Blandford, Colour Series World Uniforms And Battles 1815-50 (1976) Ocr 8.10.pdf

B1andlord Colour Series

Blandford Colour Series

Uniforms and Battles1815-50

Uniforms and Battles1815-50

Philip Haythomthwaite

Michael Chappell

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Philip Haythomthwaite

Michael Chappell

The p... iod from the Batde of Waterloo lUlU) t8)O hal bern tnmed 'the Iorlg ~', a time ..ben IILlhtal}' unibmI adue\.-m their -.1 GOtic and deoorati\-e appear&Dtt- 'The

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WORLD U~IFORMS AXD B.\TrU:S

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book briefly talalogUCI the generally unfamiliar hillory of the 18'~·50 period, and illustratCi over, 30 uniCorIlll of IOttle 1I7 armia, both the magnificent full-dre. unifonnl and the COItuma worn on aeth-e ICOn in IUCh .."idelrdifferina c:ampaigl1l .. the many European il1lUl'T«liona, the Culnt War, the Sikh W..... the US/Mexican War, the War ol Taan Indcpcndcnc:c, the cam.....P ol Bolivar and San Martin, and many ochen. Soone ttithcno UDpublilhcd pictorial and documentary matcnal hal been used in the compilation. ol the book. W,..U U.if_ uJ &/IUJ "'5-50 g th£ fint book e\oer to dcal IOldy with this cokIurCul period, and ..iUlIOt onlr be of interest to the historian and. the uniform cllthuaiul, but ...ill be a fund or information for the model.makcT and the wargamer. This book., Philip Haythomth..-..itc·s IOurth lOr Bl&ndlOrd, pt'O\icIa further evidCll«: ol his enthusiNm and ability III a military ..nttr. He has .,am coUahonucd with Micbad OtappcU, an arltSt with a fasl"'!!'O"'"in& rcputalion as a spkndicl military &niIt.

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B.1 IN 1(1,,", (II/fIrM Uniforms of Walerloo in Colour Uniforms oflhe Ameriean Ci\'il War in Colour

WORLD NIFORM AND BATTLES

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PHILIP

J. HAYTHORXTHWAITE JlllISlrQ/~ti by

:\Iichacl Chappell

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BLANDFORD PRESS POOLE

DORSET

8landford Pros Lid Link HolUt:, Wcst Street, I'oole, Dor$t-I OI-lIS ILL Fint published 1976 Copyright _ 1976 BlandJon:I Prus Ltd All nghlS rl"SerlOed. ~o part of this book may Ix: reprodu«d, or tnlrumiucd in any form or by any mcaru, drctronic or mtthanical, including phoU:JCop>·ing, l«:otding or by any information Itongc and rctnc,.-al s)"Stem, without fll"I""liwon in writing from tM Publishtt.

CONTENTS I II troduction

1

111e Colour PlatCi

,3

Europun Uniforms, ISIS Operations in Europe, 1815-30

.,

RC"olulioru: in Europe, 18300-31

'0'

Operations in Europe, IS30--40

'''9

Campaigns in South America, 1815-SO

'3'

Operations in

~orth

Colonial Campaigns.

11

America, ISIS-.J6 1815~SO

Opcratioru: in Eul'Of'l", II4G-.J8 The U ..-),(e:xican War, 1146--.J7 The Year of Rn-oI.utioru, IS¥' 81i1ck and White Pbtes

&f~t

':! BI.t.-

1V4J1t pt.," (P.,u 179 to 1831

10111 pt

Baskerville by Woowton Parke:r Limill"d, Le:iceste:r Printl"d in Crtat Britain by Fletcher &- Son Ltd, Norwich and bound by Richard Clay (The: Chaucer Prus) Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk ISBN

0 7137 0776 3

Plate A, Pellluylvania Militia Plate 8, Offictts' Coatec, 13th Bombay l'\ati,,"t' Infantry, 1830 I~ate

,sa 'l4 '69

'19 ,86

Sourc:a and Bibliography

Sct in

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'39

C, Fruch Head-drt:U

Plate 0, British Yeomanl'")- Head-drCSII Plate E, Service Dreu, Britain and U_S.A., 1146

11 TRODUCTION

•

'l1n: Ixriod of military history be:twttn lh~ Balll~ ofWat~fioo in 1815 unlil th~ outbreak of the Cri~an Waf in 1854 has bttn populafiy u:nnro 'th~ long peace', being the fint linK in C~lllurio that th~ nallons of E.urope enjoyed a period of almost forty r~an lI\ithout the int~rt"uption of a major war; a time when EuroIXan armies were able 10 adopt uniforms which w~ ffa:d from the underlyin'l: necosity of being fuoctiooal enough for amuoUi eampaigning_ 11K fint sign of the rapid changes in milit.ary COIlume lI\ luch were to occur during this period ca~ immediau:ly after tllt' Baltle ofWal~fioo, lI\ hen troop: of the four major Allied nations Britain, RUSSia, AUSlria and Pross.ia - compriJt:d the anny of occupation of France, and mixed with ~mbcn of th~ French Ro,-a.list forces. J)n'eLoprllCnlJ in mililary ('(lItume have alwa)"J depended upon the interchange betll\ttn nations of uniform 'style' - items of dress copied consdously or oth~no isc: from other nalions, other armies; but fOf' the fint ti~ C\'t':r all the major European powers wtte compres«d inlO a m(:!tin'l:-pot I't':\'olving around Parisian society, where English genU)' lI\-ith cigbtcc:nth-ttntury lIlanners mlJ[ed lI\,th eo.acks and Rashkin from the Steppes, where killed Highlanders walked with tighHrotUCred Hungarians, wher't': the tarnished opulence of the French coun mi.. occd the awesome fopper)- of the Ruv.ian Guards. Whilst the annies tllt'msches fulfilled lillie useful PUrpoK - the Russians boastfully displa}ing wir might in a JoeneS of unending pandes, the Pnwians looting, the AustOalU en'l:'lging in a InorC ducrect form of smash-and-grab, the English be:muscdly wanderin'l: about the city or getting drunk, the Scou bah} iUin'l: Of' dl~in'l: the gardelU of their billets - the authorities raponsibl~ for the uniforms of Ihf'tr respective .linnit's jealowly copied, planned and adapted in an effort to outshine each other_ For the fint time in )'t':an, uniforms of the ordinary troops bqpn to be designed not for practical purpotlCS, but fOf' protige teMOllJ. Britain and Russia forsook their distineti\'e head-dress to copy that of Prussia, the PnwialU copied the Russian ler.-ear, while unifonllJ became progressi\'dy tighter and equipmellt less functional, until the whole process resulted in an o\'erdressed, o\'erdrilled and ICSl dflCient \'t':rsion of the mighty armies which had brought about the downfall of Napoleon,

,

While thoe startling innovatiOIU were in progrcs.s. while armies were becoming more ornate, the so-called 'Holy Alliance' of European monarchs which arose from the ashes of the Napoleonic \Van was cracking at the seams. A succession of political upheavals, coupled with a decline in the alread)' often wretched living-standards of the mass of the population, and the resulting growth of republican and democratic ideals, mcant that the armies of Europe had to be utilised for the most distalltefultask ever given to soldiers, the duty now known all 'internal security'. Instead of fighting in the open field against a recognisable enemy as they had been trained, the Kapoleonic \Var veterans were deployed in the suppression and prevention ofillsurrcction, or used for political rcasolU as the great po.....ers interfered in the alTain of smaller states. These operations which involved anything from the arrest of troublemakers and democrat.! to full-scale pitched battles against organised opposition - e1imaxed in the 'year of revolution', IS..S, when it seemed that the forces of disaffection had masterminded a general revolt in the so-called 'oppressive' states. As a welcome break from these security duties, however, the armies of three natiolU - Britain, "'rance, and Russia had a chance to see some genuine soldiering, in their far-flung colonies. Service in tropical areas not only resulted in the regiment.! thus employed becoming efficient, fighting organisations for the fint time since ISI5, but also brought back the modified, more comfortable and infinitely more practical 'campaign dress' which had been largely foresaken in 'peace-time' Europe. It was from these 'colonial' uniforms, and from the Crimean War which finall)' marked the total collapse of the always-improbable 'Holy Alliance', that the first steps were taken in the deliberate design of uniforms suited to extended operations in the field, rather than primarily for 'show'. The intemaltroubles of Europe, howe\'er, provoked another change in the theories on military dress; by 1(48, certain t)'pe5 of uniformand even haint)'le - had become associated with 1>olitic....1 philosophy. Republicans and democrau could be identified by their loose 'smocks', a superbly functional garment owing iu inspiration 10 labourers' clothing. In Hungary and Germany the open-necked shim and low_ crowned, wide-brimmed felt hau with flowing plumes, copied from the 'Bohemian' style of the avant-garde society, were evidence of revolutionar)' ideals, and contrasted strongly with the top hat.! and starched collars so inseparably linked with the autocratic 'establishmellt'. The French - who generously allowed themselves t.....o revolu-

tions in this period (1830 and IRt8) provided another syml>ol of liberty in the cloth 'k~pi' head-dress and loose clothing. The great wave of romanticism which s.....ept through Europe also inspired military camp....igns in the widespread support for the 'wars of liberation', c1aS5ieaJly in Poland and Grcc<:e, and TlOt only galle the radicals an identifiable dress, but began also to inlIuence their 'oppresson'. Nicholas I of R uS5ia almou certainly designed the spiked helmet, betlcr known by it.! German name of'pickelhaube', but the prOtotype (according to a popular and perhaps apocryphal Slory) was 5t1:n by Frederick William I V of Prussia, who copied it so quickly that his army .....as wearing the helmet before the Rus.sians had issued theirs! B)' IS..8 it was the standard head-dress for both Prussian and Russian armies, and, probably due to the efforts of Prince Albert, had made it.! appearance in the IJritish army. In the revolutions of IRt8 the spiked helmet became a symbol of repression, a reputation which, after a barrage of propaganda during the period and later in World War I, it nill shares today with the jackboot. A classically 'romantic' and political dress was worn by Garibaldi's 'Lcgione ltaliana', a corps of dedicated republicalU proud to be identified as such by their uniforms. This marked an at times blatant use of politically-symbolic costume - .....hieh has continued to the present day (the classic case being eOlllemporary Chinese dress) - bUI occasiollally descended to the level of farce. The composer Liszt, for example, ran into trOuble with the Karlsruhe I>olice for wearing a 'democratic hat', while in 1846 Prus.sian postmen .....ere prohibited from .....earing moustaches, so that they .....ould not be mistaken for republicans, socialist.! or fugitive radicals I ,\fter the five great powers .....ho were copying uniforms from each other came the myriad smaller uates, the vast majority of which slavishly copied one of the large po.....er.blocks, some acwally wearing uniforms manufactured by a 'protecting' power. Tlte Germall states dressed partly in PruS5ian and partly ill Austrian styles, though Il..w aria retained a more traditional uniform, and even had her copyisu, nOiably Grcccc; the Italiall states used a be..... ildering variety of Prussian, Austrian and french st)'les coupled with some archaic Napoleonic costume and nati\·c innovations; Scandinavia retained some traditional features but gradually absorbed Germanic styles. Ironically, Polish troops dressed in Russian style while every European army contained Lancers dressed in traditional I>olish costume, and Spain produced her contribution to the development of uniform in the

8

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doth ~ret, a fa\'ourite head-drltM during the Carlist \Vars but latcr forsaken for a Fre.llch-st)Ie .hako, Ap.1rl from the ":uropean nations and Iheir colonies, there remained Ihe Ne.... World The United States, wearinl; in 1815 a uniform which ....as Brilish in style, followed the gen('fal European trend, goinq- from 'lklgic' shako to bell-topped and then to 'sto\'epipe' patterns, but at tM Jallle tillle C"o'olvinl{ a drt'Sll of her o.... n, culminating in the ·r.1tigue uniform' worn in the Mexican War and on the: frontier. ~lexKo her· ,df, in common with man)" central and South .\merican countries, chose tM mOil ornale dress unifomu imaginable, copied originally from r\apoleonic styles bUl embellished to a dcgrtt nC"o"Cr C"o'en seen in thc: dandified days of ~lurat, King of :\aples, the famed 'c1otheshone' of the III Empi~, A popular story iIIu$1r.ues the degttt of fbmbo)'anec reached 1»' some Latin AlTICJ"ican lUtes; when thc: p~­ sidem and Commander_in_Chief of Mexico, General Lopez de nta Anna, was caPlUred after lhe Battle of San Jacinto, a pair of his epaulelles was 'appropr~tcd' by a quick-witted Texan who meltcd thc:m dO\o\n to make a set of sil\'cr spoons! .\.t the Amc time as these gorgeous uniforms ....ere In ~, howC"o'er, the ab)~II)'-JJOOf", conscripted peasantry of uun Amc:ric.an armies had to be content with raggro civil~n drca or ta.....dry·, coarse and ~dly-prodoa:d fati~e uniforms. To attempt a compre.hensi\"e sun.-q" of .....o.-Id-....; de unifOrms during thc: mOil dttOr1lll\'e period C"on wulun thc: bounds of one volume is dearly bc}'ond the realrm ofpoalbilny. What can be done, hown"Cr, is to sho\.. a ,tfNt.,.,.t1t:~ sekction of unifomu worn by thc: major 'and COItumc-wL5C IfIOI;t inOucmial armies. showing the many and \'aticd altentions whKh transpired durin~ the ill-named 'long peace', together .... ith • selectIOn of uniforrm from the smalleT states, and to illustrate either ho.... the d Igncn copied and modified existing, foretgn pallems or ho.... , in a few enlerprisinl{ caJes, de'o-ised lheir own. I n addition to chartinq thc: nevtt-ending interchange of uniform-st)'lcs, the funClional 'working dfCII' ~volved in the colonies and frontier areu, as .....cll as the politically-inspired couumes .....om in the European insurrections, are abo sho\.. n. Although there .....ere no campaigns on the scalc of thc: Xapoleonic Wars during our p«kKI, the polilical ideologies arising from 'romantic' ideals t:nsured lhat ccrtain campaigns receivfiJ more publicity(inan age of widening news media) than had some battles of the Napoleonic Wars; the European 'crusadc' 10 help in thc Creek War of Inde-

ptmknce, .... hich enmeshed the archetypal romantic figure oflhe age, Lord Hyron, and the hystcrical reception in the United Stales of news about the War of Texan Independl':nce provide typical examples. Other .... an had far-reaching dfects which inOucnced the foreign policy of involved nations, which in tum led to more serious conflict in the fulUre. J\nd, imporlant in the dC"o'e1opmcnt of military COItume, .....an .. hich appealed to popular, nationalOf' ideological .ympathy cncouraged the adoptioll of ch'ilian and ultimately military' dress auocialed .....ith the heroes of the time. In the following text, each important war is catalogued aJ brieOy as possible, and thc unifornu auocialfiJ ....· ith it or arising from it are then described; in this manner, it is hoped that the genenll)' unfamiliar military hislOl')' of the period can be seen in greater c1arit)', and thc: resulting dC"o'dopmenu in unifOC'I1U can be belter understood. SOttlC 'dn:sI regulations' of the en described the: ofncia.l.pattem uniforrm very precisely, but at limes thcy are onl) oflimitfiJ help to the unifOf'm enthusiast; for example, the description of a shako as 'of regulatIOn pallcm, to be seen a.t lhe Adjutant-Genenl's offJCC' is of lillie \'I.J~. Some regimenu displared gTUt initiatl\"C in n'oI\'ing their 0\0\ n indi\'idual patterns of uniform, a fealUre lypified by the ItaIeKiescopic ,"ukt), of musicians' dress to be seen throughout Europe, while Other offw:ial regulations .... ere ofte:n so vague: - or non-existcnt in any .....o rkable fOrm - thai there .....ere great varieties of int~tation. [\'en III an army as comparati\"CI)' red-tape bound as the Ikiwh, only the impending visit of a staffofficer or another ,t:p!esentative of offlC~ldom wooid prO\'Okc an eamest attcmpt to present a completely 'regulation' appearance; for example, in the mid-1830'S an unfortunale tailor received the follo.....ing Curt mis.f,i\·e: Gillman (6gth begs to acquaint Mr Webb that as there is no.... a Gcnenl in this town he is afraid to ",ear thoe Epaulettes .. , ~lajor G. ",ill therefore: thank Mr W, to lake thcm back and scnd him another pair something Regulation - my Epaulcttes al.....a)'s have :z 1 14rll bullions and a little longer than thOle I send back .. " '~lajor

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illustrations are ~scd, many dirtctly, upon contemporar), portraiu, piclUres and prinu of established accuracy; though a number may seem to contain unusual features or to dC\'ialc from ruogniscd pallerns, the)' ha\'e all been checked wilh the originallOun::cs. Others are based upon more modcrn sources, but only those of accepted

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s.w:. 0.-. ''''1.

u.s.....

" . ) 0ucIIy of ModitM-I'ri¥ftI. ""'" C_l '1 I sc.Ia oW

M _) T _ . 0......... SInoicll 0 . - 1I.n. bJ PoMollO. 111 M' ",,.pplltiflo VaIu_ 114'.

b)

1".

~1.f"o.-l14"

S _ - ........... S _ Gu.wd, UftdNM, lilt.

frio_

(1l.oY-' It. . . of

eo

_I Serdlnie _ 2nd Ueutenanl wilh ColoIn. ,8th Inf... "Y Reollnent. (AeclUI

b)

ene-l. '''7, , ..IN _ CepUifI. G\IIIrd Grenedlert. full D-. '''9-60.

., _, "*""'- _ 0/tIcef. ,lhh In...."Y. CWnrNoign 0.-. , .... b)

M~ ...

_ Dfficef. Milen CIwioc Gutrd, , ....

n.) "io. ., L..tlDM I~,ot b)

cl

Un~ .......

1"'9.

t..o_ ,~. ,"'., """Me, t..o_ ,...1-. 2nd Unilor.... ,au. ~.

,,,,a.

e3 .) 'S-III ••• (I..... In!.,,,,,). b) "",.... 2nd l-n.ol;on, G.tdo.o:. IordIr 11\1-,. ROO""",,,- (NO.1).' .....

• EUROPEAN

UNIFOR~IS,

1815

Apart from minimal changes ofbadgcs and insignia in the French army following the first abdication of Napoicoll in 1814, the combatant nations embarked upon the 1815 campaign in the ~me uniforms which they had WOni during the laucr years of the Napoleonic Wars, and even by the time of the Uatt1c of Waterloo many rcgimenl$ were wearing uniforms officially ~upcncded years befoTC. The 'time-lag' lxtwecn the authorisation ot a uniform and ilS acwal adoption is one of the mOlt difficult poinlS to determine; an example is provided by some of the Nassau troops at Waterloo, who fought in the uniforms of their time as part of the Confederation of the Rhine, while some Prussian rcgimellis as late as 1816 were wearing the halltily-produced unifonns issued in 1813. mentioned in the Introduction, it was the occupation of Paris, with troops of five nations in the closest proximity, which began the period of uniform-changes which afflicted - and graced - every army. Whe~ the Prussimts, Russians and Austrians invariably paraded in new, smart uniforms, most contemporary observers remarked on the metlllllC55 and ulliidint5J of the IJritish troops, who were still wearing Ihe uniforms in which they had fought and bled - in the previow months. One of the most famous observers during the early months of the Occupation was C.1ptain Mercer of the British Royal Horse ,\rtillery, whose writings (though influenced by the traditiollal English disdain of all things forrign) nevcrtheless rdltttthe embarrassment felt by man)' English ofliccrs whcn they compared their own travel-stained and shabby dress with the gorgeous creatiolu worn by the other Allied natiOIlS, Perhaps J\lercer .... as a little over-prejudiced against the Austrians and Russians ill particular, since one of the former tried to follow him home, a Russian even ogling J\lrs Mercer so that she became 'S
77 64 _) b)

c•• biniooo' TN_Mr, 22nd Light 11II.,.1ry. SonOce 0.- 1649, V~,

22nd Ught 1111-.,., SonOce 0.- 1$49.

p

and I in the Foot Guarru. flank com-

very smartly made, had acquired by constant wearing that loose easy set so characteristic of old clothes, comfortable to the wearer, but nOt calculated to add grace to his appearance ... their cap is the meanest, ugliest thing ever invented, .. our infantry appeared to the utmost disadvantage - dirty, shabby, mean and very small'. This opinion was voiced by the other Allied nalions present; when one eminent personage said as much to the Duke of Wellington, the Duke could only reply that his troop! might look wretched, 'but your Majesties will find none who fight so well.' That latter remark was probably true, but nevertheless they did compare badly in appearance to lhe others; of the Russian Guards, Mercer noted, 'a liner body of men can scarcely be imagined; but to me their padded breasts and waspish waists appeared preposterous ... smart as they are on parade, arc: the dirtiest sloveru in the world off it: the usual costume . . . is a dirty forage-eap, as dirty a grey greatcoat, generally gathered back by the waiSt-straps. , . dirty linen trousers, shoved up at tile bottom by tile projection of the unlaced half·boot ...'; the Awtrians, 'heavilr-built and boorish', with their Garde du Corp! 'not a little ridiculous' in their old-fashioned uniforms with cocked hats; whilc he found the Prussians, off parade, in 'most slovely (even beggarly) dbhabille',

pany 'wmllS', and b~ the colouring, spacing and 5hape of the lace loops on th'" cuffs. breast and pockelJ of the Jacket. Offi«rs ore metallic lace and epaule:tto lnKl for flank con,pan)- offieen' and the uni"e~ crml50n sash. It ... as more usual 10 ,,-("ar the gailen ullder thl' overalls, but one source: sho....~ them as illusIrau~d.

The lit Guards ....ere granled the title 'Grenadier' on 181:1. 10 rommemorate lheir defeat of Ihe Grenadien of the French IrnPM'ial Guard al \\alerloo e"ellthough Ihl':)' did nOI defeal the Imperial Guard column sinl(le-handed and m any case it is doublful ... helher Iheir adversaries "ere Grenadiers! Ne'·enhelC$li. thl;' whole: regiment ....as granted the righl to "ear the bc:ankon cap fonnerl) rae.... ed for regimental Grenadier companies in full dral. 1 he officer of the 30th (CambndgeIhir",) Rtglmenl his 'field' rank indicaled by t"oepauletta - IS shown in a uniform of Ihe same pallern as thaI ....orn al Waterloo, plu5 I~ fint "mo"ation introduced to mlpro\'(' lhe appnrancc: of the 8rilish arm) durmll: Ihe hell.lopped the Occupation 'RegellCy' shako, slyled on I'russian lino. 11H:~ plUlllC, in the sam", coloun as before, ....as Ie:ntllhened 10 ernte an impraslon ofhcilj:ht. and offi«rs' calM "ere hn' il)- laced 1II Ihe rell;imerttal colour, Shako-plates "ere of 'aried pallem. thomlh crowned discs WeTe thl;' mon usual, the plate beinll tet on a fOIClIe of lau, and chinscales ....ere al'l(nhl'r onno\,atioll. Other re'Olimental varialion1 flOt conlrnon to all callS "ere: turned-up back_peak> and

Europn.n Uniform. 1815 (Plate' 1-5) I.

of lighl infantry; the '-arious compania ...·ere diningu15hed by the colouring of the shako-plume (\...hile for grenadien, white O"er red for 'battalion' companio and green for light infantry), b) the 'wings' of the flank companies. and by the shakocords. some light companies having green Inslead of the Ulua.l white. After 1814 many light companies were funher distinguished by the addition of a small bugle-hom badge 10 Ihe 5hako. Re'Olimemal identification olher than badges and ilUill:nia - ....as mdicaled by Ihe facing colour borne on the collar, cuffs, Ihoulder"ftraps

Britain: .) Private, Lilhl Compll.y, "1 FOOl Guard., Service Ore.., .8IS. b) Field omen, Baltalion Company,

30th FOOl, .8.6. The Guardman'l uniform lllustl'illed In thll plale conforms to the t8.'2 regulalionl, ... ith lhe much·maligned but ne,enhel<:ll qUIte hamhome 'Bdgic' shako and the short-tailed jaekel. British infamr} ballaliom ... ere dl\ided into cIKllI 'banahon' and t....o 'flank' compallio. the laller conS15ling of one rompanl of grenadiers and one

briefl)·-worn cap-lines. Caps of the olher ranlu had shorler plumes. no lace, and J>ra.M; platel bearing the regimental number, sometimes wllh the addition of a grenade or bUll Iehorn badge for Rank companies. OlflCCn of lillhl companies and light mfaml)' - whose: 'sl()\'q>ipe' caps ...·ere had replac:ro by the new palleTn large bullle·horn badges on the front. ,\uthorited on August .8.~. the new shako was not ll<.'Tlerai ;t.1ue untol the following )nr. Even before lhe irttroduction of the 'Rtgenq" wako, howC\-"CT, one branch of the BritISh army altrlleled much attention, l'arisi.n ladies. much 1IItrillued b~ the kIllS of the Hillhlanden, penisled In cnquinnll ... hal lif anylh,nll' was ....om underneath. On occasion the Hlghlanden sho....ed them! E"en the Czar was Caselllated by Ihe Highland regiments. and three Hillhlanden ...ere praented to him for a close irupeclion. Sergeant Campbell of the 79th recorded thai Ihe Cur 'aamllled. m~' hose:. gallen, IC!I and pinched my Ikin, Ihinking I wore aoTnelhing under my kilt. and had the curiosit)" to lifl my kilt to Ill)" na'·el. 10 that he mill:ht nOI be deeeh'ed'!

7·

Franee: a) Grenadier, Royal Guard (ex.lmperial Guard), .8IS. b) Offi«r, G_darmu du Roi, F..l1 Drea., .8'5 .6. The Gendarmo du Roi, a Ulllt of the 'MailOn du Roi' recrealed b)- Louis XVIII after an inlerval of almosl thirty )'ean.....ore a uniform of exlreme opulence, equallccl onl)' by those: of the cornpaniCi of '~Ious­ quetlers'. ... hose: archaic dress 1Il_

iii,

79

t

• dud«! elllr h.pnl cloth l.bardo emblnonf'd L1h the fl.mmg el"Oll ck\,lCe renundcil'1lI of the da)"I of R,d.e.,eu. The l'.1_ilIOIt du Roi, • "'rJl('I~ Uu.IOC...IIC bod) .("(ruuf'd b) nqIOlWlI .nd ,ycopha.n~, ..... In· It~l) dll.hkni b) die' 're.!' french urn, ... hidl had lOu~bl under /1;_1» Icon. Wh.-n I~ ntttI UOk' for an tille, RO\aI bod)"~u.rd upon :\al» kon" rC'lurn ff"Om FJI», Ih(' p ' ~~-d~ \1 __ du Roi rdl _'lC'IOhal dlon of lC'qulrmlnlb. .. !lad brtn npccu'd "" all Ihnocc:xptr"lC"OC'ni mGUlI:h 10 millt' webffercnc:1l' bIl'l...«n O\C'rdr~ paradIl'round 1OI.dtC'" ll.Ild hardnwd 'TIC'Bm. 1'b1l' RO\aI ('Ull.J1bman dhatralll'd "'nn lhor uniform of "'apoMoon" Impnial GUll.fd, ","h onh 11w~. ack on IIw hr-ad-d.nt chan~ from lricoklr 10 Bourbon, ll.Ild the Impm.al l)"lJIboh on lhor CMI. . . . box ob1CUm! In _ ... lLItII' f.bnc: al'\ er ... tlh blac.k-s-intcd I)'mldl, and a 1wF ~ ,.nth lOu. PNllkl" Olla In 1hc ~ TIw c:x.lmptn.al Gu.anhmm chantrnl Ibtlr cockadel aflt'r the abdieatoon of 18,,,, IT\nt,.. to W lrit::okw al thIl' liqmnllll of lht: 'tiunclTni Oarl'; ll.Ill.ln bndI, f('· fo,med .. 1M Ro,aI Guard aftM" \\ alenoo, 1M C'nllrC' bod) (lI'" at J.ca.t 1tM- ... ho had IIUn'''~ lhe cam~n ll.Ild had "'" dIl'wrlni aflll'r.....m ...... finall) dISbanded tn lht: aUlumn of 1813 In a In"ICI ofemotIOnal pandeI. 8q.nnullf ""th lht: lit GrIl'nadlers 00 II ~tembcr, the dll-bandl1ll!'nllCOlltlnu.nl; thi!' ~lfld G~­ dinl 00 thi!' 16th, the 3rd ll.Ild 41h GrC'lladtnl 1001)' HO men bct"'«n tMm' 00 thl' 'l"tb; thC' 3rd Ch-...rors '01'11) 114 on I Ot;tobcr ll.Ild 10 on

until 'l3 NO\'C'mbcr, when Ihe GrenadiCl'l • Olt"a! m.ade theIr final plU-adc. It marked the end of Ihc F'lTf\Ch Urnr'l grcatC!lI C'f"ll.. 11tc bOcom hat ... ith carrol-Utal)('(j plume rloOf'maJl)' f(5(f'\ro fot'" und~ uniform ..... of1m wot'"n on c:ampaill:n. bcinll: prcfMTed 10 thi!' btarskin lOr iu greater comlOn. The c1ll.1&ic ImperW Guard hcad-drc.. the bcarslun cap. ...'ll.I r'C'lll'r..nI I"cr dl"ll'll OC" . )I. ll.Ild ofti'll donnIl'd lmlTlt'd,atd, pO« 10 Iloin~ mlo acuon, ThI' JPTll.ICOIII "''ll.I 0f,en worn O\'er thIl' 'habot-,nte' COIIt, ll.Ild thecpauleuC'$ "'om 011 the coal. Sen IOC chc'\TOftI of 'a~' ..."001 "'ere worn on thIl' left Uppel" ann, thIl' ~I ''flcnnl of the Impcrial GtJll.fd .. car· ~ thrff. U1dM:.ating bct.. ttn t...·ent' .nd t ... cnl,-fh~ ~'cars' 1Il'f\1OC. 1lt.c ~ a"-'n m ~tion drc.. but the ~ .. htch aftlictni the .'rmdl ann, m 1813 meant that rnan~ mcmbcn of lht: Imptrial Cuard "C'f( drain!, of rtCCClNt', m "l\thm~ a...II I. . . . 11M: 0-0- Imle thc\ " n ' ( C'$tC'Cmcd b-. tbtoccup) 1Otj: PO"'\"fS II Iho¥>-n tn the ca,-aJ1Cr rmonrta" 10 .. hi.ch Royal..t officers .. C'rC' trcatni b). thc\r counterperu 10 the Allied armlCS; on one OC'CIlS.on a F~h .tj:encral madC' all official compla.int about Ihe ....y III ... hiclt all English lubaltem had Imockni h,m bodily off thC' pa'-nnent. 11110 the I'OMI.!

"

Pru..l.l _) Fu.lUer Officer, 5th W ... ery Ret' (4ch E..I P......l...).,

FuJI Dr".. 1815-

Ora._...

to) Officer, 5eh CB...nde.. bursl (Ret' Prin.a WUheLm)., Full Ora... 'ISo

Thll plate &bows thi!' full dRs \IfliJOnn ollht: Pn.ian ann" on!. 'C'I!'rl afl" the end of the 1813 campaign_ The onh d.ffcrcncc bct.. ttn eha \Ifl11Orm and lhat ...om on acei,~ ler...-n ...... m hrad-dral., .. htch ..-..ally CO\~ni ..,th a black oibkm · lI.tCTptoof· The mfantl") wko ..... ba'olly w IIlI\1OI" Ii:w aU rompanlll'S of a ball&bon, ex· ttpc b Ihr ftWIt p1atC', Grcnad>cn ha\llllll a I~ talk ~. ~IUI­ WttrI thr RO\-a1 ~1Jbn both thai!' m bf.- , ll.Ild .-.... 11I!'fS a lace 1t. In parade draa, • tMack plume ...... ...om In all exttpc Mlakctttn; othcT ranb' shakOl Iackni Iil<- chains ll.Ild we of the officcn' pallnn. 0fficcrI W(we II. Ion~-wkd ,-enaon of lht: 'Kolln' COlli than did the rank and file, Ihm-n here ""th the cIoIcd coIlu and C'paulC'ltC'$ Introduced III 1813 but not III Ulll'-au.I we by the time of \\.terloo. FUlilier officers carried IIlbrC'5, but thole of GrC'tlll.d>CT'l ll.Ild l'.IUl.k~tccn flOm1IIlI) ClUTied stoughtb1tukd , ...ordi. RC'gimenw idcn\lllcatiort .. as IOdialled by the colouring of the coll.r, tuff, and IhoolderItra.., C'ach PTuaian provin<:C' beIng •

8.

80

•

allocalni a colour, Vll~; .......1 PfUllia, brick m!; \\cat P!'UllIIl, erinuon; "omerania., ... Iute; 8nlndcnburg, ICll.rlet ; Silcaia. lemon yellow; l'.lalfdcbofll, light bll>l'; \\calphallll, I"OICIJInk; Rhellllsh, cntb-m!. l1uK cokours \O'n'C bomIl' 00 tht' collal and ClIff....hlk lhe shou!der...trapl Indicated 1M IIl'morll,. of Ihc Unll m the P"O"lItcW Iu.t, ,'iz: lit R~"rtC'\lt, ...·hitll'; 'lnd 1Cll.flt't, 3rd )cllow. 4th lighl tMl>l'. It could tilC'rclOrC' be ICC'l' shoulder-~rapll."'llI thi!' 41h Rqlmcnt of East Pn.aL

I>r-agoonI wot'"e IhakOl of ..aular paltem. thoIIl' of 1hc rank and fik: bnn~ .... 'talk' p1at~ InAcad 0( the cocbdll' of the officcn, thi!' wi plume of wool b the rank and file bctnt f'C:In"\~ b paradl' d~ On ac:tl\'C' IIl'f\n, lht: ornamcnu "'ne l'CmO\·ed and the lhako cncDnl III _ black •....tCflJ'ooI". OfFoe:C'fI ...-ore: • (lOll.1C'I!' known • a 'LclbnJck', .. hilf' the Other ranb bad • "'" daimilar 'KoIlct' Popu.lar ...car, hooooner, ¥lU • thigh- 01'" ~lenath g'eatcoat-l)PC' garmenl Itnooon u a 'LuC"ka'. Both Koikt IlIld utC"b ... ere of tbttraditional Pna.ian li~ht blue ....th rqil"OC'llw fac:lnp IlOI'"mall) ".,..n onl,. on the collar and UJot..r.ldcr...trapi of the Litcwka I .. lOIJow.: lit Rcgnnenl tnffil<)fl, 'lnd and 7th ..tIile, 3rd .nd -.th ICll.I"let, 3th b1acll, 6th r
$

a numbcT of limilar type by Ihe BrulU,,'ick forca), the 'k''''er' was an lIldividual hearl-drell. reputedly de_ s'Rned by the Czar him!oClf and adopted in 181(1, but Willi abandoned in IBI!l for a bell-topped I'ruaianslyle cap with a plale copied dil'C'Ctly from thaI worn on Ihe Britllh 'lkl~ic' cap, with Ihe British crown and cypher exchanged for the Imperial crown and the 51 Andrew Star. This plate (not worn by Guard regiml'nu who retamed. the 'eagle' pattern) "'lIS changed in 18(18 for an eallle'lopped shield copied directly from the Ihen French patll'm. Thil plale was worn until the Ihako (which included coloured-cloth \'eniorl$ for HIlIIII'I) .. as replaced by the Ilrenadc-sp,ke topPed 'pickclhaube' ill la+\.

Ihe Imperial RUMian anm on Ihe front plale, wilh a rrd cloth rear, piped white, and a .. hllc panel a, the back bonng braD grenade badga. N.C.O......,ore pompoml of quartered oran~e and black. 'llIe ca.sack iIlUitrated wea", a uniform which is aboul the near""t thm~ 10 a 'regUlalion' drcu ....hich e\'er existed among Ihoc mOlt fcared memben of lhe Allied lIrmies, "'hose reputlltion 'Or c~lty preceded them into Frantt. All mllnner of uniforml often pnnciplllly ci\'ilian dreu with issued, looted or caplured items of head-drClf and eqUIpment w",re worn, though the 'ball:ll)' IroUlen lind fur cap were a common fealure. The eoaack illUSlraled (taken from an "Yewitness Ikelch carried a regulation and sabre, lhough 'nati"e' I.... lanca "'ae frequently used, many ~b accullllliatin~ ....eapom as a campai,!:n progreucd until they re_ aemblcd walking anenall. To judge from conlernpor&l)' accounu, by laIC r81!l there "'U a gn'ater uniformit} among the coaa.ck lroopI than before. some bein,! dressed m a semi-htmar COItume; but ne...erthclcu the procntt of couacks, bashkin, kalmucb and Ihe like - lome armed with medieval weapons and boWI-and-arrows - was an incongruow fealun' of a 'modern' army like Ihal of the Czar. The RUlllian infantry, artillery and hUlll&r unifonn the laller certainI\' one oflhe plainer and mon hand.o.oml' of thl' pocriod was completed. by Ihe uniqucly-shaped 'klwer' shako, ilh iUltran'!e, conca...e top. 'Illat sh n being examined. by Ihe COIIack is of regulation Huuar paltern. Worn exclusively by' the RUllian army (and

4. Ruaal.: .) Private. G...,_dier Resbnent P .... lo....kl. Sununer Full Dr"•• 18.Sb) Trooper. Don eo..aek., .8'5' 'Ille uniform of the I>av~ki Regiment _ of regulalion p;ollern.....i,h dlJlinClions worn III full dref;J not COlllmon 10 ordmary line infantry uniforms, m particular the 'Guard' pat\(~m lace on the collar and cum., and the eolou~ lapels; Ihe ordinary Rumian jackel, thoullh doublebreasted. was buuoned-o"er 10 show a plain green fronl, the l11Iulations mlroducin~ smgle-bf'Casted uniforms not )"'t hnin,! COm'" into dlecl. ·l1te one-piece 'gail",r-trouscn' wer.: re· plao::d by o"eralb in winler, ORken wer.: distinguished by gold Ia« and epauleuo, silver sashes with inl",rwoven orange and black linea, whhe brcccltes with black knet:,boou, gar' gell and Itraight-bladed swords, and gilt butlOlU (the olher rankl had copper buUOllll). KC.O.s had laced collan and cuffs, and sword,knOIl of OMlnge and black. Equipmenl ..'as of Ihe Itandard RllISian pall",rn with Ihc carlrid'!t:-box bearing a bMW Star of the Order ofSt Andn'w, and four Imall gn'nadaln the cornen. 'l1lc mOlt n'markable fcalur.: of the uniform, llO\'oC\'er, was the large. brus-fronted, mltre-shaped Grenadier cap which daled from the eightet:nth c",ntury i although a remarkably archaic head.oreu, il Will ..'OO'n by Ihe Prumian Guards in full drClf until World War I, and can ""'en be found in the Bundawehr loday,111e venion worn by Ihe ra"kWlki Regiment bore

,oo,m

armY'1 most colourful branch, Ihe HUSilIn. It ..... as parlicularly apl Ihal the Atulrian army Ihould include twelve t1:J;l,menu of hl1Stlan, as Ihe term was orill,"all)' applied to the Hun'larian li'lht.honemCf\ whose descendenu !oCrvro the AustroHungarian empire. 'Ille colourful nalure of ,his arrn eall be demonItrated by the delalls of AUllrian H\lII&r uniform III lal!l gh'en III the chan. 111", exact shade of the colours arc as lisled by Kn/)tcl. 'Ille trum, peler illWltrated is taken from a eontemporal)' prim of the enlry of AWllrian troops into Napla in ,8t!l. 'llIe red-faced sabf'Ctache had a border of black and )ello.. lace and bore a crown o...er the cypher P.L. in yellow. The ..... hite infamry uniform Will worn by bolh 'German' and 'Hun_ garian' uniu, though Ihe AUitrian reg' menu had rounded cuffl and white brcccha, as different from lhe traditional l-Iungarian poinled culTs and sky-blue breceha as iliUllrated;

5' Aualrial a) Tru.... peur, lOth Huann (Stipaln Rest). 1815, b) Officer. 5'u Infanlry (Rell C.briel Splcny)•• 815' 111C lraditional "hue uniform of the Austrian army was not "'orn by the

,,

R'QU1Ilnf

EmlM"O< f •• ne;s Arehduk. JOMph Anion 3 Nchcll.,k. F,ad Kad d'Est.

,,• , , ""

H.......·Hombu>g

R.oatrky 8Iank.nll..n

Uaelllanlt..n B EIaeIO< of H _ Fnmonl 'C. $t1paH:z $zaklao p,l'Mal

da,k blu. mtddf•• ad l;ghtlll...

8,ue"', dafk blu. I;ghlblu.

..h g.ay palablua mtddf, .I'd black

dafkblua panot g'Mn dafkg,..n cOflltlow..

dafk blu. lighl ,ad cnmton cOfllflo_

v-Ilow wltil. whit.

o~

o~

light bl.... pIIffOl lI...n da,kg...n l;ghl bl... darkblua eorn'low..

