer.

I like soccer. I like sushi. I like Harry Potter. I like action movies. I like sports cars. I like Apple computers. A spy novel. It's good. Do you want to borrow it when I'm finished?

A: What are you listening to? B: A podcast. A: How is it? B: It's great!

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Part 2 Introduction to Basic English in Communication

__________________________________________________________ Lessons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Topics Greeting and Saying Goodbye Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations Expressing Needs and Feelings Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use Introducing Yourself and Other People Arranging to Meet Someone Asking for and Giving Information Talking about Education and Interests Applying for a Job Using the Telephone At the Estate Agents

__________________________________________________________

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Lesson 1 Greeting and Saying Goodbye

____________________________________________________________ In an increasingly inter-connected world, a good knowledge of English is a great advantage for many jobs. English is also the most widely used language for international business. Any trip or stay in an English-speaking country will be greatly enriched if you can speak a little of the language. Even in countries where English isn't the local language, you will still find it enormously useful on your travels. For Friendliness Hi! Hello!

Descriptions When you greet people who are younger than you, about your own age or when you want to show your friendliness to the people whom you talk to. For Politeness Description Good morning! Good afternoon! Good When you greet older people or when you want to show evening! your politeness to the people whom you talk to. “Good bye”, “Bye-bye” or “Bye” are I’ve got to go now. Have a nice day. used when we leave or about to leave I’m really in a hurry. Bye-bye. See you later. someone during the day time. I have an appointment and need to go now. See you. “Good night” is used when we leave I need an early rest. Good night. See you tomorrow. or about to leave someone during the I’m very sleepy and need to go to bed now. Good night time. Please do not say “Good night. night” when you greet someone. Let’s meet tomorrow morning. Good night.

Hello A. Hello, Peter. How are you? B. Fine, thanks. How are you? A. I'm fine, thank you.

Goodbye A. Goodbye, Janet. See you tomorrow! B. Bye bye, Peter. Have a nice evening. A. Thanks, you too! B. Thanks.

Model Conversation Hello. My name's Peter. What's your name? Where are you from Janet? I'm from Madrid. Yes, I am. Are you Spanish?

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Janet. I'm from Seattle. Where are you from? Are you American? Yes I am.

Lesson 2 Expressing Thanks, Apologies, Welcoming and Congratulations

____________________________________________________________ 1. Thanks and Apologies Thanks for your

help. hospitality. email. cooperation. understandability. patience. treatment.

Thanks for your

payment. transportation. advice. explanation. kindness/generosity. good job. honesty.

I’m

sorry. It’s really my big fault. really sorry. It’s my mistakes. terribly sorry. I really apologize.

Sorry

I’m late. to keep you waiting. for the delay.

2. Welcoming People Welcome! Welcome to Cambodia! Welcome to our house! Do come in! and Make yourself at home! Welcome to my office! Please come in! How nice of you to come! Please come in and take a seat! Long time no see! Please come in! 3. Congratulations and Commiserations Congratulations! Well done! Great! Good luck! What a pity! or what a shame! Bad luck! Damn it! Happy birthday! Happy Valentine's Day! Happy Christmas! or Merry Christmas! Happy New Year! Bless you! (after a sneeze)

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Lesson 3 Expressing Needs and Feelings

____________________________________________________________ When You Agree Yes. Yes. Please. Yes. You’re right. OK. Of course. That's fine. That's right. Sure. Certainly. Definitely. Absolutely. It’s important. It’s not serious. It’s worth doing it. It doesn't matter. That’s enough. him. I like her. it. them. thirsty. hungry. I’m tired/exhausted. bored. worried. in a good mood free/busy. Excuse me, where’s glad pleased I’m happy delighted Do you speak English?

to hear that.

Please speak more slowly. Could you please repeat that? Please write down that word.

When You Disagree No. No. Thank you. No. Thanks. No. You’re not right. It’s not OK/That’s not OK. Of course not. That’s not fine. That’s not right. I have no idea. I don’t think so. It’s beyond my knowledge. Really? I’ve never thought of that. It's not important. It's serious. It's not worth it. It’s really the matter. That’s not enough. him. I don’t like her. it. them. thirsty. not hungry. I’m tired/exhausted. bored. worried. in a good mood free/busy. the toilet? the Gents? the Ladies? I’m sorry to hear that. I don't speak English. I don't speak much English. I only speak very little English. I speak a little English. I don’t really understand.

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Lesson 4 Words and Phrases for the Classroom Use

____________________________________________________________ Before the Class

During the Class

After the Class

Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening. Come in. Please sit down. Ready for class? Let’s start the class. Whose turn to clean the board today? Whose turn to clean the classroom today? How many students are absent today? Please be quiet. Could I have your attention, please? What did we study in the last session? Anyone remember what we did last time? Why are you so quiet? Be active! What about you the class monitor? Hurry up, please. Just a few minutes more to go. Any questions? Time to finish our lesson. Read unit.. for your next class. Quietly leave the classroom. See you.

Some more phrases: Whose book is this? Open the window, please. Close the door, please. Are you with me? Do you need more time to do this exercise? Keep quiet, please. Come to the board and write this word. Stand up. Sit down. May I go to the bathroom? I have an upset stomach. May I borrow your pen/book/pencil/eraser/ruler/marker/glass es? Why are you late for class today?

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Entrance Exit/Emergency exit Push/Pull Toilets/WC/Gentlemen (often abbreviated to Gents)/Ladies Vacant Occupied or Engaged Out of order No smoking Private/No entry Cafeteria Bookstore Tennis court Language Laboratories Conference Room

Lesson 5 Introducing Yourself and Other People

____________________________________________________________ Learning to speak English will allow you to communicate with a massive number of people around the globe. English is a relatively easy language to learn. With a little practice, you should soon find yourself able to get by in most everyday situations. 1. Introducing Yourself When you meet someone for the first time, you need to use some of the following phrases for introducing yourself:

Self Introduction 1. I’m Dr. Neau Vira. 2. I’m Dr. Neau. 3. I’m Vira.

Descriptions Use full name in business and formal situations. Use your title and your family name in business and formal situations Use first name in informal situations.

You can also use the following phrases when introducing yourself to someone: Hi/Hello, My name’s (I’m) Dr. Neau Vira. Good morning/afternoon/evening, I’m Dr. Neau. Hi/Hello, Good morning/afternoon/evening, I’m Vira. You can then add and say: “Nice to meet you.” “Nice meeting you.” “Glad to meet you.” “Pleased to meet you.” or “I’m really delighted to meet you.” For example: Good morning, I’m Dr. Neau Vira. Nice to meet you. You will then get the responses from the person whom you talk to: Hi/Hello/Good morning//afternoon/evening. I’m (name). Nice/Pleased/Glad meeting you, too.

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2. Introducing Other People When you want to introduce someone to another person, you need to state the names of the two persons:

Phrases you need to use Sitha, this is my friend, Rotha. Sitha, I’d like you to meet Rotha. Sitha, may I introduce you to Rotha? Good morning, Sothea. Let me introduce you to Sophal. He’s an English language teacher.

Responses you will get Good morning. I’m Sitha. Nice to meet you. Hello. I’m Rotha. Nice meeting you, too. My name’s Rotha. I’m really glad to meet you. Hi. I’m Sophal. Nice to meet you.

Other Expressions You might here P1: How long have you known Sitha? P2: I have known him for more than three years. And what about you? P1: I have known him since we were in high school together. P2: This is a really long-lasting friendship! P1: Are you also the teacher in this school? P2: No, I’m. I’m a businessman. I’ve owned a small computer shop. P1: Wow, that’s great! This business is really popular these days. P2: Yes, I think so. P1: By the way, may I ask some personal questions? P2: OK. I don’t mind at all. P1: Are you single or married? P2: I’m married. I’ve been married for 13 years. P1: Do you have any children? P2: Yes, I do. I have one daughter and one son. They are now attending the primary school.

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Lesson 6 Arranging to Meet Someone

____________________________________________________________ Inviting Someone Out Are you free ...

this evening? tomorrow afternoon? tomorrow evening? Have you got any plans this evening? tomorrow? for . the weekend? Are you up to anything this evening? What would you like to do this evening? Do you want to go somewhere at the weekend? Would you like to join me for something to eat? Do you fancy going out tonight?

Arranging the Time and Place What time shall we meet? When and where would you like to meet? How are you going to get there? Can I bring with me my wife and children? Meeting Up I'm running a little late. I’ll be there in five minutes. Have you been here long? Have you been waiting long? I’ve been stuck in the traffic for about 20 minutes.

Answers Sorry, I can't make it. I'm afraid I already have plans. I'm too tired. I'm staying in tonight. I've got too much work to do. I need to study.

Sure. I'd love to. Sounds good. That sounds like fun

Let's meet at eight o'clock. I'll see you at ten o'clock in the pub. I’ll see you at ten o’clock at the cinema. I’ll use my car. Yes, of course.

It’s all right. Good. Let’s meet each other there. Just a few minutes. Don’t worry. About half an hour. Take it easy. I still can wait.

Some more expressions Do you want to go for a drink sometime? I was wondering if you'd like to go out for a drink sometime If you'd like to meet up sometime, let me know! Would you like to join me for a coffee? Do you fancy getting a bite to eat? Do you fancy lunch/dinner some time? Do you fancy dinner some time? Do you fancy going to see a film some time? Can we go together? Would you mind picking me up? Could you please give me a lift home?

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Lesson 7 Asking for and Giving Information

____________________________________________________________ Common Questions Excuse me. Where are you from? Where do you come from? Whereabouts are you from? Whereabouts in England are you from? What part of England do you come from? Where do you live?

Answers I’m from England.

I live in

London. America. Germany. I was born in American but grew up in Australia. I’m originally from Australia but now live in the USA.

What brings you to Cambodia?

I'm on holiday. I'm on business. I live here. I work here. I study here.

Why did you come to Cambodia?

I came here to work. I came here to study. I wanted to live abroad. I came here to live with my husband.

How long have you lived here?

I've only just arrived (a few months; about a year).

How long are you planning to stay here?

Until August (a few months; another year; I’m not sure.)

Do you like it here?

Yes, I love it! I like it a lot It's OK

What do you like about this country?

I like the food. I like the weather. I like the people. I like the culture and ways of life.

What places in this country have you been to?

