Criminology Penology: Prof. N. V. Paranjape

Prof. N. V. PARANJAPE

CRIMINOLOGY PENOLOGY

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Central Law Publications

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

I-a, nler/y, Dean boceilt,- of Loti-, I1okat,j/n/ university. Bhopal, ,,,,,I Head. Pa (-c;, 0-/l,0! I)epai-/nte,,f iif Law. Goven-,,n,c,,, Haittidia Lin , Coll,'ir. IJlio,'aI. Ei-Pto/,.co,-. Head d Deoo. Pacu/it of Lai, .Iahalpur Uni ervilt4UTJiOR OF Studies 0, Jui,.ipr,,de,,ce Lafl' I?el<,t,,,' to / 1ral'otio,, of () /fei u/e,i ii, India 7/ic Role of Duectjt ' e Piincii/ec under the /i,diwt ('onipo,,t- La it, Legal & Coo.cutztttonof I/Lvtott Lao ,e/atu,t to 4 111i11,uIoil Code of (tohlinaf Procedure dc. etc.

It,, o '- --

TWELFTH EDITION 2005

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PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION The present book has entered thirty-second year of its publication since its first edition was taken out way back in 1973. The successful survival of the book for over three decades speaks in itself of its immense popularity among the readers. The author has great pleasure and satisfaction in placing this revised and enlarged Twelfth Edition of the book in the hands of readers who are genuinely interested in deeper study of this fascinating branch of legal knowledge. The author has endeavoured to bring out this edition in a thoroughly revised form with all the relevant statutory amendments and authoritative decisions on the subject. At places, the whole text has been recast, rewritten and expanded for updating the contents. The relevant statutory enactments have been incorporated in the Appendix and references given under appropriate topics in the body of the book. An attempt has been made to evaluate the latest developing trends in criminology and penology taking stock of contemporary changes of the 21st centuary which are taking place in other parts of the globe, notably, Britain and United States without, however, losing sight of the Indian perspective. The authorities, both Indian and foreign, that have been relied upon and used as a source material, have been referred to and acknowledged in the footnotes. A select Bibliography and Table of cases incorporated in the book shall be found useful by the more inquisitive readers. The author expresses his gratitude and thanks to Messrs Central Law Publications, Allahabad for their keen interest in publishing the book in the elegent form in shortest possible time. It is sincerely hoped that like the preceding editions, this edition of the book would also be found very useful not only by the students, researchers and the teachers of law, but by the lawyers, Judges and criminal law administrators as well. All helpful suggestions offered by the readers for the improvement of the book shall be gratefully received. 26th January, 2005 E7/745 Arera Colony, BHOPAL-1.6

Dr. N.V. Paranjape

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(iii)

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION With the introduction of Criminology as a subject for Legal Studies in Indian Universities, there has been a pressing demand fir a comprehensive text book on this subject from the student community. It is well known that criminology is a socio-legal subject and with the modern improvised techniques of handling criminals, a summarisation of criminological findings for the students of this branch of knowledge has become all the more necessary. The author has endeavoured to achieve this purpose in the present book. For the sake of convenience, the entire subject-matter of the book has been split into two parts. Part I deals with the origin and development of criminal science. The causation of crime has also been elaborately discussed in this part of the book. Part 11 contains infbrmation regarding penology and modern techniques of penal science. The subject has been approached in a legal perspective with emphasis on recent developments in correctional field of penology. The author feels greatly indebted to the works of eminent criminologists and penologists, particularly those of Sutherland and Cressey, ,J.L. Gillin, G.B. Void, Donald Taft, Barnes and Teeters, Curtis Bok, Allen Francis, Dr. P.R. Sen, K.S. Pillai and ethers which have been a source of information and guidance in the compilation of this book. The author also acknowledges his gratdf\il thanks to Late Professor Narendra Singh, Head & ])call, Faculty of Law, University of Jabalpur, who wrote a fhreword to this i'ditioii. Thanks are also due to Shri Krishna Vinayak Rudra lhr typing the manuscript neatly within shortest possible time. The author also wishes to express his thanks to publishers, fbr bringing out this book in the present form. Dr. N.V. Paranjape

