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Compilation of Test Bank Reviewer for Pyschometrician (Note: correct answers are marked in green)

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Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 6th Edition Part 1 by Barlow A psychological dysfunction refers to ✖ 1. a. a breakdown in cognitive functioning. 2. b. a breakdown in emotional functioning. 3. c. a breakdown in behavioral functioning. 4. d. all of these In regard to the criteria that define abnormality, it would be correct to state that ✖ 1. a. no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality. 2. b. personal distress is the one criterion that defines abnormality. 3. c. the criteria differ depending on the cause of the psychological disorder. 4. d. the criteria differ depending on whether the individual has a psychological disorder or a psychological dysfunction. The historic belief that the movements and/or positions of the moon, stars, and planets influence human behavior is still held by followers of the pseudoscience called _____________. ✖ 1. a. graphology 2. b. parapsychology 3. c. astronomy 4. d. astrology Until the 1970s, hysterical disorders were diagnosed only in women. In fact, the term "hysteria" derives from the Greek hysteron, which means ___________. ✔ 1. a. ovary 2. b. uterus - Given 3. c. pregnancy 4. d. vagina You are listening to old musical tunes, including "My Melancholy Baby." Your friends are impressed when you tell them that "melancholic," referring to a depressive personality, derives from a Greek word meaning _________. ✖ 1. a. blood - Given 2. b. phlegm 3. c. yellow bile 4. d. black bile

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The treatment given to the mentally ill King Charles VI of France showed that the causes of his disorder were attributed to ______________ phenomena. ✖ 1. a. natural 2. b. supernatural 3. c. both natural and supernatural 4. d. neither natural nor supernatural In terms of their typical course, schizophrenia follows a chronic course, while mood disorders, including depression, follow a(n) _____________ course. ✔ 1. a. episodic 2. b. time-limited 3. c. guarded 4. d. insidious The biological and psychological models or theories of abnormality derived originally from the ancient Greek concept in which the ✖ 1. a. mind was considered separate from the body. 2. b. flow of bodily fluids affected behavior and personality. 3. c. female reproductive organs were associated with psychopathology. 4. d. movement of the planets influenced human behavior. In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders, physicians throughout history have used treatments such as ________. ✔ 1. a. bloodletting 2. b. induced seizures 3. c. exorcism 4. d. drilling through the skull During the Middle Ages, as well as at other times, mentally ill people were sometimes forced to undergo the religious ritual called exorcism in order to ✔ 1. a. cure the mental illness by making the individual more religious. 2. b. build up muscle strength and make the person healthier. 3. c. rid the individual`s body of evil spirits. - Given 4. d. prove that the person was not a witch. The typical profile or prototype of a disorder reflects the ___________ as described in DSM-IV. ✔ 1. a. theoretical perspectives on abnormality 2. b. treatments for mental disorders 3. c. causes of mental illness 4. d. diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders - Given Dr. Littlefox studies the origins and causes of psychological disorders, including the biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Dr. Littlefox studies the ___________ of a disorder. ✖ 1. a. prognosis 2. b. etiology 3. c. outcome 4. d. psychopathology 2/98

A psychological disorder is said to have an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ . ✖ 1. a. suddenly; gradually 2. b. suddenly; atypically 3. c. gradually; atypically 4. d. atypically; suddenly Based on Hippocrates' humoral theory, "sanguine" describes a person who is ________. ✖ 1. a. pessimistic 2. b. pale 3. c. cheerful 4. d. humorous In ancient Greece, "humoral excesses" thought to be causing psychological disorders were treated by ✖ 1. a. increasing or decreasing the person`s exposure to heat, dryness, moisture, or cold. 2. b. herbal remedies. 3. c. decreasing both caloric and liquid intake. 4. d. lowering the person`s body temperature for extended periods of time. Somatoform disorders, a current DSM-IV classification that evolved from the concept of "hysteria," affect ✖ 1. a. adult males only. 2. b. adult females only. 3. c. both males and females of any age. 4. d. children only. In the 1930s, when insulin shock therapy was deemed too risky as a treatment for mental disorder, __________________ began to be used instead. ✖ 1. a. bromides 2. b. electroconvulsive therapy 3. c. megavitamin therapy 4. d. moral therapy Induced vomiting was a 17th century treatment for depression. As described in Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), this could be accomplished by eating _________. ✖ 1. a. raw meat 2. b. ice 3. c. coal 4. d. tobacco In keeping with an accepted treatment for mental illness in the 14th century, a physician treating King Charles VI of France had him moved to the countryside in order to ✔ 1. a. be closer to a hospital that treated mental illness. 2. b. keep him away from his family. 3. c. restore the balance in his humors. 4. d. cure him of hysteria. 3/98

Developmental psychopathology refers to the study of changes in ✔ 1. a. abnormal behavior. 2. b. normal behavior. 3. c. children`s behavior, both normal and abnormal. 4. d. normal adolescent behavior. According to the authors of your textbook, the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with ___________. ✔ 1. a. stress 2. b. impaired functioning 3. c. culturally expected responses 4. d. psychotic symptoms A male college student begins feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to go to classes and work at his job, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worrying about what is happening to him. Which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his situation? ✖ 1. a. Personal distress 2. b. Cultural factors 3. c. Impaired functioning 4. d. Violation of societal norms One hot and humid night, one of your friends suggests doing some really crazy things. You look up at the sky and say, "It must be the full moon." Your statement reflects the concept from which the word ____________ is derived. ✔ 1. a. lunatic 2. b. idiot 3. c. maniac 4. d. psychopath During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly exhibit bizarre behavior such as running out into the street, dancing, shouting, and jumping around. This was known as _________. ✔ 1. a. tarantism 2. b. lycanthropy 3. c. demonic possession 4. d. the chicken dance After college graduation, two of your friends are interested in careers in the helping professions. Anna wants to become a psychiatrist; Carl plans on becoming a psychologist. Since you are taking a course in Abnormal Psychology, they ask you for career advice. You would tell ✔ 1. a. Anna to apply to medical school and Carl to study psychology at the graduate level. 2. b. Carl to apply to medical school and Anna to study psychology at the graduate level. 3. c. both of them to apply to medical school. 4. d. both of them to apply to graduate school. 4/98

Bloodletting, a treatment devised centuries ago to restore the balance of humors, was accomplished with the use of _________. ✔ 1. a. needles 2. b. leeches 3. c. tourniquets 4. d. bacteria Toward the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th century, the causes of "madness" were generally attributed to ✔ 1. a. toxins in the blood. 2. b. religious delusions. 3. c. brain disease. 4. d. demons and witches. The traditional tendency to stigmatize women as "hysterical" derived from Hippocrates' concept of ____________. ✔ 1. a. the `wandering uterus` 2. b. an `incompetent cervix` 3. c. `penis envy` 4. d. `pelvic dysfunction` Since the time of ancient Greece, the concept of a psyche or soul was similar to that of the _______. ✔ 1. a. brain 2. b. mind 3. c. body 4. d. blood The concept of hysteria, which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found, is now associated with which DSM-IV classification? ✖ 1. a. Anxiety disorders 2. b. Neurosis 3. c. PMS 4. d. Somatoform disorders The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th century discovery that the psychotic disorder called general paresis was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes __________. ✔ 1. a. malaria 2. b. Alzheimer`s disease 3. c. syphilis 4. d. hysteria When Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would affect him and how it would progress. In medical terms, they wanted to know Larry's _______. ✖ 1. a. diagnosis 2. b. prognosis 3. c. psychosocial profile 5/98

4. d. pathology A disorder that comes on slowly is said to have a(n) _______ onset. ✔ 1. a. acute 2. b. chronic 3. c. insidious 4. d. overt A ___________ is what first brought the individual to therapy; the ____________ represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder. ✖ 1. a. diagnosis; symptoms 2. b. incidence, prevalence 3. c. clinical description; presenting problem 4. d. presenting problem; clinical description Behaviors that deviate from the norm are ✖ 1. a. always seen as a disorder if they violate social norms. 2. b. considered a disorder regardless of culture. 3. c. typically seen as a disorder when they impair function. 4. d. never judged on the basis of the person who does them. Rocky Starr is a rocker who wears outlandish female makeup and women’s clothing when performing on stage. This behavior is considered ✖ 1. a. more abnormal than that of a business man who suddenly starts to do so. 2. b. less abnormal than that of the business man because it contributes to his job success. 3. c. less abnormal than that of a female who wears makeup every day. 4. d. just as abnormal as that of the business man who starts wearing makeup. Incidence refers to ✖ 1. a. how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder. 2. b. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. 3. c. the percentage of males and females who have a disorder. 4. d. how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time. At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behavior, humans have focused on supernatural causes that include all of the following EXCEPT ✖ 1. a. magnetic fields. 2. b. demons and evil spirits. 3. c. bodily humors. 4. d. the moon and stars. The criterion that a particular behavior be atypical or not culturally expected is insufficient to define abnormality because ✖ 1. a. behavior that occurs infrequently is considered abnormal in every culture. 2. b. society is less willing to tolerate eccentricity in people who are productive. 3. c. behaviors vary very little from one culture to another. 4. d. many people behave in ways that deviate from the average, but this doesn`t mean that they have a disorder. 6/98

In the 19th century, John Gray, a well-known psychiatrist in the US, believed that mental illness was due to ____________. ✔ 1. a. psychological factors 2. b. physical causes 3. c. social/environmental influences 4. d. unknown influences Which of the following is NOT one of the causes of psychopathology suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC)? ✔ 1. a. Head injury 2. b. Brain pathology 3. c. Genetics 4. d. Spirit possession Dr. Okalemi Watabe is a mental health practioner. All of the following are ways in which she might function as a scientist-practitioner EXCEPT ✖ 1. a. analyzing her own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems. 2. b. evaluating her own assessments and treatments for effectiveness. 3. c. conducting research leading to new information about mental disorders and their treatments. 4. d. using the most current diagnostic and treatment procedures. Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the ___________ of the disorder. ✖ 1. a. prevalence 2. b. incidence 3. c. recurrence 4. d. ratio According to Hippocrates' humoral theory, the "choleric" personality is ________. ✖ 1. a. hot-tempered 2. b. easygoing 3. c. kind 4. d. cheap The scientific study of psychological disorders is called __________. ✔ 1. a. psychopathology 2. b. psychoanalysis 3. c. pseudoscience 4. d. parapsychology The significance of the cure for syphilis was that ✔ 1. a. physicians were correct in prescribing rest and relaxation. 2. b. all forms of “madness” now had a cure. 3. c. Paralysis was now curable. 4. d. behavioral and cognitive symptoms were traced to a curable infection. 7/98

The belief of homophobic people that the "sin" of homosexuality has resulted in HIV/AIDS is related to the historical concept of ______________ as a cause of madness. ✔ 1. a. divine punishment 2. b. faith healing 3. c. hysteria 4. d. sorcery Prevalence refers to ✔ 1. a. how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder. 2. b. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. 3. c. the percentage of males and females who have a disorder. 4. d. how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time. In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from "hysteria" might be told that her condition could be cured by ________. ✖ 1. a. marriage 2. b. pregnancy 3. c. childbirth 4. d. divorce Which of the following accurately describes common beliefs about people with psychological disorders during the 14thcentury? ✔ 1. a. They were considered to be suffering from religious delusions and were cared for by members of the church communities. 2. b. They were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes. Given 3. c. They were regarded as basically good individuals who were not responsible for their abnormal behavior. 4. d. They were provided with medical treatments and sometimes hospitalized because mental illness was regarded as equivalent to physical illness.

Test Bank for Personality Psychology Foundations and Findings 1st Edition by Miserandino Some research suggests that all of the following EXCEPT ________ are related to neurological differences which may be present at birth or develop soon after. ✖ 1. a. extroversion 2. b. criminal potential 3. c. neuroticism 4. d. impulsivity Which of the following is NOT generally done when conducting a correlational study? ✖ 1. a. The calculation of an “r” value 2. b. The manipulation of variables 3. c. The observation of two variables 8/98

4. d. The study of genetic variables Within the scientific method, in order for a theory to prevail it must ✖ 1. a. be the most popular theory. 2. b. provide falsification of other competing theories. 3. c. be supported by evidence. 4. d. not be based on hunches. Which of the following is considered as medium correlation? ✖ 1. a. r = .25 2. b. r = .43 3. c. r = .62 4. d. r = .81 Many experiments have titles in the format of “The effect of the _____ on the _______.” ✖ 1. a. dependent variable; independent variable 2. b. independent variable; dependent variable 3. c. control variable; dependent variable 4. d. independent variable; control variable ________________ is a personality trait that describes how anxious and vulnerable to negative emotions a person is. ✖ 1. a. Anxiety 2. b. Psychoticism 3. c. Neuroticism 4. d. Oedipal complex _________ help scientists ask new questions and suggest both where to look for answers and what kinds of answers they might find. ✖ 1. a. Traits 2. b. Observations 3. c. Hypotheses 4. d. Theories Personality psychology uses the scientific method to study all of the following EXCEPT ✖ 1. a. identifying ways in which people are similar and different. 2. b. explaining how people become the way they are psychologically. 3. c. predicting how individuals will behave in the future. 4. d. studying individual differences. All of the following are part of a true experiment EXCEPT ✖ 1. a. the random assignment of subjects. 2. b. the manipulation of variables. 3. c. a control condition. 4. d. a correlation coefficient As a researcher you are interested in how your subjects will behave in a laboratory situation. You will be interested in collecting what type of data? ✖ 1. a. Test 2. b. Self-Report 9/98

3. c. Life 4. d. Observations from friends The principle that researchers should do no harm to research subjects is known as ✖ 1. a. natural justice 2. b. common sense 3. c. Morgan’s Canon 4. d. beneficence Freud suggested that physical disorders often have _________ causes that are ________. ✖ 1. a. physiological; incurable 2. b. genetic; unconscious 3. c. psychological; unconscious 4. d. neurological; curable A good starting point for the development of a hypothesis is ✖ 1. a. an experiment. 2. b. a hunch. 3. c. a personality questionnaire. 4. d. an observational study. A person’s typical way of thinking, feeling, and acting, in various situations, at different times are known as her/his _______. ✖ 1. a. fixed patterns 2. b. genetic makeup 3. c. unconscious motivations 4. d. traits It is suggested in Chapter 1 that one human universal is the desire for __________(i.e. to develop and express our individual identity). ✖ 1. a. enlightenment 2. b. humanization 3. c. personality 4. d. actualization An example of unethical research mentioned in the book was the Tuskegee __________ study. ✖ 1. a. Schizophrenia 2. b. Parkinson 3. c. Twin 4. d. Syphilis The Common Rule mandates that institutions that conduct research maintain ✖ 1. a. an institutional review board. 2. b. a compensation fund. 3. c. a research approval committee. 4. d. an research ombudsperson.

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According to _______ theory, when people feel free to choose, are competent at what they do, and are connected to people around them, they will be motivated and self-directed for the task at hand. ✖ 1. a. self efficacy 2. b. self determination 3. c. free will 4. d. psychodynamic Self and ________ encompass our own sense of who we are including our self-concept and self-esteem. ✖ 1. a. ego 2. b. traits 3. c. personality 4. d. identity One of the most important procedures designed to implement the principle of respect for persons involved in psychological research is ___________. ✖ 1. a. random assignment 2. b. informed consent 3. c. confidential data collection 4. d. subject dialogue The most widely used method in personality research is (are) ✖ 1. a. behavioral observations. 2. b. reaction time procedures. 3. c. self-report scales and questionnaires. 4. d. experience sampling. The statistic indicated by the symbol “r” is called the ✖ 1. a. relational ratio. 2. b. mean. 3. c. correlation coefficient. 4. d. r-test. ____________ foundation describes how people perceive and think about information about themselves and their world. ✖ 1. a. Cognitive 2. b. Perceptual 3. c. Reality 4. d. Humanistic The textbook states that many personality variables have a genetic component. It also suggests that _____________ have (has) an environmental component. ✖ 1. a. very few of them 2. b. some of them 3. c. most of them 4. d. every one of them In terms of levels of personality, the textbook suggests that genes are on the ______-level. ✖ 11/98

1. a. micro 2. b. macro 3. c. meta 4. d. subconscious Psychological research relies on ________________, which describes how to make and test observations about the world in order to draw conclusions while minimizing error or bias. ✖ 1. a. intuition 2. b. the scientific method 3. c. epistemology 4. d. clinical methodology Most psychologists agree that to understand personality we need to understand all of the following EXCEPT ✖ 1. a. traits. 2. b. genetics. 3. c. superego traits. 4. d. regulation and motivation.