I’ve been to many places in this country. For example, the coastal regions, the capital city of

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Phnom Penh, the Cultural Heritages of Angkor Wat, and the Ecotourism sites. Here are some sample sentences and phrases for giving information in English. Jeremy is from Ohio. Kelly is a saleswoman. He's a university student. Ronda lives in Texas. I work at a restaurant. I live in Florida. Where are you from? What is your occupation?

Oh really? What part of Ohio? Is that right? What company? Oh. What university? Really? What city (in Texas)? Oh really? Which restaurant? Oh yeah? Where in Florida? I'm from Delaware. I'm a police officer.

Columbus. Microsoft. Harvard. Dallas. Angelo Meroni's Orlando.

I work in a post office. Greg works in a bank. They live in Washington. I eat breakfast at 8:00 a.m. She goes to work at 9:00 a.m. Eddy plays piano every Friday. Penny starts class at 10:00. I don't drink beer.

Are you a letter carrier? Is he a teller? Are they senators? What do you eat? Where does she work? Where does he play?

No, I'm a postal clerk. Yes, he is. No, they aren't. (I eat) eggs, bacon, and toast. In the cafeteria. At the gym.

When does she finish? Why (not)?

At 11:00. I don't like it.

Indirect Requests and Information Exchange (1) Tell someone to do something

(2) Tell someone some information (3) Ask someone to do something (4) Ask someone for some information

Please tell Rotha to clean up her room. Could you tell Chenda to call me? Tell him not to do that. Can you tell him that the party starts at nine? Please tell Mr. Ian that I will be late. Please ask Teresa to give me a call. Could you please ask Mike to be here at five? Ask John if she is coming to the party. Could you ask them if they did the homework? Please ask her whether she finishes the assignment. Ask him what he is doing. Please ask her when she will be here.

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Lesson 8 Talking about Education and Interests

____________________________________________________________ 1. Education Common Words and Phrases Are you a student? What do you study? I’m studying Where do you study? Which university are you at? What university do you go to? Which year are you in? Do you have any exams coming up? I've just graduated. I'm doing a masters (Ph.D) in How long have you been in this school? Do you like this school?

history/economics/medicine/physics/biology/Geo graphy/ Khmer literature/English language... I'm at Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP).

I’m in my (first, second, third, final) year.

Law/Economics/International Relations (IR)/Management/Chemistry. I’ve been in this school for more than 5 yeers. Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

2. Interests Here are some phrases which will be useful when talking about your hobbies and interests. Things you like Things you don’t like (dislike) pubs. I don't like What do you like doing in your spare time? watching TV. noisy bars. I like listening to music. nightclubs. walking. traveling abroad. I hate jogging. that sport. I can’t stand cooking. golf. I quite (really) I’m not playing chess. tennis. like interested in swimming. football. dancing. I’m not particularly sporty. the theatre/the cinema. I love going out. clubbing/traveling. I'm interested in photography/ history/ languages.... What sport do you like? What sport don’t you like? Which team do you support? Which team don’t you support? Do you play any instruments? the guitar/the piano.... I play What sort of music do you like? What sort of music do you listen to? I like listening to pop/rock/classical....

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Lesson 9 Applying for a Job

____________________________________________________________ Asking about the Job I saw your advert in the paper. Could I have an application form? I'm interested in this position. Could you send me an application form? I'd like to apply for this job. Is this a temporary or permanent position? What are the hours of work? Will I have to work on Saturdays? Will I have to work shifts? What's the salary? How much do I get paid? Will I be paid weekly/monthly? Will I get paid for overtime? Will I get traveling expenses? How many weeks' holiday a year are there? When do you want me to start? Things you might hear We'd like to invite you for an interview. We'd like to offer you the job. Have you got any experience? Have you got any qualifications? What qualifications have you got? Have you got a current driving licence? How much were you paid in your last job? Do you need a work permit? How much notice do you have to give? This is your employment contract. This is the job description. We need someone with experience. We need someone with qualifications. When can you start? There's a three month trial period. Here are some English phrases for talking about jobs, which will allow you to discuss the type of job you do and where you work. I'm a teacher/a student/a doctor. I work as a journalist (computer programmer). I work in television (IT; Sales; Publishing). I work with computer (children with disabilities) I’m a housewife. I stay at home and look after the children. unemployed/out of work. I’m looking for work/looking for a job. not working at the moment/retired. I've got a part-time job/ a full-time job. I work for a publishers (a private company) Who do you work for? I'm self-employed/I work for myself. I have my own business I work in: an office/a shop/a restaurant/a bank/a factory... Where do you work? I'm training to be: an engineer/a nurse/a medical doctor/a lawyer/an accountant/supermarket manager. I'm on work experience I'm doing an internship What do you do? What do you do for a living? What sort of work do you do? What line of work are you in?

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Lesson 10 Using the Telephone

____________________________________________________________ Making and Answering a Call Hello! John speaking. Could I speak to Maria, please? Who's calling, please? Where are you calling from? What company are you calling from? Hold the line, please. I'll put him on. Do you know what extension he's on? not available at the moment. I'm sorry, he's in a meeting. on another call. not in at the moment. Would you like to leave a message? Could you ask him (her) to call me? Can I take your number? What's your number? Could I take your name and number, please? I'll call back later. Is it convenient to talk at the moment? Can I call you back? Please call back later. Problems when making and answering a call The line's engaged. I can't get through at the moment. I'm only getting an answering machine. Sorry, you must have the wrong number. Can you hear me? I can't hear you very well It's a bad line. I've been cut off. Could you please repeat that? Directory Enquiries the National Gallery? Could you tell me the number for the National Museum? Angkor Hotel? Calmet Hospital? Some more common expressions My battery's about to run out. I need to charge it up. I'm about to run out of credit. Sorry, I ran out of credit. I can't get a signal. I've got a very weak signal. I'll send you a text. (I'll text you later.) Could I borrow your phone, please? I'd like a phone card, please. Thank you for calling. There's no-one here to take your call at the moment. Please leave a message after the tone, and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.

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Let’s talk again in the next 2 hours. You’d better refill the credit. OK. I’ll call you later. Thanks. I’ll wait for your text. Yes, here you are. Just a moment, please. It’s my pleasure.

Lesson 11 At the Estate Agents

____________________________________________________________ Discussing your requirements What kind of accommodation are you looking for?

I'm looking for

a flat an apartment a semi-detached house a detached house a terraced house a cottage a bungalow one-bedroomed flat.

I only need a Are you looking to buy or to rent? Not too far from the city centre. Which area are you thinking of? How much are you prepared to pay? What price range are you thinking of? How many bedrooms do you want? It's got two bedrooms, a kitchen, a living room, and a bathroom. Are you looking for furnished or unfurnished accommodation? garden? Do you want a ... garage? parking space? Enquiring about a property How much is the rent? Is the price negotiable? primary school nearby? Is there a ... secondary university How far is it from the nearest station? Are there any local shops? What are the car parking arrangements? What sort of view does it have? It's on the ... ground floor/first floor/ What floor is it on? second floor/third floor. I'd like to have a look at this property. When would you be available to view the property? The rent's payable monthly in advance There's a deposit of one month's rent How soon would you be able to move in? It's not what I'm looking for. I'd like to make an offer. I'll take it.

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Part 3 Introduction to Basic English Grammar

____________________________________________________________ Lessons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Topics Overview of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives Overview of Adverbs, Verbs and Prepositions Overview of Conjunctions and Interjections Overview of Present Simple and Present Continuous Overview of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous Overview of Past Simple and Past Continuous Overview of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous Overview of Future Simple and Future Continuous Overview of Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect Continuous Overview of Conditional Sentences Overview of Direct and Indirect Speech

____________________________________________________________

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Lesson 1 Overview of Nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives

____________________________________________________________ Grammar is central to the teaching and learning of languages. It is also one of the most difficult aspects of language to teach and learn well. Then, do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is “No”. Many people in the world speak their own native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word “grammar”. However, if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is “Yes”, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently. It’s important to think of grammar as something that can help you like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself without having to ask a teacher or look in a book. So, think of grammar as something good, something positive, and something that you can use to find your way – like a signpost or a map. To the non-native speakers, particularly to the Cambodian learners of English, learning grammar refers to the study of: (1) (2) (3) (4)

Parts of Speech; Tenses; Conditionals; and Reported speech.

English grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: (1) the noun, (2) the pronoun, (3) the adjective, (4) the adverb, (5) the verb, (6) the preposition, (7) the conjunction, and (8) the interjection. (1) Nouns A noun is a word used

Examples (1) to name a person. (2) to name an animal. (3) to name a place. (4) to name a thing. (5) to name an abstract idea.

The man over there is my father. Look at that dog. It’s really obedient. That place is called the Royal Palace. This book is interesting. That’s really a good opinion.

Notes: Most nouns change their form to indicate number by adding "-s" or "-es". For example, Car – Cars; Cat – Cats; House – Houses; Box – Boxes... There are other nouns which form the plural by changing the last letter before adding "s". Some words ending in "f" form the plural by deleting "f" and adding "ves," and words ending in "y" form the plural by deleting the "y" and adding "ies,". For example, Wife – Wives; Knife – Knives; Baby – Babies; Study – Studies... Nouns are divided into two main types: (1) Proper Nouns and (2) Common Nouns. 1. Proper Nouns are special names of people, animals, plants, places, or things. 2. Common Nouns 1. Countable nouns (Concrete nouns): Table, tables, chair, chairs, house, can be divided houses, box, boxes, car, cars into: 2. Uncountable nouns (Mass nouns): Water, air, salt, sugar, rice, fire 3. Collective nouns (Group nouns): A group of students, a herd of cows 4. Abstract nouns: Health, illness, sickness, 5. Compound nouns: Bathroom, bedroom, airport, classroom

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(2) Pronouns Pronouns can replace a noun or another pronoun. Pronouns can be divided into: 1. Personal Pronouns can be divided into: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Subjective Pronouns me, you, him, her, it, us, them Objective Pronouns Possessive Pronouns (determiner: in front of noun) my, your, his, her, its, our, their mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs Possessive Pronouns (no noun) myself, yourself, himself, herself, Reflective Pronouns: refer back to the subject of the clause or sentence. Note each of these can also itself, ourselves, themselves act as an intensive pronoun. 2. Relative Pronouns are used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. Personal (For people) Neutral (For animals or objects) Either As subject who which that As object who or whom which that Possessive whose of which or of whose Notes: The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns. You can use "who" and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, and "whom" and "whomever" to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition. 3. Interrogative Pronouns are used to ask questions. They are: What Why How Which Where How much Who Whom How many When Whose How often How far How long 4. Demonstrative Pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun. Singular Plural this these Near that those Away or Far away Notes: "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time. The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases and "these" and "those" are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. 5. Quantifier Pronouns or Indefinite Pronouns They are pronouns referring to an identifiable but not specified person or thing. An indefinite pronoun conveys the idea of all, any, none, or some. The most common indefinite pronouns are With Countable Nouns With Uncountable Nouns Neutral or Objects Singular Plural one (of) all (of) every bit of everything any (of) both (of) little anything each (of) some (of) a bit of something everyone (of) most (of) any (of) nothing either (of) many (of) some (of) none of a few of much (of) neither (of) several (of) a lot of

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anyone someone no one 6. Intensive Pronouns They are used to emphasize its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns.