I.ght blua IIghl.1'd

w_,

y.llow wltita yallow yallow vallo w whlta

O~

whita

Sll.~o

J.ckft/P,"sIf

....'k

gf.Ug..... bI"t

bl.ck g"u g,"n ""'k OKk

O~

8,

8,

7

I,ghl Ill... darkblua co
BUfIO'"

,y.llow . yallow

Hu~ ...ian

rqprmnu ~ further dl5l1f1r1\l~ b) Ihr '~UIUfI' la« QrOarnomt on the c:ul&. In 181 .. the: thlrtttll HW1l(&Io&n rqpmmu ...~ .. latn! bc:loo-.. tovtbft" "Ith Ibnr fllang c:oIoun and thc:tr numbc:r In

the:

A\IItro-Hu~anan IUlC:

lIIndAIaandc:r 1\' ~dlo-. '9th H~ Homburg light blllt ,3:1nd 1\,kola'· Eatahaz}' lijht blllt., 33td H. CoIlortdornanifc:ld ItUrk b1I1tJ, 34th Paul Dai~'it2 'madder rfli ,37th AndraJ Marri_) rbri~ht rc:d . ..ath Je.c:f 5imblchc:n (Itttl Klttn , 5111 (;abrid 5p1c:ny (dark bluej, 5:1nd Enheno( Fran!. Qui ,dark rc:dl, ~3rdjoh. jelt.cluch ,tUrk rc:<:!,. Goth Ilt"u Crulai ,lIttl grc:m , 611t 5t jullc:n graa grttn), 6:1nd 1'b<'oror Wocq\>AIll '~l{rttrI Cr=aclll:I1 of the\UllrWt arm' WOI"f' the: famotll blac:k fur ap .. hd bas ('Il)l1I(' 10 I)mbol. th(' .\uwun bca of LbiI period... COIllnnponn

uucknu.ncbbl) ilhllitratc:<:! II mor.. oft('rt than the: I... Impre..'c: dutko. In.. AUilnan oak·kaf Ipnl) bad~ an hi" Ittn ""om 011 th.. ~ 1I1U$Uatnt. .. hd .."" f~lItfltJ) c:nc:1oI<'d In a ""'Ief pi ouf l:O'>'n on ac:t"e ...-n"ioc:. (}apttc: bnrtlJ III dOll: ODIllan wlIh the: Other _\1J1l:d nahOrll dunllfll: the: Oa:upauon or frantt, AloIttrWt umrorm. c:han~ I... than I~ of the: ochc:r gmt poYoc:n. the: hc:ad-dral fOl" c:xamplc: rc:ma.mulg unc:hanlln:l be:tWttn 1816 and 1836. I'robabl)' the Austrians realiJc:d thaI though the,r unIforms were plam m oompari$on to thole of olher natIOns, tht') "ere among the: mot:t handJorn.. of alt. lt .hould be: tl()(cd thai the r'"lu, tatlOIlt of 1811 had .pc:c:lfll:d that Au-lnan In(anul offi«n ahould h.a'f' .. hlle tumbac:..... but lhe- ptl:turf' 011 .. hll:h th.. pUle: Ii bMcd illUllralfl.! thO" unUMJal coIourc:d lumbAch.. aJlllq

OPERATION

IN EUROPE, ,8'5-,830

,,"h the glwMt olthe Frmch rnoIution finally laid b)' =-:apolcon's f'Jlile to St Helena, reprcscntati.-a of the Allied pow~ rc-con"e:ncd tM ~ of Vienna, Ihe main busincu olthc scs:sion bcintl: 10 pr-e. v~nt, If possible, a repetitIOn of the threal 10 the natllJ quo. The impracticable and idcahulc plan of Cur Alex.ander I to form a 'Holl \lhance' of JOVe~igns ruling logether and auiuing e:ach other In a spirit of brotherhood WM tralUformcd by Austrian Chancellor Metler· nich into an enormous policing plan, whe:re:by thf' allied nations would co-ope:rale 10 crush any liberal moveme:nt which threatened 10 rock Ihe eslablishment. Parlly due to this, the 'long peace:' which followed Walerloo was anything but pc:aec:ful. With the exce:ption of Ihe: Serbian I nsurrectton (1815 17), supprcacd by Turkel, Europe was lranquil unlil January 1820, when part of the Spanl5h army mutinied at Cadiz. This ~ into a full--scale revolt, led b) Colonel Rafael Riego)' !'\unez, in which King Ferdinand VII was taken prisoner. Sparked by this molt, the 'Oporto Rt:\-'olulion' In Ponugal expelled lhe existing rc:ge:nq otabhshcd during King John's abecnce in Bra:otilj OIl hIS return the following )'ear, ho\..~ocr, he accepted the insurgents' Imitation to become a more conslituhOIu,1 monarch. More scrtous was Genual Pe:pc's anny rn-olt against King Fe:rdinand IV tTl Xaplcs; thiS rebellion was only quelled by the Inter· venllon of an Awtrian army at Ihe Batlle of Rie:ti \ 7 March 1821). An anli.Roralist re~'olt in Sardinia followed, which again rcquir«! \ustrian assislance to hc:lp the Sardinian ROlalist army gain the decisive viclory at Novara (8 April t821). The Q,Jadruple Alliance Britain, RUSlia, Prussia and AUJlria had their firsl real lluk with the revolution in Spain. AI Ihe CongTCSI of Verolla ill 1822 French inlervention ....as aUlhorised, and in April 182:] Duke LoUIS d'Angoullmc marched o.'cr the Pyrenees 10 rcllore the monarch)'. Ricgo made a stand at Cadi~, but was routed by the French at the Bauk of the Troadcro (:]1 August 18:]1); F'erdinand VII .... as frttd, and began to Lake draslic r(:prisab. In 1821 began a Long, biller suuggk In Greece, which arowed Ihe IYlOIt astonishing public reae:tion Ihroughout Europc. Borne on a tide of romantlCism w'hich saw lhe Gre:d: revolt as a cntsade agaiNt Ihe infidel, Ihe great pow'en "'ere pressur«! Into ae:tton by tumultuous

.,

public opmlon. The revoh began by a rlsmg against the Turkish garrison ill ~.lorea, when in lhe 'Massacre of Tripoliw' '0,000 Turh were slaughtered. As savage Turkish reprisals followed, all of Grttee weOl up in flama and in January 1823 independence was declared al Epidauros. Three moOlhs later a Turkish squadron captured the island of Chios, massacring or enslaving lhe entire population, but lost their flagship on 18-19 June when Greek hero Constaminc Kanaris sailed iOlo lhe Turkish fleet wilh two fireships, In July 182'2 a Turkish invasion force was stopped by the fort of 1-.1issolonghi, barring the path north from the Gulf of Corinth. Invest· ing the fort, the Turks called for reinforcements, who walked into an ambush during lhe night Of21 AuguS! .8'22, when one Maroo Bouaris with only 3OO Greeks routed the Turkish force at the Rattle of Karpenizi, though at the COSI of his own life. Unable to proceed, the Turks abandoned the siege of Missolonghi in January .8'23, which gave the Greeks a clear chance of pressing their advantage, but this was prevented by interual disst'nsion j it was a mislake they were to regret. In t8'25 a joint Turkish and Egyptian invasion over-ran the ~Iorea and again laid siege to Missolonghi; for cleven months the garrison hung on until, slarving, they were wiped out in a desperate final sortie. The Turks mo\'ed on to Athens, and besieged the Acropolis. By this time, however, European sympathy was fully behind the Greeks, and all manner of idealists, romantics and advcnturcn joined the Grttk forea. The epitome of the romantic age, Lord Byron, arri\'ed in .8'22 (but died in 1824), and he was followed by militarily+cxperienced voluntecn including General Sir George Chureh (given command of lhe Greek army) and Admiral Lord Cochrane (placed in command of lhe navy). Hindered by Greek inefficiency and internal slrife, neither could prevent the capitulation of the Acropolis (5 June t8'25), whereupon it seemed that the revolt was over. Public opinion, however, was so Slrong that it (among other reasons) forced the governments of Britain, Rus.sia and France to demand the wilhdrawal of the I~gyptian contingent and an armistice, When both were refused, the Allies ~nl naval forea 10 rende-lvouS off the harbour of Navarino where lay a large Turkish fleel. Learning that the Turkish anny was reputedly perpetraling atrocities ashore, the Allied commander, British Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, sailed his fleet into the midst of the Turkish ships. When a Turkish vessel fired on a British boat, the Allied fleet blasted the Turks out of existence. It virtually ended the war; the Rus.sians took the opportunity to attack the Turks on land and gain

more terrilory, winning important victories at Akhab.ic (27 Aug\Ut 1828) and Kuleveha (I' June .8'29); with Constantinople threatened, Turkey sued for ~ace and was forced to surrender the mouth of lhe Danube and the raSlern Black Sea coast. In Crttee, the Egyptian evacuation was supervised by a French expedition (early (829), and the illde~ndent Kingdom of Greece established by the Treaty of London (t832). Russia - ever wishing to extend her boundaries in t8'25 conducted a frontier war againS! Persia. After initial setbacks, General Paskievich conducted a brilliant little campaign against great odds, resulting in Prorsia's final destruction as a major power by the Trealy of Turkomanchi (February. 828,. More troubles Oared in the Iberian peninsula; torn apart during the 1\"apolconic wars, bloodshed continued with a full·scale war in Portugal. King John VI's son, Migucl, attempted to re-establish an absolute monarchy, but failed in the t8'23-'24 Civil War. Peace was short-lived; when King John died, his heir Emperor Pedro of Brazil refused to leave South America and appointed his infant daughter to the Portuguese throne, with hi, youngest brother Miguel as rt:gent. In 1826 civil war again erupted between Miguel's faction and the constitutional government, when ~liguel seized Lisbon. A British expedilionary force under Sir William Clinton landrod in support of General Saldhana's conslitulional army, which threat compelled Miguel to relent. Clinton withdrew in April 18'28, and within lhree months the persistetlt ~liguel seized the throne for himself. Supporters of the infant Queen Maria organi~d an army in the Azores, rt:inforced by British, French and Brazilian volunleen, and successfully repelled an attack by ~ligud's fleet. Emperor Pedro abdicated hil Brazilian throne to lead his daughter's forces, and in July 183t France replied 10 Miguel's persecution of French subjects in Portugal by seizing the Migudite fleet in the Tagus. A year later Pedro led a 'liberation' army from England which occupied Oporto, and in July 1834 Brilish Admiral Sir Charles Napier defeated a Miguelile force on Cape St Vincent and captured Li5bon. The final act of the war occurred on 16 May 183.h when Pedro's Allied liberation army crushed Miguel's forer'S at Sanlarem; Miguel's surrronder tron days later and subsequent banishment finally brought peace to Portugal.

.,

86

7

6. F... nc:e: .) f'..allier. DepartR1enlal Lesion,

EUROPEAN UNIFORt\IS 1815-183°

(PLATES 6-.8)

.8.6.

Plates 6 to 18 illustrate the development of uniforms (principally in Britain and France where the changing of uniform-styles was most marked) durin\( the 1815--30 period. Generally, uniforms became increasitlgly less functional as actual fidd operations (exeepl for that part of the Russian army on their eastern frontier) were limited. The MiRuelite \VlIrs in Portugal were an exception, with a variety of unifonns in use, basically of the traditional Portuguese style (heavilyinfluenced by British prototypes) with a mixture of costume brought in by the large number of foreign adventurers. The Briti,h 'Legion' though fr~uently unpaid and generally maltreated by their employers fought in an exemplary manner, being given the most desperate tasks by the Portuguese starr. Pedro's army, in fact, assumed a 'foreign legion' atmosphere: even the 'English' Queen's Lancers of General Bacon contained no less than seven nationalities! The rigours of campaigning often produced unusual 'uniforms': some of the Queen's Lancers were confined to barracks on one occasion because their COStume was 50 ragged as to be literally indecent, while another voluntccr battalion presented a most incredible sight, all the members having sworn an oath nOt to shave until the infant Queen was restored to her throne; the effect of three )'urs without a haircut can be imagined! The emergence of the Greek state in 1832 provides an example of a new army with no exiSting traditional uniform having to devise a regulation drcss. As the new king of Greece was Prince Otto of Bavaria, it is not surprising that his army was uniformed in Bavarian st)le and with Bavarian assistance; infantry wore the tradilional light blue jacket and trousers with red facings, with the usual 'compauy' distinctions white cap-cords and .....ings for fusiliers, red for grenadiers, and green for riAes; bell-topped shakos were worn until tht adoption ofa tapering paltern in 185t. Artillery were dressed in dark blue with crimson trimming, and cavalry (as lancers) in green and crimson,

b) Trooper, .ItA Ch••ae.. u Ii. Cheval (Rest de l'IHre), .8.8,

1Xclail. of French infamry uniform chlWlj:rd a number of t1llll':l after the Bourbon Re.toration. wiUt often considerabk dela).. in the adoption of new pallerns. A &urbon shako-plate, islIuc:d to some units in the middk of 1814, was replaud upon ","apoleon'l r\"lum by the old Impoo:rial pall\"rn ,tsdf ,when: JX8lble,. which _ ITplattd afler Waterloo, After the II:"COlld Ratoralion came more drasl ie changa Ihe new Ro)'aJ Guard conlinued 10 weM blue. but the line rqimenlJ w\"r\" oompletel)' rrorganIKd inlo numbo:red 'Departm<,ntal L.ogions' elU:h of lhree baltahons, wearing a uniform of the 18t2 patlem but in white wilh coloured facings, ta<:h of lhe eighl) -s,x Legions having a different arrangement oflhe colourIng on collar, lapels and cuffl. TIle facing colours wen:, for lhe 1St 10 10lh, royal blue; Ilth---2oUt )-e1low, 2U1 30lh red, 31SI-40th deep pink, 50Ut carmme, 3nt-OOlh orange, 6Ul70th Jight blue, 71,,--80lh dark green, and BUt-861h violel. 'J1,e jackel. lumbaclu and .hako-plunlcs distinguished Ihe various compalUCI, fUJilicrt ha,'ing turnback-badga of the lleur-dc-lp, ,"Oltig\"urt of hununghorn, chassellrt of hllming-hom and ll~r-dc_h·.. and grenaditn or the

"nt-

88

8g

•

Iraditional bursting grenade. In;tial1)·, the 181illhako was worn with th\" 181" &urban plale, but in Mar\"h 1816 a narrower-IOpp«! shako was int1Oduc<'d, and in 1818 melal insl\"ad of while clolh oockada were adOI'Ic:d. A padded cloth disc w-as worll on fUJilier shakol, of blue for the III ballalion. rc:d for the illld, and green for thc 3rd (until 1819 when extra ballalions wen: added; Ih\"n the 3rd ll)Ok )'ellow disa and the Clllal nama and facing coloun were:

hi (de I'Alli..). 2nd (del Alpu) ,nd 3rd (de, Alden ....) -lCtlfMt 41h (M I'AI,.I. 61h (du C,nt,l) ,nd 61h (M ~ Ct...,n..) - yellow 71h (M I' COf•••,). 8th (M I. COt. d'Oo) .nd 911' (M I. OOfdog... ) - I,ght Of.ngl 101h (du a ..d). l11h (M 1·1..... ).nd 12,h (de" M .....)_ pink.

131h (de I. M'UM). , ',h (du Monbl1ln, ,nd 161h (d. rOiM) - c:.. m,... 161h (de "0,",). 171h (des ............) .nd 18th (dil. skV blUf 191h (dil. SomlTlf). 20Ih (du V..) .nd 211t (du V.uc:IUM) - red·Y'oItt. 22nd (dll. VtndM). 23.d (de I. Vi'M') ,0(1 24th (del VOIgoM) - bIlC:L

5,"...)-

more elaborate form than Ihose of the remainder, in this cue being a representation orthe Royal Arm, with a uophy of flags around. The 'uefoil' epaulella were a common mUliciaos' distinction, dating from the Napoleonic period.

8. F.....«: In 1822 this tcheme chang«l., with I'qliments being grouped in foun, the lint two in each group havlllil coloured collan wilh Kr~n piping. and the bUit IWO in each group ha~'inll grttn collan with coloured pipinl;. Facing coloors at thiS tlmc werc: tsI-olth red. ~th-8th yellow, 9th 12th earmllle, , 3th t6th blue. t,th-2oth dttp pink, 21't 2olthorallgt>. An interestmg feature of the uni_ form illustrated taken from a eonis the temporary prmt b) Canu elaborate method of wearinll the ,hako.oonis. 7, F... IICC!: a) Gn....dier. 7lb ReCI. Garde Ro,..le (Ut Swill). FuJI Ore••• t817. b) Mu.ld..., 8th ReJl, Garde Ro,..le (and Swi._). Full Drea_, .8'7' It was traditional forthe French Royal Guard to include Swill UI1lIS, thoe troops being ranked among Ihe King', c10t0eSt bodyguard prior 10 the Revolution. Lpon Ihe linll Restoration, a company of 'Cent-SuiSKS' W!U alablishl"d, bUI nOI re\'l\"ed after the Waterloo campaign. "mead. of the eighl Guard infantry regiments ''lItsed upon the I«ond Raloralion, the ,th and 8th were comJXll5otd of S", lIS and alternam-ely litled lhe til and 2nd

go

Sww Regiments. Unlike the other ,ill regiment, '",hich wore blue uniforms theSwl.5S units continued to wear their lraditional searlet uniform, a colouring which had bttfl used durinlj: Ihe Ancien R~glme and by Napoleon', SwUs cOrpl; whereas the grenadicn of the other Ro)al Guard regiment5 wore red epa.ulella (VQhigeun orange, cenlre compania while and ehllJ$Cun gr~n), to prevent a clash of ooIour between jacket and epaulettes, the grenad,en of the Swisl regimeillS continued to wear the ",·hile epauletta of Napoleon', day. All Royal Guard infantry wore Ihe lace loops Of! Ihe brealt; Ihe fur cap was reseryed for grenadien, Ihe remamder wearing shakos. Musicians (in e\'ery army) were lraditionally di1tin'lui1hed by unusual costume, Ihe molt frequenl variation belli,! that Ihe body or Ihe uniform was of a different colour to Ihat of the remainder of the regiment. The uniform illuslrated i, no Olceplion, being in the classic 're\~ colours' slyle (i.e. the bod) orthe coal III Ihe regimental facing colour and the (:Qllar and cuffs in Ihe usual coalcolour\. t\n llHerating feature of this uniform is the shako, being reminiscent ofthc RUliian 'kiwer' pattern, bUI of a greater height. Shako-platcs for musicians ""ere frequently of a

a) Trooper. Cul....lItera of lbe Garde Royale.

.8_

b) Tnunpeler. 3rd D",soon., (RiSt La Garon.ae)•• 8.8.

In tSt~ a new helmel ""ith calerpillu erat was adopted by Ihe French Dragoons, but was replaced by a pattern with honehair mane author· ised in July 18:11; but it Kems likel)' that in lOme easel it "'. .. as late as t&t:) before the flew pattent was wued. The gr~n unifonn-colour UIOCialed with the Napoleonic period was relained, regiments being allotted nama and facing-COloun in a similar Ilyle 10 thaI ofthe Chasseun:\ 01e\-a1, dacribed in Plate 6. Nama, numbers and facing-eolours ",·ere as shown in the chart.

WOVffl cnnllOn ovals. The facingeolour WAI abo boroe on the ,habraque. Though Napoleon'l Imperial Guard had included no cu,rassien, the Bourbon Ro)al Guard did; IWO regiments, wearing almolt idenlical uniforms, Itrongly reminiscent of the cuiraaien of the Empire. The helmets were of the old pattern, but wilh Ihe horsehair mane replaced by a calerpillar plume, and the cuirasa em· b1uoncd with the Royal arms. Other. wile, the cc.lume might ha"e be· longed to a regimenl of Napoleon'l. Both regiments had white helmetplumes, but the 2nd had a red ball. tuft al the base. These helmets were replaced m 18'26 by a paltern lacking the Ikin turban, Ihough Ihe 2nd Regimenl did not rr:eei"e thein until IS'27· Olher Guard cavalry regiments abo wore uniforms baled upon those of their Imperial predecessors - the Oragooos had brass helmets ",·ilh lcopard-skin lurbans, catupillarcrau and while pluma, green coatees with /'Ole-pink facingl; the Hone Grena·

1 II (A6g1 du c.",~) .nd 2nd (du Doubt) _ 1Ctl.IeL 3rd (di ~ al.on... ) ,00 4lh (di .. a"onde) - rallow 6th (di I'H... ult) and 61h (lit II loo ..) - lI"ht Ofl• . 7th (da Ia M.rw:"') '00 8th (du Rh6nI) - dMp pink. 9th (diia 5.0".) aOO 10th (diia Sf,...) - crimlOn

dien had fur caps wilh white pluma for the "t Regiment and red·andwhite for Ihe 2nd, dark blue coats with white lace ban on the breast. with red facings for the 2nd Regiment; and the Garde du Corpl a helmet similar to Ihat of the old Grndarma

The uniform illustrated, ho",'C~er, shows an inleresting variation; an ornate trumpeter', uniform wilh yellow helmet-crest (instead of the usual black), and a blue umform bearing regimental facings but with the musicians' lace of white wilh inter.

9'

I>lat~

11', w"h a rt'Ci-facnl bl~ umform. ~a~h COlllpafl) be,nK disunlluosht'Ci in a 11IIgular mannn, b)coIourt'Ci Iqu.a.re. on tilt" pouch-bdt, ~ fint four conll)anlel to be ra.iIW had .. hil~, IIr~n, bh.~ and )~llow belli rC:lpce",~ly.•nd IlIf" ~th when f«mt'Ci II:&J'I~t. ,.. Auatrial .) Of6~er, 1I111d Dnl_ _

...

(Rq:t KInJI

VOIII

a.,.....,,).

~

b) Offictr, Mfl'Ve.kh Uiala.... Ila. AUIU',an un.t lOnnI ehangtd 1e- than lhaac of ~ other fOUT lreal powe.n, to the exlern that the t..'o illUitraltd are almott fIO.poImrue. 1M AUitrian llmI) contaancd b.r.r r\"ll,mentJ of L: hianl Lanccn, all of .. born """On • sumlar paucm of WltlOnn, of grttn ill the tradttional 'lancer' Ayle "'Ith Karin f~ and fl'Old ~; the ,rd and ..th R\"llimenll "'OIl: • darltcr shade of Ifr~ thMl did the fint two. Cupbl had eloch tops In ~ 1011000tnll: coIoun: lOt ~lavddt Rl"lllmcrtt )-dkJ,.. 2nd SCh....n.rnbaJll I ..... grttn, 3rd Enbnz.os Karl) IC&I'Ict. ..th .. hlle, Tbe L'hlaft IUUllrattd II tUm from . . .atcn:olour 11)- [)mill D"lhlOnj lhough IKM tdcntifird b) the artil.t, the ~lmnlt dq»acd ..... prnumabl) the lit Mnnldt from the colour of the cupb. 1lW' enmI0Il v.cralh are .n unusual f~.lure, thoutth Dltthton'. Pletul'C doC:I inducko • n oR"l('f'r .. ~.nnll t he IrIOn' usual l{rttn ... th • double ~ 1aIx Itrlpe down th~ out", ,,"h. ~ pipinl( oowrcn tllf" Itnpes. t\ back \1('\0' In th~ .a1TlC pieture 1h0l't'l • 'Il(l&t

_m

~Iaborat~

lilvn-flappcd pouch be.rmil the Impcnal ~agle in gilt, The DragOOrll retain«! the: Iraditional ..hite unilOnn with crellt'Ci helmet, the h~ad-dral remaininll: balically UIIC~ngcd. ~ plain, .. hite Wliform wu e\~ mor~ nrikinJt b) the facings, "'hick pr~­ toenttd • Iharpl)-<Xlntrani"llpladl of colour, Fadng..coloun and regimental litlcl in l~ ...~e: lit Enbcn:.,. Jotuann b1ad. 2nd Kom!l ,-on &)'f'm dark blue, 3rd . Mlnuullo cbrk red, ..th \\'indil.eh-C.-.u Itlht red, 3th Eugcn Pnm v. 5&,"O)'en dark I"ttO. 6th {Ficqudmorttl lighl blue:. BuUonl"~ white nxuJ (<< all. AUltN.n Wlll'ormt remamcd bujc.. all, unchan8cd III st,ic until 1849.. hen the hllUC was adopted, though '"lll'lOI.D changcs had ~ belOn ,;rq IrtJUKn for 'German' rqllncnu in 18]0. altered pattern of infan...... Ibako aDd light blue: tl'OUKn kw 'German' offa:u in 1&,6, lOr ex.amplc. \\ll1te ~ lhe bauc Wlifonncolour, ~ Uhlans and mmr' Oan-aulqcn had dark ,;rttD- and H.-n m.mlain«! tbril' lradttiollal mulli..colourcd garb.

"'*

lD, Ge.rmal!l natnl a) a.1ka 08icer, GIlrde du Co".., 112.4b) Ha_bu.... - Prh..te, Bu.,..-ehr, .II5This p1.te .00..'1 how the amaller German u.atCS copttd the unifomu of larg~r Itatts, both figures ..·earllll( I'l'UI6lall~t)'ic unib-m. 1nr Burg"'ehr 'To...n Guant of H.mburg ...ore • pallfTll not diMlmil.r from th.t of th.. rr.,.ian Land... ~hr {"l,htia. ,,';Ih the IO>00(7o...ned doth Ihako '"e.... hk..

the Prwtian 'mUta' cap, Utoed by rqul.r. rtIC....·c .nd landwchr inf.ntry (.nd lOme cavall')' I in the pruai.n .rmy. The bcad-d..- badge /. bugle_horn WIll worn under the recl and while cockade of the Han_ leati(: free-lOWn forcu.. Officen wore siher..ftl.ltd cap ba.ncb, a cockfeather p1UITlt:, and a dark blue « Irttrl 'hte-.b' coal ....th Irttn collar and porntecl ell!&, both ed«ed with sihtt latt, ... hteh could be Utoed .. an altcrnalive to the 'kolkt' of the other ranb. They wen: armed DOl with orbinel .. \O'eR the rank and file, but wllh cunU. silt-mounltd ",bra in b/ad; luther ICllbbardl, ..... th lilvu knots. N.C.O.s aho bad siI\tt lace 011 the collar and eutr., and white tip; 10 the tbako-piUITlt:'. The hamillu lbusla1, bad officers' pattern kollcu ""lth W\laad collar, and othcr ranb' .tu.kot WIth. taller rcather; they wen: armed ""lth lword·ba)~ carried from the waistbdl and UICd Pn.o.ianpaltern •....-aIt;DxxnI. with black and .. hlle 00f'tk. The offioer of the Badm Gank du Cor'pt ,from a pnnt by J. Vodlinaer publllhc:d in Karkruhc In 182-+, ~ • 1)-ptc:aI coslume of the Roral and l>ueaI bod)'I'W'd ca\..hy gom. moo throughoul Germany. White unilOrml f« bcavy c:II\-aUy - probably on,tnatlOS from the buff'-o:-u worn dunOS the: ICVeIIlttnth cenlury ..~ the IWidard costume lOr aI~t all German .tate. until the nineleenth «ntury, III)ml:: Ottman r.nd RIIISian) until ret.ming them into the prC:lCnt ttnlury, The .. hile ultlform .... equally UIOCt.ated with Carde du Corpl unill (Iiterall)', 'bodY"lu.rd' c:II\'alry), thai shown (of

93

I

t)'f)ical Pruaian Ityle) kin, adoPltd by lhe Baden Garde du Corpl (....iKd .. a palace ,;uard m the eighteenth «ntury) in 1819, and worn until the unit WllI mcorporattd ill the Guard Dragoon Rcsul'lent in 1833. The high0(7cstcd leather helmet _ equally to be round In vanQUI ronTll thl'OUlhout Ottmany. AUitria and R~i.; in its ~l exagcratcd lOnna, .1 reached toweri", - and for the won:r very pn:gnoua - hvlhu.

u. BriUllal a) SerJ--t, Battall_ ColDpaII)', aacI Foot: Cuarda, .hl. b) OtIictr, C..-dJer Compall", 2QCI Foot: G_nU, lhl. ThiI p1ale - baled 011. Den>I DIghton .....tucolout of the III Battal\lOn, 2nd Coldllfum FOot Guards. 1&'21, Ibows the Imllal chancca 10 the: 'Waterloo' UlUIOrm ilIU1tnted m Plau: I. The: 'Rcgel\oC)" ahako rcmamed unc.hanFd. ..\~ for the remG'\oaJ of the back-peak wbidt had ICIUIlcd on lOme early modds, • &light lIIO'l:UC m heigh.. and more or 1aI genu aI adoption of • .tar-ebapcd p1.te, 11tc lhort-taikd jacket ....". .boIl1hed kw all extqM hghl lroopi in 1820, and In 1831. new pattern ..... Introduced, the officc:n' vtt1olOn ha\'. 1113 • doecd 'Pn,.-t.an.' collar and for parade draI pluuon-tt)'k lapdl or the facios coIo\Ir ... hu;:h buuoncd over 10 Ihow red in tmdn:lli • Brccdtes.nd Ionl pitU1 wert: finally discontinued in 1833, bei"l replaced by blue-Irq' trousen for ortIinary wear and ... hite f« pa....de. Fur cap; f« arcnadie:r compania became

• obhll..ton' f()l' all occasions. th~ lh..kOl prr"lOUIly "OI"n in w...... il:t dr~ Ixtnlll fOl"b>dckn; but this r("lful..tion on" ~tN for thm: ~t.." . 1lHo un,forms ill...lralf'd show ~ only the Inf..m ....· pal1..-m. but abo Ii><' t"ooc
onh Srit..in of the fi..-e map po..cn did not ....e1udC' rel!urM':I1U of I.. nttn In kr .. rm" "Jllow of thr othtr nat....... thoullh ha"nll e..rlaln n"llOI'Ull eh..noctcnsu.... In 1I;M>n'al bawd tho'ir l.anoer uruform on thr lradlllonal PolISh pIlllo:rn of napb • nd 'Ianttr' jacUt. In Bntain partICUlar!, .fta W.u·...oo publIC Im311unaiIOfI ..... lirnt '" both cu,..... 1Il'ft .nd Ianttn. probabh _ ~ from populu Siones as much _ from an, ckhlxntt .ttempt 10 inlmdUCt an ann .. hleb ..--u an intl"'ll'"al pari of OIMr armltS. Thoua;h tht cu,..--otr 1m&« had limned Suca:ll bn~ rftlllCt('(i 10 w adopion of cu.~ 11\.. th~ HOlI$C'hoId C.,aI.... and OIlt Yeomanf\' corplI. Ih~ FurnC'll CUII" Ih..t of lh.. laue..n "1.1 Imnlrdlill~h ,mllaled, Lanc(S III 1M Briti,h army had prr\·,oosly bet"n limited 10 an t!'mill:rt' C01'ps durinll Iht R~\'olulional) Wan Ih~ Hulam Briu.nniqu(Sland to lhat earned unofficially b, Cap' \ltrC('f'1 ocderh' III tltt Roy..1 HOlY Artilln">', thotnj:h a schemr for rai.llIl1: a corplI of 'Bri11Sh Lan~' had hem 'U~led m ,81lt. In 18.6, tKr.-r"~, " "1.1 dtcidC'd to com~t Iho:- 91h. ''lth and 'l3rd Lcht I ~ mu) Lanan. th~ 'gUl L~hl ~ takm~ the p1aaoflM a3rd upon thtU ct.bancimtnt afltl" only a \T1IJ". 1'ht li"1 umform ...... baso,od upon W 1812 Uitht Dn~ pall..-m. but ,,"h the addlllOfl of a canr-franwd napb ('O\"t'fN ",lh ~Ioth of Ih.. l"aans: coktur and .. ,th • ~ 1(111 plaIt, 'C. .ack' trOlMl'S and .. n ..bundanet" of Wx .nd olh..,. adorn. m<"TlU. Thn-t ..n-t otho:-r OI"drn 01 drnt. ho¥t..... tI" 1M Ikrll~ Dilj:hton

waltrrolourOll .. hich 1000fOlh..,. ...lIh a \\ illiam Hnlh l'nnt tho: gth 1..ao«T hkUtfO fi.u", II~. ho¥t an undint )ACk~1 .. ,th I.... \nllC-al h~ of lacr d ......... lhe br~"". wum ",Ih rtr.... .... "'"Ils .. lIh doubk nUIUUII SIOpl" on W ""1fT ......... altd aM. 'fTI«Wl .. ,th the laprit bullonrd aac. to dtOlO a b"~ JACkn-front. 1hr rarlv na!*_ ..n-r URalh ......lImt'nla! aff.... n.. b«omme omaIkr and I... unn.onh as 11I1'It 1*"ll..-d. bul lloot of ut(' Qth 1C"Ml'i a1 ...... ~,

10 ha,~

btnI

bl"tUT-

ptopoouontd than lhor- buckn1haprd ('ODItrucllONI of Olhtr I"1lUnmlS. 1M gth rC't.... tlfti thrJr ennt:MM1 fllCUlltS aftrr eum .. naon 10 Lane.. n .... did Ihf. a3rd .. lIh til\tr laco: ; th.. faclll\ll of th.. '11th ehan~t
_,tn.

9;

•

n,,.

1811

On..

R~ul:aliom

eharl1lrd tMJ&Ckc'1~r from blur 10 rf'd," ,th 1 _ blue f&emitS and czapkatopllOr all fOlI~CV1 Ihr I ;Ih... ho kC'pt tho'i. on.,na! .. huC'; Il-.rrlks .. o:n of I(Oid .. ,th Itt tilt f~ ec:o"tUr. PlUIIIn ..C'rr no.. of black eock• l'n.lhcn. .'''',t\lIn! lOr black ......... ha,r ror Iln1Ct . . Ind af.n' ,8]-1. Trouorn"r« dar\ IX "Ith doubW KokI slnll'" b officrn. a.nd m 183] traundns rtVb«'d IIw J.on 1Il1o\-n. ()Ihrr ranh' a.abrrtaeb.os "'err abololh.-d m 181-1. \\ IIh I"'" brolt-mmna of Qt.wfll \ IelO"..·S ",'I{n. all fO'lctpt thr ,lith rftUmt'd lhe- bill(' IlloCkrt. ,,"h 'ICllrkt fa.clllttS for lh.. 'Ilh and luh. tht olh", rnl.1nmlC tbMr pr....·'o... eoIou~. 11,.. cuth of the nt.. uniform "ne P'lmlf'd, loud e..pln.... .....IC' made ,mall..r .nd nnl..r from about ,8tu. C1.apk;u ....maUled oflh~",mr paltel'ri, lhoUllh tht 'llh had a C'ap of rtlllll1fOu1..1 dnit(n. n...mh black .. ilh ~Ill hllUlitS. Olhcrn' ll'OWol'Tl had doublfO cold Stri~ fClr full dtOl and seulrl 'Or undnw .. hit.. for lilt' '/th', .."h plam .. hll.. lr(Kbt"rs for d .... mounted dUIit$ in Ollm",,",. n ... oIfio:ror ilh,.'ralf'd 01 II... tbth takm from. HJl\ .... portrait of Utoul, 1-, Ikb..al Gral. ft1lfll .. Hm.... \l .....I
'""1""'"

'*'

'tquare' or inranll) and dis~ 1M Sikh ea\'&I1) \inuall} unatdnl 11.1 the mal or Il'MX"e lhan a Ihlrd or III ll1'mllh,

rule nllidh adhf,red .0 about Ihe ""Cannll orthe brccehcI or onnlb a pottra.u or ~pt ~lclnncl Ihows the full.cfrftl buedl<:S ..-om ,,"h 1M hf,11Tl(L Sabreucbe and tubet "ere offioaIJ) latd II.IIde m aboul IS'9, lhough apparenlh the ~ .. ne not .. grn on OCORon for IlOI'I'IC >-can ~'towl>'." 'fIuk
.,. _ritaUo:

.) N.CO., ..... We e-rcb,

I,»

b) Offi_, iIad ur. 1127· CutI'lllM:l had been ..-om b'l the HowdIold ~nJn an the :\etbn". land! durifttl the R('\'OluIMlRaI)' Wan. and bridI, b, a IUbdt>'1Iioo of the ,nd .... reGuanb trI ,Sq.. bul .."ne ncx .,am UIftt unullM Pnnce Rqent K1 about elaborating the ltrIil"orma or hiI bod>guard aftn Walnloo. Fint eame a,ih.mounledmd helmet with lat,e bnnkmeretl mtroduc:ed 1817) lObe worn «eept m r('\-it;>o order, .. hen larlle, black fur grenadier cap' With lIih plale, gold cordi and while plume, 'Ihree-fourdu or a )".rd long' were to be worn. CuirllMCll, .. hen I.iJthorised, were IlmiJat in pallem 10 thOM: worn b)' the: HOUKboId ~>'&II) lada). except fot a I lilt Itar.p1ale on 1M frorll. .. h,eh retnO\"ed in aboul IS2~. The eoatee - tlill or ICatiet w.th blue faanp and sold lace - ..". Iong.tailed b full drea, and a Iboner-wled >'ef'l1OI'I oittcd b undrtw; .. hitC' breecha and hllb boou,,"(1'"( l.-d lOr full drea. tbousb a William Heath ....Iueolow- or c. ISw IbowI the rur cap wum ",th ..'hal ofticiall\' were undretl O\'n1IJls, thcIe bang: or a tlf'o",'mlh hue krtooo."l1" 'claret" .. Ith ..>de red liripel £or ordinary we and sold lace tlnpel b offian lOr 'iunda) pllrades and Ipttial 0(. cu'ol'l. Thne IttmI 10 ha,·c been no

e-rcu..

Rank_matkinp or the Howehold ea>..Jry are a lillie obIeun:, bill the \,lIIUluaI m"nud ehevronIwomon the rill'ht arm or the fi~", In the ponrait can only IIlIIir) ICmOI'" N,C.O. rank.. The painlinp or A. J. Ot.tboil Drahann arc of parliculat value m Iboto.ng the vniforml of>-.notII ranb of the HOI.II<:boId ~,'&Iry and indeed \be retl of the atm)', LII aboul IS3'.

b>- lhe: ROIo'&l Horx GUll.fdl - ..... adckd 101M Life GUll.fG· pouch_ bdll In 18~ being red for the III Rqpmml and bhx rot the 2nd. "'Thoe RO\aJ Hone Guanb retamed lbur dark. blue ltrIifomu ..ith IlCat'lcI raanp and gold lace, but folloto~ Ihe Life Guank In tI)le; the entire H~hoId ~\~l"" w. . . .ued ,,',Ih the CUi..... for the IS21 Coronalion celebratioN .nd h.ve ,,'orn Ihem ('\'er Imte. L'ndrClil O\'Cralll for the RO)aJ Horw Guardi wne lillhl blue, wilh • Iwo-Inch sc.rletltripe. The 'Roman' helmet (which had a red cr<:ll for lrumpetel'l} '"'... 'Iill authoriled In Ihe t83t RqulaliOl'll, bul a ne-. Grenadin cap ..... introduced In tS33. Itill Wtth the IOItfl .. hlle plume but Olhcrtoll( lillhtef, IcIiI ornate and minUilhe rrorll plate; b) th. date. the Life Guanb' undrtw IlOUItn ..~ dark blue ",th ICII.I'kI Itnpes.. ~p' of the Ro'(al HOl"M' Guank had red plUnld. "'Thoe 6fl\lJ'C .. lth the bc:ankm cap ilIU1lratcd in mit plale ........en (rom a contemporan' portraIl or prawn' abl," • ICIlicw x.c.o"... htdt Ihoto' the pre-1833 cap prot.bI)' ..-om In the earl> pan ofrhat )·nr" nlll cap .. hlCh had a red doth patch at lhe rnr bnrinll an embroidered ~ If!'enade - ..... a much Ie. ornale \tnlOn or thai .."om b) the officcn.

If. _ritaUo. a) Ml"Jetat. .,th Ua;hl W . .try (S~r).

.,»

b) FIdei Officer, 68th UJlu Wa.lry,

.....

l:nilOrml of light infantry rqimenll followed Ihe ..me lIeneral pallem u thole or the line infantry, Ihough rctainlng the green "'ako-plum<:l and other dillincliOTll, including the weating by field officen or epaulelles on top or the lighl inrantry winp, u iJll,lllraled in the uniform or the 68lh LiShtlnfantry ,Iaken rrom a portrait of[vc-ibly) MajocJoItnRecd'. When Ibort-tailed Jll.Ckm ..'ere abolilbcd ror battalion and ~ oompani<:l in tS2O, lisht infat'J1IY officen retained them until tS~, .. ben the 10Jl8CI"' tai.I~ eoatft alread)' uted b) the other ranks or Iighl Infantry corp.l ..... adop«d. From JuI,. IS]O green ba1l_tufu replaced the Ihako-pillIDCIt and all offiern -.d lnleanll ..~ ~ Wtth ""hillles. worn on the Ibouldcr·bdl, u Ihown in the ~ of"the I,th Light Infantry (taker! from a portrall or Sn-seant Sman by Duboil I>rahoneI,. 1ne .. hlle trouIeI'I Ihown ,,'en: for IUmlTlCT UK. 80th fiswa wear the new plltlnn

96

97

•

orlhalr.o II.uthorilcd In ,S28 10 replace the 'Reaencr' cap, &Jld inlroduced for wear in 1829. With the gold and lih'n lace bancb lyelJo,. or while for the rank and file and Ih.. black. eoekad,e ~tmlKd; the new cap wu a wtdu-.topped >~ncI)'. and wu "'01'11 with sold cap-111lCl b)' oIfie:fts In parade ot Icwc dretI. and of white b) otha- ranb IrttD fOl' Iilhl utIOpt • From 1829 the IfII.ditional red·andwhite plumes were changed UI ..·hlle ror all (ll«pI lilhl infantry. The plalft • or vef)' ornate des>gn lOr office'l and plalnrl" 11)"\eI for the men - ..ne or a 1trI1\"ertal, CI'OIO-ncd I..... ,hape, UIUa1ly boeanna the rqunmtal number and on occasion rqllne:ntal devittl. Thil cap luled \,lIItil • chang~ d<:llin wu introduced in ,S39IS, F ... nCIl

a) PrlVllte, Marla..a, UDdre. ., IS2gb) Trooper, 8th Dl'llioona, .lb7. Thll plate ilIU1trat<:l the Drapn helmel ra1Io ISIU~ In lied 10 the cuil'UIItcn .. hlCb W'U authoriled in ,S21 bill in _ CII.I(I probably not adopted unul IS2~, lucacdins that Ibown an Plale S. Of a - . t unUlUa! plllIem, of the tnod.Jliona1 Dra&oon br-., il hIId a honcharr mane and aJsmte, and a hau 'bruIh' aIoat the lOp the ereIl. In ,8~ .-qu.adronidcnti6eation III the form or. ooIoured ball plattd at lhe: bo!:lom of the plume wu aOdcd, in blue £or the: III .-quadron ofevery rqlmenl. cnnuon lOr the 2nd, for the ,rd, ....)'·bll,I( £or the 4th, _pmk rot the ~m and )"ellow £or the 61h. 11IiI helmet lalled until

or

rent

• 1840. wheo

replac«l by a lllore co"'·~ntlonal J>"lue-m wllh ordinaf1 nlane- and If'O\)l.rtbkm lur!>.,n. ·n,e jackets re-mamC'd Ihe lradilional drall:ooo ltr('('o m (Olour. bUI b~ 18'3 new facinll;
and

ltre-al repule; Ih", drllm-,naJo...• uni_ fOf'm included plum«l busb)', u.sh. mace, and alpecial pallern of»hr... ·n,e- full drea helmel "as abolithffi for ....·ear at sea ,n 183:1. bul re-mamro UI UK for shore dUh unul 1840.