Test Bank for Psychological Testing Principles Applications and Issues 8th Edition by Kaplan Structured personality tests ✖ 1. a. require you to produce something spontaneously. 2. b. require you to choose between two or more alternative responses. 3. c. involve an ambiguous test stimulus about which the response is structured.. 4. d. involve an ambiguous test response. The potential for learning a specific skill can best be described as ✖ 1. a. achievement. 2. b. aptitude. 3. c. intelligence. 4. d. ability. Test administration refers to the ✖ 1. a. construction of the test. 2. b. validation of the test. 3. c. act of taking a test. 4. d. act of giving a test. Which of the following is the most important function of testing? ✖ 1. a. To determine what sort of treatment or other intervention is appropriate 2. b. To develop accurate portraits of individuals 3. c. To discriminate among related constructs 12/98

4. d. To differentiate among individuals taking the test A test that yields dependable and consistent results is ____. ✖ 1. a. meaningful 2. b. objective 3. c. reliable 4. d. valid If one can depend upon the results of a particular test to be consistently accurate, the test can be said to be ✖ 1. a. valid. 2. b. structured. 3. c. unambiguous. 4. d. reliable. The general potential to solve problems, adapt, and profit from experience is called ✖ 1. a. ability 2. b. achievement 3. c. prediction 4. d. intelligence Projective personality tests ✖ 1. a. provide a statement, usually of the self-report variety. 2. b. require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses 3. c. are unstructured. 4. d. are structured. Psychological tests ✖ 1. a. pertain only to overt behavior. 2. b. always have right or wrong answers. 3. c. do not attempt to measure traits. 4. d. measure characteristics of human behavior. An individual test ✖ 1. a. involves a single examiner for two or more subjects. 2. b. involves only tests of human ability. 3. c. can only be given to one person at a time. 4. d. involves more than one examiner for a single subject. Which of the following relates raw test scores to theoretical or empirical distributions? ✖ 1. a. transforms 2. b. reliability 3. c. scales 4. d. theories The validity of a psychological test refers to its ✖ 1. a. dependability. 2. b. meaning. 3. c. objectivity. 4. d. fairness. The main purpose of psychological testing is to evaluate ✖ 13/98

1. a. covert behavior. 2. b. individual differences. 3. c. personality traits. 4. d. overt behavior. If a particular test "X" has been shown to accurately predict success in a particular job, then the test is said to be ✖ 1. a. valid. 2. b. structured. 3. c. ambiguous. 4. d. reliable. Achievement, aptitude, and intelligence can be encompassed by the term ✖ 1. a. human potential. 2. b. human traits. 3. c. human personality. 4. d. human ability. One's general potential, independent of prior learning, can best be described as ✖ 1. a. achievement. 2. b. aptitude. 3. c. intelligence. 4. d. ability. The specific stimulus on a test to which a person responds overtly is called a(n) ✖ 1. a. overt event. 2. b. answer. 3. c. item. 4. d. scale. Previous learning can best be described as ✖ 1. a. achievement. 2. b. aptitude. 3. c. intelligence. 4. d. ability. A group test ✖ 1. a. can be given to multiple people by one examiner. 2. b. can only be given to three people at a time. 3. c. involves a group of examiners for a single subject. 4. d. involves only tests of human ability. Tests that measure an individual's typical behavior are called ✖ 1. a. ability tests. 2. b. personality tests. 3. c. intelligence tests. 4. d. group tests. Tests that provide a statement, usually of the self-report variety, and require the subject to choose between two or more alternative responses, are called ✖ 1. a. group tests. 14/98

2. b. individual tests. 3. c. structured personality tests. 4. d. projective personality tests. When you gather information through verbal interaction, you are using a(n) ✖ 1. a. individual test. 2. b. interview. 3. c. group test. 4. d. brainstorming. Personality tests in which the test stimulus and/or required response are ambiguous are called ✖ 1. a. projective personality tests. 2. b. structured personality tests. 3. c. unstructured personality tests. 4. d. achievement personality tests. According to a study (Espenshade & Chung, 2010; Jaschik, 2006), growing numbers of four-year colleges are not relying on the SAT test partly because of ✖ 1. a. budget constraints. 2. b. diversity concerns. 3. c. reliability issues. 4. d. quality control. Which of the following is true of tests? ✖ 1. a. Tests produce explicit data that are subject to scientific study. 2. b. Tests are successful in separating prior learning from potential for learning. 3. c. Very few tests can actually predict behavior. 4. d. Tests can provide insight into overt but not covert behavior. Which of the following scientists is credited with founding the science of psychology? ✖ 1. a. Herbart 2. b. Wundt 3. c. Weber 4. d. Cattell Sir Francis Galton set out to show ✖ 1. a. that some humans possessed characteristics that made them more fit than other humans. 2. b. that humans did not differ significantly from each other. 3. c. that life evolved on this planet partially because of individual differences among individual forms of life within a species or type of animal. 4. d. that the concept of survival of the fittest was essentially incorrect. Two or more tests that are given together and relate seemingly diverse topics are called ✖ 1. a. structured. 2. b. unstructured. 3. c. batteries. 4. d. portfolios. 15/98

The first version of the Binet-Simon scale was published in ✖ 1. a. 1896 2. b. 1905. 3. c. 1908. 4. d. 1911 The work of Weber and Fechner represent which foundation of psychological testing? ✖ 1. a. individual differences 2. b. psychophysical measurement 3. c. survival of the fittest 4. d. Darwinian evolution Administering a test with precisely the same instructions and format is giving it under ✖ 1. a. normative conditions. 2. b. standard conditions. 3. c. facilitative conditions. 4. d. group administration. A standardization sample is representative if the sample ✖ 1. a. has been subjected to rigorous experimental control. 2. b. consists of individuals that are similar to the group to be tested. 3. c. consists of a great many individuals. 4. d. is administered in the same way as the actual test group will be. The first intelligence tests were developed for the purpose of ✖ 1. a. identifying gifted children. 2. b. finding the most suitable candidates for the U.S. Army. 3. c. measuring emotional instability. 4. d. identifying intellectually subnormal individuals. The term "mental test" was coined by ✖ 1. a. Charles Darwin. 2. b. Sir Francis Galton. 3. c. Alfred Binet. 4. d. James M. Cattell. The Stanford-Binet intelligence scale was developed by ✖ 1. a. A. Binet. 2. b. T. Simon. 3. c. A. Binet and T. Simon. 4. d. L. M. Terman. A child's mental age ✖ 1. a. cannot be determined independently of the child's chronological age. 2. b. provides a measurement of a child's performance relative to other children of a particular age group. 3. c. cannot be determined from a child's test score. 4. d. can only be determined from large representative samples.

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Dr. Johnson is trying to establish norms for his new test. He determined that 50% of the people in the standardization sample should be Hispanic, 20% Caucasian, 15% Asian, and 15% African American. He is creating a ✖ 1. a. normalization group. 2. b. representative sample. 3. c. random sample. 4. d. population statistics. The first group tests of human abilities were developed for ✖ 1. a. screening intellectually subnormal school children. 2. b. selecting soldiers to fight for the U.S. in World War I. 3. c. selecting pilots for advanced training in the World War II. 4. d. evaluating which students should be admitted to public universities. The use of standardized tests after WWI culminated with the publication of the ✖ 1. a. Stanford Binet test. 2. b. Stanford Achievement Test. 3. c. Army Beta. 4. d. Army Alpha. The concept of mental age was introduced in ✖ 1. a. 1905. 2. b. 1908. 3. c. 1911. 4. d. 1916. When a test is administered to the general population, norms should be established using a representative sample that ✖ 1. a. has been administered the test under standard conditions. 2. b. has been chosen in a completely random fashion. 3. c. represents all segments of the population in proportion to their numbers. 4. d. is comprised of a great many individuals. Which of the following is a group test of human ability for an adult that does NOT require the subject to be literate? ✖ 1. a. Army Alpha 2. b. Seguin Form Board 3. c. Army Beta 4. d. Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale In order to establish norms, a large group of people is being given a test under the same conditions in which the test will actually be used. This group is called a(n) ____ group. ✖ 1. a. reliability 2. b. standardization 3. c. random 4. d. experimental It is important to obtain a standardization sample ✖ 1. a. to prevent bias in the development and scoring of the test. 17/98

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b. to provide a reference sample to which the results of a new subject can be compared. 3. c. to separate the intellectually subnormal from the normal individual. 4. d. to ensure the representativeness of a sample. Which test represented a major breakthrough in the measurement of cognitive ability? ✖ 1. a. Binet-Simon Scale 2. b. Seguin Form Board Test 3. c. Strong Vocational Interest Bank 4. d. Carnegie Interest Inventory Eight-year-old Daniel was administered the Binet-Simon Scale that suggested he was functioning at the same level as a senior in high school. This is an example of a(n) ✖ 1. a. outcome measure. 2. b. mental age scale. 3. c. restandardization. 4. d. norm. What evolutionary constructs did Galton apply in his book “Hereditary Genius? ✖ 1. a. genetics and epigenetics 2. b. survival of the fittest and individual differences 3. c. random differences and population variation 4. d. evolution and selective breeding The origins of testing can be traced to ✖ 1. a. Egypt. 2. b. England. 3. c. China. 4. d. Russia. Robert Yerkes led the team of psychologists that developed the ✖ 1. a. Army Alpha and Army Beta. 2. b. Seguin Form Board. 3. c. Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. 4. d. Yerkes Personal Data Sheet. The use of test batteries was common by the time of the ✖ 1. a. Ling Dynasty. 2. b. Han Dynasty. 3. c. Tam Dynasty. 4. d. Nam Dynasty. The Rorschach presents ambiguous stimuli to an individual who then provides his or her own personal interpretation. This is an example of what kind of test? ✖ 1. a. structured 2. b. projective 3. c. intelligence 4. d. abilities 18/98

The first structured personality test was the ✖ 1. a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. 2. b. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet. 3. c. Thematic Apperception Test. 4. d. 16 Personality Factors test. The first attempt to apply factor analytic techniques to test construction were made by ✖ 1. a. Sam Beck. 2. b. R.B. Cattell. 3. c. Henry Murray. 4. d. J.R. Guilford. Today, psychological testing ✖ 1. a. is regarded as having little room for improvement. 2. b. remains one of the most important yet controversial issues. 3. c. is mostly ignored because insurance companies will not pay for it. 4. d. is losing its credibility. Which of the following tests produced both a verbal and a performance IQ? ✖ 1. a. Terman's Stanford-Binet 2. b. The 1908 Binet-Simon scale 3. c. The Army Beta 4. d. The Wechsler-Bellevue scale Factor analytic techniques were employed in the development of the ✖ 1. a. MMPI. 2. b. CPI. 3. c. TAT. 4. d. 16PF. Which of the following is an example of a trait? ✖ 1. a. depression 2. b. fear 3. c. pessimism 4. d. anger Who is associated with the development of the TAT? ✖ 1. a. Murray & Morgan 2. b. Terman & Binet 3. c. Levy & Beck 4. d. Morgan & Beck Which individual developed tests to evaluate persons with emotional impairments? ✖ 1. a. Galton 2. b. Seguin 3. c. Kraepelin 4. d. Weber The Shakow report emphasized that ✖ 1. a. most personality tests were invalid. 2. b. I.Q. tests should not be used to place children in special classes. 19/98

3. c. testing is a unique function of doctoral-level clinical psychologists 4. d. all tests must have normative samples. Jeremy lost his job very unexpectedly last year, but he was as confident as usual. This change in his level of confidence was representative of a(n) ✖ 1. a. trait. 2. b. state. 3. c. abnormal behavior. 4. d. ability. The Rorschach was introduced into the United States by ✖ 1. a. Henry Murray. 2. b. Herman Rorschach. 3. c. Sam Beck. 4. d. David Levy. Which of the following contributed to the popularity of standardized achievement tests? ✖ 1. a. Their objectivity and ease of administration and scoring 2. b. Their ability to measure learning independently of intelligence 3. c. Their relationship to objective measures of neurological functioning 4. d. Their importance to psychological theories Structured personality tests became unpopular in the 1930s and 1940s because they ✖ 1. a. were difficult to administer. 2. b. were too subjective. 3. c. were not standardized. 4. d. relied on the face value of responses. Which of the following are both projective tests? ✖ 1. a. the Rorschach and the MMPI 2. b. the Rorschach and the TAT 3. c. the Rorschach and the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet 4. d. the TAT and the MMPI Jeremy lost his job very unexpectedly last year, and for a short while he was not as confident as usual. This change in his level of confidence was representative of a(n) ✖ 1. a. trait. 2. b. state. 3. c. abnormal behavior. 4. d. ability. A major problem with the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet was that ✖ 1. a. it assumed the answers were acceptable at face value. 2. b. the normative sample was too small. 3. c. it was difficult to administer. 4. d. there were too few questions. Which of the following tests makes no assumption about the meaning of test responses, but instead, relies on empirical research? ✖ 1. a. TAT 2. b. MMPI 20/98

3. c. 16PF 4. d. CPI Which of the following tests is purported to measure human needs? ✖ 1. a. 16PF 2. b. TAT 3. c. MMPI 4. d. Rorschach A method for finding the minimum number of dimensions to account for a large number of variables is called ✖ 1. a. correlational analysis. 2. b. multiple regression. 3. c. factor analysis. 4. d. analysis of variance. Who developed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire? ✖ 1. a. J. R. Guilford 2. b. R.B. Cattell 3. c. L.L. Thurstone 4. d. Sam Beck A trait is ____. ✖ 1. a. dependent upon the situation 2. b. defined as the motivating force behind behavior 3. c. strongly impacted by changes in the environment 4. d. an enduring disposition that distinguishes one individual from another Which of the following is one criticism of early personality tests? ✖ 1. a. The tests made too few assumptions about the meaning of a test response. 2. b. The questions were too complex to grade objectively. 3. c. The tests did not accurately reflect modern testing theories. 4. d. The responses may not be interpreted in the same way by the test administrator.

Test Bank for Perspectives on Personality 7th Edition by Carver In the 1. 2. 3. 4.

study of personality, consistency involves looking for continuity across: ✔ a. time. b. similar situations. c. situations that are relatively different from each other. d. all of the above

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Allport's definition of personality includes all of the following points EXCEPT the idea that personality: ✔ 1. a. has organization. 2. b. is a causal force. 3. c. shows up in patterns. 4. d. is a purely psychological concept. In characterizing Freud's ideas about testability, it is most accurate to say that he: ✖ 1. a. insisted that his theoretical ideas be supported by research. 2. b. preferred that his theoretical ideas be supported by research but recognized that some of them were untestable. 3. c. was not interested in whether or not his theoretical ideas were supported by research. 4. d. none of the above The term personality describes a sense of: ✖ 1. a. personal distinctiveness. 2. b. internal conflict. 3. c. morality. 4. d. all of the above The idea that our behavior at a given time stems from the motives we hold at that time emphasizes the concept of: ✖ 1. a. individual differences. 2. b. internal consistency. 3. c. intrapersonal functioning. 4. d. personal distinctiveness. A good personality theory should be: ✖ 1. a. abstract. 2. b. testable. 3. c. correct. 4. d. all of the above Which of the following criteria should a good theory fit? ✖ 1. a. It should be parsimonious. 2. b. It should “feel” right. 3. c. It should be testable. 4. d. all of the above Which of the following did Allport say about personality? ✖ 1. a. It's simply an accumulation of bits and pieces. 2. b. It is not inextricably tied to the physical body. 3. c. It is a causal force that determines behavior. 4. d. It is generally displayed in just one way. The broader a theory is: ✖ 1. a. the more likely it is to be ambiguous. 2. b. the more likely it is to be correct. 3. c. the more likely it is to make clear predictions. 22/98

4. d. the more likely it is to deny scientific facts. Intrapersonal functioning describes: ✖ 1. a. the dynamic organization of systems within the person. 2. b. the interactions between individuals within society. 3. c. individual differences in behavior. 4. d. the degree of consistency of an individual's behavior across settings. The term personality conveys a sense of _________ about an individual’s qualities. ✖ 1. a. diversity 2. b. consistency 3. c. complexity 4. d. inevitability According to William James, people prefer theories that fit their: ✖ 1. a. aesthetic needs. 2. b. emotional needs. 3. c. active needs. 4. d. all of the above The two basic functions of theories are to: ✖ 1. a. explain and modify behavior. 2. b. describe and modify behavior. 3. c. describe and explain behavior. 4. d. explain and predict behavior. Which of the following is NOT a legitimate criticism of a psychological theory? ✖ 1. a. It is too parsimonious. 2. b. It is based on laboratory animals in artificial settings. 3. c. It is based on the theorists’ experiences conducting therapy. 4. d. It does not stimulate enthusiasm. No two personalities are exactly alike. This is captured by the notion of: ✖ 1. a. genetic differences. 2. b. differences in socialization. 3. c. individual differences. 4. d. none of the above According to the trait perspective, _________ is a major focus. ✖ 1. a. what traits are most important 2. b. how many traits are important 3. c. how trait differences are expressed in behavior 4. d. all of the above A theory is a: ✖ 1. a. scientifically proven set of facts. 2. b. set of ideas that are not supported by scientific data. 3. c. summary statement about events. 4. d. layperson’s speculation about a phenomenon. The personality concept helps us to: ✖ 1. a. understand the behavior of others. 23/98

2. b. predict how people will behave in certain situations. 3. c. understand our own behavior. 4. d. all of the above The best theories are characterized by: ✖ 1. a. parsimony. 2. b. substantial research support. 3. c. intuitive appeal. 4. d. all of the above A theory is parsimonious if it: ✖ 1. a. can predict behavior accurately. 2. b. contains few assumptions. 3. c. is testable. 4. d. is able to stimulate research. One reason people use the term personality is to convey: ✖ 1. a. that no other person will behave in the same manner as another. 2. b. that a person’s actions in a situation are determined by genetics. 3. c. that a causal force within a person is influencing their behavior. 4. d. none of the above When laypersons use the term personality, they generally refer to _________, whereas when personality psychologists use the term, they generally refer to _________. ✖ 1. a. generic ideas about things everyone has in common; specific traits of particular people 2. b. specific traits of particular people; concrete concepts about personality 3. c. concrete concepts about personality; specific traits of particular people 4. d. specific traits of particular people; abstract concepts about personality The cognitive perspective suggests that: ✖ 1. a. mental organization influences how people think but not how they behave. 2. b. human nature involves deriving meaning from experiences. 3. c. personality does not exist. 4. d. all of the above The term personality suggests that a few characteristics can summarize what a person is like. ✖ 1. True 2. False One reason to use the term personality is to suggest that a person's behavior is caused by internal forces. ✖ 1. True 2. False According to the biological process perspective: ✖ 1. a. personality is purely genetic. 24/98