Bhopal June, 1973

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SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Agarwal R.S. Barnes & Teeters Bartol urt. R. Batria Puran Dr. Bonger W.A. Burt Cyril Cavan & Cavan Chandra, B. Chang Dai H. Cohen Frank J. Cenklin John E. Cross & Jones Curtis Bok Deb. R. Donald Taft & R.W. England Dressier David Fitzgerald P.J. Francis Allen Garofalo Raffacle Gault R.H. Gaur K.D. Gillin J.L. Glanville Williams Gluck Sheldon Heinrich Oppenheimer Howard Jones I.P.P.F. Publication Katherine S. Williams Kenny Leonard Orland Lionel Fox Sir

Prevention of Crime (Radient Publishers) 1977 New Horizons in Criminology (3rd Ed.) 1966 Criminal Behaviour A Psychological Approach, 1998. Sex & Crime in India (1st Ed.) 1992 Criminality & Economic Conditions (1969 Reprint) Indiana University Press The Young Delinquent (1st Ed.) 1938 London Crime & Delinquenc y in Britain Open Air Prisons (1984 Ed.) Criminology—Cross Cultural Perspectives (Vikas) Youth & Crime (New York) 1957 Criminology, 1997 Introduction to Criminal Law (13th Ed.) 1995 Problems of Criminal Law, 1955 Principles of Criminology, Criminal Law & Investigation, Vols. I & 11 (2nd Ed.) 1968 Criminolo g y (4th Ed.) inology Readings in Criminology, 1966 Criminal Law & Punishment (Oxford) 1962 Borderland of Criminal Justice, 1964 Criminology (Little Brown & Co.) Boston, 1970 Criminology (Boston, Heath) 1932 Criminal Law and Criminology, (edited) 2003 Deep & Deep Publications, Delhi Criminology & Penology (3rd Ed.) The Criminal Law (2nd Ed.) The Problem of I)clinquency, (Boston) 1959 The Rationale of Punishment, 1913 Crime & Penal System (London Univ. Press) 1956 Studies in Penology, 1964 Textbook of' Criminology (1St Indian Reprint 2001) Universal Law Publishing Co. Outlines of Criminal Law (17th Ed.) Justie, Punishment & Treatment, 1983 The English Prison & Borstal System, 1972

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CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

Mannheim 1-iarniann Martin J.P. Mitra N.L. Dr. Nelken David Nigel Walker Niel Walker ()srnania University I 'ii hi cat on Pai'anj ape N. V. Dr. Pa . ri purnanand V rma Pendse S.N. Dr. Penman Harvey & T. Ailington I'illa.i K.S. ()uinney Richard Rajan V.N. Dr. Radzinowiei. L. Reckless Walter C. Richard Hawkins & Geol lery Ruhin Sol Sell P.K. Sethna M.J. Shah Jyotsna H. Di Siegel Larr, J. Sutherland & Cressey Syed M. Alial Qadri Tappen Paul \V Tierney John Vedder & Key Void G.B. Williams Franklin. P. Young Jock & Mathews

1965 Comparative C ri iii no logy (Li) n.) Alter Care in FransitR)n. 1964 Juvenile Delinquency & Indian Judicial System Deep & .Deeil Pub.) The Futures of Climinology, Sage Pub. 994. Crime & Punishment in Britain Sentencing : Theory and Practice 1985) Butieiworths Police In Developing Society. 1972 Law Relating to Probation l 01 lenders in India (BR. Puhlishing Corp.. Delhi) I Crime. Criminal & Convict. 1965 Oaths & Ordeals in Dharmasastras (MS. University, i'uh. Baroda). 1985 The Tasks of Penology (3rd Ed.) 1970 Theories of Criminology The Problem of Crime (New York) 1970 Vict mology (Allied Publishers) I I Cambridge Studies In Criminology Vol. XII. 1960 crime Problem (5th Ed.) 1973 New Y uk American Prison Sys(em. 989. Crime & Juvenile Delinquency (New York) I Penology Old & New. 1943 Society & The Criminal (N.M. Tn paihi ). 1989 Studies in Criminology : Probation Services in India (N.M. Tripathi). 1973 Criminology, 2000. The Principles of Criminology (10th Ed.). 1978 Police & Law A Sociological Analysis GuIshan Pub. Srinagar) 19S9 Clime, Justice & Correction. (96(1 Criminolo g y Theor y andd Coii text. 1996 Penn logy—Rca Ii stic Approach Theoretical Criminology (Oxford University Piess 1997 Criminological Theory, 1999. Rethinking Criminology (1992) London.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC AIR AIR SCW All Cr C All Cr R All ER Al! Li All LIZ An LT An LT (Cr1) An Pra Li An WR Assam 1.R AWC B B CJ Bili Li Bib UR Boill CR Born LIZ CHN Cal WN CC Cases CLR Cr AR (SC) Cr1 U Cr LR (SC & NIP) Cr LR (Guj) Cr LR ( lvIah CrLR (Raj) Cr LT Crimes Cr LC C Cr J Cur U