~'dlow

respecli\dy. In 1828 facllllt-oolours were abolish«l, aU hlle r~im ....,ts lakmll: ~ facin~. and lilfhl mfanll) }c1low. ~Iusieians as usual diorl"tJard«l Ihe offieial ~ulalions as shown by Ihe bUlllcr In Ihi! plale; m ,827 lhe lace cheH'01U on Ihe arms "'e-re abohshcd. bUl arc sull worn. lhough the authorised collar- and cuff-lacl: is not; mu.icians of fusilier compaliles oflen "ore- lh(' epaul('llell and plumes offieiall}' rCSCT\'ed for Rank companies, "hile io mall)' cases drum·majors slill "01"(' Ihe fur busb)'. The two S" i. rcgllnents of Iht Garde Ro)'al(' ilIuslrat«l show Ihe: prOll;res;sion m COIlume from thOllC shown in Plait 7. Th", musieiarts wore 'rc:,c:ned coIoun' of blue "'Llh ~ facin~. Ihe bandlrnen 'Ihoulfh not drummers and fif..... atlached 10 comJ>"lnies "ho w~ Ihe appropr,ale shako or Rrenadier cap ha\"inll: busbies; the jackets, no" linll;le_ bre-MtM, relail\ed the baTi of lace on the- breasl. The drum maJOr', uniform illustraled .... as I) pical of Ihe opulenl, lace-<:o'ered dress Iradi,ionall} ;IgQ<:ialed" ilh Fl"('nch musicians.

16, Franc,,: a) Offio;:er, 8111 Rest, Garde Royale (aad Swi•• ), 18::19b) Drum_Major, 7th Rest, Garde Royale (.at Swi..), 18]0,

e) Busler, LiS)u Company, Infantry, .8,8. The Departmental LegiorlS Plale 6 "'ere replaced in ,811 by nurnbued infamry regiments m the pre\'iom maoner, "urillS: sillllle·breasu:d dark blue Jackets, ",h,te tl"Oll5en for summer &Ild blue for .....inler, and red cpaulellell for s:renadiers, fellow for ,,ohigeu.... and Ihouider-lllrlops for fusihen. In May t8,1: facing colou... .....ere allocated 10 all 60 l'Clliments, a different combination ofoollar. cuffs, piping and turnbacks idenlifyin~ the mdi"idual corps. fhcsc ooIou........ere .....hlle for regiments I ... S-8 crimson, 9-11 )'ellow. 13-16 l'OIC_pmk. IJ-20 orange, 21 14 light blue, 2518 buff, and 29-31 gr~, the ooIour-sequcnce repeating from lhe 33rd 10 601h; regiments 61 to 64 were railed m Februal)' 1823. Another III:W Ihako-plate was Inlnxlucal In 1821, and a lICW shako in t82S, which had grenadlCTS and "olti~eun dillinguishcd b} double pomponu of rC'd

Olher RO}'al Guard infanll)' Ull1ts adop'ed Ihe infantl),.pauernjackel in ,822, relaimnll: Iheir dlllllnCl"~ lac(', and grelladi...n their bea...kin caps. 'Il'e llil, 2l\d al\d ]rd Reg:imenu had cuffs and lurnbacks of cnmson. I'OICpink and yellow respecli\"cl)', lhe 4th. Slh and 6lh havmg Ihe sallie facio!. colour sequence bul .... uh blue CUffl, the facing colour showlOlll on the cuff. lbps and lurnbacks only. t:J>"lulelles w~ "hile for all r<"1\iments. as ....·ere the shaJw. and gl"('nadicr cap-rords.

g8

99

7

17. Nlttherland., a) Capl-am, 'Flanq\>er.', 151.11 Infantry, 18::1)0 b) Trooper, 61.11 lIu.aar.. 18113. Both fill;ures m thi! plale are lake-o from "'{nJ'ltA tl'I IIDJltIInut'"1 Nil tit j':tIflmAl!ikr .\tdt,/futti$(N 'rt«jJtn. published m Amslerdaln io 1823, aod show how the uniform of lhe i"('th...rlands arm,' ....,hil(' mamtaminll; the basic AIIs:lo-t'ren('h '" Ie worn durin~ thc Walerloo camJ>"lif(n lIlcluded IImll uniqu... 10 that (OUllll)·. 11'e bell-lopped onfalllf1' shako caTTic:d a u"'que desilfJl of pial'" ... hich extelld«l around lh... sides 10 the rnr oflhl: cap, wllh lhr r~imen. lal number ...mboArd m larg", and \~I) omatt fi~urn on the froot. As on lhr carlte-r '&Ilj:ic' shuo. lh(' plumn of't"lanq........• 'Oank companies, had colourcd upper porlions. with the ulli\"enal oranlle nalional cockade below. Th(' H USlar Ulll rorm r('tamC'd a \"el)' ';"I;apolconic'sl)'le; trompele... or this r~imem wore red dolmans with gold lace. and black fur busbies wilh red ba~. gold cords. Kilt ehinscales and a white plume ritinll from a goIdembroidered ball'pompom, Trumpetcords were mixed )'ello" and j{rttI,. III common ....Ith the armies ofmaoy Imaller Europeao lIates, lhal of the Netherlands ....as eJlpandcd to ",clude CUlra.ule... (pre\"i
• A Kjuadron, l.ter rqiment, of 'Jagen Ie Paard' (OlaMeun l Cheval) wore • motl auracti~ umform In Ihe 18.0-49 period; for officen, a .lightly I.pc'ring bl.ek lhako WIth .il~'er ehinKaln. dark lrem eoc:k_falher plume, and aih-n- c:on:b and ·ra. quene-'; dark II"fffI Ihon j&dr;el with red collar and ptpmg and aih'er l"pal.ll· Cltn. dark blue U'OI.1Ioel'* wilh red .tripc', aih~-laccd pouchbelt wnh .ih'tt and gih fiuinp, and a lil\'erlaced ""litbelt '"'llh red central .tripe and gih-4:mtJo-ed lih~ p1.te. 1be unibm ..... unchant«l until the Iboncr, clcMh shako IWGm b)' Olber rqimenl:l from 1149) ..... intrQduced in t8,52,

II. Papal Stat", a) Tnuap"_. Ellie Com.-_)'. UI Reatm-t. Papal Ca..blae~ Fall Om.. lhi. b) O&icer. Ellie Compall)', UI Reslm",,, Papal Carabiaie~ Fall Oren. lhi. An oample of Italian wuform in the early part of Ih. peoriod • ~'D b) ahat of the P.~I Carabuuaa, hemg modelled upon X.poIeontc frmch u}k 'IDe end of frmch control in Italy meant lhat thcrulenofthe'm&n} un.lI ltatea had 10 re-c:rate arI arm}' OUt of the ClrJanu.ation which ~ m&lfled, Wblle .Uempur1l 10 eradicate many tTaCCI of Xapoleonic ~mment. a number of ".ta atablithcd corp baled upon the FlftK:h Gendarmerie 10 a(:l u both army and police. In Ihe Papal 51.tCl lhere WCTt formed two rqimmu of

'Carabinieri Pontifici' in July 181,5, eac:h regimenl (aoc:ordilll to the 1816 Regul.lioN) c:omprilins three Kjuac!. I'OfU., each of tWO c:omptl./lia arid .n fIne company, • lOW of IOITIe 76 officcn arid 1,746 cAAcr ranb. of .. born half...CTtmounled. Detaehmcnll of the Carabinieri ,,'ere tcaucrcd throughoul the Papal 5tatCi In an .!templ 10 combat the briiandry - often aPf'"*Chilll a full_Ie guerrill. ....r - "'hich plagued the rura1 and mountain dislric;u and rew ..ilicb campaign the' Pope ....arded • mcdaJ I U ...orn by the officer in dlit pUle. Other compania Ia"'ed U ('I(:Or1 10 the Pope. ranking in prcttdenoe u .ccond only to the Noble G!ani, the flite ltatla of the c:orpI being .oo..'D b)' die fact that CarabmJeri oI5c:t:l i outnnked offia::l i of Iimilar ~tion in the Lmc. Being 011 CDlNtanl acti~'e JO'Vicc, the CarabUucri "'U'C the IDOIt expericrJced tl'OOpI m the army. Tbcic unib1n .. Ibown in the IW'O fipra illUltBttd, Wen from contcnlporary walCllXIkIun dcpktiDf die Elite Company of the 'It Regimenl the fhte oompaniel alone .-ore the beankin cap, ..'1UCh had • red doth patch wldl ..tutelfCl'l3de ~ al!he rur . Officers U$\.LIlI,. .-ore • lih~ atguillClle 011 the rifl:ht 1houIdcr; other rarab' lace ..... whne, dilmounled companies haVlIll white br~ and Iorog black gaiten for winla, .rod ..-bite for .urnmcr. The beankin ..... TftCI'Ved for full dfCli, • b1.ek bicom hal ..i!h white edging, red pompom and p1wne, and a Papal eoc:bde Iwhite with yellow edge Iea1red by • white 100p beirl8 worn on other oecaIioru, The brut belt-

'00

plate of the r&Ilk and file bore an emboMed Papal li.ra and C10ur0 k(')"I. In Kr\'icc: cUe. a ailllie-brcuted ~n C(MI,tn: ..'ilh mt coIlar·patchCl "......orn, ...ith ...hile troIIIerI for lummer ....d 1fC)'·bro...n trot.llen ..idl grren Itripe for winter; the grateoat ..... abo grq,.bro\\'n ..im red collar· palchCl. N,C.O.. had a.iguillell('ll of mixed arttn and .ih'tt, and lih'tt

""'~ Drummcn of

dilmounted com· paniCi .-ore • wu Ii;arm not diatmilar from ahat of the pri~.. tcs, bul the

mounted trumpelen 1ft full drCII w«e the mqmfic:enl eoItumc here de· pieled, with the lrumpel·banner bearing the regimental IIIle, "KlMI) IUOGUU..' O"O

~SI.r.KI

POlfn"Cl.

The hone-fl,lJ'Dit\,ll'e of the ordinary carabinicn COI'lIiltcd of. while Iheepakin with green •...olf t«lh' doth edging. In 18]1 the Carabirncri partiei. paled in politica.l riou &pintt the Pope, and WCTt immediatdy diIbanded.. A limilar ~ ..... later railed, ...hich etUlled amtill970-

•

'0'

RE\'OLL:T10:\'S I:\' EUROPE, ,83l>-3' TIle liberal political and §()Cia) ideas" hleh ,,~ by this linK' inoeutnl{ in strength and Kflj>(' ... ('~ destined to ca~ oontinum. conflict until thl: middle of I~ ttmur)". 1n RUBia, olhcen and intellttt~'" havinl{ adopt~ 1m- li~ral throria circulaung in WCSltTfl Eu~. forl'l1al a number of KCfft lO(:i("tlo with the Intention of O\'erthrowlnl{ 1M ,till alm061 f('udal po\oO;('r of the Cl':ar. ,\luanda', assassination ""35 planned for 18'26, but he fomlalkd the pioHen by d)'ing in Novembcr 181'). n\(, so-called 'I)(oc("mbri,t' 1"('\'011 broke' out on the day Nicholas I was proclaimed Czar, but news had been leaked of the coup and it nev!:'r ~ally gol undcr W3)'_ Some troop! 'including the !l.I05COw Guard Regiment, occupied nate Squa~ in 51 Petl:rsburg, but wcrt' Iwept a",,,)' with gn~hot; fh,C' of the senior plone" "ere executed, and Ih(' h1l1f·hcartcd rt'\"()1t .... as over. It had coruidtnble effcci on Ihe RlUIian army, ho.... ever; Xichnlas, fearful of a rcpt'lit.ion, lumed tM alread\' hanh drill inlO an automatic ('XCf"ClK to In IiI blmd obcdil,"!\Ce into tht ordmary soktin, and Itnnilled any init~tive on Ihe pan of the offi<:~ whtnt...tr it bcame apparent, So ridiculous did the uwstence on immaculate pande-IVOtmd drill bttome lhal tM infanlry scaredy C'o'er fired their muskets, .... hich in any CalC wert fcarfull)' damal{«i b\ polishing with brick-dwi to make them sparkle, and by' IooK:ning all the screv.-s to make an 'attnctive' ntlle on parade, so that mOlt \\C're usdos e...en if ammunition for largc:l-praeucc had been available. Only- In the Caucasus was the army' kept in a state of readinr:s:s, bUI wa~ regarded as unfashionable and ulUt)lish by the remainder of lhe army, In t830 came the fint serious blows to the existing order of European government, when in Jul) tile Restoralion monarchy in France was loppled by a revolution in Paris. KinK Charles X .....as deposo:! and a new constitutional monarchy, with Charles'. cousin, Louis Philippe, .1.1 iu head, was euabltshed. The new rtgirnc used troops to uppms furtherinsurrcctiOlUat L)"On in 1831,and in Paris and again lyon in 183~' TIlt Congress. ofYtenna had created a ne.... Kingdom ofthe ",etherlands in 1815, combinlnl!: Holland. Belgium and Luxembourg undtr \\ill~m of Oran~. TIK assoc~tion was not a happy' one; 8c1~~ns I'CSI."nted a Protatanl, and in Iheir eyes despotic, King; and Ihis, .....Ith 1M faded har...at and hard .... lnter In 1818--:)0 caused the Bellfian RC'o"Olution, Dutch troops .....e re dri...en from IkusK:Is in AUlust 1830

""

afu:-r four days ofl1ll;lulnll; all;amS! civilian and hastil)-formed \"OluntCTr Units, and many IkI~lJ.n'lC"mll: In Ihl' :\'tlherlands army dnentd nr were dwnWed as Ixinl{ of uncnlain loyalty', ,\fter a ml"nth tM :'\tthcrlands arm,' .....as 10 .... nk and diJorp,nistd thai the Dutch :'\alional Guard had 10 Ix moblliJed, and .... a jointd In' \oluntCTr unus. ik.. tho.r of the IklglaIU f"rJn('(l from patriOhc ClliUIlS and inclooinl{ a number of ri!1f' COrpl raUed from unl\·tnity tOO!:'nb. 1n ()clnbtr Bdll:~n indl:'pendeocl:' .... as d«lared, and In 1IIf' saml' month General (haat. occuPYing Ihe \nt.... erp citadd for thl' Kin~, strt'n~lhl'nl:'d anu-Dulch fn:linll; b)' hll bombardment oftht CIt), 'Il11:' danger of a Europun .....ar of la"Kt proporlions loomc:'d, Thl' new French govl'mmtnt prl:'partd an army to help m the 'liberation' oflklRium, and mllny Iklgialu ravoured a union with Fr.tnct, I'ru$5ia, . \u~lria and Russia were prtpartd to hdp Holland. t\ conrertnce of the M"'tal jlO\-Itn called in London aRft'cd upon a ttmporar)" armistiet III .'O\'(':mOO, and d«idrd in Ihe follo.... inll: month, thanks to the tfforu oj ~Itllcmich and Ihe Duke of \\dlinRlOn dater Palmel"\'IolI afttr \\dhnlttoo's RO''tmmt"nt ftll" Ihal the Kml(dom of thl:' :\!:'lhtTlands should be dissohed, .... Ith 8th.~ium becominll an independt-nt, ne-utral ~ale .... II.-- Indeptnden« .... U I{U2ranltfti by lhe may>!' !lo.....en. In .funt 1831, after a w-art'h fOf" a King t~t .1.1 times approached sheer 1.;trt'i(', Leopold ofSaxe-Cobu~ was '1:'1("(:1«1' King Leopold I ofBell{lum l...t'npokt requated and /{Ol luxl'mboufJ!: as pan of his nt..... kill/{dom. This prompted Kinll; Wtll~m of Holland. who had "atc/lC'd thl:' political manocu\"nn~ .....lth incrcasinJj: an~, 10 ael on his ()¥In, Commanded by Crown Prince \\'ill~m the somewhat incompettnt H'ler.m of\\attrloo), II Dutch fidd amly' of IOmc 50,000 mi('11 marcllcd over Iht border in thrt!:' columns, inttndll1l1: to di\'idc Ihe 1.... 0 hastily'aht'mbltd, \"oluIIIl:cr IklKian armies facill!! thtm, Both Sides included \,olulll«r and National Guard uniu, which lX'rform«l with credit al tht Banlc of liaadt ,7 Augusl 1831 TI~ outcome .....as that the Belll:ian ,\rm)' of Ihe ~lcult' ftll back 011 Li~t in disorder, Tht Dutch Ilttn tumed to face llit 8tll{lan Army of Itte Scheidt, fallin't back upon 8ntsaels, \\ ilh man\' of thl' \nny of tltt Me\Dt's \"O!untttr Untts: d"monIUed and du.intewalllll{, 8c1'lian fortunes .... crc daperale; 1!Jcy .... f'rt' Q\'nI, I'IO"'C'orr, by a I-rench army of 60.000 under \Ianhal Gf'rard .... ho marehed into 8t1l{1um on 8 \Ull;u't" ured by tbe I rt'nch goo,cmmenl thai tilt) would .... lIhdra ~ soon as hoslihtiC'1 ceaxd, the>thl'r major JlO"'en alll'ttd that thoc1' ere actinll: in tbe interests: oflhl:' london Confcrenci('.

'''3

Marching on Louvain, the Dutch met ltiff resistance, particularly from the Bnwell 'Cardes Civique', but by 12 August the Army of the Scheidt was almost sUfT(lunded in Louvain. On receiving news that both Britain and France demanded an arminice, with a British Reet sailing to blockade Dutch ports and Gerard'i army coming up quickly, the Crown Prince decided it prudent to withdraw. Though the war was virtually over, ChiWC Wall still besieged in Antwerp (this time by the French) which he held unli11832. A formal armiltice wu concluded in ~lay 1833, but only in April 1839 was the independence of Belgium recognised by the Dutch. The Belgian Rf:"olution is the belt-known of the 1830 revolts, but an even more seriow insurrection occurred in Poland, and this time there was no intervention from the major powen as there had been to save Belgium. The Congress of Vienna had once more divided Poland (as the Duchy of Wamw) between Pruuia, Aunria and Russia. The Ruuian piece became the 'Congress Kingdom', with the Cur ruling as King of Poland. The Poles' characteristie hatred of foreign domination erupted into insurrection in Wanaw in November 1830, following recurrent friction with the Ruuians in previoul yean. The Polish revolt began when it did partly as a result of the Belgian rebellion; while giving the Belgians morallupport the Poles feared that the Czar might use the Polish army to auist the Dutch, but when Belgian success became apparent the Poles decided upon an atlempt to throw off the repressive Czarist regime which had deprived them of numerow democratic rights. The Polish anny - Rwsianised almost completely - was only some 3°,000 strong, but expanded at an incredible rate as volunteers Rocked to join hastily-raised corps, until over 80,000 men were in the field. Beginning in Wanaw - where the patriots became O'Ver-enthwiastic and massacred Ruuian-supporten - the revolt spread and an element of anarchy ensued. Not only did the Poles claim to be merely auerting their rights, but they also called for the deposition of the Czar. This, coupled with the great bloodshed and the fact that both Awtria and Pruuia had Polish subjects who might rise if the Polish revolt went against Russia, inevitably resulted in Polish appeals for help going unheeded. Ruuian generalt Diebitteh and Paskievich with t 14,000 men brought fire and sword to the area, whilst Polish factions fought each other for supremacy. At the Battle of Grochkow (20 February 183 t), however, a Polish army under Prince Radziwdl halted Diebitseh in a sanguinary

'04

fight. On 26 May Diebiueh was again engaged, this time by Polish general Skrzneki, in the long and fearfully bloody Baule of Ostrolenka, an indecisive fight which neverlheless caused Sltrzneki'l withdrawal. The Poles, now commanded by General Dembinski, retired to Warsaw, which Paskievich normed on 6-8 September t83t. After a gallant defence, the Russian capture of the city was accompanied by the most horrific slaughter, and the insurrection ell:tinguished in an extremely ,'iolent manner. The revolutions of ,830-31 (which also included revolts in ~Iodena, Parma and the Papal States, largely inspired by Cuiseppe Mauini and only luppressed with Austrian auinance) had little effect on the military costume of the large states, but produced in both Belgium and Poland a style of dress which was to become politically-identifiable with republicans, democrau and adherenu of other predominantly proletarian movements, a uniform based upon working-clothes and smocks, though of a necessarily ornate form to conform 10 established military tenets. This Style of uniform .....as due to appear again throughout Europe, later including politically-styled fell hau and 'democratic' haircuts!

.,. Honaadl .) Drummer, Gu.rd Gre_dleu,

Full Dro_, .83-. b) Private, n.aquer., 8th WaDlry,

Full Dre.a, .83., The ltandard Dulch infantry uniform COlUuted of bell-toppc
'ftanquen' wore wings, !he remainder having white-cdsed blue shoulderItrap'. The grey trousen were officially worn in winter ""i!h grey gaiten, both iu:nu being white for summer, the fashion illustrated being a combination of !he two. Greatcoats ""ere double-brClUted, of medium grey, with brass buttons and white collarpatchCl. Grenadien ,,'ore a simila.r uniform, but with large fur cap, whieh had a patch on Ihe back bearing a ""hite grenade. Grenadier 'ftanquen' wore the infantrylhakowith green pompom and red tuft, and a grenade on the plate, with while grenade painted on the sha~'er. Grcnadien also ,,'ore red wings and facings, yellow lace

'°5

loopl. \\ 11l1~ sho,dd.".••trapl plpM rl'd \\uh brasa Mrenad~ badltes, whit~ gn:nades on th~ lurnbacks and rl'dlaced.ll:reau:oat-eollars. Light Infant!) \\or~ rl'1o(ulation shakO$ wllh brass r~il1l~mal numlxr and humin!i!-hom badlt~ and .ll:rttn pompom. with \\hit~ humintt-horns on th~ CO\~.. ; doublo:-br~astn:l .ll:r«1l jack~tl wllh ,~lIow pipintt. dark Kr<:eIl win~. and )~llow hUnLlI1lt·horn turn· back badltel; gr~atcoat as Ixfor~ btU with )~lIow-lacnl collar, Th~ unh'ersa,1 infant!) "Iulpl1l~m rot1>lIted of pack. lin<,n ha\~rlack, iron mess-lin and canl~~n. and black lnth~r cartridtt....oolt bc'armlt a gr~n­ adC' or hUllling-hom \'oh~n: appropriat~; iII.C.O." lind mu~icialU carril'd short S\\-onH m lIddidon to the usual bayonet. \\hich \\as oft~n fastC'ned to the sid~ of th~ cartrid!i!~-bolt. 5\\ordknots \\en: ofwhit~ and oranlle ign"<'n fot light mfanl!)). omun wore gold lace: ~pauleuel, \'oilh Ihin fringel for company office:n and bullion frinlj:n for IllOft of field rank, th~ cpaukuel of '.Illd Lieutenant and ~llljor ha"intt 1\\0 ~il\~r SIr1pe1 ort thl:' Ilrap. and thos~ of lSt L,eulenant and Li~Ul~n· anl-Colon~1 one $.iker Itripe. AdJulants wore fringelOI cpaukllO. cor_ porab 1"0 )'cllow lace chC\rortI. ICrgeants on~ gold chco.ron. and Krgeant-IItllJO" IWO gold che;-,'rOlil.

20. Selsl\lm: .) Officer. TI...iIIe\ln Li~!ol.s (L\lik.se Tinille\lu). 183°' b) Officer. Civil Guard. 183"

e) Private, BataUlon de I'E.UIII (S.... ljoD van de Schelde), .837' I1lis plale sho\'o' Ihe ~"olution of Betl\'ian ri/1" unifornl ,most of Ih" haJolll)·raiiro \'oluntce:n Ixin'l liltht infant!)" or riA"I1l"nl, and th~ Ci.il "uard dr.... '11,,, Tiraillwn Lifilois wor~ a Iypicalh_hench sl)l" unifonn. thoutth ofth" unusual bro\'on colour. rccaJhnlt th~ famoUl Porlu!l;u<'$C ~a. dor~ ooloun of the: Pl:'nmsular \\'ar. Other lktails pall~rn ofshako, cut of the unIform, ("\lCn thc KOT'Il~t an: all oIJ,;iousl) rr"nch in dnill:n. 'lne Ci.,l Guard uniform is tht: c1:t.Sl1ic 'smockfrock' Ilarm~nt mspirn:l b., ci",lian ...orkinll: cloth". al onc~ both politi<,all)' siltnificant and mUlCh mor<:" unporlant in limes of em"rx~nc, easih produced. It ... ;u alw one of the lllOIII comforlabl<'. $('1'\'ieubk Rarmenu )'~I desittned. 111" contemporar) print upon \'0 hich lhis tigurr ~ ba>cd aOO wow'S Cl:'1'tain CORCCllion. 10 curr~nt mihlal'Y fashion aigullkllell for mu:;icialU and fur busbio for pion~n, for aampk. Th<' shako, or French $lyl~, btan th~ nt:W lkl!l;ian cockade of red, \ dlow and black. Ja.ckwor 1011lt, Il\~\'oka-lit)k garmenl$ "en: aOO n1uch-fa\'Ouud by th~ Bel!;ian \'oluntcen, fr<'que-ntl) ...oro with 'round hats' of f~1t or lealhCI. !l~n~rali) rncmblmg a tall 'Iopper' \'0 Ilh one sid~ of th~ brim turned up, Oo~ t83l COlVS. for example, th,' Parti$an~ of CapLaUmOnl, wore ~r~n knce-knll:lh coal'S .. ,th red "ll)in~. gr~ trOl!M:n. and black hats \'ollh rnl cap-lines, national cockade and pomponu of th~ natiOllal colou.., from

.06

"hich ro:.c a 'falhnll:' plume of black h~ha,r. Cartridge-bolla w~n: ol"tcn ..01 n at the front of the wal~l_ belt, and oftcn bore a hUlltmg-horn dC'·icc. A prog1"Cllion from Ihe carl)' ,vluntcer uniform can bt K'Cn in the dr... of the Batallion de l'Escam io t8]7, \'ohith \'o'hi1c retammg th~ OKn!.ial character of "oIunt~r uruform hal become more of an iJ>u" drf» and leu of an emergency m"asure likt: that of the Civil Guard.

III,

PolaDdl

.) Voldseur. "lib Inf.ntry Rest, ISa6, b) Officer, Itt Lancers, 1830' 111i1 plate wows th~ uniform of th" Polish arm) prior to the t8]O-] 1 ll':\'Olution. Whilt: maintaining traditional Polish ~Iemenll for Cllample lh<' lanc~r umform, the style was copied directly from thaI of Ruuia. With the Cllception that all Polish infantry \'oore ooloured lapeb (onlythe Russian Guards did, thc gl'tll:'ral pallcm was almO$I Kkntical; ~"cnth" "nonnous, thin plume charaClerillie of Ruuian infant!)· IhakOl \'oas used by lOme Polish oorpl. Som~ indq>endence was mamtam«l, ho""\'"r, in the Polilh helm<:t·plate \'o'OTll on both th~ shako and czapka. Ilof'lC Artill~Tl "ort a dllrk green uni form" nh black facl1lp and r«l piping, rcminis«nt of Ihat of the Ouch) of \\arlaw, Ihc ~olouring of the unifornl lxilll1; th~ onl)' rdic of Pohsh paruclpauon III Napoleon'_ arm).

211. Pol.nd, .) S.Ddomir Voluntten,

.830 3 1 , b) Podl•• ie Vol....teen. .8)0 31. Ilt;, platc ,lIullrates 1\'0'0 of the ellolic umfomu "'OI'n by "olunt<'l"r un,u during the t83Q-31 rC"olUlion, taken from a oorttempora!)' prlnl. The kneelength froc:k-coal was Clltcnsl,'dy uK'd. ooupling traditional Polish f~alura ...ith the more 'romalllic' 11)'1" fa\'OUred throughout Eurap<'. Grollhus' Sandomir Volunteers ...ere drCllCd in a 'gn:nadier' It)'le wuh ugle·plal«l beankin cap, whilc Colond Kuszell's Podla.>ie "olunteen WOl'~ the old 'Konfc
'07

• One of \he mOlt unUlu.1 unifonnt wu th.t of the 'KrakUl', • corpl bearing the POle n.me u th.t of N.polcoo'l .rmy (named from the to....'11 of Cracow), They wore crimlOntopped Konfeder.tku with bl.ck fur b&nd .nd green plume, cn:.mcoloured knee-length c:o&t with crimIOn coll.r, pointed cuffl and cartridgetube-pockell on the breut (u in PI.te 32), grey noulel'l with double crimson uripes, with long green greatcOall with attached cape, hned crimson .nd with collar .nd cuffi of the POle, and much .ilver lace .round

tbe bonum ed«e of both coat and cape; the corp was .rmed with ...bre (Iupported by • black w.iltbelt) and lan~ with crimson-ova-white pennon, Other volunteer cavalry adopted bl.ck uniforml; the KaUsch Volunteer La.ncel'l, for ex.mple, had black CO&II with Iky-blue f.cil\ii, crinllOn girdla, black tl'OUlCfI with Iky-blue Itripes, Iky-blue a.pka-topl .nd crinllOn o~r Iky-blue lance-pennolU, National Guard units generally wore dark blue coall, tfOUlCfI and Konfederatku with red facingl and black e<jI,lIpment.

OPERATIONS IN EUROPE, 1830-40 Trouble in hal)" continued, still stirred up by ~Iazzini. and slill foreign assistance .... as required to hold the rebellions in check; Austrian troops occupied Romagna (January 1832) and French troops look Ancona in ?brch. A l\Ia~zini uprising in !)iedrllorll and Savoy failed in 1834 causing one of his supporters, a )"oung Sardinian sailor named Garibaldi, to flee for his life. Sporadic insurrections continued to flare up for yean. I ntervcntion in the affairs of minor stales by established powers was not limited to Italy, however; in 183'2 a Bavarian expeditionary force .....ent to assist King Otto of Greece in retaining his power, and remained there untilt837. Russia's expansionist policy kept her frontier armies constantly active, thus preventing the whole of the Rmsian army from becoming bogged down in a mire of parade-ground precision at the expense of efJiciency. After the t8'28-'29 war against Turkey (ostensibly to support Greece but aClUally to further their own aims) they became involved in the First Turko---Egyptian War of 183'1-33. by assisting Turkey to resist an Egyptian attack! When a Russian squadron arrived at Constantinople, both England and France were sufficiently afraid of the extension of Russian influence that they arranged a peace by lhe Convention of KUlahia. It was not the fint time since 18t5 that these t.....o nations had concerned thenueh'cs with oriental affairs; in 18t6 an Anglo---Dutch f1e('t under British Admiral Lord E.xmouth (Edward Pellew, dcstro)'ed the Algerian fleet in Algiers harbour to discourage piracy, and British demon5lr3tiOlu were again necessary in 18t9, a further bombardment of Algiers in 1824. and a French blockade of the port in 18'17 '19. Pushing onwards, Russian forces moved into Turkestan. Advancing into the Khanate of Kiva, General I'erovsky's expedition ended in disaster (t839); thereafter, the Russians moved nlore slowly until completing the task in 18..,. The main theatre of war during this period. ho.....cver, wa.s in Spain. Ferdinand VI J, before his death in 1833. nominated his infant daughter Isabella to rl'ign under the regency of his wife, Maria Christina, instead or passing the throne under Salic law to his brOther, Don Carlos. As soon as Ferdinand died, Carlos organised a revolt to take the throne for himself; Britain, France and Portugal all cntered into an alliance .....ith

,oS

'09

•

I

•

the S~niJh government to hdp in the rebellion's supprcuion. From Brilain .....enl Ihe 10.000 nrong 'Uml'lh Ugion', a mcrccnary body recruited under Ihe autllOrlty of PlIlrhllllllenl lIlnd commlllnded b)' SIr ~ e de LaC)' Evam, Of the 10,000 troops, Enru hinudf lIldmllted thlllllllboul 2,200 werC' 50 Infirm or old u 10 be unfit for tcrVicc. Man)' Pennuular War vetCRIUI wcrc included in IU I"1Ilnb, including tM well. known fOldlcr-lIlulhor Edward CoIlello, a ~nt of riRes in the PenilUular WlIlr but a light infamry aptain in tM Legion. Frana: 'rented' her entire Foreign Legion to Spain, thiJ Bite corps forming the nucleus or the badly·led 1o)"llliJt arlll). In fh"C )'urs of ferocious gucrrilb, "'",r ofalmon unparallded sa\~, the Foreign Legion .....as 11111 but dl'Stro)·ed. though winnin~ lhcnut'h·es a gTC1Ill reput.
EUROPEAN UlIo'lFORMS .,. Britain: .) Blutdna.ntr, Royall'ttariDK, 1123b) OfIicer, Royall'thrlae Artillery,

...

~

The Roo.-.I Marines ....-re orpnited an battalions of infAntry' and t.llCrio of Royal \Ia.rine ArtiIkr)·. ~ baltalion and ont' baUIl:'l)' accom~ the Bntish ~ In the: Carlisi War, sreatl)' ddtingulS!llng tht"'Mehet at the Balllt' of Hanani In 1837. Other· wile. Itw:ir tcn·~ during thill period

18~o

(PlaiN 23-3t)

was hmltt'd to small apt'dul(llU an Iht' ~Ieductr-ant'an and oricntall~~ of opcratiom. Manne unibms ~ the 1tspt'iL1I\"'t' mfAnuy and RO)"&I Anlllt'f) Itlles. ..ith regimental badges and dllllnctionl. 1bc anillt'f), offiar ,lIl.l1lraltd wean "'bal .. u buoealh the Mat ""Om In S.-;n, occpt for dighl altcralionl m the shako aIIIt'd by the 18]9 Regulations. Whilt' ((11\. forming to RO)"&I ArtilJcr) 11)'Ie, tlK'

lradilional Roy"&l Marine cmblt'ms were worn as badga an anchor on

,"0

lhe lha.lu~p1alt'... lion and era"'n and .. bunung If'nladt' '1M laller 10 mdicalt' tM anillcry r61el on lho: belt. plait'. In 18~7 Kinll Gt'or1;t' 1\ dirt'cltd lhal, In ,It'"' of 1M tcnit'es or the Royal :>Ianna m ('\'11:'I)' QClI'TICf of the world. they should be IfI'VIttd as a badge 'Iho: Greal GIobt' .udf'. .. hd cmblt'm tS proudl) UIt'd b. the ~lOthllda)'.

Othft- nnb' unibTns of the artillcrY .... tTC I1milu 10 lhoK of the officcn but mm.. tht' la«, and ....Ib bnilshould««ab and .. h.lt' ball. lufll on the sbak... A palnunlj: of Ihe Baulc of Hanam Ihcaoooll thil uniform in uK, with offlCCfI .... cann~ und~ capl and frock-eoau "tSl('ad of the uniform illl.llirattd. The ,"f,","II)' ~It.alions "'Of"'(' rtd umfonns with blue fa.cinlp, bul l,ke IMir counler· pull in Ihe Line:, tht' musicians wt'rC' uniformtd in .. mO&I t'!tOlle manner. The drum·major wore a ,~ or lCSl regulalion drCII rtd faced bluc With the rt'qullitt' yards of ROId laa. a drooping wh.te horIchair plum<: on the shako. and lillhl blue: 11"OUSt'n; Other ~n, hown'er, "'Of"'(' the uniform as Ihov.-n on the i1IUlilralion of the ~ndm&!oler In IhtS pbte. lakm from a pielUlt' 1>,' E.. I-tull. The .. hitt' untrorm 'much fa\'OUrtd b)' InfAntl)' bandsmen), the addIlion ofrtd p1utrot' and lr'OIDt'n, ~ with much fOld Ia.ot', ma
:Lf. Britala,

.) M"Ieaat., 14th 1Ja:bt Dral_as, 1Sp. b) OfIiccr, )rd Foot Guards, I':P. The' rci«n of \\.II1&nl IV saw the

'"'

infantry Uniform ehangt' '"'11:'I)' linle, tht' mml not.ablc f..atulT being thc adoption I>, Iht' ill1d and 3rd FOlIC Guardt of a umform 10 matCh lhal of the Ifl, bo, lho: ,"Iroduction of the bcanhn cap pI"('\-.!\' the unlqUC diMincrion or the Grntadicr Guards. S, 1831 il "M Inlrodt'd 10 .... namr the Other IWO r~1I 10 Incrt'iUI' !heir prnt1l;tt', and aher thnr dra. to fUJiiin' p-unn; 111 thc ('\"'t'III. aJt1MxJgb bOth tooil the fur cap. the 2nd Cold· itrt'alll Guards namr "M rn&1nt'd and onl) the 3rd Rl'Ifimcm became 1M Scots t'..dlt't" Cuards. 'Inc flU" t'apl had fronl plata In the design of a e1O\'>TICd Tudor roIC', fl"'t'qUt'ml) half·hldden 1» fur, c... of offiecn of IhI' Scots had a stllall !l,lt .!)Iar of the Orderoflhe Thlltle on Ihe I»ck of the call. Tllt' ull,ronn illustralm (from a porlralt of Lirult'nant & Captai" Ihe I-Ion. II. ~Ionlasu by A. J. Dubois Drahonel mcludtd Ih.. ",hite plume i"ilially lakt'n b) all Ihrt'C rt'8imcnll, though t'\"('nluall)' the Scots di.. carded Ihrin and Iht' Coldllreams Ic.;)k a rtd p1umr on tht' righl.land s>dr oflhl' cap inslt'&d. An mlcratlng featurt' of lhe: uniform dlllllraltd ..... the II:'OIlar. onlv the fronl half of ...hKh ..... In the blue: facin~-aMour, the rear portIOn bcl"8 nod. 1n.. offittrl' coIlar.~ "'... the St.ar of the Orda- of thc 1billlc. B) 18:12 theno remained (111) fi\"'t' light dratoon ret\rncnll. the ]rd. ..th, 11th. 'Sth.nd loflh. ""CamIfI: a blue: unifOrm Ilffular 10 that of the 18t2 pallern, ,,"h hea,·ily·1aad shako and ,from 1822 ~ nod and .. hile plume lof fcathom fOr offiecn . 'In.. ]rd had scarlt'l faongs.. th.. 4th Iillhl rt'llow, the: I Ith and 13th

buff and Ihe 14th orallge; troulCn were uy-blue in Ihe t8~~ Rcgub.lioru and blue-g~ in thole of 18~8. "Iu_ sidaru (frequently negroa) ofltTI wore while uniforms; thOM: of the 4Lh in 18~~, for uamplc, according to a painlinK by J, Pardon, "'01'e white jackel.S with red facings. red Irot1ICn wilh white stripe, and red cloth muos with white lace: and red-and·white plume, William IV l1.1lempted to clothe the enure arm)' in red, and enjo)'ed lOme succeu; Ihe hght dralloonl lOOk red jackets in about L83'1, following instructions to do 10 in L831. The ,rd and 14th took blue facings, the ,ph )'ellow (changed to gr«n in 18]6), and the IlIh and 13th COfltinued to wear buff, that of the I,th being 10 pale as to be almost white. Only the officen of the 3rd and 13th had prc-.'iowl)" worn gold lace hellow for the other ranks). bUL all regular offi· c;en "-ere ordered to wear gold lace in 1830. sih'er being reser....e d for the militia. Jackets remained doublebre1l5ted but lost the coloured lape15; girdles were (for officers) of gold lace with twO coloured stripes, crimson being Ihecolour according to the t834 Regulations. 111e bell.topped shako was heavily·laced and had a Maltese Cross platej offieen' plumes wen: suppolCdly of white feathen bUL in wme cases the red-and-while style continued. HOrKhair plumes v.ere ..-orn by wme officen as well as by Ihe otllt:r ranks. The figure illustrated shows the regulation uniform of the 14th, based upon a Dubois Drahonet portraIt of Sc1leant John Brookfield. MOIl notable is the blue-striped gIrdle, not changed (officially) until

1834. The black leather sabretache bore a brass badKe in the shapc of a crowned Maltese Cross, Its on the shako.

Crimean War "'ere still no mor.: functional than Iheyhad been in t8t~. A sin. pier pattem offur cap was adopted by the Guards in 1835, and all llInks ....ere gl\'en epllulelles (white for the rank and file). A new shlLko wal authorised in 1839; slill bell-toppc'
• 2). Britain: a) Offieer, Royal Artillery, Undres.. 18a8. b) Officer, Battalion Company, 1)0. Foot, 18p. c) Serleant, Llsbt Company. 460. Foot, UDdu••, 1837. 111e 18'18--.tg shako has already bttn described (Plate 14)' 11u: offiCCl' of the t5th (East Yorkshin:) Regiment (taken from a contemporary print) shows the change in infantry dress from the post_Waterloo style; prior to 1829 officen' undreB jackeu had buuoned-o-.:er lapcls, hiding the panel of the facing colour, but in that rear the coloured lapcols "'l':re abolished completely. From 18~, other ranks' jackeu ,,'ere alLercd by the addition of a laee loop on the oollar, and the loops on the breast changed to decrl':aIC III length nearer the waist. from 1835 the tall plume: was replaced br a while ball_tuft. As already menlioned, all regular officers wore gold lace from L830' and the gorget was finally abandoned. RegimentallY'plItlemcd lace for other ranks was discontinued in favour of plain white in t836, in which year 5trgeants adopled unlaced, officer-st)'!e coatees. In 1833 willler tl'O\l$Cl'S wen: ordered to be grey, ",ith a red stripc on the outer scam; white trousers were still used for summa. In the 18..0·s infantry uniforms al last began to change for the better, tho"ih even at the beginning of the

The Royal Anillery officer (taken from a. print by E. Hull) shows the plain, undn:a uniform with unlaced

froek-eoa.t adopted by the Royal I\rtillery in about 18~8j from 1834 it was worn with blue cloth frintJeleu cp;luleuo. and from 18J8 with red piping and gilt Utoulder-teales. The undress eap was an oilskin-oovercd cane construction like the ordinary shuo in shape, without any decorat;OfllI at all; from 1833 a blue cloth cap, gold.laced and with a lcather peak, was the regulation 'forage cap'. Infantry undress is sho.... n by the sergeant of the 46th (South DevonIhire) Regiment, taken from a watercolour by M. A. Hayes. Battalion companies wore white shoulder-straps in plac;e of ",ings on the unlaced undress jacket, and the peaked ClIp (here covered by a 'waterproof') was raervcd for sergcanu. other ranks having a blue woollen 'pillbox'-type cap without peak, with a white pom_ pom in the centre of the crown (red for the light company, a regimental distinction of the 46th), with br:w numerals '46' on the front (with a brass bugle-hom for the light con.panr). This regiment had a 1Il00t spectacular band uniform at this date - drummers wore shakOi with red ball-tuft but DO cords, and tail-leu white Jackeu with red oollar and pointed cuffs, red win9 and red hussar-style braiding; musicians had shakOi with drooping white horsehair plumes, wh,te shak.o--(:ords on the front, with black. falling cords and 'l1l.Quettes', 10nK-tailed white coats with white lapels, rellow collar, round cuffs and turnbacks; both wore dark. blue t~n: ",ith a wide red Stripe, and carried brass, 'mameluke' ~ hilted swords.

