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Chapter 8 and 3 Q9 Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Pap smears and mammograms are examples of Answer Selected Answer:
b.
secondary prevention Correct Answer:
b.
secondary prevention •
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
All the following activities are considered secondary prevention except: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Construction of a pair of dentures Correct Answer:
b.
Construction of a pair of dentures •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
All activities in medicine could be defined as prevention Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown in the table
Clinical diagnosis
MI
Autopsy findings No MI
MI No MI
160 40
80 720
Total 240 760
Total
200
800
1,000
From these data, the negative predictive value of the clinical diagnosis was closest to Answer Selected Answer:
d.
95% Correct Answer:
d.
95% •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
A bias occurs because the proportion of slow-growing lesions diagnosed during screening is greater than the proportion of those diagnosed during usual medical care is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
length-time bias Correct Answer:
b.
length-time bias •
Question 6 0 out of 4 points
The incidence of breast cancer in 20-year-old women is Answer Selected Answer:
a.
1 in 10,000 Correct Answer:
b.
1 in 100,000 •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Among 100 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, 15 subjects score within the normal range on a battery of tests of cognitive performance. Select the most appropriate measure from the following lettered options Answer Selected Answer:
f.
specificity
Correct Answer:
d.
sensitivity •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Lack of compliance in the screened group results in an overestimation of the screening effect. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
As the true positive of a screening test increases, which of the following occurs? Answer Selected Answer:
a.
specificity and positive predictive value increase Correct Answer:
d.
sensitivity and positive predictive value increase •
Question 10 0 out of 4 points
Federal laws require rigorous evidence of efficacy for behavioral counseling methods before these methods are approved for use. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
A prevention program that is oriented to the most experienced drug user would be referred to as Answer Selected Answer:
c.
tertiary Correct Answer:
c.
tertiary •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
The incidence method can be used to calculate sensitivity for cancer screening tests
Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Hand washing to stop bacteria and viruses from spreading is classified as Answer Selected Answer:
a.
primary prevention Correct Answer:
a.
primary prevention •
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown in the table Clinical Autopsy findings diagnosis MI No MI
MI No MI Total
160 40 200
80 720 800
Total 240 760 1,000
From these data, the positive predictive value of the clinical diagnosis was closest to Answer Selected Answer:
e.
95% Correct Answer:
a.
67% •
Question 15 0 out of 4 points
The first time that screening is carried out is called an incidence screen. Answer
Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 16 0 out of 4 points
The percentage of false-positive in screening mammograms is approximately Answer Selected Answer:
a.
1% Correct Answer:
b.
10% •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
For many diseases, there is a critical point in time beyond which therapy is less effective. For most cancers, the critical point occurs when the primary tumor metastasizes. When must the critical point occur for screening to be effective? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a.
After the disease is detectable but before it produces symptoms. a.
After the disease is detectable but before it produces symptoms. •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Helping patients to exercise appropriately is an exaple of Answer Selected Answer:
a.
primary prevention Correct Answer:
a.
primary prevention •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following best defines the "yield" of a screening test? Answer Selected
a.
Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
How much of a disease the screening test can detect in the screening process. a.
How much of a disease the screening test can detect in the screening process.
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Screening for very rare disease is beneficial to very few people Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Ascertainment bias in determining the cause of death does not affect the estimation of thescreening effect. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
Which of the following is not a primary requirement for conducting screening for disease control Answer Selected Answer:
d.
The disease should be serious Correct Answer:
c.
The government should fund the program •
Question 23 0 out of 4 points
The use of drugs to prevent disease is Answer Selected Answer:
e.
all of the above Correct Answer:
c.
chemoprevention
•
Question 24 0 out of 4 points
Screening tests are part of Answer Selected Answer:
b.
secondary prevention Correct Answer:
d.
a and b •
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
When prevalence is low, the negative predictive value of a screening test is likely to be high. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and cost are independent of each other. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Labeling effects of screening tests are sometimes unpredictable. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Which is the best way to avoid biases when evaluating the efficacy of a screening test or treatment in a clinical trial? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Randomization
Correct Answer:
b.
Randomization •
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
Screening for disease involve which type(s) of prevention? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
b.
secondary •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Compliant patients tend to have better prognoses regardless of screening. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True
!
! Question!1!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!good!screening!test!result!produces!either!no!labeling!effect!or!a!positive! labeling!effect.! Answer!!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! !!! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!2!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyAconfirmed!myocardial! infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as! shown!in!the!table! !! ! Clinical! !!!!!!Autopsy!findings! !! !!! diagnosis! ! !MI! No!MI! Total! MI! !!160! !!!!!!80! 240! No!MI! !!40! !!!!720! 760! Total! !!200! !!!!800! 1,000! !
!
!
!!!
!
!! ! From!these!data,!the!negative!predictive!value!of!the!clinical!diagnosis!was! closest!to! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! 95%!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! 95%!!
!!!
!
!
Question!3!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Screening!tests!are!part!of!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!and!b!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!and!b!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!4!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!degree!of!the!burden!of!suffering!caused!by!the!condition!is!decided! based!on! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!5!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Screenig!tests!are!part!of!many!primary!and!all!secondary!prevention! activities.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!6!! 4!out!of!4!points! !An!abnormal!result!of!a!screening!test!in!a!person!without!disease!is! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!!
!!! !!!
falseApositive! Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! falseApositive!
!
!
Question!7!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!incidence!method!can!be!used!to!calculate!sensitivity!for!cancer! screening!tests! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!8!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Simple,!quick!examinations!such!as!blood!pressure!determinations!are!ideal! screening!tests.! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!9!! 0!out!of!4!points! !Treatments!in!primary!prevention!is!(are)!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! immunization!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!10!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!screening!test!for!the!developmental!disabilities!in!children!fails!to!detect! a!substantial!proportion!of!children!with!such!disabilities.!Select!the!most! appropriate!limitation!for!applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!! !!! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Low!sensitivity!
!!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Low!sensitivity!
!
!
Question!11!! 0!out!of!4!points! !Which!one!of!the!following!is!a!consequence!of!overdiagnosis!in!screening?! Answer!! !!! Selected! Answer:!
!d.!!! A!decrease!in!the!calculated!sensitivity!of!the!screening! test.!
Correct! Answer:!
!!! !e.!!! An!increase!in!the!observed!5Ayear!survival!for!the!target! disease.!
!
!
!
Question!12!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!prior!probability!of!a!disease!is!equivalent!to!which!of!the!following?! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! prevalence!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! prevalence!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!13!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Clinicians'!efforts!are!aimed!at!preventing!the!untimely!occurrences!of!the! five!Ds:!! Answer!!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! disease,!disability,!discomfort,!dissatisfaction,!and!death!
Correct!Answer:!
!!! !a.!!! disease,!disability,!discomfort,!dissatisfaction,!and!death!
!
!
!
Question!14!! 0!out!of!4!points! !When!randomized!controlled!trial!is!difficult!to!conduct,!case!series!in!which! a!group!of!people!participating!in!a!screening!program!are!followed!over! time,!is!an!appropriate!method!to!use!for!the!evaluation!of!the!effectiveness! !!! of!the!screening!program.!! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
!!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!
!
Question!15!! 0!out!of!4!points! !The!positive!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!for!breast!cancer!will! increase!if!the!test!is!performed!on!women!with!family!history!of!breast! cancer.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!16!! 4!out!of!4!points! !More!aggressive!forms!of!a!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!picked!up!in!a! screening!program.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!17!! 0!out!of!4!points! !Among!1000!women!without!breast!cancer,!screening!mammograms!are! normal!for!920!women.!!Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the! following!lettered!options! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! sensitivity!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! specificity!!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!18!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyAconfirmed!myocardial! infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as! shown!in!the!table! !! !!! ! Clinical! !!!!!!Autopsy!findings! !! !
diagnosis!
!MI!
No!MI!
MI! No!MI! Total!
!!160! !!40! !!200!
!!!!!!80! !!!!720! !!!!800!
! Total! 240! 760! 1,000!
!! ! From!these!data,!the!prevalence!of!myocardial!infarction!at!autopsy!was! closest!to! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! 20%!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! 20%!
!!!
!
!
Question!19!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Low!predictive!values!of!a!screening!tests!are!usually!caused!by! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! both!a!and!c!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! both!a!and!c!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!20!! 0!out!of!4!points! !A!diagnostic!test,!but!not!a!screening!test,!requires!a!gold!standard.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!21!! 0!out!of!4!points! !When!prevalence!is!low,!the!negative!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!is! likely!to!be!high.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
!
!
!!!
!!!
!
Question!22!! 0!out!of!4!points! !The!major!purpose!of!randomization!is!to!minimize!the!differences!between! subjects!in!the!screened!group!and!those!in!the!control!group.! !!! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!!![None!Given]!!
Correct!Answer:!
!!![None]!!
!!!
!
!
Question!23!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Among!750!patients!with!normal!screening!test!results!for!serum! cholesterol,!50!actually!have!elevated!serum!cholesterol.!!Select!the!most! appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered!options! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! falseAnegative!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! falseAnegative!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!24!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!type!of!prevention!that!is!particularly!important!in!the!management!of! patients!having!a!fatal!disease.!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! tertiary!prevention!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! tertiary!prevention!!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!25!! 4!out!of!4!points! !When!lead!time!is!very!short!treatment!of!the!medical!condition!found!on! screening!can!be!very!effective! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!26!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Most!primary!prevention!is!done!in!clinical!settings! !
!!!
Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!!!
!
!
Question!27!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Among!500!persons!with!positive!screening!tests!for!antibodies!to!the! human!immunodeficiency!virus!(HIV),!492!are!infected!with!the!virus.!! Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered!options! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! positive!predictive!value!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! positive!predictive!value!!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!28!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!bias!occurs!because!the!proportion!of!slowAgrowing!lesions!diagnosed! during!screening!is!greater!than!the!proportion!of!those!diagnosed!during! usual!medical!care!is!called! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! lengthAtime!bias!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! lengthAtime!bias!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!29!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!screening!measure!may!be!invalid!and!reliable.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!30!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Ascertainment!bias!in!determining!the!cause!of!death!does!not!affect!the! estimation!of!the!screening!effect.! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Sunday,!March!24,!2013!11:48:33!AM!EDT!
!!!
!
!
!!!
OK!! ! Question!1!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!of!the!following!best!define!specificity?! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Proportion!of!people!with!a!negative!test!who!do!ot!have!the!disease.!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Proportion!of!people!without!the!disease!who!have!a!negative!test.!! !! .!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Ascertainment!bias!in!determining!the!cause!of!death!does!not!affect!the!estimation! of!the!screening!effect.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!positive!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!for!breast!cancer!will!increase!if!the! test!is!performed!on!women!with!family!history!of!breast!cancer.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! !! .!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Hand!washing!to!stop!bacteria!and!viruses!from!spreading!is!classified!as!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! !! .!Question!5!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Getting!a!young!person!to!quit!smoking!is!an!example!of! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! secondary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!!
primary!prevention!! !! .!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Federal!laws!require!rigorous!evidence!of!efficacy!for!behavioral!counseling! methods!before!these!methods!are!approved!for!use.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!7!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Ocular!antibiotic!prophylaxis!of!all!newborns!to!prevent!gonococcal!opthalmia! neonatorum!is!classified!as! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! both!primary!and!secondary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! chemoprevention!! !! .!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!percentage!of!falseApositive!in!screening!mammograms!is!approximately!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! 10%!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! 10%!! !! .!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!clinical!activities!are!considered!tertiary!prevention!except! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Treating!high!cholesterol!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Treating!high!cholesterol!! !! .!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!degree!of!the!burden!of!suffering!caused!by!the!condition!is!decided!based!on! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! all!of!the!above!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! all!of!the!above!!
!! .!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Flouridation!of!water!would!be!an!example!of!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! !! .!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!activities!in!medicine!could!be!defined!as!prevention! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! !! .!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!one!of!the!following!statements!related!to!length!bias!is!TRUE?! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Slowly!progressing!cases!of!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!detected!during!screening! than!rapidly!progressing!cases.! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Slowly!progressing!cases!of!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!detected!during!screening! than!rapidly!progressing!cases.! !! !! .!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !When!prevalence!is!low,!the!negative!predictive!value!of!a!screening!test!is!likely!to! be!high.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! !! .!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points! !!!
!Among!100!patients!with!Alzheimer’s!disease,!15!subjects!score!within!the!normal! range!on!a!battery!of!tests!of!cognitive!performance.!Select!the!most!appropriate! measure!from!the!following!lettered!options! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!f.!!! sensitivity!!! Correct!Answer:!!f.!!! sensitivity!!! !! .!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Subjects!who!do!not!comply!with!their!randomized!assignment!should!not!be! included!in!the!analysis!of!the!screening!effect.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Typically,!many!health!care!professionals!practice!what!type!of!disease!prevention?! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Tertiary!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Tertiary!! !! .!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Chest!radiographs!tend!to!lead!to!earlier!recognition!of!lung!cancers,!with!no! impact!on!delaying!the!eventual!time!of!death.!Select!the!most!appropriate! limitation!for!applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! LeadAtime!bias! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! LeadAtime!bias! !! !! .!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!one!of!the!following!is!a!consequence!of!overdiagnosis!in!screening?! !
Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! An!increase!in!the!observed!5Ayear!survival!for!the!target!disease.! !! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! An!increase!in!the!observed!5Ayear!survival!for!the!target!disease.! !! !! .!Question!20!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!of!the!following!should!not!be!considered!when!deciding!the!appropriate!use! of!a!screening!test?!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Whether!the!disease!condition!is!sufficiently!imprtant!for!the!individual!and!the! commuity.!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! All!of!the!above.!! !! .!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Taking!preventative!steps!that!stop!a!health!problem!before!it!starts!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! !! .!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!terms!are!used!for!determining!how!good!is!the!screening!test! except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! profitability!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! profitability!! !! .!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !When!lead!time!is!very!short!treatment!of!the!medical!condition!found!on!screening! can!be!very!effective! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!!
False!! !! .!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Among!1000!women!without!breast!cancer,!screening!mammograms!are!normal! for!920!women.!!Select!the!most!appropriate!measure!from!the!following!lettered! options! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! specificity!!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! specificity!!! !! .!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !More!aggressive!forms!of!a!disease!are!more!likely!to!be!picked!up!in!a!screening! program.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! !! .!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!first!time!that!screening!is!carried!out!is!called!an!incidence!screen.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! !! .!Question!27!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !When!applied!in!the!general!population,!a!screening!test!that!is!normal!among!99%! of!unaffected!persons!and!abnormal!among!97%!of!affected!persons!nevertheless! yields!a!low!positive!predictive!value.!Select!the!most!appropriate!limitation!for! applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! Low!specificity! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Low!prevalence!
!! !! .!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Effective!counseling!methods!could!promote!health!more!than!most!anything!else!a! clinician!can!do.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! True!! !! .!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!is!the!best!way!to!avoid!biases!when!evaluating!the!efficacy!of!a!screening! test!or!treatment!in!a!clinical!trial?! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Randomization!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Randomization!! !! .!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Pap!smears!and!mammograms!are!examples!of!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! secondary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! secondary!prevention!! !! .Sunday,!March!24,!2013!6:29:53!PM!EDT! ! OK!! .! Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyAconfirmed!myocardial! infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as!shown!in! the!table! ! ! !! ! !
! Clinical! ! diagnosis! !!!!!!!Autopsy!findings! !! !! ! ! ! ! Total! !! !MI! !No!MI! !! MI! !!!160! !!!!!!!80! !240! !! No!MI! !!!40! !!!!!720! !760! !! Total! !!!200! !!!!!800! !1,000! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! From!these!data,!the!prevalence!of!myocardial!infarction!at!autopsy!was!closest!to! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! 20%!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! 20%!! !!
.!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !When!lead!time!is!very!short!treatment!of!the!medical!condition!found!on!screening! can!be!very!effective! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! !! .!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !For!a!screening!to!be!successful!you!need!a!suitable!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! all!of!the!above!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! all!of!the!above!! !! .!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!of!the!following!measures!is!conditioned!on!having!a!positive!test?!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! positive!predictive!value!!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! positive!predictive!value!!! !! .!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Screenig!tests!are!part!of!many!primary!and!all!secondary!prevention!activities.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!sreening!measure!may!be!unreliable!but!valid.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points! !!!
!For!many!diseases,!there!is!a!critical!point!in!time!beyond!which!therapy!is!less! effective.!For!most!cancers,!the!critical!point!occurs!when!the!primary!tumor! metastasizes.!When!must!the!critical!point!occur!for!screening!to!be!effective?! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! After!the!disease!is!detectable!but!before!it!produces!symptoms.! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! After!the!disease!is!detectable!but!before!it!produces!symptoms.! !! !! .!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Treatments!in!primary!prevention!is!(are)!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! all!of!the!above!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! all!of!the!above!! !! .!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Selective!screening!involves!applying!the!screening!test!to!which!of!the!following?! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! HighArisk!groups!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! HighArisk!groups!! !! .!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!screening!measure!may!be!invalid!and!reliable.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!diseases!are!suitable!for!screening!except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! lung!cancer!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! lung!cancer!! !!
.!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!first!time!that!screening!is!carried!out!is!called!an!incidence!screen.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! False!! !! .!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !SlowAprogressing!cases!of!disease!with!a!better!prognosis!are!more!likely!to!be! identified!than!fasterAprogressing!cases!of!a!disease!with!a!poorer!prognosis.Thus,! cases!diagnosed!through!screening!tend!to!have!better!prognosis!than!the!average! of!all!cases.!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! lengthAtime!bias!!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! lengthAtime!bias!!! !! .!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Pap!smears!and!mammograms!are!examples!of!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! secondary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! secondary!prevention!! !! .!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Among!100!patients!with!Alzheimer’s!disease,!15!subjects!score!within!the!normal! range!on!a!battery!of!tests!of!cognitive!performance.!Select!the!most!appropriate! measure!from!the!following!lettered!options! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! sensitivity!!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! sensitivity!!! !! .!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Ocular!antibiotic!prophylaxis!of!all!newborns!to!prevent!gonococcal!opthalmia! neonatorum!is!classified!as!
Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! chemoprevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! chemoprevention!! !! .!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Hand!washing!to!stop!bacteria!and!viruses!from!spreading!is!classified!as!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! !! .!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!comparison!of!clinically!diagnosed!versus!autopsyAconfirmed!myocardial! infarctions!was!performed!among!1000!consecutive!deceased!patients,!as!shown!in! the!table! ! ! !! ! ! ! Clinical! ! diagnosis! !!!!!!!Autopsy!findings! !! Total! !! !MI! !No!MI! !! MI! !!!160! !!!!!!!80! !240! !! No!MI! !!!40! !!!!!720! !760! !!
Total! !!!200! !!!!!800! !1,000! !! ! ! From!these!data,!the!sensitivity!of!the!clinical!diagnosis!was!closest!to! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! 80%!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! 80%!! !! .!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Sensitivity,!specificity,!predictive!value,!and!cost!are!independent!of!each!other.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!20!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!of!the!following!best!defines!the!"yield"!of!a!screening!test?!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! How!much!of!a!disease!the!screening!test!can!detect!in!the!screening!process.!!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! How!much!of!a!disease!the!screening!test!can!detect!in!the!screening!process.!!! !! .!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!prior!probability!of!a!disease!is!equivalent!to!which!of!the!following?! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! prevalence!!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! prevalence!!! !! .!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Subjects!who!do!not!comply!with!their!randomized!assignment!should!not!be! included!in!the!analysis!of!the!screening!effect.! !
Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!terms!are!used!for!determining!how!good!is!the!screening!test! except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! profitability!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! profitability!! !! .!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Laws!mandating!seatbelt!use!in!automobile!and!helmet!use!on!motorcycles!are! considered! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! !! .!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!screening!test!for!the!developmental!disabilities!in!children!fails!to!detect!a! substantial!proportion!of!children!with!such!disabilities.!Select!the!most!appropriate! limitation!for!applying!results!from!this!screening!test.!!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Low!sensitivity! !! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Low!sensitivity! !! !! .!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Getting!a!young!person!to!quit!smoking!is!an!example!of! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! primary!prevention!!
!! .!Question!27!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!screening!test!looks!better!than!it!actually!is,!because!younger,!healthier!people! are!more!likely!to!get!the!test.!! Answer!!! Selected!Answers:!!!b.!!! selection!bias!! ! !!! Correct!Answers:!!!b.!!! selection!bias!! ! !!! !! .!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!of!the!following!should!not!be!considered!when!deciding!the!appropriate!use! of!a!screening!test?!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! All!of!the!above.!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! All!of!the!above.!! !! .!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Which!of!the!following!best!define!specificity?! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Proportion!of!people!without!the!disease!who!have!a!negative!test.!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Proportion!of!people!without!the!disease!who!have!a!negative!test.!! !! .!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!best!way!to!establish!the!efficacy!of!treatment!is!with!a!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! randomized!controlled!trial!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! randomized!controlled!trial!! !! .Sunday,!March!24,!2013!6:44:08!PM!EDT! ! •
Question 1
0 out of 4 points
The major purpose of randomization is to minimize the differences between subjects in thescreened group and those in the control group. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
[None Given] [None]
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
To be suitable for screening, disease treatment must be effective at an earlier stage. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Typically, many health care professionals practice what type of disease prevention? Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Tertiary Correct Answer:
c.
Tertiary •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Only conditions posing threats to life or health should be included in preventive care. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following should not be considered when deciding the appropriate use of a screening test? Answer
Selected Answer:
e.
All of the above. Correct Answer:
e.
All of the above. •
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
A type of prevention that is particularly important in the management of patients having a fatal disease. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
tertiary prevention Correct Answer:
c.
tertiary prevention •
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Getting a young person to quit smoking is an example of Answer Selected Answer:
a.
primary prevention Correct Answer:
a.
primary prevention •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
For many diseases, there is a critical point in time beyond which therapy is less effective. For most cancers, the critical point occurs when the primary tumor metastasizes. When must the critical point occur for screening to be effective? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b.
After the disease is detectable and after it produces symptoms. c.
After the disease is detectable but before it produces symptoms. •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Most primary prevention is done in clinical settings Answer
Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown in the table
Clinical diagnosis
MI
Autopsy findings No MI
MI No MI Total
160 40 200
80 720 800
Total 240 760 1,000
From these data, the specificity of the clinical diagnosis was closest to Answer Selected Answer:
d.
90% Correct Answer:
d.
90% •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
A diagnostic test, but not a screening test, requires a gold standard. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Effective counseling methods could promote health more than most anything
else a clinician can do. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Simple, quick examinations such as blood pressure determinations are ideal screening tests. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
Compliant patients tend to have better prognoses regardless of screening. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
The degree of the burden of suffering caused by the condition is decided based on Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
The first time that screening is carried out is called an incidence screen. Answer
Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
The positive predictive value for test results will decrease after the first round of screening. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
To be suitable for screening, a particular test needs to be Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Screening for disease involve which type(s) of prevention? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
secondary Correct Answer:
b.
secondary •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Among 750 patients with normal screening test results for serum cholesterol, 50 actually have elevated serum cholesterol. Select the most appropriate measure from the following lettered options Answer Selected Answer:
c.
false-negative
Correct Answer:
c.
false-negative •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Screening tests are totally different from diagnostic tests. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following is not a primary requirement for conducting screening for disease control Answer Selected Answer:
c.
The government should fund the program Correct Answer:
c.
The government should fund the program •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Screening tests are part of Answer Selected Answer:
d.
a and b Correct Answer:
d.
a and b •
Question 24 0 out of 4 points
Regular ophthalmologic examination for early diabetic retinopathy is a form of Answer Selected Answer:
b.
secondary prevention Correct Answer:
c.
tertiary prevention •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
It is unethical to accept a certain risk for diagnostic test applied to sick patients seeking help for specific complaints. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
A prevention program that is oriented to the most experienced drug user would be referred to as Answer Selected Answer:
c.
tertiary Correct Answer:
c.
tertiary •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Which one of the following is a consequence of overdiagnosis in screening? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b.
An increase in the observed 5-year survival for the target disease. b.
An increase in the observed 5-year survival for the target disease. •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Which is the best way to avoid biases when evaluating the efficacy of a screening test or treatment in a clinical trial? Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Randomization Correct Answer:
c.
Randomization •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
The screening test looks better than it actually is, because younger, healthier people are more likely to get the test. Answer
Selected Answers:
b.
selection bias Correct Answers:
b.
selection bias •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
A screening test for the developmental disabilities in children fails to detect a substantial proportion of children with such disabilities. Select the most appropriate limitation for applying results from this screening test. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Low sensitivity Correct Answer:
b.
Low sensitivity •
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
The positive predictive value for test results will decrease after the first round of screening. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Compliant patients tend to have better prognoses regardless of screening. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed gastric and peptic ulcers was performed in 10,000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown
in the table
Clinical diagnosis
Autopsy findings Ulcer No ulcer
Ulcer No ulcer Total
130 170 300
20 9,680 9,700
Total 150 9,850 10,000
From these data, the sensitivity of the clinical diagnosis was closest to Answer Selected Answer:
a.
87% Correct Answer:
e.
43% •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
The lead time for lung cancer is very long. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points The prior probability of a disease is equivalent to which of the following? Answer Selected Answer:
a.
prevalence Correct Answer:
a.
prevalence •
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
As the true positive of a screening test increases, which of the following
occurs? Answer Selected Answer:
c.
sensitivity and positive predictive value increase Correct Answer:
c.
sensitivity and positive predictive value increase •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Percent 5-year survival from diagnosis is a statistic that is often used in studies involvingdiseases with a significant mortality rate. In the context of a hypothetic study of a new screening program, investigators compared 5-year survival between the screening-detected cases in the program and cases presenting with symptoms outside the program. Which one of the following statements about these comparisons of 5-year survival is TRUE? Answer Selected Answer:
e.
They are affected by recall bias. Correct Answer:
b.
They are affected by overdiagnosis bias. •
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following should not be considered when deciding the appropriate use of a screening test? Answer Selected Answer:
e.
All of the above. Correct Answer:
e.
All of the above. •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
All activities in medicine could be defined as prevention Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
More aggressive forms of a disease are more likely to be picked up in a screening program. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Screening for very rare disease is beneficial to very few people Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
All the following terms are used for determining how good is the screening test except: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
profitability Correct Answer:
b.
profitability •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and cost are independent of each other. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown in the table
Clinical Autopsy findings Total diagnosis MI No MI MI 160 80 240 No MI 40 720 760 Total 200 800 1,000 From these data, the false negative rate of the clinical diagnosis was closest to Answer Selected Answer:
a.
8% Correct Answer:
d.
4% •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
The identification of asymptomatic disease or risk factors is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
screening Correct Answer:
b.
screening •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
The period of time between the detection of a medical condition by screening and when it ordinarily would be diagnosed because a patient experiences symptoms and seeks medical care is called Answer Selected Answer:
c.
lead time Correct Answer:
c.
lead time •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Clinicians' efforts are aimed at preventing the untimely occurrences of the five Ds: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
disease, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction, and death Correct Answer:
c.
disease, disability, discomfort, dissatisfaction, and death •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Selective screening involves applying the screening test to which of the following? Answer Selected Answer:
a.
High-risk groups Correct Answer:
a.
High-risk groups •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
The major purpose of randomization is to minimize the differences between subjects in thescreened group and those in the control group. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
•
[None]
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following is not a primary requirement for conducting screening for disease control Answer Selected Answer:
c.
The government should fund the program Correct Answer:
c.
The government should fund the program •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
The screening test looks better than it actually is, because younger, healthier people are more likely to get the test. Answer Selected Answers:
d.
selection bias Correct Answers:
d.
selection bias
•
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Screening for disease involve which type(s) of prevention? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
secondary Correct Answer:
b.
secondary •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Regular ophthalmologic examination for early diabetic retinopathy is a form of Answer Selected Answer:
c.
tertiary prevention Correct Answer:
c.
tertiary prevention •
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Flouridation of water would be an example of Answer Selected Answer:
a.
primary prevention Correct Answer:
a.
primary prevention •
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
Handing out pamphlets on how to reduce bad cholesterol level in subjects with hypercholesterolemia is an example of Answer Selected Answer:
a.
primary prevention Correct Answer:
b.
secondary prevention •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
All the following activities are considered secondary prevention except:
Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Construction of a pair of dentures Correct Answer:
b.
Construction of a pair of dentures •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Typically, many health care professionals practice what type of disease prevention? Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Tertiary Correct Answer:
c.
Tertiary •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Lack of compliance in the screened group results in an overestimation of the screening effect. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
A comparison of clinically diagnosed versus autopsy-confirmed myocardial infarctions was performed among 1000 consecutive deceased patients, as shown in the table
Clinical Autopsy findings Total diagnosis MI No MI MI 160 80 240 No MI 40 720 760 Total 200 800 1,000 From these data, the sensitivity of the clinical diagnosis was closest to Answer Selected Answer:
c.
67% Correct Answer:
b.
80% •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Which is the best way to avoid biases when evaluating the efficacy of a screening test or treatment in a clinical trial? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Randomization Correct Answer:
b.
Randomization !
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
In decision tree models for prognosis, every tree contains terminal nodes that represent “subsequent prognosis” for a particular combination of patient characteristics and events. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Overestimating probability of a diagnosis when the correct diagnosis is already known Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Hindsight error Correct Answer:
b.
Hindsight error •
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
The quantitative expression of the value or importance of a given variable is called Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Assigned weight Correct Answer:
d.
Utility •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
Markov chain is a special type of Markov process in which the transition probabilities are constant over time. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Decision analysis is appropriate for events that reoccur throughout a lifetime. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
False
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
Decision analyses Answer Selected Answer:
c.
a and b Correct Answer:
c.
a and b •
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The maximin criteria is a(n) __________ criteria. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Pessimistic Correct Answer:
c.
Pessimistic •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
The standards that define the best thinking for achieving the thinker’s goals. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Prescriptive models Correct Answer:
d.
Normative models •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Decision making situations can be categorized along a scale which ranges from: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Certainty to risk to uncertainty to ambiguity Correct Answer:
b.
Certainty to risk to uncertainty to ambiguity •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
The Markov process is analogous to a utility in an ordinary decision tree.
Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Used to find the alternative that maximizes the maximum payoff Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Maximax Correct Answer:
e.
Maximax •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Choosing riskier treatments when they are described in negative (e.g., mortality) rather than positive (e.g., survival) terms. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Framing bias Correct Answer:
b.
Framing bias •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Decision analyses always require comparison of at least two clinical strategies. One strategy ought to contain advantages and countervailing disadvantages. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
A state of a Markov model may be defined as Answer Selected Answer:
d.
a or b Correct Answer:
d.
a or b •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
The states of a Markov model describe a partial set of interrelated conditions under which a system operates. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
A weighted average compromise between optimistic and pessimistic Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Hurwicz criterion Correct Answer:
a.
Hurwicz criterion •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
EMV refers to Answer Selected Answer:
c.
expected monetary value Correct Answer:
c.
expected monetary value •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
In influence diagram, decision nodes are depicted as Answer Selected Answer:
a.
squares or rectangles Correct Answer:
a.
squares or rectangles •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Any problem that can be represented in a decision table can also be graphically illustrated in a: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
decision tree.
Correct Answer:
c.
decision tree. •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
The difference between the optimal profit and actual payoff for a decision Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Minimax regret Correct Answer:
d.
Minimax regret •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Models describe how people ought to think. Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Prescriptive models Correct Answer:
d.