Examples The Prime Minister himself said that he would lower taxes. They themselves promised to come to the party even though they had a final exam at the same time.

(3) Adjectives An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. Adjectives can be divided into: (1) Possessive Adjectives (2) Demonstrative Adjectives (3) Interrogative Adjectives (4) Indefinite Adjectives

Examples That big house is mine. I like white color. This ruler is very long. The white board is full of scratches. My, your, his, her, its, our, their This, these, that, those, what Which, what, eg. What book are you reading? Which plants should be watered twice a week? are similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that they modify a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase., eg. Many people believe that ghosts do exist.

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Lesson 2 Overview of Adverbs, Verbs and Prepositions

____________________________________________________________ (4) Adverbs An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates manner, time, place, cause, or degree and answers questions such as "how," "when," "where," "how much". Adverbs can be divided into Conjunctive Adverbs. You can use a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses together. Some of the most common conjunctive adverbs are "also," "consequently," "finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however," "incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise," "meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next," "nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then," "therefore," and "thus." A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon. (5) Verbs Verbs are words that express actions. They are the most important part of the sentence. (Please read TENSES for the details.) Verbs can be divided into: (a) Main verbs and (b) Auxiliary verbs. (a) Main verbs

(b) Auxiliary verbs

Examples Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today. He speaks very loudly. She eats very slowly. The children counter-talk to their parents violently. The government has cut university budgets; consequently, class sizes have been increased. He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for; therefore, he decided to make something else. The report recommended several changes to the ways the corporation accounted for donations; furthermore, it suggested that a new auditor be appointed immediately. The crowd waited patiently for three hours; finally, the doors to the stadium were opened. Batman and Robin fruitlessly searched the building; indeed, the Joker had escaped through a secret door in the basement.

Examples My son runs very fast. I am drinking wine. The teacher effectively explains to his students. run, sing, walk, eat, watch... Main verbs can be divided into: (i) Regular verbs (eg. call – called; walk – walked; ask – asked....) and (ii) Irregular verbs (eg. run – ran; speak – spoke; begin – began...). Auxiliary verbs help the Main Verbs. They are sometimes called Helping Verbs. Auxiliary verbs can be divided into: (i) Primary Auxiliaries which can also be used as the Main Verbs (eg. do, be, and have) and (ii) Modals (eg. can – could, will – would, shall – should, must, may – might, used to, ought to, need, and dare)

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Note: need and dare can also be used as the Main Verbs. (6) Prepositions A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.

Examples The book is on the table. The book is beneath the table. The book is leaning against the table. The book is beside the table. She held the book over the table. She read the book during class. The most common prepositions are: "about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without." The children climbed the mountain without fear. The spider crawled slowly along the banister. The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new pair of shoes.

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Lesson 3 Overview of Conjunctions and Interjections

____________________________________________________________ (7) Conjunction You can use a conjunction to Examples link words, phrases, and I ate the pizza and the pasta. clauses. Call the movers when you are ready. Conjunctions can be divided into: You use a coordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," (1) Coordinating Conjunctions "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses.

(2) Subordinating Conjunctions

My father and my mother are both teachers. (In this example, the coordinating conjunction "and" links two nouns.) A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s). The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."

(3) Correlative Conjunctions

After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent. If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday. Gerald had to begun his thesis over again when his computer crashed. Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and fewer germs. Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements. The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but also," "so...as," and "whether...or." Both my grandfather and my father worked in the steel plant. Bring either a salad or a potato. Thida is trying to decide whether to go to medical school or to go to law school. The explosion destroyed not only the school but also the

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neighboring pub. (8) Interjection

Examples

An interjection is a word added to a sentence to convey emotion.

1. How + adjective! How beautiful she is! How humble you are! How difficult this test is!

It is not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence. You usually follow 2. What + noun! an interjection with an exclamation mark. What a day! What a silly thing to do! Ouch, that hurt! Oh no, I forgot that the exam was today! Hey! Put that down!

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Lesson 4 Overview of Present Simple and Present Continuous

____________________________________________________________ Past 1. Past Simple 2. Past Continuous 3. Past Perfect 4. Past Perfect Continuous

Present 1. Present Simple 2. Present Continuous 3. Present Perfect 4. Present Perfect Continuous

Future 1. Future Simple 2. Future Continuous 3. Future Perfect 4. Future Perfect Continuous

1. Present Simple USES Examples (1) She always forgets her purse. He never forgets his wallet. Repeated Actions Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun. (2) California is in America. Phnom Penh is in Cambodia. Facts or Generalizations Angkor Wat is in Siem Reap province. Note: We normally use this TENSE with ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: always, generally, usually, normally, regularly, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly, never 2. Present Continuous USES (1) Now (2) Longer Actions in Progress Now (3) Near Future (4) Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

Examples You are learning English now. They are reading their books. They are not watching television. What are you doing? (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) I am studying to become a doctor. I am not studying to become a dentist. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. Are you working on any special projects at work? I am meeting some friends after work. Isn't he coming with us tonight. She is always coming to class late. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. I don't like them because they are always complaining.

Exercise for Practice: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form 1. I ___ (negotiate) a new pay deal with my boss at the moment. 2. It ___ (rain) every time I ___ (leave) my umbrella at home. 3. Please sit down! I ___ (try) to watch this TV program. 4. Many of the world's natural resources __ (disappear). 5. My parents are in Siem Reap on holiday. They __ (stay) near Angkor Wat.

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Your answers

Lesson 5 Overview of Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous

____________________________________________________________ 3. Present Perfect USES Examples (1) I have seen that movie twenty times. Unspecified Time Before I think I have met him once before. Now There have been many earthquakes in California. How do you actually use the Present Perfect? 1. I have been to France. I have been to France three times. Experience Have you ever met him? No, I have not met him. 2. You have grown since the last time I saw you. Change over time The government has become more interested in arts education. 3. Man has walked on the moon. Our son has learned how to read. Accomplishments Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. 4. James has not finished his homework yet. An uncompleted action Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. you are expecting Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped. 5. I have had four quizes and five tests so far this semester. Multiple actions at She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but different times nobody knows why she is sick. Note: When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important. (2) I have had a cold for two weeks. Duration From Past Until She has been in England for six months. Now 4. Present Perfect Continuous USES Examples (1) They have been talking for the last hour. Duration from the Past She has been working at that company for three years. Until Now James has been teaching at the University since June. (2) Recently, I have been feeling really tired. Recently, Lately She has been watching too much television lately. NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is rarely used in its passive form. Exercises for Practice: A. Been and gone. 1. The children are back at school now.

Circle your answers They've been/gone on holiday for the summer.

2. I've got a lot of money.

I've been/gone to the bank today.

3. "His car isn't in the garage.

I think he's been/gone away for the day."

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B. Present perfect with just, yet and already. Put the words in the correct order. Sometimes two answers are possible. 1. just / to rain / has / it / started. 2. you / that book / have / yet / finished? 3. yet / that film / seen / haven't / I. 4. you / already / done / your shopping / have? C. Present perfect simple (PPS) and present perfect continuous (PPC) Complete the questions. Use the PPS or PPC. 1. Mike is losing his hair. How long __________ his hair? How much hair __________? 2. I'm looking for a flat? How many flats __________ at? How long __________? 3.

Annie is doing her homework. How long __________ it? How much homework

__________? D. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words given. Use for or since. 1. I last read War and Peace in 1980. I haven't... 2. Sarah started studying Spanish two years ago.

Sarah has been...

3. It started raining on Monday.

It hasn't stopped...

4. My mother stopped working ten years ago.

My mother hasn't...

5. Steven Spielberg started directing films in the

Steven Spielberg has been ...

1960s.

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Lesson 6 Overview of Past Simple and Past Continuous

____________________________________________________________ 1. Past Simple USES (1) Completed Action in the Past. (2) A Series of Completed Actions (3) Single Duration (4) Habit in the Past

Examples I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a movie yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Japan. She washed her car. She didn't wash her car. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. I lived in Brazil for two years. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. They never went to school, they always skipped.

Exercise for Practice: There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1. I started studying Spanish two years ago. 2. Oh, no! Look! Someone stole my car radio! 3. We've played tennis yesterday afternoon. 4. When have you passed your driving test? 5. I never ate Chinese food in my life. 2. Past Continuous USES Examples (1) I was watching TV when she called. Interrupted Action in When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. the Past While we were having a picnic, it started to rain. (2) Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner. Specific Time as an At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Interruption Note: In the Simple Past a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous a specific time only interrupts the action. Last night at 6 p.m., I ate dinner. (I started eating at 6 p.m.) Last night at 6 p.m., I was eating dinner. (I started earlier and at 6 p.m. I was in the process of eating dinner.) (3) I was studying while he was making dinner. Parallel Actions While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. (4) When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating. Atmosphere Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.

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(5) Repetition and Irritation with "Always

She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.

Exercises for Practice: (i) There're mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1. The Titanic traveled to New York when it hit an iceberg and sank in the Atlantic. 2. The footballer ran towards the goal when he fell over. 3. The mouse was having a heart attack when the cat jumped down from the chair. (ii) Put the verbs into the correct form: the past simple or the past continuous. 1. while I / write / a letter the phone / ring. 2. she / not / lock / the door when she / leave / the office. 3. the train / go / through the tunnel when it / suddenly / stop. 4. Sally / wash / her hair when the doorbell / ring. 5. the cat / lie / on the sofa when the mouse / come / into the room.