2. b. all nervous systems function the same way. 3. c. nervous system processes, but not hormonal processes, influence personality. 4. d. both nervous system and hormonal processes influence personality. Identical twins have identical personalities, even if they try to conceal this. ✖ 1. True 2. False Psychologists typically use the term personality to refer to specific characteristics of specific persons. ✖ 1. True 2. False The social learning perspective emphasizes: ✖ 1. a. constancy in personality. 2. b. change in personality. 3. c. school and peer influences on personality, but not family influences. 4. d. parental influences but not peer influences. According to the organismic perspective on personality: ✖ 1. a. sex drive has a primary influence on personality. 2. b. people do not have free will. 3. c. every person has the potential to grow into a person of value. 4. d. environment is less important than biology. The view that human nature incorporates a set of internal pressures that compete and conflict with each other reflects the: ✖ 1. a. trait perspective. 2. b. dispositional perspective. 3. c. psychosocial perspective. 4. d. learning perspective. Accurate assessment of personality is necessary: ✖ 1. a. to conduct valid research on personality. 2. b. for making smart hiring decisions. 3. c. for treating mental illness. 4. d. all of the above. One reason to use the term personality is to communicate continuity in personal qualities. ✖ 1. True 2. False Personality refers to consistency across similar situations but not consistency across very different situations. ✖ 1. True 2. False When we describe personality, we reduce a large amount of information to a smaller set. ✖ 1. True 25/98

2. False The motive perspective on personality suggests that: ✖ 1. a. motives are the sole determinant of behavior. 2. b. motives wax and wane in different contexts. 3. c. motives are not deeply embedded in the person. 4. d. motives are exclusively genetic. Which of the following perspectives is most closely aligned with the psychoanalytic perspective? ✖ 1. a. the meta-theoretical perspective 2. b. the dispositional perspective 3. c. the phenomenological perspective 4. d. the psychosocial perspective The inheritance and evolution perspective: ✖ 1. a. is the only biological perspective on personality. 2. b. could suggest that aspects of personality exist because they were adaptive millennia ago. 3. c. emphasizes how a parent’s social experiences will influence his or her child’s personality. 4. d. all of the above When psychologists use the term personality they are likely referring to an abstraction. ✖ 1. True 2. False According to Allport, personality has little to do with the physical body. ✖ 1. True 2. False Newer theories in personality psychology tend to _________ than older theories. ✖ 1. a. explain more aspects of personality 2. b. explain fewer aspects of personality 3. c. rely more on case studies 4. d. be less parsimonious Personality psychologists generally agree on a single definition of personality. ✖ 1. True 2. False Which of the following is an assumption of the self-regulation perspective? ✖ 1. a. People are complex. 2. b. Personality is organized. 3. c. People synthesize and move toward goals. 4. d. all of the above Results from psychological research often fail to fully support predictions. ✖ 1. True 2. False 26/98

According to the biological processes perspective, nervous-system functioning is important in determining personality, but hormonal functioning is not, because hormone levels fluctuate so rapidly. ✖ 1. True 2. False The social learning perspective on personality emphasizes constancy rather than change. ✖ 1. True 2. False Each theoretical perspective suggests different things about normal behavior, but similar things about abnormal behavior. ✖ 1. True 2. False A theory is sufficient if it provides an explanation for known facts; it need not allow you to make new predictions. ✖ 1. True 2. False Newer personality theories tend to be aimed at all aspects of personality whereas older theories tended to focus on more specific aspects of personality. ✖ 1. True 2. False If a particular theory does not cover the entire domain of personality, it is not a valuable contribution to the field. ✖ 1. True 2. False Each perspective on personality generally begins with a different conception of human nature. ✖ 1. True 2. False The inheritance and evolution perspective argues that many aspects of personality exist because they were adaptive for humans that existed millennia ago. ✖ 1. True 2. False The psychosocial perspective is historically linked to the psychoanalytic perspective. ✖ 1. True 2. False Theories must explain complex phenomena more complex than, for example, the behavior of individual nerve cells. ✖ 1. True 2. False A good theory needs to generate novel predictions. ✖ 1. True 2. False 27/98

Assessment techniques often differ from one theoretical approach to another. ✖ 1. True 2. False Assessment techniques are an important part of applied psychology. ✖ 1. True 2. False The belief that people tend naturally toward self-perfection is one of the roots of the selfactualization perspective. ✖ 1. True 2. False The cognitive perspective on personality focuses on the notion that self-actualization is a fundamental part of human nature. ✖ 1. True 2. False The concept of intrapersonal functioning describes the dynamic processes that occur within the individual. ✖ 1. True 2. False The motive perspective on personality argues that motivations are constant across contexts. ✖ 1. True 2. False The trait perspective suggests human nature is a set of relatively permanent qualities embedded in a person. ✖ 1. True 2. False Most personality theories have some ambiguity, making it unclear exactly what their predictions should be. ✖ 1. True 2. False The fewer things a theory has to account for, the more likely it is to be ambiguous. ✖ 1. True 2. False Sigmund Freud is most closely associated with the biological process perspective. ✖ 1. True 2. False Good theories should contain as many theories as possible. ✖ 1. True 2. False Theories should be open to the possibility of being disconfirmed as well as to the possibility of being supported. ✖ 1. True 2. False 28/98

Personality psychologists only use objective information when evaluating theories. ✖ 1. True 2. False Because personality is a broad construct, personality theories must be broad and complex. ✖ 1. True 2. False Each theoretical perspective suggests different ways to promote behavior change. ✖ 1. True 2. False Two core themes in personality psychology are individual differences and social functioning. ✖ 1. True 2. False Although they differ in other ways, all personality theories give equal emphasis to individual differences and intrapersonal functioning. ✖ 1. True 2. False The explanatory aspect of personality theories is more subtle than the predictive aspect. ✖ 1. True 2. False

Test Bank for Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology 6th Edition by Riggio The two objectives of I/O psychology are ✖ 1. a. conducting research and applying research knowledge to improving work behavior. 2. b. conducting research and establishing general laws of work behavior. 3. c. conducting research and training other psychologists. 4. d. training other psychologists and designing organizational structures. Industrial/organizational psychology is defined as ✖ 1. a. the study of work in industry. 2. b. the study of human behavior in work settings. 3. c. a combination of management principles and work efficiency methods. 4. d. the process of analyzing communication between managers and subordinates. Which of the following is an outcome associated with organizational downsizing? ✖ 1. a. Workers who remain become more loyal to the organization. 2. b. There is a decrease in line workers, but an increase in management. 3. c. Remaining workers are more motivated because they fear also losing their jobs. 4. d. The organization is usually more efficient and more competitive. 29/98

The scientific objective of I/O psychology involves ✖ 1. a. applying psychological principles to observing work behavior. 2. b. applying research results in attempts to improve work behavior. 3. c. the study and understanding of all aspects of behavior at work. 4. d. the discovery of general laws of human behavior. A major contribution to the development of I/O psychology that occurred during the World War I years was ✖ 1. a. development of the atomic bomb. 2. b. the creation of the Army Alpha and Beta intelligence tests. 3. c. an increased focus on ergonomic design of war equipment. 4. d. an increased focus on the psychological experiences of soldiers. A major event in the "modern era" of I/O psychology (1960s-1990s) that had a major impact on employment decisions was ✖ 1. a. the emergence of personality testing. 2. b. the human relations movement. 3. c. the cognitive explosion. 4. d. civil rights legislation. Which of the following is NOT a typical reason for organizational downsizing? ✖ 1. a. Technological advancements eliminate jobs for people 2. b. Reductions in the number of middle-level managers 3. c. Decreasing globalization of business 4. d. Fewer workers are required to do more work than before An efficiency expert is studying jobs carefully, making detailed assessments of how long it takes workers to perform tasks. In all likelihood, the expert is using the scientific management method of ✖ 1. a. ergonomics. 2. b. time-and-motion studies. 3. c. scientist-practitioner model. 4. d. job specialization. According to Mayo, which workers are most likely to turn to the social environment of the work setting for motivation? ✖ 1. a. Workers who are highly satisfied with the work itself. 2. b. Workers in high-level management positions. 3. c. Workers in repetitive or low-level positions. 4. d. All workers are equally likely to seek motivation in social relationships on the job. Research indicates that companies that value workplace diversity ✖ 1. a. have higher levels of organizational conflict. 2. b. attract the most qualified workers. 3. c. are less innovative than other companies. 4. d. have organizational cultures that are very similar to those of less diverse companies.

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The applied objective of I/O psychology involves ✖ 1. a. examining and describing human work behavior. 2. b. the application of psychological principles to work behavior. 3. c. the discovery of general laws of human behavior. 4. d. conducting research and publishing it in scientific journals. By the year 2010, white males will constitute __________ of the US workforce. ✖ 1. a. less than half 2. b. more than 80% 3. c. less than 20% 4. d. exactly half An obvious advantage of increased workforce diversity is ✖ One reason that scientific management is no longer as applicable in the work place as it was at one time is that ✖ 1. a. the standard of living has increased over the years. 2. b. the theory is too broad to apply today. 3. c. jobs today are more complex than they used to be. 4. d. the principles do not apply to international businesses. World War II contributed greatly to the growth of I/O psychology through ✖ 1. a. the need for state-of-the-art machinery. 2. b. the death of many soldiers leading to dramatic shrinking of the workforce. 3. c. the development of espionage devices. 4. d. an increased focus on mental illnesses produced by warfare. Suppose that a manager wants to increase the output of a staff of word processors/typists.Which of the following strategies would be consistent with the principles of scientific management? ✖ 1. a. Giving the typists pep talks every morning 2. b. Instituting an Employee of the Month program 3. c. Firing the least productive typists and hiring new ones 4. d. Designing work stations that increase the efficiency with which workers can perform their jobs Which of the following recent strategies/trends is most consistent with Elton Mayo’s thinking and the principles of the Human Relations movement? ✖ 1. a. The trend toward virtual work groups that interact electronically. 2. b. The expanding focus on human resources. 3. c. The downsizing trend that makes for a smaller company workforce. 4. d. The increasing diversity of workers. A main proposition of the human relations movement is ✖ 1. a. workers are motivated solely by money. 2. b. achievement motivation is important in determining worker morale. 3. c. workers in high-level positions are unlikely to be satisfied with their jobs. 4. d. good interpersonal relationships among coworkers will lead to increased productivity. 31/98

The major reason that organizations will need to give greater and greater attention to human resources in the future is ✖ 1. a. employees do not want to work as hard as they once did. 2. b. fewer people are going to college. 3. c. there is a dwindling supply of truly skilled workers. 4. d. employers are relying less on employee selection. In the famous Hawthorne studies, workers became more productive because ✖ 1. a. they knew they were being observed. 2. b. the lighting was increased. 3. c. they were given longer rest breaks. 4. d. they thought they would eventually be rewarded. Which of the following is NOT a major trend that is influencing the course of I/O psychology? ✖ 1. a. Increasing diversity of the workforce 2. b. Increase in the world’s population 3. c. The changing nature of work 4. d. Expanding focus on human resources The engineer who is credited with stimulating the beginning of the field that would develop into I/O psychology is ✖ 1. a. Hugo Munsterberg. 2. b. Walter Dill Scott. 3. c. Frederick W. Taylor. 4. d. Elton Mayo. One principle of the human relations movement is that social factors will sometimes outweigh the effects of monetary incentives in motivating workers. ✖ 1. True 2. False I/O psychology has two objectives: to conduct research and to train other psychologists. ✖ 1. True 2. False The two World Wars contributed greatly to the growth of I/O psychology, particularly in the area of employee testing. ✖ 1. True 2. False The Hawthorne studies were conducted in laboratories at Harvard University in the mid1920s. ✖ 1. True 2. False While diversity in the workforce has benefits, demographic and cultural differences can increase work team conflict, inhibit team cooperation, and harm performance ✖ 1. True 2. False 32/98

Some I/O psychologists are involved in helping employees to deal more effectively with stress on the job. ✖ 1. True 2. False The Great Depression of the 1930s led to increased opportunities for industrial/organizational psychologists. ✖ 1. True 2. False Time-and-motion studies are part of the procedures known as the human relations movement. ✖ 1. True 2. False By the year 2010, white males will be in the minority in the US workforce ✖ 1. True 2. False In the early 2000's, there will be a serious shortage of individuals who are truly qualified for entry-level management positions ✖ 1. True 2. False Time-and-motion studies may be most useful for examining simple jobs involving manual labor or repetitive action. ✖ 1. True 2. False Taylor believed that there must be a match between the worker's skills and abilities and the type of work he or she performs. ✖ 1. True 2. False

Test Bank for Mastering Modern Psychological Testing by Reynolds The majority of assessment information collected by most teachers comes from: ✖ 1. a. professionally developed tests. 2. b. state-wide tests. 3. c. performance tests. 4. d. teacher made tests. _______ typically contain test items that are all about the same level of difficulty. ✖ 1. a. Objective tests 2. b. Speed tests 3. c. Power tests 4. d. Projective tests Who was the German mathematician that first recognized measurement error? ✖ 33/98

1. a. Carl Gauss 2. b. Sigmond Freud 3. c. James Cattell 4. d. Clark Wissler Susan has been evaluated and determined to be learning disabled. This is an example of: ✖ 1. a. assignment. 2. b. classification. 3. c. placement 4. d. selection. Which test below is considered a maximum performance test? ✖ 1. a. Achievement test 2. b. Depression test 3. c. Personality test 4. d. Interests test ______ is often considered the father of mental tests and measurements. ✖ 1. a. Carl Gauss 2. b. Clark Wissler 3. c. Sir Francis Galton 4. d. Alfred Binet In reference to projective tests, what is the “projective hypothesis”? ✖ 1. a. Examinees’ responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect their genuine unconscious desires, motives, and drives without interference from the ego or conscious mind. 2. b. Examinees’ responses to specific stimuli reflect their genuine conscious desires, motives, and drives. 3. c. Examinees’ responses to specific stimuli reflect their genuine unconscious desires, motives, and drives without interference from the ego or conscious mind. 4. d. Examinees’ responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect their genuine conscious desires, motives, and drives. Typical response tests measure constructs such as: ✖ 1. a. attitudes. 2. b. achievement. 3. c. aptitude. 4. d. Intelligence. _________ is any systematic procedure for collecting information that can be used to make inferences about the characteristics of people. ✖ 1. a. Appraisal 2. b. Assessment 3. c. Evaluation 4. d. Measurement A power test: ✖ 1. a. is a type of typical response test. 2. b. requires a stringent time limit. 34/98

3. c. emphasizes the use of items of similar difficulty. 4. d. can focus on aptitude or achievement. A classroom teacher gives her students a final exam that is the bases for 50% of their final grades in the course. This is an example of which type of evaluation? ✖ 1. a. Projective evaluation 2. b. Summative evaluation 3. c. Formative evaluation 4. d. Feedback evaluation Performance on pure ________ tests are assessed based on time, while pure ________ tests are assessed based on difficulty. ✖ 1. a. speed; power 2. b. power; speed 3. c. achievement; maximum performance 4. d. maximum performance; achievement An assumption of educational assessment is that tests are designed to measure traits or characteristics, known as: ✖ 1. a. abilities. 2. b. behaviors. 3. c. constructs. 4. d. skills. Johnny is shown a picture of two kids playing in the park and asked to describe what he believes each child is thinking. What type of test is this? ✖ 1. a. Objective personality test 2. b. Typical response test 3. c. Maximum performance test 4. d. Projective personality test Tim received his third exam score for Tests and Measurements and realizes that he needs to study more for the final. What type of evaluation would help by providing instructive feedback to him? ✖ 1. a. Comprehensive evaluation 2. b. Feedback evaluation 3. c. Formative evaluation 4. d. Summative evaluation Maximum performance tests are designed to: ✖ 1. a. classify students into ability levels. 2. b. assess students’ ability levels 3. c. assess upper limits of examinee’s knowledge and abilities. 4. d. assess lower limits of examinee’s knowledge and abilities. The Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT) is a(n): ✖ 1. a. pure speed test. 2. b. maximum performance test. 3. c. typical response test. 4. d. projective test. 35/98

At the classroom level, ________ must be able to interpret assessment results accurately and use them appropriately. ✖ 1. a. counselors 2. b. diagnosticians 3. c. school psychologists 4. d. teachers __________ tests are typically used to measure what has been learned at a specific point in time; _________ tests are often used to predict future performance or measure potential for learning. ✖ 1. a. Aptitude; achievement 2. b. Achievement; aptitude 3. c. Speed; power 4. d. Power; speed Which scores would be interpreted appropriately for measuring a student’s mastery of a specific domain of knowledge? ✖ 1. a. Norm-referenced scores 2. b. Criterion-referenced scores 3. c. Standardized-referenced scores 4. d. Projective-referenced scores Tim received his third exam score for Tests and Measurements and realizes that he needs to study more for the final. What type of evaluation would help by providing instructive feedback to him? ✖ 1. a. Comprehensive evaluation 2. b. Feedback evaluation 3. c. Formative evaluation 4. d. Summative evaluation The majority of assessment information collected by most teachers comes from: ✖ 1. a. professionally developed tests. 2. b. state-wide tests. 3. c. performance tests. 4. d. teacher made tests. An assumption of educational assessment is that tests are designed to measure traits or characteristics, known as: ✖ 1. a. abilities. 2. b. behaviors. 3. c. constructs. 4. d. skills. Johnny is shown a picture of two kids playing in the park and asked to describe what he believes each child is thinking. What type of test is this? ✖ 1. a. Objective personality test 2. b. Typical response test 3. c. Maximum performance test 4. d. Projective personality test 36/98

At the classroom level, ________ must be able to interpret assessment results accurately and use them appropriately. ✖ 1. a. counselors 2. b. diagnosticians 3. c. school psychologists 4. d. teachers Maximum performance tests are designed to: ✖ 1. a. classify students into ability levels. 2. b. assess students’ ability levels 3. c. assess upper limits of examinee’s knowledge and abilities. 4. d. assess lower limits of examinee’s knowledge and abilities. In reference to projective tests, what is the “projective hypothesis”? ✖ 1. a. Examinees’ responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect their genuine unconscious desires, motives, and drives without interference from the ego or conscious mind. 2. b. Examinees’ responses to specific stimuli reflect their genuine conscious desires, motives, and drives. 3. c. Examinees’ responses to specific stimuli reflect their genuine unconscious desires, motives, and drives without interference from the ego or conscious mind. 4. d. Examinees’ responses to ambiguous stimuli reflect their genuine conscious desires, motives, and drives. Which test below is considered a maximum performance test? ✖ 1. a. Achievement test 2. b. Depression test 3. c. Personality test 4. d. Interests test Which scores would be interpreted appropriately for measuring a student’s mastery of a specific domain of knowledge? ✖ 1. a. Norm-referenced scores 2. b. Criterion-referenced scores 3. c. Standardized-referenced scores 4. d. Projective-referenced scores The Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT) is a(n): ✖ 1. a. pure speed test. 2. b. maximum performance test. 3. c. typical response test. 4. d. projective test. _______ typically contain test items that are all about the same level of difficulty. ✖ 1. a. Objective tests 2. b. Speed tests 3. c. Power tests 4. d. Projective tests

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Typical response tests measure constructs such as: ✖ 1. a. attitudes. 2. b. achievement. 3. c. aptitude. 4. d. Intelligence. A classroom teacher gives her students a final exam that is the bases for 50% of their final grades in the course. This is an example of which type of evaluation? ✖ 1. a. Projective evaluation 2. b. Summative evaluation 3. c. Formative evaluation 4. d. Feedback evaluation ______ is often considered the father of mental tests and measurements. ✖ 1. a. Carl Gauss 2. b. Clark Wissler 3. c. Sir Francis Galton 4. d. Alfred Binet Performance on pure ________ tests are assessed based on time, while pure ________ tests are assessed based on difficulty. ✖ 1. a. speed; power 2. b. power; speed 3. c. achievement; maximum performance 4. d. maximum performance; achievement _________ is any systematic procedure for collecting information that can be used to make inferences about the characteristics of people. ✖ 1. a. Appraisal 2. b. Assessment 3. c. Evaluation 4. d. Measurement Who was the German mathematician that first recognized measurement error? ✖ 1. a. Carl Gauss 2. b. Sigmond Freud 3. c. James Cattell 4. d. Clark Wissler __________ tests are typically used to measure what has been learned at a specific point in time; _________ tests are often used to predict future performance or measure potential for learning. ✖ 1. a. Aptitude; achievement 2. b. Achievement; aptitude 3. c. Speed; power 4. d. Power; speed A power test: ✖ 1. a. is a type of typical response test. 2. b. requires a stringent time limit. 38/98

3. 4. Susan 1. 2. 3. 4.

c. emphasizes the use of items of similar difficulty. d. can focus on aptitude or achievement. has been evaluated and determined to be learning disabled. This is an example of: a. assignment. b. classification. c. placement d. selection.

Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology 9th Edition by Nevid In a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. Although the researchers know which group got the real alcohol, none of the subjects know. This study is designed as a ______ placebo-control study. ✖ 1. a. single-blind 2. b. double-blind 3. c. longitudinal 4. d. correlational Studies which examine the rates of occurrence of abnormal behavior in various settings and population groups are known as ______ studies. ✖ 1. a. epidemiological 2. b. quasi-experimental 3. c. case 4. d. psychometric Experiments lack internal validity when they fail to control for other factors, called ______ that might pose rival hypotheses for the results. ✖ 1. a. confounds 2. b. placebos 3. c. blinds 4. d. alternatives In tests and measurements, ____________ is the term for the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. ✖ 1. a. validity 2. b. accuracy 3. c. reliability 4. d. congruence Single-blind experiments control for ______. ✖ 1. a. neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations 2. b. subjects' but not experimenters' expectations 3. c. experimenters' but not subjects' expectations 4. d. both subjects' and experimenters' expectations 39/98

An experiment's generalizability or applicability beyond the original sample to other subjects, settings, and times is called _______ validity. ✖ 1. a. analogue 2. b. construct 3. c. internal 4. d. external Experiments are said to have ______ validity when observed changes in the dependent variable(s) can be causally related to the independent or treatment variable. ✖ 1. a. analogue 2. b. construct 3. c. internal 4. d. external A researcher tests a new antidepressant drug. The drug works, but not for the theoretical reasons proposed in the researcher's hypothesis. The experiment lacks ______ validity. ✖ 1. a. face 2. b. construct 3. c. internal 4. d. external A researcher using the epidemiological model would be most likely to use which of the following research techniques? ✖ 1. a. a survey 2. b. the intuitive approach 3. c. a case study 4. d. an experiment The process of repeating an experiment in other settings or at other times is called ______. 1. a. reiteration 2. b. correlation 3. c. replication 4. d. a control study Which of the following is a type of experimental validity? ✖ 1. a. analogue validity 2. b. specific validity 3. c. control validity 4. d. external validity In a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. Neither the subjects nor the researchers know which group got the real alcohol until after the study is completed. This study is designed as a ______ placebo-control study. ✖ 1. a. single-blind 2. b. double-blind 3. c. longitudinal 4. d. correlational 40/98

A researcher administers an antidepressant drug to a group of depressed patients and over a period of time they improve. The researcher claims that their improvement is due to the drug, even though she did not control for outside factors such as improved emotional support from friends, or natural improvement over time. This study lacks ______. ✖ 1. a. analogue validity 2. b. construct validity 3. c. internal validity 4. d. external validity Evidence suggests that the effects of placebos are ______. ✖ 1. a. extremely strong 2. b. generally weak 3. c. generally strong 4. d. nonexistent The degree to which treatment effects in an experiment can be accounted for by the theoretical mechanisms represented in the independent variables is called _______. ✖ 1. a. face validity 2. b. construct validity 3. c. internal validity 4. d. external validity In a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. In this way, neither group of subjects knows who got the real alcohol. In this study, the nonalcoholic tonic water serves as a(n) ______. ✖ 1. a. selection factor 2. b. dependent variable 3. c. independent variable 4. d. placebo Double-blind studies control for _______. ✖ 1. a. neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations 2. b. subjects' but not experimenters' expectations 3. c. experimenters' but not subjects' expectations 4. d. both subjects' and experimenters' expectations Evidence of placebo effects is strongest in studies of ______. ✖ 1. a. pain 2. b. depression 3. c. diabetes 4. d. arthritis In a study on psychotherapy techniques, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives a specific type of therapy. The other group receives a credible treatment which has elements common to all therapies but no specific ingredients of the therapy received by the first group. This generic placebo therapy received by the second group is called a(n) _______ placebo. ✖ 1. a. response 41/98

2. b. inert 3. c. blind 4. d. attention In an experiment on treatments for depression, a researcher uses a sample consisting of depressed subjects who are NOT typical of the general population of depressed subjects. Although the treatment works on the sample subjects, it is unlikely to work on depressed people in general. Which type of validity does this study lack? ✖ 1. a. analogue validity 2. b. external validity 3. c. internal validity 4. d. construct validity In ______folk society, psychological problems are often attributed to the influence of “spirits” or the possession of a “weak soul.” ✖ 1. a. Malaysian 2. b. Kurdish 3. c. Nigerian 4. d. Filipino In a number of African cultures, anxiety is expressed as ______. ✖ 1. a. fears of failure in procreation, in dreams, and complaints about witchcraft 2. b. trancelike states 3. c. physical symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, or weakness 4. d. feelings of guilt or sadness Alexander believes that aliens from outer space are working together with the CIA in an elaborate plot to brainwash him with secret messages transmitted through static on his television. His beliefs are most likely what psychologists would call ______. ✖ 1. a. delusions 2. b. compulsions 3. c. hallucinations 4. d. obsessions In judging whether a person's behavior is socially unacceptable or violates social norms, clinicians must take into account ______. ✖ 1. a. ideas of persecution 2. b. cultural differences 3. c. universal truths 4. d. subjects' expectations People are said to have ______diagnoses when they have more than one disorder. ✖ 1. a.coexisting 2. b. comingled 3. c. comorbid 4. d. simultaneous

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Seeing things and hearing voices that are not present are considered ______. ✖ 1. a. delusions 2. b. compulsions 3. c. hallucinations 4. d. obsessions Native Americans often seek help for “White Man’s Illness” (e.g., alcoholism) through ______. ✖ 1. a. “White Man's Medicine” 2. b. native women healer’s 3. c. shamans 4. d. medicine men Unfounded ideas, or false beliefs which have no basis in fact, are considered ______. ✖ 1. a. delusions 2. b. compulsions 3. c. hallucinations 4. d. obsessions Which of the following is one of the criteria for determining abnormal behavior as presented in the text? ✖ 1. a. The behavior is time consuming. 2. b. The behavior is selfish. 3. c. The behavior results in loss of income. 4. d. The behavior is socially unacceptable. Megan has an intense fear of being stuck in an elevator or a similar enclosed place. Her fears are best described as ______. ✖ 1. a. claustrophobia 2. b. delusions 3. c. agoraphobia 4. d. ideas of persecution Archibald has recurring delusions that he is the King of England. He also hallucinates that the Queen of England sits next to him and he talks to her throughout the day. Which criterion of abnormal behavior most closely reflects his behavior? ✖ 1. a. significant personal distress 2. b. self-defeating behavior 3. c. socially unacceptable behavior 4. d. faulty perception of reality In our culture, models based on ______ have achieved prominence in explaining abnormal behavior. ✖ 1. a. spiritual corruption 2. b. demonology 3. c. medical disease 4. d. anthropomorphism

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Abigail is suffering from a combination of chronic anxiety and depression, and these conditions cause her to experience many troublesome emotions. Which criterion of abnormal behavior most closely matches her symptoms? ✖ 1. a. significant personal distress 2. b. self-defeating behavior 3. c. unusual behavior 4. d. faulty perception of reality In Eastern cultures, depression is experienced largely in terms of ______. ✖ 1. a. fears of failure in procreation, in dreams, and complaints about witchcraft 2. b. trancelike states 3. c. physical or somatic symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, or weakness 4. d. feelings of guilt or sadness Which criterion of abnormal behavior most closely matches a college student who must withdraw due to alcoholism? ✖ 1. a. faulty perception of reality 2. b. maladaptive or self-defeating behavior 3. c. unusual behavior 4. d. socially unacceptable behavior Compared to the United States, the rates of schizophrenia in countries such as Colombia India, Denmark, Nigeria, and the former Soviet Union are_______. ✖ 1. a. lower 2. b. about the same 3. c. higher 4. d. lower for women and higher for men Traditional native cultures attribute most mental illnesses to ______. ✖ 1. a. supernatural causes 2. b. poor child-rearing practices 3. c. immorality 4. d. psychic abilities Among Native Americans, hearing the voices of recently deceased loved ones is considered ______. ✖ 1. a. normal 2. b. abnormal 3. c. unusual but not abnormal 4. d. a hallucination due to extreme grief Kathy has recurring visions of demons chasing her around her house. She also hears them telling her, “We have come for you!” She is experiencing ______. ✖ 1. a. delusions 2. b. compulsions 3. c. hallucinations 4. d. obsessions

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Which statement is true about the view of homosexuality as abnormal? ✖ 1. a. Until the mid-1970s, homosexuality was classified as a mental disorder by the psychiatric profession. 2. b. After World War I, homosexuality was not viewed as a mental disorder in the United States but it was in Europe. 3. c. Homosexuality is classified as a mental disorder in the current psychiatric classification system in the United States but not in Europe. 4. d. Homosexuality is currently classified as a disorder in men but not in women. Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of blood. The patient is probably ______. ✖ 1. a. lethargic and sluggish 2. b. quick-tempered 3. c. confident and optimistic 4. d. sad and depressed Throughout much of history in Western societies, abnormal behavior was often taken as a sign of ______. ✖ 1. a. psychic powers 2. b. biological imbalances 3. c. spiritual enlightenment 4. d. demonic possession The process of cutting a hole in the skull to provide a pathway for demons to leave a possessed person's body is called _______. ✖ 1. a. exorcism 2. b. trephination 3. c. spiritual incision 4. d. expurgating Theo is lethargic and sluggish, always acting like he is in "slow motion." According to Hippocrates's theory, Theo has an excess of ______. ✖ 1. a. phlegm 2. b. blood 3. c. yellow bile 4. d. black bile Andy is a quick-tempered individual. According to Hippocrates, Andy would be described as having an excess of_____. ✖ 1. a. phlegm 2. b. blood 3. c. green bile 4. d. yellow bile Archaeologists have unearthed human skeletons with holes in the skull. It has been suggested that the holes were drilled into the skulls to _________. ✖ 1. a. release fluid associated with brain swelling 2. b. relieve the individual of a headache 45/98

3. c. release “evil spirits” from the individual 4. d. treat epilepsy Hippocrates labeled individuals that were quick-tempered, or bilious, as ______. ✖ 1. a. sanguine 2. c. phlegmatic 3. b. choleric 4. d. melancholic In ancient Greece, people who behaved abnormally were often sent to temples dedicated to ______. ✖ 1. a. Aphrodite 2. b. Aesculapius 3. c. Zeus 4. d. Apollo The celebrated ancient Greek physician who argued that illnesses of the body and mind resulted from natural causes rather than the wrath of the gods was ______. ✖ 1. a. Socrates 2. b. Hippocrates 3. c. Demosthenes 4. d. Aristotle The idea that the health of the body depends on a balance of four vital bodily fluids, or humors, was first proposed by ______. ✖ 1. a Galen 2. b. Plato 3. c. Socrates 4. d. Hippocrates A person who is cheerful, confident, and optimistic is said to be ______. ✖ 1. a. sanguine 2. b. choleric 3. c. phlegmatic 4. d. melancholic Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of yellow bile. The patient is probably ______. ✖ 1. a. lethargic and sluggish 2. b. quick-tempered 3. c. confident and optimistic 4. d. sad and depressed Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from an excess of phlegm. The patient is probably ______. ✖ 1. a. lethargic and sluggish 2. b. quick-tempered 3. c. confident and optimistic 4. d. sad and depressed 46/98

Before Hippocrates, the ancient Greeks believed that abnormal behavior, or madness, resulted from ______. ✖ 1. a. natural forces 2. b. demonic possession 3. c. punishment by the gods 4. d. psychic powers According to Hippocrates, a person who is chronically sad and depressed is said to be ______. ✖ 1. a. sanguine 2. c. phlegmatic 3. b. choleric 4. d. melancholic George is cheerful, confident, and optimistic. According to Hippocrates' theory, George has an excess of ______. ✖ 1. a. phlegm 2. b. blood 3. c. yellow bile 4. d. black bile The ancient Greeks attempted to cure mental illness by ______. ✖ 1. a. sending people to temples where they were given rest, a nutritious diet, and exercise 2. b. trephining 3. c. performing exorcisms 4. d. torturing them in order to force the evil spirits out of their bodies According to Hippocrates, abnormal behavior results from ______. ✖ 1. a. biological imbalances 2. b. angering the gods 3. c. demonic possession 4. d. spiritual deprivation Zorba is constantly depressed. According to Hippocrates' theory, Zorba has an excess of ______. ✖ 1. a. phlegm 2. b. blood 3. c. green bile 4. d. black bile Hippocrates would label a person who is lethargic and sluggish, with little or no energy, as ______. ✖ 1. a. sanguine 2. c. phlegmatic 3. b. choleric 4. d. melancholic

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If a suspected witch was subjected to the "water-float test" and was found to be spiritually pure, the suspect _______. ✖ 1. a. was released 2. b. was allowed to join a convent 3. c. was given an exorcism to prevent future demonic possession 4. d. drowned Which of the following are the three categories of abnormal behavior identified by Hippocrates? ✖ 1. a. melancholia, mania, and exhilaration 2. b. melancholia, phrenitis, and mania 3. c. mania, depression, and hypoactivity 4. d. phrenitis, agitation, catatonia During the Middle Ages, the treatment of choice for curing abnormal behavior was ______. ✖ 1. a. trephining 2. b. bleeding 3. c. exorcism 4. d. meditation In Medieval England, most explanations of mental illness involved _______. ✖ 1. a. sociological causes 2. b. demonic possession 3. c. physical illness or brain trauma 4. d. spiritual impropriety The “water-float” test was used during the 16th and 17th centuries to test for ______. ✖ 1. a. being a witch 2. b. loyalty to the King or Queen 3. c. problem-solving skills 4. d. melancholia The Greek physician who expanded on the teachings of Hippocrates was ______. ✖ 1. a. Homer 2. b. Themistocles 3. c. Leonidas 4. d. Galen Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from phrenitis. The patient is probably ______. ✖ 1. a. excessively excited 2. b. excessively depressed 3. c. suffering from schizophrenia 4. d. autistic The Greek physician who discovered that arteries carry blood, not air, as had been previously thought, was ______. ✖ 1. a. Hippocrates 48/98

2. b. Galen 3. c. Socrates 4. d. Themistocles The "Malleus Maleficarum" was ______. ✖ 1. a. a medical manual designed to help Renaissance physicians treat abnormal behavior 2. b. the first diagnostic manual that correctly labeled some mental health problems 3. according to their behavioral symptoms 4. c. the holy ritual used to help priests perform exorcisms 5. d. a manual for helping inquisitors identify suspected witches Most scholars today believe that accusations of witchcraft during the Middle Ages and Renaissance were _______. ✖ 1. a. based on valid fears of the unknown 2. b. based on misinterpretations of abnormal behaviors resulting from mental illness 3. c. convenient means of disposing of social nuisances and seizing property 4. d. part of a general trend by the poor to seek revenge against the wealthy by accusing them of crimes which would cause them to be disgraced The ethical oath that medical students take when they become physicians honors ______. ✖ 1. a. Galen 2. b. Thalen 3. c. Aristotle 4. d. Hippocrates Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from melancholia. The patient is probably ______. ✖ 1. a. excessively depressed 2. b. excessively excited 3. c. schizophrenic 4. d. autistic Hippocrates' view that abnormal behavior could result from biological imbalances foreshadowed today's ______ model. ✖ 1. a. medical 2. b. eclectic 3. c. psychoanalytic 4. d. phenomenological Torture, starvation, and beatings were among the ______. ✖ 1. a. methods of persuasions used by exorcists 2. b. methods of treatment used in medieval psychotherapy for depression 3. c. threats made to hospitalized mental patients until electroshock therapy was developed 4. d. forms of punishment used in the Renaissance by parents of rebellious male teenagers 49/98