Prescriptive models •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
A quantitative method used to assess the relative value of different options to deal with a clinical choice under conditions of uncertainty. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Decision analysis Correct Answer:
c.
Decision analysis •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The utility that is associated with spending one cycle in a particular state is referred to as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
incremental utility Correct Answer:
b.
incremental utility
•
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
The Decision-making process involve Answer Selected Answer:
d.
All of the above Correct Answer:
d.
All of the above •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
The Laplace decision criterion is also known as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
equally likely Correct Answer:
b.
equally likely •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
A point in a decision tree at which several choices are possible. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Decision node Correct Answer:
a.
Decision node •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Providing more detail of an event increases its judged probability. Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Description bias Correct Answer:
d.
Description bias •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
“The process of systematically finding, appraising, and using contemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions” is called Answer
Selected Answer:
d.
Systematic review Correct Answer:
d.
Systematic review •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
Maximax is also called decisions under uncertainty. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following is (are) types of decision-making environments? Answer Selected Answer:
e.
All of the above Correct Answer:
e.
All of the above
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
The equally likely decision criterion is also known as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Laplace. Correct Answer:
b.
Laplace. •
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Both the timing of events and the representation of events that may occur more than once can be addressed by using a recursive decision tree. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
For a decision to exist, there must be at least ---- options in response to a problem. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
5 Correct Answer:
d.
2 •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Models describe how people ought to think. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Bayes’ theorem Correct Answer:
a.
Prescriptive models •
Question 5 0 out of 4 points
Considers all the payoffs for each alternative Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Minimax regret Correct Answer:
e.
Laplace •
Question 6 0 out of 4 points
A quantitative method used to assess the relative value of different options to deal with a clinical choice under conditions of uncertainty. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Cost-benefit analysis Correct Answer:
a.
Decision analysis •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Decision making situations can be categorized along a scale which ranges from: Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
Uncertainty to certainty to risk Correct Answer:
d.
Certainty to risk to uncertainty to ambiguity •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
The states of a Markov model describe a partial set of interrelated conditions under which a system operates. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
In Markov models (well – stroke – disabled – death ), stroke is Answer Selected Answer:
a.
temporary states Correct Answer:
a.
temporary states •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points In influence diagram, squares or rectangles depict Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. decision nodes b. decision nodes
Question 11 0 out of 4 points
Conventional decision analysis models assumptions include all the following except: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Events that do not recur Correct Answer:
d.
Timing of events is important •
Question 12
4 out of 4 points
Decision-analytic models must be sufficiently complex to incorporate the important events and values, yet sufficiently simple to be understandable. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
In order for a Markov process to terminate, it must have at least one state that the patient cannot leave. Such states are called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
tunnel states Correct Answer:
e.
absorbing states •
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
For a Markov model of three states, there will be --- transition probabilities. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
6 Correct Answer:
b.
9 •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
A point in a decision tree at which several choices are possible. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Decision node Correct Answer:
c.
Decision node •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Markov chain is a special type of Markov process in which the transition probabilities are constant over time. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 17 0 out of 4 points
Any problem that can be represented in a decision table can also be graphically illustrated in a: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
utility curve. Correct Answer:
c.
decision tree. •
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
In the medical and pharmacoeconomics literature, the states of a Markov model often represent Answer Selected Answer:
d.
assigned probabilities Correct Answer:
a.
various levels of disease progression •
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
The process of choosing from a number of hypothetical clinical paradigms by comparing them in terms of model-based probabilistic outcomes is often referred to as Answer Selected Answer:
d.
hypothesis testing Correct Answer:
b.
decision analysis •
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Decision analysis is appropriate for events that reoccur throughout a lifetime. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 21 0 out of 4 points
The process of choosing from a number of hypothetical clinical paradigms by comparing them in terms of model-based probabilistic outcomes is often referred to as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
hypothesis testing Correct Answer:
d.
decision analysis •
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
Used to find the alternative that maximizes the maximum payoff Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Criterion of realism Correct Answer:
a.
Maximax •
Question 23 0 out of 4 points
Markov models are not suited for censored and intermittent data. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 24 0 out of 4 points
Markov models are useful when Answer Selected Answer:
b.
the timing of events is important. Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
A state of a Markov model may be defined as Answer Selected Answer:
d.
a or b
Correct Answer:
d.
a or b •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
“The process of systematically finding, appraising, and using contemporaneous research findings as the basis for clinical decisions” is called Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Systematic review Correct Answer:
c.
Systematic review •
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
The difference between the optimal profit and actual payoff for a decision Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Maximax Correct Answer:
c.
Minimax regret •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Providing more detail of an event increases its judged probability. Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Description bias Correct Answer:
d.
Description bias •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
The fact that the data are censored does not imply that only intermediate endpoints are observed or that complete information regarding disease states is unavailable for all patients. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Decision analyses always require comparison of at least two clinical strategies. One strategy ought to contain advantages and countervailing disadvantages. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 1 0 out of 4 points In influence diagram, squares or rectangles depict Answer Selected Answer:
c.
chance nodes Correct Answer:
•
d. decision nodes
Question 2 0 out of 4 points
In order for a Markov process to terminate, it must have at least one state that the patient cannot leave. Such states are called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
temporary states Correct Answer:
c.
absorbing states •
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
Patients who have carotid artery stenosis of more than 70% after suffering transient ischemic attacks clearly benefit from carotid endarterectomy, as demonstrated by the NASCET Trial. Do we need not perform a decision analysis of this question? Answer Selected Answer:
1.
Yes Correct Answer:
2.
No •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Markov models are not suited for censored and intermittent data. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
False
Question 5 0 out of 4 points
A point in a decision tree at which chance determines which outcome will occur. Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Change point Correct Answer:
c.
Chance node •
Question 6 0 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of decision trees except: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Places a numerical value on likely or potential outcomes Correct Answer:
e.
High accuracy irrespective of the nature of the data •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
The number of patients that need to be treated with the technique being investigated to prevent an unwanted outcome. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
EMV Correct Answer:
d.
Number needed to treat •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Decision analyses Answer Selected Answer:
d.
None of the above Correct Answer:
c.
a and b •
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
Markov process terminates irrespective of the nature of the states. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 10 0 out of 4 points
Conventional decision analysis models assumptions include all the following except: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Limited time horizon Correct Answer:
a.
Timing of events is important •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Markov chain is a special type of Markov process in which the transition probabilities are constant over time. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 12 0 out of 4 points
A commonly used representation of Markov processes Answer Selected Answer:
c.
All of the above Correct Answer:
b.
State transition diagram •
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
Estimating the probability of a disease by judging how similar the case is to a diagnostic category or prototype; can lead to base rate neglect. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Description bias Correct Answer:
a.
Representativeness bias
•
Question 14 0 out of 4 points A decision problem is characterized by Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
e. none of the above d.
all of the above •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
The fact that the data are censored does not imply that only intermediate endpoints are observed or that complete information regarding disease states is unavailable for all patients. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 16 0 out of 4 points
The Laplace decision criterion is also known as Answer Selected Answer:
c.
minimax. Correct Answer:
b.
equally likely •
Question 17 0 out of 4 points
The equally likely decision criterion is also known as Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Hurwicz. Correct Answer:
b.
Laplace. •
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
Markov models generally rely on the assumption that a patient’s progression rate to the next state is dependent on his or her progression rate through previous states. Answer
Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
Models describe how people ought to think. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Descriptive models Correct Answer:
a.
Prescriptive models •
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Used to minimize the maximum possible loss. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Equally likely Correct Answer:
a.
Maximin •
Question 21 0 out of 4 points
The process of choosing from a number of hypothetical clinical paradigms by comparing them in terms of model-based probabilistic outcomes is often referred to as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
statistical analysis Correct Answer:
d.
decision analysis •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Maximax is also called decisions under uncertainty. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Markov models are useful when
Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 24 0 out of 4 points
Considers all the payoffs for each alternative Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Criterion of realism Correct Answer:
e.
Laplace •
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
All of the following are steps in the decision-making process EXCEPT: Answer Selected Answer:
d.
List alternatives Correct Answer:
e.
Compute the posterior probabilities •
Question 26 0 out of 4 points
All the following decision making methods are deterministic except: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Conservative Correct Answer:
d.
Markov •
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
The essence of decision making is: Answer Selected Answer:
d.
problem solving.
Correct Answer:
b.
choosing between alternatives. •
Question 28 0 out of 4 points
In the medical and pharmacoeconomics literature, the states of a Markov model often represent Answer Selected Answer:
d.
decision nodes Correct Answer:
c.
various levels of disease progression •
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
For a decision to exist, there must be at least ---- options in response to a problem. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
1 Correct Answer:
d.
2 •
Question 30 0 out of 4 points
The criteria of Expected Monetary Value is used for making decisions under Answer Selected Answer:
c.
risk. Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above
!
! Question!1!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!are!advantages!of!decision!trees!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!
!!!
!
!
!!!
!
Question!2!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!probability!model!that!predicts!the!conditional!probability!of!one!event! given!the!occurrence!of!another!event! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Bayes’!theorem!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Bayes’!theorem!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!3!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!a!state!transition!diagram!each!state!is!represented!by!a!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! circle!!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! circle!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!4!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Markov!models!are!useful!when!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!5!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Decision!analysis!is!appropriate!for!events!that!reoccur!throughout!a! lifetime.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!6!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!difference!between!the!optimal!profit!and!actual!payoff!for!a!decision! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Minimax!regret!
!!! !!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Minimax!regret!
!
!
Question!7!! 4!out!of!4!points! !States!required!whenever!there!is!an!event!that!has!only!shortOterm!effects.! Such!states!are!defined!by!having!transitions!only!to!other!states!and!not!to! themselves.!This!guarantees!that!the!patient!can!spend,!at!most,!one!cycle!in! !!! that!state.!! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! temporary!states!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! temporary!states!
!!!
!
!
Question!8!! 4!out!of!4!points! !For!a!Markov!model!of!three!states,!there!will!be!OOO!transition!probabilities.!! Answer!! !!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! 9!
!
Correct!Answer:!
9!
!d.!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!9!! 4!out!of!4!points! !To!examine!how!a!particular!decision!might!change!with!different!input! data,!you!need!to!use! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Sensitivity!analysis!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Sensitivity!analysis!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!10!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!process!of!choosing!from!a!number!of!hypothetical!clinical!paradigms!by! comparing!them!in!terms!of!modelObased!probabilistic!outcomes!is!often! referred!to!as!! !!! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!analysis!!
!!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!analysis!!
!
!
Question!11!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Markov!models!are!particularly!useful!when!a!decision!problem!involves!a! risk!that!is!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! ongoing!over!time!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! ongoing!over!time!!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!12!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!weighted!average!compromise!between!optimistic!and!pessimistic! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Hurwicz!criterion!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Hurwicz!criterion!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!13!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Overestimating!probability!of!a!diagnosis!when!the!correct!diagnosis!is! already!known! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Hindsight!error!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Hindsight!error!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!14!! 4!out!of!4!points! !“The!process!of!systematically!finding,!appraising,!and!using! contemporaneous!research!findings!as!the!basis!for!clinical!decisions”!is! called!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Systematic!review!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Systematic!review!!
!
!
!!!
!!!
!
Question!15!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Considers!all!the!payoffs!for!each!alternative!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Laplace!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Laplace!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!16!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!essence!of!decision!making!is:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! choosing!between!alternatives.!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! choosing!between!alternatives.!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!17!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Decision!analyses!always!require!comparison!of!at!least!two!clinical! strategies.!One!strategy!ought!to!contain!advantages!and!countervailing! disadvantages.!! Answer!!
!!!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!18!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!decision!tree!models!for!prognosis,!every!tree!contains!terminal!nodes! that!represent!“subsequent!prognosis”!for!a!particular!combination!of! patient!characteristics!and!events.! Answer!!
!!!
!
!
!!!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!19!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Any!problem!that!can!be!represented!in!a!decision!table!can!also!be! graphically!illustrated!in!a:! Answer!!
!!!
!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!tree.!
!!! !!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!tree.!
!
!
Question!20!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!decision!making!methods!are!deterministic!except:!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Markov!!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Markov!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!21!! 4!out!of!4!points! !For!the!study!of!a!terminal!illness!such!as!HIV,!a!common!constraint!for!the! Markov!process!is!that!state!transitions!are!irreversible!and!sequential.!! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!22!! 4!out!of!4!points! !DecisionOanalytic!models!must!be!sufficiently!complex!to!incorporate!the! important!events!and!values,!yet!sufficiently!simple!to!be!understandable.!! Answer!! !
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!23!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Which!of!the!following!is!(are)!types!of!decisionOmaking!environments?! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! All!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! All!of!the!above!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!24!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!number!of!patients!that!need!to!be!treated!with!the!technique!being! investigated!to!prevent!an!unwanted!outcome.! Answer!!
!!!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!!
!!!
Number!needed!to!treat! Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Number!needed!to!treat!
!
!
Question!25!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!influence!diagram,!squares!or!rectangles!depict!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!nodes!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!nodes!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!26!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Conventional!decision!analysis!models!assumptions!include!all!the!following! except:! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Timing!of!events!is!important!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Timing!of!events!is!important!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!27!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!point!!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!chance!determines!which!outcome!will! occur.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Chance!node!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Chance!node!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!28!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!point!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!several!choices!are!possible.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Decision!node!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Decision!node!
!!!
!
!
!!!
!
Question!29!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Decision!making!situations!can!be!categorized!along!a!scale!which!ranges! from:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Certainty!to!risk!to!uncertainty!to!ambiguity!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Certainty!to!risk!to!uncertainty!to!ambiguity!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!30!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!influence!diagram,!decision!nodes!are!depicted!as!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! squares!or!rectangles!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! squares!or!rectangles!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Sunday,!April!21,!2013!8:11:22!AM!EDT! ! Question!1!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!essence!of!decision!making!is:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! choosing!between!alternatives.!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! choosing!between!alternatives.!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!2!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!point!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!several!choices!are!possible.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Decision!node!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Decision!node!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!3!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!Markov!model,!all!events!of!interest!are!modeled!as!! !
!!!
Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! transitions!from!one!state!to!another!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! transitions!from!one!state!to!another!!
!!!
!
!
Question!4!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!criteria!of!Expected!Monetary!Value!is!used!for!making!decisions!under! Answer!! !!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!5!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!are!components!of!a!decision!problem!except:!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! significance!level!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! significance!level!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!6!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!fact!that!the!data!are!censored!does!not!imply!that!only!intermediate! endpoints!are!observed!or!that!complete!information!regarding!disease! states!is!unavailable!for!all!patients.!!!! Answer!!
!!!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!7!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Choosing!riskier!treatments!when!they!are!described!in!negative!(e.g.,! mortality)!rather!than!positive!(e.g.,!survival)!terms.! Answer!!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! Framing!bias!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! Framing!bias!
!
!
!!!
!!!
!
Question!8!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Providing!more!detail!of!an!event!increases!its!judged!probability.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Description!bias!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Description!bias!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!9!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!are!advantages!of!decision!trees!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! High!accuracy!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!data!!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!10!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Decision!analyses!always!require!comparison!of!at!least!two!clinical! strategies.!One!strategy!ought!to!contain!advantages!and!countervailing! disadvantages.!! Answer!!
!!!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!11!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!state!of!a!Markov!model!may!be!defined!as!! Answer!!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!or!b!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!or!b!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!12!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!point!!in!a!decision!tree!at!which!chance!determines!which!outcome!will! occur.! Answer!!
!!!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!!
!!!
Chance!node! Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Chance!node!
!
!
Question!13!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!probability!model!that!predicts!the!conditional!probability!of!one!event! given!the!occurrence!of!another!event! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Bayes’!theorem!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Bayes’!theorem!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!14!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!influence!diagram,!decision!nodes!are!depicted!as!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! squares!or!rectangles!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! squares!or!rectangles!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!15!! 4!out!of!4!points! !EMV!refers!to! Answer!!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! expected!monetary!value!!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! expected!monetary!value!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!16!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!decision!making!methods!are!deterministic!except:!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Markov!!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Markov!!
!!!
!
!
Question!17!!
!!!
!
4!out!of!4!points! !The!process!of!choosing!from!a!number!of!hypothetical!clinical!paradigms!by! comparing!them!in!terms!of!modelObased!probabilistic!outcomes!is!often! referred!to!as!! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! decision!analysis!!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! decision!analysis!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!18!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Markov!process!terminates!irrespective!of!the!nature!of!the!states.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!19!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Overestimating!probability!of!a!diagnosis!when!the!correct!diagnosis!is! already!known! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Hindsight!error!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Hindsight!error!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!20!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!decision!problem!is!characterized!by!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! all!of!the!above!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!21!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!a!state!transition!diagram!each!state!is!represented!by!a!! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! circle!!
!!! !!!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! circle!!
!
!
Question!22!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!good!decision!always!implies!that!we! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! have!followed!a!logical!process.!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! have!followed!a!logical!process.!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!23!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!number!of!patients!that!need!to!be!treated!with!the!technique!being! investigated!to!prevent!an!unwanted!outcome.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Number!needed!to!treat!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Number!needed!to!treat!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!24!! 4!out!of!4!points! !For!the!study!of!a!terminal!illness!such!as!HIV,!a!common!constraint!for!the! Markov!process!is!that!state!transitions!are!irreversible!and!sequential.!! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!25!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Any!problem!that!can!be!represented!in!a!decision!table!can!also!be! graphically!illustrated!in!a:! Answer!! !
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!tree.!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! decision!tree.!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!26!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Decision!analyses! !
!!!
Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! a!and!b!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! a!and!b!
!!!
!
!
Question!27!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!commonly!used!representation!of!Markov!processes! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! State!transition!diagram!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! State!transition!diagram!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!28!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Markov!models!are!particularly!useful!when!a!decision!problem!involves!a! risk!that!is!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! ongoing!over!time!!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! ongoing!over!time!!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!29!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Markov!chain!is!a!special!type!of!Markov!process!in!which!the!transition! probabilities!are!constant!over!time.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!30!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Decision!analysis!is!appropriate!for!events!that!reoccur!throughout!a! lifetime.! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False!
!
!
!
!!! !!!
Question)1)) ) ))Anything)that)increases)the)duration)of)the)disease)or)clinical)finding)in)a)patient)will)decrease)the) chance)that)patient)will)be)identified)in)a)prevalence)study.))) )
)))
Answer)) Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)))
)
) ))Cumulative)incidence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in)) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)a.))) 80%)of)people)will)experience)back)pain)sometime)in)their)lifetime) )))
)
)
)
Question)3)) ) ))An)epidemic)curve)can)provide)information)on)the)following)characteristics)of)an)outbreak)except) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)a.))) Number)of)microorganisms)involved) )))
)
)
)
Question)4)) ))The)term,)simple)random)sample,)is)used)when)every)person)has)a)known)(not)necessarily)equal)) probability)of)being)selected.) )
Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:)) )False)
)))
)
Question)5)) ) ))Assume)a)population)of)1,000,000)people)of)who)100)are)sick)with)disease)X),)and)in)2008,)50)die) from)the)disease.)The)case)fatality)rate=)) )))
Answer)) )
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) 50/100)
)))
)
Question)6)) ) ))In)the)study)of)an)outbreak)of)an)infectious)disease,)plotting)an)epidemic)curve)is)useful)because)) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)e.))) a)and)c) )))
)
)
)
Question)7)) A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)moderate) dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years))from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with) dementia),)39)healthy)controls).)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)months.)Dementia) participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personXyears))than)controls)(1023/1000) ))) personXyears).)The)design)of)the)study)is)known)as) ) Answer)) Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) prospective)cohort)
)))
)
)
)
Question)8)) 4)out)of)4)points) ))A)study)was)conducted)to)assess)a)new)surgical)procedure)designed)to)reduce)the)incidence)of) postoperative)complications.)The)incidence)of)complications)was)found)to)be)40%)in)25)patients) having)the)new)procedure)and)60%)for)20)patients)having)the)old)procedure.)This)difference)is)not) statistically)significant.)Thus,)it)may)be)concluded)that))
)))
Answer)) ) Correct) Answer:)
)d.))) The)evidence)is)insufficient)to)demonstrate)that)the)new)procedure)is)effective)in) reducing)postoperative)complications.)
)))
)
Question)9)) ) ))When)epidemic)curve)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)downward)slope,)the)type)of) outbreak)can)be)identified)as)) )))
Answer)) )
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) point)source)
)))
)
Question)10)) ) ))Is)incidence)or)prevalence)more)useful)in)planning)services)for)people)with)motor)neuron)disease)in)a) community?) )))
Answer)) )
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Prevalence)
)))
)
)
)
Question)11)) ) ))The)incidence)of)sjogren's)syndrome)is)5/10,000)years,)and)the)prevalence)is)about)9/1000.)On) average,)how)many)years)does)this)disease)last?)) )))
Answer)) )
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) 18)
)))
)
Question)12)) ) ))A)highly)effective)new)drug)was)recently)discovered)for)treating)a)form)of)cancer)that)previously)had) been)fatal.)Which)of)the)following)measures)would)NOT)be)affected)by)the)widespread)use)of)this) new)drug?))
)))
Answer)) ) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Incidence)of)this)cancer)) )))
)
)
)
Question)13)) ))The)difference)between)a)common)point)source)outbreak)and)a)propagated)outbreak)of)illness)is)that)) Answer)) )
Correct) Answer:)
))) )d.))) all)cases)in)a)common)point)source)outbreak)occur)within)one)incubation)period)of) ))) the)exposure)
)
)
)
Question)14)) ) ))The)proportion)of)people)having)a)disease)who)die)of)it)is)called) Answer))
)))
) Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) case)fatality)rate)
)))
)
Question)15)) ) ))Which)of)the)following)is)characteristic)of)common)source)outbreak?) Answer))
)))
) Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) none)of)the)above))
)))
)
Question)16)) ) ))An)investigation)of)an)outbreak)of)diarrhea)revealed)that)the)proportion)of)cases)eating)in)restaurant) A)was)85%,)in)restaurant)B)was)15%,)and)in)restaurant)C)was)55%,)and)the)proportion)consuming) public)water)was)95%.)Which)of)the)following)statements)is)correct?)
)))
Answer)) ) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Similar)data)on)a)well)group)must)be)collected)to)reach)a)valid)conclusion.) )))
)
)
)
Question)17))
) )) ))
) ) )
The)fraction)of)a)group)of)people)possessing)a)clinical)condition)or)outcome)at)a)single)point)in) time)is) ) ) )
Answer))
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) point)prevalence)
) ) )
)
Question)18)) ) ))A)cardiologist)with)an)interest)in)preventive)medicine)wishes)to)know)the)proportion)of)seniors)living) in)a)nursing)home)who)have)hypertension.)On)December)10th,)his)research)nurse)reviews)the) medical)records)of)all)the)seniors)at)the)nursing)home,)interviews)all)the)seniors,)and)measures)their) blood)pressure.)Each)senior)is)then)classified)as)having)hypertension)or)not)having)hypertension)on) ))) that)day.)What)measure)of)disease)frequency)best)describes)the)resulting)proportion?) Answer)) ) Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Point)prevalence)) )))
)
)
)
Question)19)) ))All)the)following)statements)about)prevalence)and)incidence)are)true)except)) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)e.))) Prevalence)always)requires)a)duration) )))
)
)
)
Question)20))
) ))Have)you)ever)had)health)condition?)The)data)generated)by)this)question)pertain)to)) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)e.))) lifetime)prevalence) )))
)
)
)
Question)21)) ) ))With)measures)of)incidence,)time)is)assumed)to)be)instantaneous.) Answer))
)))
) Correct)Answer:)) )True) )
)))
)
)
Question)22)) ) ))The)time)between)the)exposure)and)the)peak)of)the)epidemic)curve)represents)) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)b.))) the)median)incubation)period) )))
)
)
)
Question)23)) ) ))Select)the)most)appropriate)explanation)for)prevalence)rate.) )
)))
Answer)) Correct) Answer:)
)
)e.))) the)number)of)patients)who)have)the)disease)at)a)particular)time,)divided)by)the) population)at)risk)of)having)the)disease)at)that)time.))
)))
)
)
Question)24)) ) ))A)researcher)is)interested)in)recording)the)number)of)individuals)in)a)particular)geographic)region) who)have)a)common)cold)at)some)point)during)the)month)of)February)2007.)Which)of)the)following) measures)of)morbidity)would)be)most)appropriate)in)answering)this)question?))
)))
Answer)) ) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Period)prevalence)) )))
)
)
)
Question)25)) ) ))The)epidemic)curve)in)common)source)outbreak) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)d.))) has)irregular)peaks)that)reflect)the)timing)and)the)extent)of)exposure)) )))
)
)
)
Question)26)) 4)out)of)4)points) ))
)
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)moderate) dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years))from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with) dementia),)39)healthy)controls).)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)months.)Dementia) participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personXyears))than)controls)(1023/1000) ))) personXyears).)The)exposure)in)this)cohort)is) Answer)) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))dementia))
)))
)
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) ))Outbreak)with)point)source)exposure)typically)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)downward) slope.)) )))
Answer)) )
Correct)Answer:)) )True) )
)))
)
)
Question)28)) ) ))The)term)pandemic)is)used)to)describe)a) Answer))
)))
Correct)Answer:) )
)b.))) widely)spread)disease) )))
)
)
)
Question)29)) ) )) )
Age)
Annual)Incidence)
Duration)
)))
0X5)
)))))6/1,000)
4.8))years)
6X16)
)))))3/1,000)
10.7)years)
17X44)
)))))2/1,000)
13.0)years)
45X64)
)))))1/1,000)
33.0)years)
The)age)group)with)the)highest)prevalence)is) Answer)) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) 45X64)) )))
)
)
)
Question)30)) ) ))The)strength)of)the)evidence)as)obtained)by)prevalence)studies)is)) Answer))
)))
) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) weak)
)))
)
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies may raise promising hypotheses about risk, prognosis, treatment, and prevention. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
The term, simple random sample, is used when every person has a known (not necessarily equal) probability of being selected. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Select the most appropriate explanation for prevalence rate. Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
the number of patients who have the disease at a particular time, divided by the population at risk of having the disease at that time.) a.
the number of patients who have the disease at a particular time, divided by the population at risk of having the disease at that time.)
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for estimating the pretest probability of disease before diagnostic testing. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
A study was conducted to assess a new surgical procedure designed to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. The incidence of complications was found to be 40% in 25 patients having the new procedure and 60% for 20 patients having the old procedure. This difference is not statistically significant. Thus, it may be concluded that Answer
Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is effective in reducing postoperative complications. b.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is effective in reducing postoperative complications.
Question 6 4 out of 4 points The incidence of sjogren's syndrome is 5/10,000 years, and the prevalence is about 9/1000. On average, how many years does this disease last? Answer Selected Answer:
a. 18
Correct Answer:
a. 18
•
Question 7 4 out of 4 points A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 personyears). The incidence density ratio is approximately Answer Selected Answer:
d. 9
Correct Answer:
d. 9
•
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Outbreak with point source exposure typically shows a sharp upward slope and a gradual downward slope. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
A group of people who have something in common at the beginning of follow-up Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Cohort Correct Answer:
b.
Cohort •
Question 10 0 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for studies of cause and effect. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
A cohort is a group of people who are a random sample of a defined population. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 12 4 out of 4 points Cumulative incidence is the appropriate measure to use in Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. 80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
Correct Answer:
a. 80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
Question 13 4 out of 4 points The fraction of a group of people possessing a clinical condition or outcome at a single point in time is Answer
•
Selected Answer:
d. point prevalence
Correct Answer:
d. point prevalence
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
Which)of)the)following)is)a)measure)of)the)strength)of)association?) Answer Selected Answer:
e.
None of the above Correct Answer:
e.
None of the above •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Every measure of disease frequency necessarily contains some indication of time. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 16
0 out of 4 points
In a probability sample, every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected. Answer Correct Answer:
•
False
Question 17 4 out of 4 points All the following statements about prevalence and incidence are true except Answer
•
Selected Answer:
e. Prevalence always requires a duration
Correct Answer:
e. Prevalence always requires a duration
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
The)two)main)determinants)of)disease)prevalence)are)incidence)rate)and)duration)of) illness.) Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
Which of the following statements regarding the measurement of health and disease in a population is true? Answer Correct Answer:
a.
a rate is the number of times an event has occurred during a certain time interval divided by the number of persons at risk during the same interval.
•
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Anything that increases the duration of the disease or clinical finding in a patient will decrease the chance that patient will be identified in a prevalence study. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 21 4 out of 4 points Attack rate is a type of Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. cumulative incidence
Correct Answer:
a. cumulative incidence
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Is incidence or prevalence more useful in understanding your risk of getting lung cancer? Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Incidence Correct Answer:
a.
Incidence
Question 23 4 out of 4 points A sum of instances of a particular disease within the given population at a certain point in time is called Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. prevalence
Correct Answer:
b. prevalence
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Assume a population of 50,000 people of whom 50 are sick with disease ‘B’, and in 2010, 10 die from the disease. The case-fatality rate equals Answer Selected Answer:
d.
0.2 Correct Answer:
d.
0.2 •
•
Question 25 0 out of 4 points The time between the exposure and the peak of the epidemic curve represents Answer Correct Answer:
•
b. the median incubation period
Question 26 0 out of 4 points The duration of disease x is 18 years, and the prevalence is about 9/1000. The incidence of the disease= Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. 5/10,000
Correct Answer:
c. 5/10,000
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following is characteristic of common source outbreak? Answer
•
Selected Answer:
e. none of the above
Correct Answer:
e. none of the above
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
The strength of the evidence as obtained by prevalence studies is Answer Selected Answer:
c.
weak Correct Answer:
c.
weak
Question 29 0 out of 4 points A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 personyears). The exposure in this cohort is Answer Correct Answer:
•
b. dementia
Question 30 4 out of 4 points A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 personyears). The rate 9118/1000 person-years is called Answer Selected Answer:
e. incidence density
Correct Answer:
e. incidence density
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
The strength of the evidence as obtained by prevalence studies is)) Answer) Selected)Answer:
)d.)))
weak Correct)Answer:
)d.)))
weak
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Is incidence or prevalence more useful in planning services for people with motor neuron disease in a community? Answer) Selected)Answer:
)a.)))
Prevalence Correct)Answer:
)a.)))
Prevalence
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points
The)incidence)of)sjogren's)syndrome)is)5/10,000)years,)and)the)prevalence)is)about)9/1000.) On)average,)how)many)years)does)this)disease)last?)) Answer) Selected)Answer:
)a.))) 18
Correct)Answer:
)a.))) 18
Question 4 The)calculated)risk)of)acquiring)a)new)state)(e.g.)becoming)sick))within)a)certain)timeframe,)which)is) best)represented)as)a)rate)with)a)denominator)is)known)as) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)c.))) incidence
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Outbreak with point source exposure typically shows a sharp upward slope and a gradual downward slope. ) Answer) Selected)Answer:)
)True
Correct)Answer:)
)True
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
The term pandemic is used to describe a Answer) Selected)Answer:
)b.)))
widely spread disease Correct)Answer:
)b.)))
widely spread disease
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies may raise promising hypotheses about risk, prognosis, treatment, and prevention.) Answer) Selected)Answer:)
)True
Correct)Answer:)
)True
• Question 8 100 males and 100 females who were not infected by malaria at Week 0 were followed up for 25 weeks and weekly checked for malaria infection. The result was shown in this graph. What does the graph indicate? Answer)
Correct)Answer:
)b.))) Malaria incidence was higher in female than in male.