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Lesson 7 Overview of Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous

____________________________________________________________ 3. Past Perfect Simple USES (1) Completed Action Before Something in Past (2) Duration Before Something in the Past 4. Past Perfect Continuous USES (1) Duration Before Something in the Past (2) Cause of Something in the Past

Examples I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I had learned Japanese before I went to Japan in 1998. We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. Examples They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. James had been teaching at the University for more than a year before he left for Asia. Jason was tired because he had been jogging. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.

Exercises for Practice: Past perfect simple and past simple (i) Choose the correct answer - A or B? 1. I arrived at the bus station late yesterday. When I got there, my bus __. 2. I arrived at the bus station at 10 o'clock last night. My bus__ at 10.15. 3. When I arrived home my father wasn't there. He___ out. 4. I had breakfast when I ___ a shower.

Circle A or B A B left had left left

had left

went had

had gone had had

(ii) Make sentences. Put the verbs into the past simple or past perfect simple. 1. when I / visit / the town last month / they / build / a new hospital. 2. when we / have / dinner / we / go / out for a walk 3. when Sue / look / in the fridge / all the food / go. 4. I / not know / the way to John's house / because I / not be / there before. 5. Mike / get / really exhausted in his first marathon because he / not run / in such a long race before. (iii) Past Perfect Continuous, Past Simple and Past Continuous There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Find the mistakes and correct them. 1. We were waiting for an hour when our train finally arrived yesterday. 2. I'd been playing football for over twenty years when I gave it up in 1980. 3. We lived in Paris for ten years when we moved to Madrid last year.

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4. It was late and I was working since early in the morning, so I was very tired.

Lesson 8 Overview of Future Simple and Future Continuous

____________________________________________________________ 1. Future Simple USES (1) "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

(2) "Will" to Express a Promise (3) "Be going to" to Express a Plan (4) "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction

Examples A: I'm really hungry. B: I'll make some sandwiches. A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. B: I'll get you some coffee. A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll get it. I will call you when I arrive. If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake. B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake. The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. John Smith will be the next President. John Smith is going to be the next President.

2. Future Continuous NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "going to" to create the Future Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. USES Examples (1) I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. Interrupted Action in the I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. Future He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives. (2) Tonight at 6 p.m., I am going to be eating dinner. Specific Time as an At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. Interruption (3) I am going to be studying while he is making dinner. Parallel Actions While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. (4) When I arrive at the party everybody is going to be celebrating. Atmosphere Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing. NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Continuous are not common.

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Exercises for Practice: Past perfect simple and past simple (i) Choose the correct answer - A or B? 1. Don’t go out without a coat on. ____ a cold. 2. I can't come out with you on Saturday ____ a friend.

Circle A or B A B You'll catch You're going to catch I meet

I'm meeting

3. At 2.00 tomorrow ____ in my office.

I'll work

I'll be working

4. Look out! That glass ____ off the table.

falls

is going to fall

Present Simple and Will (ii) Choose the correct answer - A or B? 1. We'll go for a picnic tomorrow if the weather ___ nice.

A will be

Circle A or B B is

2. If you go to Moscow, you ____ Red Square.

will see

see

3. Sue will give me some money when she ____ paid.

will get

gets

4. I'll phone Mike as soon as I ____ any news.

will hear

hear

5. Unless you work hard, you ____ your exams.

will fail

fail

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Lesson 9 Overview of Future Perfect Simple and Future Perfect Continuous

____________________________________________________________ 3. Future Perfect Simple NOTES: No future in time clauses. It is possible to use either "will" or "going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning. USES Examples (1) By next November, I will have received my promotion. Completed Action Before By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the Something in the Future entire house. (2) I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. Duration Before By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week. Something in the Future 4. Future Perfect Continuous NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. USES Examples (1) They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Sok Duration Before arrives. Something She is going to have been working at that company for three in the Future years when it finally closes. Sothea will have been teaching at the University for more than a year by the time he leaves for America. (2) Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have Cause of Something been jogging for over an hour. in the Future Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years. NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common. Exercises for Practice: Future Continuous and Future Perfect. Ken and Kate are going to Paris tomorrow. Here is their timetable for tomorrow morning: Time 7.30 - 8.30 8.30 10.00 - 11.00 11.15 - 11.45 1.00

Activities Drive to the airport Check-in at the airport Flight to Paris Taxi to the hotel Lunch at the hotel

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Complete the sentences about Ken and Kate. Put the verbs into the future continuous or future perfect. 1. At 8.00 they ______________ (leave) home and they ______________ (drive) to the airport. 2. At 8.30 they ______________ (arrive) at the airport and they ______________ (check-in). 3. At 10.15 they ______________ (fly) to Paris. 4. At 11.30 they ______________ (arrive) in Paris and they ______________ (drive) to their hotel. 5. At 1.10 they ______________ (have) lunch at the hotel.

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Lesson 10 Overview of Conditional Sentences

____________________________________________________________ Conditional Types

Descriptions and Examples

(1) Zero Conditionals

If is used to state general rules, e.g. If we heat water enough, it begins to boil. In statements like this, if means the same as when or every time. IF + DOES, DOES If + present simple, present simple Examples: If you drop an egg on the floor, it cracks.

(2) The 1st Conditionals

In 1st conditional if is used to speculate about the future consequences of a specific event. In this case, the verb in the second part of the sentence is preceded by will. COMMON MISTAKE We do not use will in the if part of the sentence. When we talk about an event that will take place in the future, we can use if or when. In a sentence with an if-clause we can use the imperative, or other modal verbs, instead of will + infinitive IF + DOES, WILL DO If + present simple, will + bare infinitive Examples: I am flying to the States tonight. I'll give you a ring if I can find a phone. (The speaker is not sure if he will be able to find a phone or not.) I am flying to the States tonight. I'll give you a ring when I get there. (The speaker has no doubt that the plane will arrive safely.) If you hear from Susan today, tell her to ring me. If the traffic is bad, I may get home late.

(3) The 2nd Conditionals

The 2nd conditional can be used to refer to less probable or impossible situations. The verb in the second part is preceded by would / should / could / might. The if-clause can come in the first part of the sentence, or the second. IF + DID, WOULD DO If + past tense, would + infinitive Examples: If I knew her number, I would send her a fax. If I had enough money in my pocket right now, I would buy this book.

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If I were you, I wouldn’t buy that car. If you were in my situations, what would you do? (4) The 3rd Conditionals

The 3rd conditional is used when talking about things that didn't happened in the past (and the consequence if they had happened). The verb in the second part is used with would / should / could / might (+ have + past participle). IF + HAD DONE, WOULD + HAVE DONE If + past perfect tense, would + present perfect Examples: If I'd known it was formal party, I wouldn't have gone wearing jeans and jumper. I would have worn suit.

Exercise for Practice: A. Choose the correct answer- A, B or C. 1. ___more money, I'd buy a new car. 2. If I knew Alan's address, ___ to him. 3. Your motorbike wouldn't have been stolen if you___ more careful. 4. If I ___Japanese, I would have less trouble in Japan. 5. You ___the life of your car if you change the oil often. 6. Simon doesn't want to come to the concert. I ___ him a ticket if he did. 7. ___ working if you were a millionaire? 8. What would you do if you __ in my situation? 9. She would have been happy if she __ you last week. 10. I will be very angry with you if you __ your promise.

A When I have I’d write are

B If I have I’ll write were

C If I had I wrote had been

speak

spoke

had spoken

would prolong will buy

will prolong

prolonged

would buy

buy

Will you stop are

Would you stop will be

Do you stop were

had met

met

will meet

broke

have broken

break

B. Read the situation and write a sentence with if or But if based on the given situations. 1. She didn't buy the coat because she didn't have enough money on her. ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. She wasn't injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat-belt. ______________________________________________________________________________ 3. We don't visit you very often because you live so far away. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. She doesn't go out very often because she can't walk without help. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. I didn't wake David because I didn't know he wanted to get up early.

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______________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 11 Overview of Direct and Indirect Speech

____________________________________________________________ 1. Definition Indirect Speech (or 'reported speech') refers to a sentence reporting what someone has said. It is almost always used in spoken English. If the reporting verb (i.e. said) is in the past, the reported clause will be in a past form. This form is usually one step back into the past from the original. Note: 1. If simple present is used in the reporting verb (i.e. says) the tense is retained. 1. If reporting a general truth the present tense will be retained.

Examples He said the test was difficult. She said she watched TV every day. Jack said he came to school every day.

He says the test is difficult. She says that she watches TV every day. Jack says that he comes to school every day. The teacher said that phrasal verbs are very important.

7. Changing Pronouns and Time Signifiers When changing from direct speech to indirect speech, it is often necessary to change the pronouns to match the subject of the sentence. For example: She said, "I want to bring my BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children. children." Jack said, "My wife went with me to Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show." the show. It is also important to change time words (signifiers) when referring to present, past or future time to match the moment of speaking. For example: BECOMES She said she wanted to bring her children She said, "I want to bring my the next day. children tomorrow." Jack said, "My wife went with me to Jack said his wife had gone with him to the show yesterday." the show the day before. 3. Indirect Questions When reporting questions, it is especially important to pay attention to sentence order. When reporting yes/ no questions connect the reported question using 'if'. When reporting questions using question words (why, where, when, etc.) use the question word. She asked, "Do you want to come BECOMES She asked me if I wanted to come with with me?" her. Dave asked me where I had gone the Dave asked, "Where did you go last weekend?" previous weekend. He asked, "Why are you studying She asked me why I was studying English. English?" Harold asked, "Would you like to Harold asked if we would like to take a take a break." break.

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The following chart includes sentences changed from quoted speech to reported speech using a past form. Simple Simple changed to Progressive Progressive Present Past Perfect Perfect Perfect Progressive Perfect Progressive Future Simple will would 4. Indirect Commands/Imperative His father said, "Go to your room." Her mother said, “Don’t go.”

His father told him to go to his room. Her mother told him not to go.

Exercise for Practice: Change the following sentences into the reported statements. Direct Speech 1. “Did the children enjoy the play?”

Indirect Speech They asked me

2. "Where do you live?”

They asked me

3. "I am going to resign."

He told me

4. “When did you arrive?”

She asked me

5. “I didn’t meet her yesterday.”

He told me

6. "I met her two years ago."

He told me

7. "What time is he coming?"