"3

'" •

• ll4i. Britain: a) Trumpete.., IILb HUll...... Ma..chins O ..de..,

'145.

b) Offi«.., loth Hu......, Fuji D ......, 18]].

HUSIoilr uniform. Iradilionall~- the most elaborate of an, went through a llCTies of daulinq chanql'S whieh ,t is impouible to lilt compreheosivcl) here. Briefly. 11\ 1819 only Ihe IBth Hussars Ilill wore the bUlby, thc others ha'ing shakos - lighl blue for the 71h, black for the loth and rl'd for the Isth. The 181h, ho.."C\-'CT, were disban
official permi!l!lion in 18'16. The 100h and 11th "ere permitled double lace ,tripo on Iheir trouser-scaml. Shab.. raques remainl'd orllate. dark blue for lilt' 7th and 61h, crimson f()<" Ihe II th lind searlC't for the othen. An mteraling ,~...ion oflhe huuar umfoml ilshown In Ihe 11th Husun trumpeter in Ihis plat~. tak~n from" ~I. A. Hayes print illustrating marching ordt'r. Tht' pelissc is worn as a jacket, and the distmctiH cnnllOfl O\eralls are rclained. but the unif()<"m has an olbcrwise plain aspect befillinll field serviee. ·Ilte fur cap (wllh plume remo\'edl is nonelhelCSl mOlt striking, beinr.; of the white fur pattern resenT
belong to a husur regiment; whereas in 1829 an infantr)" officer's uniform COlt [40, that of the loth Hussan cost no ICSl than [399-7S.-6d.! William IV's desire to rc-clothe the army in red was rcsil1l'd 1». the hussan, who only adOpled red pelissa (all with black fur). The Blh and 15th, previously wearing lilver, adopled the gold lace ordered in 1830 about a year later. The 7th Itill retained their tall cap, and the 15th their distincli\'e red Ihako; from 1831 all wore dark blue overalls wilh gold lace "ripe (yellow for other ranla). Shabraques were pc:-rhaps the most elaborate part of an ornate ensemble at this timt', as ca.n be secn from the unifonn illustrated, taken from a Masuion & 5t Uchauzier print. In the 18'10'1 the general trend towards: simplification affected C\"Cl\ Husur regiments, without fwldamen_ tally altering their magnificent appearance. In 18'10 the IIIlt Light Dragoom wtTe corwened to Hussars, taking fur caps, the usual dolman and pclislc, and Ihe mOlt dislincli\'e crimson trouJC.... AfttT the 11th had rl'llurrected the busby, the other regiments followed suit, thac bein~ officially ordered for all I-IU11lln in 18'1', all of the Illme pattern - brown fur "'ith rtd bags (erimson for the I t th), whiteo(l\'er·rcd plumes, gold cap-tines (yellow for the rank and file) encirchnq the cap and joining the ball:. and fallinr.; as long cords and ·ra· quettes'. There was tome reticence to abandon the more decorati\'e shakothe t5th. in fact, retained their Jt'alously-guardcd sculet caps until 1856 - and the loth wore the Ihako in undn:Jll, unofficially unlil reech·ing

"7' Britain' .) Offieer, Woree.te....hlre Yeomanry, r8]1, b) Offi«r, W"t SornerHt Yeomanry,

18.t6. Like other European nations, Brilain cxpenenel'd ci"il disturbanec 1I\ the ),ean following Watc-rloo, which kept army delachmt'nts full~" occupied on 'internal SC'CUril)" operations. In this, rqf\Jlars wert' MSisted by the mililia and (more Ulually) the ~eomanry, " mounted '·oluntccr cavalr)' force. Orir.;inall)' ra~ in the t 790'" the ),eomanr), fulfilled the dUlio of bolh an internal defence force to resist foreign in\asion and as a type of mobil~ police force, ready to be called upon 10 suppress riot or Insurrection whene,~r it occurrl'd. Yeollllllll)' unifom.. ,..ried greatly

".

durinll this period, with numerou. U1l1(llIe patterns in UK; many, how'e,·er. JI)'led Ihe,r dress upon current light dragoon COItume. For example. that of Ihe Worcenenhire Yeomanry Illullratcd' from a Richard Dillhton watercolour) ineluded Ihe bell-lOpped "hako and doublt'-brelllied jaeket, but ..hen compared 10 Ihe regu· lation lillht dragoon costume (Plate ~'1) the differenco are ob,·ious. The chinscales were purely decorati't' as a leather chinstrap was always ~; " rcgllnenlal distinction was Ih~ black rosette worn under the plume-lOCket. fllltenl'd b) a metal erown. AnOlher Dighton piclure of 1832 Iho.... Ihi, unifom\ again, but with olhc-r ranla depicted; a :rumpeter. for example, "'ean lubslanually Ihe same uniform but with a red plumt' and large red woollen .....ings in place of epaulelles. hrrien wore black plumes and dark bluc jackets faced buff, with a while im·tTtl'd horseshoe badr.;e on tht: right upper ann; they were armed with large axes. The WorCCltenhiro included a hone artillel)' troop, also wearinq blaek plumes, but with red facings to their blue JIlckelJ. Shahraquo were of grellt simplicit), - dark blue, pointed-ended, with a while lace border and no decoration. Regimental facin~ changed to blue in 1850 when the. regimenl was granted the title 'Royal'. The \\'cst SonlCnCt wore a more regulalion light dragoon st~·le. The bluejacket was introduced for "'gular liqht dragoons in 1'40, whell the remaining four regiments a'!alll ehanged their facing-coloun: scarlet for tlu: 3rd. ,ph and 141h and buff for the I]th. borne on the collar, cuffs and

"5

•

lumbacks. Tro..-n .....crc dark bluc wilh a double gold lace Ilnpe for officen on dretl oceasior\l. red for Olher ranks and officen' undrCII (buffmipa for the 131h). The .hako, lU dacnbed b) Ihe 18'16 R'1'ulaliollll, rac:mbled Ihe mfanlry call in IhalM:, gold-laced for offlcen and n:laining lhe ~lalto:se CrOll Ihaped plale; olflCen' plumeJ were of while I.....anfC'alhen, bul ~hair plumes like lhole oflhe rank and file wC're used for .ervice in Ind,a. On lervice, other nlnks' Ihakat wen: covered III black oilskin, but office:n had oillkincov'ered, hghl cane capi of the lame Ihape .. Iheir 'foul .....ealher' headgur. The WOI Somenc:t unifo.-m (taken from a HC'nry ~larlel15 watercolour) is ba.IC'd upon this pallern, tbough rrgllnental devico could be teen in Ihe inlerlaced vv·,,· C)'pheron the IabrC'tache and mabraque, lhe former hav'ing a blue cloth ground and gold lace edge. The yeomanry lupplied many usefullervico during this period of civil unrell, IOIlle corps becoming thoroughly hated by cC'rtain demenu of lOCiC'ty as a rault. frcoqumtly the )~manry wen: let upon by rebelliOl,Jl mobl .. ho .....ould not hav'e dared 10 trUl regular cavalry in lueh a manner, III the parI_time IOldien wC're in many eases more reticent about using force 00 their fellow-.country. men (the Q\'er-propagandiKd 'Peter100' incident notwilMtandmg), and the )'eomen, in defending themlelvel, often cawed comidCT'able bloodshed. A lypieal 'intCT'nal securily' incident (..... hich could have occurred III almost an) country in t:urope) was recorded by Lu:utenanl Olarles Loftul of the

Raynham Troop of Norfolk Yeomanry, called oul in June 1835 to lupprest a lerious dislurbance and house-burning al Docking. The leVerity of Ihe oUlbreak can be Judged from a note in Ihe J\/pJoU CJuOfllr/, of \/9 June, dercribmg 'ei,!:hl or nme hundred ill dispc::aed penonl, all armed Wilh deadly clubs'. Loflus received the alarm al I I p.m., lent OUI rlden from his howe, and b)' lix o'clock Ihe following nlomin'!: nO! only was his o.....n troop assembled III marching order, bUl Ihe Dc:n:hanl troop 1'110, Arriving in ,he troubled arC'a, lhC' Yeol1lC'Il (commanded by MajOr the Hoo. J, G, ~liI1eJ) found the local tOaIl-guan:" barely able 10 kcep lhe Itrtt'U quiel. Deciding on a lhow of force. ~lilles marched hil men IIlIO Docking, 'drawing up in rront or Ihe inn, when: we halted 110'0 houn, 10 many men dismounling at a lime 10 gel refreshment. Our appearancC' had a good eFfecl, for men who .....ere ,tanding aboul in grou!>" talking or . . . riot and planning mischief, diJpef'lCd alll1051 al ona: . . . We gOI lOme cold bed and p,ndwiches, a proviJlOlI .. ilh .. hich we .....ere IaliJfied, l\lajor ~hllcs Slepl lhat nighl b) the side of h15 hone, as he did al Quatre Bnu. Everythmg p;wcd olf qUIetly. The laboun:rs who had crealed lhis disturbance were "'onderfully lurprised when they 'aw Ihe IOldiers corlllng. and 10 promptl). 100. from far and wide. and ...ould nOl beliC\le lhat they were Ycomant' Cavalry, but lhe DrallOOr\l rrom Norwich, ourdrest being that orheav)" Dralloonl, and completely decei\cd the )'oke". At noon on the follo"lnll;

".

day. troopof 171h Lancen came rrom Norwich, and our corpI marched home, .. '. ThaI ..... ooe incidenl when good Knit: prev'ailed, aided to no lillie extent b) the UlMorm or the Norfolk Yeomanry, makmg the pot.ential rioten lhink Ihat they would be oppoacd by the tougher regular caull) ...ilh las KruplCl about CUlling down a few dlSJidentl .. an example to the remainder. Tragically, other incidenu culminaled in violenee and bloodshed, though it is cerlain that lhe exislence of an activ'e rorce or yeomanry prevented far grealer 1011 ortire and property than that at times OCClUioned by their prC5('nce. Sadly, the yeomanry were not always appreciated: a regular dragoon officer, ror example. wrote to ,he L'~II(1/&n'rusJf/llnr~l/in Janual)' 1834 to complain at lhe praenee or a yeomanry olfloCer ObservCT at the A.....trian army manoeuvres in Lombardy in 1833. Ia)ing that he could tee no reason ror the )'eoman'l preKnce, as he would probably not learn anything oruse and considered it only an aCUK 10 diJplay hiJ 'provincial uniform'. Alld a norlhern newspaper m ,8\/7, in lypical milerly and ungrateful rash ion, wrOte thaI 'We find the Yeomanry cost U5 ror 48 da).. Krvice [\/9,9'19, lhat iJ, we pay lhiJ 10m foc ]60 gentlemen amU5ing themselvel . , , '. 118, Britain: a) Officer, 60th KIn!'. Royal Rifle Corp., 1833. b) Private. Rifle Brilade, .8.t9Rifle corps retained theIr umque

'rifle-grecn' c:olouring made famoU5 by the I'eninsular and Walerloo campaigr\l, lhough rollowing Ihe general mrantl)' style. Unlil 1816 lhey ulcd Ihe old 'Ilovepipe' shako, then adopted lhe 'Regency' cap and (ror a time) light blue ov'Cralls ror officers cut in oc.saek Ityle and copied rrom RU5Sia. Until 18'20, the \/nd Ballalion or the 60th (Royal American) Regiment ..... dn:ued .. light infantry, but became 'rilles' in lhat year; the 9~lh Rilles ..'Cre taken QUt of the numbered Joequence or regimenu at an added diJtinclion, hencerorth known as The RiAe Brigade. The 1811\/ Regulatior\l confirmed lhe hws.ar-style uniform of bolh corps, including pelilJe with black rur (ror officers) and black ball-tuft on lhe cap, with red facingt for Ihe 60th (named lhe Duke or York'i Own in 18114) and black for the Rille Brigade; green cock-tail plumes ...ere aulhorised for officen in 18114, and grutcoau (hilherto blue) ..ere ehanged 10 lhe dislinctive green. Other ranks had three: rowl of bunor\l on lhe breut, and black_ laced collar and cuffs, In t833 the 60th became the King's Ro)al Rifle Corpi; Ihe ball·tuft WaJ raumed on themako (which had bronzed fillingt) and in 1833 black bultOOll replaced the previous while metal v'ariet)", In 183'1 the cap-lina and large shako plate were discontinued, and lhe Rifle Brigadeclolhed entirely m grC'en, w,th only the crimson gIrdle and mounted officers' black peIiJse 10 add a touch oreolour. The 'Alben' cap wu adopted by rille uniu at the same lime as the remainder of the army, .. ,th a bugle-horn badge.

"7

Th~

l1~urn

dh»trated .how th~ claMie 'rifle' unifonn and the 'Albert' shako. II is nuere-tint( to nOll' Ihat comrmporary Mlurces for rxample th~ Ackermann print from which th~ offic~r is laken, olher prin~ and Dubois Dranonet's work Ihow dif. f~rent methods ofw~"rmt( th~ Rirdl~, Mlmetimes wilh Ih~ hanginl{ cords looped ,~ry low in ht(ht ;nfant~ -,yl<:, TIllS plate is an aPllropriale plae~ to comment bricfl~ upon th~ stal{nation "hich buill up 10 th~ Brili!ih army afla Walrrloo, "hich resultc:d in a complele lack of or.ll;o.nisaliollal and lactical de,'elollll\cltl. 10 thai "hen facc:d with a European war (in thc Crimea) the unl'rcpal'C'dness oflhe naif and army as a "hole lc:d to lhe disastrous silualion ofancient Renerals lryint( to fighl a nineu:enth-ecntury war with an ann~' and laclics unchangc:d sinc~ 1815. No"here was Ihi. sta~nation mor.. e"ldO::n1 than in the army'l fircarn~; hampered by imo::r_ minable ~xaminint( boards. Ih~ flinllock muskel "as 'largely) relainc:d unlll tho:: gmeral mue of Ih~ 18]8 I'attern pet'c..mion musket. thoul{h Mlm~ llmtlocks "ere still bein~ US«! III! ....In... wnct as late as 18.f6. '111: uni-'cnaJ i55uc of rinc:d l1rcarms was not made until the French Mini(, desit(n of 1851. thoul(h m 18]6 the Board of Ordnance sanClionc:d Ihe wue 10 rine l'Clliments of the 'Brunswick' rifle (namc:d froln the nalional il)' of ils In,·entor). an appallin~ "capon completely unfit for U$('; 'AI all dislances abo,'~ four hundrc:d ~'ards the shootml{ was 10 wild u to be unrecorded. '1l1e Bruns"iek rifle has shown itself to be much inf~rior in point of rang" to an)' olher arm

hilhcrto noticcd, Thc loadm" of Ihil rine is 10 difficult thaI ,t is a wonder how thl' Rifle r~iml'nu ha.,l' conIhc farC('" unul'd 10 usc it Ml lonl{ r~ulrl'd 10 ram down Ih~ ball boo:inl{ 10 l{reat as to r~ndcr an,- man's hand ulllleadr for accuratc shoolin,,' (Re· pori of Selecl Commlll« on Small Arms, 185~'I', Onl~ afler Ihe dc.asle.... of Ihr Crimean War did Brilish mihtar)' thinkinl{ get apace of olher majOr Europe-an po"'en, thou~h I:\'en then It was to IOrn~ ~xtent due 10 Ihe elforl!l and propal{anda of thOM: OUI· lide the hidebound world of military thl'Of)-.like r101'ence :\'ll{hlinl{alc. ~

Britain:

aj Officer. Lisht Contpan)', ,.:tnd Hishlander$. 1840' b) Officer, Bactalion Contpllll)'. 781h R _ _ hire Buffs. 18)4. \\'Iule confornllng to many infam ....regulalions, lhe romanlic idea of 'tradltional' Hi~hland dress (in faCI largely a ninell:enth-centur)' invention) rcsultc:d in HI~hland r~imenls adoplinl{ th~ dislineti-'c umform which is now 10 familiar. The bonnrt. m imitation of the 1l0l1-e>:IStenl 'uadilional' head·dress, became progrt5lli"e1}- more laden "'lIh Ollrich feathers. Thout(h th~ kilt and decoratiH plaid continued in use. ",hell HIl{hland drC!iS "as re:>tored 10 the 7ut and 7:md RCl(irnrnl!l in tRaJ lhey "ere Jl:iven In."bhs (Ire",!-! or r~;m~ntaltartan. lhe 71S1 Hillhland Lit(hl Infanlry) krcpinl( the du....· banded shako and couplin~ Ihrlr hl(hl infantry umform with the n~.... HI~h-

,,'

land c<»lume, producing a mOlt attracti"e eru.cmble. Thoulj;h infant')' regulalions SOvcmc:d thc Ity Ie of jacket. the k,11!l. plaich and bom'eu maintainc:d the I Iighlanden' indi,-iduality. c,'en when onken were orderc:d 10 "'ear ",hite trousen in certam orden of dr('SS. The undress hud"ear for offi«n ",as a .011..11 cocked ellP ",ith feath~r umil t8a9, whrn a standard bonnet wilh band of regimemal larlan .... as authorisn:l, Bonnet-plumcs were white fot all rClliments Ilj:rttn for lighl companies in lOme cases) thouJl:h the ,pnd's lradilional red plumes were officially confirmc:d. 'nlistle bad~cs w~re worn on epaulette-straps and lUrnbacks by IOm~ r~im~nlJ. Small. purely decorative plaids were worn on oc:euion. allaehed to Ihe rear of the shoulder, Ihough th~ larg~r \'~nion is sho....n on the 7and Hill:hlander iIluslrated: being a li~ht com~ny officer. he 1.110 wean ....ings. buglehorn bad~es 011 thc lUmbacks, and olha details indicative of li~ht troops, Cockade·badges werc differenl for all r~imenlJ; thaI of Ihe 781h illustralrd was in the shape of an clcphanl wilh a Kroll below, "hile thai of the 7and was a erownc:d Garter wilh '77' U1 lhe centr~. 'nle lporran (0I11y worn wilh the kilt, was now simply an ornament. dlll~ml pall~rns bein~ used by various rC'll:Imenu, In common with all rCJl;ular officen. gold lace was univenall~' adOpled by th~ IlIghland corps, thoullh the 97nd retained Ihe traditional black line int~rwO\en III the lace, In 18]4 officen' foral{e caps were ahered again, to ha.-e a lartan band with an embroidered thisll~ badg~

wilh r~im~ntal number below. or fClj:imenlal badl{CS for those r~im ..nts which possessed Ihem. 30. Pnoula: a) N.C.O.• nl Guard Landwehr Rel'l. Service Dress. '&'7. b) N.C.O.• lind FOOl F ult Ore

e

rd•• 830.

While lhc RUS6ian army mplc:d the Prussian Ihako art~r the ~nd or the Napoleonic Wan, the I'russian army was copying Russian pallerns! The and Foot Guards uniform illuslratc:d (from a Lic:der drawin!!:) included l~'pieal Russian items such as the enonnous plume. lighll~-cul coalee and one-pie« gailer-trousen, Some fealurcs (Iueh as the 'Garde-litzen' lace worn by Guard units) were COmlllOn 10 both RlIS5ian and Prussian amlics. In 18a4 metal-fronted grena_ dier caps "ere i<.Sued 10 Ihe III FOOl Gu;uds 10 be wom in full dress ("ith white o,eralll), reputc:dly' boo:ing thc gifl of Czar Alexallder I. who had prac:lned black cUIrasses to Ih~ Prussian Gard~ du Corps. Ihese being wotll fOf parade from 1814, ·111e I'russlan infanlry .hako (Ihough ,·arying shghll)" O\'~r th~ )ean} was bell-topped and worn wilh the familiar oilskin CO\~r en service drcs& as beforc. In 1816 fusili..rs of thc firsl thirteen regimmu were allo,,·c:d to wear wako-plales of the Royal C'ipher instud of Iheir pre"ious lace rOM:ue. 'l'be coalee remained dark blu~ for infantr~- (laced for Guard ll'UI!l) and gr«n ror Jagen. Ihough after 1815 individual facing coloun were abolishc:d, collan and cuffs bein~

"9

uni\'enally red, with cuff-flaps and Ihoulder-slr.ps (the 1.ller bearin"l the regimenlal number) ahernativdy red and white by CO<'ps. By 18]6 gre) tro~n wilh red pipin~ were III general use. oflen worn wllh brown marching ga..en. In IS17 the Landwehr (mililia) was assunilaled into the line, bul distinguished from Ihe regulat'l by blue: collar-piping and the traditional .... hite metal crou on the shako. The 2nd Foot Guards we~ formed in ISI3 flom a training battalion, and d,d not .dopt the Guard '!itzen' OIl the cuffs until IS34. The Olher figure (taken from a piclure b) L. E!sholt:r) show") the umfonn of Ihe Guard Land.... chr Regiment, and alto Ihe Ilandard senice dtell of Ihe Pr...ian infant...y, meluding the Ihako>oD\CT .nd shoulder-roll al"..ys associated "I,h ,he PrtlSIian army, lhis I.tter being not onl) a con\'enirnl way of can") lllg the grUleoat. but acting as a prOlecl1Ofl 1Ig1IIlSt ..bre-cuts as well. 3 •. Be1lhun: a) Trumpeter, III CJu,liHU..... Cheval,

1833. h) Orneer, Guid" de Iii MeuH (Gidll van de Maa.), .83 1 • Belgian ca\'all) u",forms. even Ihose of the haslil~-raisW. \oluntttn of 18]0-31 . •I... a)., rcscmbled IhOK of the French arm~·. • future InOOt marked III the twO light ca\.11) unifornlS illustraled. The Guides de la !\.Ieusc .... o~ lance... COSlume "'lIh a plume III Ihe nalional

eoloun of black, )'ellow and ...ed. Their Ihabrallues ....e...e dark blue, pointed. ended, ....Ith a red lace bocder .nd a black ,heepskin saddleoCO\'er edgl'd with red ·....oIf teelh', Othe... lanttr units wore similar patlenu - the III Lancen in t832. for cxample, ....ore dark blue uniforms ",'ith crimson coll.r,lapels and pipinij:. and Crtlnson lrOllsen ",',lh double silver Strlpe (for officen~·. the crimton faclllll-co!our being repeated 0 .. the czapka-Iopa. The QUlSKun 11. Che\'al wore a French-$tyle green uniform with regunelltal distilll::tions; Ihe 2nd Regiment in IS33 for example wore lall. red c101h shakos with ... hite lace and drooping plumes, red collar, tumbacks and piping, and red trouserstripes, theIr trumpeten h.vinll a colourful uniform of Ihe palle... tho.....n in the ligul (' of the lit RClj:iment illustraled, but .....ilh red jackel l.ced while .lId ordinary green trouse". Sh.b....lques ....ere of the l)altern described above. of dark gr('('Tl .....lIh an edging of Ihe f.cin~ oolour. ,\lthoullh the III Regiment wo~ ydlow f.dn'!s, their trumpetcn had the light blue costume illuslr.ted. 'Ille usual head-dreM ... as a tall shako.... hich in t838 was made of green cloth .nd h.d • drooping gr«n plume, and bore Ihe n.tional cockade on Ihe front. 'llIe regimenlal number ... as carried in met.1 on the flap tlfthe bl.ck leather pouch. Lancer trumpelers al;.o ...ore elaborale untforms; lhose of Ihe 151 Rt'1(imelll 111 1835, for example. had ... hlle Jackell .....i,h cnnuon lapel~. collar .nd pip1l\1l, dark blue: lrou~n ..."h double crinuon Slrlpe, red epaulelles .nd czapkas with crmUOll

".

lOps. red oords .nd droopinll .... hllr plumes. The Guides or the ne....I)-formed Belgian arm)· wore a"other t) pll::ally_ French uniform: for officers, a large black fur busby ....Ilh sll\'er cord" ....hite plume and red ball, short green j.cket ....ith red lapels, turnba.cks and piping, Wilh siker epaulelles, si!>·..rlaced poueh-belt, "oluminous red trOUlCn ....ilh double sil,,('r slripcs. &lid dark gr«n shabnques edged red. beating. sil-er cypher in the rur COiners, lth black Ih«pskin ..ddJeOO"en "h red clOlh edging. The uniforms of Olher branches of Ihe ....m)- ....ere abo closely-based uport cur~nt French Sl)lo, ...·hile lhal of Ihe Gcond.rmerie was • ncar copy of Ihe dreM ...·orn by the Elite Gcondarmo ofNapolron·slmperi.1 Guard. 32. Runh,: alOrncer, Tartil" (Of Ihe Gu.rd, 183,$' b) Trooper, Guard Hu••ar Squadron, Service Ore••, 1835, A fler the lI\ apolronie Wars the Russian .rm) ,exttpt the troops in the Cauc::asut) became. mechanical m.chine which could drill 10 Ihe uunOSI pe...feclion but ....hieh. had it been lC"'ercl~' Iried, would h....e luffered from lack of field training. The d ...ilI illl':lf tuned to perfection by endless practice produced ill folk-heroes, ho....e.'er. like Sergeant KO:themiaklll of the ~menoViki Guard Rcgllnent, ... ho ... hen performinll the foot-drill, 'his ICl{I ...·ere raised completely parallel 10 the ground and Ihe tOC of his OOot formed one Ilr.ight line ....ith his

'"

... hole IC!(': not onl) was this sergeant a virtual contorlionisl, bul he could do the ....hole Ihing ....ilh a full glass of ....t..r balanced on his head _ .nd not spill a drop! Plates 32 34 (taken frOIl1 contempor.r)- prints), while ,1l\1Stt:llW'1l the uniform of \'.riolU Guard regiments, also ,how the general paltern of Russian uniforml, excepting th.t the coloured l.pell .nd 'Iilzrn' ....ere rden'ed for Gu.rd uniu alone. The mlllli\e ,'e\'iC\'o'$ ...hich provided /';icholas I with an interest in life ... ere golden opportunities to display the el.borate. often exotle, OOItume worn by the R...ian .rmy. TIle revie....'$, incidentally, we~ often costly - durillg one at Vosncsclllk, for eJlample, no las than 700 horses died of exhalUlion. 111e T.rtan of the Guard wore one of Ihe tllOIt exolic uniforllll of all, beinll .n .ttempted 'rom&llticisa,tiou' of what ....as originally a 'national costume'. The bulbolU cap, very lonllIlee>.ed jacket with imitalion c.r· lridge-Iubes on Ihe breast and the 'baggy' trouseR ....ere all taken from Ihis carliCT Slyle. 111e other figure in this pl.te illustrates the uniform oflhe Guard Hussar Squadron. made II linle ICSl orn.le than nOfm.1 by Ihe oilskin sh.ko>oD\-er ...om on IICl"\iice and by the pelissc being worn as a J.cket, 10 conce.l the dolman. Of especial no"~ was the eXlremcl) shortbarrelled carbine ....om on Ihe shouldcr·belt, Russi.n hussar regi. ments ....ere tradl1ionally lhe m051 colourful of the Russian arm~'. ",'hich fact can be seen from the follO\'o lUI( ch.rt of brief uniform-detail, of linc hussar rC!(imenlS in 1840,

..... _ ...... ..... """"'" '''' ,, ..... ."" .... ..... , '""'" ....... ..... -,. "" .... . "" .... • ."" .... ....... . "" .... ."" .... • ,_ .... ..... ... -•, '-"' """' .... """' .... ....... """' .... _ ..... ... ."".... ....- ."".... ....... -- ,•• ....... ... -. "" .... ."".... ..... ....... "" s"' ,_.... -_. "'''' .... " ...... N ..,.

S,_

G.., G..,

£ItM~hgrMl

,-

SlWrofl

G..,

S"'

0-" blue

G..,

G..,

I.JQtlI bl...

Dirt. tlh..

G..,

G..,

~

W,_

O_bl.,.

PT>I\CII 01 0ranMn

G_

S-

S-

I

"-

Otdlblue

G_

Logm Ill....

I

"

Moc:l'IMI P~h

OS KIng 01 W"ntemburll

l>ghlbh..

G_

ligmblue

G_

nuffin"OUl (On"man JUlICli

PialI' 101,

1ht1 "'(In" 1M trad.tional ",hit.: ..nibm. 11loe officn- iIIUJU'lllf'd .. In full drna. ",thou, 1M ~ilt culrall"lIh ~

·cuff.' "om on ....,

()«(

Dill.

B1~ lrou:tns "'jlb Kd plPllllll;

.. ~ .bo wom. ~flin>b.fl)

had • \-nsion of

~lr.airialll

ma~ifiecnt

thIS drnl. Including scarl!'1 hcolmtl. erell ••11.,", cdllttOU; 101M- collar, lj:oId ~uk1.ICll .. oro 0\"(1' goId-13a'd .. inltS. and •. .. th ~ brl':t.>1 and dtt-'et of the

Or....-

......

Uflh. bl.,.

Ughl bl... lighlbl....

\.>ghl blue

Ughl blue

G""

coalee co'era! with gold lilCC. E"cn the kculcdrummcT'l while ,sunlleu

". R ....la,

a) Offieer, Chevall"... G....rd •• Full On.., 18)5b) Drum.Major, P.I• .:.. Guard, 1835'I'M- Chnalln"S Guards. n.uro b) P~ll'r tM Great. "'VR a unifcwnl Ityke! hke thai of IlK RUllian cuiraatc'rl.. "lIh 1M n'IOrrnotJll.. antal hd~l. l..ik!!' the hca,,,,! bc)(h~ ca\-a.lry of

G_

had KOld lace fringes! Olher Guard uniu, the Lift Guard CuiraJlii~n and the Hone: Guardl, ....ore lim ilar unifomu. lh~ fonotr \\ 'Ih hlthl b/~ facingl and b/.ackoeh Ih~

'"

beins-

,... R ....ql

a) Troo~r,

rm

~I

tl\lKrtbrd

roa

l>lITI GI.'JII1EO

~Ul\·K2. worn

aoo..t the dlako-p1att b\ doer,;nlt rfl:ip.cu...

G_

Alchduu Fetdo/I8ftCl

G_

head-drell ill lak<en. for ClIampk, shows Iht drum-ma]Ol' with a "hll~ lipped plume-, and an N.C.O. ..-ith a IOhilt.Upped black ont, An unUlual fnlurt peculiar 10 lilt R ...... n afm\ 10&1 the l.lIoe of a melal

1M

Pa~ (,rtnadlCS

IO..-rt n,>IC'd

compoKd of :I~ handpid.«l \eICnll" to acl as a penonaI boch'"!ua.rd 10 tht Czar l'oI""'lnlt the DectmbrDt plot. Thtlr unilOnn 10'&1 a ckhbft'ale ,mllallon of lhal \\om b) Napoleon'l (,uard (;renachtn, and W&l amonlf lht IllOIt mall;nifianl In an ann) rtmarkab/t for th~ mallmfic~nct of ,u; drat ,lhoUllh lOIot or:. hmok, L.uardo., lIlt'Uured 1'10 fat ItlOln 3 anhln 9J ,rnhok 81ret]j 'nehc:s . HII Itfl ftrour and 1Jbaa. are prrwo-m In the of thr _\cadc-m' 0( ,,~~. In Lnllnllrad. but mdica.tt a htilthl of a mrrr 7 fttl 101 inches! iD

18:1i.

"'utrUm

c ... rd t..~r Rcs1rnnu, Service D"",, 113Sb) N.C.O., CrftUldler Rq:bnel" Pavlo... k1, Servlce Drtu, clJ.slltit plair $ho\O'I hooo 1M br-. frontm ~rnud,," op 11ft Plait" 10'&1 100m 101Ih a WlIIClp'oofCO'o'a' in 1tO'lCC dr.... 101m lho- eoat«olapds bunoned O\'er 10 Wbttal lhe faang colour. ~Ieholas 1 mlroduced lrOUICB iJr the ann\ .. hilt for Iwnmtr and green lOr \\mlft' , and made lhe p.ckru of all bl.1I Ihe (;uard uniu Ilnltlt.br~lnl_

Tht' Guard Lanttr Squadron 1I0rmall) lOocr napk:u lOilh red lOp", gilt ""lilt plalo and lOooIlen ba.11· tufu, had thr laprll fUIC'Tltd back to Ihow lh~ rnt facing-c:olour, and "OI'"e blue trouscn wilh doublt rtd Slripr, btU in ICI'\Ict dr... 1:&1 illusltal«! hn'~' Ihr napka-c:o,-et, O\-eraUI and bullon«!,oW'r Japdl ...ttt lacd. ORk..... had I(OId lact and tpaulrnel; habraqU('l ....ert roundedmdn:I. dvk b1UC', ,,"h rtd and )dlow Ia« cdltinlt and beannll; lilr lroperi.al e>phrr In trold lOr offices In the

rm

~~.

Other

IXlI'pI of Ihe RlISlan

Dnsroons

ann..

and ,\nill", r ~ that cbrk JTC'nI uml'orms and the Iall«'n lhnr dark b1~; the c .......lu., lhousth SI,II dr~ m lhear indi"idual manner ",th fur op, Mel umlOmu of a morr If'lEUI~tlOl\ cui ItlOln btlOre; hkt lhe BnlWt Iluthlanden and thr R...-an (;uard larlan Platn:l9 and 3:1, their umlnrm 10&1 a manu· factured lra"ell' of or'8inal national

..,

dna. ~ and Arullerv WOK the .nfanll') P-ltl'TI'I &hako. bul the .\Iarinft had a lapnln~ \<~. In 18+t a later than the Pru.Ians ahhouch the daign ..'" oriII:inall}' RlDSian, the sptke-topped leather hdmet ..... introduced for all ~i· ments pre-. tOUII) weanfll lhakOl, lhe 'spike' belnilin the form ofa bunting IIrenade; cuinmien adopted lhis head-dreu in 18U u a temporal) meuure blofore recei, In~ a CUltom· made metal "enOon In t8..6. fonunatd) f« that COUntl')', IlIO' aU RlIIOtAfl umu ..~ dnll-.utomatons; tbe \mI' of the CaucaIUI. eGlUlaJItl, 001 ac:U'"C ten-iot. maw· lamed the arm"s contae:t With rnht, From aboul 1879 the;, belj:an to evohe lhelr ooo"llll\le of dre.. ....th appearance dlJtefl:lrded and only efficiency Ind comfort comidered. 'l1te lhte Ni~rgorocbkl l)ragoolUl (railed 18:H), for example, wore I tall fur Jhlko, lOOK blouto and 'ballll'" trotaen in orlllinal C'W'ck ,hie. and carried Ihuhql'U C'W'ck sabra "'Om from a JhouIOn·belt. Like the dee. e-.'Oi,-ed bo.' the Bntllh In Ind... and the french In Algeria, thcV umlOrm ,,&I not attrw;ti'e bul ...., JUperb f« c:e.rnp&lgfling. An Inlerallng SIOl)' is attae:hed to the adoptlOll of Ihe 'Piked helmet. In Is...O a pocaunt girl dilco\'ered an ancient helmet near Lipehl., which Wl.l id~nllfied AI lhal blo'longing to Jaf06lay \sc\'01000\'itch. l'rincc of ~luM:oY,., .. 1to fou~hl atlhe Battle of Lipdl% in tat6. llae Czar"&1 rl'l(l$t impl .... d b\ Ihn diJco\'Cf), and decided that a helrod should repbcc 1M thako I I the arm, 's pnnci~ ha.d~, 11le finl pattern of helmet

,aT

_

.-ued to the CorpI of PagCJ. an

arilloenli(- offio:er.oool, .. hi(-h that unit reuuned unlil19l',

»

~r"',

e) Oyeoi"ler (N.C.O.). F~.ke W ••lerie, 1837. b) Officer, Uys...de Iii Hen (Ufesua..dl, 1837. Both uniforms ilh»treted III IhlS p1atC~ arc taken fcom Hruun', o.1Uh L'"Ij...- '1837). and show the old· scyk l>aniJh unilOrm. The Li''Iarde til HC5I. like man) European bod)'. lfUIId ca,-alry uruu. WOft the aestl:(i he:lmt't, CUI~ and lillhl-cob.u'ed uniform. T1wo tMmonal mfanlry rft!. un, form was abo ~tained and ~ &I ornate I I thoK or olhCt' European ltates. An mlensung feature of this unifOf'Il1 is the powder.f1uk hung from Ihe belt, an item used by the 'rifle' uniu of se\~ natioru; the X.C.O. illustrated abo "'ean th.. grem distinclKlm and badga tra· dilionall,' UIOCYted .. llh light mfanl'" and rifk corpe.. 1M DanAh arm}' was n:'Of'pni:Icd and mocLern1$«l in l8.p. A brIltopped mfanll') &hako .... reu.ined but of much plainer form, and the rn! roala: WlllII also slmpl,fied. Li!\:hl blu" uOUSoers were Ihe !,nual ,,·ear. th.. wh,t.. Dna (and .. hit.. Ihlk~rWI bein\( resoo:rved for full drcsa. Inflml')' titks ....cr.. replaced b}' ballalion numben. ·11t'llh·lcnglh tunia WC're inlroduced fot Jagas and engineers in 18ta, lhoult;h 1M ordma....' mfantl' ~ tho' COIttt. T1wo JallCt' units had rft!. and black faanll' and P'png W !hell dark IfteCIl. IUIU(I., and mCantl'.

..,

SI}'!.- Jhakot WIth green ball·tufu. but the undral cap wlIh I flal doth lop and l..-lhcr peak, of grecn With red Ppu18' _ frequmd}' worn insceoed. "haiciane of all IIlTd wore Iaecd Wlnp of the same colour I I the coliai' Uagen bed rft!. wings). Tuma or IhlS pattern, or dark blue with rft!. pi!>,ng and coIlar.patcha, rcplac:ed 1M red infantry unifotm in 18.f8, dragoons (previously wcuing red .... lIh )dlow lrimmmg) edopling the lime 11}le ..ith crimlOn distinctx... EngincerJ had WOf1I all_blue luo>a from t&ta, and thcsol' 'with crlmlOn trimmtng) ..-eu adopted by art.ilkry uniu in t¥ It had been tntmoded to iIfue a bbclt kather, splked bdmd of Pnlllian pattern with the lunlC, bul 1M oulbreak of the lSI Sch~wiS War III IB.t8 pre-.'fllied iu emClllcncc, the 1&f8 field cap 'a lighl blue ktpi) bloing conunon wear m place of the Ihako. 11t.. and Jli~, on feet, con· \ ..nient!) 'IOIt' their JhUCll so Ihlt the} could lak.. th.. fidd in the more Jcn-iotabl.. and comfortable dolh capl E,C'rl II Ihill limt', the mfantry wou lbe old I~ht bI..... Ir~ bul the war rcwhed in lhe more nptd iIIuc of the tunle than bed bce:a. intended, thereby' haslcnlnll the modcmoalion of D:eniah unilOrm. EquIP"""nt .... gencrall} of the old st)le (black Iealher "llh ..-hite haYenaclu. skin poucha wllh coloured doth Jlrap! red bl"ing commonl, the: ne..' 1'0000ian'SI)'le cqulpm..nl ~ conllllil IIlW ~ until 18::.0. Ja\l'"" and lillht mfantl)' ..'ore dark lire- troutcn from t&"9' II Jhould be noted th:e.t officCTI of thr Li\......d~ WOft IolUha of mued rn! and.-old, of .. tudt anI)- the han8ing

wb ..'ere ,-.-ble at the rear of the Ieft·band SO(\<, of the bod), mdtng In lon!\:, hca\1 week. 11le tumbec:b ~ofw_co&ourulhebodyof the coal, edged ....th rft!. lace and beanng a Jil"er Q1)\O"ll de-ice. The black lalher u.bretae:hr bore I .. hite mt'lal , IV. cypher, .. ,Ih • crown lbo-'e. 36. PapaI51.1ee;, Tnunpele.., ArtUIery of Ibe Fordp (5wie.l Bripde, 113+ 5wlne..laad:

016-.., Artill..". c..IOD

Zuric&, 1'J7.

Both corp illustrated III IhlS plate WOK .'rench-tt) Ie unilOm.. both were aruller)', and both .... ac com· poacd of Swill- but they belonged to dlffcrent armia. Following the 1831 revolt in the I'apal Siales, when CYC11 the Carebini~ri ha.d become: mvohed. it was df'Cidcd 10 follow the ;\eapohWt example and recruil I bripde of S", ill mcrccnarics who would be Ie. hkch 10 bec:or"M tn''Oivftt in revoIu· IIOfIaI')' lIIO\'cmcnn than would nall\"C Ital~ Two rqimenu of S.. iII IIIfanlry were fonncd 11\10 the '."OI"Cllln Brigade', and In Octobel' 1833 Captain de l..-nlultD organiled a ball~ry Oflrli1lcry, also Swisll, with a Itrt:ngth of 4 officcrs and t4'llllell. hs only eeti''C SCl'Yice occurred in 1s...8, "'hm it partiCIpated m 1M ac:lion egailUt the I\Ullrian arm) II \'inc..nu.. Whm 1M Roman Rcpu.b1le "&I df'Clarft!. the: l).... baltCr)' ..... dilbandcd and, unhkc 1M Infant..", Rn'Cr re\ i' cd.

"5

~

ballrry ..~ tall, ~pnint: F~4C) k ihakoI of black f('11 .. lib gokIla« tnmmmll ,rat I.Ilu

artilkr)

f... tho: rank and fik). "lib • ~ '-dg., o( grtnaek O\'n" a ....d c:annona, w P.pal cocbd.- .. hll., wllb ydkloo ttntr., drtlOp\nlll; rat hondW.r plu.- on the- front. 'I1>6r doubk-bo'.,utiM }ACk.,u "('r., 1eJ (rom 1M rnn~ndu o( tho: corp. The 00."", btt loot- on the br-c-ast and ,'OIumlf'lOl.M, t.r"Ol*rJ ...~ all hpical of FmM:h h~~}k

.nd.