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Outbreak with propagated exposure can last longer than common source outbreaks. ) Answer) Selected)Answer:)
)True
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
The)epidemic)curve)in)common)source)outbreak) Answer) Selected)Answer:
)d.))) has)irregular)peaks)that)reflect)the)timing)and)the)extent)of)exposure)
Correct)Answer:
)d.))) has)irregular)peaks)that)reflect)the)timing)and)the)extent)of)exposure)
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points
A group of people who have something in common at the beginning of follow-up)) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)b.))Cohort)
Question 12
Point source outbreak is spread from person to person.) Answer) Correct)Answer:)
)False
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
In)calculating)cumulative)incidence,)the)denominator)is)the)total)population)(at)risk)or) not))in)the)study.) Answer) Selected)Answer:)
)False
Correct)Answer:)
)False
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points
A)measure)describes)cases)that)were)present)at)any)time)during)a)specified)period)of)time)is)called) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)a.))) period)prevalence
Question 15 Incidence)density)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in)) Answer)
Correct)Answer:
)e.))) About)2%)of)the)U.S.)workforce)is)compensated)for)back)injuries)each)year
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Attack rate is a type of point prevalence. ) Answer) Selected)Answer:)
)False
Correct)Answer:)
)False
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Have)you)ever)had)health)condition?)The)data)generated)by)this)question)pertain)to)) Answer) Selected)Answer:
)e.))) lifetime)prevalence
Correct)Answer:
)e.))) lifetime)prevalence
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
A cohort is a group of people who are a random sample of a defined population.) Answer) Correct)Answer:)
)False
• Question 19 0 out of 4 points
A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to)moderate) dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years))from)outpatient)clinics)in)the)UK)(140)with) dementia),)39)healthy)controls).)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12)months.)Dementia) participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personXyears))than)controls)(1023/1000) personXyears).)The)design)of)the)study)is)known)as) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)a.))prospective)cohort)
Question 20
Age Annual Incidence Duration 0-5 6/1,000 4.8 years 6-16 3/1,000 10.7 years 17-44 2/1,000 13.0 years 45-64 1/1,000 33.0 years The prevalence of the disease in age group ‘6-16’ is Answer) Correct)Answer:
)d.)))
32/1,000
Question 21 0 out of 4 points
A)retrospective)cohort)study)was)conducted)from)1998)to)2006)to)examine)the)value)of)combining) fasting)plasma)glucose)(FPG))and)glycated)haemoglobin)(HbA1c))as)a)predictor)of)diabetes.)There) were)368)cases)in)10,042)persons)(55,884)personXyears).)The)incidence)density)is) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)b.))368/55,884)
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
Period)prevalence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in)) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)c.))) 15%X45%)of)adults)have)back)pain)at)some)time)in)any)year
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The number of people diagnosed with disease A each year will double. The death rates from disease A continue to fall about 1 percent. The prevalence of disease A will Answer) Correct)Answer:
)d.)))
increase
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Cross-sectional studies are useful for studies of chronic diseases. ) Answer) Correct)Answer:)
)True
• Question 25 0 out of 4 points
A group of 50 people are exposed to virus “A”. Of those 50 people, 9 develop a mild infection, 10 become seriously ill, and 3 die. The attack rate of virus “A” in the population would be: Answer) Correct)Answer:
)a.)))
22/50
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
Differentiation between a point-source epidemic and a progressive (propagated) epidemic is made by)) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)d.))plotting the distribution of cases by time onset)
• Question 27 0 out of 4 points
Assume a population of 50,000 people of whom 50 are sick with disease ‘B’, and in 2010, 10 die from the disease. The mortality rate equals Answer) Correct)Answer:
)c.)))
0.001
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Age 0-5 6-16 17-44 45-64
Annual Incidence 6/1,000 3/1,000 2/1,000 1/1,000
The age group with the highest prevalence is Answer)
Duration 4.8 years 10.7 years 13.0 years 33.0 years
Correct)Answer:
)b.)))
45-64)
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
A)sum)of)instances)of)a)particular)disease)within)the)given)population)at)a)certain)point)in) time)is)called) Answer) Correct)Answer:
)b.))) prevalence
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
The term, simple random sample, is used when every person has a known (not necessarily equal) probability of being selected.) Answer) Selected)Answer:)
)False
Correct)Answer:)
)False
Question)1)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)A)cardiologist)with)an)interest)in)preventive)medicine)wishes)to)know)the)proportion)of)seniors) living)in)a)nursing)home)who)have)hypertension.)On)December)10th,)his)research)nurse)reviews) the)medical)records)of)all)the)seniors)at)the)nursing)home,)interviews)all)the)seniors,)and) ))) measures)their)blood)pressure.)Each)senior)is)then)classified)as)having)hypertension)or)not)
having)hypertension)on)that)day.)What)measure)of)disease)frequency)best)describes)the) resulting)proportion?) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) Point)prevalence))
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)e.))) Point)prevalence))
)
Question)2)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Assume)a)population)of)50,000)people)of)whom)50)are)sick)with)disease)‘B’,)and)in)2010,)10)die) from)the)disease.))The)mortality)rate)equals) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) 0.001)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)e.))) 0.001)
)
Question)3)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)
Age)
Annual)Incidence)
Duration)
0X5)
)))))6/1,000)
4.8))years)
6X16)
)))))3/1,000)
10.7)years)
17X44)
)))))2/1,000)
13.0)years)
45X64)
)))))1/1,000)
33.0)years)
The)prevalence)of)the)disease)in)age)group)‘6X16’)is))
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) 32/1,000)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)a.))) 32/1,000)
)
Question)4)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) 100)males)and)100)females)who)were)not)infected)by)malaria)at)Week)0)were)followed)up)for)25) weeks)and)weekly)checked)for)malaria)infection.)The)result)was)shown)in)this)graph.)What)does)the) graph)indicate?)
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
A group of 50 people are exposed to virus “A”. Of those 50 people, 9 develop a mild infection, 10 become seriously ill, and 3 die. The attack rate of virus “A” in the population would be: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
22/50 )
Correct Answer:
b.
22/50
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 person-years). The rate 9118/1000 person-years is called Answer Selected Answer:
e.
)))
incidence density Correct Answer:
e. incidence density
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points All the following statements about prevalence and incidence are true except Answer Selected Answer:
e. Prevalence always requires a duration
Correct Answer:
e. Prevalence always requires a duration
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
A study was conducted to assess a new surgical procedure designed to reduce the incidence of postoperative complications. The incidence of complications was found to be 40% in 25 patients having the new procedure and 60% for 20 patients having the old procedure. This difference is not statistically significant. Thus, it may be concluded that Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is effective in reducing postoperative complications. a.
The evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that the new procedure is effective in reducing postoperative complications.
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Differentiation between a point-source epidemic and a progressive (propagated) epidemic is made by Answer
Selected Answer:
d.
plotting the distribution of cases by time onset Correct Answer:
d.
plotting the distribution of cases by time onset
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
The risk of acquiring a disease is measured by Answer Selected Answer:
e.
incidence rate Correct Answer:
e.
incidence rate
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The incidence of new cases of diabetes in a population is 2 per 1000 people per year and the prevalence of diabetes in a population is 7 percent. The duration of the disease equals Answer Selected Answer:
d.
35 Correct Answer:
d.
35
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for studies of cause and effect. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points Cumulative incidence is the appropriate measure to use in Answer Selected Answer:
a. 80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
Correct Answer:
a. 80% of people will experience back pain sometime in their lifetime
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points A study aimed to identify modifiable risk factors for falling in older people with mild to moderate dementia recruited 179 subjects (aged over 65 years) from outpatient clinics in the UK (140 with dementia , 39 healthy controls). Fall diaries were completed prospectively for 12 months. Dementia participants experienced more incident falls (9118/1000 person-years) than controls (1023/1000 person-years). The incidence density ratio is approximately Answer Selected Answer:
d. 9
Correct Answer:
d. 9
• Question 11 0 out of 4 points An epidemiologist is interested in the incidence of hepatitis A infection among a population of 1000 students who are known to be at risk for this disease. 500 students were followed for 1 year and among these students there were 40 cases of hepatitis A. Owing to a school zone change, the remaining 500 students could only be followed for 6 months and among these students there were 35 cases of hepatitis What is the incidence density of hepatitis A from this study? Answer Selected Answer:
c. 75 per 500 per year
Correct Answer:
b. 11 per 100 per year
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points The calculated risk of acquiring a new state (e.g. becoming sick) within a certain timeframe, which is best represented as a rate with a denominator is known as Answer Selected Answer:
c. incidence
Correct Answer:
c. incidence
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
The difference between a common point source outbreak and a propagated outbreak of illness is that Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
e.
all cases in a common point source outbreak occur within one incubation period of the exposure e.
all cases in a common point source outbreak occur within one incubation period of the exposure
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is 30/100,000 years, and the prevalence is about 1/100. On average, how many years does this disease last? Answer Selected Answer:
e. 33
Correct Answer:
e. 33
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
In a probability sample, every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
With measures of incidence, time is assumed to be instantaneous. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points The proportion of patients who suffer a complication of a disease or its treatment is known as complication Answer Selected Answer:
b. rate
Correct Answer:
b. rate
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
100 males and 100 females who were not infected by malaria at Week 0 were followed up for 25 weeks and weekly checked for malaria infection. The result was shown in this graph. What does the graph indicate?
Answer Selected Answer:
c. Malaria incidence was higher in female than in male.
Correct Answer:
c. Malaria incidence was higher in female than in male.
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points A cardiologist with an interest in preventive medicine wishes to know the proportion of seniors living in a nursing home who have hypertension. On December 10th, his research nurse reviews the medical records of all the seniors at the nursing home, interviews all the seniors, and measures their blood pressure. Each senior is then classified as having hypertension or not having hypertension on that day. What measure of disease frequency best describes the resulting proportion? Answer Selected Answer:
e. Point prevalence
Correct Answer:
e. Point prevalence
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
A group of people who have something in common at the beginning of follow-up Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Cohort Correct Answer:
b.
Cohort
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Case fatality rate for a given disease refers to Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
the percentage of deaths among cases of the disease Correct Answer:
c.
the percentage of deaths among cases of the disease
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points A sum of instances of a particular disease within the given population at a certain point in time is called Answer Selected Answer:
b. prevalence
Correct Answer:
b. prevalence
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points The proportion of people having a disease who die of it is called Answer Selected Answer:
c. case fatality rate
Correct Answer:
c. case fatality rate
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points The fraction of a group of people possessing a clinical condition or outcome at a single point in time is Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
d. point prevalence d.
point prevalence
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points Have you ever had health condition? The data generated by this question pertain to Answer Selected Answer:
e. lifetime prevalence
Correct Answer:
e. lifetime prevalence
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points
Prevalence studies are useful for studies that arise and resolve rapidly. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points
The actual number of people affected by a condition in a year can be estimated using Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Prevalence Correct Answer:
a.
Prevalence
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
A highly effective new drug was recently discovered for treating a form of cancer that previously had been fatal. Which of the following measures would NOT be affected by the widespread use of this new drug? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Incidence of this cancer Correct Answer:
b.
Incidence of this cancer
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points
Age Annual Incidence Duration 0-5 6/1,000 4.8 years 6-16 3/1,000 10.7 years 17-44 2/1,000 13.0 years 45-64 1/1,000 33.0 years The prevalence of the disease in age group ‘6-16’ is Answer Selected Answer:
a.
32/1,000 Correct Answer:
a.
32/1,000
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
In#calculating#cumulative#incidence,#the#denominator#is#the#total#population#(at# risk#or#not)#in#the#study. Answer
)
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Malaria)incidence)was)higher)in)female)than)in)male.))
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)b.))) Malaria)incidence)was)higher)in)female)than)in)male.))
)
Question)5)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Which)of)the)following)is)characteristic)of)common)source)outbreak?) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) none)of)the)above))
)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
none)of)the)above)) )
Question)6)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Select)the)most)appropriate)explanation)for)prevalence)rate.) Answer)) Selected) Answer:) )
Correct) Answer:)
)
))) )a.))) the)number)of)patients)who)have)the)disease)at)a)particular)time,)divided)by) the)population)at)risk)of)having)the)disease)at)that)time.)) )a.))) the)number)of)patients)who)have)the)disease)at)a)particular)time,)divided)by) the)population)at)risk)of)having)the)disease)at)that)time.))
)))
Question)7)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)incidence)of)sjogren's)syndrome)is)5/10,000)years,)and)the)prevalence)is)about)9/1000.)On) average,)how)many)years)does)this)disease)last?)) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) 18)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
18) )
Question)8)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)difference)between)a)common)point)source)outbreak)and)a)propagated)outbreak)of)illness) is)that)) )))
Answer)) Selected) Answer:) )
Correct) Answer:)
)c.))) all)cases)in)a)common)point)source)outbreak)occur)within)one)incubation) period)of)the)exposure) )c.)))
)))
all)cases)in)a)common)point)source)outbreak)occur)within)one)incubation) period)of)the)exposure)
)
Question)9)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A)group)of)people)who)have)something)in)common)at)the)beginning)of)followXup)) )
Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Cohort)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.)))
)))
Cohort) )
Question)10)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)calculated)risk)of)acquiring)a)new)state)(e.g.)becoming)sick))within)a)certain)timeframe,) which)is)best)represented)as)a)rate)with)a)denominator)is)known)as) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) incidence)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.)))
)))
incidence) )
Question)11)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to) moderate)dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years))from)outpatient)clinics)in)the) UK)(140)with)dementia),)39)healthy)controls).)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12) months.)Dementia)participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personXyears))than) ))) controls)(1023/1000)personXyears).)The)exposure)in)this)cohort)is) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))dementia))
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))dementia))
)
Question)12)) 4)out)of)4)points)
)))
)
) CrossXsectional)studies)are)useful)for)studies)of)chronic)diseases.))) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
)
Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)13)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Case)fatality)rate)for)a)given)disease)refers)to)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )e.))) the)percentage)of)deaths)among)cases)of)the)disease)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
the)percentage)of)deaths)among)cases)of)the)disease) )
Question)14)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
) Point)prevalence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )b.))) 31)million)American)have)low)back)pain)at)any)given)time)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) 30%)of)adults)have)low)back)pain)at)any)given)time)
)
Question)15)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)))
The)strength)of)the)evidence)as)obtained)by)prevalence)studies)is)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )c.))) weak)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.)))
)))
weak) )
Question)16)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Period)prevalence)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )c.))) 15%X45%)of)adults)have)back)pain)at)some)time)in)any)year)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.)))
)))
15%X45%)of)adults)have)back)pain)at)some)time)in)any)year) )
Question)17)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Outbreak)with)point)source)exposure)typically)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual) downward)slope.)) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:)) )
Question)18)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)True)
)))
Age)
Annual)Incidence)
Duration)
0X5)
)))))6/1,000)
4.8))years)
6X16)
)))))3/1,000)
10.7)years)
17X44)
)))))2/1,000)
13.0)years)
45X64)
)))))1/1,000)
33.0)years)
)))
The)age)group)with)the)highest)prevalence)is) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) 45X64))
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
45X64)) )
Question)19)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to) moderate)dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years))from)outpatient)clinics)in)the) UK)(140)with)dementia),)39)healthy)controls).)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12) months.)Dementia)participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personXyears))than) ))) controls)(1023/1000)personXyears).)The)design)of)the)study)is)known)as) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)
)a.))) prospective)cohort)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) prospective)cohort)
)
Question)20)) 4)out)of)4)points)
)))
)
) Incidence)density)is)the)appropriate)measure)to)use)in)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )e.))) About)2%)of)the)U.S.)workforce)is)compensated)for)back)injuries)each)year)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
About)2%)of)the)U.S.)workforce)is)compensated)for)back)injuries)each)year) )
Question)21)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) A)study)aimed)to)identify)modifiable)risk)factors)for)falling)in)older)people)with)mild)to) moderate)dementia)recruited)179)subjects)(aged)over)65)years))from)outpatient)clinics)in)the) UK)(140)with)dementia),)39)healthy)controls).)Fall)diaries)were)completed)prospectively)for)12) months.)Dementia)participants)experienced)more)incident)falls)(9118/1000)personXyears))than) ))) controls)(1023/1000)personXyears).)The)rate)9118/1000)personXyears)is)called) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)
)e.))) incidence)density)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
incidence)density) )
Question)22)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Is)incidence)or)prevalence)more)useful)in)planning)services)for)people)with)motor)neuron) disease)in)a)community?) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
Prevalence) Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Prevalence)
)
Question)23)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A)study)was)conducted)to)assess)a)new)surgical)procedure)designed)to)reduce)the)incidence)of) postoperative)complications.)The)incidence)of)complications)was)found)to)be)40%)in)25) patients)having)the)new)procedure)and)60%)for)20)patients)having)the)old)procedure.)This) difference)is)not)statistically)significant.)Thus,)it)may)be)concluded)that)) ))) Answer)) Selected) Answer:)
)
Correct) Answer:)
)e.))) The)evidence)is)insufficient)to)demonstrate)that)the)new)procedure)is) effective)in)reducing)postoperative)complications.) )e.)))
)))
The)evidence)is)insufficient)to)demonstrate)that)the)new)procedure)is) effective)in)reducing)postoperative)complications.)
)
Question)24)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A)sum)of)instances)of)a)particular)disease)within)the)given)population)at)a)certain)point)in)time) is)called) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) prevalence)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) prevalence)
)
)))
Question)25)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Differentiation)between)a)pointXsource)epidemic)and)a)progressive)(propagated))epidemic)is) made)by)) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) plotting)the)distribution)of)cases)by)time)onset)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
plotting)the)distribution)of)cases)by)time)onset) )
Question)26)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)In)1997,)the)JCHBP)changed)its)definition)of)hypertension;)the)old)definition)called)for)the) treatment)of)people)with)SBP)>=)160,)while)the)new)definition)would)treat)people)with)SBP)>=) 140.)Changing)the)definition)of)hypertention)resulted)in))
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.)))
)
an)increase)in)prevalence)of)hypertension) Correct)Answer:)
)c.)))
)))
an)increase)in)prevalence)of)hypertension) )
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Assume)a)population)of)1,000,000)people)of)who)100)are)sick)with)disease)X),)and)in)2008,)50) die)from)the)disease.)The)case)fatality)rate=)) )
Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) 50/100)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
50/100) )
Question)28)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A)retrospective)cohort)study)was)conducted)from)1998)to)2006)to)examine)the)value)of) combining)fasting)plasma)glucose)(FPG))and)glycated)haemoglobin)(HbA1c))as)a)predictor)of) diabetes.)There)were)368)cases)in)10,042)persons)(55,884)personXyears).)The)incidence)density) is) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)
)b.))) 368/55,884)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.)))
)))
368/55,884) )
Question)29)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)actual)number)of)people)affected)by)a)condition)in)a)year)can)be)estimated)using)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )d.))) Prevalence)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) Prevalence)
)
Question)30))
)))
4)out)of)4)points) )
)When)epidemic)curve)shows)a)sharp)upward)slope)and)a)gradual)downward)slope,)the)type)of) outbreak)can)be)identified)as)) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) point)source)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)b.))) point)source)
)
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
If we assume that the relative risk reduction associated with statin treatment is 33%, in patients with an initial risk of 30% the absolute risk will be reduced from 30% to Answer Selected Answer:
c.
20% Correct Answer:
c.
20% •
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Case-control studies would be useful for answering all the following questions except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
What is the incidence of impotence following the use of cholesterollowering drugs? d.
What is the incidence of impotence following the use of cholesterollowering drugs?
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. Therefore for an individual, smoking was much more likely to result in death from lung cancer than from CHD. Answer
Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. The relative risk Answer Selected Answer:
d.
1.6 Correct Answer:
d.
1.6 •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Measures of absolute, attributable, and relative risks are less frequently encountered in the clinical literature than are measures of population risk. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
All the followings are disadvantages of cross-sectional studies except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b.
Always less generalizable than cohort due to the use of populationbased samples, instead of convenient samples. b.
Always less generalizable than cohort due to the use of populationbased samples, instead of convenient samples.
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. The attributable risk of CHD related to smoking Answer Selected Answer:
a.
320 per 100 000
Correct Answer:
a.
320 per 100 000 •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total
Develop CHD Yes No 30 70 30 270 60 240
Total 100 300 400
Incidece of CHD= Answer Selected Answer:
e.
0.1 Correct Answer:
b.
0.15 •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
The effect of most risk factors in human cannot be studied with experimental studies. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
The incidence of disease A among smokers is 6/10000 and is (5 / 10000) among nonsmokers. The relative risk for smoking= Answer Selected Answer:
c.
1.2 Correct Answer:
c.
1.2 •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
A design well suited for studying symptoms and signs of a disease is Answer Selected Answer:
a.
case series
Correct Answer:
a.
case series •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Yes No Smoke Yes No Total Risk among smokers=
10 5 15
90 95 185
Total 100 100 200
Answer Selected Answer:
0.1 Correct Answer:
0.1 •
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
Public health officials believe that they could prevent 10 cases of Hepatitis C per 5,000 interns over a 10-year period by preventing all of their needle stick injuries. Select the best answer: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
This is the incidence rate of Hepatitis C in interns with needle stick injuries. a.
This is the attributable risk of Hepatitis C due to needle stick injuries in interns.
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
A heavy smoker has about 50% chance of getting lung cancer in the next 10 years. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
The excess incidence of disease in a community that is associated with a risk factor Answer
Selected Answer:
a.
population attributable risk Correct Answer:
a.
population attributable risk •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
The presence of a strong risk factor indicates that an individual is very likely to get the disease Answer Selected Answer:
a.
False Correct Answer:
a.
False •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
If we assume that the relative risk reduction associated with certain treatment is 10%, in patients with an initial risk of 20% the absolute risk will be reduced from 20% to Answer Selected Answer:
b.
18% Correct Answer:
b.
18% •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
The excess incidence of disease in a community that is associated with a risk factor Answer Selected Answer:
a.
population attributable risk Correct Answer:
a.
population attributable risk •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Most studies of risk are observational studies and are either cross-sectional or case series Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False
Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Yes No Smoke Yes No Total Risk among nonsmokers=
10 5 15
90 95 185
Total 100 100 200
Answer Selected Answer:
a.
0.05 Correct Answer:
a.
0.05 •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease. d.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease.
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
A measure suitable for policy decision Answer Selected Answer:
a.
attributable risk Correct Answer:
a.
attributable risk •
Question 23 0 out of 4 points
The odds ratio (OR) is the Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
ratio of the odds of the exposure in the disease group, to the odds of the disease in the unexposed group. c.
ratio of the odds of the disease in the group exposed to the factor, to the odds of the disease in the unexposed group.
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Population attributable risk is the excess incidence of disease in a community that is associated with a risk factor. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
The prevalence of a disease at a point in time is a function of incidence and duration. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
In a series of 1000 women with breast cancer, 32 were pregnant. From this we can conclude: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were pregnant
Correct Answer:
c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were pregnant •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Incidence studies are also called Answer Selected Answer:
e.
a and b
Correct Answer:
e.
a and b Question 28
•
4 out of 4 points
All of the following statements are true about both prospective and retrospective cohort studies except: Answer Selected Answer:
d.
They allow investigators to decide beforehand what data to collect Correct Answer:
d.
They allow investigators to decide beforehand what data to collect Question 29
•
4 out of 4 points
The number of times that exposed persons are more likely to get the disease relative to nonexposed is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
relative risk Correct Answer:
b.
relative risk Question 30
•
4 out of 4 points
If we assume that the relative risk reduction associated with certain treatment is 50%, in patients with an initial risk of 50% the absolute risk will be reduced from 50% to Answer Selected Answer:
a.
25% Correct Answer:
a.
25% )
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Ideally, no association should be accepted as causal until it has been repeatedly andindependently confirmed. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 2 0 out of 4 points
The lack of scientific plausibility should deter us from inferring causality. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
Which of the following factors is necassary to have coronary artery disease? Answer Selected Answer:
c.
cigarette smoking and heridity Correct Answer:
e.
none of the above •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Demonstrating a dose response relationship Answer Selected Answer:
c.
is strong evidence for cause Correct Answer:
d.
both a and b •
Question 5 0 out of 4 points
In the formula, "If x happens, then y always happens," x is a __________ condition for y. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Necessary Correct Answer:
a.
Necessary •
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
For high RR estimates (say ≥5.0) small numbers may be sufficient to set confidence limits that exclude 1.0. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Confounding can either suppress or inflate an association. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
A factor which is indispensible and must have occurred if a specifiable state of affairs has occurred is a __________ condition. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Contradictory Correct Answer:
d.
Necessary •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Which of the following would strengthen your sense that cell phones are or are not related to brain tumors? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
All of the above Correct Answer:
d.
All of the above •
Question 10 0 out of 4 points
Studies in which exposure to a risk factor is characterized by the average exposure of the group to which individuals belong are called Answer
Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] b.
ecological •
Question 11 0 out of 4 points
Which of the following criteria of causality is satisfied ; when several studies, conducted at different times in different settings and with different kinds of patients, all come to the same conclusion? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Specificity Correct Answer:
e.
Consistency •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Exposure to benzene is __________ for causing leukemia. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Sufficient Correct Answer:
c.
Sufficient •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Coronary artery disease has multiple causes, including Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
Lack of temporal sequence is powerful evidence against cause Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 15 0 out of 4 points
The suspected cause and the effect must be associated if they are to be considered as causally related. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
false Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 16 0 out of 4 points
Many studies conducted in various geographic regions and with differing study methods report areduced rate of infection associated with implementation of hygiene intervention programs. Which causality criterion is satisfied here? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Analogy Correct Answer:
a.
Consistency •
Question 17 0 out of 4 points
When more than one cause acts together, the resulting risk may be greater or less than would be expected by simply combining the effects of the separate causes. This phenomenon is known as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
biologic plausibility Correct Answer:
d.
interaction •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Unrecognized bias could account for small relative risks but is unlikely to result in large ones. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true
Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
OR is defined as the odds of Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
exposure among the diseased as compared with those of the non-diseased. d.
disease among the exposed as compared with those of the unexposed.
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Radiation exposure is a __________ exposure for causing leukemia. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Necessary Correct Answer:
c.
Sufficient •
Question 21 0 out of 4 points
Does 1 cause have a single effect? Which causality criterion is referred to in this question? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Coherence Correct Answer:
c.
Specificity •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
The confidence interval provides information on the precision of the point estimate (RR, IDR, or OR) and the magnitude of the association. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 23 0 out of 4 points
The presence or absence of a dose-response effect may not necessarily be evidence of causality. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False True
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
The main bias afflicting ecological studies is Answer Selected Answer:
c.
ecological fallacy Correct Answer:
c.
ecological fallacy •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Antagonism occurs when the joint effect is less than the sum of the effects of individual causes. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 26 0 out of 4 points
An alternative to estimation of the relative risk (RR) and its confidence interval (CI) is to estimate Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Clinical significance Correct Answer:
e.
Statistical significance •
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
In both follow-up and case-control studies the single most important determinant of power is Answer Selected Answer:
c.
alpha level Correct Answer:
a.
number of exposed cases •
Question 28 0 out of 4 points
The OR, generated when the study design used is Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Cohort Correct Answer:
c.
Case-control •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
The further one departs from randomized trials, the more the research design protects against possible biases. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
false Correct Answer:
b.
false •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
The probability of disease in the exposed group as compared with that in the unexposed group. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
RR Correct Answer:
a.
RR •
Question 1 0 out of 4 points
A phenomenon occurs when the strength of the relationship between two variables is different according to the level of some third variable Answer Selected Answer:
a.
synergism
Correct Answer:
c.
effect modification •
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Cause is defined as anything producing an effect or a result Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
High fat diet is a __________ factor for having certain kind of cancer. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Sufficient Correct Answer:
a.
Contributing •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
For high RR estimates (say ≥5.0) small numbers may be sufficient to set confidence limits that exclude 1.0. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
The further one departs from randomized trials, the more the research design protects against possible biases. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
false Correct Answer:
b.
false •
Question 6 0 out of 4 points
Example of causation in the absence of a dose-response effect
Answer Selected Answer:
e.
BMI and MI Correct Answer:
d.
Allergy to beestings •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
The risk of developing diarrhea among those who were exposed to an egg salad contaminated with Salmonella compared with the risk among those who were not exposed. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
OR Correct Answer:
d.
RR •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Unrecognized bias could account for small relative risks but is unlikely to result in large ones. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] a.
true •
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
Which of the following does not belong to Koch postulates Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
the organism does not occur in other diseases as a nonpathogenic agent. d.
the organism does not mutate, reproduce outside the culture media.
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
Radiation exposure is a __________ exposure for causing leukemia. Answer
Selected Answer:
c.
Sufficient Correct Answer:
c.
Sufficient •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Antagonism occurs when the joint effect is less than the sum of the effects of individual causes. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Coronary artery disease has multiple causes, including Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
When more than one cause acts together, the resulting risk may be greater or less than would be expected by simply combining the effects of the separate causes. This phenomenon is known as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
biologic plausibility Correct Answer:
d.
interaction •
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
The probability of disease in the exposed group as compared with that in the unexposed group. Answer Selected Answer:
d.
RR Correct Answer:
d.
RR •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Reversible associations are strong, but not perfect, evidence of a causal relationship. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 16 0 out of 4 points
Loss to follow-up is a type of selection bias in a Answer Selected Answer:
d.
prevalence study Correct Answer:
a.
cohort study •
Question 17 0 out of 4 points
Is there a 1-to-1 relationship between “cause” and “effect?” Which causality criterion is referred to in this question? Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Strength Correct Answer:
e.
Specificity •
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
The evidence that oral contraceptives cause VTE and myocardial infarction (in smokers), for example, might be invoked as evidence to support the claim that they also cause strokes. This criteria of causality is called Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Biological plausibility
Correct Answer:
b.
Analogy •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
The confidence interval provides information on the precision of the point estimate (RR, IDR, or OR) and the magnitude of the association. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Research designs are ordered in terms of strength (strongest to weakest) as follows: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Randomized trial, case-control, cohort, cross-sectional Correct Answer:
a.
Randomized trial, cohort, case-control, cross-sectional •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
AIDS cannot occur without exposure to HIV Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
High fat diet is a __________ factor for having heart disease. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Necessary Correct Answer:
d.
Contributing •
Question 23 0 out of 4 points
Did the “outcome” occur after the “cause” was introduced? Which causality
criterion is referred to in this question? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Specificity Correct Answer:
a.
Temporality •
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
The presence or absence of a dose-response effect may not necessarily be evidence of causality. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
High fat diet is a __________ factor for having diabetes. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Necessary Correct Answer:
a.
Contributing •
Question 26 0 out of 4 points
An apparent association that does not exist in nature could be merely due to Answer Selected Answer:
c.
measurement bias Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Lack of temporal sequence is powerful evidence against cause Answer Selected Answer:
a.
true
Correct Answer:
a.
true •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
The best evidence for a cause-and-effect relationship come from randomized controlled trials with Answer Selected Answer:
e.
all of the above Correct Answer:
e.
all of the above •
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
The main bias afflicting ecological studies is Answer Selected Answer:
d.
non-random bias Correct Answer:
c.
ecological fallacy •
Question 30 0 out of 4 points
In the formula, "If x happens, then y always happens," x is a __________ condition for y. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Necessary Correct Answer:
b.