They asked me

8. "Who were you talking to?"

They asked me

9. “Do you like me?”

She asked me

10. "Don't move!"

He ordered me

11. "Go out!"

He ordered me

12. "I don't want to meet you."

She told me

13. "Come over to see me next Sunday".

She told me

14. "Are you a new staff here?"

She asked me

15. "I will be free tomorrow?"

He said

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Part 4 Introduction to Basic English Reading and Writing

____________________________________________________________ Lessons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Topics You can live to be a hundred Five Ways to Prevent Cancer Smoking Tobacco is Suicide Exercise for Good Health Healthy Food for a Healthy Body Introduction to Academic Writing: Descriptive Essay Introduction to Academic Writing: Argumentative Essay Introduction to Writing Informal Letters Samples of Informal Letters Introduction to Writing Formal Letters Samples of Formal Letters

____________________________________________________________

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Lesson 1 You can live to be a hundred

____________________________________________________________ 1. Practice reading the following passage Scientists say our bodies are designed to last 100 years. Yet, most people die before 100. Why? One reason is that people don't think enough about health. Although none of us know how long we will live, there are certain things that lengthen or shorten a person's life. They are your sex (male or female), personality, success, family background, lifestyle, and health. In this passage, we will focus on the last two since we can control them. As for health and lifestyle, there are four main things that cause people to die early _ usually before the age of 80: (a) Lack of Exercise; (b) Tobacco Smoking; (c) Obesity; and (d) Unhealthy Diet. Therefore, to live a long life and improve the quality of your life today, you should not smoke, eat good food, keep your weight down, and exercise. But, that's not all. You also need to live a balanced life. For example, you need just so much of certain types of food. You need just the right amount of exercise, sleep, and relief from stress. You may think living a healthy life is simple. It isn't, because it requires effort and willpower. Consider foods, for example. Can you give up potato chips, candy, and other "junk" food? They taste great. Unfortunately, they're not healthy foods; they're worthless calories. How about exercise? It's difficult to keep up a regular training program, to do an exercise _ at least three time a week _ that gives the lungs, heart, and muscles a good workout. Another problem is stress: There is a lot of it in society today. Finally, add in all the bad habits that people have like smoking, drinking, and not eating breakfast, and you can understand why keeping a healthy lifestyle is so difficult. It is understandable why so few people live to be 100 years old, even with the advances in modern medicine which have increased average life spans. (Japan is near the top in life expectancy, but this may change as lifestyle change.) Wait a minute! You say you don't care about living to one hundred; you say an average life span (76 for men and 82 for women) is enough. However, wouldn't you like to have more energy, prettier teeth, more self-confidence, be more handsome or more beautiful and avoid cancer as long as you live? Of course you would. And you can. This textbook is your guide to a long, healthy life. Just read it, believe it, and do it. Oh, one more thing: Don't forget to fasten your seatbelt! 2. Exercises for Practice (i) Answer these questions. 1. Why do most people die before age one hundred? 2. What two things will this textbook focus on? 3. What is this textbook a guide to? 4. What are some bad habits that people have? 5. Why isn't it simple to live a healthy lifestyle? (ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. 1. You can't do anything about changing your sex or family background. 2. You do have control over your health and lifestyle. 3. A healthy lifestyle takes effort. 4. Cancer can never be prevented. 5. On the average, men live seven years longer than women. 58

T T T T T T

F F F F F F

(iii) Matching for Understanding Choose the expression on the right that means the same as the word on the left, as it is used in the text. Your answer 1. design a. something done regularly 2. habit b. trying very hard 3. to last c. not enough 4. lifestyle d. having no value 5. obesity e. feel good about yourself 6. effort f. put on; connect 7. willpower g. the kind of life you live 8. worthless h. energy used by the body 9. lungs i. Not to wear out 10. calorie j. they pass air into blood 11. confidence k. original plan or idea 12. simple l. being overweight 13. scientists m. strong desire 14. lack of n. researchers 15. fasten o. easy (iv) Dialogue Practice Fred John Fred John Fred John Fred John Fred John Fred

When I was jogging, I met an old man who wanted to race. How old was he? He looked like he was about 70. You are 20, so you should have been faster than him. That's what I thought. So, I agreed to race for money. How much did you bet? One dollar for each year's difference in our ages. Did you win the race and get $50? No, I lost eighty-five dollars. Why did you lose so much? Well, later I found out he was actually 105 years old!

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Lesson 2 Five Ways to Prevent Cancer

____________________________________________________________ 1. Practice reading the following passage Every 124 seconds someone in Japan dies of cancer. Maybe that's why just hearing the word "cancer" scares most people. Some think cancer is like a terrible lottery: You're unlucky if you get it and lucky if you don't. That way of thinking is wrong. It's okay to be afraid of the disease, but it's wrong to feel helpless about it because 80-85% of all cancers are related to lifestyle ____the way you live your life. For example, the food you eat, the amount of stress in your life, and whether you smoke or not, affect your chances of getting cancer. Here is a list of five things you can do every day to protect yourself from cancer: 1. Eat high-fiber food: Foods that are high in fiber such as fruit, vegetables, and whole grains can prevent colon cancer. Some common whole grain foods are whole wheat (brown) bread, whole grain (brown) rice, and oatmeal. 2. Reduce fat in your meals: Too much fat in food increases the chance of breast, colon, and prostate cancer. Eat fewer foods cooked in fat and oil; eat more lean meat, fish, and low-fat dairy products. 3. Control your weight: A study found that men who were 40% or more overweight had a 33% greater chance of getting cancer than people who were not fat. 4. Avoid nitrite-cured foods: These types of foods include ham, bacon, hot dogs, and sausage. They may cause stomach cancer. 5. Don't smoke cigarettes: About 30% of all cancer is clearly because of cigarette smoking. People who smoke have a 15-times greater chance of getting cancer than those who don't. Some other things you can do to avoid cancer are these: get plenty of vitamins A and C; eat more cabbage-type vegetables; don't drink too much alcohol; and avoid too much sun. Although your chances of getting cancer increase as you get older, nearly half of all cancer patients can be cured by modern medicine. Now you can understand why cancer is related to lifestyle, and you know some ways to help prevent it. Just remember, cancer does not depend only on good luck or bad luck. It's not like a lottery. It depends on how you take care of yourself. 2. Exercises for Practice (i) Answer these questions. 1. What scares most people? 2. What percentage of all cancer is related to lifestyle? 3. By how much does being 40% overweight increase your chances of getting cancer? 4. How much can modern medicine help cancer patients? 5. What does avoiding cancer mostly depend on? (ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. 1. Every four minutes someone in Japan dies of cancer. 2. Whole grain (brown) rice and regular (white) rice are both high in fiber. 3. Eating ham and eggs for breakfast everyday may be bad for your health. 4. Thirty percent of all cancer is caused by cigarette smoking. 5. Too much sun is bad for your skin and could eventually cause skin cancer. 60

T T T T T T

F F F F F F

(iii) Dialogue Practice Where did you get all that money? Jeff From insurance. Last year I was told I had cancer and only three months to live. Dick But, you're still alive. Jeff Of course, the doctor made a mistake. I didn't have cancer. Dick You are very lucky. Jeff Yes, plus I got 20 million yen from my cancer insurance company. Dick So, now you're a rich man. Jeff But, I'm not happy. I'd rather have hair than money. Dick What do you mean? Jeff Those chemotherapy treatments made all my hair fall out! Dick (iv) Using your dictionary, write the explanatory meanings of the twelve words below before you read and do the questions below. 1. habits 2. Sore 3. Heal 4. Bleeding 5. Lump 6. Indigestion 7. swallowing 8. Wart 9. Mole 10. Cough 11. Hoarseness 12. pain Cancer Warnings There are seven (7) early warning signs that can mean you have cancer. You should know them. Two out of every three people with early signs of cancer can be cured if they seek medical attention immediately. Do you have.......... 1. a change in toilet habits? 2. a sore that does not heal? 3. unusual bleeding? 4. a lump on your body? 5. indigestion/difficulty in swallowing? 6. a change in a wart or mole? 7. a continual cough or hoarseness?

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Lesson 3 Smoking Tobacco is Suicide

____________________________________________________________ 1. Practice reading the following passage Do you want to die of cancer? If you do, it's very easy. Just smoke tobacco. Suicide means killing yourself, and smoking is suicide. Many years of research have shown that smoking is dangerous____ it kills people. In the U.S.A every year, over 70, 000 people die of lung cancer caused by smoking. In Japan, the number is more than 40, 000 and increasing fast. That's only lung cancer; other kinds of cancer and other diseases are also caused by smoking. How does smoking kill? The answer is simple. It kills because smoke is a poisonous gas. People who die in house fires usually die from the smoke, not the flames. People who smoke tobacco also die from the smoke, although much more slowly. It usually takes 15-20 years before cancer develops seriously. But, by the time a smoker finds out he has cancer it is often too late because the 3-year survival rate for lung cancer is only 44%. Yet, many people inhale cigarette smoke into their lungs each day, year after year. The danger is real: One pack of cigarettes a day puts one liter of tar in a smoker's lungs in a year. Each cigarette shortens the smoker's life by eight minutes. Tobacco smoke contains these poisonous substances: carbon monoxide, cyanide, tar, and nicotine. These chemicals destroy healthy body cells. Not only is smoking dangerous, it is dirty, too. It makes your mouth, hair, and clothes smell bad. It makes your teeth brown. It makes the skin on your face look old. Cigarettes can cause fires, and cigarette butts often become litter wherever people smoke. Nowadays, especially in the U.S.A, smoking angers nonsmokers, some of whom may complain about it. Many people say Japan is a "smoker's paradise" because, unlike the U.S., it has no laws to control smoking in public places. Doctors at the Cancer Research Center in Tokyo say, "Lung cancer is increasing in Japan, and most people don't know how dangerous it is, can't stop; their bodies are addicted to nicotine, which is a habit-forming drug. In the U.S.A., there is a no-smoking boom. These days, smoking is not allowed in many public places, including airplanes. This is good news. The bad news is that because Americans are stopping smoking, U.S. tobacco companies are increasing their exports to Japan. In this case, "Made in U.S.A." is very bad. So, if you are wise and don't smoke, that's good; don't start. If you smoke, stop now! 2. Exercises for Practice (i) Answer these questions. 1. What is the easiest way to get cancer? 2. What does "suicide" mean? 3. In Japan every year, how many people die of lung cancer caused by smoking? 4. What percentage of lung cancer patients is still alive after three years? 5. What does it mean to be addicted to something? (ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. 1. Cancer usually develops seriously after 5-10 years of smoking. 2. The inside of a smoker's lungs are black. 3. It is becoming difficult to find a place to smoke in public in the U.S.A. 4. Smoking makes the skin on your face smooth. 5. A young smoker is fortunate because he can stop smoking before cancer develops. 62