Appellate Court All India Reporter. All India Reporter Supreme Court Weekly Allahahad Criminal Cases. Allahahad Criminal Rulings. All England Reporter Allahahad Law Journal. Allahabad Law Reports. Andhra Law Times. Andhra Law Times (Criminal) Andhra Pradesh Law Journal. Andhra Weekly Reports. Assam Law Reports. Allahahad Weekly Cases. B I liar Bar Council Journal. Bihar Law Judgments. B liar Law Journal Reports. Bombay Cases Reporter. Bombay Law Reporter. Calcutta 1-ugh Court Notes. Calcutta Weekly Notes. Chandigarh Criminal Cases. Chandigarh Law Reporter. Criminal Appeals Reporter (Supreme Court). :tl Law Journal. Criminal Criminal Law Reporter (Supreme Court and Madhya Pradesh). Criminal Law Reporter (Gujarat). Criminal Law Reporter (Maharashtra). Criminal Law Reporter (Rajasthan). Criminal Law Times. Crimes. Criminal Law Cases. Current Criminal Judgments. Current Law Journal. ( vii )

l!Jll Cut LR (Cr) Cut LT Cut \VR Del LT East Cr C ER ILk ITR .Jah Li CC iT (SC) Kant LC Km- U Kash U Ker Li Ker LT L & SL LW (Cr) MP U MU MU (Cr.) QL3D Raj Cr C RLR Recent Cr R Sc SCALE SCC SCC (Cr) SCC (Stipp) SC Cr R SCJ SCR SCWR VS \VLC WLN. WUR

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

• Cu ttac k Law Reports (Criminal). Cuttack Law Times. Cumtaik Weekly Rcportcr. Delhi Law Times. • . Eastern Cri iron al Cases. En g land Reports. Indian Law Reports. Income Tax Reporter. iahalpur Law Journal. Journal of Criminal Cases (Del). Judgments Today (Supreme Court). Karnataka Law Chronicle. Karrataka Law Journal. • Kashmir Law Journal. Kei ala Law Iou rua,. Kerala Law Times. Local & Special Laws Law Weekly (Criminal). Madhya Pradesh Law Journal. Madras Law Journal. Madras Law Journal (Criminal). Queen's Bench Division. • . Rajasthan Criminal Cases. Rajdhani Law Reporter. Recent Criminal Reports. • Supreme Court. Supreme Court Almanac. Supreme Court Cases. Supreme Court Cases (Criminal). Supreme Court Cases (Supplement). • Supreme Court Criminal Rulings. Supreme Court Journal. Supreme Court Reports. Supreme Court Weekly Reporter. United States Western Law Cases (Raj). Weekly Law Notes. Weekly Law Reports.

CONTENTS Page

Prcfhce to the Twelfth Edition Pref9ç_ to the First Edition Slct Bibliography List of Abbreviations Contents Table of Cases

1.11

iv V Vii

ix xxiii PART I

CRIMINOLOGY

Chapter I THE CONCEPT OF CRIME Early concept of crime Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century Twentieth Century Crime defined Crime without a Victim Classification of Crimes Classification of offences under I.P.C. Characteristics of Crime Sin and Crime Distinguished Crime and Morality Conclusion

3 6

6 7 9 9

10 10 11 11 12

Chapter II NATURE AND SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology—Its Nature and Scope Criminology, Penology and Irkter -Relation between \. Criminal Law Criminal Law—Its Nature and Elements Perception of Criminal Law in Ancient India Fundamentals of Modern Criminal Law The purpose of Criminal Law The Concept of Crime (ix