Necessary
)
Question)1)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Cause)is)defined)as)anything)producing)an)effect)or)a)result) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) True)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) True)
)))
)
)
Question)2))
)))
)
4)out)of)4)points) )Lack)of)biologic)plausibility)is)a)strong)evidence)against)causal)association.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)3)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)probability)of)disease)in)the)exposed)group)as)compared)with)that)in)the) ) unexposed)group.)) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) RR)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) RR)
)
)))
)
)
Question)4)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)drawback)to)p)values)is)that)they)do)not)provide)direct)insight)into)the) magnitude)of)the)association)or)into)the)extent)that)a)RR)point)estimate)may) vary)by)chance)if)the)same)study)were)to)be)repeated.)) ))) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) ))) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)5)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Do)the)studies)concerning)health)and)hygiene)show)a)persistent)association) with)different)study)designs,)populations,)at)different)times,)or)geographic) areas)and)according)to)various)study)investigators?))Which)causality) ))) criterion)is)appropriate)for)this)question?) Answer)) )
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) Consistency)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) Consistency)
)))
)
)
Question)6)) 4)out)of)4)points) )An)estimate)that)measures)the)rate)with)which)new)cases)of)disease)occur)in) the)exposed)relative)to)the)unexposed.) ))) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) IDR)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) IDR)
)))
)
)
Question)7)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Biologic)gradient)refers)to) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) DosePresponse)relation)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) DosePresponse)relation)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)8)) 0)out)of)4)points) )In)a)casePcontrol)study,)patients)with)brain)cancer)and)matched)controls) without)brain)cancer)were)asked)about)cellPphone)use.)The)estimated) relative)risk)for)at)least)100)hours)of)use)compared)to)no)or)rare)use)was)1.0) for)all)types)of)brain)tumors)combined)(95%)confidence)interval,)0.6)to)1.5).) ))) This)finding)is)consistent)with:) Answer)) )
Selected) Answer:)
)c.))) Use)of)cell)phones)is)not)associated)with)protection)of) development)of)brain)tumors)
Correct) Answer:)
)e.))) All)of)the)above)
)))
)
)
Question)9)) 4)out)of)4)points) )High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)certain)kind)of)cancer.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Contributing)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Contributing)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)10)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)factor)which)is)indispensible)and)must)have)occurred)if)a)specifiable)state) of)affairs)has)occurred)is)a)__________)condition.) ))) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Necessary)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Necessary)
)))
)
)
Question)11)) 0)out)of)4)points) )Which)of)the)following)would)strengthen)your)sense)that)cell)phones)are)or) are)not)related)to)brain)tumors?) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) None)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) All)of)the)above)
)
)))
)
)
Question)12)) 4)out)of)4)points) )High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)hypertension.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Contributing)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Contributing)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)13)) 4)out)of)4)points) )For)high)RR)estimates)(say)≥5.0))small)numbers)may)be)sufficient)to)set) confidence)limits)that)exclude)1.0.))) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )True) ))) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)14)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Is)there)a)1PtoP1)relationship)between)“cause”)and)“effect?”)Which)causality) criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?) ))) Answer)) )
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) Specificity)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Specificity)
)
)
)))
)
Question)15)) 4)out)of)4)points) )In)both)followPup)and)casePcontrol)studies)the)single)most)important) determinant)of)power)is)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) number)of)exposed)cases))
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) number)of)exposed)cases))
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)16)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Example)of)causation)in)the)absence)of)a)dosePresponse)effect) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) Allergy)to)beestings)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) Allergy)to)beestings)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)17)) 4)out)of)4)points) )All)the)followings)are)true)except:) Answer)) Selected) Answer:)
)e.))) Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal) relationship))
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal) relationship))
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)18)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Unrecognized)bias)could)account)for)small)relative)risks)but)is)unlikely)to) result)in)large)ones.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)
)
Question)19)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)))
)))
Many)studies)conducted)in)various)geographic)regions)and)with)differing) study)methods)report)a)reduced)rate)of)infection)associated)with) implementation)of)hygiene)intervention)programs.)Which)causality)criterion) ))) is)satisfied)here?) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) Consistency)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Consistency)
)))
)
)
Question)20)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)evidence)that)oral)contraceptives)cause)VTE)and)myocardial)infarction) (in)smokers),)for)example,)might)be)invoked)as)evidence)to)support)the)claim) that)they)also)cause)strokes.)This)criteria)of)causality)is)called) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) Analogy))
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) Analogy))
)
)))
)
)
Question)21)) 4)out)of)4)points) )High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)diabetes.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Contributing)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Contributing)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)22)) 0)out)of)4)points) )By)assessing)effect)modification,)the)investigator)is)able)to)consider)how)risk) factors)work)together)to)cause)disease.))) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )True) ))) Correct)Answer:)) )False) Question)23)) 0)out)of)4)points) )Randomized)controlled)trials)are)well)suited)to)study)risk)factors)of)disease) Answer)) ))) )
)
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
)))
)
)
Question)24)) 4)out)of)4)points) )An)alternative)to)estimation)of)the)relative)risk)(RR))and)its)confidence) interval)(CI))is)to)estimate) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) Statistical)significance)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) Statistical)significance)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)25)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Analogy)is)weak)evidence)for)cause) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)26)) 0)out)of)4)points) )Antagonism)occurs)when)the)joint)effect)is)less)than)the)sum)of)the)effects)of) individual)causes.) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)))
)
)
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Knowledge)of)strong)risk)factors)is)insufficient)for)effective)treatment)and) prevention)of)the)disease)unless)the)pathogenetic)mechanism)is)clear.) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
))) )))
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
)
)
Question)28)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)main)bias)afflicting)ecological)studies)is)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) ecological)fallacy)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) ecological)fallacy)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)29)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)absence)of)specificity)is)weak)evidence)against)a)causePandPeffect) relationship.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)30)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Radiation)exposure)is)a)__________)exposure)for)causing)leukemia.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Sufficient)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Sufficient)
)))
)
)))
)
)
) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)study)where)the)effect)is)measured)at)various)points)in)time)before)and) after)the)purported)cause)has)been)introduced)is)called) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) timePseries)study)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) timePseries)study)
)
)
)
Question)2)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)))
)))
High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)hypertension.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) Contributing)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) Contributing)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)3)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)drawback)to)p)values)is)that)they)do)not)provide)direct)insight)into)the) magnitude)of)the)association)or)into)the)extent)that)a)RR)point)estimate)may) vary)by)chance)if)the)same)study)were)to)be)repeated.)) ))) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)4)) 4)out)of)4)points) )In)both)followPup)and)casePcontrol)studies)the)single)most)important) determinant)of)power)is)) Answer))
)))
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) number)of)exposed)cases))
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) number)of)exposed)cases))
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)5)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)confidence)interval))provides)information)on)the)precision)of)the)point) estimate)(RR,)IDR,)or)OR))and)the)magnitude)of)the)association.))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)6)) 4)out)of)4)points) )When)more)than)one)cause)acts)together),)the)resulting)risk)should)always) be)greater)than)would)be)expected)by)simply)combining)the)effects)of)the) separate)causes.))) Answer))
)))
)
)))
)
)
)))
)
)
Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:)) )False) Question)7))
)))
)
4)out)of)4)points) )Which)came)first?)Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Temporality)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Temporality)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)8)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Is)there)a)1PtoP1)relationship)between)“cause”)and)“effect?”)Which)causality) criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) Specificity)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Specificity)
)
)))
)
)
Question)9)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)factor)which)is)indispensible)and)must)have)occurred)if)a)specifiable)state) of)affairs)has)occurred)is)a)__________)condition.) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Necessary)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Necessary)
)
)))
)
)
Question)10)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)confidence)limits)that)includes)1.0)is)taken)to)suggest)that)it)is)unlikely)that) the)observed)association)is)due)to)chance.) ))) Answer))
)
Selected)Answer:)) )False) ))) Correct)Answer:)) )False) Question)11)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Do)the)studies)concerning)health)and)hygiene)show)a)persistent)association) with)different)study)designs,)populations,)at)different)times,)or)geographic) areas)and)according)to)various)study)investigators?))Which)causality) ))) criterion)is)appropriate)for)this)question?) Answer)) )
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Consistency)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Consistency)
)))
)
)
Question)12)) 0)out)of)4)points) )When)more)than)one)cause)acts)together,)the)resulting)risk)may)be)greater) or)less)than)would)be)expected)by)simply)combining)the)effects)of)the) separate)causes.)This)phenomenon)is)known)as) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) biologic)plausibility)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) interaction)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)13)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Ecologic)correlation)) ) Answer))
)))
Selected) Answer:)
)))) An)association)between)two)variables,)the)exposure)and)the) outcome,)and)are)measured)at)the)group)level.))) )
Correct) Answer:)
))) )))) An)association)between)two)variables,)the)exposure)and)the) outcome,)and)are)measured)at)the)group)level.))) )
)
)
)
Question)14)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Which)of)the)following)would)strengthen)your)sense)that)cell)phones)are)or) are)not)related)to)brain)tumors?) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) All)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) All)of)the)above)
)
)))
)
)
Question)15)) 4)out)of)4)points) )What)is)most)important)reason)for)not)conducting)a)randomized)controlled) )
)))
trial)(RCT))to)determine)whether)or)not)cell)phones)cause)brain)cancer?) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) It)would)be)unethical)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) It)would)be)unethical)
)))
)
)
Question)16)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Which)of)the)following)factors)is)necassary)to)have)coronary)artery)disease?) Answer)) ))) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) none)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) none)of)the)above)
)
)))
)
)
Question)17)) 4)out)of)4)points) )High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)heart)disease.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Contributing)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Contributing)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)18)) 4)out)of)4)points) )In)the)formula,)"If)x)happens,)then)y)always)happens,")x)is)a)__________) condition)for)y.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Necessary)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Necessary)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)19)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)presence)or)absence)of)a)dosePresponse)effect)may)not)necessarily)be) evidence)of)causality.)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:)) )True)
)
)
))) )))
)
Question)20)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Exposure)to)HIV)commonly)results)in)AIDS)after)needlesticks) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)21)) 4)out)of)4)points) )All)the)followings)are)true)except:) Answer)) Selected) Answer:)
)e.))) Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal) relationship))
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal) relationship))
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)22)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Antagonism)occurs)when)the)joint)effect)is)less)than)the)sum)of)the)effects)of) individual)causes.) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)))
)
)
Question)23)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)greater)the)magnitude)of)the)RR)the)larger)is)the)number)of)exposures) and)outcomes)needed)to)document)it.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:)) )False) Question)24)) 4)out)of)4)points) )High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)diabetes.) Answer))
)))
)
)))
)
)
)
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) Contributing)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) Contributing)
)))
)
)
Question)25)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Reversible)associations)are)strong,)but)not)perfect,)evidence)of)a)causal) relationship.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)26)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Analogy)is)weak)evidence)for)cause) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) )An)apparent)association)that)does)not)exist)in)nature)could)be)merely)due)to) Answer)) ))) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) all)of)the)above)
)
)))
)
)
Question)28)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Knowledge)of)strong)risk)factors)is)insufficient)for)effective)treatment)and) prevention)of)the)disease)unless)the)pathogenetic)mechanism)is)clear.) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:) Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) false) )b.)))
)))
)))
false) )
)
Question)29)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)absence)of)specificity)is)weak)evidence)against)a)causePandPeffect) relationship.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)30)) 4)out)of)4)points) )For)high)RR)estimates)(say)≥5.0))small)numbers)may)be)sufficient)to)set) confidence)limits)that)exclude)1.0.))) Answer))
)))
)
Selected)Answer:)) )True) 4)out)of)4)points) )For)high)RR)estimates)(say)≥5.0))small)numbers)may)be)sufficient)to)set) confidence)limits)that)exclude)1.0.))) Answer)) )
)
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)2)) 0)out)of)4)points) )The)drawbacks)of)the)ecologic)study)) Answer))
)))
)))
)
)))
)
)
)
Selected) Answer:)
)e.))) )are)only)used)in)environmental)epidemiologic)research.)))
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) The)ecologic)fallacy)and)imprecise)measurement)of) exposure.)) )
)))
)))
)
)
Question)3)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Which)of)the)following)factors)is)necassary)to)have)coronary)artery)disease?) Answer)) ))) )
Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) none)of)the)above)
)))
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) none)of)the)above)
)
)
Question)4)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Coronary)artery)disease)has)multiple)causes,)including) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) all)of)the)above)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)5)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)lack)of)scientific)plausibility)should)deter)us)from)inferring)causality.))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:)) )False) Question)6)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Exposure)to)the)virus)is)a)__________)condition)for)contracting)chicken)pox.) Answer))
)))
)
)))
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Necessary)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Necessary)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)7)) 4)out)of)4)points) )An)apparent)association)that)does)not)exist)in)nature)could)be)merely)due)to) Answer)) ))) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) all)of)the)above)
)
)))
)
)
Question)8)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)suspected)cause)and)the)effect)must)be)associated)if)they)are)to)be) considered)as)causally)related.)) Answer)) )
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)))
)
)
Question)9)) 4)out)of)4)points) )All)the)followings)are)true)except:) Answer)) Selected) Answer:)
)e.))) Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal) relationship))
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Strong)association)is)a)clear)evidence)for)a)causal) relationship))
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)10)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Unrecognized)bias)could)account)for)small)relative)risks)but)is)unlikely)to) result)in)large)ones.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)11)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)main)bias)afflicting)ecological)studies)is)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) ecological)fallacy)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) ecological)fallacy)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)12)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)drawback)to)p)values)is)that)they)do)not)provide)direct)insight)into)the) magnitude)of)the)association)or)into)the)extent)that)a)RR)point)estimate)may) vary)by)chance)if)the)same)study)were)to)be)repeated.)) ))) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
)))
Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)13)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Many)studies)conducted)in)various)geographic)regions)and)with)differing) study)methods)report)a)reduced)rate)of)infection)associated)with) implementation)of)hygiene)intervention)programs.)Which)causality)criterion) ))) is)satisfied)here?) Answer)) )
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) Consistency)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) Consistency)
)))
)
)
Question)14)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)evidence)that)oral)contraceptives)cause)VTE)and)myocardial)infarction) (in)smokers),)for)example,)might)be)invoked)as)evidence)to)support)the)claim) that)they)also)cause)strokes.)This)criteria)of)causality)is)called) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) Analogy))
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) Analogy))
)
)))
)
)
Question)15)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)best)evidence)for)a)causePandPeffect)relationship)come)from)randomized) controlled)trials)with) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) all)of)the)above)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) all)of)the)above)
)
)))
)
)
Question)16)) 4)out)of)4)points) )High)fat)diet)is)a)__________)factor)for)having)heart)disease.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:) )
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Contributing) )b.)))
))) )))
Contributing) )
)
Question)17)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)factor)which)is)indispensible)and)must)have)occurred)if)a)specifiable)state) of)affairs)has)occurred)is)a)__________)condition.) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Necessary)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Necessary)
)
)))
)
)
Question)18)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Loss)to)followPup)is)a)type)of)selection)bias)in)a)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) cohort)study)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) cohort)study)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)19)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Which)came)first?)Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in)this)question?) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Temporality)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Temporality)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)20)) 4)out)of)4)points) )An)appropriate)temporal)sequence)alone)is)a)strong)evidence)for)cause) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) false)
)))
)
)))
)
)
Question)21)) 4)out)of)4)points) )The)absence)of)specificity)is)weak)evidence)against)a)causePandPeffect) )
)))
relationship.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)))
)
)
Question)22)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Does)1)cause)have)a)single)effect?))Which)causality)criterion)is)referred)to)in) this)question?) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) Specificity)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) Specificity)
)
)))
)
)
Question)23)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Ideally,)no)association)should)be)accepted)as)causal)until)it)has)been) repeatedly)and)independently)confirmed.))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)24)) 4)out)of)4)points) )A)study)where)the)effect)is)measured)at)various)points)in)time)before)and) after)the)purported)cause)has)been)introduced)is)called) Answer))
)))
)
)))
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) timePseries)study)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) timePseries)study)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)25)) 4)out)of)4)points) )In)both)followPup)and)casePcontrol)studies)the)single)most)important) determinant)of)power)is)) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) number)of)exposed)cases))
))) )))
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) number)of)exposed)cases))
)
)
Question)26)) 4)out)of)4)points) )When)more)than)one)cause)acts)together,)the)resulting)risk)may)be)greater) or)less)than)would)be)expected)by)simply)combining)the)effects)of)the) separate)causes.)This)phenomenon)is)known)as) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) interaction)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.))) interaction)
)
)))
)))
)
)
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Confounding)can)either)suppress)or)inflate)an)association.)) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )True) ))) Correct)Answer:)) )True) Question)28)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Do)the)studies)concerning)health)and)hygiene)show)a)persistent)association) with)different)study)designs,)populations,)at)different)times,)or)geographic) areas)and)according)to)various)study)investigators?))Which)causality) ))) criterion)is)appropriate)for)this)question?) Answer)) )
)
)
)
Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Consistency)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Consistency)
)))
)
)
Question)29)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Research)designs)are)ordered)in)terms)of)strength)(strongest)to)weakest))as) follows:)) ))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Randomized)trial,)cohort,)casePcontrol,)crossPsectional)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) Randomized)trial,)cohort,)casePcontrol,)crossPsectional)
)
)
)))
)
Question)30)) 4)out)of)4)points) )Weakest)of)all)research)designs)are)case)series) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) true)
)))
)
)
Sunday,)April)14,)2013)11:04:26)AM)EDT) ) )
)))
nstructions
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Censored subjects usually terminate the interval in K-M curve. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 2 0 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when groups being compared are not equally susceptible to the outcome of interest for reasons other than the factor under study is called Answer Selected Answer:
a.
measurement bias Correct Answer:
b.
assembly bias •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
With this strategy, data are analyzed and results presented according to subgroups of patients of similar characteristics. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Stratification Correct Answer:
b.
Stratification •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
In K-M analysis, only event occurrences define known survival time intervals. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Matching controls bias only for those variables involved in the match. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
Question 6
True True
4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients showing some evidence of improvement following an intervention. Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Response Correct Answer:
e.
Response •
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Patients who are enrolled in a study can be confined to only those possessing a narrow range of characteristics, a strategy called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
restriction Correct Answer:
b.
restriction •
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Risk factors are not necessarily the same as the prognostic factors. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
The best way to balance all extraneous variables between groups is Answer Selected Answer:
c.
matching Correct Answer:
a.
randomization •
Question 10 0 out of 4 points
External validity of a cohort study is limited with Answer Selected Answer:
a.
randomization
Correct Answer:
d.
restriction •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients who have return of disease after a disease-free interval. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Recurrence Correct Answer:
b.
Recurrence •
Question 12 0 out of 4 points
Prognosis studies are studies that tackle clinical questions about prognosis in ways similar to cross-sectional studies of risk. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
All the following are true regarding risk and prognosis except: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Studies of risk factors usually deal with healthy people Correct Answer:
e.
Risk factors are usually for high-probability events •
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
A form of selection bias occurs when groups of patients assembled for study differ in ways other than the variables under study is called Answer Selected Answer:
d.
information bias Correct Answer:
e.
none of the above •
Question 15 0 out of 4 points
Community A and community B each have crude mortality rates for coronary heart disease (CHD) of 4 per 1,000. The age-adjusted CHD mortality rate is 5 per 1,000 for community A and 3 per 1,000 for community B. One may conclude that Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b.
Diagnosis is less accurate in community A than in community B.
a.
Community A has a younger population than community B.
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
With this strategy, for each patient in one group, one or more patients with the same characteristics (except for the factor of interest) are selected for a comparison group. Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Matching Correct Answer:
e.
Matching •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
In the investigation of an epidemic of a fatal disease such as SARS, the most appropriate measure to describe the frequency of death from the disease is the: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Case-fatality rate Correct Answer:
b.
Case-fatality rate •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many
variables at one time Correct Answer:
•
a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
For each patient in one group one or more patients with the same characterisitics (except for the factor of interest) is selected for a comparison group. This approach is called Answer Selected Answer:
e.
matching Correct Answer:
e.
matching •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when patients selected for study are systematically different from those the results are generalized to is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Sampling bias Correct Answer:
b.
Sampling bias •
Question 21 0 out of 4 points
Number of people dying of a specific disease. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Case fatality Correct Answer:
b.
Disease specific mortality •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
In most clinical situations, the joint effects of two or more variables might be greater than the sum of their individual effects. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Applying results from referral centers to community practice would result in falsely underestimating the likelihood of recurrent seizures. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Calendar time refers to the way we usually think of time and the way clinical trials are designed. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients entering a phase in which disease is no longer detectable. Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Remission Correct Answer:
e.
Remission •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
The standardized death rate (adjusted for preoperative risk) in hospital A is the same as the standardized rate for hospital B. The crude rate for hospital A is higher than the crude rate for hospital B. This indicates that more high-risk patients are treated at hospital B. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Two rates can be compared without bias related to extraneous factor if they are adjusted to equalize the weight given to the factor. This process is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
standardization Correct Answer:
b.
standardization •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Randomization not only balances variables known to affect prognosis, but it also balances those that are unknown. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
In preparing K-M survival analysis, each subject is characterized by three variables. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
serial time Correct Answer:
d.
time of entry •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Using the results of population-based studies for children seen in referral centers would overestimate rates for those children. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
The standardized death rate (adjusted for preoperative risk) in hospital A is the same as the standardized rate for hospital B. The crude rate for hospital A is higher than the crude rate for hospital B. This indicates that more high-risk patients are treated at hospital B. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
The effects of possible prognostic factors, relative to one another, can be
summarized using Answer Selected Answer:
d.
hazard ratio Correct Answer:
d.
hazard ratio •
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
All the following ways of dealing with extraneous differences between groups do not deal with risk or prognostic factors that are not known at the time of the study except: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Stratification Correct Answer:
c.
Randomization •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients who have the disease back after a disease free interval Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Recurrence Correct Answer:
c.
Recurrence •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Applying results from referral centers to community practice would result in falsely underestimating the likelihood of recurrent seizures. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
A way of combining data on all the variables, based on certain assumptions about their distributions and relationships is called Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Mathematical modeling Correct Answer:
e.
Mathematical modeling •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
In cohort studies, it is usually not possible to randomize risk or prognostic factors e.
Matching by age and sex should be avoided because these variables are strongly related to risk or prognosis for many diseases
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
The term inception cohort is used to describe a group of people that is assembled at the Answer Selected Answer:
a.
onset, or inception, of their disease Correct Answer:
a.
onset, or inception, of their disease •
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
The prognosis of disease without medical intervention is called Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
b.
natural history of the disease •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
A clinical course duration variable for each subject, having a beginning and an end anywhere along the time line of the complete study. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Time-to-event Correct Answer:
a.
Time-to-event •
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
Matching controls bias only for those variables involved in the match. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Two rates can be compared without bias related to extraneous factor if they are adjusted to equalize the weight given to the factor. This process is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
standardization Correct Answer:
b.
standardization •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
All ways of dealing with extraneous differences between groups are limited to variables that are singled out for consideration except: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Randomization Correct Answer:
c.
Randomization •
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
Prediction of the future course of disease following its onset is called Answer Selected Answer:
d.
prognosis Correct Answer:
d.
prognosis •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Measurement bias is possible when Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup. d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup.
Question 16 0 out of 4 points
The two main determinants of disease prognosis are incidence rate and duration of illness. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
All the following are prognostic factors for myocardial infarction except Answer Selected Answer:
c.
LDL/HDL Correct Answer:
c.
LDL/HDL •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
The prognosis of disease that has come under medical care and has been treated in a variety of ways that affect the subsequent course of events is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
clinical course of the disease Correct Answer:
b.
clinical course of the disease •
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
Multivariable analysis is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
A phase in which disease is no longer detectable Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Remission Correct Answer:
d.
Remission •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Randomization not only balances variables known to affect prognosis, but it also balances those that are unknown. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
When important data are not available, it is possible to estimate their potential effects on the study using Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Mathematical modeling Correct Answer:
b.
Sensitivity analysis •
Question 23 0 out of 4 points
A new treatment is developed that prevents death but does not produce recovery from disease. Which of the following will occur? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Case-fatality will increase Correct Answer:
e.
Prevalence will increase •
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
In most clinical situations, the joint effects of two or more variables might be
greater than the sum of their individual effects. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
All the following are true regarding risk and prognosis except: Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Risk factors are usually for high-probability events Correct Answer:
e.
Risk factors are usually for high-probability events •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
In the investigation of an epidemic of a fatal disease such as SARS, the most appropriate measure to describe the frequency of death from the disease is the: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Case-fatality rate Correct Answer:
a.
Case-fatality rate •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
K-M survival curves that have many small steps usually have a limited number of participating subjects, whereas curves with large steps usually have a higher number of subjects and are thus not as accurate. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
False
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
In 2002, a land mark study has showed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women. Therefore, a decrease of breast cancer incidence is expected. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False True
Question 30 0 out of 4 points
In 2002, a land mark study has showed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women. How will this impact the incidence and case-fatality rate from breast cancer in the US? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a. An increase in both f. A decrease of beast incidence
! Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!statements!about!Kaplan8Meier!survival!curves!are!true!except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Account!for!confounding!or!effect!modification!by!other!covariates!!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Account!for!confounding!or!effect!modification!by!other!covariates!!! !! .!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!myocardial!infarction! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!! !! .!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!way!of!combining!data!on!all!the!variables,!based!on!certain!assumptions!about! their!distributions!and!relationships!is!called!!
Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Mathematical!modeling!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Mathematical!modeling!! !! .!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Community!A!and!community!B!each!have!crude!mortality!rates!for!coronary!heart! disease!(CHD)!of!4!per!1,000.!The!age8adjusted!CHD!mortality!rate!is!5!per!1,000!for! community!A!and!3!per!1,000!for!community!B.!One!may!conclude!that!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! Community!A!has!a!younger!population!than!community!B.! !! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! Community!A!has!a!younger!population!than!community!B.! !! !! .!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!new!treatment!is!developed!that!prevents!death!but!does!not!produce!recovery! from!disease.!Which!of!the!following!will!occur?!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Prevalence!will!increase! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Prevalence!will!increase! !! !! .!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Matching!controls!bias!only!for!those!variables!involved!in!the!match.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!are!true!regarding!risk!and!prognosis!except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!!
Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!! !! .!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Multivariable!analysis!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one! time.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !External!validity!of!a!cohort!study!is!limited!with! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! restriction!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! restriction!! !! .!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!term!inception!cohort!is!used!to!describe!a!group!of!people!that!is!assembled!at! the!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!! !! .!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Two!rates!can!be!compared!without!bias!related!to!extraneous!factor!if!they!are! adjusted!to!equalize!the!weight!given!to!the!factor.!This!process!is!called!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! standardization!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! standardization!! !! .!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Number!of!people!dying!of!a!specific!disease.!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Disease!specific!mortality!
!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Disease!specific!mortality! !! !! .!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!bias!occurs!when!groups!being!compared!are!not!equally!susceptible!to!the! outcome!of!interest!for!reasons!other!than!the!factor!under!study!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! assembly!bias!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! assembly!bias!! !! .!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!prognosis!of!disease!that!has!come!under!medical!care!and!has!been!treated!in! a!variety!of!ways!that!affect!the!subsequent!course!of!events!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! clinical!course!of!the!disease!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! clinical!course!of!the!disease!! !! .!Question!15!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Matching!can!account!for!many!variables!at!a!time.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!ways!of!dealing!with!extraneous!differences!between!groups!do! not!deal!with!risk!or!prognostic!factors!that!are!not!known!at!the!time!of!the!study! except:! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Randomization! !! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Randomization! !! !!
.!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!sum!of!the!number!of!years!of!observation!in!each!individual!in!the!study.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Person!years! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Person!years! !! !! .!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !K8M!survival!curves!that!have!many!small!steps!usually!have!a!limited!number!of! participating!subjects,!whereas!curves!with!large!steps!usually!have!a!higher! number!of!subjects!and!are!thus!not!as!accurate.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!preparing!K8M!survival!analysis,!each!subject!is!characterized!by!three!variables.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! time!of!entry! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! time!of!entry! !! !! .!Question!20!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Cigarette!smoking!is!a!prognostic!factor!for!myocardial!infarction! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!are!prognostic!factors!for!myocardial!infarction!except!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! LDL/HDL!!!
Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! LDL/HDL!!! !! .!Question!22!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable!is! known!as! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Response!!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! Remission!!! !! .!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Risk!factors!are!not!necessarily!the!same!as!the!prognostic!factors.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!form!of!migration!bias!occurs!when!patients!move!from!one!group!to!another!in! the!cohort!during!follow8up!is!called!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! crossover!bias!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! crossover!bias!! !! .!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!a!case8control!study!that!includes!prevalent!cases!of!disease!the!results!may!be! confounded!by!factors!that!affect!survival.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!most!clinical!situations,!the!joint!effects!of!two!or!more!variables!might!be! greater!than!the!sum!of!their!individual!effects.!!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !!
.!Question!27!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Life!tables!or!Kaplan!Meier!plots.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Observed!survival! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Observed!survival! !! !! .!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!degree!to!which!a!measurement!truly!measures!what!it!purports!to!measure!is!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! validity!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! validity!! !! .!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!a!Cox!proportional!hazard!regression,!the!exponential!!of!regression!coefficient! estimates!is!called!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Hazard!ratio!! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Hazard!ratio!! !! !! .!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!surviving!5!years!from!some!point!in!the!course!of!the!disease.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Five8year!survival! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Five8year!survival! !! !! .Thursday,!March!28,!2013!7:09:25!PM!EDT! !
OK!! ! Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Time!at!which!50%!of!patients!still!alive.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Median!survival!time! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Median!survival!time! !! !! .!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!ways!of!dealing!with!extraneous!differences!between!groups!do! not!deal!with!risk!or!prognostic!factors!that!are!not!known!at!the!time!of!the!study! except:! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Randomization! !! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Randomization! !! !! .!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!rates!are!commonly!used!to!describe!prognosis!except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! attributable!risk!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! attributable!risk!! !! .!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Cigarette!smoking!is!a!prognostic!factor!for!myocardial!infarction! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points! !!!
!A!bias!occurs!when!groups!being!compared!are!not!equally!susceptible!to!the! outcome!of!interest!for!reasons!other!than!the!factor!under!study!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! assembly!bias!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! assembly!bias!! !! .!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!K8M!analysis,!only!event!occurrences!define!known!survival!time!intervals.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Remission! !! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Remission! !! !! .!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!most!clinical!situations,!the!joint!effects!of!two!or!more!variables!might!be! greater!than!the!sum!of!their!individual!effects.!!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Patients!who!are!enrolled!in!a!study!can!be!confined!to!only!those!possessing!a! narrow!range!of!characteristics.!This!strategy!is!called! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Restriction!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Restriction!! !! .!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!! !A!bias!occurs!when!patients!selected!for!study!are!systematically!different!from! those!the!results!are!generalized!to!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Sampling!bias!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Sampling!bias!! !! .!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!statements!are!true!except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Randomization!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one!time!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Randomization!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one!time!! !! .!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!2002,!a!land!mark!study!has!showed!hormone!replacement!therapy!(HRT)!may! increase!the!risk!of!breast!cancer!among!post8menopausal!women.!Therefore,!a! decrease!of!breast!cancer!incidence!is!expected.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!term!inception!cohort!is!used!to!describe!a!group!of!people!that!is!assembled!at! the!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! onset,!or!inception,!of!their!disease!!! !! .!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Prediction!of!the!future!course!of!disease!following!its!onset!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! prognosis!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! prognosis!! !!