COItumc.

1t ..'V noc until 18), ttat a uni\uJll.I unilOrm ...... ack>ptcd 10 Switzuland; prioI' to Utat (\at." thr forco of each canton maintained indi\·idual d"tmetiO!1J. The olfloC.,r of I~ Z1,lri(:h Artillery Ilh,lSlTatiM \Iak~ from a print by J. K. !o.perli) IhO\Ooli another Frcnch-Sl)-le uniklrm, not unlike thaI o( the Papal ballety. The tapering Ihako bore t~ common o<*Cdcanl'lonJ badll'" and thr hllht bl~ and .. hlle Zurich oockack had an un~ Ilih-seakd ItrllP allaetunll It 10 the lhako. 111c pouch-bad~ bore the ercwc:d-e:annonl ck-.I« aIJo. with an aplodinll 1ItT~., bad~ 10 addition; I\.mbad,·badl(a .. ~ Il'OId pouoda for officcn and riM for other ranbj .. 00 .. w., riM cpaukucs

i....lcad of tho: oK_OJ' ,pd. o.hnranks ~ anncd with bo'a-hihnl JOOrt sabr~; loubcr cqui~nt "'Ill .. hll.,. ~ th calfiJnn pacb. usuaJh worn th a rolled JTOtcoat carried in • fftI-and-wtllte Jtri~ CO\"CT on top of the pad. Other nronks had red piP"'! on the trouscn. dnvnll ha\'inll black kather rc,"(o":m~ III ..ell.

37.

F~Dce:

...

.) Trooper, ...... LaDcen, ~

h) PrlWlte, Arli.llery Tnln, Gude Ror-Ie, IB~ . '11il plate iIllUtratcs IWO branehcs of tM i'rmch army not ~ioUIl... mentioned. 1be unifOrm of the Andlcr-y Train of 1M RO')-.J Guard illuuratiM is Jlron~I)' rnmniKnll ~ 10 ooIouooll of itJ cqui\-aJmt In 1'\apl)1cort'lllTm). The hdmet, bcv1nt; the RO't-al annl on thr front, "M a rltans brtoo.. irlSl the 6th In the line. In 18)7 tht- C1lht l'C'lj:immtJ I two more had brcn lidded 11\ (8)61 adoptiM tho: uniform &hmo'n

cnmJOn

III Ilul plate, the fi",1 four ha\'i118 ycl"'" f.angl and the rnnamder red; lhe red plume ..... Introduud in 1839- An InlCl'otins featu", .... the

Ihako and trouacn.. and the 9'h a MMnbre, black COItUme. To pro. lCIe one drtaikd daoiption ofh_ un;lOrm at this pcl iod, the ilIlo.....ml t:ktalII of thr III Rqimeru arc ~kcn from a eorllempt:WU}· po,u: Ibako Ihapcd Ii«: t'-c: m I'tale ,6. 0( rat doth WIth black lealher filii...; coc~ W'CUred by • klop or whIte Iaa:, With rm cordi looped on 10 the bnut and • droopin!. bl.....k !toIwhair plume; Iky-b1ue dolman wilh riM cufti, Iky-blue collar iMscd riM, with red braid and white metal button,: Iky-blue ~hllC with bl.....k fur, riM

'tneOIoo--' lantt-pnmon. oohrr hghl oo\all)' ann. Ihr II~ thou8h compandy rear· ~otcd after IBI). COflllnuai to wear tho:lr Jp4cnchd COI-Iumc. The usuaJ h~ dTai with taUlbako ...... worn b)- all rcgimmlJ cxttpl the Guard H..-an, who had blue unilOrtTd ....th 'amaranth' facin'll and wore btnbi~. In 18,61he line huaar rrgnnenll ..ere uniformm .. Jhown in thc fint chart. ~

R.,itMIII 1 du J .

2

~

3

M. . . .

• du Nord

II dl/"- AIwl • du H_·RIwl

OolmMl Ii N'-H Sk., tal....

e_

G... D"e-

""'.....

Oart. G...,

1be

braid and .. hite meul buttonl;j red tTOUlen .... th black leather rnnforcinA;. White kathcr poueh_ and 00IbinebellS, with ... bre 5uspt:ndcd (rom a waist·belt; bra. three-bar hilt, Jtcel JCllbbard and white ,~rd·knotj bl.....k ...bretache with wield-Ihaped braw plate. It iJ interCSling to note that .. late III 1816 Klme memben of the )Ih HIUan ...ere ltill wearin! q ~

unilOrm palloern changed Iflldually III il dlt:! lOr thr remamder of tM F ~ llTm), the Ihako Ilradually b«oming amaJler and more ta~red. 1be balic roIour-.chrma in 11M' in 1834 are Ihown in Ihe ICCOIld chari. In 1140 three morc rrgimenll were raUcd, the 7th ...·carin3 a unilOrm like Nalaoleon'J GuidcJ, tbe 8th a white dolman and ~I_ "'Ilh u:)-btue

'...,

O' p"IiN,-_

• 3

..........

e.

G_

••

"~

_

-

$iMr·G...,

0

...

"7

.-.Ii

T SlIM" M " .... Rlid M,' I'Ieot:I M 11 I'Ieot:I

....... _..... $

M l:lot> I'Ieot:I

,pigtai") and 1oKk-1I_; ...·hm l}w,w a.rcbaM: fealul"O ~ ordc:rnd to t., rm.o-n! In lhal )....,..... aboul fifly men dcxt 1«1 10 dilgult! ,.. F...-I a) G..-adJc,r.

I..iP- d'EtnI"I". Service DreH (51 10)'

''n. b) Ofli«:r.

l4ht Ialalltry. II,.. -I he colour-t.,arer (taken from a Raffel prinl) Iho..... Ilu: ,822 pallern infa.nlty dreM, wilh Ihe red lro~ adopled in 1829 by the t'rench arm). a1lrogcd!y 10 gi\T .... ork to the d)e mdullry! Probably the ~ for their adoption "'"aI pollllcal; in the lall monlhl ofl~ Bourbon rq;imc: the ba50c coklt.orins: of Ibt Wllbm was ~ frun the RO)-&l1I1 blue and ... h,l", to the lTd, ..."hue and bh.... Iracbuonalt, ·,aled ......th libenll11m and ~ ; "'-'I ,f the ~ ...~ poIluo.lI).tNpired. u didn'l ~Tnl the 18]0 rn-olution! lI'OI.... the red, ... hil... and blue plume l'dlt1'\'ed for «TWo catrogona of offittn and :-J.e.o..). and the Callie cock lurffiOUnung Ih... colour.poIe, a ulli\·enal mllilary Iymbol adopled m 183°· The t'or""'ln Lqion pt:rhapl th... molt falnOUI 'and at lima mfamous) CO<"Jl'II in ,''''' .. arid .... illUiluled .. lhe 'Lqion d'EIf'Vl8C'I"' 10 1831, a 1'....;,-&1 of the anc:iml Fmlcll ~ice of nnpkl)'in{l: fcn.gn merocnaria. Ra.cd lOr 1l"I'"\'1a' In Algau, the r«rwu came fnlfl'l ....'UY nauon In ~ Broil) orpniIed mto three baltalions of CermanI, and on\" of tadl ofSpanWdl, ltaliaol, Polo and

Duldl Btlgianl, I~ Lqion included llnalln numben of mor:n from man) othn" natKJna,. Their dilapline throughoul tuAoo) I..... _ ...... of All) army ...... ne. t) AI the '"all n.aJOriI) of r«n.1l1i ....~ datnn-J from Olhoer amUa. radic:ak on the nm. ach....... ,unn or JUit plam eriminak. When the fint batch of tttrulli Iandtd al Algiers, All q~""t ....... compared them, • thq' marched ablg IIngmg 'La ParirientM:', 10 a clrCUl; aged bl"1 w«n 16 and 60, Ih...,. wore ...Itat....·..... OI.Itdaled c10lhlng could be: scraped 108",lher. uniforllll of Ihe Nalional Guard, the Impt:ti.1 Guard, Ro)-&I Guard, inf.ntry, callalry ...Ie. •'ram this unlikely bod) grew pt:t. h.pI the belt - and ttlUJ.nly lhe fighting force in history. toughn.1 TIle kgend of w... lqion - It mipt a1mG1l be eaIIcd charisma - ...... IOWn AI carty as !-Ia) 18]', what a Lqoon patrol comprilms only on\" offittr and 26 ~ ...... cauehl Ul lht opm by • h . body or Arab horM:men. The, ltood that ground, and .. hom their bodin. wae Iala'" dilco\·.....ed no IaI than ......·mly dtad Arablla)' around them. r ...rh.pI the mystique lurrowloChng Ihe Lqion WI.I cal.lled parlly by ,1$ multl-n.lional compoiilion, ..·h...n: """'f) man o...ed his a11tgiaJ1C(' nol 10 • country or king, "'-'t IO'La Ugion', .1.....)'5 'La Ugion·. hi miJced compoutlOD had otha'" .ch-.ntaga I~ lO\O·n of ~l(b-Bt!.Abbn ...... bwlt by the Lq:ion unukd, as lIS ranb II1dudcd p1ow. .onal carpntll"l'S. 1COnC:'_

and draUlblSffi\"ll.

ooe

company aIoDt mcIudcd IhT qualified a.rchucclS. An inletatlnl e:u.mpk of thll ....mOFobtan ..peet • l"ound

".

in the -m of Captaut (lala'" \lanhaI 'iaml-Amaud .. Ill" kd hll c:ompan) throush Ihe: breadt .1 ConIt-anILtM: '18371. 'A,"allu! Schno=U! Good lock I La UBIOD~' W,th the o:p"~ ofillt A1gtrian eampaip bdtmd thtm, the I"or....n Lqion ............ rc:gankd as thl" idral troopl 10 Il"Od .. the .'rendt eon· lI/lIenl 10 Iht Culiu \\ a.r and thq wc:rc o:pcnda.bIc:. In AU8U11 18:u thftt baualionl ..er... lObI 10 ~pam, alld Ixgan fi'lhting. brul.l, .troc:it). ridd...n war ill .. hich Ih...,. ddtin• guished Ihtm$d\ m the manner .. hich "'1.1 10 become Ihdr hallmark. L'Kd 1.1 .n ellptndable _ult-1Ore:t trauM'd 10 dit, Iht 9,000 Mlgionrtain:• .. 1'10 1l"I'"\~ in Spain ~ 3,boo killed m bank and 4.000 '11I"'118' Ft\wnd) nUtNnlf, dntned 10 I...... cntm) or lkd 0\ the ~.n"I«I. 1'hoat .. ho ........... Idl drcimaled by dllll"'OUol" and malnulntlOD_ TIle chmu o...""at the8an .... of&r~uo 18]8 . .. ....... c: the Lqpon camor: face 10 fae..... ,Ih the 'brign kp:ln.' of Don Carb;. \\n...n Cc»ood Connld of Ih... Lq:ion "--as k,lIed, hll ITIl"Il foughl ... ,th maniacal fury, u:ll"'8hler. in'l the: Carlist 'lqsioll' umil onl) 160 ...·cr... kft alill!:' OUI of87.5' 8uI the Frl"llCh Legion had IUrr...rtd 10 badly lhat the, ......n:.11 but ckslffi)·c:d; whtn in January 1839 the Lqion lhulJkd OI.It of tilt ......r ac.... the r,·rrocoe, tht 90000 had been redu«d 10 63 oftittn and onI) 159 othtr raJlb.. Tbt Lqion ...-ore Iht ..-ndard lI1(ant~ wlibm., With modiflUlioni k-arnl ,n \Ign"i.a f.-l ...nlRll tilt coal~III bKk and Iuc:kUtc the II"OUIeB 11I10 tl .... gaill"ft 01" JOCb. Ii.tr o:arnpk. One Item not carried from Igeria

.. htre II "'"aI o:ttnIi.'l"l) worn wal the: 'lChcdt'•• mUllin f~ p lIIcd 10 pIQI«C tht face f ndltor ml\-inulll.l) aboandontd In Spain, how· 1:'0....... thar dothin& b«amt pro1J'aW'"fly mew... patd>«l. thm .--at:Rc:d, thm fdllo pocceL Boou"'('R ITpb«d b). Spanish sandab ... here' a.ilablc:, or "'-'ndln. of rap, and lhe- figure ,l1l11lraled W\"an a captUlnl Carllll btn:1 10 place: of lhe rqu].;mon ""'ko. E.·en Iht olTlttn came: to resemble band'l$ IIU100 of IOlditn: MajOr Jcan·Louili Ltbtau, Colonel Conrad'. pn:dl"Cl"SMll" and a •·... Iel'llll of the n:1~.1 rrolll ~IOKOW and \\111"'1'100, ...... Ih., ...,t)' opposile of hit name:; ..e&ring all old tramp'l hat, a Olficd coal .. llhoul ... paulc:lu":I, tl'Olll('n ... hdl hardl) reached his kt-.en.,. pair of broUn boob "'-lIh lonl ~n. and carT} . . . . 'rurkilh lcimltar OC'I. ptea' of 11rinfJ: round hit n«k, ~t.JO" ~u In.td~ a.round ""th qcs 1clo\Oc:rnd as ,f uhamnl to t., Ittn teIl"mblmg ...lLIkmg rail-bat: ~

»

5. .111: ·lT~r.

N.... r~ ea...lry, II,..

b) Officer, ArlabaD. H ...... r••

••,s.

e) Trooper,

1ltco

c.... lry•• 1)8.

CI.ll~co.D. Carlllt forc:eI ....~

charac:tnUtd

by. uniquel)-.!>panith head-drca, I~ coklun:d. f"'quald) -laMelltd benL Due maml) 10 chrorue Ihortagn. of t'qUIpme:tll, wlIl70mD "'ere gma-ally ~mpk. though _ uniu did ,_ • _ o:otic COM .............1 kall b' • tunt. Ca.-&lf) "luadIOl" Ul\l;l1I) numbertng aboul 100 tntn, ...~ not

"9

• OftIanitcd in pcrman~nl

r~imental

bodie., ~a<:h JqUadT'OfI r~lain'"lI iu ,n.ckpmdml idmlily and uniform. 111~ numlxr of Jquadmm \"lIriro ODnIldmilbI)'; both Ih~ C.rlill Ami) of lh~ North and Ann) of l~ ernlre had onl)' l"O Jquadront CIlCh irl '834' bul by 18)6 lh~ North had fincen arid b). 1839 lbe Cnnr~ lOurlem; lhoKe of ll~ Crnlr~ ,,~ lain" orlartiMod on a ~ 'rn:immta!' .... of Ihrft or lOur Jquadl'
and nod lxffu 10 ilh blu~ I~II, and tl,e 'Stalldard f..con', ~aring a Iinl1lar umform bul ..-nh lil\n" berel-

.......

bct"~11

with I(OId or .ihTr talii'l,. They .. ~ armed .. ,Ih a \...net)' of""raponl, including blundeTbullC'S_ nlc La,,ccn of EI ad were: 10 lll-
The Cenlre eII\-"') AI a rul~ .... much "-one: equipped lUld uniiOrmed, but IlilI had indivKtua! dns ""h~. f"oTr rt-ibk. The tlit~ TurtOIa Lanttn 'including a Jquadron of 'Tiradura' lll'IneII 10 Ilh eIIrbulel' had whit~ ~ ""ilb red and)dlow..-d, u:y-b1ue: Jac!I:ets "'ilb rm "inp and lumbacb. and grq tr'Olllel'l wilh r~11ow liripel; the Tindarn had dark blue bereu. )-dlow dcMmam "nh rrem milan and cuf& and mixe;l grttn-and-~ braid. and lighl blue: 1 _ 1"bt' IWO rqimmll of AnpldC Lanccn of 1M Cenlre had red ~ "lib ,,'bite tMIdI and rrem jacku, while the Valencia Lanccn had red berrt. and dark blue jac:kcu With red lumbacb. 1"bt' OnloOo II-.s won' a unibm like thai of the Artaban, ,,;Ib red or rcd-and. pen bn.Ml and ~ . bbck Lanoe-pmnoIII with .. hite u:uU and aOiiKd bono deo.iee_ General Cab~'I

,"eta1ln

bod>"JUUd.

Ih~

<:>n:krt_ of the Grnn-aI, IO_~ gr«n berrt. ..-ilh n:d w.dt, red dotmanl lO;th black fur milan and cuf& and pen braid, and blue: trOUlCn "-lIh red llripel; tht). w~ RlaJftl. wilh the T ortoN. L.anc0'l in 18]9. Othtr erntre ca\"Illry "en: drawd m e\'n"\ Ibing from n!' 10 civilian draa, oflm ha\ing hulr umformil\' Two Jquadronl from La Martcha one of Lan.crn and one ofTiradores W1)I'e I.all black hall. dMk b1~ Jackcu and bncdKs, brown ~imp and ~ lUbes, virtually a civilian COItUJTle; only the ofIica-I had whil~

'3°

'3'

that lhry had pac:k.-ddle and ropo iOllead of ~dle. and brKtlel, and their 'lanetS' .... er~ pcMn with. nail alth~lop!

Military opn1ltions in South AlnC"rtca were dominated by the libttal inckpmdcntt mo\'enlmt inspirtd by the French Re\'OIUlK>n and the Frc:nch in\'UK>ns of Spain and Portugal; the roidcnl SpaniJh and nati\~ population of South America rOle 10 O\"erthrow the Eu~an domination of the conlinmt and tum the colonies into self-gf>\-aning, independent .tales. t- rom the hqinning ollhc cauurr nriolU f'C'o'olts had anempted 10 ihakc orr the Spanish )"oke, but onl)' in A~nlina (indcpc:ndmt in all but nAlnC" .ince: (810) and Paragua) had any real JUCCaI been achie\·cd. Indepcndentt was finally usured by the efforts of two remarkable men - Simon Bolivar andJOIC de San ~Iartin. bOlh of whom led 'liberation armift' "'hich included fore:ign muccnaria, principally from Britain, Germany and ~orth America. lining been defeated in command of the armies of two would·be indcpt:ndcnI 51ales, Venezuela and Colombia, Bolivar in 1815 was in exile in the West Indies. In 1816 he rc:turntti to Venezuela allhe head of a new revolutionary movement, winning a victory near Barcelona (16 February), but was defeated hcavily at La Puerta in ~larch 1818, Undismayed, Bolivar marched hi. 2,500 ill-equippcd men across thc Andes and into Colombia; plaeing his foret: b(:t.....ttn the Spanish army in garri.lon there and the capital, Ik>gota, Boli\'ar innietc:d a decisive defeat at the Baltle of Boy-aca (7 Augwt 1819" thanks largely to the performantt ofhis \'eteran 'Oritish Legion', Appointed President of thc ~.indepclldent Colombia, Bolivar continued his war agaiNt the Spanish garriJon armies with lillie suecess, with a six months' armistice in 1820-21. A \'ictoryat Call1bobo '25June 18:011 again largdyduc to the: detenninatton of the Orillsh Legton - resulted in the capture of t:aruas, aod in t822 Bolivar mo\'ed on into Quito Pnwinee. Despite 8oI1\-ar's chec:k at Uombino ,7 April 1822), his general Sucre won a victory at Pichincha (24 Ma)- t822 which captured Quito itJclf. Meanwhile, SAn Martin had bttn equally acti\"e. A PeniNuw War \"(:t~n, he returned to 8uttKlII t\ires in 1810 and began to tnin a 'libcTation' .\rmy of the Andes, part Argentinian aod pan Oiilean_ WtK-n Argentina officiall)' declared her independence in 1816, San ~Iartin began to lTlO\'e. ~Iarchins: over the: Andes with 3,700 men and 21 gUN a lnonu~ntal feat - San Martin and his Irish-Chilean subordinate, Uemardo O'Higgilu, .....on a crushlllg victory for negligible

lou at Chaeabuco (12 13 I ebruary 18171 and Chilean independence bcca~ fact. A Spanish force marched from Peru to ~pture the 100u colony; San Martin v. u defeated at Cancha-Rayada (16 March 1818), but r~ped and three: .....eda later nung the Spaniards back into Peru by a \'ictory on the River 1\b.ipu. A libcTation of Peru was 1mpou.ible, OOv.('\er, v.hile the Spaniards controUed the lea. At thu opportune moment, an ex-Royal Xa\'YoffK:tt, Lord 1llomas Cochrane, .rrhoed to join San Martin and ......as put in command of the Chilean 'navy'. J:Jctcrilxd as insane and ~ioknt by his pre\'tow; HritiJh SUpnlon., Cochrane v.a.s an audacious leade.- woo.c COI\tribulioN ......e re viul. Ha..."ing ~·iowJ)- turned do......n anoffe.- to command thcSpanish na...'Y, he sailed his flagship the 'O'Higgins' (a captured Spanish frigate) into \'akliva harbour in June 1820, landed a shor"t: party and captured the defences. \\ ith the last Spanish foothold in Chile broken, San Martin invaded Peru. An amphibiom landing on the Peru\-;an coast, another raid by Cochrane, and Peru fell. San 1\lartin then began to advance towards Boli\...r's anny, coming from the north, to link up and complete their joilll v.ork of li~ration, Mttting at Gua)'3quil in July ,822, Bolivar assumed comllland of the combined annio. San Martin, a simple patriot ofhigh military skill, turned o\'er all command to the politicallyambiliow Bolivar and retin-d from tile ICenl'. SI>anish rule ill South America was filially ended by the Battle of Junin (6 Augwt 1824) _ a cavalry action wilh reputedly not a shot firc:d by eithcr side - and the Battlc of Ayaeucho (9 Dccclll~r 18241, v. hen the Spanish suffered their most crwhing defeat of all, including fourlttn gcncl1lls captured. Brazil, the sole Portuguese colony in the tontinent, declared her independence in September 1822, with Don Pedro crowned as Emperor. 1bomas Cochrane, nov. in command of the Brazilian na~'Y, \irtually dccKic:d the utue lingle-handed; the POrtugucx, in an attempt La suppress the rebdlton, put their entire force aboard transporu and headed for Maranhao; Cochrane, in faster-moving frigates., gOl there ahead of them and captured the port, lea...i ng the Portuguese onl)' one alternative - La sail home to Portugal! Bruilian iodepc:odencc w;u rccogni3cd in 1825. ~Icxico suffered from a series of bitter rebclhons and resulting atrocity", until the Spanish commander, Gc:n~1 Iturbide, l'C\'Oitcd agailbt his nwtcn and crowned himself Empc:ror Agustin I (21 July 1822 . In IC$lthan a year he too had been toppled from his throne by a rC\'olution, and a republic was C,ftabl~. In Central America,

'3'

'33

CMII'A1C1\S IN

OUTII

A~IERICA,

,8'5 50

SpaniJh control gradually crumbled, and lhe area passed into t\lexican hanm afl('r 18~u, Afkr Iturbide's fall, ho..... ~·cr, a ilatc calling ilJdf the t.:nlled I'I"O\'inCC' ofCA-nlra1 America assatcd its ind('~ndcnc('. OnCC' South America had Ixc.n liberated, the ncw nation-lIatcs bcgan to figlll each other- as ~Iution, revolt and massacre follO\O'OO thc appoinuncnt of evtty new diclator. In 1825 28 a combined Argentinian t.:nJltl1a)·an for« .....rotcd the arca nO\O kno.....n as Uru~..)' from Bnuilian control. Peru, in a bunt of expansioniJl fevu, captured 8olivi.. (18"l7) and invadcd Ecuador. Bolivar's old licutcnant, SUCf'e, now Pra.ident of Bolivia, defeated the Peruvians at Tarqui {I 829) and ended the invaJion, In 18'019 Spain launched an aborti,'e expedition to reconquer Mexico. but .....as dri\"en off, In 1835 a confcdcratton of Pcru and Bolivia was fomJtti; Chile oppoecd the ~, declared war, and unashcd the albance at Yungay (1839). In t8J8-39 a French cxpedittonary force innded Mexico to protect the righlJ of French citizen. thu.:. 1841 saw PO'U in\'adc the", cnlwhile ally, Bolivia, only to be repelled al the: Banle of Ingavi. Santo Domingo 'the easlcnt portion of Haiti, ~"Olted against the Haitian 8O''emment in 18+1 and won their i~roct', 8ct"'ttn 1843 and 1852 a confused and confusing ""ar was waged, beginning with an .\rge:ntinian attempt to take advanlal;e of a revolt in t:roguay and annex thai counuy. Mler a revolt in Argentina, inttt\'CJltion by Brazil, France and Brilain, the maun'" was ended ".hen the Argentinian diclator Juan de ROIU was beaten at Cascros (1852 by a combined fonx of t.:ruguap.ru, Bn.zilians and other Argrntini'lII\s! 11 is inlucsting to notc, in paaing, that thc 'mc:rocnary' dcmcnt in the South I\mencan wan of libcration was principally British. While Cochranc and a few othen are ",ell.known, the conlribulions of many II\OfC should not be forgotten. San Manin Tai5Cd a whole rqimc:rll, the Caudoru Inglescs, from the British population ofBucnos .\ircs, whilt' thc built of vinually all South Ammcan navies were commanded by British off'lCttS. In the Arge:nunc-Bnuilian warof 1825--28, for cx.ample, thc naval campaign was largdy waged b)' Englishmen on both sid", pcrhaps accounting for its f«oeity i not only were the officers British, but the Brazilian na\1" alone conlaincd no less than 1,'lOO Urilish seamcn, mOltly descncn from mcn::hantmen at Brazilian poru. Two othcr British commanden pla)'cd OI.Itslanding roles in South American warfare; William ~"IIt:r, a Peninsular veteran, who achievcd gra.t famc as Ieadt:r of a marine corps o~rating from Cochrane's "ttt, was an indt:fatigab1e IOld,cr and must havc been the mOIL shot·

'34

holed man in the conlinenl. In campaigning in Chile alld Peru he l'C<:Ci\·cd musltet-balls in both arms, chest and back, a crippled hand, a cnahcd foot, a thigh broken by grapeshot and a badly-ICilrred face caused by tht: explOlion of a Congrevt' rocket. II was the chargc of his hlWal'S at Aracl.lCho which captured the Spanish anillcry and finally decided the ballic. William Brown was an Irish sailor--of-for-tullC who commanded the Argcnlinian navy in both the". an of liberation and 11\ the Argentinian Brazilian war. The stories of his dash and entuprise are legendary; it is said lhat hc once attacked a stranded 8fuilian ship ",ith cavalry and, on running OI.It of rounmhol on another occasion, ordered the guns to bc loaded with hard Dutch dlCClCS rathcr lhan break offthe enga~1! In lhe game of political musical chain which formed Latin .\merican mililary hutOf')' ofthu period, official uniforms were based on European - and in particular Kapolconic - modcls, frcquently having a FrancoSpanish flavour. HO""C\'n'", it should be noted thai ahhough Plates 40-4.2 show unifomu of gn-3t magnirlttl1CC, thc actual combat df'CII of lhc majorily of Latin AJll(rican armies Ulually coruisted of scmi· ci\'ilian, scmi-mililary, semi-ragbag doming "';th ""hatC\'Cr weapons ooukl be ..ucd, captured Of' stolen. E\'ell gcncn.1 offK:a'S oombincd incongr'Ol.II itt'mI of ci",;lian dl'Cl5 "';Ih their drca unifomu; _ portnll of Gcncn.1 William Milia, for c:xampk, shows hun wearing a rcgu_ latton low.crowncd bicom hat, single--breasted COIttt with hca\"ilylaced ooIbr and cuffs, Iaocd lrOUXn and large-rowelled spun, but with almost the: wbolc or the coatce and half the: trotJlCn ~'ered by a doth 'poncho', edged all round with braid and with a gold-laced neck-hoic.

SOVI'H AMlJUCAN UNIFORMS 1.1,....,. (Plat.......11) ... A=d.- U~do. Arnoy.

.) Of6eu, Mo..nted CIt.u-.-., lho. b) T._per, Ho C..-din's, with LIM er or the AnDy or the ADdu, 1117. These unilOrms are _ typical c::ombination or the It)1c N_poItorl'c t'ranoe IItId the traditiorW over-

or

embellilhed and _I timet downncht impractical COIlumet favoured by Iht; Spanish. The Hone Grenadier carrying thc Liberation Anny banner "."C1!n rqulation draa, though it shouJd be noted m.1 10 1811 the shaJlo.oordI wcre yellow and the plume green. Lanotll were carried by other nnb, with white O\'er )'tllow pennons, later challlCd LO light blue

aDd white 5quarC$. The Ihako-plate bore the national anm O\·tt a Ihield emboacd wilh u .......d callnoo-barreb aDd a buntillg grenade. The Hone Grenadien had an tlite COlllpany ...·earing tail·lcM blue jac.kcu with red piping, red pelissel with black fur and braid, and white mctal hclmeu in I'rench dragoon Ityle, with black eaterpillal" cral, leopardskin lurba.ll and b,... chimealcs, their Iword· knOll were red. The Squadron of :'>Iounted ChaaIeUn was I'2.Ucd from the Hone Grcnadien in .'ebruary 1817 as the Cha.ueunofthe Gnll, later ddignated the Mounted OlllSeur Squadron. Troopen wore a limilar unifoml to that depieled, without the lace, epaulettd and saah and with white bl'2.id. The bag of the odd,fur-co"ered Ihako Willi Wllaoed for trooprn. The aiguillettcs were lih'Cr for oRiecn and mil<ed light blue and white for other ranb. An 'honour badge' wu ...·om abo-'C the lefl euff, of lih'er embroidery for ofliccn a.lld red on dark blue for other I'2.nb, bearing a laurel ...·reath and the words t..\ ""'TRIA A e.0I VLo;aOOIlU Oil!: YAIPU - ABIlle. 5 Oil 1818 (The Nation to the victon of Mail'll - April 5 1818). A limilal" uniform islhown in Ihe painting 'La Revisla de Rancagua' by J. M. Dlanes (National lIistor)" ~IUlCUm, BueJlO& Aira), in which an officer is Iho\.-'n with fringclCSl epaulellcs and a Iteelaeabbarded Iword. The Squadron Will disbanded in 1821. In oontr.ut to the omate uniform of his lroop", San Martin himself fa-oured a more limple co-tume, conlilting of black biearn with national cockade, dark blue{black long-tailed

coat .nd brc«hcs with gold epaul_ eltd, laoed co.Ilal" .nd cuffl, black riding.boot&, light blue IoIllIhcs O\'er the left Ihoulder and waist, a.nd • 'marneluke'-hilted IiIbre wiUt red knot worn from a white wailtband with rcctangular gilt plate, Featura of the tWO unifomu ill..... trated, but ... hich cannol be IeCn in the plate, include the ydlO'o" eloth grenade-badge in the rcar earner of the HOl'Se Grenadien' Ihabraque, the lilvcr IWOf'd,knOt of the ChBIICUr officcr (Utal of the Hone Grenadien Will white). and the ChillleUr'l wailt_ belt plate, a rectangular gilt plalc with cut comen and bearing an emboued hunting,hom. The Banner of the Army of the Andcs bore in the centl'2.l oval a bmwn mountain-peak on • white background, ...·ith two natural-coloured anm holding a bmwn Itaff lurmoumed by a red Phl)lli.n cap, Ute half of the Untn.! oval nearelt to the ltaff being light blue. TIle cenlnU pand Will lurmounted by a gold riling lun, and had a llrecn laurel-wreath lurround. The body of the flag Will divided "erticall)' into light b1l1eand whitesec;:tions. 41. Arlelltla.a: a) 2ftd kraeanlo Stb ChaaHlIra, Sw:n.rner Drtsa, 18116, b) Coloaelo .6th Lallcer.. 1h6. e) Trooper. 3rd CWraBaiera. 18116l1tClC uniforms were worn by the Argentinian army during Ute 1825-118 "''ilr against Brazil; they mainLilin the charactCrUtic Fl'2.nco-Spanilh It)·le. An intcrclting feature of Ute cuiras-

,,6

lier (baled on aJ. :'>1. Blancs painting, 'Coraeero de Lavalle') Will the regimental number worn in )'c1low lilk on the left upper arm, TIIC: infanl!)' uni. form (here Ihown b)' the chilSlCur .teT8eam) was worn ...·,Ih dark blue tmUICn and gaiten in winler. Mon branches of the al"m)" wore linular uniforms - the 7th Cavalry, for 0 .mple, wore dark blue cloth-co\'ered IhakOi with braa Nalional Arou plate, dark grttn plume and black cordi, dark blue coatcc with red piping on the collar, eum, turnbacb and lapell, blue troUICn with red Itripe and me regimental number "''OJT\ on the left upper arm. ·Ote 16th L.anccn were railed in 1826 under the veteran Colonel J'* de Olivarria and was regarded ill one of the best unill in the arm)"; al Ihe B;utle of Ituuinllo, for Cl<arnple, they were reported ill fighting in forma_ tion, 'iII though on parade', e"en capturing a.n enemy batte!)'. TIle unifonn illlJitrBted is based on a portrait of Cokrncl Oli\'arria b) A. P. Goulu, and IIIUSt ha\'e been one of Ute rnost ornate e\er worn in • continent known for ornate unifonm! A painting of lmzaingo, howe,·cr, shoWIL a plainer, more ler\'iccable uniform worn b) an oRicer: black Ihako with )ellow upper band and bl'llSll plate, dark green lingle-breasted jaCket with red collar, cum and pocket_piping, green turnbackl and gold epaulellcs, dark green tmlDCn wilh red Itripe, and a pl.in IiIbre in a black leather. braSl-l11ounted ICiIbbard. Other ranb wore dark gre<:n c1oth-co\'cred IhakOi wiUt white upper band lLnd cordi, brass plates and ... lllIe metal chin, lealel, all dark green with white b!'aid

on Ute collar, Weillt aud cuffl, white ('piIuleltcs, and white-edged turnbacb; dark green trowcrt wim double white uripe. white lealher equipment and high blaelr. riding• boou; red over white lance-pennOIll. Other ranb' Ihabl'2.qucs were dark green, Iquare-cut, with white borders; oRicen apparently UI«l long.tailed Ihabraqucs with red edges, and dark green valises bearing the regimental number in white. The unit waa disbanded in 1829.
a) Pri....te. 18t W.ntry Sn,

'P.trid"'.

Full Orela. 'If". BrauUan Emplrel b) Tnunpcter. N.tJo.....1 e..ard H ......". Full Ore. . (Winter Uniform)., lifo. The uniform of the Argcntinian lit Infant!)' - the famoul 'Patricio::.'corpl raised in 1806 and poIICSIing. record ofOUlltanding distinction -l1lOws how Ihe original 'Napoleonic' Ityles of South Ameriean unironn gave way to fashions follo...·ing the current European COItume; by tbe 1860'1, for cx.ample, tile French tunic, baggy trollJCn and Ir.c!pi had all been adOpled by Ute Argentinian army. The unifonn ill\1ltrated Ihows the tapering Ihako, bearing the light blue and white National cockade and the regimC1ltal number 011 sh.koplate and pompom, and repeated on the belt-plate. l1te red ribbon affixed to the left brealt commemoratCll the red dtield worn on the licc\'cs of the original unit in the 1806-07 Britillh

."

invasion, w~ they be8an their remarkable career; the red shield ill worn to thd day. Baidc:s the blue fuJI drcsa unifornl dlown, the regiment had two more - one all.red and the other all-white, worn alternatively by lCuorlS or for differenllCr"ices. The Brazilian ulliforlll (taken from U"iI_S fh III GlUI,dill J{MUPwU by J. M. de CoIta Araujo, '140) shows a magnificent musician's draa. 1llc coat of arm, of the Brazilian Empire ill visible on the cap-plate and beltplate. The uniform of the ordmary National Guard HlIWln was very different from that worn by nllDidalU; officcn had Frencho$tyle cupkas with red eloth top edged gold, black skull and peak with gilt edging, gilt 'mnbunt' plate beuing the Imperial arml in sil\'er, gill chinle,tles, red and whitc drooping feather plume and gold cap-lines; red dolman with blue collar and pointed cuff. and a large amount of husaar-slyle braid i"l, blue pelissc: with black fur and much gold braid, dark blue trouscrl with red-cdged double gold Itripes; CrilTllOll corded SAlIh with gold tassels, while waist- and pouch-beltl, the !"onner with a gilt plate bearillg the Imperial arnlS; blue dlabraque with triple gold lace border and bearing an

Imperial crown on the pdtol-hOOten. 1llc a.tume of other South American armies followed .imihtr paltenu; both Venezuelan and Chilean troops were primarily drCHCd in light blue in the 18~o'., though one nolable accption was Boliva,'. Venezuelan Bodyguard corpI, whose uniform was lIyled from that of Napoleon's Imperial Guard Chlll_ seurs :l Cheval. Thd colourful umt wore (in 18'20) a white fur busby with red bag and upright white plume riling from gilt ball-tOCkct, Karlet dolman with much yellow--gold braid. ing in traditional hllWlr pattern, Karlet breeches with the same braid, ineluding elaborate Austri&n knOIll 011 the thighs, black Hcsai&n boolll with rellow--gold braid and tassels, while pouch-belt and gauntlet$, llraight_ bladed, brass thrce-bar-hiltcd sword with red knot and Iteelscabbard, and barrelled SAlIh of yellow, scarlet and light blue. for lummcr·wear on active ICrviee, white linen or cotton uniforl1ll ....~re vcry popular throughout South America, often cut in regulation style, with coloured facings and regulation head-drca, but frequently basically dvilian clothing with military accoutrements.

,,8

OPERATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA, ,815-46 Between the end of the War of t8tlt and thc beginning of the U.S.' Mexican \Var, the United States was not involved in any campaigns against foreign opposition. The only serious military operations were conducted by pan-regular and part-volunteer forces against hostiles in the frontier regions. In 18t8 General Jacbon invaded Spanish Florida to avenge the dcpredations tile marauding minole I ndian!, returning thc territory to Spain at the end of the expedition, but the United States later acquired it (t8Ig). The oontinued westward ClCpansion brought the Americans into continuous contact wilh the Indian tribes, naturally resentful of the appropriation of their lands, and constant skinnishing cnsucd. Most serious was the Black Hawk War of t832, named after the Sac and Fox chief who led a rising, suppressed by Colonel Zachary Taylor's 400 regulars and 900 militia at the Baule of the B.1d Ax (It August), The second Seminole War dragged 011 from t835 to 1843, a bitter and sanguinary struggle waged among the Florida swamps. In the running guerrilla war led by the chief Osceola, there were two notable actions: in December 1835 a force of 150 regulars was ambushed in Wahoo Swamp, only thrcc lIlen surviving the mauacre; and the Baltic of Lake Okuchobcc exactly two )'ears later when Taylor stormed a minole position and broke the back of the rcbellion, which nevertheless lasted for four more years. Apart from a minor insurrection in Rhode Island (Ihe Dorr Rebellion) in t84~, the United Slates was involved in no other serious campaigning until 18-16. There was one other notable (though numerically small) campaign, begun in t835 when the American seltlen in the Mexican-controlled province ofTelCas revolted against the brutal megalomaniac diclator of ~Iexico, Gencral Santa Anna. The MClCicans wcre expelled from Texas in t835, then returned in force in t836 and laid siege to a com'erted mission-fortress in San Antonio de Bexar, the Alamo. After a most heroic resistance, the 18o-odd defenden were overwhelmed by a Maican auauh, and became martyn to the cause of Texan Independence. Slain in the Alamo were twO famous and belo\'ed frontiersmen, I),IVy Crockell and James Bowie, whose deaths were secn in the United Slatel as an almost sacrilegious act on the part of Santa .\nna. Thousands of voluntccrs and dollars poured into Texas to join Ihe 'war

or

"9

of liberalion' bUI il ....'as lefl 10 Gc::n«al Sam l-lou5Ion and aboul 740 vohmlttrS 10' mttt Sama Anna at the:: Battle:: of San Jacinto (III April 1836, 11Ic:: Tc:xans. burning 10 nenge lhe I1laSSlICfC5 of the Alamo and Goli;ld .... hc::n lOme:: 300 Tc::xalll had bcc:n shot out of hand after sUrTCmkringl. rouled lhe:: Mc::xican anny to completely thai il literally ttaJCd to exist and Sanla Anna .....as caplUred. Texas, d«bred an indepc::ndent rc::'pubhc, "''as rttognisc::d by, the:: U.S.A, a lOO\'e ....hich atOUkd intellK fttling in ~tc:xico and ....hlch, added 10 the:: Ame::ncan desire for conlinued c::xpalUion JOuth and west.....ards, resulted in Ihe

U.S.-Mexican War of 1(46-48.

NORTH AMERJCAN UNIFORMS 18'$-40 (Plate. 43-46)

'l'bc 18111 pauern coatec had ootlar. la.ce- of the brandt disunClwe colour, and Ihoulder-",'ings lik~lX; offittn wore K:alcd .....ings .. uh bull~ fringes of the brandt colour uh~ or sold}, ...hich meanl lhal the P"t\.>ous .,...Itm of nuik-
43- U.S.A.:

.) Se...ftUU, G~cUe..

COm....y. tara-try, Ih7.

TIw: bell-topped wko was adoptm 1).,' the L.S. Army an 1821, this hcaddral ha\in~ a \'e::ry markl"d OUlward c:ur-iC: near 10 lhe CI"O\'>·n. It was wom by oolllpan)' offiorrl and nl.llk and me of all braocm, being dislin. gui,hed by the colour of Ihe plume: while for infilrllry 'ce::mre' companies, red for grnladie::n, )ello'" for anilleE)' and li'lhl infilrlu')", ... hile ... ith rl"d lop for hght arlillCl)', and green for rilkrnen. 1lic' badlle:: of ilrl cagle lruptn'l an oIi\'c: branch and a sheaf of 1IIl'O"''S, and c:hlmcalcs. "'onc: of bra. or ... hue me:uJ aceonllng to the branch, and the cunh ",'ere- similarly )e-ilow or ... hue pId or pl\~ for

offi«nJ.

etllMit"iign could not be usro. I nslr&d, commill')t\Cd grades "'eft dUlin. guidtcd b) meuJlK Ia« chc-<.'TOnI OIl 1M upper arms. N.C-O. rank ..... dUlinguistKd 11)' lace chc-\TllIU of 1M branch colour OIl the fore-arm. AJ In Europe-an armies, musiciaN' uniforffil Weft lhe IIlOII colourful of Ihe arIDY, t1lO1C of lhe arlillery, for cxampk, ore KariN coattcl with lac:t' and IDS- of Iht' arnlleE)"s dlJlincll\'e:: colour (ydlow', ... lIh )dkM l;Ofds and plumes OIl lhe shako. An inle-restin, fealure:: "''&I the- la.ck of lace- on the b«a5u of alllU"m) coaltcl, ",hick had lu'ICS ofetnbo'oidcn m lhe pm(' aMour III the- coal« IJ\llead. Note a!Io thai the: oftiocn' JWOrd, illUlU"ated .... ~ from the bldll1)' thin chains Uatead of the: mort' UIU&i lathc-rllinp.