17 20 21 21 22 25 25

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

X

Page

Intention and motive distinguished Criminology—Its importance Radical Criminology Possibility of Science of Criminology Penology—Its future Approach to Penology Caution against Excessive Reformation

26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Chapter III THE SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY 1. Pre-classical School of Criminology 2, The Classical School 3, Neo-classical School 4. Positive School Cesare Lombroso (1836-1909) Enrico Fern (1856-1928) Rafihele Garofalo (1852-1934) Gabriel Tarde (1843-1994) An appraisal of Positive School of Criminology Clinical School of Criminology Sociological School of Criminology The New Criminology

35 36 37 39 39 42 43 43 44 45 45 46

Chapter IV CAUSATION OF CRIME Heredity and Crime Mental Disorder and Criminality M' Naghtenh Rule of Criminal Responsibility Insanity under Indian Criminal Law Bio-physical factors and criminality Intelligence Testing and Crime American View on Personality Aspect of Criminals Freud's theory of Criminal Behaviour Psychological concept of crime Aristotle's Four Laws of Association Conflict Theory of Crime Gender-based Explanations of Female Criminality Group Therapy

Chapter V SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY OF CRIME

Sociological Theory of Criminal Behaviour

49 51 51 53 54 55 56

62 64 65

70

CONTENTS

Theory of Differential Association Multiple. Factor Approach to Crime Causation (1) Mobility (2) Culture Conflicts (3) Family Background (4) Political Ideology (5) Religion and Crime (6) Economic Conditions (7) Ecology of Crime 8) Influence of Media Crimes in Urban and Rural Areas Neighbourhood influences Conclusion

Chapter VI TENTATIVE THEORY OF CRIME Criminality as a part of social behaviour Socio-cultural patterns and Criminal behaviour -Tribals Norms and Criminality Crime as a prndirt of social disorganisation

XI

Page 71 72 72 73 73 75

77 77 78 79 80 81 82

84 86 89 90

Chapter VII CRIME AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Relationship between economic structure and crimes Marxists Theory Bonger's Economic Theory of Criminality Criticism of Bonger's Theory Limitations of economic explanation of crime

Chapter VIII ORGANISED CRIMES Definition (1) Organised predatory crime (2) Crime Syndicate (3) Criminal Racket (4) Political Graft Main characteristics of organised criminals Terrorism & Related Organised International Crimes

95

96 97 99 103

105 106 107 108 111 112 114

xii

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

çChapter IX lIE COLLAR CRIME Page

Historical Background Deition of White Collar Crime Criticism of Sutherland's views on White Collar Crime Contributing Factors White Collar Crime in India Hoarding, Black Marketing and Adulteration Tax-evasion White Collar Crime in certain Professions Medical Proièssion Engineering Legal Profession Educational Institutions White collar crime in business deals Computer related White Collar Crimes Money Laundering (1998-2002) (Cases under FERA) White collar crime distinguished from traditional crime Remedial Measures

117 118 120 121 122 123 124 125 125 125 125 126 127 128 130 131 133

Chapter X SEXUAL OFFENCES Indian Perspective Causes of Sex Delinquency Remedial Measures Incest Homosexuals Contraceptives—A Boon to Sex offenders Law Relating to Abortion in India Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 The Problem of Prostitution The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 International Dimensions of Human Trafficking Rescue Homes For Destitute Women Sex Ethics Women and Domestic Violence Torture and Harassment Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Places Dowry And Dowry Deaths Protection of Women Against Possible Sex Harassment by Police Personnel

139 140 144 149 150 150 150 151 152 152 154 I158 158 159 160 161 163

CONTENTS

Amendments of Law Relating to Rape Law Relating to Rape Needs to redefine Gender identities Concluding observations

xui Page 163 165 168

Chapter XI

ALCOHOLISM, DRUG ADDICTION AND CRIME Main Causes of Drug Addiction International Perspective of the Problem. Illicit Drug Trafficking On-Line Drug Trafficking—A Meiace Classification of Drugs Alcoholism Drug-Addicts and Crime Indian Law. Measures to Control Alcoholism & Drug Addiction Enforcement Agencies Remedial Measures Drunkenness and Criminal Responsibility