.!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!effects!of!possible!prognostic!factors,!relative!to!one!another,!can!be! summarized!using!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! hazard!ratio!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! hazard!ratio!! !! .!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Measurement!bias!is!possible!when! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! patients!in!one!subgroup!of!a!cohort!stand!a!better!chance!of!having!their!outcomes! detected!than!those!in!another!subgroup.!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! patients!in!one!subgroup!of!a!cohort!stand!a!better!chance!of!having!their!outcomes! detected!than!those!in!another!subgroup.!! !! .!Question!17!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!are!examples!of!when!times8to8events!may!be!important!end8point! variables!except:! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! cancer!survival!times! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! time!to!complete!a!bypass!graft! !! !! .!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !If!the!age8standardized!mortality!rate!in!a!population!is!lower!than!the!crude!rate! this!means!that!the!population!has!a!higher!proportion!of!older!people!than!the! standard!population.!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points! !!!
!Two!rates!can!be!compared!without!bias!related!to!extraneous!factor!if!they!are! adjusted!to!equalize!the!weight!given!to!the!factor.!This!process!is!called!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! standardization!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! standardization!! !! .!Question!20!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!showing!some!evidence!of!improvement!following!an! intervention.!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! Response! !! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! Response! !! !! .!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Censored!subjects!usually!terminate!the!interval!in!K8M!curve.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Data!are!analyzed!and!results!presented!according!to!subgroups!of!patients!of! similar!characteristics.!This!approach!is!called!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! stratification!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! stratification!! !! .!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !K8M!survival!curves!that!have!many!small!steps!usually!have!a!limited!number!of! participating!subjects,!whereas!curves!with!large!steps!usually!have!a!higher! number!of!subjects!and!are!thus!not!as!accurate.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !!
.!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!clinical!course!duration!variable!for!each!subject,!having!a!beginning!and!an!end! anywhere!along!the!time!line!of!the!complete!study.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Time8to8event! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Time8to8event! !! !! .!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!a!well8designed!clinical!trial!of!treatment!of!ovarian!cancer,!remission!rate!at!one! year!is!similar!for!a!new!drug!and!usual!care,!The!p8value!is!0.4.!What!is!the! interpretation!of!this!information?!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using! this!information!alone.! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using! this!information!alone.! !! !! .!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !With!this!strategy,!data!are!analyzed!and!results!presented!according!to!subgroups! of!patients!of!similar!characteristics.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Stratification! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Stratification! !! !! .!Question!27!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!are!prognostic!factors!for!myocardial!infarction!except!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!!
LDL/HDL!!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! LDL/HDL!!! !! .!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Life!tables!or!Kaplan!Meier!plots.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Observed!survival! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Observed!survival! !! !! .!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!best!way!to!balance!all!extraneous!variables!between!groups!is!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! randomization!! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! randomization!! !! .!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!a!Cox!proportional!hazard!regression,!the!exponential!!of!regression!coefficient! estimates!is!called!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Hazard!ratio!! !! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Hazard!ratio!! !! !! .Thursday,!March!28,!2013!7:21:41!PM!EDT! ! OK!! .! Question!1!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !With!this!strategy,!data!are!analyzed!and!results!presented!according!to!subgroups! of!patients!of!similar!characteristics.!
! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Stratification! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Stratification! !! !! .!Question!2!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Matching!can!account!for!many!variables!at!a!time.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!3!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!degree!to!which!a!measurement!truly!measures!what!it!purports!to!measure!is!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! validity!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! validity!! !! .!Question!4!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!survival!analysis,!censoring!occurs!only!terminally!at!the!end!of!the!study.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!5!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!are!examples!of!when!times8to8events!may!be!important!end8point! variables!except:! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! time!to!complete!a!bypass!graft! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! time!to!complete!a!bypass!graft! !! !! .!Question!6!.4!out!of!4!points!
!!! !Applying!results!from!referral!centers!to!community!practice!would!result!in!falsely! underestimating!the!likelihood!of!recurrent!seizures.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!7!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Life!tables!or!Kaplan!Meier!plots.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Observed!survival! !! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Observed!survival! !! !! .!Question!8!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Case!fatality!rate!for!a!given!disease!refers!to!! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! the!percentage!of!deaths!among!cases!of!the!disease! !! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! the!percentage!of!deaths!among!cases!of!the!disease! !! !! .!Question!9!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !When!important!data!are!not!available,!it!is!possible!to!estimate!their!potential! effects!on!the!study!using! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Sensitivity!analysis!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Sensitivity!analysis!! !! .!Question!10!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!prognosis!of!disease!without!medical!intervention!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! natural!history!of!the!disease!!
Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! natural!history!of!the!disease!! !! .!Question!11!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Calendar!time!refers!to!the!way!we!usually!think!of!time!and!the!way!clinical!trials! are!designed.!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!12!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!proportion!of!cases!of!a!specified!disease!or!condition!which!are!fatal!within!a! specified!time.! ! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! Case!fatality!rate! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! Case!fatality!rate! !! !! .!Question!13!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!bias!occurs!when!groups!being!compared!are!not!equally!susceptible!to!the! outcome!of!interest!for!reasons!other!than!the!factor!under!study!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! assembly!bias!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! assembly!bias!! !! .!Question!14!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !All!the!following!are!true!regarding!risk!and!prognosis!except:! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Risk!factors!are!usually!for!high8probability!events!! !! .!Question!15!.4!out!of!4!points! !!!
!The!prognosis!of!disease!that!has!come!under!medical!care!and!has!been!treated!in! a!variety!of!ways!that!affect!the!subsequent!course!of!events!is!called! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! clinical!course!of!the!disease!! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! clinical!course!of!the!disease!! !! .!Question!16!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!who!have!return!of!disease!after!a!disease8free!interval!is! known!as! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! Recurence!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! Recurence!! !! .!Question!17!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Randomization!not!only!balances!variables!known!to!affect!prognosis,!but!it!also! balances!those!that!are!unknown.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!18!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Multivariable!analysis!is!the!only!feasible!way!of!dealing!with!many!variables!at!one! time.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!19!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Prognosis!can!be!described!as! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! either!a!clinical!course!or!the!natural!history!of!disease!! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! either!a!clinical!course!or!the!natural!history!of!disease!! !! .!Question!20!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!myocardial!infarction!
Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Age!and!gender!are!both!risk!and!prognostic!factors!! !! .!Question!21!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !External!validity!of!a!cohort!study!is!limited!with! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! restriction!! Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! restriction!! !! .!Question!22!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!a!well8designed!clinical!trial!of!treatment!of!ovarian!cancer,!remission!rate!at!one! year!is!similar!for!a!new!drug!and!usual!care,!The!p8value!is!0.4.!What!is!the! interpretation!of!this!information?!! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!c.!!! it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using! this!information!alone.! !! Correct!Answer:!!c.!!! it!is!not!possible!to!decide!on!whether!one!treatment!is!better!than!the!other!using! this!information!alone.! !! !! .!Question!23!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !A!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!e.!!! Remission!! Correct!Answer:!!e.!!! Remission!! !! .!Question!24!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable!is! known!as! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!d.!!! Remission!!!
Correct!Answer:!!d.!!! Remission!!! !! .!Question!25!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !The!standardized!death!rate!(adjusted!for!preoperative!risk)!in!hospital!A!is!the! same!as!the!standardized!rate!for!hospital!B.!!The!crude!rate!for!hospital!A!is!higher! than!the!crude!rate!for!hospital!B.!This!indicates!that!more!high8risk!patients!are! treated!at!hospital!B.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!False!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!26!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!who!have!return!of!disease!after!a!disease8free!interval.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!! Recurrence! !! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Recurrence! !! !! .!Question!27!.0!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!2002,!a!land!mark!study!has!showed!hormone!replacement!therapy!(HRT)!may! increase!the!risk!of!breast!cancer!among!post8menopausal!women.!Therefore,!the! case!fatality!rate!is!likely!to!have!major!reduction.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!False!! !! .!Question!28!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !In!a!case8control!study!that!includes!prevalent!cases!of!disease!the!results!may!be! confounded!by!factors!that!affect!survival.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!!True!! Correct!Answer:!!!True!! !! .!Question!29!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!entering!a!phase!in!which!disease!is!no!longer!detectable.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!b.!!!
Remission! !! Correct!Answer:!!b.!!! Remission! !! !! .!Question!30!.4!out!of!4!points! !!! !Percent!of!patients!with!disease!who!die!of!it.! Answer!!! Selected!Answer:!!a.!!! Case!fatality! !! Correct!Answer:!!a.!!! Case!fatality! !! •
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients entering a phase in which disease is no longer detectable. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Remission Correct Answer:
a.
Remission •
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Calendar time refers to the way we usually think of time and the way clinical trials are designed. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
In survival analysis, censoring occurs only terminally at the end of the study. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
A transparent way of recognizing and controlling for bias is Answer
Selected Answer:
b.
standardization Correct Answer:
a.
stratification •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
A new treatment is developed that prevents death but does not produce recovery from disease. Which of the following will occur? Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Prevalence will increase Correct Answer:
e.
Prevalence will increase •
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when groups being compared are not equally susceptible to the outcome of interest for reasons other than the factor under study is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
assembly bias Correct Answer:
b.
assembly bias •
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The effects of possible prognostic factors, relative to one another, can be summarized using Answer Selected Answer:
d.
hazard ratio Correct Answer:
d.
hazard ratio •
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
The sum of the number of years of observation in each individual in the study. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Person years
Correct Answer:
a.
Person years •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
A form of migration bias occurs when patients move from one group to another in the cohort during follow-up is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
crossover bias Correct Answer:
b.
crossover bias •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
K-M survival curves that have many small steps usually have a limited number of participating subjects, whereas curves with large steps usually have a higher number of subjects and are thus not as accurate. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements about Cox Proportional Hazards are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
e.
none of the above Correct Answer:
e.
none of the above •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Data are analyzed and results presented according to subgroups of patients of similar characteristics. This approach is called Answer Selected Answer:
c.
stratification Correct Answer:
c.
stratification •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Applying results from referral centers to community practice would result in falsely underestimating the likelihood of recurrent seizures. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients who have return of disease after a disease-free interval is known as Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Recurence Correct Answer:
d.
Recurence •
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients with disease who die of it. Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Case fatality Correct Answer:
e.
Case fatality •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Prediction of the future course of disease following its onset is called Answer Selected Answer:
d.
prognosis Correct Answer:
d.
prognosis •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
External validity of a cohort study is limited with Answer Selected Answer:
d.
restriction
Correct Answer:
d.
restriction •
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Multivariable analysis is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Percent of patients showing some evidence of improvement following an intervention. Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Response Correct Answer:
d.
Response •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
A bias occurs when patients selected for study are systematically different from those the results are generalized to is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Sampling bias Correct Answer:
b.
Sampling bias •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Measurement bias is possible when Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup. d.
patients in one subgroup of a cohort stand a better chance of having their outcomes detected than those in another subgroup.
•
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Two rates can be compared without bias related to extraneous factor if they are adjusted to equalize the weight given to the factor. This process is called Answer Selected Answer:
b.
standardization Correct Answer:
b.
standardization •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The best way to balance all extraneous variables between groups is Answer Selected Answer:
a.
randomization Correct Answer:
a.
randomization •
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
All the following are prognostic factors for myocardial infarction except Answer Selected Answer:
c.
LDL/HDL Correct Answer:
c.
LDL/HDL •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
In 2002, a land mark study has showed hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women. How will this impact the incidence and case-fatality rate from breast cancer in the US? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. A decrease of beast incidence d. A decrease of beast incidence
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
All the following ways of dealing with extraneous differences between groups
do not deal with risk or prognostic factors that are not known at the time of the study except: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Randomization Correct Answer:
b.
Randomization •
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
In calculating case fatality rate, the denominator is the total population in the study. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
When important data are not available, it is possible to estimate their potential effects on the study using Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Sensitivity analysis Correct Answer:
b.
Sensitivity analysis •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time a.
Randomization is the only feasible way of dealing with many variables at one time
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Matching can account for many variables at a time. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
!
False
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for testing for Interaction. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Clinical trial randomization of study subjects is performed to reduce the influence of Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Selection bias Correct Answer:
c.
Selection bias •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Parallel designs only employ randomized control groups Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Pre–post designs with no control group is the most commonly encountered quasi-experimental designs. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Intention-to-treat analysis entails analyzing the results without regard to subject compliance. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
•
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of pre and post designs except Answer Selected Answer:
d.
No history bias Correct Answer:
d.
No history bias •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
All the following are true in a randomized control trial (RCT) except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. Baseline characteristics of intervention and control groups should be similar a. The sample size required depends on the hypothesis
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
An advantage of analysis by "intention to treat" is that Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or not they are actually taken d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or not they are actually taken
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
In clinical trials with parallel groups, random allocation guarantees that the groups will be similar. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
Observational studies of treatment effects are likely to have all of the following advantages over randomized controlled trials except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except for treatment itself a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except for treatment itself
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of parallel designs with historical control except Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Eliminate time trend differences Correct Answer:
e.
Eliminate time trend differences •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for Answer Selected Answer:
c.
a or b Correct Answer:
c.
a or b •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Randomized controlled trials are observation studies because study arms are observed for outcomes. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
All the following statements about parallel design are true except: Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
e.
Each subject is randomized to one and only one treatment. d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small compared to the inter-patients variability
Question 15 0 out of 4 points
All the following studies are observational except: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
case-control Correct Answer:
d.
quasi-experimental •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Compared to RCT, in quasi-experimental design Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Both A and B are true Correct Answer:
c.
Both A and B are true •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
A weakness of randomized controlled trials is that they are prone to misclassification of exposure status. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
As heterogeneity is restricted, the internal validity of the study is improved. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
Always analyze the results of the subjects according to the group they were randomized to. This method is known as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
blinded analysis Correct Answer:
c.
intention to treat •
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Incomplete follow-up in clinical trials Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Will always bias results but direction unclear Correct Answer:
•
b. May be a cause of bias
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Total number of phases in clinical trials Answer Selected Answer:
d.
5 Correct Answer:
d.
5
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
In a hospital-based clinical trial of the management of paranoid schizophrenia, relief of symptoms in patients treated with a new drug is compared with symptom relief among patients previously treated with a standard drug. Which of the following may bias the analysis of the relative benefits of the new and standard drugs? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b.
Changes over time in the methods used to assess symptom relief d.
All of the above •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Quasi experimental study design can also be used in situations where there are practical or ethical barriers to conducting a true RCT. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
A clinical trial phase where investigators initially evaluate how well the treatment works Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Phase II Correct Answer:
a.
Phase II •
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
Parallel designs are good if the intra-subjects variability relatively small compared to the inter-subjects variability. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True False
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
When participants are repeatedly observed using the same ‘test’, there is a possibility of learning effect and this could lead to Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Testing bias Correct Answer:
b.
Testing bias •
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
In a randomized controlled trial, a beta-blocker drug is found to be more effective than placebo for stage fright. Participants taking the beta-blocker tended to have a lower pulse rate and to feel more lethargic, which are known effects of this drug. In this situation, blinding is possible for which of the following: Answer Selected Answer:
d.
A and B Correct Answer:
c.
The investigators who assess outcome •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Researchers want to assess if there is an association between cigarette smoking and strokes. Of the following, which is the best study design to assess for this association? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Prospective cohort study Correct Answer:
b.
Prospective cohort study •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
There is generally an increased threat to the internal and external validity of quasi-experimental study compared to a randomized controlled trial. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
What is the key difference between an observational study and an experiment? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive any intervention designed to influence their responses. d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive any intervention designed to influence their responses.
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements about parallel design are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small compared to the inter-patients variability d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small compared to the inter-patients variability
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
A design that is particularly relevant in situations where researchers are reluctant to deprive any subject of the intervention. Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. Parallel with wait-List Control d. Parallel with wait-List Control
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Parallel designs only employ randomized control groups Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
Observational studies of treatment effects are likely to have all of the following advantages over randomized controlled trials except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except for treatment itself a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except for treatment itself
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Evaluation of efficacy and detection of rare or long-term adverse effects are achieved using Answer Selected Answer:
e.
phase IV trials Correct Answer:
e.
phase IV trials •
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
In a randomized controlled trial, a beta-blocker drug is found to be more effective than placebo for stage fright. Participants taking the beta-blocker tended to have a lower pulse rate and to feel more lethargic, which are known effects of this drug. In this situation, blinding is possible for which of the following: Answer Selected Answer:
c.
The investigators who assess outcome Correct Answer:
c.
The investigators who assess outcome
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Rigorous clinical trials, with proper attention to bias and chance, can be done with individual patients, one at a time. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Total number of phases in clinical trials Answer Selected Answer:
d.
5 Correct Answer:
d.
5 •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Investigators know the assignments of subjects in a randomized controlled trial. What might be done to help avoid random (non-differential) misclassification of outcomes in the trial? Select the best answer. Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
e. Ask a blinded outcome assessment committee to assess outcomes. e. Ask a blinded outcome assessment committee to assess outcomes.
Question 10 0 out of 4 points
Quasi-experimental studies are threatened by which of the following biases Answer Selected Answer:
d.
History bias Correct Answer:
e.
All of the above
Question 11 0 out of 4 points
A trial that provides preliminary information on whether the drug is efficacious and the relationship between dose and efficacy is Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Phase I trial Correct Answer:
d.
Phase II trial •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of interrupted time series design except: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Few data points are needed Correct Answer:
a.
Few data points are needed •
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
All the followings are advantages of the before and after designs except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
Many characteristics of study population are identical in both phases b.
No secular trends
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of interrupted time series except Answer Selected Answer:
c.
No history bias Correct Answer:
c.
No history bias
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
In a hospital-based clinical trial of the management of paranoid schizophrenia, relief of symptoms in patients treated with a new drug is compared with symptom relief among patients previously treated with a standard drug. Which of the following may bias the analysis of the relative benefits of the new and standard drugs? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
All of the above Correct Answer:
d.
All of the above •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for Answer Selected Answer:
c.
a or b Correct Answer:
c.
a or b •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
In clinical trials with parallel groups, random allocation guarantees that the groups will be similar. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Selection and attrition bias are the main disadvantages of interrupted time series design. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
The gold standard for evaluating innovation in health care is Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Randomized controlled trial Correct Answer:
a.
Randomized controlled trial •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Restricted Randomization includes Answer Selected Answer:
d.
All of the above Correct Answer:
d.
All of the above •
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Pre–post designs with no control group is the most commonly encountered quasi-experimental designs. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
A disadvantage of cross-over design Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Carry over effects when occur are difficult to detect Correct Answer:
e.
Carry over effects when occur are difficult to detect
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Randomized controlled trials are observation studies because study arms are observed for outcomes. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Always analyze the results of the subjects according to the group they were randomized to. This method is known as Answer Selected Answer:
c.
intention to treat Correct Answer:
c.
intention to treat •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
A treatment that is effective on the average is guaranteed to work on an individual patients. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of pre and post designs except Answer Selected Answer:
a.
No history bias Correct Answer:
a.
No history bias
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
A trial to identify a dose range that is well tolerated and safe and includes very small number of patients without a control group is Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Phase II trial Correct Answer:
e.
Phase I trial •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
In parallel design, the treatment group is compared to Answer Selected Answer:
d.
a or b or c Correct Answer:
d.
a or b or c •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
Researchers want to assess if there is an association between cigarette smoking and strokes. Of the following, which is the best study design to assess for this association? Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Prospective cohort study Correct Answer:
e.
Prospective cohort study •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
All the following for eligibility criteria are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Guaranteed benefit Correct Answer:
a.
Guaranteed benefit
!
! Question!1!! 4!out!of!4!points! !
Clinical!trial!randomization!of!study!subjects!is!performed!to!reduce!the! influence!of! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Selection!bias!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Selection!bias!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!2!! 4!out!of!4!points! !What!is!the!key!difference!between!an!observational!study!and!an! experiment?! Answer!! Selected! Answer:!
!c.!!! In!observational!studies,!subjects!do!not!receive!any! intervention!designed!to!influence!their!responses.!
Correct! Answer:!
!c.!!! In!observational!studies,!subjects!do!not!receive!any! intervention!designed!to!influence!their!responses.!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!3!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!studies!are!observational!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! quasiJexperimental!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! quasiJexperimental!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!4!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!biases!are!threat!to!pre!and!post!designs!except! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Selection!bias!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Selection!bias!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!5!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Crossover!design!is!less!efficient!than!parallel!design.! Answer!! !
!!!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!6!! 0!out!of!4!points! !It!is!difficult!to!perform!intentionJtoJtreat!analyses!with!randomized! controlled!trials.!! Answer!!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!7!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!clinical!trial!phase!where!investigators!conduct!a!full!scale!evaluation!of! treatment! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Phase!III!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Phase!III!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!8!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Investigators!know!the!assignments!of!subjects!in!a!randomized!controlled! trial.!What!might!be!done!to!help!avoid!random!(nonJdifferential)! misclassification!of!outcomes!in!the!trial?!Select!the!best!answer.!! !!! Answer!! Selected! Answer:!
!b.!!! Ask!a!blinded!outcome!assessment!committee!to!assess! outcomes.!!
Correct! Answer:!
!b.!!! Ask!a!blinded!outcome!assessment!committee!to!assess! outcomes.!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!9!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Selection!and!attrition!bias!are!the!main!disadvantages!of!interrupted!time! series!design.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!10!! 4!out!of!4!points! !
!!!
!
!
!
!!!
There!is!generally!an!increased!threat!to!the!internal!and!external!validity!of! quasiJexperimental!study!compared!to!a!randomized!controlled!trial.! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!11!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Compared!to!RCT,!in!quasiJexperimental!design! Answer!! !
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Both!A!and!B!are!true!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Both!A!and!B!are!true!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!12!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!for!eligibility!criteria!are!true!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Guaranteed!benefit!!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Guaranteed!benefit!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!13!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!gold!standard!for!evaluating!innovation!in!health!care!is! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Randomized!controlled!trial!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Randomized!controlled!trial!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!14!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!number!of!subjects!needed!for!phase!III!clinical!trial!is!usually!between! Answer!! !!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! 100!and!3000!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! 100!and!3000!
!
!
Question!15!!
!!!
!
4!out!of!4!points! !Quasi!experimental!study!design!can!also!be!used!in!situations!where!there! are!practical!or!ethical!barriers!to!conducting!a!true!RCT.!! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!16!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Factorial!design!is!suitable!for! Answer!! !
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! a!or!b!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! a!or!b!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!17!! 0!out!of!4!points! !In!a!hospitalJbased!clinical!trial!of!the!management!of!paranoid! schizophrenia,!relief!of!symptoms!in!patients!treated!with!a!new!drug!is! compared!with!symptom!relief!among!patients!previously!treated!with!a! standard!drug.!Which!of!the!following!!may!bias!the!analysis!of!the!relative! benefits!of!the!new!and!standard!drugs?! Answer!! !
Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! None!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! All!of!the!above!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!18!! 0!out!of!4!points! !The!main!advantage!of!randomization!! Answer!! Selected! Answer:!
!a.!!! Makes!balance!with!respect!to!known!and!unknown! baseline!confounders!unlikely!
Correct! Answer:!
!d.!!! Assures!generalizability!of!results!to!a!wider!group!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!19!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Phase!II!trials!are!used!to!determine!a!safe!dose!! Answer!! !
!!!
Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!!!
!
!
Question!20!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!statements!about!phase!II!trials!are!true!except:!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Usually!recruit!mor!than!100!subjects!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Usually!recruit!mor!than!100!subjects!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!21!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!clinical!trial!phase!where!investigators!initially!evaluate!how!well!the! treatment!works!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Phase!II!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Phase!II!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!22!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Blocking!ensures!close!balance!of!the!numbers!in!each!group!at!all!times! during!trial.!!! Answer!!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! !!! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!23!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Evaluation!of!efficacy!and!detection!of!rare!or!longJterm!adverse!effects!are! achieved!using! !!! Answer!! !
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! phase!IV!trials!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! phase!IV!trials!
!
!
Question!24!!
!!!
!
4!out!of!4!points! !A!design!that!is!particularly!relevant!in!situations!where!researchers!are! reluctant!to!deprive!any!subject!of!the!intervention.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!25!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!followings!are!advantages!of!the!before!and!after!designs!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! No!secular!trends!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! No!secular!trends!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!26!! 4!out!of!4!points! !QuasiJexperimental!studies!are!threatened!by!which!of!the!following!biases!! Answer!! !!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! All!of!the!above!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! All!of!the!above!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!27!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Parallel!designs!are!good!if!the!intraJsubjects!variability!relatively!small! compared!to!the!interJsubjects!variability.!!! Answer!!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! !!! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!28!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Pre–post!designs!with!no!control!group!is!the!most!commonly!encountered! quasiJexperimental!designs.!!!! !!! Answer!! !
!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False!
!
!
!!!
!
Question!29!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!statements!about!parallel!design!are!true!except:! Answer!! Selected! Answer:!
!d.!!! Good!if!the!intraJpatients!variability!is!relatively!small! compared!to!the!interJpatients!variability!
Correct! Answer:!
!d.!!! Good!if!the!intraJpatients!variability!is!relatively!small! compared!to!the!interJpatients!variability!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!30!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Bias!due!to!differences!in!reporting!of!symptoms!between!treatment!groups! Answer!! !!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! Information!bias!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! Information!bias!
!
!!!
!
!
! ! Question!1!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!are!advantages!of!interrupted!time!series!design!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Few!data!points!are!needed!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Few!data!points!are!needed!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!2!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Which!the!following!actions!are!most!likely!to!preserve!the!benefit!of!initial! randomization!in!a!clinical!trial!comparing!different!weight!loss!programs?! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Blinding!of!the!clinicians!who!evaluate!weight!loss!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Blinding!of!the!clinicians!who!evaluate!weight!loss!
!
!
!
Question!3!! 4!out!of!4!points! !
!!!
Why!is!randomization!important!to!assignment!in!a!randomized!clinical! trial?! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!and!c!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!and!c!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!4!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Preclinical!animal!studies!are!known!as!phase!0!studies!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! True!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!5!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!treatment!that!is!effective!on!the!average!is!guaranteed!to!work!on!an! individual!patients.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!6!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!following!are!true!in!a!randomized!control!trial!(RCT)!except:! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! The!sample!size!required!depends!on!the!hypothesis!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! The!sample!size!required!depends!on!the!hypothesis!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!7!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Compared!to!parallel!design,!power!of!simple!comparison!may!be!greater! with!factorial!design.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!8!! 4!out!of!4!points!
!!!
!
!
!!!
!
!Data!and!safety!monitoring!board!deals!only!with!current!study!participants!!! Answer!! !!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!9!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!trial!to!identify!a!dose!range!that!is!well!tolerated!and!safe!and!includes! very!small!number!of!patients!without!a!control!group!is!! Answer!! !
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! Phase!I!trial!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! Phase!I!trial!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!10!! 4!out!of!4!points! !An!advantage!of!analysis!by!"intention!to!treat"!is!that!It!is!not!affected!by! patients!dropping!out!of!the!study.!!!! Answer!!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! !!! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!11!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Always!analyze!the!results!of!the!subjects!according!to!the!group!they!were! randomized!to.!This!type!of!analysis!is!known!as! !!! Answer!! !
!
!
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! Intention!to!treat!analysis!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! Intention!to!treat!analysis!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!12!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Phase!II!trials!are!used!to!determine!a!safe!dose!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! False!
!!!
!
!
Question!13!!
!!!
!
4!out!of!4!points! !People!have!a!tendency!to!change!their!behavior!when!they!are!the!target!of! special!interest!and!attention!in!a!study,!regardless!of!the!specific!nature!of! the!intervention!they!might!be!receiving.!This!phenomenon!is!called! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Hawthorne!effect!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Hawthorne!effect!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!14!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Evaluation!of!efficacy!and!detection!of!rare!or!longJterm!adverse!effects!are! achieved!using! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! phase!IV!trials!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! phase!IV!trials!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!15!! 4!out!of!4!points! !All!the!followings!are!advantages!of!the!before!and!after!designs!except:! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! No!secular!trends!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! No!secular!trends!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!16!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Parallel!designs!are!good!if!the!intraJsubjects!variability!relatively!small! compared!to!the!interJsubjects!variability.!!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !False! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!17!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Trials!that!compare!efficacy!of!the!new!treatment!with!the!standard! treatment!are!! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!
!c.!!! phase!III!
Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! phase!III!
!!!
!
!
Question!18!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!disadvantage!of!crossJover!design!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!e.!!! Carry!over!effects!when!occur!are!difficult!to!detect!
Correct!Answer:!
!e.!!! Carry!over!effects!when!occur!are!difficult!to!detect!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!19!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Total!number!of!phases!in!clinical!trials! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
5!
!!!
!d.!!!
!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!!
!!!
5! !
!
Question!20!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Researchers!want!to!assess!if!there!is!an!association!between!cigarette! smoking!and!strokes.!Of!the!following,!which!is!the!best!study!design!to! assess!for!this!association?!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Prospective!cohort!study!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Prospective!cohort!study!!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!21!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Quasi!experimental!study!design!can!also!be!used!in!situations!where!there! are!practical!or!ethical!barriers!to!conducting!a!true!RCT.!! !!! Answer!! !
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!22!!
!!!
!
4!out!of!4!points! !There!is!generally!an!increased!threat!to!the!internal!and!external!validity!of! quasiJexperimental!study!compared!to!a!randomized!controlled!trial.! !!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!23!! 4!out!of!4!points! !IntentionJtoJtreat!analysis!entails!analyzing!the!results!without!regard!to! subject!compliance.!!! Answer!! !
!!!
!
!
Selected!Answer:!! !True! Correct!Answer:!! !True! Question!24!! 0!out!of!4!points! !Researchers!want!to!assess!if!there!is!an!association!between!cocaine!use! and!congestive!heart!failure.!Select!the!correct!statement:!! Answer!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
!!!
Selected! Answer:!
!a.!!! The!researchers!should!be!concerned!about!recall!bias!if!they! choose!to!perform!a!retrospective!cohort!study.!!
Correct! Answer:!
!!! !e.!!! The!researchers!should!be!concerned!about!reporting!bias!if! they!conduct!a!case!control!study.!!
!
!
!
Question!25!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!weakness!of!randomized!controlled!trials!is!that!they!are!prone!to! misclassification!of!exposure!status.!! Answer!!
!!!
Selected!Answer:!! !False! !!! Correct!Answer:!! !False! Question!26!! 4!out!of!4!points! !Always!analyze!the!results!of!the!subjects!according!to!the!group!they!were! randomized!to.!This!method!is!known!as!! !!! Answer!! !
!
!
!
Selected!Answer:! Correct!Answer:!
!c.!!! intention!to!treat! !c.!!!
!!!
intention!to!treat! !
!
Question!27!! 4!out!of!4!points! !The!number!of!subjects!needed!for!phase!I!clinical!trial!is!between! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! 20!and!80!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! 20!and!80!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!28!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!design!used!to!test!for!Interaction!! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!b.!!! Factorial!!!
Correct!Answer:!
!b.!!! Factorial!!!
!!!
!
!!!
!
!
Question!29!! 4!out!of!4!points! !A!design!that!is!particularly!relevant!in!situations!where!researchers!are! reluctant!to!deprive!any!subject!of!the!intervention.! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!a.!!! Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
Correct!Answer:!
!a.!!! Parallel!with!waitJList!Control!
!
!!!
!!!
!
!
Question!30!! 4!out!of!4!points! !In!parallel!design,!the!treatment!group!is!compared!to! Answer!! Selected!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!or!b!or!c!
Correct!Answer:!
!d.!!! a!or!b!or!c!
!!!
!
!
Thursday,!March!14,!2013!7:42:04!PM!EDT! OK!! !
!!!