T T T T T T

F F F F F F

(iii) Finish the sentence. Choose a, b, or c to complete each sentence correctly. A B C 1. Smoking is one kind of ………… sickness recreation slow suicide 2. Smoking causes ……….. backaches diseases loss of hair 3. Smoking is a ……………. dangerous drug poisonous gas both a and b 4. In Japan, the rate of lung cancer is… increasing decreasing not changing 5. When people die in house fires, the burning to death jumping out of a lungs filled cause of death is usually ….. window with smoke 6. Research shows that each cigarette 5 minutes 8 minutes 18 minutes shortens the smoker's life by …… 7. Substances in tobacco smoke that carbon monoxide tar and nicotine both a and b destroy healthy body cells are ….. and cyanide (iv) Dialogue Practice Hello Fred. Do you want to hear a bad joke? Peter Yes, I do. Please tell me. Fred What's black inside and covered with smoke? Peter A stove or a chimney. Fred Wrong. Your lungs. Peter Are you complaining about my smoking again? Fred Yes, because I'm worried about our friendship. Peter What do you mean? Fred Every cigarette you smoke shortens our friendship by eight minutes. Peter Oh. I never thought of that! Fred

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Lesson 4 Exercise for Good Health

____________________________________________________________ 1. Practice reading the following passage It is easier not to exercise. It is easier to take an elevator than it is to climb the stairs. It is easier to drive than to walk. It is easier to lie in bed than it is to jog on a cold winter morning. Unfortunately, the good things in life do not always come easily, and a healthy body is a good thing. Good health requires effort _ you have to work at it. As you get older, your body condition naturally gets worse, but especially so if you are inactive. It is like a car engine: It will wear out or lose power much sooner if you neglect it. Unfortunately, some people take better care of their car engines than they do their bodies, even though body maintenance (exercise) is cheaper. For good body maintenance, you must exercise regularly. Do you know that exercise has these merits? (a) Longer life; (b) Better sleep; (c) More energy; (d) Better body shape; and (e) Relief from stress. Most people do know the importance of exercise, yet surveys show that only 10% of adults get enough of it. If you are in the 90% group, you must be a member of the "Too" Club. "Too" Club members say they are Too busy, Too tired, Too sick, Too young, or Too old to exercise. Or that exercise is Too boring. Ask yourself this: Do you have about 90 minutes of free time in your weekly schedule? It only takes about 90 minutes a week to exercise properly. "Properly" means to choose an activity such as running or swimming that will increase your heart and lung performance to at least 70% of capacity over a 30-minute period, at least 3 times a week. (Choosing an activity you enjoy will help you to continue for a long time.) This would be about 2,000 calories worth of exercise. Such exercise is called aerobic exercise. Start now and set up your training schedule. Decide to do it for at least 6 weeks. Why 6 weeks? Because most people give up after a few weeks. In addition, after 6 weeks you can begin to feel the benefits. Once you know how good exercise makes you look and feel, you will want to make it a part of your daily life. Remember, becoming healthy takes effort; it's not easy, but it's worth it. So, whenever you feel too lazy to exercise __ and you know you should __ think about this expression: "If you don't use it, you lose it." 2. Exercises for Practice (i) Answer these questions. 1. What things in life do not always come easily? 2. What merits does exercise have? 3. How much time is necessary for a person exercise program? 4. Are you a member of the "TOO" Club? Why or why not? 5. What do you think "If you don't use it, you lose it" means? (ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. 1. It is not difficult to exercise regularly. 2. Most people are so busy they don't have 90 minutes of free time a week for exercising. 3. You should burn about 2,000 calories a week through exercise. 4. After a few weeks of exercising, you can feel the benefits. 64

T T T

F F F

T T

F F

(iii) Matching for Understanding Choose the expression on the right that means the same as the word on the left, as it is used in the text. Your answer 1. Merits a. become no good; get old 2. Choose b. keep doing 3. Capacity c. for walking to upper floor 4. Relief d. not interesting 5. Give up e. good points 6. Neglect f. a slow run 7. Schedule g. unit of body energy 8. Continue h. hot give attention to 9. Wear out i. Unwilling to work 10. Properly j. correctly; the right way 11. Calorie k. select; decide upon 12. Stairway l. help or make better 13. Boring m. plan or timetable 14. Lazy n. stop; quit; drop out 15. Jog o. the full amount; 100% (iv) Dialogue Practice Pete What are you going to do today, Dick? Dick I'm going to that sports club to exercise. Pete Why do you exercise? Dick Because exercise makes me more handsome. Pete Is that why you have so many girlfriends? Dick Yes, it is. Pete I exercise every day, but I can't find a girlfriend. Dick Where do you exercise? Pete In that building over there. Dick The sports club? Pete No, next to it, the "pachinko" place. Dick What kind of exercise can you do in the "pachinko" parlor? Pete It's called "finger" exercise. Dick Are you crazy? Healthy fingers won't help you find a girlfriend!

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Lesson 5 Healthy Food for a Healthy Body

____________________________________________________________ 1. Practice reading the following passage "You are what you eat" is often said by nutrition experts. It means that your diet (what you eat) is the foundation for your physical and emotional well-being. Would you want to cross bridges or be in buildings without good foundations? Of course not! But, many of us have bodies with poor foundations because of unhealthy eating habits. Once again, think of your body as an engine, and think of food as fuel __ for humans. When your engine is getting good fuel and running smoothly, you're healthy, energetic, and physically attractive. When it's getting poor quality fuel, you're likely to be unhealthy, not energetic, and overweight. To prevent that from happening, think about nutrition and eat wisely. Develop a positive eating plan by knowing which foods are good for you and which aren't. Then form good eating habits and don't change. This is not easy to do because there is so much delicious food around us all the time, and eating is one of life's great pleasures. Unfortunately, although they sound alike, "delicious" doesn't always equal "nutritious". Actually, much of the food people love like potato chips, candy, ice cream, and cola is not healthy. That means these foods are not good fuel for your body. An average person needs about 2,500 calories a day from complex carbohydrates, protein, and fats. A balanced variety of natural foods from the four basic food groups should give you all the vitamins and minerals you need: (1) milk products; (2) meat, fish, chicken, and eggs; (3) vegetables and fruits; and (4) bread and rice. Some points to remember are these: Eat a lot of fresh fruits, vegetables, and high-fiber foods. Cut down on the meat and high-cholesterol foods. Drink pure, nutritious drinks like milk and juice, not coffee and sodas. Reduce or eliminate the use of salt and sugar; they are in most food already. If you had lived in Japan many years ago, choosing good food would have been simple. People had little choice then; they had to eat what they could get, which was the traditional, fresh-grown, vegetable-based diet. Today, we have more than enough food, but much of it is unnecessary or unhealthy. This food is one cause of health problems like heart disease, diabetes, stomach cancer, and obesity. Think about your diet. Remember, "You are what you eat." This simply means that eating good food makes you healthy, happy, and __ really __ even handsome. 2. Exercises for Practice (i) Answer these questions. 1. What does "You are what you eat" mean? 2. Why is it difficult to follow a good diet? 3. What are the four basic food groups? 4. What was the traditional Japanese diet like? 5. What health problems are caused by unhealthy eating? (ii) Circle T (True) or F (False) for each statement. 1. Food can be thought of as a kind of fuel. 2. All delicious food is good for your health. 3. To "cut down" on a food means to eat least of it. 4. People who lived one hundred years ago probably were not fat. 5. Most food doesn't have enough sugar or salt in it. 66

T T T T T T

F F F F F F

(iii) Using Key Words Correctly Write the missing word in each sentence by choosing a word from the box below. overweight balanced cholesterol nutritious foundation nutrition traditional habit obesity eliminate delicious Your Answers 1. The science of food and how it affects your health is called………… 2. ……food is good for your health because it contains many nutrients. 3. Being……………………may be one result of poor eating habits. 4. Something you do regularly is called a……………………… 5. Food can taste…………………….but not be nutritious. 6. To……………………a food from your diet means to stop eating it. 7. A……………….diet means a variety of food from each food group. 8. Eating too many foods high in ………….could cause heart disease. 9. The…………………Japanese diet has always been a healthy diet. 10. The scientific name for being fat is……………………… 11. Good food is a kind of ………………….for the body. (iv) Questions for Discussion and Dialogue Practice 1. How often do you miss breakfast/lunch/dinner? Do you ever eat fast-food/brown bread? 2. How often do you drink beer/ wine/eat fresh fruit/eat vegetables? Jim My favorite food is ice cream. Is it healthy? No, it's not very healthy. Liz Jim Why? It's made from milk, isn't it? A little milk, but mostly artificial chemicals and lots of sugar. Liz Jim Is there any healthy ice cream? Dialogue Practice Liz Here is some special "natto" ice cream. 1 Jim "Natto" ice cream. That sounds bad! But, it's high in protein. Liz Jim Never mind, I make my own ice cream at home, anyway. What kind do you make? Liz Jim Alcohol ice cream. What! Now I know why you get a red face after eating ice cream. Liz Mrs I'm tired of cooking, cleaning and taking care of the children. I will try to help you more. Mr Mrs You use this house like a hotel. I will try to come home earlier. Mr Mrs Your children don't know you. Dialogue Practice Mr I will try to play with them. 2 Mrs You never hold me or kiss me. I will love you more. Mr Mrs You never give me anything. I'll give you whatever you want. Mr Mrs Then I want out. Do you mean you want to go outside? Mr Mrs No, I want out of this marriage! D-I-V-O-R-C-E. Divorce! 67