The behavior confessed by supposed “witches” was often akin to modern conceptualizations of _________, although it was likely that such confessions resulted from the effects of torture. ✖ 1. a. major depression 2. b. antisocial personality disorder 3. c. brain damage 4. d. schizophrenia Until the physician Galen found that arteries carried blood, it was thought by most people that they carried ______. ✖ 1. a. bile 2. b. phlegm 3. c. air 4. d. water In medieval times, the doctrine that abnormal behavior was a sign of possession by evil spirits or the devil was espoused by the ______ church. ✖ 1. a. Episcopalian 2. b. Muslim 3. c. Roman Catholic 4. d. Anglican Renaissance physician Johann Weyer was noted for arguing that abnormal behavior and thought patterns were caused by _______. ✖ 1. a. physical problems 2. b. demonic possession 3. c. spiritual impurity 4. d. sociological factors Hippocrates diagnoses one of his patients as suffering from mania. The patient is probably ______. ✖ 1. c. schizophrenic 2. a. excessively depressed 3. b. excessively excited 4. d. autistic Fear of witches reached its height during the ______. ✖ 1. a. Middle Ages 2. b. Renaissance 3. c. Age of Enlightenment 4. d. Victorian Age Benjamin Rush believed that madness was caused by ______. ✖ 1. a. poverty and social pressure 2. b. engorgement of the blood vessels in the brain 3. c. imbalances of bodily humors 4. d. genetically inherited vulnerabilities 50/98

By the mid-1950s, the population in American mental hospitals had risen to about ______. ✖ 1. a. 250,000 2. b. 500,000 3. c. 750,000 4. d. 1,000,000 Jean-Baptiste Pussin, a layman in charge of a ward for the “incurably insane” at the La Bicetre mental hospital in Paris is known for ______. ✖ 1. a. moving patients to rooms with more sunlight 2. b. providing medicine to hospitalized patients 3. c. releasing insane inmates from their chains and shackles 4. d. ending exorcisms in the asylums The first asylums, or "madhouses," began to crop up throughout Europe in the ______ centuries. ✖ 1. a. 11th and 12th 2. b. 13th and 14th 3. c. 15th and 16th 4. d. 17th and 18th The man considered to be the "father" of American psychiatry is ______. ✖ 1. a. William Tuke 2. b. Alfred Adler 3. c. Benjamin Rush 4. d. William James The Boston schoolteacher most responsible for the establishment of mental hospitals in the 19th century United States is ______. ✖ 1. a. Mary Dexter 2. c. Laura Constance Wilson 3. b. Dorothea Dix 4. d. Martha Custis The modern era of treatment can be traced, in large part, to the efforts of_______. ✖ 1. a. Pussin and Pinel 2. b. Roentgen and Pasteur 3. c. Lavoix and Millet 4. d. Mesmer and Charcot If you were a follower of Benjamin Rush, you would most likely agree with which of the following statements? ✖ 1. a. The mentally ill should be incarcerated and chained to prevent them from harming themselves or others. 2. b. The mentally ill should be treated through purging, bloodletting, and ice-cold baths. 3. c. The mentally ill will recover more quickly by living in the real world and learning to survive on their own. 51/98

4.

d. The mentally ill should be given custodial care only, as their illnesses are incurable. In the late 19th century, the attitude toward the mentally ill in the United States was dominated by ______. ✖ 1. a. the belief in "moral therapy" 2. b. apathy and neglect 3. c. the belief in bloodletting and purging as a primary treatment 4. d. fascination with Freud's new "talking cure" The first official to unchain a group of “incurably insane” patients was ______. ✖ 1. a. Jean-Baptiste Pussin 2. b. Dorothea Dix 3. c. Philippe Pinel 4. d. Horace Loveland The modern era of humane treatment can be traced to the ______. ✖ 1. a. late 16th and early 17th centuries 2. b. late 17th and early 18th centuries 3. c. late 18th and early 19th centuries 4. d. late 19th and early 20th centuries In the late 18th and early 19th century, most Europeans viewed deranged or mentally ill people as ______. ✖ 1. a. sick people in need of treatment 2. b. demonically possessed 3. c. having special "gifts" that allowed them to communicate with the spirit world 4. d. threats to society If you were a follower of Philippe Pinel, you would most likely agree with which of the following statements? ✖ 1. a. The mentally ill should be incarcerated and chained to prevent them from harmin themselves or others. 2. b. The mentally ill should be treated through purging, bloodletting, and ice-cold baths. 3. c. The mentally ill will recover more quickly by living in the real world and learning to survive on their own. 4. d. The mentally ill should be treated with in a humane manner, with understanding, and concern. The first asylums in Europe were ______. ✖ 1. a. added on to existing hospitals as special "wards" for the mentally ill 2. b. former leprosariums 3. c. former prisons 4. d. former military fortresses The word “bedlam” derived from_________________. ✖ 1. a. A slang term popular in the 15th and 16th century for chaos 2. b. Sir Francis Reginald Bedlam, founder of the first asylum in London 3. c. Bedlam, England, home of the first insane asylum 52/98

4. d. St. Mary’s of Bethlehem Hospital in London The philosophy of treatment that emerged from the efforts of Frenchmen like Philippe Pinel is called ______ therapy. ✖ 1. a. hedonistic 2. c. rational 3. b. moral 4. d. organic Which of the following is true of the first asylums for the mentally ill? ✖ 1. a. Patients were used as "guinea pigs" for new and risky medical experiments. 2. b. Residents were offered meaningful work as therapy. 3. c. Asylum inmates frequently performed in plays for the public. 4. d. They often were homes for beggars as well as the mentally disturbed. A noted therapist argues that mentally ill patients should be treated in a decent and relaxed environment. Her argument most closely matches the tenets of ______ therapy. ✖ 1. a. primal 2. b. Catholic 3. c. moral 4. d. rational Through the middle of the 20th century, deplorable conditions at mental hospitals were ______. ✖ 1. a. unheard of 2. c. occasionally found 3. b. very rare 4. d. commonplace Pinel’s counterpart in England was ______. ✖ 1. a. Horace Loveland 2. b. William Tuke 3. c. Charles Dewey 4. d. Lord Cromwell The major contribution of Emil Kraepelin was ______. ✖ 1. a. the development of a classification system in which the current diagnostic systems rooted 2. b. the discovery that early childhood environment plays a crucial role in the development of a healthy personality 3. c. the discovery of the bacterium causing syphilis 4. d. the development of "moral therapy," in which humane treatment and a relaxed environment were used to help restore mental health Between the 1950s and 1990s, the mental hospital population across the United States has ______. ✖ 1. a. increased dramatically 2. b. remained relatively the same 53/98

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c. increased the number of female patients while decreasing the number of male patients 4. d. decreased dramatically Emil Kraepelin identified the group of diseases he called "manic-depressive psychosis," which we now call ______. ✖ 1. a. conversion disorder 2. b. dissociative identity disorder 3. c. schizophrenia 4. d. bipolar disorder The class of drugs most responsible for the mass release of many institutionalized mentally ill patients is the ______. ✖ 1. a. phenothiazines 2. b. MAO inhibitors 3. c. tricyclics 4. d. antibiotics Beliefs in possession or demonology persisted until the rise of the natural sciences in the______. ✖ 1. a. 15th century 2. c. 18th century 3. b. 16th century 4. d. 19th century The physician who wrote an influential textbook on psychiatry in 1883, in which he likened mental disorders to physical diseases, was ______. ✖ 1. a. Joseph Lister 2. b. Robert Koch 3. c. Emil Kraepelin 4. d. G. A. Hansen Phenothiazines are used to treat the most flagrant behavior patterns associated with ______. ✖ 1. a. schizophrenia 2. b. obsessive-compulsive disorder 3. c. dissociative fugue 4. d. bipolar disorder A German physician who argued that abnormal behavior was rooted in diseases of the brain was ______. ✖ 1. a. William Griesinger 2. b. Emil Von Tuke 3. c. G. A. Hansen 4. d. Gregor Mendel The ______ model attempts to explain abnormal behavior on the basis of underlying biological defects. ✖ 1. a. medical 2. b. eclectic 54/98

3. c. structural-functional 4. d. center-periphery Which of the following has been a negative effect of the deinstitutionalization movement? ✖ 1. a. a significant increase in violent crime by those who were released 2. b. a nearly total collapse of the nationwide system of mental hospitals and community mental health centers 3. c. an increase in the number of mentally ill patients requiring long-term care 4. d. the abandonment of many former patients who, now homeless, wander the streets of American cities Kraepelin believed that “manic-depressive psychosis” was caused by ______. ✖ 1. a. an excess of green bile 2. c. obesity 3. b. an abnormality in body metabolismd. 4. d. a biochemical imbalance In 1963, community mental health centers (CHMCs) were established nationwide under a Congressional policy known as ______. ✖ 1. a. reformation 2. b. outsourcing 3. c. deinstitutionalization 4. d. compartmentalization Emil Kraepelin identified the group of diseases he called "dementia praecox," which we now call ______. ✖ 1. a. conversion disorder 2. b. dissociative identity disorder 3. c. schizophrenia 4. d. bipolar disorder Emil Kraepelin specified ______ main groups of mental disorders. ✖ 1. a. two 2. b. four 3. c. six 4. d. eight Phenothiazines are a group of ______ drugs. ✖ 1. a. antianxiety 2. b. antipsychotic 3. c. antidepressant 4. d. analgesic General paresis is a result of the advanced stages of ___________________. ✖ 1. a. bipolar disorder 2. b. schizophrenia 3. c. dementia 4. d. syphilis The advent of phenothiazines was seen as instrumental in ____________. ✖ 55/98

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a. lowering the costs of care in state hospitals so that more could be constructed b. increasing populations of substance abusers and the mentally retarded while reducing the number of schizophrenics 3. c. developing new diagnostic screening measures for schizophrenia 4. d. reducing the population of mental hospitals According to the medical model, people behaving abnormally _______. ✖ 1. a. suffer from incurable diseases caused by inherited genetic defects 2. b. suffer from the results of early childhood trauma and can be cured with proper behavioral therapies 3. c. suffer from mental illnesses that can be classified like physical illnesses, according to their distinctive causes and symptoms 4. d. are often unjustly labeled "abnormal" by society because of fears about their "different" behaviors In the 18th century, society began to turn toward ______ to explain natural phenomena and human behavior. ✖ 1. a. demonology 2. c. inner enlightenment 3. b. reason and science 4. d. spiritualism In what year did Congress establish a nationwide system of community mental health centers that was intended to offer an alternative to long-term custodial care in bleak institutions? ✖ 1. a. 1943 2. b. 1953 3. c. 1963 4. d. 1973 We realize today that ______ of all psychological disorders involve a complex web of factors which we are still struggling to understand. ✖ 1. a. only one or two 2. b. a few 3. c. approximately half 4. d. the great majority Which of the following was classified as a mental health disorder by the American Psychiatric Association until 1973? ✖ 1. a. Pedophilia 2. b. Transvestitism 3. c. Homosexuality 4. d. Fetishism Which of the following statements is true? ✖ 1. a. Gay men and lesbian women are less prone than heterosexuals to develop psychological problems. 56/98

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b. The majority of psychological problems experienced by gay men and lesbian women are directly the result of their sexual orientation. 3. c. Statistically, gay adolescents have a lower suicide rate than heterosexual adolescents. 4. d. The social stress associated with the stigma, prejudice, and discrimination that gay people encounter may directly cause mental health problems. Gloria, a student from a poor family, goes to a therapist for treatment of her test anxiety. Her therapist tells her that the anxiety is not abnormal behavior on her part, but rather it is a normal reaction to the abnormal expectations placed on her by an unfair society that has failed to give her an equal chance to fairly compete with other students. Her therapist is using the ______ treatment model. ✖ 1. a. social learning 2. b. humanistic 3. c. eclectic 4. d. sociocultural As compared to married heterosexual couples, gays in close, committed relationships have been found to ______. ✖ 1. a. exhibit more verbal conflict but less physical aggression 2. b. exhibit more physical aggression but less verbal conflict 3. c. be comparably well-adjusted 4. d. be more generally dysfunctional in couple adjustment The person who developed the first psychological theory of abnormal behavior was______. ✖ 1. a. Friedrich Mesmer 2. b. Joseph Breuer 3. c. Sigmund Freud 4. d. Jean-Martin Charcot The discovery of a cure for syphilis led to ______. ✖ 1. a. today’s general acceptance that there is a biological basis for all psychological disorders 2. b. the cure for polio 3. c. optimism that biological causes for other types of disturbed behavior would be discovered 4. d. the eventual development of the fields of neurology and neuropsychology The 21-year-old woman treated by Breuer in a classic case of hysteria was ______. ✖ 1. a. Sonja J. 2. b. Alica K. 3. c. Anna O. 4. d. Marta M. The process of bringing emotions to the surface and "discharging" them in therapy is called ______. ✖ 1. a. transference 2. b. catharsis 57/98

3. c. free association 4. d. displacement Which of the following is representative of the medical model terminology? ✖ 1. a. fixed interval 2. b. reinforcement 3. c. syndrome 4. d. time out Research has found that _______________ have a greater frequency of suicide and of states of emotional distress, especially anxiety and depression, compared to heterosexual men and women. ✖ 1. a. bisexual men 2. b. homosexual men 3. c. lesbian women 4. d. homosexual men and lesbian women The ______ perspective emphasizes factors such as unemployment, poverty, and family breakdown as causes of abnormal behavior. ✖ 1. a. cognitive 2. b. structural-functional 3. c. social learning 4. d. sociocultural The ______ model emphasizes a broad perspective that takes into account the social contexts in which abnormal behavior occurs. ✖ 1. a. sociocultural 2. b. Gestalt 3. c. social learning 4. d. environmental Which of the follow symptoms have been noted to occur at a higher level with gay men as compared to heterosexual men? ✖ 1. a. psychopathy 2. b. intellectual deficiency 3. c. bipolar disorder 4. d. depression Until _____, the American Psychiatric Association classified homosexuality as a mental health disorder. ✖ 1. a. 1963 2. b. 1973 3. c. 1983 4. d. 1993 The physician with whom Freud worked most closely in the case of Anna O. was ______. ✖ 1. a. Charcot 2. b. Mesmer 3. c. Jung 58/98

4. d. Breuer ______demonstrated that hysterical behaviors, like paralysis or numbness, could be induced in normal subjects under hypnosis through the use of suggestions. ✖ 1. a. Mesmer 2. b. Breuer 3. c. Charcot 4. d. Pinel Mary goes to a therapist for treatment of numbness in her arms that appears to have no physical cause. Her therapist tells her that her symptoms result from repressed emotions dating back to subconscious conflicts during her early childhood. The therapist uses hypnosis and has her talk about her feelings to help her "discharge" her pent-up emotions. Her therapist’s treatment approach is most similar to that of ______. ✖ 1. a. Freud 2. b. Pinel 3. c. Kraepelin 4. d. Griesinger A condition involving paralysis and numbness with no known medical cause was ______ . ✖ 1. a. dissociation 2. b. fugue 3. c. hypochondriasis 4. d. hysteria The biopsychosocial perspective of abnormal behavior is also known as the______ model. ✖ 1. a. interactionist 2. b. catharsis 3. c. eclectic 4. d. psychodynamic The research method in which behavior is observed in the field, where it happens, is the ______ method. ✖ 1. a. case-study 2. b. experimental 3. c. naturalistic observation 4. d. psychometric According to the text, drawing conclusions about the hypothesis is the ______ step in the scientific method. ✖ 1. a. first 2. b. second 3. c. third 4. d. fourth

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Emily is studying hyperactive children. Her observations have led her to predict that if she runs an experiment in which some hyperactive children are given a sugar-sweetened drink while others are given a drink sweetened with a sugar substitute, those receiving the sugar-sweetened drink will exhibit greater disruptions in their behavior. Her prediction is an example of a _______. ✖ 1. a. theory 2. b. hypothesis 3. c. response set 4. d. scientifically based conjecture Scientists are reasonably confident that group differences are significant when the probability that chance alone can explain the difference is less than ______ percent. ✖ 1. a. 2 2. b. 5 3. c. 7 4. d. 10 A systematic method of conducting scientific research in which theories or assumptions are examined in the light of evidence is ______. ✖ 1. a. the intuitive method 2. b. the philosophical approach 3. c. the scientific method 4. d. the Socratic method ______ are designed to promote the dignity of the individual, protect human welfare,and preserve scientific integrity. ✖ 1. a. Research methodologies 2. b. Sampling techniques 3. c. Ethical principles 4. d. Research grants Psychologists use _______ to advance the description, explanation, prediction, and control of abnormal behavior. ✖ 1. a. common sense 2. b. the clinical method 3. c. the scientific method 4. d. the medical model A formulation of the relationships underlying observed events is called a ______. ✖ 1. a.theory 2. b.hypothesis 3. c. supposition 4. d. proposition Using scientific knowledge to help people shape their own goals and efficiently use their resources to accomplish them achieves which primary objective of science? ✖ 1. a. description 2. b. explanation 3. c. remediation 60/98

4. d. control To review psychological research proposals to ensure their adherence to ethical guidelines, each university and hospital must have a(an) ______. ✖ 1. a. ethical oversight committee 2. b. institutional review board 3. c. research equity committee 4. d. scientific ethics panel A prediction about behavior that is tested through experimentation is called a ______. ✖ 1. a.theory 2. b.hypothesis 3. c. supposition 4. d. proposition The research method in which subjects are observed unobtrusively, so that their behavior is not affected by the known presence of an observer, is the ______ method. ✖ 1. a. case-study 2. b. experimental 3. c. correlational 4. d. naturalistic observation Research in the field of abnormal psychology is based on the application of ______. ✖ 1. a. the intuitive method 2. b. the philosophical approach 3. c. the scientific method 4. d. the Socratic method Which of the following is one of the steps in the scientific method? ✖ 1. a. Making inferences from the research question 2. b. Framing the research question in the form of a personal statement 3. c. Testing new ideas 4. d. Drawing conclusions about the hypothesis In studies in which information was withheld or deception was used, subjects must later receive an explanation of the true methods and purposes of the study and why it was necessary to keep them in the dark. This process is known as ______. ✖ 1. a. informed consent 2. b. confidentiality 3. c. debriefing 4. d. free will In the story of the professor who placed a rat on top of her desk and then asked graduate students to describe the rat’s behavior, the rat was _______. ✖ 1. a. released into the outside world 2. b. genetically engineered to be more intelligent than a normal rat 3. c. a clone 4. d. blind Which of the following is one of the primary objectives of science? ✖ 1. a. revelation 61/98