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for testing for Interaction. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Clinical trial randomization of study subjects is performed to reduce the influence of Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Selection bias Correct Answer:
c.
Selection bias •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Parallel designs only employ randomized control groups Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Pre–post designs with no control group is the most commonly encountered quasi-experimental designs. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Intention-to-treat analysis entails analyzing the results without regard to subject compliance. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
•
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of pre and post designs except Answer Selected Answer:
d.
No history bias Correct Answer:
d.
No history bias •
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
All the following are true in a randomized control trial (RCT) except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. Baseline characteristics of intervention and control groups should be similar a. The sample size required depends on the hypothesis
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
An advantage of analysis by "intention to treat" is that Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or not they are actually taken d.
It describes the consequences of offering treatments whether or not they are actually taken
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
In clinical trials with parallel groups, random allocation guarantees that the groups will be similar. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
Observational studies of treatment effects are likely to have all of the following advantages over randomized controlled trials except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except for treatment itself a.
Treatment groups would have had a similar prognosis except for treatment itself
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
All the following are advantages of parallel designs with historical control except Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Eliminate time trend differences Correct Answer:
e.
Eliminate time trend differences •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Factorial design is suitable for Answer Selected Answer:
c.
a or b Correct Answer:
c.
a or b •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Randomized controlled trials are observation studies because study arms are observed for outcomes. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 14 0 out of 4 points
All the following statements about parallel design are true except: Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
e.
Each subject is randomized to one and only one treatment. d.
Good if the intra-patients variability is relatively small compared to the inter-patients variability
Question 15 0 out of 4 points
All the following studies are observational except: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
case-control Correct Answer:
d.
quasi-experimental •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Compared to RCT, in quasi-experimental design Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Both A and B are true Correct Answer:
c.
Both A and B are true •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
A weakness of randomized controlled trials is that they are prone to misclassification of exposure status. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
As heterogeneity is restricted, the internal validity of the study is improved. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
Always analyze the results of the subjects according to the group they were randomized to. This method is known as Answer Selected Answer:
b.
blinded analysis Correct Answer:
c.
intention to treat •
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Incomplete follow-up in clinical trials Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Will always bias results but direction unclear Correct Answer:
•
b. May be a cause of bias
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Total number of phases in clinical trials Answer Selected Answer:
d.
5 Correct Answer:
d.
5
Question 22 0 out of 4 points
In a hospital-based clinical trial of the management of paranoid schizophrenia, relief of symptoms in patients treated with a new drug is compared with symptom relief among patients previously treated with a standard drug. Which of the following may bias the analysis of the relative benefits of the new and standard drugs? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b.
Changes over time in the methods used to assess symptom relief d.
All of the above •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Quasi experimental study design can also be used in situations where there are practical or ethical barriers to conducting a true RCT. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
A clinical trial phase where investigators initially evaluate how well the treatment works Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Phase II Correct Answer:
a.
Phase II •
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
Parallel designs are good if the intra-subjects variability relatively small compared to the inter-subjects variability. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True False
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
When participants are repeatedly observed using the same ‘test’, there is a possibility of learning effect and this could lead to Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Testing bias Correct Answer:
b.
Testing bias •
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
In a randomized controlled trial, a beta-blocker drug is found to be more effective than placebo for stage fright. Participants taking the beta-blocker tended to have a lower pulse rate and to feel more lethargic, which are known effects of this drug. In this situation, blinding is possible for which of the following: Answer Selected Answer:
d.
A and B Correct Answer:
c.
The investigators who assess outcome •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Researchers want to assess if there is an association between cigarette smoking and strokes. Of the following, which is the best study design to assess for this association? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Prospective cohort study Correct Answer:
b.
Prospective cohort study •
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
There is generally an increased threat to the internal and external validity of quasi-experimental study compared to a randomized controlled trial. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
What is the key difference between an observational study and an experiment? Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
!
d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive any intervention designed to influence their responses. d.
In observational studies, subjects do not receive any intervention designed to influence their responses.
Question)1)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures) were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)a)comparatively)small)increase)in)risk)of)CHD,)associated)with) smoking,)results)in)a)large)number)of)deaths.))) ))) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:))
)))
)True)
)
Question)2)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)A)high)blood)pressure)today)is)a)poor)predictor)of)its)future)rate)of)rise.)) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
)
Correct)Answer:))
)))
)False)
)
Question)3)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
Exposure)
))))))))))))))))Outcome)
Total)
Yes)
No)
Yes)
80)
20)
100)
No)
50)
50)
100)
Total)
130)
70)
200)
)
The)odds)ratio=) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) 4)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)e.))) 4)
)
Question)4)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
Smoke)
))Yes)
))No)
Total)
Yes)
30)
)))70)
100)
No)
30)
)270)
300)
Total)
60)
)240)
400)
)))
Risk)among)smokers)) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) 0.3)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
0.3) )
Question)5)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
) In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures) were)14)and)209,)respectively.)Therefore)for)an)individual,)smoking)was)much)more)likely)to) result)in)death)from)lung)cancer)than)from)CHD.)) ))) Answer))
Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:))
)False)
)))
)
Question)6)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
) For)a)heavy)smoker,)the)probability)of)getting)lung)cancer)in)the)next)10)years)is)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )b.))) 15%)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
10%) )
Question)7)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)excess)incidence)of)disease)in)a)community)that)is)associated)with)a)risk)factor)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )a.))) population)attributable)risk))
)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
population)attributable)risk)) )
Question)8)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Cohort)study)establishes)time)sequence)for)causality) )
Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) True)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
True) )
Question)9)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Just)because)risk)factors)predict)disease,)it)does)not)necessarily)follow)that)they)cause)disease.) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )a.))) True)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
True) )
Question)10)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)A)heavy)smoker)has)at)least)a)hundred)fold)greater)risk)of)lung)cancer)compared)to) nonsmokers.) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)11)) 4)out)of)4)points) ) )
)In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures) ))) were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)smoking)is)associated)with)a)larger)attributable)risk)for)CHD)
than)for)lung)cancer.))) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)12)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)All)the)followings)are)disadvantages)of)crossBsectional)studies)except) Answer)) Selected) Answer:) )
Correct) Answer:)
))) )a.))) Difficult)to)separate)cause)from)effect,)because)measurement)of)exposure)and) disease)is)conducted)at)the)same)time.)) )b.)))
)))
Always)less)generalizable)than)cohort)due)to)the)use)of)populationBbased) samples,)instead)of)convenient)samples.))
)
Question)13)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)In)the)investigation)of)an)epidemic)of)a)fatal)disease)such)as)SARS,)the)most)appropriate) measure)to)describe)the)frequency)of)death)from)the)disease)is)the:) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) Mortality)rate)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) CaseBfatality)rate)
)
Question)14))
)))
4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)Exposure)
))))))))))))))))Outcome)
)Total)
Yes)
No)
Yes)
80)
20)
100)
No)
50)
50)
100)
Total)
130)
70)
200)
)))
Relative)Risk=) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) 1.6)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
1.6) )
Question)15)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Consider)a)study)of)1000)people)in)which)500)are)treated)with)a)new)drug)and)500)are)treated) with)placebo.)If)5)in)the)treatment)group)(1%))and)10)in)the)placebo)group)(2%))have)heart) attacks,)the)relative)risk)of)heart)attack)with)treatment)would)be)
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.)))
)
0.5)) Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) 0.5))
)
Question)16)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)))
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
)
))Yes)
)
))No)
Smoke)
Total)
Yes)
))10)
)))90)
100)
No)
)))5)
)))95)
100)
Total)
)15)
)185)
200)
)))
Risk)among)smokers=) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)))) 0.1)
Correct)Answer:)
))))
)))
0.1) )
Question)17)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)strength)of)an)association)between)exposure)and)disease)is)best)measured)by)the:) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )e.))) Relative)risk)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
Relative)risk) )
Question)18)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Measure)of)the)potential)for)prevention)of)disease)if)the)exposure)could)be)eliminated)) )
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) attributable)rsk)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
attributable)rsk) )
Question)19)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Which)of)the)following)study)design)(s))can)be)done)on)a)sample)of)the)population?) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )e.))) Both)c)&)d)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
Both)c)&)d) )
Question)20)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)Measures)of)absolute,)attributable,)and)relative)risks)are)less)frequently)encountered)in)the) clinical)literature)than)are)measures)of)population)risk.)) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:))
)False)
)))
)
Question)21)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Most)studies)of)risk)are)observational)studies)and)are)either)crossBsectional)or)case)series)) )
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) False)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.)))
)))
False) )
Question)22)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures) were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)smoking)has)a)much)stronger)association)with)CHD)than)lung) cancer.)))) ))) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:))
)False)
)))
)
Question)23)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
) All)the)following)statements)are)true)except) Answer)) Selected) Answer:) )
Correct) Answer:)
)
Question)24))
))) )b.))) Knowledge)of)risk)factors)can)be)used)to)improve)the)efficiency)of)screening) programs.) )c.))) If)a)risk)factor)is)a)cause)of)a)disease),)removing)it)is)not)necessary)to)prevent) the)disease.)
)))
0)out)of)4)points) )
)I.)Exposure)measured)before)the)development)of)disease)II.)Exposure)measured,)reconstructed,) or)recollected)after)development)of)disease)III.)Exposure)measured,)at)the)same)time)as) disease.)In)cohort)studies)exposure)assessment)is)true)for))
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.)))
)
I)&)II) Correct)Answer:)
)))
)a.))) I))
)
Question)25)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
)
))Yes)
)
))No)
Smoke)
Total)
Yes)
))10)
)))90)
100)
No)
)))5)
)))95)
100)
Total)
)15)
)185)
200)
)))
Risk)among)nonsmokers=) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) 0.05)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.))) 0.05)
)
Question)26))
)))
4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)excess)incidence)of)disease)in)a)community)that)is)associated)with)a)risk)factor)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )a.))) population)attributable)risk))
)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.)))
)))
population)attributable)risk)) )
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)If)we)assume)that)the)relative)risk)reduction)associated)with)statin)treatment)is)33%,)in)patients) with)an)initial)risk)of)30%)the)absolute)risk)will)be)reduced)from)30%)to) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) 20%)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.)))
)))
20%) )
Question)28)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)Researchers)are)interested)in)assessing)a)possible)association)between)a)rare)exposure)and)a) reduction)of)bone)mineral)density.)The)best)study)design)to)assess)this)possible)association)is:)) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) a)case)control)study))
)))
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) a)prospective)cohort)study))
)
Question)29)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Relative)risk)is)the)basic)expression)of)risk.)) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
)
Correct)Answer:))
)False)
)))
)
Question)30)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)All)the)followings)are)strengths)of)cohort)studies)except) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) Can)measure)multiple)exposures)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
Can)measure)multiple)exposures) )
•
Question 1 0 out of 4 points
For absolute risk reduction of 5%, the NNT is Answer Selected Answer:
c.
20 Correct Answer:
c.
20
Question 2 0 out of 4 points
Researchers are interested in assessing a possible association between statin and a rare disease. The best study design to assess this possible association is: Answer Selected Answer:
d.
a prospective cohort study Correct Answer:
e.
a case control study •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Yes No Smoke Yes No Total Risk among nonsmokers=
10 5 15
90 95 185
Total 100 100 200
Answer Selected Answer:
a.
0.05 Correct Answer:
a.
0.05 • •
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
The basic expression of risk is Answer Selected Answer:
d.
prevalence Correct Answer:
c.
incidence
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total
Develop CHD Yes No 30 70 30 270 60 240
Total 100 300 400
Risk among smokers Answer Selected Answer:
b.
0.3 Correct Answer:
b.
0.3 •
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. So, smoking has a much stronger association with CHD than lung cancer. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
False
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total Risk difference= Answer Selected Answer:
d.
0.15 Correct Answer:
e.
0.2
Develop CHD Yes No 30 70 30 270 60 240
Total 100 300 400
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total
Develop CHD Yes No 50 50 20 280 70 230
Total 100 300 400
Attibutable Risk Percent (AR%)= Answer Selected Answer:
d.
60% Correct Answer:
d.
60% •
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
A study reported the association between obesity and colon cancer morbidity as determined from review of medical records and death certificates in a nationally representative cohort of men and women age 25-74 years who participated in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1971 to 1975 and were subsequently followed up through 1992. Which research design has been used in this study? Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Prospective cohort Correct Answer:
b.
Prospective cohort Question 10 4 out of 4 points
All the followings are strengths of cohort studies except Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Provides incidence data Correct Answer:
a.
Can study rare outcomes
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. Therefore for an individual, smoking was much more likely to result in death from lung cancer than from CHD. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Cohort study establishes time sequence for causality Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Risk cannot be estimated directly from a case–control study. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
What research design is used for patient survey research? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
cross sectional study Correct Answer:
d.
cross sectional study
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
RR is basically Answer Selected Answer:
c.
Relative Risk Correct Answer:
c.
Relative Risk •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Smoke Yes No Yes 10 90 No 15 285 Total 25 375 Incidence of CHD among nonsmokers
Total 100 300 400
Answer Selected Answer:
d.
50 per 1000 Correct Answer:
d.
50 per 1000 •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Exposure Yes 80 50 130
Yes No Total The odds ratio= Answer Selected Answer:
c.
4 Correct Answer:
c.
4
Outcome No 20 50 70
Total 100 100 200
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Uses of risk Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above •
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Smoke Yes No Yes 10 90 No 15 285 Total 25 375 Incidence of CHD among smokers
Total 100 300 400
Answer Selected Answer:
a.
100 per 1000 Correct Answer:
a.
100 per 1000 •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total Risk among nonsmokers Answer Selected Answer:
a.
0.1 Correct Answer:
a.
0.1
Develop CHD Yes No 30 70 30 270 60 240
Total 100 300 400
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
The additional risk of disease following Exposure, over and above that experienced by people who are not exposed is called Answer Selected Answer:
c.
attributable risk Correct Answer:
c.
attributable risk •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points Consider a study of 1000 people in which 500 are treated with a new drug and 500 are treated with placebo. If 5 in the treatment group (1%) and 10 in the placebo group (2%) have heart attacks, the relative risk of heart attack with treatment would be Answer Selected Answer:
c.
0.5 Correct Answer:
c.
0.5 •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Measures of absolute, attributable, and relative risks are less frequently encountered in the clinical literature than are measures of population risk. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 24 0 out of 4 points
The prevalence of a disease at a point in time is a function of Answer Selected Answer:
e.
A&C Correct Answer:
d.
a and b
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
When data are combined from smaller studies into a larger sample size, which can then be statistically evaluated in a more robust fashion than the smaller samples, the following term is applied Answer Selected Answer:
d.
meta-analysis Correct Answer:
d.
meta-analysis •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
All the following statements are true except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease. a.
If a risk factor is a cause of a disease , removing it is not necessary to prevent the disease.
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
For absolute risk reduction of 1%, the NNT is Answer Selected Answer:
b.
100 Correct Answer:
b.
100 •
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Measure of the potential for prevention of disease if the exposure could be eliminated Answer Selected Answer:
a.
attributable rsk Correct Answer:
a.
attributable rsk
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
In a series of 1000 women with breast cancer, 32 were pregnant. From this we can conclude: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were pregnant c.
In this particular series of women with breast cancer, 3.2% were pregnant •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Researchers are interested in assessing a possible association between a rare exposure and a reduction of bone mineral density. The best study design to assess this possible association is: Answer Selected Answer:
a.
a prospective cohort study Correct Answer:
a.
a prospective cohort study •
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has an overall incidence rates in the US of less than one tenth of that of lung cancer. Yet the prevalence rate of MS is much higher than that of lung cancer. Possible explanation is Answer Selected Answer:
b.
duration of lung cancer is shorter than multiple sclerosis Correct Answer:
b.
duration of lung cancer is shorter than multiple sclerosis
Question 2 0 out of 4 points
Incidence studies are also called Answer Selected Answer:
a.
prospective studies Correct Answer:
e.
a and b •
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
The incidence of the disease among the unexposed group is 5 per 1000. The relative risk of the disease is 5. What is the incidence of the disease among the unexposed? Answer Selected Answer:
d.
25 per thousand Correct Answer:
d.
25 per thousand •
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Smoke Yes No Yes 10 90 No 15 285 Total 25 375 Incidence of CHD among smokers Answer Selected Answer:
c.
100 per 1000 Correct Answer:
c.
100 per 1000
Total 100 300 400
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
Exposure Yes 80 50 130
Yes No Total The odds ratio=
Outcome No 20 50 70
Total 100 100 200
Answer Selected Answer:
a.
4 Correct Answer:
a.
4 •
Question 6 0 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. For lung cancer the figures were 14 and 209, respectively. So, a comparatively small increase in risk of CHD, associated with smoking, results in a large number of deaths. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
•
True
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total
Develop CHD Yes No 50 50 20 280 70 230
Attibutable Risk Percent (AR%)= Answer Selected Answer:
a.
60% Correct Answer:
a.
60%
Total 100 300 400
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
In the investigation of an epidemic of a fatal disease such as SARS, the most appropriate measure to describe the frequency of death from the disease is the: Answer Selected Answer:
b.
Case-fatality rate Correct Answer:
b.
Case-fatality rate •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Exposure Yes 80 50 130
Yes No Total Relative Risk=
Outcome No 20 50 70
Total 100 100 200
Answer Selected Answer:
a.
1.6 Correct Answer:
a.
1.6 •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
Most studies of risk are observational studies and are either cross-sectional or case series Answer Selected Answer:
b.
False Correct Answer:
b.
False
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
I. Exposure measured before the development of disease II. Exposure measured, reconstructed, or recollected after development of disease III. Exposure measured, at the same time as disease In cross-sectional studies exposure assessment is true for Answer Selected Answer:
c.
III Correct Answer:
c.
III •
Question 12 0 out of 4 points
In the British doctors study, over 40 years of follow up, the annual mortality rate from CHD was 572 per 100 000 in non-smokers, and 892 per 100 000 in smokers. The relative risk Answer Selected Answer:
a.
320 per 100 000 Correct Answer:
d.
1.6 •
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
Smoke Yes No Total Risk among nonsmokers Answer Selected Answer:
b.
3 Correct Answer:
a.
0.1
Develop CHD Yes No 30 70 30 270 60 240
Total 100 300 400
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
All of the following are true for risk except: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d.
The risk following inaction is perceived as smaller than the same risk following action d.
The risk following inaction is perceived as smaller than the same risk following action
Question 15 0 out of 4 points
All the followings are strengths of cohort studies except Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Can study rare exposures Correct Answer:
c.
Can study rare outcomes •
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
All the followings are strengths of cohort studies except Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Can measure multiple exposures Correct Answer:
d.
Can measure multiple exposures •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
The additional risk of disease following Exposure, over and above that experienced by people who are not exposed is called Answer Selected Answer:
c.
attributable risk Correct Answer:
c.
attributable risk
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
If a condition is rare the importance of reducing risk is much lower than if it is common. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False True
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Measures of absolute, attributable, and relative risks are less frequently encountered in the clinical literature than are measures of population risk. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
A heavy smoker has at least a hundred fold greater risk of lung cancer compared to nonsmokers. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
For a heavy smoker, the probability of getting lung cancer in the next 10 years is Answer Selected Answer:
c.
10% Correct Answer:
c.
10% •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Cohort study establishes time sequence for causality Answer Selected Answer:
a.
True Correct Answer:
a.
True
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The fraction of disease occurrence in a population that is associated with a particular risk factor Answer Selected Answer:
b.
population attributable fraction Correct Answer:
b.
population attributable fraction •
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Most studies of risk are experimental studies. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Measure of the potential for prevention of disease if the exposure could be eliminated Answer Selected Answer:
a.
attributable rsk Correct Answer:
a.
attributable rsk •
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
Population attributable fraction is the fraction of disease occurrence in a population that is associated with a particular risk factor. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
The design where exposure status and disease status are measured at one point in time or over a period is Answer Selected Answer:
d.
cross-sectional Correct Answer:
d.
cross-sectional •
Question 28 0 out of 4 points
Develop CHD Yes No Smoke Yes No Total
10 5 15
90 95 185
Total 100 100 200
Relative risk= Answer Selected Answer:
d.
0.5 Correct Answer:
a.
2 •
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
A design well suited for studying symptoms and signs of a disease is Answer Selected Answer:
e.
clinical trial Correct Answer:
a.
case series
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Risk ratio is a measure of the potential for prevention of disease if the exposure could be eliminated. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
! Question)1)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))The)relative)risk))) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) 1.6)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
1.6) )
Question)2)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Relative)risk)is)the)additional)risk)of)disease)following)Exposure,)over)and)above)that) experienced)by)people)who)are)not)exposed.) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:)) )
Question)3)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)
)False)
)))
The)effect)of)most)risk)factors)in)human)cannot)be)studied)with)experimental)studies.) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
)
Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)4)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)The)prevalence)of)a)disease)at)a)point)in)time)is)a)function)of)incidence)and)duration.) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )False)
)
Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)5)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)Which)of)the)following)study)designs)allow)direct)estimation)of)incidence)in)exposed)and) unexposed)people?)) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) Both)A)&)D)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
cohort) )
Question)6)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)What)research)design)is)used)for)patient)survey)research?) )
Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) cross)sectional)study)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)d.))) cross)sectional)study)
)
Question)7)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) A)low)ventilatory)function)today)is)the)best)predictor)of)its)future)rate)of)decline.) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)) )True)
)
Correct)Answer:))
)))
)True)
)
Question)8)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 14)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)209)per)100)000)in)smokers.)))The)relative)risk))) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) 14.9)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)e.))) 14.9)
)
Question)9)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)))) )
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
)))
Smoke)
))Yes)
))No)
Total)
Yes)
50)
)))50)
100)
No)
20)
)280)
300)
Total)
70)
)230)
400)
) Attibutable)Risk)Percent)(AR%)=)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) 60%)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)d.))) 60%)
)
Question)10)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Measure)of)the)potential)for)prevention)of)disease)if)the)exposure)could)be)eliminated)) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)a.))) attributable)rsk)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)a.))) attributable)rsk)
)
Question)11)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) )
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
)
))Yes)
)
))No)
)))
Smoke)
Total)
Yes)
))10)
)))90)
100)
No)
)))5)
)))95)
100)
Total)
)15)
)185)
200)
Risk)among)smokers=) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)))) 0.1)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)))) 0.1)
)
Question)12)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
Smoke)
))Yes)
))No)
Total)
Yes)
30)
)))70)
100)
No)
30)
)270)
300)
Total)
60)
)240)
400)
)))
Risk)among)smokers)) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) 0.3)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.))) 0.3)
)
)))
Question)13)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
Smoke)
))Yes)
))No)
Total)
Yes)
10)
)))90)
100)
No)
15)
)285)
300)
Total)
25)
)375)
400)
)))
Incidence)of)CHD)among)nonsmokers) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.))) 50))per))1000)
Correct)Answer:)
)e.)))
)))
50))per))1000) )
Question)14)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
)The)presence)of)a)strong)risk)factor)indicates)that)an)individual)is)very)likely)to)get)the)disease) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )b.))) True)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)a.))) False)
)
Question)15)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)))
A)heavy)smoker)has)at)least)a)hundred)fold)greater)risk)of)lung)cancer)compared)to) nonsmokers.) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)16)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Uses)of)risk) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )d.))) all)of)the)above))
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
all)of)the)above)) )
Question)17)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)Early)coronary)heart)disease)is)better)than)cholesterol,)blood)pressure,)smoking,)diabetes,)and) obesity)as)predictor)of)future)fatal)disease.) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)18)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)A))measure)suitable)for)policy)decision) )
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) attributable)risk)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)d.))) attributable)risk)
)
Question)19)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Most)studies)of)risk)are)observational)studies)and)are)either)crossBsectional)or)case)series)) Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) False)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)))
)b.))) False)
)
Question)20)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
))
)))))))Develop))CHD)
))
)
))Yes)
)
))No)
Smoke)
)
Yes)
))10)
)))90)
100)
No)
)))5)
)))95)
100)
Total)
)15)
)185)
200)
Risk)among)nonsmokers=) Answer))
Total)
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)b.))) 0.05)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.)))
)))
0.05) )
Question)21)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) A)study)design)for)which)cases)with)the)disease)in)question)are)matched)with)appropriate) controls)(without)the)disease)in)question))is)called)) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)c.))) caseBcontrol)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)c.)))
)))
caseBcontrol) )
Question)22)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Measures)of)absolute,)attributable,)and)relative)risks)are)less)frequently)encountered)in)the) clinical)literature)than)are)measures)of)population)risk.)) )))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:))
)False)
)))
)
Question)23)) 0)out)of)4)points) ) )
) If)a)risk)factor)is)also)a)cause)of)disease,)removing)it)can)prevent)disease)whether)or)not)the) mechanism)by)which)the)disease)develops)is)known.)
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)) )False) Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)24)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) Cohort)study)allows)for)accurate)measurement)of)disease)variables)) Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
))) )b.))) False)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)b.)))
)))
False) )
Question)25)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
))) The)incidence)of)disease)A)among)smokers)is)6/10000)and)is)(5)/)10000))among)nonsmokers.) The)relative)risk)for)smoking=))
)))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)e.)))
)
1.2)) Correct)Answer:)
)e.))) 1.2))
)
Question)26)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)
)))
)Exposure)
))))))))))))))))Outcome)
)Total)
Yes)
No)
Yes)
80)
20)
100)
No)
50)
50)
100)
Total)
130)
70)
200)
)))
Relative)Risk=) )
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) 1.6)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
1.6) )
Question)27)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures) were)14)and)209,)respectively.)So,)a)comparatively)small)increase)in)risk)of)CHD,)associated)with) smoking,)results)in)a)large)number)of)deaths.))) ))) Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)) )True) Correct)Answer:))
)True)
)))
)
Question)28)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
)The)design)where)exposure)status)and)disease)status)are)measured)at)one)point)in)time)or)over) a)period)is)) )
Answer))
)))
Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) crossBsectional))
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
crossBsectional)) )
Question)29)) 4)out)of)4)points) )
) All)of)the)following)statements)are)true)about)both)prospective)and)retrospective)cohort) studies)except:) )))
Answer)) Selected)Answer:)
)d.))) They)allow)investigators)to)decide)beforehand)what)data)to)collect)
)
Correct)Answer:)
)d.)))
)))
They)allow)investigators)to)decide)beforehand)what)data)to)collect) )
Question)30)) 0)out)of)4)points) )
) In)the)British)doctors)study,)over)40)years)of)follow)up,)the)annual)mortality)rate)from)CHD)was) 572)per)100)000)in)nonBsmokers,)and)892)per)100)000)in)smokers.))For)lung)cancer)the)figures) were)14)and)209,)respectively.)The)attributable)risk)of)lung)related)to)smoking)
)))
Answer)) )
Selected)Answer:)
)))[None)Given]))
Correct)Answer:)
)f.))) 195))per)100)000)
)
Sunday,)February)24,)2013)10:16:04)AM)EST) OK))
)))
)
Score 84 out of 120 points Time Elapsed 44 minutes out of 45 minutes. Instructions •
Question 1 0 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the higher will be its false negative rate Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True False
Question 2 4 out of 4 points Diagnostic tests that discriminat well crowd toward the --------------------- of the ROC curve Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a. upper left corner a. upper left corner
Question 3 0 out of 4 points Posttest Odds = Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
a. Posttest Odds x Likelihood ratio b. Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
A test with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity was applied to a population with 20% prevalence of a particular disease. The positive negative value was 94%. If the test is applied to another a population with 30% prevalence, the specificity will be Answer Selected Answer:
d.
95% Correct Answer:
c.
90% •
Question 5 4 out of 4 points ROC curve is constructed by plotting Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. true positive rate against false-positive rate c. true positive rate against false-positive rate
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
The probability that a patient has the disease given a positive test result. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
p(D+|T+) Correct Answer:
c.
p(D+|T+) •
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The results of clinical tests are usually used not to categorically make or exclude a diagnosis but to modify the pre-test probability in order to generate
the post-test probability. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
If the posttest odds equals 4, then the posttest probability will be Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
e. 80% e. 80%
Question 9 4 out of 4 points
Gold Standard Disease No disease New Test Positive Negative Total
90 10 100
The prevalence of the disease is Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
c. 50% c.
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
50%
•
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10 and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The positive predictive value of the test = Answer Selected Answer:
b. 33%
Correct Answer:
b. 33%
•
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the lower will be its specificity Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 12 4 out of 4 points Two tests are used in parallel with 60 and 80% sensitivities. If the two tests were completely independent of each other then the sensitivity of parallel testing would be Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
Question 13
d. 92% d. 92%
0 out of 4 points All the following about sensitivity are true except Answer Selected Answer:
c. A highly sensitive test is most helpful to the clinician when the test result is negative
Correct Answer:
•
d. A highly sensitive test is most helpful to the clinician when the test result is positive
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
Likelihood ratio is clinically more useful than sensitivity or specificity. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
True True
Question 15 4 out of 4 points The likelihood ratio for a particular value of a diagnostic test is defined as the Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the probability of the result in people without disease b. probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the probability of the result in people without disease
Question 16 0 out of 4 points A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The positive predictive value is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. 50% a. 94.7%
Question 17 4 out of 4 points All the following about specificity are true except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a. Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by other data a. Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by other data
Question 18 0 out of 4 points A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The negative predictive value is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. 50% c. 90.5%
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity of Test A is 0.80 , and the specificity is 0.9. The LR+ of this test
is Answer Selected Answer:
d. 8
Correct Answer:
d. 8
•
Question 20 4 out of 4 points It is desirable to have a test with Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. high sensitivity & high specificity c. high sensitivity & high specificity
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Serial testing maximizes Answer Selected Answer:
f.
b and c Correct Answer:
f.
b and c •
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
The probability that a test result will be negative among patients without the disease . Answer Selected Answer:
a.
p(T-|D - ) Correct Answer:
a.
p(T-|D - ) •
Question 23 0 out of 4 points The prevalence of the disease has an impact on Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. sensitivity and positive predictive value d. positive predictive value and negative predictive value
Question 24 0 out of 4 points The probability of event divided by the probability of no event is called Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a. likelihood ratio c. odds
Question 25 4 out of 4 points Disease is less likely in the presence of an extremely abnormal test result than it is for a marginal one Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b. false b. false
•
Question 26 4 out of 4 points A psychiatrist devised a short screening test for depression. An independent blind comparison was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of depression among 200 psychiatric outpatients. Among the 50 outpatients found to be depressed according to the gold standard, 35 patients were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found not to be depressed according to the gold standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test. Corrected to the nearest decimal place: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. The negative predictive value was 88.9% d. The negative predictive value was 88.9%
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Gold Standard Disease No disease
New Test Positive Negative Total
90 10 100
The specificity of the new test is Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
Question 28 4 out of 4 points Posttest odds= Answer
d. 70% d. 70%
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
Selected Answer: pretest odds x LR Correct Answer: pretest odds x LR
•
Question 29 0 out of 4 points Multiple tests in parallel generally Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. increase the specificity and positive predictive value a. increase the sensitivity and negative predictive value
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by other data Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
The results of clinical tests are usually used not to categorically make or exclude a diagnosis but to modify the pre-test probability in order to generate the post-test probability. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
Question 2
True True
4 out of 4 points A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The positive predictive value is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a. 94.7% a. 94.7%
Question 3 4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity and specificity of a test cannot be used to estimate probability of disease in individual patients. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 4 0 out of 4 points A test's negative likelihood ratio is calculated when the test result is negative Answer Selected Answer:
b. false
Correct Answer:
a. true
•
Question 5 4 out of 4 points Posttest Odds = Answer
Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio b. Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
Question 6 0 out of 4 points A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The Prevalence of the disease is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. 90.5% e. 50%
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The probability that a patient does not have the disease given a negative test result. Answer Selected Answer:
e.
p(D - |T - ) Correct Answer:
e.
p(D - |T - ) •
Question 8 0 out of 4 points A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The sensitivity is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. 95% e. 90%
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
Compared to whites of Norwegian descent, a test for sickle cell among African American would have higher Answer Selected Answer:
b.
specificity Correct Answer:
a.
positive predictive value •
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
A false negative results when a test indicates a positive status when the true status is negative Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
False False
Question 11 0 out of 4 points
The physician's estimate of the patient's likelihood of having the disease before a diagnostic test is performed. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
pretest odds
Correct Answer:
d.
a and b •
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Serial testing maximizes Answer Selected Answer:
f.
b and c Correct Answer:
f.
b and c •
Question 13 4 out of 4 points The prevalence of the disease has an impact on Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. positive predictive value and negative predictive value d. positive predictive value and negative predictive value
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
New Test Positive Negative Total LR+ = Answer
Gold Standard Disease No disease 90 10 100
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. 90/30 d. 90/30
Question 15 4 out of 4 points All the followings are false except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. The more sensitive a test is, the better will be its negative predictive value c. The more sensitive a test is, the better will be its negative predictive value
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Gold Standard Disease No disease New Test Positive Negative Total
90 10 100
The prevalence of the disease is Answer Selected Answer:
a. 50%
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
Correct Answer:
•
a. 50%
Question 17 4 out of 4 points It is desirable to have a test with Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
c. high sensitivity & high specificity c. high sensitivity & high specificity
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Gold Standard Disease No disease
New Test Positive Negative Total
90 10 100
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
The specificity of the new test is Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
a. 70% a. 70%
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10 and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The positive predictive value of the test =
Answer Selected Answer:
c. 33%
Correct Answer:
c. 33%
•
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
The probability that a test result will be positive among patients with the disease. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
p(T+|D+) Correct Answer:
d.
p(T+|D+) •
Question 21 0 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular test is 4 and the pretest probability of the disease is 20%. The posttest odds= Answer Selected Answer:
e. 0.25
Correct Answer:
c. 1
•
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
A test with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity was applied to a population with 20% prevalence of a particular disease. The positive negative value was 94%. If the test is applied to another a population with 30% prevalence, the
specificity will be Answer Selected Answer:
e.