Lesson 6 Introduction to Academic Writing: Descriptive Essay

____________________________________________________________ 1. A Brief Introduction When writing, all we need to do is to put what we have already known into a more specific structure, a definite organization, the content of which is more selective, appropriate, and focused than our everyday writing. We have to lose what is unimportant and to choose what is essential. These are the key issues for writing: (a) The more you read, the better you will write, and the more you write, the smooth flow of writing you will gain. (b) The only way to improve your writing, or to write effectively, is to practice writing. (c) Writing can be done any time you are available. The classroom is not the only source of language input. (d) Good writing needs a clear purpose. All texts have their purposes and for each purpose there is a unique style and format. If you want your writing to be effective, you must adhere to certain rules and standards that go along with each type of text. 2. Concepts for Effective Writing To become an effective writer, you should: (1) First, decide what you will write, (2) Second, plan your writing, (3) Make sure your writing focuses on the reader, and (4) Finally, check your writing. 3. The Form of an Essay Most essays have three supporting points, developed in three separate paragraphs. (Some essays will have two supporting points; others, four or more.) Each of the supporting paragraphs should begin with a topic sentence that states the point to be detailed in that paragraph. Just as the thesis provides a focus for the entire essay, the topic sentence provides a focus for each supporting paragraph. When writing an essay, planning is crucial for success. I. Introduction

II. Body

III. Conclusion

Thesis statement Plan of development: Points 1, 2, 3 The introduction attracts the reader’s interest. The thesis statement (or thesis sentence) states the main idea advanced in the paper. The plan of development is a list of points that support the thesis. The points are presented in the order in which they will be developed in the paper. Paragraph 1 Topic sentence (Point 1) with Specific Evidence The topic sentence advances the first supporting point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of the paragraph develops that first point. Paragraph 2 Topic sentence (Point 2) with Specific Evidence The topic sentence advances the second supporting point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of the paragraph develops that second point. Paragraph 3 Topic sentence (Point 3) with Specific Evidence The topic sentence advances the third supporting point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in the rest of the paragraph develops that third point. Summary, conclusion, or both A summary is a brief restatement of the thesis and its main points. A conclusion is a final thought or two stemming from the subject of the paper. 68

4. Descriptive Essay "Giving Up a Baby" As I awoke, I overheard a nurse say, “It’s a lovely baby boy. How could a mother give him up?” “Be quiet,” another voice said. “He’s going to wake up soon.” Then I heard the baby cry, but I never heard him again. Three years ago, I gave up my child to two strangers, people who wanted a baby but could not have one. I was in pain over my decision, and I can still hear the voices of people who said I was selfish or crazy. But the reasons I gave up my child were important ones, at least to me. I gave up my baby, first of all, because I was very young. I was only seventeen, and I was unmarried. Because I was so young, I did not yet feel the desire to have and raise a baby. I knew that I would be a child raising a child and that, when I had to stay home to care for the baby, I would resent the loss of my freedom. I might also blame the baby for that loss. In addition, I had not had the experiences in life that would make me a responsible, giving parent. What could I teach my child, when I barely knew what life was all about myself? Besides my age, another factor in my decision was the problems my parents would have. I had dropped out of high school before graduation, and I didn’t have a job or even the chance of a job, at least for a while. My parents would have to support my child and me, possibly for years. My mom and dad had already struggled to raise their family and were not well off financially. I knew I could not burden them with an unemployed teenager and her baby. Even if I eventually got a job, my parents would have to help raise my child. They would have to be full-time baby-sitters while I tried to make a life of my own. Because my parents are good people, they would have done all this for me. But I felt I could not ask for such as big sacrifice from them. The most important factor in my decision was, I suppose, a selfish one. I was worried about my own future. I didn’t want to marry the baby’s father. I realized during the time I was pregnant that we didn’t love each other. My future as an unmarried mother with no education or skills would certainly have been limited. I would be struggling to survive, and I would have to give up for years my dreams of getting a job and my own car and apartment. It is hard to admit, but I also considered the fact that, with a baby, I would not have the social life most young people have. I would not be able to stay out late, go to parties, or feel carefree and irresponsible, for I would always have an enormous responsibility waiting for me at home. With a baby, the future looked limited and insecure. In summary, thinking about my age, my responsibility to my parents, and my own future made me decide to give up my baby. As I look back today at my decision, I know that it was the right one for me at the time. Practice writing the following topics (Follow the essay format) 1. To the best of your knowledge, what should be the best qualities of each individual? Choose not more than THREE POINTS to describe this. 2. What benefits or advantages can one get from being able to master the English language? Describe this. 3. Describe the significant points that attract foreign tourists to visit Cambodia.

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Lesson 7 Introduction to Academic Writing: Argumentative Essay

____________________________________________________________ It is inevitable that as technology develops so traditional cultures must be lost. Technology and tradition are incompatible – you cannot have both together. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? I strongly disagree with this statement. There are several compelling arguments in support of the view that technology and tradition are indeed compatible. Firstly, we can today see many countries around the world where tradition and new technology live side by side comfortably. Japan, for instance, is a leader in technology but still strongly holds its traditional values, such as respect for elders. Whether Japanese people post hand-written letters to their parents or send them e-mails, the traditional values remain unchallenged and unchanged, although the technology has changed. Secondly, there are innumerable cases throughout history where we can see that a change in technology did not actually lead to a change in traditional culture. For example, when farmers all around the world started using tractors instead of animals to plough their fields, their productivity and lifestyle improved, but there was no significant change in their behavior, beliefs and customs. The technology was incorporated into their traditional culture without challenging it. Finally, we know that technology can actually help preserve traditional cultures. It not only aids us to preserve ancient manuscripts and artifacts and to understand the roots of culture by exploring history. It also helps with communication, and communication is the basis of all cultures. Communication devices such as satellite televisions and cellular telephones are, for example, of great benefit to geographically scattered cultures. Improved telecommunications technology enhances the ability of these cultural groups to stay in touch with one another and find ways of safeguarding their culture. For these reasons, it is easy to support the view that technology and tradition are indeed compatible. As technology develops, traditional cultures are not necessarily lost. Please select ONE of these topics to write an argumentative essay Do you agree or disagree with this statement? To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1. The best measure of success is how much money you earn. 2. Always tell the truth is a good thing people should do. To maintain a good relationship with each other, people should not tell a lie. 3. It has been said that the quality of a man is his knowledge, and the quality of a woman is her beauty.

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Lesson 8 Introduction to Writing Informal Letters

____________________________________________________________ 1. A Brief Introduction Effective letter writing boils down to knowing: (a) Why you are writing a letter; (b) Understanding your reader's needs; and then (c) Clearly writing what you need to say. When you write a letter, you are trying to convince someone to act or react in a positive way. Your reader will respond quickly only if your meaning is crystal clear. The best letters have a conversational tone and read as if you were talking to your reader. In brief then, you should be: (a) Clear; (b) Concise; (c) Correct; (d) Courteous; (e) Conversational; (f) Convincing; and (g) Complete. Informal letters usually: (i) Start by enquiring about the health/wellbeing of the person you’re writing to; (ii) Enquire about members of his/her family; (iii) Convey your good wishes to him/her and the family; (iv) Provide information about you and your family; and (v) Ask about his/her present situation and plans. 2. Format for an informal letter _______________________ (The Heading) _______________________ _______________________ (The Date) _______________________ (The Greeting) _________________________________________________________ (The Body) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________ (The Complimentary Close) _______________________ (The Signature) P.S. (The Postscript is Optional) 3. Descriptions of Format for an Informal Letter The Heading The Greeting The Body

It contains the return address followed by a third line with the date. Dear Thida, Dear Thida! It contains the main text. The block style (no indented paragraphs) is considered too formal for a friendly letter, so each new paragraph should be indented. Skipping a line between paragraphs, also helps the reader. 71

The Complimentary Close and Signature Line

The left edge of the close and signature line in a friendly letter begin in the center, at the same column as the heading. The complimentary close begins with a capital letter and ends with a comma. Skip from one to three spaces, and type in the signature line, the printed name of the person signing the letter. If the writer and reader are very friendly, or if the letter is handwritten in the same script as the signature, the signature line or the last name in the signature line may be omitted. Sign the name in the space between the close and the signature line, starting at the left edge of the signature line.

4. The Mechanics of Writing Commas in Letter Writing Use commas after the salutation (also called the greeting) in a personal letter and after the complimentary closing in all letters.

Salutation Closing

Capital Letters in Letters (a) Capitalize the first word and all nouns in the salutation (or greeting). (b) Capitalize the first word in the complimentary closing. Colons in Special Cases 1. Numerical expressions of time.

2. Salutations in business letters are followed by a colon. 3. Getting attention.

Examples Dear Fred, My dearest Annie, Sincerely, Truly yours, With lots of love, Best wishes, Love forever, Best regards, Wishes, Regards, With all the best, Love, Dear Sir: My dearest Aunt, Greetings! Sincerely, Truly yours, With best wishes,

5:31 p.m. The colon goes between the hour and minute. If seconds are noted, a colon goes between the minute and second. He ran the marathon in 2:14:33.2. (Two hours, fourteen minutes, and thirty-three point two seconds.) Dear Sir: Dear Ms. Hathaway: Warning

To be opened by authorized personnel only. Notice Do not use before October 15. Notes: Postscripts (P.S.) can only be used with informal letters, but not in formal ones.

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Lesson 9 Samples of an Informal Letter

____________________________________________________________ Sample 1 Address of the writer Date Dear Aunt Barbara, What's new with you? Mom says you are coming to visit next month. Could you bring me the photos from your trip to Africa? I want to use them for a report in school! Thanks a lot. Can't wait to see you. Love, Tina P.S. I almost forgot. I will be back from vacation next Friday. I will call you then.