172 174 176 176 177 177 178 179 181 182 184 185

Chapter XII

CRIME STATISTICS Reasons for Unreliability of Crime Statistics Sources of Criminal Statistics Crime Records Bureau Crime Statistics in India TABLE— Trend of Violent Crimes, Property Crimes and White Collar Crimes (1997-2002) Trend of Violent Crimes TABLE— Crime Rate for Violent Crimes under I.P.C. during 1998-2002 The Pattern of IPC Crimes TABLE— Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes under Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Acts & Special Laws (SLL) 1992-2002. Crime Statistics of Narcotic Drug Seizures TABLE— Seizures of Narcotics and Drugs (No. of Cases) During 1998-2002 TABLE— Quantity of Drugs Seized (1998-2002) Conclusion

189 191 192 193 194 194 195 195 195 196 196 197 197

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

xiv

PART II

PENOLOGY Chapter XIII

THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT Concept of Punishment Theories of Punishment Deterrent Theory Retributive Theory Preventive Theory Reformative Theory Efficacy of Punishment Early Stages Medieval Period Modern or New Penology Indian Perspective Essentials of an Ideal Penal System Penal Policy in India Sum -up

Page 204 204 204 205 206 207 208, 208 209 211 213 214 218 221

Chapter XIV

FORMS OF PUNISHMENT AND JUDICIAL SENTENCING

Dharmashastra Interpretation of Punishment Forms of Punishment. Flogging Mutilation Branding Stoning Pillory Fines Forfeiture of Property Security Bond Banishment Solitary Confinement Imprisonment for Life Imprisonment Capital punishment Judicial Sentencing

222 223 223 224 224 224 224 225 226 227 227 228 229 230 231 232

CONTENTS

xv

Chapter XV CAPITAL. PUNISHMENT Page

Retributive Effect of Death Penalty Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment Modes of Execution Capital Punishment in Ancient Rome and Greece Continental View on Death Penalty Ceylon The Italian view France Death Sentence in U.S.A. Capital punishment in India Retention of Capital Punishment—How far justified Retention preferred to Abolition Law Commission's Report on Capital Punishment Suicide as an offence Should Euthanasia be legalised Offences punishable with death sentence under IPC Indian Law on Death Penalty Judicial Trend Delay in execution of Death Sentence Mode of Execution of Death Sentence An Overall view. Conclusion

237 238 238 239 240 241 241 241 241 245 245 248 249 250 252 252 254 '256 275 276 276 278

Chapter XVI THE POLICE SYSTEM Origin of Police Development of Police Organisation America. Police Force in India. The Police set-up Police Commissioners The Women Police Home Guard Police Preparatory Police Training Programme The Problems of Police Principles of Policing The Role of Police Legal Functions of Police (1) Patrolling and Surveillance (2) Preventive Functions

280 281 282 282 286 287 288 289 289 290 291 292 294 294 295

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

xvi

Conditional Release of Accused on Bond etc. Investigation by Police TABLE— IPC cases investigated & Charge-sheeted by Police (1961-2002) (5) Interrogation of Offenders & Suspects (6) Search & Seizure (7) Maintain Inquest Register (8) To Assist the Prosecutor (9) Identification etc. (10) Control of Juvenile Delinquency (11) General Welfare Functions Rural Policing in India The National Police Commission Police Custodial Torture Supreme Court's Directives for avoidance of Custodial Crimes Police Public Co-operation Police Advisory Committees Judiciary's Attitude towards Police Citizen's Voluntary Force Modernisation of Police Malimath Committee Report on Police Functioning The Police Sniffer Dogs INTERPOL International Perspective of the Police (3) (4)

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Page 296 297 298 298 299 300 300 301 301 301 302 303 304 308 310 312 312 313 313 315 315 315 316

Chapter XVII

THE CRIMINAL LAW COURTS The British Criminal Law Courts Trial by Jury The American Criminal Law Courts The Prosecutor or the Prosecuting Attorney Video-Conferencing in American Courts Criminal Law Courts in India The Nyaya Panchayats Lok Adalats The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Law Relating to Bail Role of Investigating Agencies The Court of Criminal Trial Trial Proceedings The object of Criminal Trials