...,

Dnl,_... Om_,

collar and cuI&, wilh IfokI la.ce dccontoon for offittn. N.C.O.. won )'C'11ow ""'OfIlm qlauktlCl and offittn gold Thc dragoon distincti\y coblr hdlo.- was rt:pea.led In tM double llripe OIl 1M off"lOE..• IrGUIC'!'I. 1M fisun IUUlUratc-d .bowl 1M dragoon fidd urn form. conUslIDII: of a da.rtt blll(' wll."acket ...i.th )e-ilow Iac:c and the- odd-shapcd. leather ~ cap worn b\' bolh fool and mounll"d brancho of the:: army bct"'ttII 1833 and 1839, a plain hcad.drOli ... ilhout badges and .so oon,tructed thaI il oould be foldl"d nal for CJlIC of carE)'inlJ. In addition 10 the:: usual njuipIDOI'nt U5nI on a.cli\C' K:nicC' nole:: Ihal Ihe waisl·belt .. hick .supporled the ''''ord hac:l ilrl allacht'd shoulder·bell as ilrl atra 'upporl. IImlbr 10 lhe latn Bril..n 'Sam aro..'nc-' beltl, dRflOO'W oflal aff«tc-d a number unaulhorited addllions. Coioured bandanas ",'om around tbe- Ilot'Ck or AI a .surHhldd 10 lhe: back of lbe- head ..-nc popular. and the: Il'OOpt'r dluslralm ... C'an lbe- I~ tuckl"d 1010 Ir.ntt-boou ,nslcad or (be- ~ lllUal method of "'C'IU"ing the- (routen ll\'er the boots. TIw: compan) guidon carried by the lrooper bean the word ORAOOOS1l, an addition ordered by Secrelary of War lA:wis CallI in 18]3·

44. U.s.A.: .) T roope:r, $e.rvice'

.....

1',)6.

b) Ordoanee $e....__ .,

TIw: 'slO\qMpC'·wko ..... adoplo:d by infanlry and anilkfy In 18]2, hen 1bo>O'11 in the anilkr) \nWon, ItheQrd.nanc.o Dcpartmt'nl had mcrwl"d wllh tM artillery an 1821!. TIw: infantE)' JMIlt'm had ... hite IDOI'Iai badces and fittimp, ""Ith a bu~le·hom m p1llCf: of lhe cannon-barrds, and a whw: plume. The height oftht' plume varil"d, but is Ihoughl to have been 12 Ulches high fot" IC'niot" N.C.O.s, 8 lIlChel for lICl'llc-anll and below, a.nd of drooping eocIr..feathert for offittn. The rank of Ot-dnantt Scrgt'aDt was lhal of a sc-nior N.C.O., ~ being ~ned lI) t\~ poa.t or unll, ~bIt' for 1M mamtc-nance 01' a.nnI and ammunllion_ 1M rank 1$ uxhcalm 11) the: Iac:c ban; OIl the- cuff, the- 1Uh. swvnl, and ,.dk»w wonlm c-paulelles ...i.th bra. c:recmll. ilctlulu ca\1OI1) "''&I l"C\'i\'ed In lbe U.S. Arm)' in 18]], ",'bm 1M Regi. ment of Dragoons ...... ra.iso:d_ In full dl"('ll, 1M '1I0'icplpc' shako .........·oro. wllh a large bruI Ilar-shapc::d plale bca.rin~ a white lIlelal CallIe in the «litre, and )'ellow cordi (gold for olTi«n) passing around Ihe cap and looping OIl 10 the breul in IWO 'raquette'. Plumes "'~ ofdrooptnlll white bonehair. with ro:d mlermiJ
or


Med~:

a) Se:rJ;eut,

..... .....

B.ta1lo.. de MalalDoros,

Tp&s: b) PrivalC',

New Orl_ Greys,

or the

'4 ,

KOra

C\YIl

hundr«b

of

tony (and not II) liny) volunteer unill r.-d in the a.phori<: (ervour of patriolilm .. bllCh I~I O'lo'ff the L'nitm SU.leI duri"l the War of Tcx.an l~, the two COl'}» of ""~ 0rIeanI Grq, "'cr~ the moat fa~ l1pbo&dlllg the pnnapkl of lhe 1776 R~'Olution by "'tin~ fdlow.AmcricanI, hundrNi o( idnl. all and a la~ num~ofad'i~ntu~ and frttbooten fIocktd to Teo:&I to
campai~.

it wasn't complct«l in lirn.e and he dioed wnons home-mad.. 'reus JClUlI and ClUT}1n~ a shot3un. It ..... -.KI thaI emly one officn in !he tntire Tcx.an arm), CoIofw,I Srdnq ShermAn, pew -.:d a umbm at the lirn.e or San Jacinto, and that of his own dcvisir!8. AI SanJacinto, ~ I Houston WlU drcllal In 'an old black COAl, a black ~"tlvct ~·(St. a paIr o( Illuff-coloored. pama1oom, and d,lapi· dattd booll' with his lrousers luckm in, 'his only badge o( aUlhority .. , a IWOrd with a platm scabbard which he ti«!. to his he'll Wilh buckskin thongs: So amateur "IIJ lh~ Tuan army, In (act, lhat the only tune known to t1M: two-man fif~-and-drum band to play the Tcx.an army inlo action ..... a popular IoHlOIllIl, 'Will You Coon1Il' to th~ Bower I havc Shaded for You?' Arn'II of the T cx.an army CGnlilted o( a few mlllUu, sbotgww. Kmtudy '1on8 rifles' and the univcrsal ·8owle'·t~ knl~'a. While the tkfcrxlen of tM Alamo ..~ dying 10 the li(~ of lhe embaulcd Tcx.IIJ tq)Ublic, lhe ntWly-el«ttd gO\'emmmt, lIutead of arl"llll(ing lOr !he anninlj: and equipping of the Tcx.an volunl('Crs, con· cerned th~mselvCl wilh luch vilal maHen u oblaining officiall)".hudm nolepaper and 'liquor fil for genteel men to drink.' 11l~ Mexic:a.n army ..'or~ unibml ClOnIciousIy baMrl upon thole of Imperial ."ranoe, IIJ bdiutd lhe troops of the Idf-«lkd '~apokon o( the W~n' llf Sanu. Anna
'4'

.s.".ut

Pi""

lhe unilOnns or lhe f':llp«l.it.ion inlo Tcx.IIJ WCIT an anlollllt&ffi of ;\Icxiean mlhtar, drcll o( the p«'\'iouI IWCOI\ )-can. frt'ql.lCnlh- combm«l 'from t.hor~ of tq\'lallon eqUipment Wllh c",ilian 1Iem. Nmplc peasant aa.ndal. urstcad of boou.. for aamplc. II is bd,"'Cd lhal _ companil'S WO« .. hl\~ COlton fatigue-'1.Il1I with pcuanl:l' Ilraw halL The only rc:gi. mental dcvi« on lhe unil"onn iIIuslraled ,,'eTc: the br-. letters aM on Ihe collar, lignif)'ing 'Halallon de Mata_ motol', The M~ltican m(antry was largely equipped Wilh allci~nl Brilish '8rown 8cII' Oinllocb ,,'hich many troops did flO( know how 10 fire. or at best fir~ (Il)In th~ h,p, rendering alrcad)' lnaccurale .. capons qUite lade. al more thlUl t~n urm; thoulj:h picktd unill "C1"~ armed ",th _ Brili!lh '8aIr.er' rifted m ......~lL Sui in ac..cral, IIJ the ¥ribok cxpaI.ition WIIJ depentknl upon !he ...-1 o:nonnouI bank O\"Ctdra(I, complicaled by .. boksaI~ and u ~ thefl of 110«:I b) we get~ral Ilaff, the ;\lexican arm) ""IIJ lll-cquippcd. ill. trained, ~-irtlall)" u'Huppli«!. and on the O:Ir~nle ~"t~~ of Itarulion. For all th~ir ..'rctchm condilion, how. ~"I"I", Sallla Anna liIIUtd Ih~ mOSI m~ticuloUi onkn III fllCl h~ did all hll o ..'n Itarr .."ork himself, hll '~Iarr' bcllllj: largd) a 1)"mphanlIC RrouP of bandill. An Otampk of his careful allmt.ion to dcu.il WlU his order 10 the rcgimmll auaultin~ t~'\Jamo: tlK) """tTt to h,ne barorM'b rtad)'-fiud. and the 'II-raps of the capa undC1"" the chin'. For one whole hallmark "llf the magni6c:ena of his umlOnns, the 'Napokon of thc \\(St' cndnI the

'43

War of Teo:an Indt:pcndmcc III lUI illl\Ofllimoul fll$hion .. hen caplured. -"Ier 'loan Jacinto. Santa \una WIIJ ditco\"C1""n:1 up a trcc. drc.rd III a duu\ blow (alicue-jad:~t, b-1lM"cd k:II.I'IM" ClIp, fra)«Ilinm tr'OU:kl'l and red ~loI.h 1I1ppen! l:ntil r~lc:unt b) hil Tuan caplan, Sanu. Anna spml .xnr ti~ in Tcxaa, .. hme III· habitanll pC1"uned III arnnRIlI~ Impromptu lynching parties III his hooour, thOlllj:h 'fj PTelidmte' at..~).. mana8m to avoid being the main atlraction.

",6. Republle or Tu. . : a) Officer, Ordnutce Ocpt, Senice D..-. (WlDtcr), I~ b) I.,t Se"1cant, W_try.

.

Marcilia.Ordu,

.".

e) Se"1_nt,

M.riDe Corpt, Fati,ue Ore. ., lIlt11M: Rtpublic of Tc:us PI'O\I
Illat~

in III", form ofa fi",.,.poinu:d liar bc:aring Ihe company kiter, on a 'rared' nar.plale. 'Il'e Texan 'Lone Star' emblcm was much In use, OIl bc:ll-phues, cap-plales, cartridllebOlla and as a Ilalllp on rl:'gulaBonwue weapons. Anolhcr unusual fealure was Ihe profusion of bunolu on many full-dress uniforms - four around the lop of each cuff and Ihree down the rear seam of lhe: cuff of infantry olflc",n' coatl:es, for (:)tample (U"tjflf'"
l>I':aring lh", 'Lon", Slar' and brasa anchor badge, wllh brass chinscalCl; a M':a-grC(:n jackel Wilh y",lIow lace on the collar and cuff-naps, )'",110'" lurn_ backs, and yellow lace 1001_ on thc collar and cuff_naps, ..·ilh rellow fringed Ihould(:T-rol1s; sea-grttn trowc:n and grey gailen, wilh .. hile l",alh",r equipmenl and rtttangular bl':Ull waist-l>I':ll plate burinll Ih", 'Lone Slar'. Arms for Ihe forces of the:: R",public we::re sporadically.issued, and Illcluded a r""'oll'ing-q'lindered rille used by the Marines, a most un_ popular weapon due: to iu peculiarily offrequ"'nlly igniting all chaml>l':n at Ollce and aploding in lhe user'l faee! The l1lUilie sergeanl ilIwlraled is holdulIj: a pc'i,·ale!y_acquired. multibarrelled 'Volley gun'.

,

,

_ _ =0*

'#

•

COLONIAL

CA~IPAIGNS,

1815-50

The campaigns in Ihe colonies for Britain at least - provided Ihe only chance of experiencing real action :u diffcrent from the distasteful 'internal security' tasks which befell many armies, As with the French in Algeria and the Russians in the Caucasus, campaigning in India k('pt at le:ut part ofthe British army in touch with Ihe realitiesofactive service. From 1814-16 British troops in India were engaged in one of their most difficult campaigns, against the Nepalese hill-tribes. the Gurkhas, Despite a ferocious defence, strategic mountain-fort.!l were captured one by one until General Ochterlony penetrated the Katmandu Valley and the Gurkhas sued for peace. Greatly impressed by the bravery of the British which matched their own courage, the Gurkhas fumished several battalions for British service and have served in a most out· standing manner ever since. In IBI 7-18 a $('rious campaign was waged against the vast horde of Pindaris (outlaws and bandils) who caused utter mayhem in central and SOUl hen} I ndia, and against the l\.bratha chieftaitu who supported them, Sir Thomas Hyslop's 5,500-strong Anny of the Oe<:can crushed one ~Iaratha force of 35,000 at Mahidput (III December 1817), and Lord Hasting's Grand Army hunted down the remainder. In 1823 Burma lauuched an attack on India, prompting a declaration of war by Britain in March 18114, Major·General Campbell organised a 5,ooo-strong Anglo-Indian expedition force from the Andalilan Jslands, which lauded and captured Rangoon in May. The disease-ravaged British, ho....ever, were surrounded by Maha Bandula's Burmese army, which on I December t824 assaulted the city, only to be thrown back; twO weeks later a British counter-attack broke the siege-lines and the Burmese retired. In February 18115 Campbell advanced up the Irrawaddy, supported by sixty hoat.!l manned by British sailon. Bandula attacked on 2 April, but his force was broken by fire from a British rockel-battery, and the Burmese were routed as Campbell advanced, Bandula being killed. Campbell, retiring into quarten at Prome for the monsoon season, was again surrounded, which siege was a duplicate of Rangoon; a Burmese attack in November was follo....ed by a counter-attack which, in three days of illlense fighting, destroyed the Burmese army and forced Burma to surrender, the victorious Campbell withdrawing in February 18116.

'45

In 18'l5llritain int('rv('ned ill the nhurtpo~ succession diJput('; Lord ComlM'rm('~'s army in\'csu:d Ihe cily and eapwred it after a dcspc'ralc assault in January 1826. Following thac:: repealed (and by now cU5lomary\ Urilish SUCCCISCI tame disaster in lhe 1St Afghan War. In an attempt to block Russian advanco in Afghani5lan, a 21,000 5ltonK British amlY invaded that country to support a puppet-ruler's claim to the throne in 1839, which was IUCCClSfully accomplished. In 114 I. howC'\ler, the Afghans rrvolted, murdering both Uritish political ell\'O)'S in Kabul and sUlTOundinlo;" General Elphinstone's ganUon (Novembf:r 1841 . T",'O months lat('r ElphilUtOTlC capitulated on the guarantcc of safe passa~ to India for his 4.500 men and 12,000 civilians. The Mghara, led by the trcaChCTOIU Akbar Khan, disf'Cgarded the terms of the aglocment and ambushro the convoy in the Khyber Pas. The sequence of evenu from til(' ('\-70cuation of Kabul was to ~ the most shaltering defeat of the British in India. As the incompc'telll Elphinstone approached the jugdulluk Pass with his one British Tn{i. ment (the
the rctreat from Kabul is generally forgotten. Later in 1842 Sir George Pollock stormed into Afghanistan, relieving the belcagured garrison of jallalabad and wreaking vengeance for the Gandamak mauacre. Hut, anxious not to 105(' mo~ troops in the inhospitable mountains, th~ Uritish evacuated the area and Akbar Khan', father, Dost Mohamll1('(j, was allowed to TCSUme the throne from which he had been originally depri\'ed . Following the lit Afghan War and the friction it had caused bf:twocn the &Iuch rulen of Sind and the British, the British RCl.idency at U)'derabad was Jlormcd by 8,000 &luehiJ in February 1143. Marching in ~Iief of the tiny besieged garrison, General Sir Charlcs Napier with 2,800 men defeated )0,000 Baluchis al 1o.hani . 17 February), madc a formidabk forced march through halTCn country and in March reliC\led Hydcrabad. In his whirlwind campaign ~apler marched 600 miles, foulo;"ht two major banks and numerous minor acttons and with no rI'"lOI"C than 5,000 men defcated O\"CT 60,000 nati\·cs. The conqucst of Sind stabiliJed India's western frontter, secured the Indus, and prompted ~apieT's famous one-word dispatch announcing his \;etory: 'Pccca\'i' ,I havc:sinncd,! Continued friction between the British and the Sikhs of the Punjab TCSUlttd in a Sikh mva.Wn of British Indu.m Dcttmbcr 184~ but their fint ad\'anc:c "'as halted by Sir Hugh Gough at Mudki (18 Dttembcr . Three: days later Gough - with the British Go\-crnor-Gencral Si.. Henry Hardingc serving in a subordinate capacity - anacked a weU-entn:ne.hed Sikh army of 50,000 at Feroushah. The action "'70S complicated by the fact that it was not dear who was giving ordcrs to the British force, Commander-in-Olief or Governor-Cc:neral, and ~"Cr.ll uu.ulu "'"Crt beaten off before the British captured the poIition and repelled a counter-attilek. on the following day. One of the billcmt Jlruggles III Indian history, Ferozeshah COlt Gough 2,400 ITle:n and the Sikhs at least to,OOO, causing the Sikhs 10 withdraw back over the River Sutlej '" hence they had come. Another Sikh anny, raiding in British territory, skinnished with a BriliJh force under Sir Harry Smith at Ludhiana (21 january (846); Smith allaeked a week later and smashed the Sikhs at Aliwal in another brutal, no-quarter action. I n February Gough himself aoued the Sutlej and stonned a Sikh position at Sobraon, which ended the warPunjab becoming a British protectorate. Ofshon duration, the war had been one of the bloodiest C\'er fought in I ndia, due to Ihe valiant character of the Sikh nation and thei.. well·

'<6

"7

lrainm and organised anny. So well was it equipped and uniformm, in fact, that it was said the only way of distinguishing a Sikh unit from a British sepoy co.,. in the confwion of banI<: w;u iliat the Sikhs wore black or brown ~belts, and the British white. A fact IlOt generally kllO""n is that the Sikh army was trained to a coluiderable degr« by Europeans, either foreign mcn:enaries or deserters from the British or CompanY'1 forces. At Sobraon, for ex_ ample, tWO mercenary OrriCO'S ""ere prc:sent in the Sikh army, one Hurbon 'a Spaniard) and hil French colleague Moulton; and Subelbr Slla Ram telb of an incident which occurTCd during the heat of the battle when a 'Sikh' cri«!. out to a British private for mercy, 'a thing no Sikh had C'o-cr bttn known to do'. and then lpoke in English. The British prwate pulled off the man'lturban and jacket, 00 reveal a European dOC11er "" ho had turned against his comradC:ll by takinlf 5ttVK:e in the Sikh army. .\ pany of British infantry kicked and ba)'OO(:ued him to death "";th the greatest contempt ,md violence. KnowlOg how near they had come to VM:tory, the Sikhs tried ~in in 1848--49 when the Punjab role In rC'o'oIt, with the Sikh government at fint allemptlOg 10 IUppna it aOO then turning on the British themselves. (;(:ntt21 Whuh laid siege to Multan while Gough again invaded the: Punjab. Gough, checked at Ramna~r (22 :O;ovembcr I8.}8J at fint decided to wait for Whi.Ut to take Mullan, but then advanttd independently. Meeting the Sikhs at Chilianwalah (13 January 1149) - "" hen both armies attacked at once - Gough lost fewer men than the Sikhs but the sangulOary bailie was in reality dnlwn. His replacement by :O;apiCf" orde:ruI, Goulfh lTIO\'ed before the orden arrived, his army reinforced by WhiMl (and the Sikhs by .Dost Mohammed of Afghan. IStan). The Batll<: of Gujnat on 21 February finally broke the Sikh resinanc<: for uifling British lou. and the Punjab was annexed in the following month. British open.ttons wc« not confined to India; in 1839 diAgTecment between British l'IlttChants and the Chinese government (particularlr regarding the: importation of opium) led. to Chinese action agairut the European commumt)'. An expedition of 4,000 British and East India Company troops under Sir Hugh Gough arrived in Chinese waters, capturinlt the Bogue FOf"ts and Camon (24 ,\olay 184t). Despite unseawOC"thy transports and lack of lupplies, the disease-ravaged British continued coastal operations which culminated in the fall of Chingkiang (lit July 1142) and China IUed for peace. In Africa, conflict with native tribes continued throughout the

period, both between the Boer Killers and the natiYel, between British and nativCl, and ultimau::ly British and Boers. Notable actions occurred at Ulood River (16 December 1838) when a Boer force decisively defeated a Zulu army under Dingaan, at Magango Uanuary Il4o), when a Boer- Zulu alliance overthrew Dingaan, and at Boomplaats (29 August 1848) when Sir Harry Smith's British victory culminated silt )'ean of Anglo-Boer conftict. Harry Smith was involY«!. in an amazing incident in the luppreuion of the 3rd Kaffir War (1834-]6), when that iron veteran of the Peniruula and Waterloo 1m a small detachment from Cape Town to Graham's TOl\'n, a distance of 600 miles, in ICSI tban lix dayl, a 1Carcc:ly ttedible feat of endurance over the molt difficult terrain. Between 1824 27 the lit Adta.nti War was fought in West Africa, with initial British rev<:nC:ll being turned into victory; aOO in 1846-47 a sharp cam~ign agailUt the Kaffin in South Africa silenced naLi,,'e protests about ina<:a5ing European colonisation. Other British colonies ~'n'e peacd'ul, except fOf" two minor m-olts (the Papineau aOO MackOllie rebellions I in Canada, and the III. Maori War in :O;cw Zealand (18.43- -48), which meluded some hard sir.irmis.hing and a guerrilla war before the natives were lubdued. "The other major sphae of colonial activity was the: French invasion of Algeria in 1830, folloo.oing repeated bloclr.ading and bombardment in an effon to check the depredations of Algerian pirates. Algicn was captured in July t830 by Marshal de Bourmont'137,OOO men, but the campaign dragged on agailllt a skilled native kader. Abd eI Kader, the sclf-appoimm defender of Islam and a man of remarkably chi~lrous dispolition_ The Treaty ofTafna Uunc 1837) brought an uneasy peace, but the French Itormed Constantine in October, the: city having resisted French atw:ir.s for a )'Ur; the French commander, )'Ianhal Dam~mont, was killed in the asuult. Oaiming thil u a treatyviolation Abd cI Kader took the field ~in. With the French army now commandm by the dynamic Marshal BUlfeaud, new tactics ",,'ere adopted; 'flying columns', as mobile as the Berben they humed, were xnt out from fixed bases and had a decisi"'e effect; In May 1843 the Due d'Aumalc with leu than 2,000 men lur· prised Abd eI Kader'l 40,000 at Small. and utterly routed them. Driven into ~Iorocco, Abd eI Kader with 45,000 men were attacked by Bugeaud hirruclf at Isly (14 August 18.14); B~aud'i 1011.11 force. using a 'squa~' formation devised by the Manhal and known as the 'boar'l head', attacked and overran the Arab camp. It proved decisive;

,.8

"9

although Abd d Kadc:r did not surrender unlil December 1847, French control ofAlgc:ria was a.s:sun:d, M a rauh of colonial eampail!:ning, military unifonm took on a more functional and climatically more suitable aspect, with virtual 'r.,tigue dress' becoming the otablishro uniform for active service: plates 49, ')I and 64 illustrate how these 'colonial' fashions wa'C carriro o\'er into European service, The British in India also produced full dress costume of great magnificenoe, ftU{uently incorponting native items of dress m the unifonm of European offlttn (undeniably adding to the (n'er:all romanticism of the period), while n:uive soldien of the wt India Company's forces (officially the only 'British' regiments in India Wtt'e those actually belonginlf to the Crown wa'C dressed in an often_ incongruous mixture of current British uniform, psc~lndian items (such as peaklos shakOl mtendro to lUCiilble turbans) and genuine: 'nativc' features such as sandals and beads around the: neclr.! The French campaigns in Algeria were belfun by troops wcarin!il standard infantry uniform (Itt Platc,38i ",;th ....hite linen shakG-COlo"tt1, but toOI1 evolved into a more suitable 'tenuc d'Afriquc', which included • doth-bodied shako-type hcad-dress ktlOl\'n as a 'casqueue d'Afrique' It he forttumw:r of the famous and ultimately world-",ide 'kepi'), and the habit of wearing the greatcoat with 5kins turned back to allow free rn(n~mcnt of the Itp, without the tunic underneath, a st)-k: to be seen even in World War I. The strangulating oorutructions of the 1830's ",~re replaced by more functional equipment, indudinlt the wearing of the cartridge-box. at the front of the waist. And in the: exotically..a.tumcd 'African' rqimcnts Zoua"'cs, O1useurs d'Afrique, Spahis the French set a style which was to be copiro extensi\~ly in North Am«ica and C\'CO by the British West India Regiments. A description oflhc semi-nativc OOItumc origmally worn by the Zouaves ,the name coming from the Algerian Zouaoua tribe who suppliro troops to aid the French) ...." as given as: 'tricolour turban with an aigrette, blue Turltish jacket, embroidered in gold, red mameluke trowen, with gold trimmro pockets, sillt sash full of pistols, and a curved sabre'; this costume wa, .....orn initially by the French officers also, but soon replaced by con\~ntional European dress when 'they found lhac disguises 10 grotesque (that) they hurriedly abandonro them, ,.' The French campaigns in North Africa specdro the development of tactics (the 'flying column', for example) and weapons; at a time when the British .....~re hesitantly coltsidering the introduction ofsmOOlhbore

perc:ussion muskets, the French .....ere l:Xperimenting with weapons technically )-~an ahead. Captain Ddvigne, for example, dcsiltm:d a rifle which achievro a great reputation in Al~ria_ The Duke of Orleans eqUiPped a battalion ofeha_un d'Afrique with Delvigne's gun, and on one rttOnnaissance .....as much provokro by an Arab sheikh makinlf thrc:atc:ning gestures lOme 630 yards a.....ay. The Duke callro to his escort that he would give five francs to any man .... OO could shoot the Arab, ....,hereupon a Chasseur lIep(X'd forward, alll1ed lu, DelvignC' rifle and laid the sheik dead upon the spot!

"'5-500 (Pla," 47-5')

COLONIAL UNIFORMS

brim, white ~ badge, .. bue pompom and mixed red-and-)~11ow c:onb; thC'tr unibm .... !Ike thaI of the officcn but Wlth blue Ihoukkr-

47. D...,I.... Wnt ladin: a) Pri"IHe, R~rW_try.

Serviee Drfts Sanu:ner)'

""'PI and unlaced uouacn. .nd bladr. lealhc:r eqUipment; .. hlle trouaen wen: also ....' Om in .....m ter rull draa as wdl at ....ith the white jacU1 in summct'", The 18]7 uruform - lncludmg the tall and unuaualt)..hapnl eu.pb

"37·

b)Ue\a,~t,

R~r lalaatry.

.....

F..U Oresa (Wb","). Rd~--ni

or the

of adaptml unirom. b the nsoun or campaignIRg. the Dan-h p riIooI or the IlC'C.aAt)'

J-cdul . . . . . of 5t Thomas, 5t CrolJt and 5t Jobn wore colourful ururom. .. hich con.....ed in MMne mpccu to regular Danish unibm bIll alto rdlettcd the romantIC spirit of the: bautirul itIands In .. hd! they

..... 1l\e 1826

~

winter urulOnn illustrated ..... ~ to surnoner by a ...hile c:oat« and ..... hile trotlletl; officeB

unlike home--bNcd Danish rqi. mental officers1 ....-e rnJl8Cd epaulCliO, th('tr rank ",dicated by the nllmber or lace' ~1I0 ..-om abo\-'e the rolf; OM rOl' ~nd lieutmants, IWO rOl' lit Iirotcnants and three: for captains, Other ranks at this period won: black relt 'Itovepipe' hats With I

also "'Om by officcn., but ....th the Iaa: ..vm on the: uppcrqe orthc collar, .... th s.il\~-Iaced poucb-bdt and rringdcsl cpaukttC'l, and JIOkiand-erimlon ASh with heavy .-cis. Offio:eR' cupbs ..·ere or the: ame paltcm as thole of the: rank and file, bul with tall .... b,te plume rislflI rrom the red cockade bcannlj:. sih-er erma. larze KIlt 'lW1bunt' p1ale bari"l silVa" c:oat-or.anns, sil_-er chll1lcaks and R;old oords. As berore, blue trousers roukI be ....· om ,,"h this uniform.

'5'

-

'WlII

Tn addition to the: "lI:u1ar inrantl) 11Iuslnlled. lhc:re alto existed mihtia uniu, wnrinll; \..ried cmIU~; In 1816, rOl' example, the: 'Prir\a"s LIre Squadron' .....ore a unirorm \'lftu.aJly identic:aJ to that ..... orn in the Penll1-

lul.r W.r by d,C' BriliJI 9~lh Rilkl, officC'n ...·... rin~ '1IO\;C'plpc' Ihalo ","h fIl'ffn cordi, IJrttn dolOl.n ...·lIh black facinJ!:l and h.....r braid, lil\'..r Ihouldn-cha'I\I, cn"U(lrI••nd·gold buRlkd ...u.N .nd IIr!:' 0\~1lI "'lIh bl.ck lealh..r mnforcinJl .nd braidin~, Ih.. onl,. rnJ d,lT~ btin~ in lbe- l.f'JI:C' "I,~ Ihako-p1.IC', Ih.... hllf'-O\Tf-1T'Ci upn~ht plume and tM lirailhl-blidni I"on! "',Ih mllilm gold and crirmon knot. Al t.... _ dalC', lhr 51 lllornu Land ~hhua :l8a.m for offi«n} ..'on: • b1aclt 'round hal' "lIh ,IlOld loop .nd .. h,I"oO'on".rft! plume' hit.. lhe' Brililb R~a.1 ~I.riows , • dark blue jad.~ ..,Ih 1"0'00" of bullON on I.... brf'ut, rm fllClnlfl .. uh pd l.cr loop and l"pIIuk1l~ ..h,l.. br~hcs and black HSan boolI.. M,htla un.bmI IOllooom 1M _ 'nalural pnllralion' as dld.ll Europnn C'05lurt'1C'; in ,~ for aamplC', lhe: 51 Crout ~hliua ",on: brll-Ioppm ahako "'Ilb .. hll.. l.cr .nd c:onk. dark areal jackC't ..,th ... h,l.. lac.. and PlPIn~ and ... hil.. 11'OUIC'I'Io. 'Tbrir canrid ~bo:&o bore' lhe' umr en:- dC'itt 'on • CIO¥>'Df'd, .. h,lc mf'laI dixl as did lhe: C:UpU-cocbdo ofthe' regular Infan· It') ,1I\11tralm. ..I. lDdla" Ann),. .j Sepo,. N.....rl Ban.no". III" b) Tnllnpeter, Ski""e"'. Ho..... ('1' h"S_1 Local Ho.....).,

....

,

Brilish IUCh a I~mrndOllS li~hl In I r"rpalt:M' \\:n.1I ...... ob... iol,a Ihal Ih.. Gurkhu ...·C'rC' .upub B,

Rivin~

t

IOldicn, clut.raclcriJcd b) lheir 010110 'Kaphar hunnu bhanda marllU ramro' (il is bell.... to di.. than be • coward'). Th.. finl Gurkha unLlI III B... iIh ~""'icr ......r.. formrd in 181~, bolh :-;....ri and Sinnoor batt.lions wurin~ a ~OIi·'riR ..', K:m.-nall\'C uniJOnn, originally with nod facinlfl bul from 1816 at I....t in th.. CUt' of 1M Sirmoor) black. The' ...... rin~ of lhr kukri. the fcanomcU>d I"""uonal nalj,"C' ",,'Ord knik .. hd h.. an a1lflOJt m)"Ric attachment to lilt' Curkhas. ..... prnonall) sanctioned 1»' Sir J)a,-.d Odtln"Ion): 'F..ach man 10 rdaln and "'car Iu5 koo~ In a leather .....aI-belt or thr pattern ..hlCh has brrn aPJlf'O\'ed'. ~ aaet eonslruction of thr fint hcad-d..... is unceruin, bul appean from eon· I ..mporaty poc:tuRS to ha, .. brrn a ftal.toppm C21p .. ,lb. turban "'"'(lUnd around_ Imliall)- I~ Gurkhas "'u.. anned ..ilb mUlkru. until a SUffiricnl numbrr of ~ ,and thcKl'«c man: manageable- I» thr liul.. N~ hillmC'll!) fuzih WC'I'f' mad..

a,-..ilabk. If Gurkh.to repulalion was formidablr III 181S> II incrf'uC'd. thousand· fokt under Bntish comTOi. An nrh aamplC' oft,pic:aI Gurkh.to courqC' IS bond III t.... dcspalCh ..'ntten b, Colond Sf'bri!Vtt Ma... br). rommandrr of the kwceJ 1n't$lIn~ Kalonaa II.flef thr death of 5,r Rollo Cillopi.. III thr finl _ult_ Wben th.. !(wire. was C\-.c:uatm I» the Gurkh~ tl"OOpl of Bulbudd..r Sing. th.. 8n"oh found a ...·ounded nall"C offic.. r BulbuddCT's aid.. \ in th.. rull\l of Ihc forI. This man. 'findin/l; th,u th.. wound would not put him to duth. he abused both OftkC'n and M ..n III

'5'

Ih.. Ill'Ollat I..rms m hopct thai, Ihc) would I» Ihat 'JIf'a,1S shoot hnn bUI findmlC th.l. thll ...·ould hal"C' no ..freel 011 th..ir f.... h1181 hc bUI hil hcad • ~a"lJt tilof' ~IOll0 In tM hope of puttin~ all .. nd to his ullt..ncr hich all faihl1l1l, M requatm firc to ·arm hll11..lf, &. ... Itrn left b) Ih.. Scpo)"I, .... took an opporlulllt) of Ihro ·;118 m.. ... !lokof,t on hll buMt hich _ no IOOllf't" dilcO\~m lhan it ..-as rcn'lO\ed hr has, hQ.."f'\'n", Ilnot dKd It IS fittl1Ul lhat Platc Ibould be sharm I» a Gurkha ,arguably the bell, IOIdICT in the """Grid, and a nlf'fllhco- of lhr rnoJI famow Brili$h Ind..n ~,mmt, ulumatd) SkmRCl"'s HOQC' I lit Bmtr.I I.anttn. the ~r.. bt'tng ta.ken from a painung of • durba.r b) • c:ontnnponr)" Pt'nUuI arult. Slunlln"'s IIODC' had 'II OIlIllUl in a 00I'JI5 of 'uugular hone' raucd I» • ha!f-ca.>l.. English oft'lCf'I", Jama Sklnrlf'l". In 18o:J, .. hich becamC' the III Local Hone Ul .813. Thou~h pKIurn or 181; show thtm ...·caring flal I'm lurbam and )dJo.,. robes, b) 181~ their d,e. had become mon: 'umform', Mill r..lalllmg thc: dmlUCti, .. ) ..IJo.,. .....r .. hich thc)' """On' Ihrou~hout thrir exislmet'. The' 'umform' of Ih.. Jlfriod shown eon· a1Jtm or. mcul, Pcni.an1t)lf' helmet ... "h nual_bar and a 'brUJh.t)pr' plumr for nal"" officen, ... "h a long )"C'11ooo IPrmall kllO"'n u an 'a1kalak' 'C'lTlbrOldcrm ""th 1\ll1'\C' ~n in nlof'tallic thrud fOO" olflCf'nl. "'L1h C'l1llof'r Jlr....n or rm IroUK:B, and a shOll red jack.. t ","h bbc:k fur trim. mm~ III a snmlar p;;tll..m for all ranks. I\mll C()IULJlm of nall\'" s... ords

.e

a..n..J

(Iul....an). ancirnt m.tc:hlock Illuskc:u, and lanc:n with ..lIh..r narrow rrd pcmlOllJ or occ.lionall)· bundlf'JI of ~nod ribboll Ixlow thc hod Th.. fiaurc ,11U1tralm II particularl) lII' lC'ralUlII: all It shOWII thai d ...pll" Ih.. Indo--Pf'ni&n nalurc of thot' umfOO"'n, th.. F..uropran 'rC\ ..rIf'd coloun' fashion lOr mUllClalu ...... UIf'd Ii,c. red alkalalu and ) ..11ow jAC:k.. u>. "'llh dark I probably fil:rttll' tifilhl lrowrn. European otrlttl$ "'(lI'C' the: old lighl dragoon uniform r~ In I.... Briti$h ann) In 1812 - Tarkton helmrt ..,th kopardMm turban and bcankm UQI. rft! dolman ....Ib lil,~ h.-r~t\k bral(bng and ... hlle br..«hcs, though apparUIII) I» ,8)0 thr dolman ..-as dark b1lKC "lth nod factngl (.nd AI\~ braid . On occa· sion, hoIo'C\CT, Europnn offic:cn "OI'C Ofnale ,'a'IOont of Ihf' lUlU'''' drca, C"o-nl Indllehn~ t~ Pf'nWl he'1mc:t ...ith gildrd fithnga. .,. Indiao Ann)':

.) SUSn

U,hc CO_....)'.

2IUa a..a NnJve In.faftlry " b) Corpo...l. .Ift M.d.... (£u.ropen.) F....wen, Se.....b D.--., ...." e) a..Dd-Se... nal, l'otadraa Native WaDtry,

...

~

Th. p1atc Jbo.,... ,-anall(lftJ of t.... Ineilan mf.lIlt') umform_In.. lIa,iJdar SC'rgrant of II... 28th 8m~.1 t.ken from an Illtb Ac:kn"mann pnnl) sholo, the comb,natlon of EuropC'an and nat,\ .. 11)10. In 111011 rClpcclJ apart from Ih.. odd Klttn ",';ng-frins~ ...-om b) a f..... Bntllh

'53

~im~nts,

and the m"ertro chevrons), th~ unif()f"m might be worn by a 8ritish unit, uc~pt for the peaklcM Ihako ~haract~istic of Indian troops ofthi, period. As in Ihc British am,y, bluc-black I~n w~r~ worn in wint(1'". Th~ shako could be W()f"n with a plain black or \\hitc cover with omarrK:llts removed, or ~placcd by a whit~"~Kd 'pillbox' undress cap for aCli,'~ R'rvlcc. Nati,'~ commiDioncd offllXn WOK thdr own 'ersion of the pcakles shako ,the dcsign of \\hich "aried considerably ~tween units) and unifornu similar in st)'k and decoration to thOl5C of 8rilish inf:llllry officen, with the same 'company' distillCtlollS (wings and grttn plumcs for light compania, elc.). Europcau officcn in native uuits wore uniform, which duplicated current Brilish styla naclly. given th~ various regimenlal distinctiolll, of counoe. Native troops ....ore this 'Europcaniscd' COilume from thc t8~o's, until which time thdr dras had included more oncntal it~nu such III dome-topped lurban shakOi and short trousers; C'o'ell 'war· paint' ....'as not offidall)' forbidd~n until 18,,0! 111c marker flail illustrated is a!lOther unusual item sho....·n in thc original print, ~aring Ihe ~im~n1al number in gold kllers. Drummen and lllusicians .....ere gencrally of mixed blood. and as .uch the offtcial regulations prohibitinll the wear ohome 'European' items by nat",CI did not apply; many musicians, for example. w~re allowed to .....ur peaked head-drcss, a dislinction n:scrved for Ihose with lOme Europeau ancestry. As in the British army, regimental bands adopted exolic

'54

and colourful COItume, as shown b~' the R'nior N,C,O. of Madras Infantry, laken from another Ackermann prinl. As laIc lIS t8,,6 drummers Wen' \\'ear_ a Mart~nl inll 'rcversoed colours' prinl of thaI dat~ sho.....s a drummer of th~ 65th Bengal ....earing a yellow Jacllel with lCarl~t facint;'! and white laee, brass shoulder~alcs, and lCarl~t bell-topped Ihako ....·ilh gold cords and while hanginll plume. '11I~ 35th Bengal in 1f48 wore white coat wilh crimson collar. cuffs and plastroru, light red UOI.Uen and 'Kilmarnock'· t)pe cap, ....,hile the ~8th Bengal \\-or~ an C'o'~n more spkndid drl:!l - in_ cludin,'! czapka .....ith blllSll plate, red cloth top and droopinlf white plume, double-breasted white ooatee with green collar and cuffs, gold lace and epaukuCl for all ranu, crinllOn sashes for all and red IrouseB. The European regimenlS of th.. Easl India Company formed the tHte of the Company', forto; taken into the 8rilish army after the Mutiny, the rcgimem illustrated ultimately be· came the 1St 8n RO)'al Dublin Fu,iliers. The regiment .....ore a uniform like that of ClllTcrtt British regulations, with faciugs .uccessi"eh French gre), white, and on bcoomin~ Fusilicrs in 1'43. dark blue. Anolh..r distinguishing featun: peculiar to the reg,ment .....as the red ball-Iuft on the shako. The figure illustrated, ho.....C\,~r (based on a .ketch by Captalrt Ryves) shows the modified uniform worn on call1pai~n, the shako bein~ ellelO&Cd in a while linen cover, th.. tail-ll:!l undl'Cll jackN worn .....ith collar IUnted do.....n (not~ Ihe unusual blue .....ings: bearing white g~nade badge), and the issue boolJ replaccd

by ,note comfortable, light native sandals:. Capt. Ry"es sho.....ed the troops carrying thdr kather SlOCU on the end of Ihdr muskelJ! The same artist portrayed the drum-major wearing a fur fusilier cap with white plume, gold laa: and epau1ettCll on the jaek~t, and the mOT'<: usual white trousers, 111e fact that the subjcct of Capl. RY"cs' picture was shown fording a stream explains the rolled-up trouscn and ba~ fccl! lndlan Army: .) Oflker, 1.1 Mad,... USbl ea...lry. 1848. b) Officer, 6th Bellsal Irrqular ea...lry, 1849While nathe IOwars (ca"alry lroopers) won: uniforms of traditional Indian Slyles (alkalaks and turbans) European offlCCn ....'OI'"e either British11)'le light cavalry drCII or a 'Europeanised' nati,'e cOltume. The offICer of the 6th IJc:ngal Cavalry illustrated is an examplc of Ihe lauer, .... earing a nati".. alkalak and using red, yellow and blue saddle-doth and tuflS of Ihe same colour on the harncss, but with Ihe European sabrelache (bearing "I o,'~r a cresccnt o"er the letters Dte in SCripl) and the distinCli\'e blaek leather plumed helmet, ~putedly an honour conferred by the King of PrlUSia to commemorate Ihe visit of "rilICe Waldemar to Sind and styled on thOl5C oftlle Prussian arm)'. Nati\'~ ranks .....on: large, flat blue turbans, 'llIe Olher figure .ho.....s the typical British dragoon dras as .....orn b) Ihe tit Madras Light Cavalry, tak~n (like the olh~ figure) from an Ackermann print. or 'cavalry grey' (a shade ,SO.

which varied from a tru.. light grey 10 a brighl blue) this uniform was one of the mOlt magnifieent C'o'C:r worn by an Indian army unil, and included the Malt_ CrOlllhapc:d shako-plate all ..... om in Ihe British army. British officers of Indian li~ht a ....alt)· ....-or.. a drCll.~ which was without question Ihe mOlt mallrt1liCCIII worn by any army al any period. In th~ ~ears up 10 Ihe Indian !-olutiny, virlually C'o'ery imagmable sl)'le of uniform - hussar dress with shako or busby, light dragoon with shako, dragoon-st)'le with crated helmets (huge red wooll~n crats on black hclmelJfor Ihe Madras corps in 1839), metal hclmclS with f1owin~ manes (again frequently' red), czapkas .....ith enormous feather panaches, and with dolmalu of sky blue, gre)', 'bright' blue, scarlel, dark green. nati,,~-st)-le alblau, shell_ jackelJ and furred pelisscs. Nali,'e n1nks, while having a limpler dras and ..ither lurbans 01'" dome-toppc:d shaklrturbans, neverthcll:!l, ro:fkcted the lacc-covered glory of their officers. 'llIe nati,'C: regim~nts in_ cluded lOme redoublabl~ characlen - for ex.ample, Subcdar-MaJOr !-olir Sh~ Ali of the 8th Bengal Light Cavalry, who was killed charging with his regiment at Ramnallar (tI48), at which time he had sixly ycars' lCT'\ice and was M:\'enl~'-{'ight years old!