2. b. description 3. c. remediation 4. d. expediation According to the text, testing the hypothesis is the ______ step in the scientific method. ✖ 1. a. first 2. b. second 3. c. third 4. d. fourth The principle of ______ requires that people be free to choose whether they wish to participate in research studies and must be given sufficient information in advance about the study’s purposes, methods, risks, and benefits to allow them to make a knowledgeable decision about their participation. ✖ 1. a. informed consent 2. b. confidentiality 3. c. debriefing 4. d. free will _______________ is the principle that research subjects have the right to expect that their identities will not be disclosed and that records of the research will be kept similarly secure. ✖ 1. a. Selective secrecy 2. b. Confidentiality 3. c. Debriefing 4. d. Preemptive exclusion A well-known Danish longitudinal study has tracked a group of children since 1962 to determine their risk of developing ______. ✖ 1. a. diabetes 2. b. depression 3. c. schizophrenia 4. d. heart disease The range of numbers that may be used to express a correlation coefficient is between ✖ 1. a. 0 and +1.00 2. b. -1.00 and +1.00 3. c. -1.00 and 0 4. d. -0.10 and +0.10 Marge decides to study overweight people. She designs a study which will statistically compare weight level and level of physical activity to see if there is a significant statistical relationship between them. Marge's study is typical of the _______ method of research. ✖ 1. a. survey 2. b. psychometric 3. c. correlational 4. d. experimental Naturalistic observation reveals _______. ✖ 62/98

1. a. how subjects process their world 2. b. where subjects engage in observed behaviors 3. c. why subjects think as they do 4. d. why subjects engage in observed behaviors Jill decides to study overweight people. She designs a correlational study comparing weight level and level of physical activity. She finds that as the level of physical activity decreases, weight level increases. Jill's study has found a _______ correlation. ✖ 1. a. random 2. b. positive 3. c. complementary 4. d. negative A statistical measure of the association between two variables is a(n) ______. ✖ 1. a. variable matrix 2. b. independent variable 3. c. correlation coefficient 4. d. reciprocal function Naturalistic observation reveals _______. ✖ 1. a. neither how nor why subjects behave 2. b. how subjects behave but not why 3. c. why subjects behave but not how 4. d. both how and why subjects behave Jan decides to study overweight people. She designs a correlational study comparing weight level and heart disease. She finds that as weight level increases, so does heart disease. Jan's study has found a ______ correlation. ✖ 1. a. random 2. b. positive 3. c. complementary 4. d. negative A longitudinal study is a type of _______ study. ✖ 1. a. individual case 2. b. correlational 3. c. experimental 4. d. cross-sectional Which is the strongest correlation? ✖ 1. a. - 0.33 2. b. + 1.21 3. c. + 0.45 4. d. - 0.68 Researchers have found that among schoolchildren, as the amount of time they spend watching television increases, their grades decrease. This is an example of a(n) ______. ✖ 1. a. positive correlation 2. b. negative correlation 3. c. additive correlation 63/98

4. d. statistical anomaly Ellen decides to study overweight people. She designs her study so that she will observe overweight and normal people eating in restaurants to see if there are differences in what they order, how quickly they eat, and how much they eat. The diners will not know they are being observed. Ellen's research design employs the ______ method. ✖ 1. a. survey 2. b. experimental 3. c. naturalistic observation 4. d. case-study In a correlational study, when one variable increases as a second variable increases, there is a _______ correlation between them. ✖ 1. a. random 2. b. positive 3. c. complementary 4. d. negative Which of the following is true of correlational studies? ✖ 1. a. They examine causal relationships between variables. 2. b. They can reveal significant relationships that are hypothesized between variables. 3. c. They are useful in achieving the scientific goal of explanation. . 4. d. They can prove cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Researchers using correlational methods have found consistently significant positive correlations between depression and negative thinking. What conclusions can you draw from these studies? ✖ 1. a. Depression causes negative thinking. 2. b. Negative thinking causes depression. 3. c. Both negative thinking and depression are caused by some unknown outside variable. 4. d. Depression and negative thinking are likely to occur together. A scientific method of study that examines the relationships between factors or variables expressed in statistical terms is the _______ method. ✖ 1. a. survey 2. c. correlational 3. b. experimental 4. d. case study Researchers have found that among schoolchildren, as the amount of time they spend reading increases, so do their grades. This is an example of a(n) ______. ✖ 1. a. positive correlation 2. b. negative correlation 3. c. additive correlation 4. d. statistical anomaly Correlational studies can prove _______. ✖ 1. a. neither if a relationship exists nor if it is causal 2. b. if a relationship exists, but not if it is causal 64/98

3. c. if a relationship exists, and if it is causal in some situations 4. d. if a relationship exists, and if it is causal in every situation In a correlational study, when one variable increases as a second variable decreases, there is a _______ correlation between them. ✖ 1. a. random 2. b. positive 3. c. complementary 4. d. negative In a longitudinal study, subjects could be studied for as long as ______. ✖ 1. a. six months 2. b. one year 3. c. two years 4. d. decades One way scientists control for subjects' expectations in experimental research involving medication is by using ______. ✖ 1. a. selection factors 2. b. independent variables 3. c. dependent variables 4. d. placebos Masking the taste of an alcoholic beverage with a mixer in an experiment may keep subjects______ as to whether or not they received the experimental treatment. ✖ 1. a. drunk longer 2. b. less drunk 3. c. blind 4. d. high The way in which scientists attempt to control for selection factors in experimental research is through the use of ______. ✖ 1. a. experimental blinds 2. b. placebos 3. c. random assignment 4. d. selective selection A type of research in which people are periodically tested or evaluated over long periods of time is ______ study. ✖ 1. a. an experimental 2. b. an individual case 3. c. a cross sectional 4. d. a longitudinal Jen decides to study the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She selects 200 college students and randomly divides them into two groups of 100 students each. Subjects in group "A" drive a car through an obstacle course while remaining sober. Subjects in group "B" also drive through the obstacle course, but they are given an ounce of whiskey before each attempt at driving the course. As expected, the driving ability of subjects in group "B" 65/98

steadily deteriorates as they consume more alcohol. In Jen's study, the amount of alcohol consumed is the ______. ✖ 1. a. independent variable 2. b. codependent variable 3. c. dependent variable 4. d. reciprocal variable A substance that has no psychological or physical effect of its own, but appears to have an effect because of the beliefs of the people using it is called a(n) ______. ✖ 1. a. initiative substance 2. b. confounding factor 3. c. placebo 4. d. neuter Which of the following is an example of an independent variable? ✖ 1. a. behavioral variables 2. b. treatment factors 3. c. physiological variables 4. d. self-report variables Helen decides to study the effects of alcohol on driving ability. She selects 200 college students and randomly divides them into two groups of 100 students each. Subjects in group "A" drive a car through an obstacle course while remaining sober. Subjects in group "B" also drive through the obstacle course, but they are given an ounce of whiskey before each attempt at driving the course. As expected, the driving ability of subjects in group "B" steadily deteriorates as they consume more alcohol. In Helen's study, the subjects' driving ability is the ______. ✖ 1. a. independent variable 2. b. codependent variable 3. c. dependent variable 4. d. reciprocal variable Randy is running a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior. He randomly divides his subjects into two groups because he knows that if he allows his subjects to choose their own groups, aggressive subjects will tend to choose the group receiving alcohol while nonaggressive subjects will tend to choose the group receiving no alcohol. He then would not be able to distinguish the effects of the alcohol from the effects of subjects' innate aggressiveness. This tendency of his aggressive subjects to choose the alcohol group is called a(n) _______. ✖ 1. a. placebo effect 2. b. response set 3. c. experimental blind 4. d. selection factor The research technique in which scientists seek to uncover cause-and-effect relationships by directly manipulating independent variables and observing the effects on dependent variables is the ______ method. ✖ 1. a. correlational 66/98

2. b. experimental 3. c. psychometric 4. d. case-study In an experiment, the observed effects on subjects' behavior resulting from experimenters manipulating suspected causal variables are called ______ variables. ✖ 1. a. independent 2. b. codependent 3. c. dependent 4. d. reciprocal A bogus treatment designed to look real and used in research to control for subjects’ expectations is ______. ✖ 1. a. an experimental blind 2. b. a placebo 3. c. an extraneous variable 4. d. a situational factor A state of being unaware of whether one has received an experimental treatment while participating in an experimental study is known as being ______. ✖ 1. a. mystified 2. b. blind 3. c. distracted 4. d. debriefed Broadly speaking, a(n) ______ is a trial or test of a hypothesis. ✖ 1. a. correlation 2. b. case study 3. c. experiment 4. d. survey Longitudinal studies are ______. ✖ 1. a. inexpensive and quick 2. b. inexpensive but time consumingd. 3. c. costly but quick 4. d. costly and time consuming In a study on alcohol and driving ability, half the subjects are given alcohol before driving an obstacle course, while the remaining subjects drive the course while remaining sober. In this study, those subjects who are given the alcohol before driving the course comprise the ______ group. ✖ 1. a. control 2. b. placebo 3. c. observation 4. d. experimental Which of the following is an example of a dependent variable? ✖ 1. a. a behavioral variable 2. b. experimental manipulations 3. c. types of treatment 67/98

4. d. treatment factors In an experiment, the suspected causal variables that are manipulated by the experimenter are known as ______ variables. ✖ 1. a. independent 2. b. codependent 3. c. dependent 4. d. reciprocal One way scientists control for subjects' expectations in experimental research is by keeping subjects in a state of being unaware of whether or not they have received an experimental treatment. This is also known as keeping the subjects ______. ✖ 1. a. blind 2. b. disoriented 3. c. unaware 4. d. confused In a study on alcohol and driving ability, half the subjects are given alcohol before driving an obstacle course, while the remaining subjects drive the course while remaining sober. In this study, those subjects who drive the course while remaining sober comprise the _______ group. ✖ 1. a. control 2. b. placebo 3. c. observation 4. d. experimental Double-blind studies control for _______. ✖ 1. a. neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations 2. b. subjects' but not experimenters' expectations 3. c. experimenters' but not subjects' expectations 4. d. both subjects' and experimenters' expectations The process of repeating an experiment in other settings or at other times is called ______. ✖ 1. a. reiteration 2. b. correlation 3. c. replication 4. d. a control study In a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. Neither the subjects nor the researchers know which group got the real alcohol until after the study is completed. This study is designed as a ______ placebo-control study. ✖ 1. a. single-blind 2. b. double-blind 3. c. longitudinal 4. d. correlational 68/98

In a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. In this way, neither group of subjects knows who got the real alcohol. In this study, the nonalcoholic tonic water serves as a(n) ______. ✖ 1. a. selection factor 2. b. dependent variable 3. c. independent variable 4. d. placebo Which of the following is a type of experimental validity? ✖ 1. a. analogue validity 2. b. specific validity 3. c. control validity 4. d. external validity Experiments are said to have ______ validity when observed changes in the dependent variable(s) can be causally related to the independent or treatment variable. ✖ 1. a. analogue 2. b. construct 3. c. internal 4. d. external Evidence of placebo effects is strongest in studies of ______. ✖ 1. a. pain 2. b. depression 3. c. diabetes 4. d. arthritis Evidence suggests that the effects of placebos are ______. ✖ 1. a. extremely strong 2. b. generally weak 3. c. generally strong 4. d. nonexistent In an experiment on treatments for depression, a researcher uses a sample consisting of depressed subjects who are NOT typical of the general population of depressed subjects. Although the treatment works on the sample subjects, it is unlikely to work on depressed people in general. Which type of validity does this study lack? ✖ 1. a. analogue validity 2. b. external validity 3. c. internal validity 4. d. construct validity A researcher administers an antidepressant drug to a group of depressed patients and over a period of time they improve. The researcher claims that their improvement is due to the drug, even though she did not control for outside factors such as improved emotional support from friends, or natural improvement over time. This study lacks ______. ✖ 1. a. analogue validity 2. b. construct validity 69/98

3. c. internal validity 4. d. external validity In tests and measurements, ____________ is the term for the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. ✖ 1. a. validity 2. b. accuracy 3. c. reliability 4. d. congruence Studies which examine the rates of occurrence of abnormal behavior in various settings and population groups are known as ______ studies. ✖ 1. a. epidemiological 2. b. quasi-experimental 3. c. case 4. d. psychometric Experiments lack internal validity when they fail to control for other factors, called ______ that might pose rival hypotheses for the results. ✖ 1. a. confounds 2. b. placebos 3. c. blinds 4. d. alternatives The degree to which treatment effects in an experiment can be accounted for by the theoretical mechanisms represented in the independent variables is called _______. ✖ 1. a. face validity 2. b. construct validity 3. c. internal validity 4. d. external validity A researcher tests a new antidepressant drug. The drug works, but not for the theoretical reasons proposed in the researcher's hypothesis. The experiment lacks ______ validity. ✖ 1. a. face 2. b. construct 3. c. internal 4. d. external An experiment's generalizability or applicability beyond the original sample to other subjects, settings, and times is called _______ validity. ✖ 1. a. analogue 2. b. construct 3. c. internal 4. d. external Single-blind experiments control for ______. ✖ 1. a. neither subjects' nor experimenters' expectations 2. b. subjects' but not experimenters' expectations 3. c. experimenters' but not subjects' expectations 4. d. both subjects' and experimenters' expectations 70/98

In a study on alcohol and aggressive behavior, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives real alcohol while the other group receives tonic water which tastes identical to real alcohol. Although the researchers know which group got the real alcohol, none of the subjects know. This study is designed as a ______ placebo-control study. ✖ 1. a. single-blind 2. b. double-blind 3. c. longitudinal 4. d. correlational A researcher using the epidemiological model would be most likely to use which of the following research techniques? ✖ 1. a. a survey 2. b. the intuitive approach 3. c. a case study 4. d. an experiment In a study on psychotherapy techniques, subjects are randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group receives a specific type of therapy. The other group receives a credible treatment which has elements common to all therapies but no specific ingredients of the therapy received by the first group. This generic placebo therapy received by the second group is called a(n) _______ placebo. ✖ 1. a. response 2. b. inert 3. c. blind 4. d. attention ______ studies attempt to disentangle the roles of heredity and environment in determining behavior. ✖ 1. a. Case 2. b. Analogue 3. c. Kinship 4. d. Naturalistic observation The rod-shaped genetic structures residing in the nuclei of cells are called ______. ✖ 1. a. ribosomes 2. b. nucleotides 3. c. genes 4. d. chromosomes In epidemiological studies, the survey method investigates__________. ✖ 1. a. causal factors 2. b. double blind effects 3. c. case studies 4. d. rates of occurrence In the epidemiological model, the number of new cases of a disorder occurring during a specific period of time are known as ______. ✖ 1. a. frequency 71/98

2. b. prevalence 3. c. incidence 4. d. populations There are ______ genes in the nucleus of a human body cell. ✖ 1. a. 1,000 2. b. 5,000 to 10,000 3. c. 20,000 to 25,000 4. d. over 1,000,000 A human cell normally contains ______ pairs of chromosomes. ✖ 1. a. 23 2. b. 46 3. c. 69 4. d. 92 A human cell normally contains ______ chromosomes. ✖ 1. a. 23 2. b. 46 3. c. 69 4. d. 92 Epidemiological studies ______. ✖ 1. a. neither point to potential causal factors nor control for selection factors 2. b. point to potential causal factors but do not control for selection factors 3. c. control for selection factors but do not point to potential causal factors 4. d. control for selection factors and point to potential causal factors The basic building blocks of heredity are ______ and they regulate the development of ______. ✖ 1. a. chromosomes; traits 2. b. genes; traits 3. c. probands; chromosomes 4. d. probands; genes In research, the target group you want to find out about, such as the "average American teenager," comprises the research ______. ✖ 1. a. sample 2. b. population 3. c. cluster 4. d. set Identify the most important limitation of the survey method of epidemiological research. ✖ 1. a. An entire population cannot be studied. 2. b. They can only make suggestions about causal influences. 3. c. Samples can never be entirely randomized. 4. d. Behavior of groups can quickly change. Jack conducts a study on drinking habits among college students. Since there are too many college students for him to directly observe all of them, he randomly selects a group of 250 college students to represent all college students. Jack’s study finds that 90 percent of 72/98

college students drink regularly, and 10 percent of those who drink will eventually become alcoholics. In this study, the 250 people that Jack actually observes represent the research _______. ✖ 1. a. cluster 2. c. population 3. b. set 4. d. sample In the epidemiological model, the overall number of cases of a given disorder existing in a given population at a given time are known as ______. ✖ 1. a. frequency 2. b. prevalence 3. c. incidence 4. d. populations Heredity plays a role in ______ characteristics. ✖ 1. a. neither our physical nor psychological 2. b. our physical but not our psychological 3. c. our psychological but not our physical 4. d. both our physical and psychological In a research study of college substance abuse, the target group of college students represents the research ______. ✖ 1. a. cluster 2. b. set 3. c. population 4. d. sample A sample in which every member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in an experiment is called a(n) _______ sample. ✖ 1. a. analogue 2. b. stratified 3. c. in vivo 4. d. random A random sample is a sample in which _______. ✖ 1. a. every member of a target population is chosen to be in the sample 2. b. members of the sample are chosen by chance from the general population, whether or not they are members of the target population 3. c. every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen to be in the experimental sample 4. d. members are prescreened to assure suitability for the study and are selected based on researcher decisions In research, the subjects or individuals who are observed or who participate in the research are said to comprise a research ______. ✖ 1. a. sample 2. b. population 3. c. cluster 73/98