319 321 322 323 324 325 329 330 331 331 332 334 334 335 337

CONTENTS



The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Functions of Criminal Law Court Shortcomings TABLE— Disposal of IPC Crime Cases by Courts (1961-2002) Control over Criminal Law Courts

xvii Page

337 338 338 339 342

Chapter XVIII THE PRISON ADMINISTRATION The American Prison System The Pennsylvania System The Auburn System The Elmira Reformatory The British Prison System The Russian Prisons International Penal and Penitentiary Commission and Prison Reforms Prisons in India Indian Jail Reforms Committee 1919-20 Plea for Setting up Prison Panel Role of Prisons in Modern Penology The Problem of Overcrowding in Prisons The Problem of Prison Discipline The Problem of Prisoners' Health The Problem of Criminality in Prisons Self-Government in Prisons Prison Labour The Prison Community Classification of Prisoners Overall Statistical View of Indian Prisons Jail Reform Committee's (1980-83) View on Classification of Prisoners The Problem of Undertrial Prisoners Bar Against Handcuffing Solitary Confinement Prison Reforms Custodial Torture in Prisons Judicial Mandates Regarding Prisoners & Detenues Judicial Mandates for General Administration of Prisons The Repatriation of Prisoners Act, 2003

349

350 350 351 352 356 357

358 360 362 363 364 364 365 366 367 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 374 380 384 386 388

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CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

Chapter XIX

OPEN PRISONS Definition of Open Prison Origin of Open Prisons Open Prisons in U.S.A. The Californian Prison Farms International Perspective Open Prison Institutions in other Countries Netherlands France Norway and Sweden Educative Reformative Work in Hungary Belgium Australia Thailand Middle-East Countries Open Air Camps in India Main Characteristics of Open Prisons Advantages of open prisons Early Sampurnanand Camps in U.P. 1. Sampurnanand Camp, Chakiya 2. Sampurnanand Camp, Naugarh 3. Sampurnanand Camp, Shahgarh 4. The Saraya Ghat Camp (Varanasi) Sampurnanand Agricultural-cum-Industrial Camp, Sitarganj (District, Nainital), Uttaranchal Open Air Camp at Durgapur Open Prisons in Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh Nay Jiwan Shivir at Mungaoli in Madhya Pradesh Nay Jiwan Shivir at Lakhimpur Critical Appreciation

Page 391 391 .392 392 394 395 395 395 396 396 396 396 396 397 397 399 400 403 403 403 404 404 404 406 407 407 408 408

Chapter XX

EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY, GOOD TIME LAWS AND INDETERMINATE SENTENCE Pardon Commutation of Sentence Amnesty 'Good Time' Laws "Good time" Laws in India Indeterminate Sentence Origin of Indeterminate Sentence

410 413 414 414 414 415 416

CONTENTS

xix Page

Critical Appreciation of Indeterminate Sentence Suspended Sentence

418 420

Chapter XX! PAROLE The Concept of Parole Parole and Indeterminate Sentence—Distinguished Parole and Probation Compared Parole Distinguished from Furlough Origin of Parole in U.S.A. The Educative Reformative Scheme in Hungary The British Parole System Parole In India Structural set up of Parole Boards and their Functions Conditions of Parole Judicial Trend Parole Violation Essentials of an Ideal Parole System The Object of Parole

424 425 425 426 427 427 428 429 430 431 432 435 436 437

Chapter XXII PROBATION OF OFFENDERS Concept and Definition of Probation Object of Probation Probation and Suspended Sentence—Distinguished Origin of the Probation System Probation in U.S.A. Probation in U.K. Probation in European Countries Probation in Sweden Probation System in Japan Probation in India Historical Perspective of Probation Law in India Legislative History of Probation law in India The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 Procedure Other Enactments Scope of Probation under Section 360 of Cr.P.C. and Probation of Offenders Act compared Judicial Trend Removal of Disqualification attached to Conviction Public Welfare Offences

439 442 442 443 443 444 445 446 446 446 447 448 449 450 450 451 453 461 466

xx

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

No Probation for Convicted Corrupt Persons Age of the Offender Pro-sentence Report The Place of Probation in the Penal Policy Major Functions of the Probation Officer Critical Appreciation Probation as a Correctional Measure Some Useful Suggestions Public Participation in Probation Service