S" 8rhain, a) Officer, 3rd USht D"'loo.&, Sikh War, 1845. b) Pri...te, LiCbt Comp-"y, !19th Foot, Sikh War, l8.t5-46.

'55

Ittlion, Iikc IhOK' of Ihe U.S. Arm) 1'lal('S ,S7 and 58)· On~ conlem~ p.llIming of Ih(' 3ut tOOl Oil .-crozahah JhowI Ih~ lallef I)'pe Wllh Ihe 1~lerw XXXI pamled In black on the fronl o( 1M cap---an'Cf, apparentl" ....om "'lIhoul ncck-~u.J,rd; lho:: 1oI-fTlf' painun" Jho,... Ihe 3111 10 plain red shdl-JKk~u and blue-black trotJlCn. n ilem peculiar to me 29lh ""Ill a su,r-daped. br-... badge on thc nap o( lhe: C1rtridgeboJ:. Officerw frcquend) worc shellJlICkelli (aliened b) hoob--and-e'jfS, lotally dc-\'OMi O(bullonJ, and oflCl\ a plaut red, doubk-breasled J&Ckt- ..ith tumnt-eiooo-n bpds \'ft)' Itmil... III Sl\le 10 a modern Ioun~ .11I. "om O'\'CT the shell-}Kktt. It should ~ nocrd thai alone; .. ,th ~'ft)·thlng~. lhe II'OUIa'I (:ll(kd UI ~ bri~ht Ind&an sun to an IIIdul1nCI !!:fC'! lib hue. Leather ~u>pmmt, (r~umd) left un" hilo:ncd. took 011 a buW CO

A Iharp conlrllJl 10 Ibe ma~nifi«nl bUI unpraclical uOlforml dncribl:d m Plale ~ II provided b) Ih~ dretS ....om by d~ Brilish ami)' aclually cug~ in caning OUI an Emplu' and k~pin~ Ih~ pra« m Ihal pan a1rnd) abeorbl:d 10 lilt' .::"'1 India Compan)'1 hoIdto~. 11M: 31'd Ughl Dra~ offi«t II Jhooo; n wnriog ..,hal .."Ill \'Inuall, ~ rqulali<wl undretS uniform Ih~ full drna pall"O is shown m P1al~ 1171, wllh 1M lhako CO'o~ by a lropical Im~n co\cr ..ith ~taehed n«k-protttl()l". AIdlOU~h Iioopch oflen WOIr'C ~ doubk-brcaotnl fuJl-d~ JKk~ .. ,th 00\ ~rnt

dlako.

mOil

offi«n

pr~

~

lbe Itngle-bruilrd sbdl-jAd;et "'Ih. row of'dummy' buUON on Uw: (ronl the pnnent (..tcmII~ wilh hoob-and-e'jeJ , worn "Ith Uw: pbm, undns sabnuodK. 1"hc' shako ..~ on e-' ion replaad b\ • ~ .. ilh .. hile OO\'CT and neckcloth as worn by tM CHha' fi~rc III thJJ pLale. 11k sbdl.JKket had bftn worn b • number of yean pOor to the "Ikh Wan II« PIale lI,S', dunl1fl .. hKh me ~~ .."~ descriptioN .... en: tilUn .. htch lOnn the basis for lhe: figure or Ihe ~m Foot. 1'hc garmenl .. » characterised by iu plalOnca, ~'OId of lac:~ and ,,"h pWn (adntp. Only Uw: brast bugle.born on lhe fronl or the ap-ooo,'ef rwith altached noeckdOlh' worn abo\c the ~,"lf'ntal num~r Ind,(&tnl Ihe .. carer as a member of th~ h~ht com~)'. In addilion 10 Ihe l'8hl blue COlton t~n illuslraled, plam .. hll~ and b1ue_bladl 1r0UlCn .. ere abo ....om dunnl{ Ih~ camp.ai~,u, t'OB,lle-op dailln vanni ~I"n'n corptl; JOm~ ....on- caps wllh a padded upper

Kabul. .. h.-n Ih(' lUI remnant of Elphinlton"'1 for« was O\~",,'ho::lmcd at Candamak, Captain \oul.. r of Ihe: Hlh had lied lhe RC1I;imcnlal Colours arO\Jnd h.. bod), under his poahl~n, in an ..Wort to pr~\'~nl Ihdr caplur.. by Ih.. t\fJlllaM. In defmdinll: hllmd( in 1M Iall M1ault, Souler'. coat came open I'('\~lin" Ih~ ~mbroickn:d flag and the A(lIhal1l, pr.-sumlrig thai Souler mUSI hoe a man of greal ,m_ portallQ' 10 "'I:a! to magn.ficntl a ..--.u.tcoal, 'pared h.. h(e III the hopei of a laTJI:~ D-nMWIl. H~ wall thc ani)' offittt- tollln i, .. ~ IaJt altack. It is abo .ntCfUtinlit to note a molt unusual Item tned m the l"tpakK War b\ Lteut.-nanl John Shipp or 1M 87th FOOl. ShIpp, a remarbble

characler (h.. was a workhouJc boy .. 1.0 roM' from Lh.. ranlu and was I... ice courl-manaalled) mel .. Curkha chie:f (on~ 'Khiana Rhannah Bahader' , ,n Jingle combal. Th.. chief ... ho dr.-.cd 'n a 1790'1 8rilish gmc:ral'l coat!) ..~ ~'<:'IIlually slain b) Shipp, .. 110 Ihen 'took his Iword, gold elUCWI, lurban, cham and lal'll:e shield; this WI liported on m)' arm for 1M rat o( the action, and il ...... luck)' I did 10, for it wall bull~t proof and ...'Cd me a iIC''n't wound'. 11k 31'd l.uj:hl Dragoons 'illustraled had a In'\-Kc-rccord III India litCf;lJ.ly IeCOnd 10 nGrlf'i this mall:' mficrnl ~ma-It 10M no f~ than '28g mcrt and 36.- bonn in the I U Sikh Waralonc.

heht bro","" mIour. !)orne fCltUUCllIJ, hooo~'CT_ a~th did not adopt

the pa.kaI f
'56

'57

OPERATIOXS

I~

EUROPE, 1840-4-8

J-:urope becam~ in\'oh'~ in the 2nd Turlr.()--E!O'JKia.n War 183941 \<0 hen it appeared that the Ottoman Empi~ long the '$ick man of Europe' was about to collapse: completel)'. With fcan of Ruman expansion if Turlr.~ dismtegnued. the great pcn.~1'$ \cxttpt "'fllnce, decided to int~r....cne. An Angl()--,\ustrian fleet CUt (he 5lea communications of the Egyptian army In Syria and their homeland, and the war was ~nded when Syria was abandon~ by the Egyptians, after British bombardment, invasion and occupation of Beirut and Acre. Trouble flar~ again in Spain, when General I-::Spartero led a revolt which drove Queen Isabella from her throne in IS40. Espartero supproscd monarchist risings in 184 I and 184::1, but the Civil War ended when Gc:n('ral Narvaa led a successful counter-rebellion which rutorro IsabtJla to her throne. Espartero escaped and was to playa lignificant role in th~ 18S4 I'e\ooolution. A ~fl'e\o'olt in Grcccc (1143 fon:cd King Qtto I to grant COlUtitulKmal gO\"Cmment, and m 1145 e\'en SwilZCrland felt the wind of civil conflict, when the Swiss F~I AlKmbl)' decided to use: forc::e against ~n rebdlious Catholic can· tons. The brid' 'Sonderbund' war which followed tWO )un lateT because: of which Swiucrland remained undivided - was fought for allTlO5t IOldy religious moti,u (and wllh tnfling loss of lif~} and was thcrd'orc a ufllngc anomaly in a world torn by international power· politics and int('rnal republican disse.nt. I n 1146 the independent city-state of Cracow all that remained of an independent Poland began a local insurrection against Austria, intended to be another general Polish rising. It was rapidly crushed by Austrian troops and Cracow absorbed into lhe Auslro--Ilungarian empire. \\'ith one insurrtttionalisl movemC'nt aflC'r another, e\'ents were leading to the dimu of If48, when the forces of dissent dC'moc:rat, rTpuhlican or \
'58

It)"le reprac:llIcd tl~ hanhly-disciphoc:d, prtti Mln-dnlled annie'S of con~T"atism, and the kM:l5cr, ~ comlOrtable: French dothm'l: lhe more card'rtt st)"le of ind~dent 1llO\~lm'nt and ~ iv~ tactics. Ob\'~I)", the: d~tinetions W('ff not clear-cut and W~rT at timo dmo:nright miskading, but it is ARflifiunt thai'" Iten Bntain rai!oed her Rill~ Volunteers in IS.j9-60, a bod) \
EUROPEAN UNIFORMS 18.t-..1 (Piau. 511-5') 511, Bavaria: a) CoIOD,"-I, 1.1 Cuira.. l,"-u (Prince Charle. of "varia), II»Pru.sia: b) Officer, Guard Hllnan.,

'

.....

This pblC ilhDtB%O IWO oId-$I\1c unibms mad!o ...ithout an, CDloCOlions to dfic:ienq.\ notAbk feature of the p~ Guard Ha-ar cotlumr ,while conlomllnll to ordm:u) h.-ar pallffll; IIlhe 'Guard !-olAr' 'In rralny the !-olar of th~ Ordtr of the 8laclt F.allk, wom on the 1»,,1» and IXlUCh. eo,uutlllg of a black ~namdkd ragle 011 a li"'~r Itar, "',Ih a gilt laurel· \
Ba\an.an m«bum.b1~ umlCwm; ~ cu.f'aI,I w;u adooptt'd In 1813 and !he be'lmrl mo..."'Il rtpbud an rarllCT rnodd \
lien and the Gard~ du Corp. werr amaJllamalrd in 18~3 10 form the new III Cui,...irn. The origInal while Ixttchel \nrd to\lI.l q pher In the rear CD ""'ft, Ih. JIIlllUO ~'"1If adoptrd In IS]O. In the orllitai. Pnna: ~Ie II Iboo.o"ll

'59

..taring tbt,o nbband of 1M Ord~ of St Hubert, eri~ with light grem

....

~.

" ' Pnu_:

a) To_per, :vel D..., - - . .Sub) OfIica-, -tt Schii~e. (Rille) a", Summer Drn.., • SuIn 18.t3 th~ Pnaaian army u ~ t a complete chan~ of umform. The spiked lather helnxt, It this period very tall and with !l(luare-cut peak, was copied from the original R\.II:Iian deJi~n. Wilh the 'pieke:lhaube' (spiked helmet) Cllme the nared..klrted tunic and I(lOIl afteno.. r
pipinfl: for winter. An Interatln~ fealUre of o/fi«n' unil"onnl WIll !he method of wearing thor: .word; the turua had IIICh widd)-ftarm sluru that lhe IwunI had throush the tUnK:, onl) the hilI prouudilll from wlCkr thor: sJU"JUlI in fronl of1M kno! and hanrilll ~ of thor: sash. Off'i(els .."t'f'C' funhn" distin~ by laced IbouIdcr-straJ- with lilt

to,..

~~

The tunIC and 'pl-ked hor:lmet "'ere adopted b)- all Pn.ian ea~ll1ry extq)t for hussan and lana'f'l, lOme eao'alr}' helmell being made of metal iNtead of leather. The dragoon ilIU1trated has the traditional light blue uniform with co&oured facingl; cuiraMlCR ~ the tunic: laced arouDd the collar and cuf& and down thc front as bem, and Wlth a CUnDUI ..-.:It ar-ound thc armboles of the tunic. 'IDnr helmeu wen: mcuJ. Artilk'l wo«: uUantry.pattern hd· meu with dart blue twUa faced bbd, with euHi cut like: thole of rifle umts, Eooen the Garde du Corp. took the spiked helmet, of bB. with the ,pike ITplaocd 1»' a iM'ta1 agle for parade and gaJa oce:atliOl1l, when a scarlet 'IUp«'\OClIte' (a ....ist.length tabard) with whitt lace and the Guard Slar embroidered on the front WII worn over the white lume. HlUlln retained the dolman and pdiIK umil t8Ss. "'001 wllh a buIb)' or a shoncnro \oenKln of the oK! 'mlrlilon' cap. Uh!anI (lancn'I) con· tinued 10 "Tar the c:upb and pWtroncd jackcu unul 1853 when the tunic .... MIoptcd. Landwehr unlll look the pickelhaube and lun~ at the ame ume .. thc regular arm)', the lunie being unpoped cbon the

,60

front and the helmet bearing the d.l1ncli\~ Iand..eh, a...-~_ 111. unibm ..... eor:temo'09) copied from thc OUlXt; the S"'cdash army, lOr oampk. introduced a 'bsk' like the Pm.wt hor:lmet but WIUl rounded peak and thor: S..·cdUh tripk aO'OOTI:I ~ on the front; lhei, "'hoIc unilOrm of lhe infanl!) , for examplei ..... dark blue, with plpl-llI around the cuffs, down the tunic--front &nd on the trtlUla"-Jcams; coIlar·fronts a.nd lapeb were faced in the colour of the milllary district. E\'en the Imall army raiJocd by S<:hlet....ig.HoIItein was "'earing !he l'........iall uniform b)' l¥ (with cagk--thaped helmet-plate, cok>uud facings and lighter blue trllUleft). and another CQrnpie of the widcly-cClpied Pn.an Silk isshown III Plate 60. S+ F....c:e: .) Tioope., Paris Republic- Cuard,

.....

b) CnoadHr, IaIao.lry, -SuIn the mld-Ia.o·, t-rench umform changed radically, partly as a rC'$Uh of the expericnca III North Africa. In 18..3 a shako based on the 'eaJquelle d'Afrique' was ordered, and was aclually introduced III FebrUU)' law. ll1e original \'ersion had no plate, bearing the rqlmentaillumbcr on the bottom band, but m Marcil I8.tS a plate bearing a ltamped number ..... authoriwd. Grmadirn and o-olhgeun continued 10 "'ear doubk--pompoma of red and )"C11oIO rapecti\-dYi fOf "'ct weathocr .... !Ci". proof co·,,~ "'IUI 1M tqImcntal nwnber painted on the front ,,'ere

.6,

proo.'idcd,

thcte IDiiW:limcs bemg worn wiUl the pompom ,lOr aampl~, a Raffel print of the ,3rd Rqunenl in haly in l8.tgshows thil,. The '84) rcgubtionl intrDducxd a thi'tt-oClUSllcr k~ lun~ Wi!h ftarm lIr.irb; the Wlibm iIIU1lrltcd Iakc:o from a contemporary polll, • unI.IMISI .. II shows a 'tra.nlitional' unIform, .ncluding the 18+1 shako I poor to the iswc: of the plate I with a oen>Di\. of the new tunIC, Long-JcrVicc distilletionl In the fonn of ehcvl"Oi1ll were worn on th~ sleeve AI before. ll1e new tunie WAI accompanied by a new deaiS" of equipment, in which the braM-hilted 'Roman' .word. bayooct aDd CllItridgc-box were cu· ric:d on the wa.dtbeh, supported by Itrapa attached to the pack-strlJ- and fastmal b). bna dipa; the ..-ailtbelt had a new dip-type f_mer. 11Ie grnwc.t ...... officia.Ily grey, but lxcamc bluer in tone, and worn WlUl the epauktlel; II UIUa1I) carried roUed Oft lOp of thc knapaack in a ....tu ploof CIIIC, the tunic bona: carned here .. hen the grnlCOllt ..... wom. Contempon.ry prinll show both .. hlte and bl.ack leather equipment, onen modified on campaign to the wearer'. preference; though officially poIitioned at the rear, the cutridse.box continued to be WQnJ at the front on acli..csc...·iot. The other figure
dis"ncli,'~

and quicklr-I)roou«d,. The Paril :\Iunieipal Guard \'1111 di.. milloed in 18.4a foll()\'l'inl\: lh~ R~,'O­ IUlion. alld ~laccd by lhe: G.rd~ fUpublicaiM Ik ntOte:1 de: \'ille:, a 6ocJ..6tronl\: voluntc:n c:orp.; Ih., \'I'as ilM'lfdisbandc:d on 21 Ma)- '8.48 and rq>laced b)' III(' I'am R.:-publlCan Guard. The tarl)' unilOnn iIllDlralc:d \'I'" laler rc:pIaced by a II1()fl' con'-=liOl\al mi!itarv slrk.

»-

S. . I.a: a) Trooper, ,at C.lal ...V1I Laacus,

..... .....

b) Tnunpeter, la'

Kbaa'. CoaJ.....le.....

In Spam_ thr Bnnsh-ttrle l.U'IifOntu worn al lhe: end of the: NaJl'Cl'c:omc: Wan \'I'c:rc: rq>lacc:d by C:Wh.me of markc:d FrnlCh mRuomcc:. Infanlry \'I'on: bell_loppc:cI shako- and later the: tall, "i~htl)· tape:rinlj modd, with blue unilOrnu. Dc:optte: ~1IT1c::ntal and naltonal fnoturo .nsagru.. bad~o and mc:bdc:1 5tpanUh UntSorrns btcame J() FrnlCh on det.ign I includmlJ rai trowc:n wotn by lOme: unilS lhat on lOme c:aIO al fint Illanet' lhone: miltht ha,'t bc:tn ronfusion as 10 lhe: nationahly of the: Spantsh IOIdier! Lilj:hl infanl')' \'I'Ot't grttn uni!Omu, but other d,sIlIllJulShinlj: fe:aturo 'diak~trimmIll8, ttc.) foll()\'l"c:d the t-~nch st)-It red for Il~oaditn, ttc.

The: 1\'10 cavaJry uniformt (from lilhognphs b)' Victor Adam) are limilarly hued on Frc:nch pattenu, bUI wilh Spanish ftatum. The ordinary uniform of the lSI CUi....Ii~ ronsistc:d of bra. helmet of the palltrn worn by the lancer ill... tratc:d, \'lith black cresl, rc:d jacke:1 with lighl blue: facings and II'OUIc:B, yellow lace, wide: red lrOtIIoer-iltripe, "eel cuirall and )"dlow c:pauktta; (rokI for offictn). It is inleresting t.o note: lhat lhe: cop)' of the prinl from which this illlDtt:&tioo ..... taken .now.. lhc: facings and tt'OtIIotn of the lnunpeter', I.U'libm 10 be a duktt shade than thole of the other ranks. 1be 1st Calatra'.. WK.en wote helmets \'lith black catttpillar crutI; lhe: ~ illustn.ted ., takc::n from a print shOI'Img JI'"Obably the unibm of the l!'hte mrnpan)", distinguished 11)- the: rai CreIl- 1be l"acinp wuc of a crirmon rai hue: fOr the c.latra,.. Unttn. and of a lighter shade: ror the Almansa RegimenL The 1an«-llafJ i1lustraled \'I'" a guidon-t)1Je bannn, the: ordmary lance-pc:nnons btina of tnodillonal Spanish ~ rai O\'c:r )""IIow. TrwnlXltrl of the: Calatn.'.. L.anctn worf' black lalher helmeu of the: _ shape as doe of the other ranks, with bra. cresl, fTOnI-pialt, chinsola and foliage decoration 01\ the ,ido., with ...hite calerpillar crat. Thq wote crilN(lll-rc:d jackets ... i,h dark snen facings (the traditional 'revtnf'd coIoun' fashion" green lIlirdk, and dark grttn 1«lUIerI wilb )'e:llow lace: stripe. Trumpel-coc'ds wen: ml"ed ytllow and dark snen. Note Ihat Iht lanCC':1" uniform tnduded red 'phulron'-tt)lc lapels, whICh do not show on Ibefisure illustratc:d.

.6,

s'-

8"UlIIII _j Offi«II', uwI Dnll_ CuardJl,

... .... ~

b) Tr-vope-r, ... Ufe CWlrcb, Having a11O)'I bc:tn red, Britw. hea,'Y ca....Iry unilOnns were unaffa:tc:d by William IV', attempt to clothe the: arm) eornpleldy in thai roIour. 11M: ,83' Rqulataon., how-· tvc:r, did change other df'taill - the coIlan \'I'Ul: now made t:JItirdy of the faci"l--eolour With the: rc:d reat portion diKontmuc:d., and the singlebuutc:d CGattt. \'I'" 10 ha,'e bu Iaa: klop on cuff and skin for Dragoon Guards and Ibrre lOr Dragoons, and all officus' lace: ..... t.o be goHI. 11M: dOled collar adopted In ,821 ..... retained, bul It'OUIf'n changed fTOm JTq'

10 duk blue:. 11M: 'Roman'

helron worn fTOm 1822--23 I black leather ... ilb Jilt fillings and black C11ln-p11ar aul ..... chan8td in ,8,. 10 an all-brut mockl (Jill for officell), ac:q>l for the 2nd l>rag00ftl (Ro)'al Scou Grq'l) \'Iho rrtaintd thcir famous beankln cap, bul with the fTOnt-pIate: rtmO'\'cd from aboul Is,._ In about 'lit3 anothon new helmet ..... tnlreduced, lIi1l of all-bra. but wilh a """'"ins honr:bair mane. This WIll replaced 'lIdf in 'lit1 by a new pattern, the: 'Albert' he:lron, copied from lhe Pn.San Ru-ian lpikc:d helmel but ...ilh a honeha.ir plume (Ill worn by the lit Life Guards lrooper illustrated, Qtheno"iJe, chango in uniform we:re: minor; in llit3 \'Ihlte trOUJc:n wc:rc: abolished, and for a shorl time the: 2nd Dragoons diJcontinuc:d the f"ather plume on the:

fur cap: and in 1l411he COIl,~kiru were sharttnc:d and lQuared, wilh offiCU'l orderc:d 10 drell tn pn:cisel) the same 'lyle as the me:n, the c:oalre '10 be enlirely divaled of padding and stuffins'. '8oJt' e:paukua ~ • mained in UIt for off"1Cft' in full drc:., wilb brut shoukkr-tealo wotn b) Other ranb al all limo and by offittn in undrell. The: untfOrm of lhc: 2nd (Q.o«n',) Dragoon Guards illustrated show! the Ilit3-41 helron, with the: rq:'. mental !ilk borne: on the: label at Ihe: top c:d@:e: ohhe pnk. 1be 'mant', II) regulation 11'1'0 fttt ltII incha kiua, \'I'" in some c:aIO of a difftrelll co&owror trumpc:ltrl (one: contc:mporuy pKture shOI'I.. \'I"rult" The 'Alberl' helmet, .n tome c:aIO not adoplc:d I.U'IliI ,8~, ...... autl>Old to ha,-e bbck plwno for all r~tnlt:JllI, lhc: ,-.n--eolourc:d rqimtntal p-llems beUil tinl mentioned In the: 183~ Rtpbtionf- Thoe lword carried ..... the IO-C&.IIc:d '1CrOI1-hihc:d' pallern, \'I"lth bot (IIIIII.lI\1l1( of a \'I'hllt Icatbc:r S\nlP attacbtd 10 a gold lace: and c:rirnIoo thrad 'acorn'.

Thoe

Life: Guards ll00pc:r wean the: 'Albert' helmet, ... hich tn the: calC' of the: HO\I5f'hold ea,-.lry had a plait in the shape of the Star of the: Ordc::r of the Ganer. This figu~ (takm frofll a pont by A. de: Drew:) a.Iso shows the: braM: shouldtr-scalo sl1l1 in ute, the: red Rask-coc'd WOOl on the aIloulder-belt, and lhe Imall cap-pouch WOOl on the: right.hand .ide of lhe 1()\'I"cr cui~t ...p, Shabraqututthu limt wc:rc: much the: ..me as I,I5('C\ today - white shec:pakin ...ith dark blue clolh «!ging.

,6,

lSI

The expansionist policy of the United SUles, crystallised by the slogan 'Manifest Destiny' of the American 'right _ _to spread over Ihis wOOk continent' raultcd in the incorporatton of the Republic of Tau into the United Srata, aner much negotiation and at Texas' request; Mexico, controlhng much of what is !lOW JOuth·...."eltern U.S.A., threatened war 10 enforce her claim to the part of Texas lOuth of the ~ueccs River, the U.S. claiming that her boundary lay farther lOuth, along the Rio Grande. In March 1846 General Zachary Taylor with tw~thirds of the regular U.S. Army (3,500 men) marched to the Rio Grande and clltablishcd 'Camp Texas' opposite Matamoros and iu 5.700-S1fOng Mexican garToon. On 25 April about 1,600 Mexican cavalry croued the ri\'CT and overwhelmed a U.S. lCOuling pany of only 63 men. Announcing that hostilities had commenced, Taylor marched to proteet his supply.baIe at the Rio Grande mouth, and called for volunteen from Texas and Loui.siana.. The ..... eakly-defended Camp TCUJ was immcdiatdy upulted by Gcncra.1 Amta's 6,000 Moic:ans, but held on unul Taylor ~tumed to meet the Manns at Palo Alto 18 May,. Amta advanced with about 4,500 men into .S. artillery fi~, and attacked with canby; ~pubcd, the Mcxnns Red as Ta)·lor'. Infantry advanced. Following his initial sucusl, Taylor stormed a defenceposition at Resaca de la Palma on the following day and hurled Arista's shattered force back over the Rio Grande, having lost 1,100 men to Taylor's 170. On 13 h-by the United States officially declared war, and Taylor invaded Moico on the 18th. He remained at Malamoros until August, .....aiting for transport and training the large number of volunteers no..... included in his anny. Leaving 6,000 volunteers behind 10 complete their training, he advanced south with 3,000 regulars and 3,000 voluntttrs. In a hard thrte-day fight against 10,000 Mcxicansdcfending Monterray, Ta)'1or lost 488 men to the Mcxican 367, but Mexican general Ampudia capitulated and marched out of the eity ('20-24 Scptemba. In :"'ovemba 18.46 Taylor occupied SaltiUo and .....as reinforced b)' an cxtra 3,000 men. 1nw folknl;ed a ludicrous period of American strategical dcbate; General Winfield Scott planned an invuaon of Mexico via Vera Crux,

but President Polk (a Democrat) WllI anxioUli Ihat &ou (a Whig) .hould not become: the war-hero. Polk as1ed Taylor to march 300 miles across the dCSttt to San Luis Potc.i and then move aga.nst Mexico City; Ta)'1or wisely declined and .upponed Scott'. plan. Polk reluctantl)· agrcal, and Scott landed his anny at Tampico in February 1847, lOme 10,000 troopl including ~t of Taylor's regulars. The Moican President (still Santa Anna), kammg of Scott's pl",n by a captumi message, decided to crush Taylor before Scon could 11lO\"t':, and marched from San LuIS Potosi to Saltillo, the dcscn·m",rch v.. hich Taylor had declined - and wisely, as Santa Anna l05t 4,000 men in a terrible winter march. Taylor, surprised, decided to defend a narro..... mountain gap at Buena Vista. On 2::1 February 18.47 Santa Anna drovc in Taylor's out. poslS and cut his communications by a nanking movement, then launched his main assault on the following day. Taylor's inuperienccd \'oluntttr infantry gavc way, but his rqular artillery performed magnificently, pouring grapeshot into lhe advancing Moicam. (Here Taylor unercd his historic 'A little more grape, Ca.plain Bragg', a heroN: but probably apocryphal remark; he actually said something like 'Doub~hot your guns and gi\'c 'em hell I'). The Muons almolt reached the guns bcfon the,- broke and Red; and a Mexican upult on Taylor's left was bcattrl off by Jcffcnon Da\'is' ut Missi.sIIPPI VoJun· teen. With the Mexicans recoiling in diJorder, Taylor's counter-attack dl'O\'e them from the lle:1d. Sanla Anna withdrew completely, and lhc nonhero campaign of the .....ar was over, cnded b)' the brilliance of Zachary Ta)'IOf'. The U.S, 'invasion' of c.lifomia (they had considerablc support inside the l\.!uican..()C(;upied lcrritory) was undcrtakcn by Commodorc Stockton's naval forec which occupied Montcrray in June 1146; hc was rcinfOt"CCd by a small army contingent from General Kearny'. force which had captured New Muico, and which broke through to Stockton despite a check at thc Battle of P35Cual (6 Decc.mber 1146). Further ~inforced., Kearny'. combined anny-navy command defeated a Mexican force at San Gabriel (9 January 1147), and c.liforni", "'as ICCtlred for the U.S.A. Another march {like Keamy's, almoll incredible by current mililary Ilandards and again O\'ff ::1,000 miles long, \'las made by Co1ond Doniphan'. !o.liDouri Mounled Riflemen, marchmg from Sanla Fe (u Decc.mber 18t6,' to Sothillo (21 May t8.471 and defeating a Iargc: Mexican fon:c at the Sacramento Ri\"Cr on ::18 February; !o.lcxican loues were: 600, Doniphan'. only 7 .lr.illed and wounded.

164

16S

THE U..

~IEXJCAN

WAR, 1846-47

In March 1847 Soon's 10,000 men landed near Vera Cruz and invested tM city, which fell on 7.7 March after a fi\'e-day bombard. ment, and Soon l1lO\ocd inland. Santa Anna blocked his war in a lttIlIingly-impregnabk pomion at Cerro Gordo, but Scali diJc:ol,-erro a mountain trail ",'hich alkno.ocd him to take the Mcxicam in the Ibnk; for the lou off4 killed and 353 wounded, Santa Anna's much-superior for« was utterly routed' 18 April,. When 4,000 of hiJ ,'OIUnl('Cn went home upon the exptration of their enhstmenu, Scott ",as forttd to halt until August when, remforced, he pressed on towards Mexico Cit),. II was an advance inviting disaster, as he was outnumbc:rro about thrtt to one and had ddibt:rau:ly abandoned his lint' ofcommunicationJ. With only four days' rations remaining, Scott attacked two heavily-defendcd Muican outposts (7.0 August); in both battles of Contreras and Churubusco, the Muiean positiON wen: taken, but with severe casualtics; Scott lost about 1,000 (om:'5C\-enth of his force) and Santa Anna about 10,000 (including 3,000 Muicans 'mwing' a con\'enient way of describing dCK':rtion I). On 8 S<'ptembtt Scon moved closer to Mexico City, captunng the foo and gun foundry at 1\lolioo dd Re)', there now only remained the fortified Olapultepcc hill bc:tWttrl Scott and Mexico City. On 13 Sept("fTlbu the rocky heights of Chapultepc:c ",-ere scaled; the ~fexicans resisted gallandy, induding the cadeu of the ~lilitary ColleG;:e On the hill-crest, and the San Bias COaJtguard battalion which died almolt to a man around iu eoJoun, but the position was taken by storm and the Americans J'Io'q>t on to the city-gatcs. The assault on tht' Mexican capital, planned for 14 Scptembu, was unnC'COSM)', for Santa Anna withdrew during the night and the garrison surrendered, Apart from an abortive ro.lexican attack on Puebla, the war was as good as over; peact' was announced in February 1848, the Unitcd States gaining tht' territory now comprising California, Nevada, Utah, 1ll00t of Arizona and Nt'w Mexico, and part of Colorado and Wyoming, Prtsident Polk's shamt'ful political manoeuvring resulted in Scott's diJmissal from command, but he was recc.ived as a national hero and awarded a gold medal by Congrus which ironically had to be praent<'d by Polk! The Mexican War ~ as a trainin",-ground for the later Ci\·il War .1861-65J; indttd. among offic:cn winning distinctlon in Mexico "'"ttC Captains Robl'n E. I..cc, jOieph E, johnston, G. B. McClellan and Lieutenanu P G. T. Beawqard. U. S. Grant and T.j.jacUon. all of whom "'t're to become famous dunng the: Ci,;! War. More than

.66

that, the: Mexican War demonstrated that parade--ground uniforms had no platt in uti\'e campaigning, and provided experi<'na: in the handling offull·scalt' campaigns im'Olving large numbc:n ofmen. which had been lacking sina: the Wan oflnd<'Pt:ndena: and t812.

UNlTORMS OF THE U.s._MEXICAN WAR (Platn $7-s1) $7. Mexico: a) Private, B.taIlod de Sa. BI•• (Ani"", Coa.. Guard.),

-847·

U.S.A.: b) Private, Wa.try, Service Ore..,

-'47·

The nonnal field dm. of Ihe l: .5. Infantry oonsisted of the doth-topp.-d ~ cap ",hich l'q)Ia.ccd the l'old. ina leather.-enOon In 18]]" "'uh the whue·braKkd b1~ fu,gueJ&Ckel and tl'OlllCn. 'I'M cap freqlKfltl) had a dark blue ncck-fbp which l;OUld he lowered as a protection a/ilainst the Jun. or could ha.~ • "'hue 'havelock' neek·guard atw;:hed, The cap-band was offieU,lly ,n the .rm-of_...·iee colour (.. hite for Infantry, artillery red, dragoons yellow) whICh ""11$ frequently not wor,\' 1Il the ume way that the brag COlllpall)'-letter was often omItted from the front of the cap. Equiprnmt worn on aeti\e Ja"ice ronsi$led of ......t·beh ,,"h ba)'OIX1-1C1obbard,

eroa-bdt

and

eartridge-boIl, black-painted wplaCk... hite muon ha\'ftUCk. antttn and often tin eup carried on the t:aJlt~rap.

C>fficcn a.I.-.-t In.ariably wore dark blue froc:k-
,6,

laced rank-~ and buttons, capS hke thl»e of the men but of superior qualu) and "'ithoul the nttk-eun.ain. light blue tl'OUKn, and carried a Itraight·bladed IWOrd on a thoulderbelt. A red waist-uW was • further indication of rank. Offlcen Ulually earried only the ha..enaek and eantttn, all other ~uipmmt heinl! earrKd In alhoulder-roll. M~ unibms of thu pfflod were b1i4ht«! by as''", 'O'Il of clru. .-qulations "'hidJ due to dIaotic: wppi) S)1items and ~ilic:al uphea.u "ere frequmtl)' DC\'eI' .mpkmmt('(i. TIle \U1l1Orm ~n ~ from GaICnlI .\1. A. Saneha I..arnqo·s 'E1 Batalkln & San Btu 1823-3f Metico 19t4, Hie San 8J.aJ &ollalion of ·Aetl\~ Coaat Guards' originated in 1823 and led • eh~u<:red eatttr, changing name and Identity until, after servtnll' in several rebellioru .nd counter-eou!», it was .11 but wiped out at Ctrro Gordo, being at thai time titled the: ]rd Infant')' Rqimall. R«lIll.niJed undt'r the old name, it Iloud its ground at Oapultepec hill umil eompkld) ()\t:nUn; of the totH1-rong baltaJion. onl)' OIIe officrr and a handful of men all wounded OWI.~ to aeape. T1lC Cobw-I ...... found 011 the field of battle, wra.pped 'n the rqunmtal ro&oun, Jbot no a

than fourteen t;ma. The uniform illustrated shoWi the pattern of shako normally issued to National Guard uniu, but as there ..., ere more than twenty aUlhorised patterns of head· draa in use in the l\lociean arnl)', il is doubtful .... hether the whole unit .....ould be drel5ed alike. The shako bore the~, white and gr«n national cockade and an oval plate embossed with the Il'gimental name. The ~­ Piped grey greatcoat was standard issue for the National Guard, only the bnus coIlar-bad~ IWl identifying the unit. The red epaulettes and cuffpatehes .....ere indicative of the Grenadier compan)'. Leather equipment .....as either black or white, both eolours bl'ing worn indiscriminately. The firearm was It ill the old British 'Brown 8c:Is' as Ihown in Plate <15. Offieers won: dark blue froek-coalJ .... ith red euffl and collar-patehes, light blue trousers .....,th gold stripe, gold epaulellel and red waist-sashj one illustration shoWi an olflcer ....·taring a dark blue e10th shako, almOit like a k~pi, with I~ lo.....er band and gold lace. Other illustra_ tionl Iho..... the red collar-patch worn on the greattoau of the other ranu in addition to the Ityle illustrated. 58. U,S.A.: a) Troo~r, Dnsooo., Service Oro., 1&.r.7' b) Private, lat Mi..i";ppi Rifle Vohllueeu, 1&.r.7'

The U.S. Dragoon uniform illustrated was that .....om br regular callall)' from 18]], with the addition of the 1839 forage cap. In the MCli:icall War, the hone art iller;' and

mounted riflemen wore the lame unifoml, with the )·ello..... dragoon colour .....orn as braId and cap-blind replaced by red and black.and_gold rapect;\"e1y. N.C.O.I .....ore trouser_ Itripes of the distinctille colour. Both in the l\1Cli:ican War and on the frontier, official dra~oon unifonn .....as modified according to the faneyof the indi\'idual, the illustrated leather 'breed' legginp (named after the half_ bre«i Indianl .... ho fa\'ou~ the Ityle) and coloured bandanas being popular; dragoor1$ frequ",nd)' culti\"3.ted Ihoulder-Iength hair and large mOUSIaeha,tar-rings.....en: abo Iler;' popular. 11,,~ utMississippi Rifle Volunlccrs ....."'r'" commanded br Jeff",non Da\ LS, laler 10 become Praident of the Confederate Stata during the Chil War. One of the bat \'oluntccr uniu 10 Sf:f\'e in the l\leilican War. thC'\ obc)'ed their wounded colonel's command to 'Stand Fast' at Bucna Vista, Ia,'ing the American left flank fmm collapse; at one Ilage they e"cn ehal'lj:ed the MC'xiean callalr; on foot! Composed of aristocratic )'oung 5(lutherners and accompanied by a retinue of negro Ila\'a and Sf:f\'ants. the regiment wore a colourful ;lnd Ilery prael;eal uniform .....idebrimmed stl1lW hat, red flannel Imock-shirt and .....hite duck tmuse"', with regulation-pattern cartridl\:eboxes. D;I"is secured the issue of t8.4 I pattern pereUil;on mUJkelJ for hi, nogimem. IhUll bdn~ better_armed than e"en some of the regular inf;lntr~ It ill Ullin!!: flintlocks. No ba)"OneU .....ere ;"ued. h()\\·e,'er. each man prcwidin( his O\'l n huge knife of ·&....ie' or 'ArkarlSM toolhpick' form, .....orn from a wautbeh.