Descriptions Heading Salutation/Greeting Body

Closing Signature Postscript

A Letter to a Friend (who is living in another city) Why write a letter to a friend, especially when you can use the telephone and call? Here are some good reasons: (1) You are on vacation; (2) You are away at summer camp; (3) You have a secret you would rather write about than say; (4) You express yourself better in writing; and (5) You want to get a letter back. Here are some questions you might ask yourself before writing your letter: (1) What did you talk about the last time you spoke (wrote)? (2) What happened that makes you want to write? (3) What exciting news do you want to share? (4) What's going on with your family? (5) What bad news do you want to pass along? and (6) Is there anything you want to ask? Sample 2 Address of the writer Date Dear Peter, How are you? Last week, we got a new dog. We picked him up at the pound. He's a 10-month-old totally hyper puppy. the vet we took him to said he was part beagle and part English setter. Isn't that weird? I named him Radar. When I walk him after school, he sniffs the ground and barks at squirrels, birds, and anything else that moves. He eats everything, and not only dog food. He's already chewed a Frisbee, my brother's running shoes, and two brushes. You should get a dog. Maybe when you come to visit me, we'll go to the pound and pick one out. I'm sure your mom would love it if you came home with a Saint Bernard. Yeah, wouldn't that be neat? Your friend, Darith

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Descriptions Heading Salutation/Greeting Body

Closing Signature

A Letter to a Pen Pal A pen pal is someone you get to know through letters. When you correspond with a pen pal, you not only make a new friend but you learn about a different country or region. Therefore, this letter requires special information. Your letter should include: (1) personal details about yourself, your friends and family; (2) information about your life, the place you live in, the kinds of foods you eat, how you celebrate holidays; and (3) questions about your pen pal's country, and way of life. Don't forget this is a letter not a questionnaire. Keep your questions brief, and don't lump them together. Spread them throughout the letter. They should be things you are curious about. Sample 3 Address of the writer

Descriptions Heading

Date Dear Fernardo, My name is Mario and I live in Ontario, Canada. Ontario is a province in the eastern part of Canada. I'm sending you a map to show you where my city is. There are mountains and rivers in Ontario. It's great if you like to hike, fish, or do any other kind of nature stuff.

Salutation/Greeting Body (1) Introduce yourself (2) Talk about where you live, and what you do everyday (3) Holidays you celebrate

I live in a small town with my parents and my sister Olga. I'm in the seventh grade. I take history, English, mathematics, and science in school. What subjects do you take in school? We get a lot of snow in winter, and I go snow boarding and skiing. One time, our whole school went skiing, even the teachers. Does it ever snow in Portugal? Next week is Halloween. My friends and I dress up in costumes and go trick-or-treating in the neighborhood. This year, I'm dressing up as Spiderman. Do you dress up for Halloween? Well, that's all for now. I hope you write soon. Your Ontario pen pal, Mario P.S. I hope you like the stamps on this letter. Do you collect stamps? Can you put some good ones on your letter to me?

Closing Signature Postscript

A Letter to a Family Member Although you might not write a letter to a family member you see every day, you might write to a favorite aunt or uncle who lives in another province or country, or your mom or dad if one of them is away on trip, or to a brother or sister who is away at school or camp. Sample 4 Address of the writer

Descriptions Heading

Date 74

Dear Dad, Hi! How's your trip going? I'm taking care of things at home. The best part is helping Mom get Tom to bed at night. It's good to be the boss!

Salutation/Greeting Body

Guess what? I got an A on my spelling test at school today! And I only cheated a little (just kidding). The only word I missed was "dessert". I know, I know – pretty unbelievable, but true. I spelled it "desert". What a dumb! We all miss you. Especially me. See you soon. Love, Anandar P.S. Mom and Tom say HI, too!

Closing Signature Postscript

A Letter to Someone Who's Sick Whether you are sick at home or in a hospital, a get-well letter is the next best thing to a personal visit. Some people send commercially produced get-well cards, but a letter is more personal and special. If you do send a greeting card, it's nice to add a personal note. Be sympathetic: It's never fun being sick. Let the person know you understand. If it's a serious illness, however, don't write about it. Be positive. Share your experiences: Maybe you have the same illness as your friend. Recall your own experience to show your friend you know what he or she is going through. But don't go on too much about your own problems. After, it's your friend who need sympathy. Give some news: People cooped up in bed are eager to hear what is going on in the outside world. Let them know what's happening at school, in the neighbourhood, and with your family. Be cheery: People say that "Laughter is the best medicine." Cheer up your friend with a joke or a little humor. Sample 5 Address of the writer

Descriptions Heading

Date Dear Albert, I’m sorry you’re sick. It’s no fun having the measles, I know. I had them last year. I was in bed for a week! It wasn’t so bed though. Mom put a bell by my bed that I could ring every time I needed something. You should get a bell.

Salutation/Greeting Body

Yesterday we had a geography test in school. It was tough, but I think I passed. Aren’t you glad you missed it? Having the measles isn’t so bad! Maybe I should catch them again. Get well so we could shoot some hoops. Your buddy, Mark 75

Closing Signature

Lesson 10 Introduction to Writing Formal Letters

____________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction When you write a business letter, use this checklist to remind you of the key principles of effective letter writing. Keep it Short

Keep it Simple

Keep it Strong

Keep it Sincere

Cut needless words and needless information. Cut stale phrases and redundant statements. Cut the first paragraph if it refers to previous correspondence. Cut the last paragraph if it asks for future correspondence. Use familiar words, short sentences and short paragraphs. Keep your subject matter as simple as possible. Keep related information together. Use a conversational style. Answer the reader's question in the first paragraph. Give your answer and then explain why. Use concrete words and examples. Keep to the subject. Answer promptly. Be human and as friendly as possible. Write as if you were talking to your reader.

2. Different Styles of Formal Letters The following pictures show what a one-page business letter should look like. There are three accepted styles. (1) Block Letter ___________________ (The Heading) ___________________ ___________________ (The Date) ___________________ (The Inside Address) ___________________ ___________________ (The Greeting) _______________________________________________________________ (The Body) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________ (The Complimentary Close) ___________________ (The Signature) 76

(2) Modified Letter __________________ (The Heading) __________________ __________________ (The Date) ___________________ (The Inside Address) ___________________ ___________________ (The Greeting) ________________________________________________________________ (The Body) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________ (The C. Close) ___________________ (The Signature) (3) Indented Letter __________________ (The Heading) __________________ __________________ (The Date) _________________ (The Inside Address) _________________ _________________ (The Greeting) _________________________________________________________ (The Body) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ __________________ (The C. Close) __________________ (The Signature) 77

3. Descriptions of Format for a Formal Letter Formal letters should have a margin of at least one inch on all for edges. There are six parts to a formal letter. 1. The Heading: This contains the return address (usually two or three lines) with the date on the last line. Sometimes it may be necessary to include a line after the address and before the date for a phone number, fax number, E-mail address, or something similar. Often a line is skipped between the address and date. 2. The Inside Address: This is the address you are sending your letter to. Make it as complete as possible. Include titles and names if you know them. This is always on the left margin. Skip a line after the heading before the inside address. Skip another line after the inside address before the greeting. 3. The Greeting: Also called the salutation, the greeting in a business letter is always formal. It normally begins with the word "Dear" and always includes the person's last name. It normally has a title. Use a first name only if the title is unclear. The greeting in a business letter always ends in a colon. (You know you are in trouble if you get a letter from a boyfriend or girlfriend and the greeting ends in a colon--it is not going to be friendly.) 4. The Body: It is written as text. A business letter is never hand written. Depending on the letter style you choose, paragraphs may be indented. Regardless of format, skip a line between paragraphs. Skip a line between the greeting & the body. Skip a line between the body & the close. 5. The Complimentary Close: This short, polite closing ends with a comma. It is either at the left margin or its left edge is in the center, depending on the Business Letter Style that you use. It begins at the same column the heading does. The block style is becoming more widely used because there is no indenting to bother with in the whole letter. 6. The Signature Line: Skip two lines and type out the name to be signed. Women may indicate how they wish to be addressed by placing Miss, Mrs., Ms. or similar title in parentheses before their name. The signature line may include a second line for a title, if appropriate. The signature should start directly above the first letter of the signature line in the space between the close and the signature line. Business letters should not contain postscripts. Some organizations and companies may have formats that vary slightly.

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Lesson 11 Samples of Formal Letters

____________________________________________________________ Sample 1 The Sender’s Address

Description The Heading

Date The Receiver’s Address Dear Sir: I am applying for the post of Security Guard advertised in "The Standard" yesterday and I am enclosing a copy of my CV as requested.

Date The Inside Address The Greeting The Body

As you can see, I have worked for five years as the Prime Minister’s personal bodyguard and before that I was in the army. My commanding officer and the Prime Minister can both supply you with references and their addresses can be found on my CV. My experience in the army included working in Northern Ireland and the Falklands. I have also accompanied the Prime Minister on his overseas trips. I notice that the advertised vacancy involves working overseas and I am very keen on traveling, which is why I have chosen to apply for this post. I hope you will give my application serious consideration and I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Name

The Complimentary Close The Signature

Sample 2 The Sender’s Address Date The Receiver’s Address Dear Sirs: I would like to apply for the post of receptionist in your hotel advertised in today's issue of El País. My name is Carrne Simó. I am twenty years of age and I have just finished the Secretary studies, though I have some experience as a receptionist in a hotel in Cambrils where I have been working for two summers. I also speak English and French fluently and some German. I am enclosing my C.V with my fully detailed qualifications and experience which I hope will suit you. I am looking forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, 79

Carrne Simó Sample 3 The Sender’s Address Date The Receiver’s Address Dear Ms. Marks: We would be very grateful if you would be able to send us a selection of travel brochures about Queensland Australia. Our class is researching the tourist attractions of Queensland as a social studies project. We know that these brochures would be very useful as part of our presentation to parents and other classes at the school. Thank you for considering our request. We are happy to pay for any postage and have enclosed a stamped addressed envelope. Yours faithfully, Fèlix Freixe

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References:

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Byrne, D. (1986). Teaching Oral English (2nd edn.). London: Longman. Byrne, D. (1988). Teaching Writing Skills (2nd edn.). London: Longman. Davis, E. and Whitney, N., Pike-Blakey, M. and Bass, L. (1990). Task Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ellis, G. and Brewster, J. (eds). (1991). The Storytelling Handbook for Primary Teachers. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Ellis, G. and McRae, J. (1991). The Extensive Reading Handbook for Secondary Teachers. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Harmer, J. (1989). Teaching and Learning Grammar. London: Longman. Klippel, F. (1984). Keep Talking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kroll, B. (ed.). (1990). Second Language Writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Murphy, R. (1985). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Nation, I.S.P. (1990). Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New York: Newbury House. Nolasco, R. and Arthur, L. (1987). Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Nuttall, C. (1983). Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language. London: Heinemann. Richards, J.C. and Schmidr, R. W. (eds.). (1983). Language and Communication. London: Longman. Smith, F. (1978). Reading. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ur, P. (1981). Discussions that Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ur, P. (1988). Grammar Practice Activities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williams, E. (1984). Reading in the Language Classroom. London: Macmillan.

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__________________________________ Supported by EEQP-ADB Grant No. 0090-CAM (SF)