90% Correct Answer:
e.
90% •
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The probability that a test result will be negative among patients without the disease . Answer Selected Answer:
c.
p(T-|D - ) Correct Answer:
c.
p(T-|D - ) •
Question 24 0 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10 and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The negative predictive value of the test = Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. 67% d. 33%
Question 25 0 out of 4 points The area under the ROC curve (AUC) is calculated for five selected diagnostic tests as follows: A(.6), B(.72), C(.82), D(.79), E(.87). Based on AUC, the best test is Answer
Selected Answer:
c. C
Correct Answer:
e. E
•
Question 26 0 out of 4 points A psychiatrist devised a short screening test for depression. An independent blind comparison was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of depression among 200 psychiatric outpatients. Among the 50 outpatients found to be depressed according to the gold standard, 35 patients were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found not to be depressed according to the gold standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test. Corrected to the nearest decimal place: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. The specificity was 88.9% d. The negative predictive value was 88.9%
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Gold Standard Disease No disease New Test Positive Negative Total
90 10 100
The positive predictive value of the test is Answer
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. 75% b. 75%
Question 28 4 out of 4 points The likelihood ratio for a particular value of a diagnostic test is defined as the Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
b. probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the probability of the result in people without disease b. probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the probability of the result in people without disease
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10 and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The sensitivity of the test = Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
•
d. 50% d. 50%
Question 30 4 out of 4 points The probability of event divided by the probability of no event is called Answer Selected Answer:
c. odds
Correct Answer:
c. odds
Sunday, February 3, 2013 5:25:38 PM EST
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points A psychiatrist devised a short screening test for depression. An independent blind comparison was made with a gold standard for diagnosis of depression among 200 psychiatric outpatients. Among the 50 outpatients found to be depressed according to the gold standard, 35 patients were positive for the test. Among 150 patients found not to be depressed according to the gold standard, 30 patients were found to be positive for the test. Corrected to the nearest decimal place: Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
d. The negative predictive value was 88.9% d. The negative predictive value was 88.9%
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
The likelihood ratio for a particular test is 4 and the pretest probability of the disease is 20%. The posttest odds= Answer Selected Answer:
d. 1
Correct Answer:
d. 1
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points
If the posttest odds equals 4, then the posttest probability will be Answer Selected Answer:
e.
80% Correct Answer:
e. 80%
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
A test with 80% sensitivity and 90% specificity was applied to a population with 20% prevalence of a particular disease. The positive negative value was 94%. If the test is applied to another a population with 30% prevalence, the specificity will be Answer Selected Answer:
e.
90% Correct Answer:
e.
90%
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the higher will be its false negative rate Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
• Question 6 0 out of 4 points
Gold Standard Disease No disease
New Test Positive Negative Total
90 10 100
30 70 100
Total 120 80 200
The false positive rate = Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a. 90% b. 30%
• Question 7 0 out of 4 points To evaluate the performance of a new diagnostic test, the developer checks it out on 100 known cases of the disease for which the test was designed, and on 200 controls known to be free of the disease. Ninety of the cases yield positive tests, as do 30 of the controls. Based on these data, the specificity and false positive error rates of the test are, respectively, Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a. 75% and 10% c. 85% and 15%
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by other data Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points
False False
Serial testing maximizes Answer Selected Answer:
f.
b and c Correct Answer:
f.
b and c
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity of Test A is 0.80 , and the specificity is 0.9. The LR+ of this test is Answer Selected Answer:
d. 8
Correct Answer:
d. 8
• Question 11 0 out of 4 points
A highly sensitive test is most helpful to the clinician when the test result is positive Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True False
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
New Test Positive Negative
Gold Standard Disease No disease 90 10
30 70
Total 120 80
Total
100
100
200
The sensitivity of the test is Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
d. 90% d. 90%
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
If the pretest probability equals 60%, then the pretest odds will be Answer Selected Answer:
b. 1.5
Correct Answer:
b. 1.5
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The specificity is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
• Question 15 0 out of 4 points
a. 95% a. 95%
A new diagnostic test was applied to 200 subjects (50% healthy). The test was positive for 95 subjects of whom five were healthy by the gold standard. The sensitivity is
Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b. 95% e. 90%
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points Multiple tests in parallel generally increase the sensitivity and negative predictive value Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
• Question 17 0 out of 4 points A clinician uses the combination of multiple tests to arrive at a diagnosis. The results of the combined testing from history, physical examination, and laboratory tests are used to make a diagnosis. The resulting test combinations are called Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
c. receiver operator characteristic curve a. clinical prediction rules
• Question 18 0 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10 and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The likelihood ratio of the test = Answer
Selected Answer:
b. 2
Correct Answer:
a. 1
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points ROC curve is constructed by plotting Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
c. true positive rate against false-positive rate c. true positive rate against false-positive rate
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
The sensitivity and specificity of a test cannot be used to estimate probability of disease in individual patients. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
False False
• Question 21 0 out of 4 points When multiple tests are used, the accuracy of the final result depends on whether the additional information contributed by each test is dependent on that already available from the preceding ones. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
• Question 22
True False
4 out of 4 points
In a particular diagnostic testing the true positives or false negatives were 10 and the true negatives or false positives were 20. The negative predictive value of the test = Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
e. 33% e. 33%
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points All the following points about the ROC curve are true except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
e. The closer the curve follows the left-hand border and then the top border of the ROC space, the less accurate the test e. The closer the curve follows the left-hand border and then the top border of the ROC space, the less accurate the test
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points
The more sensitive a test is, the lower will be its specificity Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
True True
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points The likelihood ratio for a particular value of a diagnostic test is defined as the Answer
Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b. probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the probability of the result in people without disease b. probability of that test result in people with the disease divided by the probability of the result in people without disease
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points All the following about specificity are true except Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a. Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by other data a. Specific tests are useful to rule out a diagnosis that has been suggested by other data
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points The prevalence of the disease has an impact on Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
d. positive predictive value and negative predictive value d. positive predictive value and negative predictive value
• Question 28 0 out of 4 points
The more specific a test is, the better will be its negative predictive value Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points Posttest Odds = Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
b. Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio b. Pretest Odds x Likelihood ratio
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Likelihood ratio is clinically more useful than sensitivity or specificity. Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
!
True True
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
If treatment B results in a 1% mortality and the placebo control group has a mortality of 2%, then the relative improvement in mortality is Answer Selected Answer:
B. 50%
Correct Answer:
B. 50%
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
A mean difference between groups that is higher than the MID can be considered as Answer Selected Answer:
d.
clinically relevant Correct Answer:
d.
clinically relevant
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Effect size as a measure of clinical relevance can be used in Answer Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
d.
all of the above
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
The smallest difference in score in the domain of interest that patients perceive as important, either beneficial or harmful, and which would lead the clinician to consider a change in the patient’s management Answer Selected Answer:
d.
Minimal important difference Correct Answer:
d.
Minimal important difference
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points Absolute risk and relative risk are used as a proxy for Answer Selected Answer:
b. clinical significance
Correct Answer:
b. clinical significance
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points Clinical significance is defined as Answer Selected Answer:
c. the practical value of a treatment effect
Correct Answer:
c. the practical value of a treatment effect
• Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Even though the difference between groups is small to be considered clinically important, a statistical difference between groups could be found if Answer
Selected Answer:
d.
all of the above Correct Answer:
e.
a and b
• Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Evidence-Based Medicine is a ‘cookbook medicine’ and is another way of implementing treatment guidelines. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points Determining success or failure of a treatment or preventive agent depends on Answer Selected Answer:
e. all of the above
Correct Answer:
e. all of the above
• Question 10 0 out of 4 points A challenging issue in clinical research arises when Answer Selected Answer:
d. statistically significant results are small and clinically not relevant
Correct Answer:
b. statistically non-significant results are large enough to be clinically relevant
• Question 11 0 out of 4 points
Example of Anchor-based methods in the assessment of clinical relevance Answer Selected Answer:
d.
clients’ perspective Correct Answer:
c.
calculation of the effect size
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
The rates of remission of a major depressive episode at 6 weeks for drug A and drug B were 29.5% and 31.5%. Therefore, the number needed to treat is
Answer Selected Answer:
a. 50
Correct Answer:
a. 50
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points If a p value > 0.05 is found, investigators must conclude that “there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis". Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 14
4 out of 4 points Large studies may show statistically significant findings that are not clinically significant Answer Selected Answer:
a. true
Correct Answer:
a. true
• Question 15 0 out of 4 points
In Bayesian interpretation, a 95% CI indicates that if the same study was repeated many times, 95% of CI would include the true treatment effect. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
In the setting of a relatively safe treatment with no alternative treatment options, the seriousness of type I error is relatively small, whereas the seriousness of type II error is relatively large. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points Positive conclusions should be based on Answer Selected Answer:
c. both a & b
Correct Answer:
c. both a & b
• Question 18 0 out of 4 points
The level of acceptable error (β error) usually is set at Answer Selected Answer:
A. 5%
Correct Answer:
D. 20%
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points Small studies may show clinically important findings that are not statistically significant Answer Selected Answer:
a. true
Correct Answer:
a. true
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
If treatment A is associated with a 25% mortality and the placebo control group has a mortality of 50%, then the relative improvement in mortality is Answer Selected Answer:
A. 50%
Correct Answer:
A. 50%
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points
The magnitude of the effect size has been interpreted as an index of Answer Selected Answer:
e.
clinical relevance Correct Answer:
e.
clinical relevance
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points
It is possible to have Answer Selected Answer:
e.
all of the above Correct Answer:
e.
all of the above
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points A simplified but common interpretation of the p-value is that it is the probability that Answer Selected Answer:
a. the null hypothesis is true
Correct Answer:
a. the null hypothesis is true
• Question 24 0 out of 4 points p value depends on Answer
Selected Answer:
e. a & c only
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points Authors of RCTs usually report statistically significant differences between groups, and conclusions are often based on this statistical significance. If P < 0.05, the conclusion is usually that the intervention is Answer Selected Answer:
d. more effective than the comparison
Correct Answer:
d. more effective than the comparison
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points The choice of the correct statistical test depends on Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points
The degree to which the phenomenon is present in the population is defined as Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Effect size Correct Answer:
a.
Effect size
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points The definition of clinical significance depends on the Answer Selected Answer:
e. all of the above
Correct Answer:
e. all of the above
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points
Clinical relevance (also called clinical significance) assessment indicates whether the results are meaningful or not. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points The number needed to treat (NNT) is used as a proxy for Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. clinical significance
Correct Answer:
a. clinical significance
Question 1 4 out of 4 points The choice of the correct statistical test depends on
Answer
•
Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
Question 2 4 out of 4 points Determining success or failure of a treatment or preventive agent depends on Answer
•
Selected Answer:
e. all of the above
Correct Answer:
e. all of the above
Question 3 4 out of 4 points All the followings are true except Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. Results of large studies are subject to more random error in comparison to small studies
Correct Answer:
b. Results of large studies are subject to more random error in comparison to small studies
Question 4 4 out of 4 points Absolute risk and relative risk are used as a proxy for Answer Selected Answer:
b. clinical significance
Correct Answer:
•
b. clinical significance
Question 5 0 out of 4 points
When we see p < 0.05 in a paper what is it telling us? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
•
b.
The probability that this result is false is less than 5%. d.
If there truly was no effect then one would expect to see a result like this less than 5% of the time.
Question 6 4 out of 4 points
If treatment A is associated with a 25% mortality and the placebo control group has a mortality of 50%, then the relative improvement in mortality is Answer
•
Selected Answer:
A. 50%
Correct Answer:
A. 50%
Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The level of acceptable error (β error) usually is set at Answer Selected Answer:
D. 20%
Correct Answer:
D. 20%
•
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
All the following are examples of distribution-based methods to evaluate clinical relevance except Answer Selected Answer:
c.
clients’ perspective Correct Answer:
c.
clients’ perspective •
Question 9 4 out of 4 points Findings that are novel or have clinical values are referred to in the biomedical literature as Answer
•
Selected Answer:
e. all of the above
Correct Answer:
e. all of the above
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
The probability of finding a statistically significant difference between treatment groups in which the actual difference in means is at least as large as the predetermined clinically relevant effect size. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
C. power
Correct Answer:
C. power
Question 11 4 out of 4 points
The smaller the effect size, “the lower the degree to which the phenomenon under study is manifested”. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 12 4 out of 4 points The P value indicates if the effect is clinically important Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. false
Correct Answer:
a. false
Question 13 4 out of 4 points A meta-analysis may resolve the problem of underpowered studies. If findings are statistically significant but not clinically important, ameta-analysis will change the conclusions. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. false
Correct Answer:
b. false
Question 14 0 out of 4 points The P value is not very informative and only indicates the chance of the observed effect, not considering its size Answer Selected Answer:
Correct Answer:
a. false b.
true
•
Question 15 4 out of 4 points If a p value > 0.05 is found, investigators must conclude that “there is sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis". Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
If treatment B results in a 1% mortality and the placebo control group has a mortality of 2%, then the relative improvement in mortality is Answer
•
Selected Answer:
B. 50%
Correct Answer:
B. 50%
Question 17 4 out of 4 points A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values for the variable of interest Answer Selected Answer:
a. true
Correct Answer:
a. true
•
Question 18 4 out of 4 points
A p value is the probability that one would observe an effect (test statistic) as extreme or more extreme than the one observed if the null hypothesis were true. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
It is possible to have Answer Selected Answer:
e.
all of the above Correct Answer:
e.
all of the above •
Question 20 4 out of 4 points
NNT is completely dependent on the statistical significance or the ‘P-value’. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 21 4 out of 4 points Positive conclusions should be based on Answer Selected Answer:
c. both a & b
Correct Answer:
c. both a & b
•
Question 22 4 out of 4 points The number needed to treat (NNT) is used as a proxy for Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. clinical significance
Correct Answer:
a. clinical significance
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Example of Anchor-based methods in the assessment of clinical relevance Answer Selected Answer:
b.
calculation of the effect size Correct Answer:
b.
calculation of the effect size •
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Information regarding the magnitude of association between variables as well as the size of the difference between groups can be obtained using Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Effect size Correct Answer:
e.
Effect size •
Question 25 4 out of 4 points The 95% CI of an estimate is
Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. the range within which we are 95% certain that the true population parameter will lie
Correct Answer:
c. the range within which we are 95% certain that the true population parameter will lie
Question 26 0 out of 4 points
If the NNT were 2, it would mean with every ---- patients a difference in outcome would be seen. Answer Selected Answer:
c.
200 Correct Answer:
e.
2 •
Question 27 0 out of 4 points
Frequentist analysis allows for the inclusion of previous knowledge into study analysis. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
The principles of significance and power are derived from the school of statistical inference referred to as “ Bayesian statistics". Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
Even though the difference between groups is small to be considered clinically important, a statistical difference between groups could be found if Answer Selected Answer:
e.
a and b Correct Answer:
e.
a and b •
Question 30 0 out of 4 points
The larger the effect size index, the smaller the difference between groups and the larger the clinical relevance of the results. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
Saturday, January 26, 2013 11:43:00 PM EST
!
•
Question 1 4 out of 4 points The validity of a physical examination finding can be established by comparing it to the results of surgery or radiologic examination. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 2 0 out of 4 points All the following data are termed "soft data" except Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. clinical performance data
Correct Answer:
d. demographic data
Question 3 4 out of 4 points Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. frequency distribution
Correct Answer:
c. frequency distribution
Question 4 4 out of 4 points
We assess construct validity by seeing whether a particular measure relates as it should to other measures. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
A patient is found to have a single serum cholesterol above 200 mg/dL, which is in the 65th percentile for adults in the United States and above a widely-accepted threshold for considering drug treatment. All of the followings are true except Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her peers.
Correct Answer:
c. The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her peers.
Question 6 4 out of 4 points The degree to which a measurement truly measures what it purports to measure is Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. validity
Correct Answer:
b. validity
Question 7 0 out of 4 points The variability within subject is known as Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. analytical variability
Correct Answer:
c. biological variability
Question 8 4 out of 4 points
The extent to which a measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. face validity
Correct Answer:
c. face validity
Question 9
0 out of 4 points The New York Heart Association scale is not sensitive to subtle changes in congestive heart failure, one that matter to patients. Therefore, this scale has limited Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. interpretability
Correct Answer:
b. responsiveness
Question 10 0 out of 4 points The reliability of laboratory measurements is established by showing that they are similarly described to different observers under different conditions. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
Question 11 0 out of 4 points If a scale for measuring pain include questions about aching, throbbing, burning, and stinging but not about pressure, itching, nausea, and tingling, this scale would have Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. criterion validity
Correct Answer:
d. content validity
Question 12 4 out of 4 points In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. both a and b
Correct Answer:
c. both a and b
Question 13
4 out of 4 points A scale based on questionnaire may have little intuitive meaning to clinicians and patients who do not use it regularly. This scale has low Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. interpretability
Correct Answer:
a. interpretability
Question 14 4 out of 4 points Consider a dataset that contains the birthweight of all children born in Ohio during the last 50 years. Assuming that this dataset is normally distributed, which of the following statements is correct? Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. The mean, median, and mode share the same value
Correct Answer:
a. The mean, median, and mode share the same value
Question 15 4 out of 4 points Only random error is introduced by measurement variation Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 16 0 out of 4 points The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
Question 17 0 out of 4 points All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except
Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. split-half
Correct Answer:
d. discriminant
Question 18 4 out of 4 points The extent to which a measure distinguishes participants on the basis of a particular behavioral criterion Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. criterion validity
Correct Answer:
b. criterion validity
Question 19 0 out of 4 points
Conceptually, it is the average consistency across all possible split-half reliabilities. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
a. Significance level
Correct Answer:
d. Cronbach's alpha
Question 20 0 out of 4 points Ordinal scale is appropriate to use for Answer
•
Selected Answer:
d. All of the above
Correct Answer:
e. a and c only
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Sometimes extreme values are actually beneficial. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
Question 22 4 out of 4 points The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by Answer
•
Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Measures lacking face validity are not valid Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Question 24 4 out of 4 points To separate normal from abnormal, we need to take into consideration Answer
•
Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
Question 25 0 out of 4 points Observations that are close to the true are also Answer Selected Answer:
b.
valid Correct Answer:
•
d. all of the above
Question 26 0 out of 4 points Most biologic phenomena change from moment to moment. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
True
Question 27 0 out of 4 points If a scale measuring pain can predict mild pain from minor abrasion, moderate pain from ordinary headache, and severe pain from renal colic, this scale would have Answer
•
Selected Answer:
d. content validity
Correct Answer:
b. criterion validity
Question 28 4 out of 4 points When it is not possible to verify measurement of a phenomenon, such as itching, by the physical senses, which of the followings can be said of its validity? Answer
•
Selected Answer:
c. It can be supported by showing that the measurement is related to other measures of phenomena such as the presence of diseases that are known to cause itching
Correct Answer:
c. It can be supported by showing that the measurement is related to other measures of phenomena such as the presence of diseases that are known to cause itching
Question 29 0 out of 4 points
All the following are ordinal data except Answer
•
Selected Answer:
b. recording of leg edema
Correct Answer:
c. demographics such as marital status
Question 30 4 out of 4 points Validity of a scale is either present or absent. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
Sunday, January 20, 2013 5:30:59 PM EST
• Question 1 0 out of 4 points All the following regarding criterion validity are true except: Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
a.
Assessed by seeing whether a particular measure relates as it should to other measures.
• Question 2 0 out of 4 points The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
• Question 3
[None Given] a. range
0 out of 4 points A health practitioner encounters a dataset where diagnoses are coded with numbers. For example, pneumonia is coded with a '1', hypertension is coded with a '2', appendicitis is coded with a '3', and so on. Which of the following best describes the numerical component of this dataset? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] d. Nominal Scale
• Question 4 0 out of 4 points
Face validity studies employ a reference standard (also called “gold standard”). Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 5 0 out of 4 points The validity of a physical examination finding can be established by comparing it to the results of surgery or radiologic examination. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 6 0 out of 4 points All the following statements are true except Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
• Question 7 0 out of 4 points
[None Given] c. Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from increased risk.
Measurement of ejection fraction by echocardiography can detect changes so subtle that patients do not notice them. Therefore, this measure has high Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] d. responsiveness
• Question 8 0 out of 4 points The followings are consequences of measurement error except Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] c. reduced significance level
• Question 9 0 out of 4 points Criteria for abnormality Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] d. all of the above
• Question 10 0 out of 4 points The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] d. all of the above
• Question 11 0 out of 4 points All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except Answer
Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] a. High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 12 0 out of 4 points A statistical phenomenon that occurs when repeated measurements are made on the same subject or unit of observation. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
d. Regression to the mean
• Question 13 0 out of 4 points The variability within subject is known as Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] c. biological variability
• Question 14 0 out of 4 points The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 15 0 out of 4 points In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] c.
both a and b
• Question 16 0 out of 4 points Although clinical distributions often resemble a normal distribution the resemblance is superficial. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 17 0 out of 4 points The extent to which a measure distinguishes participants on the basis of a particular behavioral criterion Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] b. criterion validity
• Question 18 0 out of 4 points Systematic error, where the observed values are consistently biased, is not the cause of regression to the mean. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 19 0 out of 4 points "Abnormal" is commonly defined by Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
• Question 20 0 out of 4 points
[None Given] e. A and B only
To have construct validity, a measure should Answer Selected Answers: [None Given] Correct Answers:
c. both a and b
• Question 21 0 out of 4 points The shape of clinical distributions differ from one another mainly because of random variations. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 22 0 out of 4 points
A measure has face validity if Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] b. people think it does
• Question 23 0 out of 4 points All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] d. discriminant
• Question 24 0 out of 4 points The reliability of laboratory measurements is established by showing that they are similarly described to different observers under different conditions. Answer
Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 25 0 out of 4 points Observations that are close to the true are also Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] d. all of the above
• Question 26 0 out of 4 points Ordinal scale is appropriate to use for Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] e. a and c only
• Question 27 0 out of 4 points
The extent to which a measure appears to measure what it is supposed to measure Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] c. face validity
• Question 28 0 out of 4 points As the prevalence of disease rises with age, the number of people with unidentified abnormalities is also likely to decrease. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
b. false
• Question 29 0 out of 4 points Regression to the mean is not restricted to distributions that are Normal, or even to distributions that are continuous. Answer Selected Answer:
[None Given]
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 30 0 out of 4 points Consider a dataset that contains the birthweight of all children born in Ohio during the last 50 years. Assuming that this dataset is normally distributed, which of the following statements is correct? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer:
[None Given] a. The mean, median, and mode share the same value
• Question 1 0 out of 4 points All the following are nominal data except Answer Selected Answer:
e. Hospital location as rural or urban
Correct Answer:
c. Demographics such as socioeconomic status
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points All the following are interval data except Answer Selected Answer:
b. risk of birth defect from drug during pregnancy
Correct Answer:
b. risk of birth defect from drug during pregnancy
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points Blood pressure is generally higher when people are Answer Selected Answer:
e. a and b
Correct Answer:
e. a and b
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points Validity of a scale is either present or absent. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points Consider a dataset that contains the birthweight of all children born in Ohio during the last 50 years. Assuming that this dataset is normally distributed, which of the following statements is correct? Answer Selected Answer:
a. The mean, median, and mode share the same value
Correct Answer:
a. The mean, median, and mode share the same value
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points Ordinal scale is appropriate to use for Answer Selected Answer:
e. a and c only
Correct Answer:
e. a and c only
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited Answer Selected Answer:
a. range
Correct Answer:
a. range
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to Answer Selected Answer:
c. both a and b
Correct Answer:
c. both a and b
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 10 0 out of 4 points Hemoglobin values follow a positively skewed distribution Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points A randomized placebo controlled trial was carried out among subjects with mild hypertension. Among 1000 subjects allocated to active treatment there were 10 strokes. Among 1000 subjects allocated to placebo there were 20 strokes. What is the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent a single stroke under the conditions of this trial? Answer Selected Answer:
e. 100
Correct Answer:
e. 100
• Question 12 0 out of 4 points Coefficient of Variation is basically the Answer Selected Answer:
c. standard deviation multiplied by the mean
Correct Answer:
e. standard deviation divided by the mean
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
A population having a specific disease will usually have an asymmetric distribution. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points A physician or nurse measures a patient's heart rate by feeling the pulse for 10 seconds each time she comes to clinic. The rates might differ from visit to visit because of all of the followings except: Answer Selected Answer:
a. The pulse rate varies among patients
Correct Answer:
a. The pulse rate varies among patients
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Just because a measure has face validity does not ensure that it is a valid measure Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points Observations that are reproducible are also Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points Systematic error, where the observed values are consistently biased, is not the cause of regression to the mean. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except Answer Selected Answer:
a. High validity (both internal and external)
Correct Answer:
a. High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points The degree to which a measurement provides the same result each time it is performed on a given subject or specimen is Answer Selected Answer:
a. reliability
Correct Answer:
a. reliability
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points Observations that are close to the true are also Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 22 0 out of 4 points Regression to the mean happens because of a systematic variation in the observed values around a true mean. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 23
4 out of 4 points Sometimes extreme values are actually beneficial. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points If a scale measuring pain can predict mild pain from minor abrasion, moderate pain from ordinary headache, and severe pain from renal colic, this scale would have Answer Selected Answer:
a. criterion validity
Correct Answer:
a. criterion validity
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points The absolute value of the average difference of individual values from the mean is called Answer Selected Answer:
d. Standard deviation
Correct Answer:
d. Standard deviation
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points Only random error is introduced by measurement variation Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Conceptually, it is the average consistency across all possible split-half reliabilities.
Answer Selected Answer:
d. Cronbach's alpha
Correct Answer:
d. Cronbach's alpha
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as Answer Selected Answer:
c. frequency distribution
Correct Answer:
c. frequency distribution
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points A patient is found to have a single serum cholesterol above 200 mg/dL, which is in the 65th percentile for adults in the United States and above a widely-accepted threshold for considering drug treatment. All of the followings are true except Answer Selected Answer:
c. The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her peers.
Correct Answer:
c. The patient should be treated based on the observation that her cholesterol is higher than her peers.
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points The validity of a physical examination finding can be established by comparing it to the results of surgery or radiologic examination. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points Coefficient of Variation is basically the
Answer Selected Answer:
e. standard deviation divided by the mean
Correct Answer:
e. standard deviation divided by the mean
• Question 2 0 out of 4 points All the followings are true except Answer Selected Answer:
b. The normal distribution is unimodal and symmetrical
Correct Answer:
d. The normal distribution is the best basis for defining abnormal
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points One common way of establishing a cutoff point between normal and abnormal is to agree, somewhat arbitrarily, that all values beyond ---- standard deviations from the mean are abnormal Answer Selected Answer:
b. 2
Correct Answer:
b. 2
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except Answer Selected Answer:
a. High validity (both internal and external)
Correct Answer:
a. High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except Answer Selected Answer:
d. discriminant
Correct Answer:
d. discriminant
• Question 6 0 out of 4 points The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 7 0 out of 4 points
Just because a measure has face validity does not ensure that it is a valid measure Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 8 0 out of 4 points Some clinical measurements such as pain, nausea, dyspnea, depression, and fear cannot be verified physically. In patient care, information about these phenomena is usually obtained informally by Answer Selected Answer:
e. all of the above
Correct Answer:
c. taking a history
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points A statistical phenomenon that occurs when repeated measurements are made on the same subject or unit of observation. Answer
Selected Answer:
a. Regression to the mean
Correct Answer:
a. Regression to the mean
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points All the following assertions about regression to the mean phenomenon are true except Answer Selected Answer:
a. The more extreme the initial reading is, the more likely it is to be normal when repeated
Correct Answer:
a. The more extreme the initial reading is, the more likely it is to be normal when repeated
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points A scale based on questionnaire may have little intuitive meaning to clinicians and patients who do not use it regularly. This scale has low Answer Selected Answer:
a. interpretability
Correct Answer:
a. interpretability
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points As the prevalence of disease rises with age, the number of people with unidentified abnormalities is also likely to decrease. Answer Selected Answer:
b. false
Correct Answer:
b. false
• Question 13 0 out of 4 points
Criteria for abnormality Answer Selected Answer:
e. a and b only
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as Answer Selected Answer:
c. frequency distribution
Correct Answer:
c. frequency distribution
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean affects all fields of life science, when effects of an intervention have to be evaluated in an uncontrolled longitudinal setting. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 16 0 out of 4 points The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited Answer Selected Answer:
a. responsiveness
Correct Answer:
b. range
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Whether the measurement is consistent with other measurements of the same phenomenon is known as Answer Selected Answer:
a. construct validity
Correct Answer:
a. construct validity
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points All the following statements are true except Answer Selected Answer:
e. Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from increased risk.
Correct Answer:
e. Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from increased risk.