4. d. set A researcher uses a series of interviews and questionnaires to examine rates of alcoholism among Blacks, Whites, Hispanics, and Native Americans. She finds that some ethnic groups, such as Native Americans, have much higher rates of alcoholism than others. Her study is typical of a(n) _______ study. ✖ 1. a. psychometric 2. b. naturalistic observation 3. c. quasi-experimental 4. d. epidemiological The basic building blocks of heredity are ______. ✖ 1. a. cells 2. b. atoms 3. c. genes 4. d. chromosomes Freud conducted a case study of ________. ✖ 1. a.Ludwig van Beethoven 2. c. Leonardo da Vinci 3. b.Amadeus Mozart 4. d. Otto Von Bismarck Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory was based primarily on the use of ______ studies. ✖ 1. a. case 2. b. correlational 3. c. quasi-experimental 4. d. epidemiological Jerry and Stanley are non-twin brothers; they would have a______ percent overlap in genetic heritage. ✖ 1. a. 25 2. b. 50 3. c. 75 4. d. 100 Twins who originated from a single fertilized egg cell, who share 100 percent of their genetic make-up are known as ______ twins. ✖ 1. a. monozygotic 2. b. polyzygotic 3. c. dizygotic 4. d. azygotic Azrin and Peterson (1989) used an A-B-A-B experimental design to help a nine-year-old girl control ______. ✖ 1. a. thumb-sucking 2. b. bed-wetting 3. c. a facial twitch 74/98

4. d. an eye tic Differences between monozygotic twins are the results of ______ differences. ✖ 1. a. subtle genetic 2. b. significant genetic 3. c. personality 4. d. environmental A researcher sets up an experiment that will give subjects a double dose of treatment in an A-B-A-B pattern. This pattern of treatment is known as a _______ design. ✖ 1. a. reversal 2. b. repetitive 3. c. progressive 4. d. multiple baseline A proband is ______. ✖ 1. a. the subject of a case study 2. b. the case first diagnosed with a disorder, used for comparison in kinship studies 3. c. the random sample selected from a population in survey research 4. d. a group of relatives whose phenotypes and genotypes are studied longitudinally Aside from twins, another group that has been studied for genetic factors in the appearance of psychological traits and disorders are ______. ✖ 1. a. children from small towns 2. b. narrow religious groups 3. c. adoptees 4. d. children with mental retardation Which of the following is a difficulty with the case-study method of research? ✖ 1. a. Case studies are based on historical material. 2. b. Information drawn from case studies usually lacks enough depth and sufficient detail for drawing meaningful conclusions. 3. c. Case studies lack the rigor of other research designs. 4. d. Case studies provide rich detail. A researcher designs a study so that his subjects are observed for several weeks with no treatment. They are then given a treatment for several weeks. This is followed by several more weeks in which the treatment is withdrawn. Finally, the subjects are givena second round of treatments. The effects of the first treatment, the withdrawal of treatment, and the second treatment are measured. This study is typical of a _______ design. ✖ 1. a. case-study 2. b. quasi-experimental 3. c. single-case experimental 4. d. double-case experimental There is a ______ percent overlap in genetic heritage between each parent and his or her offspring. ✖ 1. a. 25 2. b. 50 3. c. 75 75/98

4. d. 100 Twin studies and adoptee studies are both examples of ______ studies. ✖ 1. a. analogue 2. b. experimental 3. c. case 4. d. kinship Carefully drawn, intensive studies of the lives of individuals are called _______. They are based on clinical interviews, observations, and psychological tests. ✖ 1. a. quasi-experimental studies 2. b. epidemiological studies 3. c. psychometric studies 4. d. case studies Which of the following is an aspect of critical thinking? ✖ 1. a. relying on feelings and gut impressions 2. b. remaining fixed in one’s beliefs and attitudes 3. c. seeking evidence to support or refute beliefs or claims 4. d. maintaining an attitude of non-skepticism Twins who develop from separate egg cells that were fertilized simultaneously, who share 50% of their genetic heritage, are known as ______ twins. ✖ 1. a. monozygotic 2. b. polyzygotic 3. c. dizygotic 4. d. azygotic The set of traits specified by our genetic code is called our ______. ✖ 1. a. archetype 2. b. proband 3. c. phenotype 4. d. genotype Our actual, expressed traits are called our ______. ✖ 1. a. archetype 2. b. daguerreotype 3. c. phenotype 4. d. genotype A therapist engages in ten years of therapy with a patient diagnosed as having dissociative identity disorder. When the therapy has concluded, the therapist uses her extensive notes, drawn from clinical interviews with the patient, to write an extensive history of the patient. The history is then published so that others can learn from the therapist's experiences with her patient. This technique is known as a(n) _______ study. ✖ 1. a. psychometric 2. b. epidemiological 3. c. case 4. d. naturalistic observation 76/98

The percentage of cases in which both twins have the same disorder is called the ______ rate. ✖ 1. a. concordance 2. b. congruence 3. c. compatibility 4. d. consistency A high positive correlation between stress and depression demonstrates that _______. ✖ 1. a.stress causes depression 2. b.depression causes stress 3. c.depression and stress are caused by other factors 4. d.stress and depression are somehow related to each other Research designs in which subjects are used as their own controls are called ______ designs. ✖ 1. a. quasi-experimental 2. b. correlational 3. c. single-case experimental 4. d. double-case experimental Differences in the rates of concordance for monozygotic versus dizygotic twins has suggested a strong genetic component for schizophrenia and ______. ✖ 1. a. posttraumatic stress disorder 2. b. major depression 3. c. phobia 4. d. postconcussion syndrome

Test Bank for Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition by Comer The work of Dorothea Dix led to the establishment of many _____________ around the country. ✖ 1. psychiatric surgery centers 2. American asylums 3. state hospitals 4. clinical practices The treatment mechanism associated with touching a troubled area of a patient's body with a special rod was: ✖ 1. trephination. 2. exorcism. 3. mesmerism. 4. hypnotism. Judgments of abnormality depend on _______________ as well as on cultural norms. ✖ 1. geography 2. specific circumstances 3. politics 77/98

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our health care system

The role of a clinical practitioner in abnormal psychology is to: ✖ 1. detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning. 2. research, detect, and assess abnormal functioning. 3. research, assess, treat, and speak about abnormal functioning. 4. research about abnormal functioning. According to ancient views of abnormality, if a standard exorcism failed to rid a person of their abnormal behaviors, which of the following steps would be taken? ✖ 1. The shaman would perform a more extreme exorcism, such as whipping or starving the person. 2. The person would be burned alive because they were believed to be "beyond saving." 3. The person would be cast out of the society with no means for survival. 4. The person would be accepted by society as being a marked child of "God," and their abnormal behavior would now be celebrated. All forms of therapy have which three essential features? ✖ 1. a patient, a physician, and an insurance company 2. a client, an insurance company, and treatment goals 3. a sufferer, a healer, and a series of contacts between healer and sufferer 4. a sufferer, a healer, and managed care Which of the following terms was the earliest used to describe those who we now refer to as "mentally ill?" ✖ 1. "crazy" 2. unbalanced 3. madness 4. unstable Insurance parity laws are concerned with: ✖ 1. government payment for mental health care. 2. licensing health care providers. 3. providing equal coverage for mental and medical problems. 4. providing malpractice insurance for clinical mental health practitioners. A trephine is: ✖ 1. a trick used in hypnosis. 2. an instrument used to remove blood from the veins. 3. an instrument used in a 20th century lobotomy. 4. a stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of the skull. The Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in 19th century America was: ✖ 1. Margaret Meade. 2. Dorothea Dix. 3. Carrie Nation. 4. Mary Baker Eddy. 78/98

The term "eugenics" refers to which of the following? ✖ 1. A public policy of providing free medication to those who suffer from mental illness. 2. A political policy of preventing those who suffer from mental illness from reproducing. 3. A private policy of linking mental illness to religion for the purpose of promoting a different religion. 4. The practice of diagnosing all patients with the same illness, regardless of symptoms, so that insurance companies will provide payment for services. The policy of releasing patients from public mental hospitals was known as: ✖ 1. moral treatment. 2. the community mental health model. 3. the managed care model. 4. deinstitutionalization. Which of the following terms, which has come to mean "a chaotic uproar" derived its name from a London hospital where mentally ill patients were treated in horrendous ways? ✖ 1. Bedlam 2. Hysteria 3. Furor 4. Turmoil A person who suffered from the form of mass madness called lycanthropy may have believed him/herself to be possessed by: ✖ 1. bats. 2. wolves. 3. tigers. 4. spiders. __________ argues that societies invent the concept of mental illness so that they can control people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten the social order. ✖ 1. Carl Rogers 2. Jerome Frank 3. Thomas Szasz 4. Dick Gregory General paresis, an irreversible disorder that causes physical and mental symptoms including paralysis and delusions of grandeur, was found to be caused by: ✖ 1. the HIV virus. 2. tuberculosis. 3. syphilis. 4. gonorrhea. Which of the following is true regarding the "four Ds" of abnormality? ✖ 1. Most clinicians agree on what qualifies under each of "the four Ds." 2. Every culture has generally identical criteria of what constitutes abnormality. 3. An individual can only be diagnosed with a mental illness if (s)he has all "four Ds." 4. None of the "four Ds" is, by itself, an adequate gauge of psychological abnormality. Which was one of the different mental disorders described by ancient Greeks and Romans? 79/98

1. melancholia 2. anorexia 3. dyspareunia 4. bulimia Behavior that is psychologically abnormal is called all but which of the following? ✖ 1. psychopathology 2. emotional disturbance 3. mental instability 4. mental illness Before the 1950s, almost all outpatient care for psychological disturbances took the form of: 1. hospitalization. 2. private psychotherapy. 3. treatment at community mental health centers. 4. treatment by social services agencies. Trying to correct the social conditions that give rise to psychological problems and identifying individuals who are at risk for developing emotional problems is known as: ✖ 1. positive psychology. 2. trephination. 3. triage. 4. prevention. Which 19th century perspective held the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes? ✖ 1. psychogenic 2. somatogenic 3. psychotropic 4. moral The "four Ds" of abnormality are: ✖ 1. deviance, dysfunction, disturbance, and danger. 2. danger, dread, deviance, and disturbance. 3. deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. 4. dysfunction, disturbance, delirium, and danger. What percentage of current psychology graduate students are female? ✖ 1. 40% 2. 28% 3. 72% 4. 37% Before the 1950s, psychotherapy was offered only by: ✖ 1. neurologists. 2. hypnotists. 3. psychiatrists. 4. psychotherapists. Today, the dominant form of insurance coverage for mental health patients is: ✖ 80/98

1. Medicare. 2. managed care. 3. private insurance. 4. Social Security. The French physician __________ was associated with asylum reform at La Bicetre. ✖ 1. Jean Esquirol 2. Philippe Pinel 3. William Tuke 4. Johann Weyer The area of psychology concerned with the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities is: ✖ 1. psychoanalysis. 2. Gestalt psychology. 3. positive psychology. 4. humanistic psychology. At present, which single viewpoint dominates the clinical field as the psychoanalytic perspective once did? ✖ 1. Gestalt 2. behavioral 3. cognitive 4. None of the answers are correct. The ___________ perspective views the chief causes of abnormal functioning as psychological. ✖ 1. moral 2. somatogenic 3. psychogenic 4. positive One of the most prominent forerunners to the modern community mental health program was at Gheel, which was located in: ✖ 1. Belgium. 2. Germany. 3. Spain. 4. England. In the middle ages in Europe, people who suffered the bite of a "wolf spider" believed that the only way to rid themselves of the resulting symptoms was to do a dance called a: ✖ 1. purificado. 2. chastenette. 3. tarantella. 4. sanctifica. A federal parity law, requiring insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems, was enacted in the United States of America in: ✖ 1. 1973. 2. 1985. 81/98

3. 2004. 4. 2011. Which German physician was the first to specialize in mental illness and is now considered the founder of the modern study of psychopathology? ✖ 1. Wilhelm Wundt 2. Hippocrates 3. Sigmund Freud 4. Johann Weyer The main difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist is: ✖ 1. a psychiatrist is usually a psychoanalyst while a psychologist is usually a behaviorist. 2. a psychologist is a medical doctor; a psychiatrist is a researcher who studies illnesses. 3. a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can provide therapy; a psychologist is NOT a medical doctor but can provide therapy. 4. a psychiatrist works exclusively in hospitals, while a psychologist works exclusively in mental health clinics. The job of a ______________ is to gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study. ✖ 1. clinical phenomenologist 2. clinical scientist 3. clinical practitioner 4. clinical psychometrist Roman is a loner. He lives in a cabin in the woods with no running water or electricity. While he manages to survive this way, living so far from the closest city makes it very hard for him to get and keep gainful employment. He is often unhappy with his situation, yet feels that he can do nothing to change it and has lived this way for years. Roman's behavior may be considered all but which of the following? ✖ 1. deviant 2. dysfunctional 3. dangerous 4. distressful Hippocrates believed that abnormal behavior was caused by: ✖ 1. evil spirits. 2. blood clots. 3. bone splinters. 4. imbalance in bodily fluids. According to research conducted on eccentric people, which of the following statements is true? ✖ 1. They have fewer emotional problems than the general population. 2. They know they are different and usually wish to be more like others around them. 3. They visit their physicians an average of once every three months. 4. Most are unhappy, malcontented individuals who feel that life treats them very badly. 82/98

___________ is generally defined as a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior. ✖ 1. Assessment 2. Treatment 3. Remediation 4. Psychodiagnosis Defining abnormal behavior using •gthe four Ds•h: ✖ 1. allows us to create diagnoses that are clear-cut and not debatable. 2. allows us to eliminate those who are merely eccentric. 3. allows us to include those who experience no distress. 4. is still often vague and subjective. Which of the following depressed people would be the least likely to be diagnosed with a mental disorder.because of specific circumstances? ✖ 1. someone whose mother was depressed 2. someone whose community was destroyed by a tornado 3. someone who was experiencing a chemical brain imbalance 4. someone who was also an alcoholic According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really: 1. mental illnesses. 2. problems in living. 3. caused by ones early childhood experiences. 4. eccentric behaviors with a biological cause. A Secret Service agent steps in front of the President of the United States, prepared to be killed or injured if the President's safety is threatened. Psychologically speaking, the Secret Service agent's behavior is: ✖ 1. functional, but psychologically abnormal. 2. functional, and not psychologically abnormal. 3. dysfunctional, and psychologically abnormal. 4. dysfunctional, but not psychologically abnormal. The explicit and implicit rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to 1. norms. 2. culture. 3. morality. 4. conventions. Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not: ✖ 1. dysfunctional. 2. dangerous. 3. distressing. 4. deviant.

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R. D. Laing said, •gInsanity.a perfectly rational adjustment to an insane world. This statement illustrates: ✖ 1. how dangerous most mentally ill people actually are. 2. that abnormality is situational. 3. that everyone is a little eccentric. 4. that drug use causes people to become mentally ill. People who engage in frenetic, manic activity may not experience distress. They are: ✖ 1. nevertheless considered to be abnormal. 2. not abnormal because abnormality requires distress. 3. doing something illegal, not abnormal. 4. no longer considered abnormal, but were in the past. An individual has a 9-to-5 job. However, this person seldom gets up early enough to be at work on time, and expresses great distress over this fact. This individual's behavior would be considered abnormal because it is: ✖ 1. dysfunctional. 2. deviant. 3. dysfunctional and deviant. 4. dangerous. Research shows that danger to self or others is found in: ✖ 1. all cases of abnormal functioning. 2. most cases of abnormal functioning. 3. some cases of abnormal functioning. 4. no cases of abnormal functioning. College students who drink so much that it interferes with their lives, health, and academic careers are often not diagnosed as engaging in abnormal behavior because: ✖ 1. the behavior is not illegal. 2. they are just considered eccentric. 3. they don't help anyone but themselves. 4. drinking is considered part of college culture. If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was: ✖ 1. suffering from a mental illness. 2. deviant but not dangerous. 3. exhibiting a typical reaction. 4. statistically deviant. Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively? ✖ 1. distress 2. deviance 3. dysfunction 4. danger to self or others

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If you wanted a career in which you focus on detecting, assessing, and treating abnormal patterns of functioning, you should look into becoming a: ✖ 1. clinical practitioner. 2. clinical researcher. 3. clinical historian. 4. clinical statistician. That 42 percent of people go to church and 39 percent snoop in their hosts' medicine cabinets demonstrates the principle that: ✖ 1. deviance is culturally defined. 2. behavior that is not really dangerous can nevertheless be considered abnormal. 3. statistical deviance is not the same thing as abnormality. 4. behavior that is not distressful is not abnormal. Which of the following examples would NOT be considered abnormal, despite the fact that it is dysfunctional? ✖ 1. someone who is too confused to drive safely 2. someone who parties so much that he or she cannot go to class 3. someone who goes on a hunger strike to protest social injustice 4. someone who cannot stay alone for even one night A researcher spends 15 or more hours per day conducting experiments or doing library reading and records observations on color-coded index cards. This person lives alone in the country, but doesn't interfere with others' lives. The best description of the researcher's behavior is that it is: ✖ 1. eccentric. 2. abnormal. 3. dangerous. 4. dysfunctional. One who systematically gathers information in order to describe, predict, and explain abnormality is a clinical: ✖ 1. mentalist. 2. legalist. 3. scientist. 4. practitioner. Behavior that violates legal norms is: ✖ 1. deviant and criminal. 2. distressful and criminal. 3. deviant and psychopathological. 4. distressful and psychopathological. A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living, BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality? ✖ 1. deviance 2. distress 3. dangerousness 4. dysfunction 85/98

The history, values, institutions, technology, and arts of a society make up that society's: 1. laws. 2. norms. 3. culture. 4. conventions. A person seeking help for a psychological abnormality is made to drink bitter herbal potions and then submit to a beating, in the hope that •gevil spirits•h will be driven from the person's body. This form of •gtherapy•h is called: ✖ 1. exorcism. 2. shaman. 3. couvade. 4. trephination. Which of the following •gnew diagnoses•h would one experiencing overwhelming concern about being bombarded with excessive information on the Internet most likely receive? ✖ 1. eco-anxiety 2. terrorism terror 3. crime phobia 4. cyber fear Hippocrates's contribution to the development of our understanding of mental illness was the view that such conditions were the result of: ✖ 1. stress. 2. natural causes. 3. brain pathology. 4. spiritual deviations. If you were being treated by a shaman, you would most likely be undergoing: ✖ 1. psychoanalysis. 2. gender-sensitive therapy. 3. community-based treatment. 4. an exorcism. A flash mob is MOST similar to: ✖ 1. mass hysteria. 2. melancholia. 3. trephination. 4. eco-terrorism. Hippocrates attempted to treat mental disorders by: ✖ 1. hypnotizing patients. 2. chaining patients to walls. 3. correcting underlying physical pathology. 4. encouraging patients to speak about past traumas.