.68

THE YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS, 1848 RC\'olution had been fermenting in Europe for a decade or more, and in t848 the cauldron boiled over. As one revolt occum:d, it fanned the flames of olhen until most of the major powen were involved in one or more insurrection; some were suppressed, the revolt in France was successful, and others dragged on into full-scale wan. A revolt in Paris in February t8.j8 finally toppled Louis Philippe from his precarious throne, and the Second Republic was proclaimed, ii$Clf soon toltering on the \'erge of collapse in the social and political unmt of the time. In the last two weeks of 1Ilarch, the popular uprising in Berlin known as the 'March Days' aucmpted to reproduee the evellts in France, but after some bloodshed King Frederick William agreed to concessions, and the revolt faded oul . Insurrcction blazed again in Paris in June; a violent uprising of wellorganised workers was put down by General Cavaignac, temporary diCl3tor of a provisional government; ruthlessly o:ecuting the leaden of the revolt, he resigned his office, and in December Prince Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon I) was elected I'raident. In France, civil unrest was thus quelled until Louis Napoleon's coup d'bat in 1851, and his appointment as Emperor in t8yz. In April 18.j8 Hungary, led by Lajos Kossuth, declared itself independent of Austria, and in june a Czech uprising was quelled by the bombardment of Prague by 1I1anhal Windischgriitz's Austrian force, followed by martial control over all Bohemia. In September a Croalian army under Count jellaehich invaded Hungary to re-establish Austrian control, but was repulsed by the Hungarians who advanced over the frontier towards Vienna in October. In the previous t-larch there had been a rising in Vienna which had forced Mettcrnich's mignation and compelled the Emperor, Ferdinand I, to promise constitutional reforms and the relaJIation of military control throughout the Empire; and now, with a Hungarian force approaching the capital, the populace of Vienna again rose in rebellion. Windischgritz suppressed the Vienna revolt, thell turned on the Hungarians and saved the capital. The Emperor, however, abdicated in favour of his nephew Franz josef in Dccember. On 5 january 1849 Windischgr.itz captured Budapest; the HUIlgarian army, having a bewildering series of changes in command,

060

was pushed into the mountains north of Budapest, and defeate:d by Windischgrilz at Kapolna on 26-27 February. On 13 April lhe Republic of Hungary .....as proclaimc:d unde:r Praide:nt KOMuth, and lhe Austrians we:re once again drive:n OUI. Now with Russianassistane:c in lhe shape of General Paskievieh's army, lhe Auslrians under General von Haynau (who replaced. WindischgrilZ) invaded Hungary again in June. \Vith the AUSlro-Russian armies converging, the Hungarians (commanded by General Gorgei) were driven to.....ards Transylvania. The HunKarian army in Transylvania, commanded by a Polish mercenary, General Bem, tric:d to take on both Austrians and Russians al once; in Ihe Battle of Scgesvar (3t July 18.l9) Scm's army was crwhed and he retired with the re:mnanls tojoin Gorgc:i for a last stand. On 9 Augun Gorgei was overwhelmed by Haynau's Auslrians at Temesvar, withdre:w in reasonable order, and surrendered to Paskie_ vieh. Haynau e:nded the: revolt by ferocious reprisals. Russia w'as also involved in the Wallachian revolt in 1848; this rebellion, related to the unrest elsewhere, was subdued by a Russian invasion. Even Scandinavia was touched by revolution; enoouraged by Prussia, Schleswig-Holstein declared iudf independent of Danish control, and Prussian general \Vrangd marched a Prussian army into lhe provinces to 'protect' the state. Denmark, aided by Swcdish troops, lried to re-establish control over the area and Prussia, under threal of naval action against her by Britain and with Denmark supporled by both Russia and Austria, thought il prudent 10 retire. Deprived of Prussian support, the Schleswig-Holstein anny .....as crushed and the revolt subdued by the Battle of hted in 1850. It was in Italy, howcver, that lite: bitterest fighting occurre:d. Following ycars of unrest and Austrian occupation, ~liIall b1:u:ed into the: 'Five Days' rcvolt in March 1848. Bloodshed in the: city e:ndtd whe:n lhe 82-years old AUSlrian i\larshal Radetzky withdrew from the citro conC(:nlrating his army of occupalion in lhe: 'fortress quadrilate:ral' of l\lantua, Verona, Peschie:ra and Lcgnano. The Austrians went on 10 the defe:nsive as an Italian coalition gathe:rtd in north Italy. On 2'2 March Sardinia declartd war on t\ustria, and King Charles Albert of Sardinia assmne:d command of the combintd Italian forces. Rade:lzky, wilh 70,000 men, fought a brilliant defe:nsivc:-offe:nsi\c campaign against doublc his strenglh. Encouraged by the r>.lilan revolt, patriots in Venice under Daniele Manin declared an independent re:public on '28 i\larch 1848. On 24-'25 July 1f48 Rade:tzky, having OUlmanoeuvred the Italians,

crushed part of the Sardinian army at Custozza, driving the Italian forces from Lombardy, occupitd Milan and besieged Venice. Garibaldi, who had served in revolutionary armies in Soulh America following his flight when the Piedmom{Savoy uprising failtd in 1834, and who had fonned a volunteer army fighting in thc Alps, fled to Switzerland. Afte:r a briefarmistice:, hostilitiCli recommenced. In the Papal States, Mazzini finally owted the Pope and declared an inde:pendent Roman Republic (February t849), but Italian forces sulTe:rcd a seve:re: setback on 23 March when Radelzky, duplicating Napoleon's tactics at Marengo, routed Charles Albert and his Polish chief of slaff, Gellcral Chrtanowski at Novara; the Sardinian king abdicated in favour of his son, Vietor Emmanuel I!. In April, an 8,000strong Frenell e:xpeditionary fore:e under General Oudinot landed and advanced on Rome. Romc, garrisontd by 20,000 me:n and ineluding 5,000 of Garibaldi's 'Legion', repulsed thc firsl 3S5auh but was forced to capitulate. Garibaldi's contingent escaped and tried to join the besieged Venice, but pursued by French, Austrian and loyalist halian forces, broke up and scattcred; Garibaldi fled to Americ:a. Venice had been isolated since Novara, and the: condition of the besiege:d was desperate. Aftcr enduring great hardships from bombardment, hunger and diseiUC, Manin surre:ndered ('24 August). The capitulation of Venice markc:d the: end of the War of Italian Independence (Sardinia had withdrawn from the fight on 9 August), and the conquerers of Italy cxactc:d retribution in a savage manner, particularly the: Aunrian General Haynau. His crudty - possibly magnified by Italian propaganda -led to his universal hatre:d throughOut Europe. Whcn his violent and continually uncontrolltd temper Icd to his forced resignation from the Austrian army, Haynau travellcd around Europe, his reputation always preceding him. He was almost killtd by a mob in BrusselJ and when visiting London was beaten up by the draymen working in Messrs Barclay & Perkins' Bre.....ery! As previously described, the revolutionary mo\'e:me:nts of the 1840'S produced their own 'political' uniforms, typified by the: rc:d-shirted me:mbers of Garibaldi's Legion (Plale 62). Loose c10lhing in the French stylc, smock.frocks, oolourcd shirts and large fclt hau were all classed as 'dcmocratic' or 'republican' uniform. That thcy we:rc recognised as such is proven by numerous other nations adopling Italianate, 'republican' Slyles - in the United States during thc Civil War, for example (including a unit known as the 'Garibaldi Guard' wearing bersaglieri uniform). and cven in the 1859 volunteer move:ment in Brilaill. This

'70

, 7'

political auributton C"cn pameat.ed offICial jargon; whcn the Unued Stata adopted the felt hat in thc 1850'1, It was variously Ilyled, one of the most popular being the tenn 'K055uth', named aner the Hungarian patriot. As Ihc century progressed, Ihc combination of FrancopruJlian styla of uniform with Ihe functionality of 'republican' COiturJ\C, tOfl:elher with thc lessons learned in the Crimean, FrancoPro ian and colonial wan, ",,'OUki produce a completely new theor), of unifoml-dl"Sign. ThIS combination of radicalism and romanticism C"en changed civilian COiIUffiC i thc days of the t.op-hat and tail-coal were numbered. UNIFORMS (Pla.n Sf. Outdo)' of Modeaa:

a) PM"••, Reali C.cdatori Seeltl del FriC.ano (Royal Rift" of FriCnano), fun Ore. ., .1t7·

b) Prinu, Swua Guard,

UDeI...... lhI. Both unirom. in th. plale. though different in date and SI}'1e., Ihow the AuStrian inlluentt ....hich 1pK&d throu~h Ital)' &I a re.uh of the Austrianoccupation. ThcS"'issGuard oflhc Papal State. was railed in I¥'5 as tM: pcrwnal bodyguard of the Pope, a poIllion .. hich tbe) still hold. Like other bodyguard COfllI tM: British Yromen ofthe: Guard and 1M: Austro-Hungarian Noble Guard f... cKample), Ihe Papal Guard wore an archaic uniform, Il;arcely chanKed from the R ~ origina.I which

st-'4l

legend -.ens was ck:t.i«ncd bY athf:T Raphael ... !oldldangelo, and as today) worn WIth body-armour and morion helmet in full dress. The un· drcss version as Illustrated (wen from a conlemporary print) included an in~ addition m the hat of AuW'ian jasn pattern. The Ikt that .. 'modem' a head-drm; sbould be adopted and .. ruin the: tradilional aspeet of the Swiss Guard uniform is lufficient te.timony to the strenglh of fOfcign influence in uniform-design P"ftC"lt in Italy. '(be abortl\-e lS]t

revolution in Modena pr'O"'ed ronc:haively that the aisting anny was In no ~tion to mamtain ...-der, 10 Dukc .'rancis IV decided to put a Io)'alill volunteer corpI raiicd in 18]0. the: 'Scnaglicn del Friguano' on 10 a permanenl fOOling, and in March t8]1 tbc: unil ..-as mlcd tbc: 'Reali Cat;cialori Sttlti del Friguano' Elite RO)'Il Rifles of .'rilJnano). The new corp. 600 Ittot18 and commanded by the Duke', 101'I, Prince .'erdinand, was organised and equipped In the pattern of the Austrian

, 7'

Jacoen

""ho h-.d hdptd 10 reslore ordeI" in Modc-na after thc rebellion. Afler Ihe 18.tB re;.'OIullOIl the l"CIlirncnt was mcorporated 10 the utc Regimcnl as the 1nd (Rifle) Banalion.

T)rokan

The: Benagl>en del .'rignano were r&i$cd In hate and there was no lune 10 iItue a uniform, only a bra. bad.llC o( the , IV c'/"phcr allachcd to Ihc civilian head.dress IdcntifyinlJ Its rnemben. Tbc 'Reali Cacc:ial...i', hoo.oC\er. included the t\pial'round hat' ..-jlh lurned·up brim in their AUitrian...I)k: dre-.. The cock-feather plume "". . ""'om 11)- all ranb on parade and by officers and N.C.O.s onl) 10 aclion; rank·marking for bolh commissioned and non-eommissioned ranb wae bucd on the Austrian rqulalions. The hat.~. worn on the left turned-up brim, mnsi:stcd of a hunh~-bom .....Ith an ~k: III the ·curt· of the hom, the el8k: bearin~ a ullcld inscribed ..·\th the Royal cypher rv ("rands V) aftcr Francis 1\"1 dealh In 18.f6. This badge was abo """Om on the black ""...Ierproof cover .....hich enclOled the hal lD bad """Olher. In summer a ""itlle doth uniform "". . worn on .........·ion.... a COIlon drill \'ersion of thaI illustrated. Qnxinally Ihc corps was armed WIth tlic Austrian 'Kammer·BUchK' car· bme with IonS bayonet, laler replaced by a '!oImit:' ..... th braa-halted .word· ba)"Ol1C1 i laler In the relJlmrnt'1 exislCDOCa cap-pouc:h .... added 10 the mteneaion of lhe ~beIts.. From the lime of the Duke's exile in 18sg ulIlIl their dlSbandmcnt in 1863, thc corpt loCT\'ed as parI of the 1'.f,te Brilade in AUllrtan 1oCT\;cc.

k. Sanlla.la.l a) _Del UeultlUlftt with COlou.... .8th Infantry ReCt (Aeqw Bripde), tiU.

..........

:

iI) Captaia, G_,.( Gftfta~

FuU 0.-., I""-~ This plate Illunntes 1""-0 'foreign' II)-Ies used 11)- It.ahan Itatea, one j'l'UIIian and onc French. Charle. III of Bourbon became Dukc of Parma m 18.tg. and immediately re-ckKhcd hIS arm), ac:cordt!\S 10 the 18.t1-.13 ~ rqulalioq, man) unirom. andaoooutremmts actually bein~ supplied by PrusAa. Only in minor delaill did the uniforms dIffer from thOM: of PruNia, principally in badges and IIUignia. The 'picltelhaube' • aIlown here In lbe oIficen' vnVon, with bondtair plume: and blueenamelled p1ale; other ranb wore plain ton:. badges (their plates aI.. bcannlJ the Ihree Reur-de-I).. of Bourbon) and a Ipike In place of the plume, .. hich "'as worn only by offiena in full dna. The 8eur-de--I).. bad8e .... repealed on the: chinlCale00. and on the oIfoau' epauktlestrar-. Behind the dumc:ale-tx. was ....0I'l'I a leather or metal paUlled cock. ade, 'quarlered' in dark blue and )'ellow with a red border. Other ranks had ilmilat uniforms, without the cuff.lace and with red shoukkrSlnr-; their lace .... yellow. Equ.p. ment .. as ol Pru.&an pattern, ol..-hnc leat~, and thc ..u,ponI bas"C&lIy Fl"CIICh-lt)'le the muskets used 11)' this unit Wl!re appar=lly 0(, or similar 10, Ihe French 18.t_-47 ~modd.

'73

Th~

off~r

,11U11r.loIro ..~an a l'rmch"I)I~ uniform, ..ilh lapenn/l: Iohako and Ihe blue NUb common 10 aU Sardlnlall unu.., Th~ faclllgr. of 1M ~rdtn~n Infanlry .. ~r~ arnn/l:rd nol by rcgim~nI bul 11brigack; Bri/l:aUl s."w lit and 2nd RtgUllf:nll) black, Bnl[al~ P,~monl~ (3rd and 41h' Ird, 8nlj:ala AOIUl ~Ih and 6th rro, Brill.ta CunfO 7th and 8th crilt1lOll, 8nt:ala 1a R~lna 9th and lothl .. hll~, Brisata Casak I nh and 12th) Iilj:hl ~dlow, Bripta Pllxrolo 131h and 141h bbd:, Brijplta ~''OIl& ll.sUi and 16th ...hne, Bripta ,\cqUI 17th and 18th ~Iow_ 'I'he ftal(, c:omDtlNt; of a .. hil~ C"* on a ~ rtdd..... mdiclu" ~ ot lht HOUK of Sa,~, and W.I.I com~ro b\ a .. Iratmn" lettered • IJI ""'Il.l."" 18 .......' (Tw;aJ\\cqUI Bn&adc, I&h Repmall of Infanln • 'I'he c:06our-pok .... CO\~ In ~ doth ....Ib twa. Iluds,

6.,

SardInian

p~,:

.) Officer. .ido

W."'ry.

c.m~il. !)ret;..

tt.tU.,,:

'&6

b) Officer. Mila. Chic G __ rd.

,,,L

The Picdmonlao: tnfanUl umform iIlutlralro baaed on. painli"l{ oftM &nle of:"O\-.ra ......... in In t'rcnch "' Ie. :"i:OIe uniqu~ addJllOlU m 1M IQ.lro q>aul~IIMlrapt .nd lotlM'J)_ lird bl~ tub. Oth(r dll:'tail.$ Ih~ kn~·booll and Ihoukl..r·roI1 worn by the offiur "'~lT .ddilions "''()IT\ on campaign, ~ rtgimenl.al number

w.. worn on the front of the Ihako.

The Milan Civic Gua.rd umform .1.110 contained French featuns (Ihe j:tlck(( and l~ t~I, bul !h( had-d~ was .n Italian n:nlOll of !h~ ..piked Mlmel, Ihis hm( of ..ued wim a black leatlle!r lurban bea.rin!l: a whil( mel.al CIl*. 1'bi1 ""hite crou ...... a common badge on 1M- bead. dlUl of ,v1unlea" unib during lheIlitS-..9 .... r: III "mi«, for example. rtpUblican ,"'Olunl«n ... or'( lhe- bad~e on f(1t ha... from .. hich IMy look their nanw:, 'CnaaderI', A ooubk It.all.l.ll crealion of Ihis period was lht 'btnaghm' corps riflemen , onginatins from an td9 of Iht ~tuquil of La ~bnnor-. ofw PM'dmonl ann), and founded In 18]6, Marked from the bqlrmillJr by' Ih6r raptd much-pace, the bena¢1CI'1 weft WliSormcd m the now-falnOUl Ink: boo',. La Marmora tutlUdf..-\ highl}"Irama!, f...l·movtntt bod, of marbmrn, the Bcnagticn W(1'e copt«I 1>,' other states: III ~h1an, fo.' example, Xation3.! Guatd Jkna.. lIlieri Wliu wore the c:ustomary plumed bal rqMaccd by a kepi on acIh·( In'I"1oeJ, dark .green lunia "'lIh black colbr. pointed OJI& and 1oIlU1IIboulder·rnlb. and grC\ lrouloCt'S with IWO black Iinpes on the OUI~ _111I rein~ .. bbck lealher on e:ampailt'l. Armed ...ilb rinG, th~ carried JlOW(1'·n... b on grttn cordi 0\'(1' tM shoulder, and had black leathn equlpmnll, A ~ h,lted l..... ord-bay"Oll~t ....... canied on lhe watllbclL

,m

62. Rom.n Rt'publlel .) Pri_te, J..s1- llall.na, I.' VlliIoron, 1&49b) ~acer.

.....

~rone

1..1ia....

e) Pri....te. J..sloae IcallaDa, :Iaci UalJonn, 1&49°11w' '~ionII:' It.aliana· ....... 1M back~ of 1M )1)(In/l: ft"pi.lbhc'l amn, Commandrd lr. lhe- ocperin>ced ~oIullonan [.luttpIX' GMibaJdi. _ _ of ib officcn ... ~r~ hil CQRl. panlOlll from the- ~11a
,0

!'CTlC\
Oprr.l.tlOlll

ag.lIlSt

l\aplG. bill ...... forced 10 relurn 10 Rornc ... h(n 1M Frcroch repudialed

lhe 1ruQ'. TI\( Lq>on (now IIIcludlll!l .I. Ihird cohorl oompaed of Italianl and forcittn~nl W.I.I !Ii"~ll lh( 1110I1 ,ita! pan of tiM' walls 10 ckfmd, lh~ J:an>culum Hill. Hanlll 1011 1"'0 OUlpOll.lo oubode Ihe ..alii b<, a lur· prise nl8hl auack by' tllC' frmch, tiM' ~ion rttO\nl'd Ihem III 1M face of murdCf'Olll fire "flU And eil[ht lima. the ... eiahl of numben pusbnI IMm back. \\ ,th 1M a11s thlD o,·crlookro. lhe fal~ofR~ .... _led, bul dM' def. ndr:n hrid on donedl\ Ihroullhoul Ibrtt .. rcD of bombardmml. _uh and lkcjmation. The linal_uh on dM' IUl(bt of 2910 J\IM. dnp.1~ a chperalc eouf'll(1'-anack "'" Ganbaldi'l mm. endo:d lht ~_ l'ndn CO\'ft of a I~ .. hidt endo:d dM' Roman RqJ\Ibbco Ganbaldt .. 'IIhdlT" 1M lballnro rnnnanu of hil WUI 10 II) and earn' on the 6(hl, WI 10 DO a'ad. The original uniJOrm of dM' ~, rttri,'ai III JanU.l.l) l&,.g, cOidillC'd of .I. dark blue' blot- .. lib pttn coI1ar, cui&. fronuJ IInple and pockII:'t-palCha, worn undn the ~eat· coal illll'lralro.. AI 1M II.Ipply"yNnn varied from cbaouc 10 nonn/l: uni,~ly iIwed unlillal~ Iman} of Ganbaldi'l 'toIdlCR' "(1'( ' " I~ )'can of &g(!, '[be 'Calabrian' hal W.I.I lhe epitome: ofRcpl.tblican smUllI('nll held by Ihr Lq>on. In pod . ~ cr1IlK' f:ubion, .all ClIttpt Staff

'15

t".....

officeq .... or~ .illliJar unifornu., com· pany offlCffl often oong identified only by 1M: ....Xlrd "Ith ..,hue Inth~r kn<M and _limn a red neckerchlcr. The .talf. aU G&ril»ld,'. old rom· rades, wore lhe red blouse of hOI troops In South Amniu. pi", a ~'ancty of hcad-drca, and used !he Soulh Amcrkan saddlo. kni.u, pistols and I 'Ole chalVlm.tM: of that conllntrll On 27 June a new wlilOrm .... adopted, ~tmR of a red ~ ..-ilh facinp .. befi:we and a pa-.na. hal, .. hd laner Item _ n'lOlt unpopubr and IOOll rq>IKftI by lhc 'ck:moaauc' Calabrian .... t_ Offian adopted ~lc--b«atled red froc.lr.a-u With I'ftI' collar, cuffs and Plplne: down the front, lil.on 00110.-.. '.ht ~ lrouscrt ..-ith doubk- I'ftI' llript', black Calabrian ....1 "lib Ir«n band, Ital.an tneoIour rock ..... and bbck OArich-reather; unlike thow of lhc rank and file .. hich ben a hUrllinc·born t:-d~J, ofGt.x..' wadI-bell phIta ben the ~·itt a R~

"",,-

or

The l.anttrl. a srotJp of younR

from Boq:N- ~ b)' AnJrdo Muma, wore a wulOrm designed by thcmM:h-ca, c:omiItiJll of b1-ea-hraJck:d blur doIrMn, red tTOUICl'1 and dl&ko. and lhc "'ull and .... d bona badge ..hich p.e than Ihcir popular~, '))nth Lanocn·. An altnna.h~·c bead-drnl conIIIled a red fea Wllh red or blue 1UId, and .'OIumlrlOUl red IlOUICI'l ..lth b1-ea lcalha false boou ....ac abo worn, SINOI"Cb ..-ae cllher IIl'lliBht-bladed of eOIl"clllional p11llem wlIh "'hue knol, or scimitars; horx-fum,ture con· luted of a black IlKcplkm .. lIh blue pIItr10u

or

edging, Thc Lancen wer.: wued wilh red blouses al 1M: ..me time .. Ihe mfamry. Many of Ihe Lanccn .. ho had lurvinrl 1M: eight aaaulu on Ihe Jan)culum H,1l fell, fillthling .. infanll). m thc fiN-I .'rcnch attack, It .. inlClClllng to noIC Ihat the red .hin _ ori~inally adopted b. G&ribakll'l 'Italian Lqion' an South Amcric:a, !he garmenu being a shipment of red IUrUa destined for the l)\lIchcrsof8~Alia. bul dl'cned 10 clothe Caribald.'I lroGp!

':J.

A ...trbt: .)'~

(Bonin lafaftu-y),

,,,L

b) Printe, 2Bd B... G ...cliM:a BoreIn Waalry Rqt. (No. I), II.4L The AUIITO-Hunprlaa 'Grcm-Infantene:' or Buidcr InCaouy "'UC raUoI'd in !he ei8blcenth CUltuty, partly from Snbian and Croalian im,mgranu, 10 dcl"clld the froatirrl qainll Turbh Cl'ICiOM:hment, Originally d..-d in a xmi-'nall\~' garb, lhc Bordn tn(anll) later adopted a 1I}'le of unibm conbmtng 10 fC!Ubtion P;lIIcm, 001 of the d..tincti.,~ t>ro-ll colour .. bich conlrasled tharpl)' ..-ith lhe tl'll' dilional Auslrian ..-hile. The fi~rc ilIldtnled rUm (rom prmu b) Girolamo Fnncachmi and othe...) shooo"S !he .tandard Auslri.an mfanlr)' unIform wilh C)'lindriarol dlako, and !he light blue brecchel and 'bea,.'1 pIIw' cuff,lacz mdicau\'~ 01 Hungarian, I'llther Ihan 'Caman', rcglln~nu,

Each Bord~r regiment had a cornpllny of 'SCi ,oen' allached,

thnco ,n-qrulan being emplO)'ed on polK:~ dUlies an peace-lime, and as acouu and Ikinnllhcn in ...ar," IhC)' ..'~re used 10 Ihe 1148 ..9 camtMigm. Their 'uniform' _ \'IlIually chilian d«W, "'IIh Ihe addition of Iudl Ilcml .. tifl:hl brttchn and ,ornclimcl cloth jaCkets ora 'uniform' CUI, Equipmenl ....., ,....icd. bctn'lj: ...hale""Cl lhe Indi.idual pt'Cfernd. and "'~ponI ~ ntuall) di\·e.... One: un;\·~na1 ,tem shov--n in comemporar)' ill.... trations is the mulivc knif~. 1W1) or mCln' frcqumtl) btinfl: ..-om luclcd beh,nd lhe -.II; in addJuon, pulOk and shonn- kni\es ..-en: much in ~ "-Ith either e--idcntt, Auslnaa musktu or much kIngcr, orimtal..., ~ fircartr&. All thee "uponI arc 1booo11 ..-ilh a profusion of bnrIa studded do:cr:ulion, bands and platel.. I..a«-up ..ncbJI "-en: uni\'Cf'IaI, AI .... tM red doth cap and the hooded doak, a prmcnl 10 ~ 1....1 ,t p\e riw: 10 1M nickname of tlw Scrc.anen, 'red-doab', :\0( all tlw Buido:r mfanlf} ~ 1M elct:anl COItumc sh0>011 b) !he figurc of the Sth RqIll; 0IhcT conlemporary pnr1u iadicate thaI 1M CX\IIUmc many would ha,~ been more fitting 10 Tnt.nI)'h'anian bandm than 10 unlU ohhe Impnlal Arm}; an illUltl'lllion oflhe 4th Bn the "..-.din 51 Gcorsc Buidc,. Regl (No. 6) lOr cx.ample, s.ho>o"S an alll'loo.l~ coslume consilling of lbon ,,"",11 jacm "'ilh a red waistcoat underneath, tighl ,,'hite brcechn ..ilh hro>o.... anklcboou, black crtlf$-belu and a \0..-. cro"'ncd, black 'lOITIbrcro"I)'PC hal, 0If1Cffl of Ihe irregular uniu wore a COSlume of Ilmilar II) Ie 10 lhat of 1M: mm. oot of a much quality and

or

"neT

d«Or&led wilh ILl mu~h lace alld embroidct)· AI P'C*ible m .. hale-·er design took 1M: ..carn-'I fancy . The Ilunlprian Huu'lIenl arm) of '8.JS-"9 ..-as ~ upon fC!Ular Hungarian ~imcnu. who .. ore their Allllrian un,l'onnI wilh the: .ubI:ilution of lhe new N-tionaJ coIoun of red. whllO:- and Ir«n for the black and )c11ow of lhc Alllirian cockadn and sashes. The HUngarian army 'kno¥o..... the 'Honvcd' wor~ 'in general I bro..,," "'irted lunlCl Wllh red f",",~ on the: front and red pipln~ on !he collar. cuffl and around !he wrU. WIth AlIlIu,,"n-"It,k- dtakoI and the traditIOnal hlJhl blur blltu:hcs; arllUcry wore a li.mtlar uniform but with wh,lc cdimg and ..bitc grenade bIodge on the collar. <>t'6cxn Iuid so&d bee aad Ihouktn-Hl'llpi of red, .. h,te and grttn. Ho<.o_ e-~, a grcar. numbel" of lTlCI\'lar corp ..-ore a mode) collection of df'Cll, .. ,Ib lhc alll'loo.l-obIilI:alOr) f~h

ha,.

la the AUItrian arm,. the tunic_ inuoduced in 18.t9> "Ilh rank-bad«a wom upon !he collu; on lhc fidd, hoowc.-"n", lhc infanuy gcnnally wo« plain linn! jacknI With coiIlar-palchn of the rcgimcI1tal facin~ «lIour. and ....d thor IhakoI cnck»cd in oiW"n, frequently ",-ith a .. hlle l\Il'Ck-
'77

&t.

F ranee:

a) Ca.,.binler Trumpeter,
Thil ptate Wows II~ J.'rcnch lighl infanll) uniform iii il w'as worn in hal)'; lhe unijOrm worn by thlt regi. menl (and mlln~ othen) ..... muchmodified by the aperimea of am_ paitpling in Africa. 1'hc doth kip; and the VC*IOO&t""()rn as.•nd illlllead of, a tunic, ..ilh the Ikiru oftm tunxd back to al~ th<, lqp the ffia)<;mum freedom of~U1~nt, 11m the 11)'lc now ~rdcd as traditiona.l (or Frnw;:h lmop until tlw: ~inninl{ of this centul)'. Other inl1O'-a.liom (rom ..\ frian scnicc ..~ thc method

of wearing the carllidgc-oox lit Ihc fronl 'II bf,ing mor., lI<;l;<:!I'liblc Ihcr.,), and Ihc wcaring of Ihe grCatCQllI turned back as lapets 10 show Ihe shirl, Thc yellow and red cpaulcucs were indicativc of Ihe \lolti~C\Jr and C&11lbinicr oompania ropc<:li\'cl)'; Ihc bluc kt'pi with )'ellow pipin~ and regimenlal number. and Ih.. ycllm. collar.patella. all mdicaled light infant')', Thi. sonM:"'hat car.._ free appearance - In partICUlar Ih.. fiUhlOn of turning back the lapdl mel with olTK:ial disappro,-"I, 10 IUCh an e.u:nt that an Order of th", I)av ..... llI"Iucd on !II June 1f49 .. hieh Itrc:ant that the uniform ..-iiI 10 bee ... rqulation as paHibk. LiculmantCoklnd EpinasK. th", "eterall com· mandcT o( the !I:lnd. paid Iinle attmtion; in fact some: of his offian .. ere wearmg red_toppnl shakos IlllItcad of the cloth cap like the men.

"• 01

'" '78

, 79

PLATE8

PLATEC

(21

,80

,8,

PLATeD

,R,

PlATEE

,83

11I.ACK AND \HIITE 1'Lt\TES A. U.s.A. Peanlylv."da Militia, .h3: .) Private, Stale Cllardl. Black ahako with "hite l.ace lov.cr banda and conk. Whllc nlClal piau:; black plume ""llh red tip and pom. pom. Dark b1~ tail·a jIckn ,,"h rro ptpml\: around Ihe collar, shouldn"-stnJl' cuff... loIocr edlle and dooon breast. Wh,te Iaoe loop on collar, whllc metal buttons. BlKk lealher bellJ and m~-slirll "jlh ... hile mct.a.I p1at~ Wh,te trouwn,

gold-cmbroidrK'd star (sketch I) ...ith a blKk cloth crntntl portion. (2 atJo,."I daillfl of lace. The roater ,,"OUk! be ...om "ilh epauletta. C. F""nch H ...d-d"". . : Taken from exlant hcad-dra. and cpauktlel. I) OffI«T'I hdmoet. MOUIquetaun Notra, 18'4 '!I. lI) Offittr'J cpaukuc, MOUIq~_ t.airn Noires, t814-15- Wom ";Ih a Jih~ Iaoe 'comrr_ cpauktte' rfringe'e.l, of Ih.. lime dcIign. 31 ~cr'1 lhako, Inwln, c.. ,&t!J.- Black bca\cr "",th black leather lop, and peak, black \'eh"fl 1ooo"er banet. Whur mew fiuin9 and "hitc dDr.

bbd< ..... :II H.C.O•• W.sldaltOlll Blues. Shako as bf,lOrc WI with rce~L.r p1aIC and lighl blur O-~ black plume monlli from ... hile mcl.al--=ket. JKu-t as bf,lOrc. WI ... ,th ... h,te piping .and ... hitc, f~ "-o1dcr-roIls. Ydlow loop on collar, "'Ith K'd cdllje to loop; ... hue thn roIL Red aadt tied on ritlht hip; ... hilc leatbcr bdtt ,.;th ... hite meW p1al~ Dark blue trouwn, black bootJ; twa.-hilt«l s;abrt in black !ralher ICIbbard ""th llcel fillL~ ~tcd halberd ""th IIlI;hl wood ahaft. 8
........

D. Briilih Yeo-aary

(From extant itbDI). .) lit SoofI"oDo: Y--.aary. .Ial: Bbck leather peak .and Jkull, "hite nlClal fitlinp, black \-chcl lurban. P1atc on front in shape ofGartcr SlaT ","h Ro,.-.J cypher in the «'fItrc, Labf,1 aoo..-c peak rcad. ,IT U.tiT •

.....,rou: B. lad.Iaa Army. Officer', Coalee. '3th Be...,l Native WIntry, .130: Tak<-n from an Cllt.ant urm of um· form. Scarlet, ""th light bufrfacinp, Gold l.ace and buttons 1I0te; thc upper coIlar-buuon it miMIng 011 thr origilUll). "'hur tumba<:b, ",Ih a

~

3)Yorlo.hlrelh,..ars. ·lto: Scarlct clOth body, Jih·cr lacc, cords and metal lutings. lront plale oonIUIJ of a 1l1\'C'1".p1aled I"OIr' in hilljh relMof, '" Ilh Jil\'C1" IlICe JUrrounds. 8lllCk ron! I"OIr'tte and honrhair plumr.

,Il South

Hf'rtfordlhlnt

YIrO......ary•• 131:

Blark bod~ ,,"h black lcalher upper band and prak; black conk mdlXtin~ frotoon O"o'er peak and p111I'1'M'; aU filltnlll br.aa. Mahnc-o.. plale bnln a ~rl m weentrc.

KEY TO

'11111 platc i1Il11t~tl:S tWO unm.......l Ilnlfornu worn 011 aCllve It....·itt in North Amrrica, from conlCQlporar)· P'Clure.. I, Sh<wo., an olticer of thc Briluh King'J R0)1ll Rllk Corpt. drcacd for the Canadian "Inter III 'rilk green' with black bnld, black fur cap and trimmmg... .and black 1c.alher eqUIpment; a dlOWI a U.S. \-oIuntcer _\Ioonted R,lkm.an of th.. lJ ,S." Maic.an War period, ",'carin~ bud.lkm Jhitt, It'OIllcrI .and mottUins, ",ilh a cloth 'poncho', coloured bandana and 'Quaker' hat.

THl:~IBX\IL .!tKETCllE."l

P-sI' 12 Brn.n 1Wmet.1It (Roy,1 OrlgOOftl) 84 Oflc.·, shlko. hOen Arm,. 101 Brn.n wko. 2nd Foot (1829 ~tt.nl 108 Cap-pl.,.. R _ P,a.:, Gu.d 131 Spoan-" guerr" Bert,*, 01 lhe N_ Or..... Grays 157 B.n,*, 01 tM AndMn L.tber,bOIl Army

,«

17B Fr.-.c:h Cu

tIoHTtet

YW.Co\.\- ... t.a\·.

iI) and Royal Buclda.luun.hlr", YlrOnuulry. litO: Black bod)·, Jihcr laee, cords. and moet;1I fillings. Fronl plate consitl«l of cro"OI>«I Carter with va q-pher III Ihf' «'nlro:', ...ith a detached Kroll belO" in 'fretwork' 1ctlCl"l, reading rnUKt /lOWI!.

'Il<

Eo Service Dr...... lti:

'·5

DrtsS RIP/SIIMU 1816, Amll and Armour Press, London, 1971,

SOURCES .\:<0 BIBLIOGR.\I'HY II should be notro Ihat a number of Iht- ill~l7ItiOfl'J Ina\' be at \"ariancr "lIh the: ack.l1O'\o\kdsccd de~ils oflhc uniforms in question. \Vhae IhlJ is 1M C~. 1M tnurtc of !.he original malfTial is gh'e:n in the Ie:Xt. In the catoe of thoc IOUrcn Ixin~ contcmponr')' print, the: poaibilit}, t'XuLJ that the: onginal arl!Sl culla miolim"'Prt'ltd or made elTOn in the' dctalb of the subjttl of his dra",ing; but ~uallr he might ha\'c por. lra)t'd a r~im('nlaJlr or individually modifiw uniform which dId not collfonn 10 authoriJC'd patterns. Certainly, some artisu arc recogni'K'd as being mon: reliable than otlu:rs; those of more dubious reputation haw: not been coruulu:d for this book. For example. the' many prints of ,\Ilitd unifomu drawn and publuhcd in "aris durinR lilt' Occupation art' in I;cncral 1Il0ll1 un· rdiabl(': but ~'cn It)mc of th~ conlam unusual ft31ura which can Ix confin~ b)- Olha 1OUrtt'.

It mould abo Ix nottd thill, all il h~ bttn ncttSll';uy 10 c~'tt a H'T)" ~idc ran~ of uniforms 10 this book in order th~ ilhutralC the worldwide development of military costume durinR th~ 1815-50 period, SOlO" gcnrn.lisiltion has bttn nCCC5lar)' in the text, there bcin't llUulll(:K-nl space either 10 enun~te the mall} (often conflictin~ JOUfttS, or cata~ the man)' regimental peculiarities of corps mcntK>ncd 10 the text but not illustrated. For this rc.uon, to facilitate further reading on the subj«t, tht" bibliography h;u bttn spIll mto t.... o StttlolU. J no single volume on the military eO$tUJlle of this period h;u ever before appeared, the Ii!! lIIust nccessaril)' includc a wide rangc of works. Part I contains ,I number (though b) no means a comprehcluive li~t ofworks of reference which contain a considerable amount of material on the period in qUCltion Part I I lists IOllle of the '5CCOndaf)" IOUrccs consulted in the compilation of this book, and othcn .... hich could fonn a bhis for further l"CICarch. It will Ix- ICCn that a few of th~ to\Irtts arc in the fOt"IIl of Irt'ies of plata, and that ellcept fOt" notabk titles, all arc in English.

J Cannan, W. Y., Bmulr .\ldi/llry CIUJtIfa3J"'~61]PlltlUfI, lUI London, 1957.

,86

facsimile rcpnnt. /NIr.tt A~ l·IUJ~,c..Jry, l-JiII_ London, 1961. l_iM A"'!1 C"ift>nM, [,ifa.lr7, Motpn-Crampian, London, 1969. H~~II ~hlkr,.-\ E., and Dawlla)', ~ P., Mi/illlry lhtUrlltl1 . PtIUI1l11llllf Ik R~e.tl«l_, \'01. I (plates, and II totl, Phaidon, London, 1966aOO 1970. Haythomthwaite, P j., L'"ijOnlll of IV_Uri.., Blandford Pros, Poole, Donet,1974· Kanmk, P., MlllUlry U"i}",ru of tJu WorIJ, Blandford Pras, Poole, Donel, 1968. Knotel, R. & 1-1., and Si~, II., /-/andb/ldl dtr lhrifqrmJ.:lIIIdt, Hamburg, 1937/ 1964. Marlin, P., Dtr Ollnlt R(}(k (Military Co
noger, A,J, TIttSloryoJGrnmd B«OII, Mttheun, London, 1903. Bo.... ling, A. H., Brltun '"mar Rt:illllrlll, Almark, London, 1972. C.1Inpbcll, D. 1\., Drill oJ tlu R"yal Arlifltr.J, Arms and Armour Preas., London, 1971. ('.annan, W. Y., IItoJ Drlllll of lilt Brilillr Ar"V', CdraJry, Carman, Sunon, 1g68. "ud DrtsSU oJIN Britislr A1I/C)', r tomaIUY, Carman, SUIlOO, 1970. SsOIl/(r/ru oftltt Bntislt A""J, l'\ational Anny Museum, London, 1969. Deman,J., QuhllfftJ JlddmlU &llU (plata), Bnmcls, . . .. . Dupu)", R. E., and. T :'\, &tgclopMdjQ of JIIIIllIty IIUItn7, ~lacdonald, London, 19]0. 1'000ba Wells, P., /h Xtdtr'-ist UtNimt, \'an DUhocck, Bussum, 1963. HanTY, Lt-Col. JR., R«orJs of tltt X_JoIk "'1 C4rtJry, Jarrold, London, 1908.

r""

,.,

Hayt"S, M. A., and Cannan, W. Y., Til, (Aslltme of l/w /6'11 Rtllmnll t837, National Army t\luscum, London, 1972. Hrftrr, j., and Kannik, I'., Odd T'HPS $nUl 5 (DQllisil /ndits It Mexico,

'960·

Hefter, j., TN Nfl? -J 1M RtJtllMu Df Tutu, Old Army Prcu, Colorado, 1971Heflcr,J., TN .1l'1l'i)' of IN RtJtllbiu -J Tutu, Old Army Press, Xebraska, 197 1 • Koury, M.j., A~ffr Tutu, Old Anny Prcu., Colorado, 1973· Lachouq~, H., DIJt Sik{ts rkC.sllt_ .lIIIII.lft,

Paris, 1963·

Lachouquc, 1-1., and IJrovon, ,\, S. K., TM Au/4lMy of Glory, Lund Humphries, London, 1961. Laffin,J., 71v F,trtt!J Fornl" ur*', Dent, London, 1974· La~, Gen. M. A. ., EJ BflltJllllf tk Stut Situ, Mcx..ico City, tg6... Linder, K., Wojd. p.w;u, Poland. Lord, W., II 71_ Ie St4N/, Longmans, London, IgM. Macrory.

P., SiplllC.IIU'~, Hodder and StOughton, London, 1966.

~IcRarron,

H. C., TIN ....wn€lIlI S.U," plates), Washington, 1964Mercer, Gen. c., }",,.,./ of tItt 11'0"" Cat/Jdil", Blackwood, Edinburgh, t8]O. Miller, j., .\I....'s ofGntntJ .\Idln- 'II tItt~, of 1M RtpUiK of PM, London, 1828. Mollo, J. &. B., U.ifonu aJ EtpIlprttnll of tltt: L,llt BnltW, f-listorical Rescan:h Unil, London, 1968. Murray, R. A., Citlukl M IN Fi T,flil, Old Anny Prest, ~ebraslta, 19]0· Nesmith,J. H., TlwSDIJan'J MtuUUJi,l'hiladclphia, 1821/1963.

Sa.,.

'Q. L:, TIN

l·IO'"lIIl'Yc.r..l"ofll',mJtnsA~",lkwizes,

1914. Ragen, Cot I-I. C. 8., 1V,1I"" of IN B,iti.slt SDldin, S«ley Service, London, 1960. ShiPl», j., ed., Stranlts, C. j., T1u PflM of C1fnJ, Chatto and WinduJ, London, 1g6g. Sita Ram, and Lunt, Gen. j. (trans. Norgate, j. T.), F«Jm &/»)' 10 S"bttlar, 1873, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970. Smith, P. C., Pn MlI" Pn T nrdm, Balfour, St. Ivo, 1971. Stadden, C. C., TN Lif, CllfI'tis, Almark, London, 1973. Thorburn, W. A., VIIi/firms of II" Stoltis!J b!ffllltry, H.M.S.G., F.din· burgh, 1970.

.88

Olltn Bf.,.,q.,d Hoks W.rrion ••d W"'PO•• o( Early TI.nJ." ill Colo..r Nick M. Saxtorph Military Ullif'orm. o( 0.. World ill Colour Preben Kannik Cavalry Ullif'orma, iIIdlld.lac otlMr MOtUIted Troops, o( Britahl ..... lbe Co_o._hh

Robett and Chrittopber Willr.imon-Latham laC••try Ullif'orms., lad"" l • • Artillery . - I otloer S.. pportiaJ; Corps., o( BMW. ...... tIoe Comsftoaw-.ltll., Book 1, 171... ·1ss

Rob
\\'i~I"lb·m

IaCaatry Ullif'orals., iIIch-di_. Artill«T ..... other S.. pportiaJ; Corps., o( Britala ...... tIoe Comm_w-.ltll., Book 11, 11ss-1",

Rob
the Amerkaa

RevolutJoa John Mollo and Malcolm MeCrqor Ullif'orm. o( dI. America. Civil

W... 116.-'5 Philip Ha)"thomthwaile and Michael Olappell UIlif'OI"lnS

o(

the N.poleollic W....

1796-.1·1 Jack CaM.in...sco1t Ullif'orDU o( W.terl_ Philip Haythomthwaiu~, Jack e-in...scoll and Mic~1 Olappell

ISBN 0 7137

on' 3

Blandford Prell LId Link Haute Wett Street

Poole', Dol'ft:t BH,~ ILL