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points Observations that are thought to be normal are usually described as Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points The degree to which a measurement provides the same result each time it is performed on a given subject or specimen is Answer Selected Answer:
a. reliability
Correct Answer:
a. reliability
• Question 21
4 out of 4 points The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points The followings are consequences of measurement error except Answer Selected Answer:
c. reduced significance level
Correct Answer:
c. reduced significance level
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points The distribution of values for many laboratory tests changes with Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points Validity of a scale is either present or absent. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Regression towards the mean occurs whenever we select an extreme group based on one variable and then measure another variable for that group. Answer Selected Answer:
a. true
Correct Answer:
a. true
• Question 26 0 out of 4 points
To compare different sets of observations relative to their means, you should use Answer Selected Answer:
a. standard deviation
Correct Answer:
c. coefficient of variation
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points In test-retest situations, regression to the mean refers to Answer Selected Answer:
c. both a and b
Correct Answer:
c. both a and b
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points The absolute value of the average difference of individual values from the mean is called Answer Selected Answer:
d. Standard deviation
Correct Answer:
d. Standard deviation
• Question 29
4 out of 4 points Regression to the mean happens because of a systematic variation in the observed values around a true mean. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points Only random error is introduced by measurement variation Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
To compare different sets of observations relative to their means, you should use Answer Selected Answer:
c. coefficient of variation
Correct Answer:
c. coefficient of variation
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points Hemoglobin values follow a positively skewed distribution Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points Only random error is introduced by measurement variation Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points Sometimes extreme values are actually beneficial. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points The New York Heart Association scale is not sensitive to subtle changes in congestive heart failure, one that matter to patients. Therefore, this scale has limited Answer Selected Answer:
b. responsiveness
Correct Answer:
b. responsiveness
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points Measurement of ejection fraction by echocardiography can detect changes so subtle that patients do not notice them. Therefore, this measure has high Answer Selected Answer:
d. responsiveness
Correct Answer:
d. responsiveness
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Just because a measure has face validity does not ensure that it is a valid measure Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points Observations that are close to the true are also Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 9 0 out of 4 points A strong relationship exists beween the degree of statistical unusualness and clinical disease. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points The reliability of any laboratory result is influenced by Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points Systematic error, where the observed values are consistently biased, is not the cause of regression to the mean. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
All the followings are methods for assessing reliability except Answer Selected Answer:
d. discriminant
Correct Answer:
d. discriminant
• Question 13 0 out of 4 points When comparing multiple markers for the same outcome, the marker with the lowest biological variation is most beneficial Answer Selected Answer:
b. false
Correct Answer:
a. true
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points
We assess construct validity by seeing whether a particular measure relates as it should to other measures. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points The Basic Activities of Daily Living scale that measure patients' ability in dressing, eating, walking, toileting and maintaining hygiene does not measure ability to read, write, or do other activities that might be very important to individual patients. Therefore, this scale has limited Answer Selected Answer:
c. range
Correct Answer:
c. range
• Question 16
4 out of 4 points Data that are measured on interval scales are often presented as Answer Selected Answer:
c. frequency distribution
Correct Answer:
c. frequency distribution
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points A statistical phenomenon that occurs when repeated measurements are made on the same subject or unit of observation. Answer Selected Answer:
a. Regression to the mean
Correct Answer:
a. Regression to the mean
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Regression to the mean affects all fields of life science, when effects of an intervention have to be evaluated in an uncontrolled longitudinal setting. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Conceptually, it is the average consistency across all possible split-half reliabilities. Answer Selected Answer:
d. Cronbach's alpha
Correct Answer:
d. Cronbach's alpha
• Question 20
4 out of 4 points Although clinical distributions often resemble a normal distribution the resemblance is superficial. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points The followings are consequences of measurement error except Answer Selected Answer:
c. reduced significance level
Correct Answer:
c. reduced significance level
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points All the following statements are true except Answer Selected Answer:
d. Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from increased risk.
Correct Answer:
d. Blood pressure measurements are related to risk of disease with threshold dividing normal from increased risk.
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points The distribution of values for many laboratory tests changes with Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 24
4 out of 4 points All the followings are characteristics of medical measurements except Answer Selected Answer:
a. High validity (both internal and external)
Correct Answer:
a. High validity (both internal and external)
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points
To have construct validity, a measure should Answer Selected Answers:
c. both a and b
Correct Answers:
c. both a and b
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points The reliability of symptoms can be established by repeated measurement. Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points Overall variation is the sum of variation related to Answer Selected Answer:
a. all of the above
Correct Answer:
a. all of the above
• Question 28
0 out of 4 points Most biologic measurements are normally distributed. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points Criteria for abnormality Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points Some clinical measurements such as pain, nausea, dyspnea, depression, and fear cannot be verified physically. In patient care, information about these phenomena is usually obtained informally by Answer
!
Selected Answer:
c. taking a history
Correct Answer:
c. taking a history
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points The biggest threat to validity in a clinical trial comparing two types of treatment therapy is Answer Selected Answer:
e. selection bias
Correct Answer:
e. selection bias
• Question 2 0 out of 4 points In contrast to random error, which diminishes as sample size increases, systematic error Answer Selected Answer:
c. increases as sample size increases
Correct Answer:
a. is independent of the size of the study population
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points The degree to which the results of an observation hold true in other settings is Answer Selected Answer:
d. generalizability
Correct Answer:
d. generalizability
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
All systematic errors can be controlled in the phase corresponding to analysis of the results.
Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 5 0 out of 4 points Which of the following is true? Answer Selected Answer:
b. A study can be externally valid but not internally valid
Correct Answer:
a. A study can be internally valid but not externally valid
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease. Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Differential information bias Correct Answer:
a.
Differential information bias
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points The attribute of patients and clinical events are called Answer Selected Answer:
a. variables
Correct Answer:
a. variables
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points All the following methods for controlling a confounding factor are applicable at the stage of study design except: Answer Selected Answer:
c. stratification
Correct Answer:
c. stratification
• Question 9 0 out of 4 points A sophisticated statistical method available to adjust simultaneously for various confounding factors Answer Selected Answer:
d. stratification
Correct Answer:
b. regression modelling
• Question 10 0 out of 4 points
A failure to secure the participation of all the selected sample units Answer Selected Answer:
a.
Neyman bias Correct Answer:
c.
Non-response bias
• Question 11 0 out of 4 points
Random error Answer Selected Answer:
e.
Affects the accuracy of the measurements Correct Answer:
b.
Does not always occur in the same direction.
• Question 12 0 out of 4 points The divergence of an observation on a sample from the true population value, due to chance alone, is called Answer Selected Answer:
a. Systematic error
Correct Answer:
b. Random variation
• Question 13 0 out of 4 points
A confounding factor may or may not carry some causal relationship to the outcome. Answer Selected Answer:
B. false
Correct Answer:
A. true
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points A variable is confounded if it is directly along the path from cause to effect.
Answer Selected Answer:
False
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points Cronbach coefficient is used to assess Answer Selected Answer:
c. internal consistency
Correct Answer:
c. internal consistency
• Question 16 0 out of 4 points All the following disorders or disabilities are associated with confounding by indication except: Answer Selected Answer:
c. ADL
Correct Answer:
d. Vigorous exercise
• Question 17 0 out of 4 points The effects of bias and chance are Answer Selected Answer:
a. Mutually exclusive
Correct Answer:
c. Cumulative
• Question 18 0 out of 4 points The degree to which the results of a study are correct for the sample of patients being studied is called Answer Selected Answer:
a. test-retest reliability
Correct Answer:
c. internal validity
• Question 19 0 out of 4 points There are sharp distinctions among the biologic sciences (such as anatomy and physiology). Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
• Question 20 0 out of 4 points The clinical events of primary interest in clinical epidemiology are Answer Selected Answer:
a. signs, symptoms, and admissions
Correct Answer:
c. symptoms, disability, and death
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points A bias arises from the fact that those who take medication generally differ from those who do not under medical indication. These differences introduce a bias in the comparison. Answer
Selected Answer:
c. Confounding by indication
Correct Answer:
c. Confounding by indication
• Question 22 0 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so. Answer Selected Answer:
b.
confounding bias Correct Answer:
e.
none of the above
• Question 23 0 out of 4 points The inclusion of a large number of subjects in a study Answer Selected Answer:
d. Reduces information bias
Correct Answer:
a. Allows precise risk estimates to be calculated
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points Understanding the biology of disease is often not, in itself, a sound basis for prediction in intact humans. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points Clinical outcomes, such as occurrence of disease, death, symptoms, or disability, can be counted and expressed as numbers. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points Good decisions depend on Answer Selected Answer:
d. all of the above
Correct Answer:
d. all of the above
• Question 27 0 out of 4 points Which of the following is/are true? I. Bias results from systematic flaws in study design II. Bias results from systematic flaws in data collection III. Bias results from systematic flaws in the analysis or interpretation of results Answer Selected Answer:
b. I and III only are true.
Correct Answer:
a. I, II, and III are all true.
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
The gene for phenylketon uria is expressed only in children who ingest phenylalanine in their diet. Answer Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
True
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points Clinical epidemiology is the application of epidemiologic principles to problems encountered in clinical medicine. Answer Selected Answer:
a. true
Correct Answer:
a. true
• Question 30 0 out of 4 points Not all studies are generalizable to patients very much like the ones in the study. Answer
•
Selected Answer:
True
Correct Answer:
False
Question 1 4 out of 4 points
The$generalizability$of$clinical$observations,$even$those$with$high$internal$ validity,$is$a$matter$of$personal$judgment$about$which$reasonable$people$ might$disagree.$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
Question 2
4 out of 4 points
Confounding bias is the only one of the three types of bias that can be controlled both in the study design phase and posteriorly in the analytical phase of an epidemiological study. Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
Question 3 0 out of 4 points
Different drug classes have been recommended in the control of hyperglycaemia and prevention of diabetes complications. To this end, diabetes is associated with multiple risk factors for complications and thus, subjects requiring drug treatment are often high risk individuals for hypertension, CVD, renal disease and cancer. Thus, drug use indication bias is a systematic error due to$ Answer$ Selected$Answer: Correct$Answer:
$$$$ Confounding$ $$$$ Selection bias
•
Question 4 0 out of 4 points
A$RCT$of$10,000$adults$was$conducted$to$determine$if$a$new$antiCplatelet$ medication$taken$with$aspirin$is$better$than$aspirin$taken$alone$in$ subjects$with$heart$disease.$The$outcome$of$interest$was$MI$(heart$attack).$ Select$the$best$answer:$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer: Correct$
$a.$$$ It$is$possible$that$confounding$by$the$new$antiCplatelet$ medication$could$occur. $b.$$$
Answer:
•
It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiC platelet$medication$could$occur.
Question 5 4 out of 4 points
In$contrast$to$random$error,$which$diminishes$as$sample$size$increases,$ systematic$error$$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ is$independent$of$the$size$of$the$study$population$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ is$independent$of$the$size$of$the$study$population$
Question 6 0 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$measurement$bias$except$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ Incomplete$recording
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Selection$bias
Question 7 0 out of 4 points
The presence of systematic error affects Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ internal validity of the study
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ only a and b
•
Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy children. This is an example of Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ participant bias
Question 9 0 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to hospital for diseases included as controls must be Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Lower
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Similar
Question 10 4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$disorders$or$disabilities$are$associated$with$confounding$ by$indication$except:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Vigorous$exercise$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Vigorous$exercise$
•
Question 11 0 out of 4 points
A$modern$term$for$the$application$of$clinical$epidemiology$to$the$care$of$ patients$is$$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answers:$
$B.$$$ EvidenceCbased$medicine$$ $ $C.$$$ Clinical$medicine$$ $ $
Correct$Answers:
$B.$$$ EvidenceCbased$medicine$$ $ $
Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Systematic error can be classified as Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
Question 13 0 out of 4 points
Histamine$is$a$mediator$of$inflammation$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.$ Based$on$this$fact,$which$of$the$following$is$true?$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$a.$$$ Drugs$that$block$the$effects$of$histamines$will$relieve$ symptoms.
Correct$ Answer:
•
$c.$$$ Antihistamines$may$be$effective$and$their$effects$on$ symptoms$(such$as$itching,$sneezing$and$congestion)$ should$be$studied$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.
Question 14 4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Understanding$the$biology$of$disease$is$often$not,$in$itself,$a$sound$basis$ for$prediction$in$intact$humans.$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
Question 16 4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so. Answer$ Selected$Answer: Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above $e.$$$
none of the above •
Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Observation$about$disease$are$ordinarily$made$on$a$sample$of$patients$ because$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
•
Question 18 0 out of 4 points
A$purported$cause$or$predictor$variable$is,$sometimes,$called$the$ dependent$variable.$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$False
Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is$true?$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$a.$$$ A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$ valid
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$ valid
•
Question 20 0 out of 4 points
Quantitative$decision$analysis$include$$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ decision$analysis$
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ a$$and$c$
Question 21 4 out of 4 points
A failure to secure the participation of all the selected sample units Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Non-response bias
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Non-response bias
Question 22 4 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$true$except$ Answer$
•
Selected$ Answer:
$a.$$$ Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$ exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
Correct$ Answer:
$a.$$$ Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$ exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from among hospitalized patients. Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
Question 24 4 out of 4 points
A type of bias occurs when we study a disease that causes early death, and at the start of the study the deceased individuals can no longer be included in the case group. Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
Question 25 0 out of 4 points
A$bias$arises$from$the$fact$that$those$who$take$medication$generally$differ$ from$those$who$do$not$under$medical$indication.$These$differences$ introduce$a$bias$in$the$comparison.$$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Medication$bias$
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ Confounding$by$indication$
Question 26 4 out of 4 points
Not$all$studies$are$generalizable$to$patients$very$much$like$the$ones$in$the$ study.$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
Question 27 4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$ direction$or$the$other.$$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
Question 28 4 out of 4 points
The$inclusion$of$a$large$number$of$subjects$in$a$study$$ Answer$
•
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
Question 29 4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease. Answer$ Selected$Answer: Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias $a.$$$
Differential information bias •
Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$ study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$ Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$ results$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Saturday, January 12, 2013 4:02:30 PM EST
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from among hospitalized patients. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
A confounding factor may or may not carry some causal relationship to the outcome. Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$A.$$$ true
Correct$Answer:
$A.$$$ true
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$measurement$bias$except$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Selection$bias
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Selection$bias
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$an$observation$hold$true$in$other$ settings$is$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ generalizability
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ generalizability
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$a$study$are$correct$for$the$sample$of$ patients$being$studied$is$called$$ Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ internal$validity$
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ internal$validity$
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
Good$decisions$depend$on$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ all$of$the$above$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ all$of$the$above$
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy children. This is an example of Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Differential information bias
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points
Random error Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Does not always occur in the same direction.$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Does not always occur in the same direction.$
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points
There$is$a$positive$association$between$carrying$matches$and$lung$cancer.$ This$is$an$example$of$an$association$likely$caused$by:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ confounding$factor
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ confounding$factor
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points
Systematic error can be classified as Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points
In$a$randomized$controlled$trial,$the$following$type$of$bias$is$reduced$by$ randomization$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer: Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Selection$bias$ $c.$$$
Selection$bias$
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$ direction$or$the$other.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Select$the$best$statement$concerning$recall$bias:$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$d.$$$ It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$ status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$ case$control$study.
Correct$ Answer:
$d.$$$ It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$ status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$ case$control$study.
• Question 14 0 out of 4 points
In a population with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetics are at least twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction as are non-diabetics. A case-control study conducted in the community identifies 1,000 people with sustained myocardial infarction and 1,000 people without sustained myocardial infarction. The subjects are asked whether they have a history of diabetes mellitus. According to the study results, diabetes has a protective effect against myocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains the observed study results?$$ Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ Observer bias$
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Selection bias$
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy children. This is an example of Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ participant bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ participant bias
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
All systematic errors can be controlled in the phase corresponding to analysis of the results. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
The presence of systematic error affects Answer$ Selected$Answer: Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ only a and b $e.$$$
only a and b
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to hospital for diseases included as controls must be Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Similar
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Similar
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$ study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$ Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$ results$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
The$biggest$threat$to$validity$in$a$clinical$trial$comparing$two$types$of$ treatment$therapy$is$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$
selection$bias Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ selection$bias
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points
A$RCT$of$10,000$adults$was$conducted$to$determine$if$a$new$antiCplatelet$ medication$taken$with$aspirin$is$better$than$aspirin$taken$alone$in$ subjects$with$heart$disease.$The$outcome$of$interest$was$MI$(heart$attack).$ Select$the$best$answer:$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$b.$$$ It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiC platelet$medication$could$occur.
Correct$ Answer:
$b.$$$ It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiC platelet$medication$could$occur.
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points
Stratification$(stratified$analysis)$and$regression$modeling$(multivariate$ analysis)$are$the$method$for$adjusting$a$confounding$factor$at$the$stage$of$ study$design$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ false$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ false$
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Confounding bias is the only one of the three types of bias that can be controlled both in the study design phase and posteriorly in the analytical phase of an epidemiological study. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Cronbach$coefficient$is$used$to$assess$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ internal$consistency$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ internal$consistency$
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points
The$divergence$of$an$observation$on$a$sample$from$the$true$population$ value,$due$to$chance$alone,$is$called$ Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Random$variation
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Random$variation
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points
The$ROC$curve$is$constructed$by$plotting$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Sensitivity$versus$1Cspecificity
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Sensitivity$versus$1Cspecificity
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
Histamine$is$a$mediator$of$inflammation$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.$ Based$on$this$fact,$which$of$the$following$is$true?$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$c.$$$ Antihistamines$may$be$effective$and$their$effects$on$ symptoms$(such$as$itching,$sneezing$and$congestion)$ should$be$studied$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.
Correct$ Answer:
$c.$$$ Antihistamines$may$be$effective$and$their$effects$on$ symptoms$(such$as$itching,$sneezing$and$congestion)$ should$be$studied$in$patients$with$allergic$rhinitis.
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points
A$modern$term$for$the$application$of$clinical$epidemiology$to$the$care$of$ patients$is$$
Answer$ Selected$Answers:$
$A.$$$ EvidenceCbased$medicine$$ $ $
Correct$Answers:
$A.$$$ EvidenceCbased$medicine$$ $ $
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$only$basic$science$that$clinicians$rely$on$in$the$ care$of$patients.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
In much of epidemiological research, the aim of the study is to determine the effect of a type of exposure upon a given health problem. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
In general bias can be classified as Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points
Observation$about$disease$are$ordinarily$made$on$a$sample$of$patients$ because$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
The$inclusion$of$a$large$number$of$subjects$in$a$study$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
A$variable$is$confounded$if$it$is$directly$along$the$path$from$cause$to$effect.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
Chance$can$affect$all$the$steps$involved$in$clinical$research.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$methods$for$controlling$a$confounding$factor$are$ applicable$at$the$stage$of$study$design$except:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ stratification
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ stratification
• Question 8 0 out of 4 points
All$epidemiologic$studies$are$directly$useful$in$the$care$of$individual$ patients.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points
The$ROC$curve$is$constructed$by$plotting$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$
Sensitivity$versus$1Cspecificity Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Sensitivity$versus$1Cspecificity
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points
The comparison of groups is the fundamental element used to establish causal relationships. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$disorders$or$disabilities$are$associated$with$confounding$ by$indication$except:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Vigorous$exercise$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Vigorous$exercise$
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$ study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$ Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$ results$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$application$of$epidemiologic$principles$to$ problems$encountered$in$clinical$medicine.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ true$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ true$
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points
A$purported$cause$or$predictor$variable$is,$sometimes,$called$the$ dependent$variable.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
A$sophisticated$statistical$method$available$to$adjust$simultaneously$for$ various$confounding$factors$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ regression$modelling$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ regression$modelling$
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
The$generalizability$of$clinical$observations,$even$those$with$high$internal$ validity,$is$a$matter$of$personal$judgment$about$which$reasonable$people$ might$disagree.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Select$the$best$statement$concerning$recall$bias:$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$d.$$$ It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$ status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$ case$control$study.
Correct$ Answer:
$d.$$$ It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$ status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$ case$control$study.
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
All$the$followings$are$true$except$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$a.$$$ Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$ exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
Correct$ Answer:
$a.$$$ Samples$of$populations$must$have$characteristics$that$are$ exactly$similar$to$the$parent$population$
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points
The$ideal$method$of$controlling$confounders$in$a$study$with$a$reasonable$ sample$size$is$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ randomization$
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ randomization$
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
A$bias$arises$from$the$fact$that$those$who$take$medication$generally$differ$ from$those$who$do$not$under$medical$indication.$These$differences$ introduce$a$bias$in$the$comparison.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ Confounding$by$indication$
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ Confounding$by$indication$
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$only$basic$science$that$clinicians$rely$on$in$the$ care$of$patients.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
• Question 23 0 out of 4 points
A$mixing$of$effects$between$the$exposure,$the$disease,$and$other$factors$ associated$with$both$the$exposure$and$the$disease$such$that$the$effects$of$ the$two$processes$are$not$separated$is$known$as$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ effect$modification$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ confounding$
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points
In a population with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetics are at least twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction as are non-diabetics. A case-control study conducted in the community identifies 1,000 people with sustained myocardial infarction and 1,000 people without sustained myocardial infarction. The subjects are asked whether they have a history of diabetes mellitus. According to the study results, diabetes has a protective effect against myocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains the observed study results?$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ Selection bias$
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ Selection bias$
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$ direction$or$the$other.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from among hospitalized patients. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to hospital for diseases included as controls must be Answer$ Selected$Answer: Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Similar $a.$$$
Similar
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
There$is$a$positive$association$between$carrying$matches$and$lung$cancer.$ This$is$an$example$of$an$association$likely$caused$by:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ confounding$factor
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ confounding$factor
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Different drug classes have been recommended in the control of hyperglycaemia and prevention of diabetes complications. To this end, diabetes is associated with multiple risk factors for complications and thus, subjects requiring drug treatment are often high risk individuals for hypertension, CVD, renal disease and cancer. Thus, drug use indication bias is a systematic error due to$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$$$$ Selection bias
Correct$Answer:
$$$$ Selection bias
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is$true?$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$a.$$$ A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$ valid
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$ valid
• Question 3 4 out of 4 points
The$inclusion$of$a$large$number$of$subjects$in$a$study$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Allows$precise$risk$estimates$to$be$calculated$
• Question 4 0 out of 4 points
We$wish$to$investigate$if$a$new$drug$is$effective$in$reducing$the$duration$ and$severity$of$the$migrain$headache.$We$take$the$next$15$patients$that$ come$to$the$walkCin$clinic$and$tell$them$about$the$new$drug$we$are$giving$ them$and$we$give$them$the$new$drug$.$Twelve$patients$state$the$new$drug$ was$helpful$in$reducing$the$severity$and$duration$of$migrain$headache.$ Which$of$the$following$is$NOT$CORRECT?$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$b.$$$ This$is$not$a$good$clinical$trial$because$it$is$not$doubleC blinded.$The$patients$may$feel$relief$because$they$thought$ the$new$drug$should$work.
Correct$ Answer:
$d.$$$ This$is$not$a$good$clinical$trial$because$we$didn$t$give$the$ new$drug$to$subjects$without$migrain$headache$to$assess$ its$effect$in$a$control$group
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
There$is$a$positive$association$between$carrying$matches$and$lung$cancer.$ This$is$an$example$of$an$association$likely$caused$by:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ confounding$factor
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ confounding$factor
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is/are$true?$I.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$ study$design$II.$Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$data$collection$III.$ Bias$results$from$systematic$flaws$in$the$analysis$or$interpretation$of$ results$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ I,$II,$and$III$are$all$true.
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
The comparison of groups is the fundamental element used to establish causal relationships. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 8 4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points
A bias that affects all the comparator groups equally and tends to dilute the true existing association Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Non-differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Non-differential information bias
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points
There$are$sharp$distinctions$among$the$biologic$sciences$(such$as$ anatomy$and$physiology).$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points
The$divergence$of$an$observation$on$a$sample$from$the$true$population$ value,$due$to$chance$alone,$is$called$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Random$variation
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Random$variation
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
All$epidemiologic$studies$are$directly$useful$in$the$care$of$individual$ patients.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$a$study$are$correct$for$the$sample$of$ patients$being$studied$is$called$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ internal$validity$
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ internal$validity$
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points
Select$the$best$statement$concerning$recall$bias:$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$d.$$$ It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$ status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$ case$control$study.
Correct$ Answer:
$d.$$$ It$occurs$when$cases$and$controls$know$their$outcome$ status$and$differentially$recall$their$exposure$history$in$a$ case$control$study.
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
Good$decisions$depend$on$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ all$of$the$above$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ all$of$the$above$
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
A type of bias occurs when we study a disease that causes early death, and at the start of the study the deceased individuals can no longer be included in the case group. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
Bias occurs when the cases and/or controls are recruited from among hospitalized patients. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Berkson bias
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias
• Question 19
4 out of 4 points
In a population with a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetics are at least twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction as are non-diabetics. A case-control study conducted in the community identifies 1,000 people with sustained myocardial infarction and 1,000 people without sustained myocardial infarction. The subjects are asked whether they have a history of diabetes mellitus. According to the study results, diabetes has a protective effect against myocardial infarction. Which of the following best explains the observed study results?$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Selection bias$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Selection bias$
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Observation$about$disease$are$ordinarily$made$on$a$sample$of$patients$ because$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ it is not possible to study all patients with the disease in question.
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points
All systematic errors can be controlled in the phase corresponding to analysis of the results. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 22 0 out of 4 points
The$study$of$how$nonbiologic$factors$affect$patients'$health$is$known$as$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ sociology
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ health$service$research
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The$degree$to$which$the$results$of$an$observation$hold$true$in$other$ settings$is$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ generalizability
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ generalizability
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$application$of$epidemiologic$principles$to$ problems$encountered$in$clinical$medicine.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ true$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ true$
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points
Random error Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ Does not always occur in the same direction.$
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ Does not always occur in the same direction.$
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points
A confounding factor may or may not carry some causal relationship to the outcome. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$A.$$$ true
Correct$Answer:
$A.$$$ true
• Question 27 0 out of 4 points
A$bias$occurs$when$comparisons$are$made$between$groups$of$patients$ that$differ$in$determinants$of$outcome$other$than$the$one$under$study.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ confounding$bias
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ selection$bias
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
A$sophisticated$statistical$method$available$to$adjust$simultaneously$for$ various$confounding$factors$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ regression$modelling$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ regression$modelling$
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points
Stratification$(stratified$analysis)$and$regression$modeling$(multivariate$ analysis)$are$the$method$for$adjusting$a$confounding$factor$at$the$stage$of$ study$design$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ false$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ false$
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy children. This is an example of Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Differential information bias
• Question 1 4 out of 4 points
Systematic error can be classified as Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ all of the above
• Question 2 4 out of 4 points
A$RCT$of$10,000$adults$was$conducted$to$determine$if$a$new$antiCplatelet$ medication$taken$with$aspirin$is$better$than$aspirin$taken$alone$in$ subjects$with$heart$disease.$The$outcome$of$interest$was$MI$(heart$attack).$ Select$the$best$answer:$ Answer$ Selected$ Answer:
$b.$$$ It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiC platelet$medication$could$occur.
Correct$ Answer:
$b.$$$ It$is$possible$that$effect$modification$by$the$new$antiC platelet$medication$could$occur.
• Question 3 0 out of 4 points
A failure to secure the participation of all the selected sample units Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Non-response bias
• Question 4 4 out of 4 points
Confounding bias is the only one of the three types of bias that can be controlled both in the study design phase and posteriorly in the analytical phase of an epidemiological study. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 5 4 out of 4 points
All$the$following$disorders$or$disabilities$are$associated$with$confounding$ by$indication$except:$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Vigorous$exercise$
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Vigorous$exercise$
• Question 6 4 out of 4 points
In case-control study, admission rate bias can be avoided by selecting the controls from among people admitted to the hospital in the same period of time but due to other causes. Compared to cases, the probability of admission to hospital for diseases included as controls must be Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Similar
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Similar
• Question 7 4 out of 4 points
A$sophisticated$statistical$method$available$to$adjust$simultaneously$for$
various$confounding$factors$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ regression$modelling$
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ regression$modelling$
• Question 8 0 out of 4 points
Quantitative$decision$analysis$include$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ decision$analysis$
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ a$$and$c$
• Question 9 4 out of 4 points
An investigation in which one group of allergic children receives a new drug treatment and another receives the usual drug treatment. If the investigator is also the observer, he or she will tend to be more meticulous in evaluating the new drug treatment group than the other group, even if not deliberately so. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ none of the above
• Question 10 4 out of 4 points
Stratification$(stratified$analysis)$and$regression$modeling$(multivariate$
analysis)$are$the$method$for$adjusting$a$confounding$factor$at$the$stage$of$ study$design$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ false$
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ false$
• Question 11 4 out of 4 points
In much of epidemiological research, the aim of the study is to determine the effect of a type of exposure upon a given health problem. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 12 4 out of 4 points
Selection bias is more common in Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ cross-sectional studies
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ cross-sectional studies
• Question 13 4 out of 4 points
Chance$can$affect$all$the$steps$involved$in$clinical$research.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 14 4 out of 4 points
A$purported$cause$or$predictor$variable$is,$sometimes,$called$the$ dependent$variable.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 15 4 out of 4 points
There$are$sharp$distinctions$among$the$biologic$sciences$(such$as$ anatomy$and$physiology).$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 16 4 out of 4 points
Clinical$epidemiology$is$the$application$of$epidemiologic$principles$to$ problems$encountered$in$clinical$medicine.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ true$
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ true$
• Question 17 4 out of 4 points
The$divergence$of$an$observation$on$a$sample$from$the$true$population$ value,$due$to$chance$alone,$is$called$ Answer$
Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Random$variation
Correct$Answer:
$b.$$$ Random$variation
• Question 18 4 out of 4 points
Women with allergic children will remember better, or make a greater effort to remember, their eating habits during pregnancy than women with healthy children. This is an example of Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$d.$$$ Differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$d.$$$ Differential information bias
• Question 19 4 out of 4 points
A type of bias occurs when we study a disease that causes early death, and at the start of the study the deceased individuals can no longer be included in the case group. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Neyman bias
• Question 20 4 out of 4 points
Which$of$the$following$is$true?$ Answer$
Selected$ Answer:
$a.$$$ A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$ valid
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ A$study$can$be$internally$valid$but$not$externally$ valid
• Question 21 4 out of 4 points
The comparison of groups is the fundamental element used to establish causal relationships. Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 22 4 out of 4 points
Random$variation$tends$to$distort$the$clinical$observations$in$one$ direction$or$the$other.$$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$False
Correct$Answer:$
$False
• Question 23 4 out of 4 points
The$clinical$events$of$primary$interest$in$clinical$epidemiology$are$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ symptoms,$disability,$and$death
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ symptoms,$disability,$and$death
• Question 24 4 out of 4 points
The$gene$for$phenylketon$uria$is$expressed$only$in$children$who$ingest$ phenylalanine$in$their$diet.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 25 4 out of 4 points
When the magnitude of the bias is related to exposure to the study factor on the part of the subject or the condition of his or her disease. Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias
Correct$Answer:
$a.$$$ Differential information bias
• Question 26 4 out of 4 points
The$effects$of$bias$and$chance$are$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
Correct$Answer:
$c.$$$ Cumulative
• Question 27 4 out of 4 points
The presence of systematic error affects
Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ only a and b
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ only a and b
• Question 28 4 out of 4 points
The$generalizability$of$clinical$observations,$even$those$with$high$internal$ validity,$is$a$matter$of$personal$judgment$about$which$reasonable$people$ might$disagree.$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:$
$True
Correct$Answer:$
$True
• Question 29 4 out of 4 points
The$biggest$threat$to$validity$in$a$clinical$trial$comparing$two$types$of$ treatment$therapy$is$ Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$e.$$$ selection$bias
Correct$Answer:
$e.$$$ selection$bias
• Question 30 4 out of 4 points
Random error Answer$ Selected$Answer:
$b.$$$ Does not always occur in the same direction.$
Correct$Answer: $
$b.$$$ Does not always occur in the same direction.$