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Which of the following •gnew diagnoses•h would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways most likely receive? ✖ 1. eco-anxiety 2. terrorism terror 3. crime phobia 4. cyber fear What model of mental illness did most people hold during the Middle Ages? ✖ 1. the moral model 2. the medical model 3. the psychogenic model 4. the demonology model Tarantism and lycanthropy are examples of: ✖ 1. exorcism. 2. mass madness. 3. physical pathology causing mental illness. 4. disorders that were treated with trephination. Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was: ✖ 1. water. 2. lymph gland fluid. 3. phlegm. 4. cerebrospinal fluid. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field? ✖ 1. being a poor speller 2. having a diagnosable mental illness 3. being creative 4. enjoying one's life Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because: ✖ 1. they are not deviant. 2. they freely choose and enjoy their behavior. 3. they are only dangerous to others, not to themselves. 4. while they are distressed by their behavior, others are not. Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve: ✖ 1. releasing evil spirits trapped in the brain. 2. bringing the four body humors back into balance. 3. punishing the body for its sins. 4. bloodletting. Several researchers have shown that in a typical year in the United States about what percentage of adults show disturbances severe enough to need clinical treatment? ✖ 1. under 1% 2. 5-10% 87/98

3. 10-15% 4. over 15% Bob experiences unshakable sadness. His friends have given up trying to cheer him up because nothing works. An ancient Greek physician would have labeled his condition: ✖ 1. mania. 2. hysteria. 3. delusional. 4. melancholia. One who sees abnormality as a problem in living usually refers to those seeking help with their problems in living as: ✖ 1. pupils. 2. patients. 3. trainees. 4. clients. Which of the following •gnew diagnoses•h would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about where the safest neighborhoods and schools are most likely receive? ✖ 1. eco-anxiety 2. terrorism terror 3. crime phobia 4. cyber fear Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following except a: ✖ 1. series of contacts. 2. healer. 3. third-party payer. 4. sufferer who seeks relief. The use of exorcism suggests a belief that what we call mental illness was caused by: ✖ 1. germs. 2. poisons. 3. evil spirits. 4. psychological trauma. Which of the following is part of the legacy of Dorothea Dix? ✖ 1. deinstitutionalization 2. state mental hospitals 3. federal prisons 4. privatization of mental hospitals St. Vitus's dance, characterized by people suddenly going into convulsions, jumping around, and dancing, was also known as: ✖ 1. lycanthropy. 2. melancholia. 3. phlegmatism. 4. tarantism. 88/98

The decline in the use of moral treatment and the rise in the use of custodial care in mental hospitals at the end of the twentieth century is due to all of the following except: ✖ 1. the total lack of success of moral treatment. 2. too many hospitals, resulting in funding and staffing shortages. 3. prejudice against poor, immigrant patients in hospitals. 4. lack of public and private funding for hospitals. During the Middle Ages in Europe, demonology dominated views of abnormality for all of the following reasons except: ✖ 1. the power of the clergy increased greatly. 2. the church rejected scientific forms of investigation. 3. the church controlled education. 4. the culture rejected religious beliefs. The individual considered to be the parent of the modern study of psychopathology is: ✖ 1. Hippocrates. 2. Johann Weyer. 3. Dorothea Dix. 4. Emil Kraepelin. Those most often in charge of treating abnormality in the Middle Ages in Europe were the: 1. physicians. 2. nobility. 3. peasants. 4. clergy. Pilgrims in the 1600s would be most likely to go for •gpsychic healing•h to: ✖ 1. Bethlehem Hospital in London. 2. Gheel, Belgium. 3. La Bicetre in Paris. 4. Athens, Greece. Part of the downfall of moral therapy was that: ✖ 1. it did not work for everyone. 2. it was shown to be completely ineffective. 3. too few patients were hospitalized. 4. the development of psychogenic drugs replaced it. The American schoolteacher who lobbied state legislatures for laws to mandate human treatment of people with mental disorders was: ✖ 1. William Tuke. 2. Dorothea Dix. 3. Clifford Beers. 4. Benjamin Rush. Johann Weyer, considered to be the founder of the modern study of psychopathology, was a physician in the: ✖ 1. 1200s. 2. 1500s. 3. 1700s. 89/98

4. 1800s. The •gmoral treatment•h movement rapidly declined in the late nineteenth century because: ✖ 1. prejudice against those with mental disorders decreased. 2. fewer and fewer immigrants were being sent to mental hospitals. 3. all patients needing treatment had to be helped. 4. hospitals became underfunded and overcrowded. Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as: ✖ 1. psychiatric. 2. somatogenic. 3. psychogenic. 4. supernatural. In many areas, asylums of the 1500s, such as Bethlehem asylum in London, became: ✖ 1. shrines. 2. tourist attractions. 3. sheltered workshops. 4. centers of moral treatment. •gMass madness•h is a general term that includes all except which of the following disorders common in the Middle Ages in Europe? ✖ 1. tarantism 2. lycanthropy 3. exorcism 4. being werewolves Treatment for mental illness in the early asylums tended to be: ✖ 1. moral therapy. 2. harsh and cruel. 3. religiously based. 4. psychogenic therapy. The man who brought the reforms of moral therapy to the United States was: ✖ 1. John Dix. 2. Joseph Gall. 3. William Tuke. 4. Benjamin Rush. The basis for moral treatment of asylum patients was the belief that: ✖ 1. mental problems had a biological basis. 2. demonology was a cause of mental illness. 3. mental illness should be treated with sympathy and kindness. 4. the cause of mental illness was immoral behavior. The man who brought about the reforms of moral therapy to northern England was: ✖ 1. John Dix. 2. Joseph Gall. 3. William Tuke. 4. Benjamin Rush. 90/98

The fact that some people in the advanced stages of AIDS experience neurological damage that results in psychological abnormality supports what type of perspective about abnormal psychological functioning? ✖ 1. somatogenic 2. psychogenic 3. moral 4. deterministic Eugenics had as its goal sterilization of people with mental disorders, a policy based on the idea that mentally ill people: ✖ 1. could not provide a good environment for their children. 2. were mentally defective (that is, developmentally delayed). 3. reproduced at a rate higher than that of the general population. 4. should not be allowed to pass on their defective genes. The early psychogenic treatment that was advocated by Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud was: ✖ 1. prayer. 2. bleeding. 3. hypnotism. 4. trephining. People with severe mental illnesses are LESS likely to be ______ than they were 50 years ago. ✖ 1. medicated with psychotropic drugs 2. hospitalized in mental institutions 3. homeless or in prison 4. treated in outpatient facilities Which point of view was supported by the discovery that the symptoms of hysteria (e.g., mysterious paralysis) could be induced by hypnosis? ✖ 1. psychogenic 2. somatogenic 3. demonological 4. moral Psychoanalysis was developed as a form of: ✖ 1. moral therapy. 2. outpatient therapy. 3. behavioral therapy. 4. somatogenic therapy. Which of the following statements would offer the LEAST support for the somatogenic view of abnormal behavior? ✖ 1. Hypnotism has helped people give up smoking. 2. Alcoholism tends to run in families. 3. People with Lyme disease often have psychological symptoms. 4. Most people with depression are helped with medication. 91/98

Hypnotism is associated with all of the following except: ✖ 1. Mesmer. 2. the somatogenic perspective. 3. psychodynamic therapy. 4. the late 1700s. The somatogenic treatment for mental illness that seems to have been the most successful was the use of: ✖ 1. psychosurgery. 2. psychoanalysis. 3. various medications. 4. insulin shock therapy. Which of the following patients is most likely to benefit most from psychoanalytic treatment? ✖ 1. a person who needs to make profound behavioral changes very quickly 2. a person who has difficulty expressing ideas and feelings verbally 3. someone who is insightful and thinks clearly 4. someone who is severely disturbed and in a mental hospital Eugenics sterilization reflects the ______ perspective on abnormality. ✖ 1. somatogenic 2. psychoanalytic 3. cultural 4. managed care An otherwise •gnormal•h person during hypnotic suggestion is made to bark, sit, and fetch like a dog. The occurrence of these •gabnormal•h behaviors lends support to which explanation for abnormality? ✖ 1. psychogenic 2. somatogenic 3. parthenogenic 4. schizophrenegenic The discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis was made by: ✖ 1. Benjamin Rush. 2. Emil Kraepelin. 3. Fritz Schaudinn 4. Richard von Krafft-Ebing. For those who hold the somatogenic view of mental illness, the best treatment setting for those with mental disorders would be a: ✖ 1. community center. 2. spa and retreat center. 3. counselor's office. 4. hospital. Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of: ✖ 1. moral therapy. 2. psychoanalysis. 92/98

3. psychogenic therapy. 4. all psychological therapy. Syphilis is to the somatogenic approach as ______ is to the psychogenic approach. ✖ 1. eugenics 2. tarantism 3. trephinism 4. hypnotism Psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, was a form of what we now would call: ✖ 1. Mesmerism. 2. outpatient therapy. 3. community psychology. 4. Kraepelinism. Mesmer became famous.or infamous.for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed: ✖ 1. somatogenic. 2. hysterical. 3. phlegmatic. 4. bilious. Bernheim and Liebault used hypnotic suggestion to induce hysterical disorders in normal people, providing support for which perspective of abnormality? ✖ 1. psychogenic 2. somatogenic 3. demonological 4. sociocultural Regarding the cause of mental disorders, more people today believe that mental illness is caused by which of the following? ✖ 1. sinful behavior 2. lack of willpower 3. lack of self-discipline 4. something external to the person So, how did deinstitutionalization work out? ✖ 1. Fine; most people with severe disturbances are receiving treatment. 2. Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street. 3. Better than hospitalization; at least care is consistent and there is no shuttling back and forth through different levels of care. 4. Well; communities have been able to pick up the care of those with severe disturbances and provide effective treatment for most all of them. Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of: ✖ 1. eco-anxiety treatment. 2. a somatogenic approach to treatment. 3. the clinical practice of positive psychology. 4. eccentric's level of creativity. 93/98

Which of the following pairs of words best describes the current emphasis in mental health? 1. prevention and positive psychology 2. promotion and public psychology 3. perfection and primary psychology 4. people and professional psychology Drugs designed to decrease extremely confused and distorted thinking are termed: ✖ 1. antidepressant. 2. antianxiety. 3. antihypochondriacal. 4. antipsychotic. The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in: ✖ 1. 1990. 2. 1970. 3. 1960. 4. 1950. If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for ✖ 1. a year, with weekly sessions. 2. about 100 hours. 3. fewer than five sessions. 4. 24 hours, in an inpatient facility. Efforts to address the needs of children who are at risk for developing mental disorders (babies of teenage mothers, children of those with severe mental disorders) are categorized as: ✖ 1. positive psychology. 2. psychoanalysis. 3. eco-anxiety treatment. 4. prevention. A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other mood disorders. The general term for this type of drug is: ✖ 1. psychogenic. 2. somatogenic. 3. psychotropic. 4. somatotropic. Jena is very unhappy. The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be a(n): ✖ 1. stimulant drug. 2. antianxiety drug. 3. antipsychotic drug. 4. antidepressant drug.

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The approach to therapy for mental illness in which a person pays a psychotherapist for services is called: ✖ 1. sociological therapy. 2. the medical approach. 3. private psychotherapy. 4. the community mental health approach. Problems with marital, family, peer, work, school, or community relationships would be MOST similar to: ✖ 1. the sorts of problems Freud treated. 2. other problems in living. 3. problems treated in specialized treatment centers. 4. other problems treated with antipsychotics. Suicide prevention, substance abuse treatment, and eating disorder clinics are MOST similar to which kind of market? ✖ 1. Whole Foods, a large market that offers many different types of food 2. Sweet Cupcakes, a store that specializes in only one type of food 3. Corner Market, a Mom and Pop store that carries rather old-fashioned food 4. New York Deli, a high-end market that serves only the wealthy One cause of the increase in homeless individuals in recent decades has been the: ✖ 1. policy of deinstitutionalization. 2. use of psychotropic medication. 3. decrease in the use of private psychotherapy. 4. move to the community mental health approach. In the United States today, one is most likely to find a severely ill mental patient: ✖ 1. in a mental hospital. 2. on the street or in jail. 3. receiving drug counseling in a shelter. 4. in private therapy paid for by the state. Surveys suggest that about what proportion of adults in the United States receive psychological therapy in a typical year? ✖ 1. 1/100 2. 1/15 3. 1/6 4. 1/1000 Dave is confused and usually thinks that he is King David (Old Testament). If his psychiatrist ordered medication, it would most likely be a(n): ✖ 1. stimulant drug. 2. antianxiety drug. 3. antipsychotic drug. 4. antidepressant drug.

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Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called: 1. psychedelics. 2. antineurotics. 3. psychotropics. 4. psychophysiologicals. If your primary symptom were excessive worry, the psychotropic drug for you would be an: 1. antipsychotic. 2. antidepressant. 3. antiemetic. 4. antianxiety medication. One major difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists is that psychiatrists: 1. went to medical school. 2. must work in a medical setting. 3. are allowed to do psychotherapy. 4. have more training in mental illness. A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skill. The psychologist is most likely: ✖ 1. a psychoanalyst. 2. a positive psychologist. 3. a community mental health worker. 4. a rehabilitation specialist. Imagine a person who works in a mental hospital analyzing various treatment protocols to see how multicultural factors impact success rates. This person is most likely a: ✖ 1. clinical researcher. 2. clinical psychologist. 3. psychiatrist. 4. psychiatric social worker. If your university had a first-year program designed to ease the transition from high school to college and to decrease the dropout rates, that program would have elements MOST similar to: ✖ 1. mental health prevention programs. 2. positive psychology programs. 3. deinstitutionalization programs. 4. outpatient therapy. Which of the following sequences is correct in terms of prominence of mental health treatments in the United States during the twentieth century and beyond? ✖ 1. sociocultural, biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral 2. psychoanalytic, biological, cognitive, sociocultural 3. humanistic, sociocultural, biological psychoanalytic 4. biological, humanistic, psychoanalytic, sociocultural The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is: ✖ 1. psychiatry. 2. psychiatric social work. 96/98

3. psychology. 4. counseling. One who studies the history of the field of abnormal psychology most likely would compare our current understanding of abnormal behavior to a book that: ✖ 1. hasn't even been begun. 2. has received a title, but no text. 3. is in the process of being written. 4. is completed, and needs only to be read to be understood. A person is hard at work trying to discover which combination of environmental and genetic factors produces schizophrenia. Most likely, the person is a: ✖ 1. clinical researcher. 2. psychiatric social worker. 3. family therapist. 4. counseling psychologist. If your university had a program designed to help students achieve their full potential, physically, educationally, and spiritually, that program would have elements MOST similar to: ✖ 1. mental health prevention programs. 2. positive psychology programs. 3. deinstitutionalization programs. 4. outpatient therapy. If you were receiving multicultural therapy, you could expect all of the following except: ✖ 1. greater sensitivity to cultural issues in therapy. 2. a focus on the uniqueness of the issues you face. 3. a focus on healthy feelings and actions rather than on problems. 4. sensitivity to the traditions of your particular culture. Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that: ✖ 1. physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education. 2. coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally. 3. the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment must be equal. 4. patients must be allowed to choose the therapist they want for treatment. What the #%*$!! is going on? The insurance company says I have to stop my anger management program now!•h The client who says this is most likely voicing concern about a: ✖ 1. managed care program. 2. private psychotherapist. 3. community mental health agency. 4. sociocultural resource center.

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A physician who offers psychotherapy is called a: ✖ 1. psychiatrist. 2. clinical psychologist. 3. psychodiagnostician. 4. psychoanalyst. The most accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally: ✖ 1. accept one definition of abnormality, and practice one form of treatment. 2. do not accept one definition of abnormality, but practice one form of treatment. 3. accept one definition of abnormality, but practice more than one form of treatment. 4. do not accept one definition of abnormality, and practice more than one form of treatment. A psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning after medical school; this training is called a(n): ✖ 1. residency. 2. internship. 3. practicum. 4. community mental health tour. Which of the following is not a common feature of managed care programs? ✖ 1. limited pool of practitioners for patients to choose from 2. preapproval for treatment by the insurance company 3. ongoing reviews and assessments 4. patient choice in number of sessions therapy can last Immigration and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more: ✖ 1. hospital focused. 2. multicultural. 3. positive. 4. dependent on the use of medications. Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion about the state of abnormal psychology in the United States currently? ✖ 1. There is no single definition of abnormality, no one theoretical understanding of the causes of mental illness, and no single best treatment. 2. We do know what mental illness is, but we don't understand what causes it, or the best way to treat it. 3. We haven't advanced much beyond the demonology era. 4. Now we understand what causes mental illness and how best to treat it; plus, we can define it. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the participation of women in the mental health professions? ✖ 1. 2.

There are more women in social work than in counseling professions. Women are least often found in medicine and most often found in social work.

4.

The majority of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are men.

3.

The professions with the highest percentage of women is counseling. 98/98