Page

470 471 47:3 473 475 477 479 481

Chapter XXII! JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

Movement for Juvenile Justice Juvenile Delinquency—What it means Causes of Juvenile Delinquency Justifications which the Juveniles may advance against their Delinquent act Juvenile Justice in U.K. Juvenile Justice in U.S.A. Juvenile Delinquency in other Countries Norway Turkey International Concern for Juvenile Justice Juvenile Justice in India Historical Conspectus of the Law Relating to Juvenile Justice in India The Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 (repealed by J.J. Act, 2000) The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 Relevant date as to determination of age of the Juvenile Whether it should be the date on which offence is committed or the date on which the juvenile is brought before the Court for trial. Special Juvenile Police Units Trial of Juveniles under Cr.P.C. and the Repealed Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 Grant of Bail to Juvenile Neglected Children Trial of Juveniles where there is no Juvenile Court (now Juvenile Justice Board) Special Procedure of the Juvenile Justice Board An Appraisal of the Juvenile Justice System in India TABLE— Incidence and Rate of Juvenile Delinquency under IPC (1992-2002)

485 486 488 490 491 493 493 494 494 494 495 497 498 498

501 511 512 512 513 513 514 514 517

CONTENTS

xxi Page

Treatment of Juvenile in Conflict with Law and Children in Need of Care & Protection Observation Homes Special Homes Certified Schools Separate Schools & Hostels for the Children of Prostitutes Borstals The English Borstal Institutions Borstal system in India Juvenile Delinquency in Different States of India TABLE— Incidence of Juvenile Delinquency Under Different Crime Heads (IPC) During 2002 Clinical Service can Serve Best to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency

517 518 518 518 518 519 520 520 521 522 523

Chapter XXIV RECIDIVISM Who is a Recidivist ? Causes of Recidivism Recidivistic Offenders Measures to combat Recidivism Recidivism in India Supreme Court on Recidivism Prevention of Recidivism

526 526 530 530 533 533 533

Chapter XXV CRIME PREVENTION Distinction between Crime Prevention and Treatment Prevention of Juvenile Crimes Suggested changes in Criminal Law & Procedure Problems involved in Crime Prevention International Perspective of Crime Prevention United Nations Congresses on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders The First Congress 1955 (Geneva) The Second Congress 1960 (London) The Third Congress 1965 (Stockholm) The Fourth Congress 1970 (Kyoto) The Fifth Congress 1975 (Geneva) The Sixth Congress 1980 (Caracas) The Seventh Congress 1985 (Milan) The Eighth Congress 1990 (Havana)

540 540 543 547 551 551 551 552 553 553 554 555 55 557



CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

XXH

The Ninth Congress 1995 (Cairo) The Tenth Congress 2000 (Vienna) Victimology—Its Expanding Dimensions Concluding Observations

APPENDICES The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 As amended by the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004 II. The Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act, 1974 III The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 IV The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 V. The Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 VI The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 Index

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Page 558 560 562 563

567

587 597 618 624 631 653

TABLE OF CASES A A.R. Antuley u. Union of India, 88 Abdul Mannan and others a. State of West Bengal, 513 Abdul Qayum a. State of Bihar, 456 Adamji Umar Dalal a. State, 226 Adu Ram v. Mukna & others, 274, 564 Nay Pratap Singh a. State of Madhya Pradesh, 500 Allauddin Mian a. State of Bihar, 256, 278 Aniit alias Ammu a. State of Maharashtra, 267

Anil Kumar a. State of M.P., 365 Anita (Ku.) a. Atal Behari, 500 Apparel Export Council a. A.K. Chopra, 161 Arnit Dose. State of Bihar, 501, 502, 508 Arvind Mohan a. Anil Kumar Biswas, 467 Asgar Hussain a. State of U.P., 234 Asharfi Lal & Sons a. State of UP., 263 Ashok Kumar a. The State of Delhi Administration, 271 Attorney-General for Northern Ireland a. Gallaghar, 179 Avtar Singh a. Emperor, 255

Bhola Bhagat a. State of Bihar, 501 Bhuvan Mohan Patnaik a. State of Al', 376 Birendra Kumar Rai a. Union of India, 181 Bishnu Dev Shaw a. State of West Bengal, 247, 257, 452 Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Miss Subhra Chakraborty, 166 Brij Lal a. Prem Chand, 539

C C.S. Bonsai a. Delhi Administration, 132 CEHAT and others a. Union of India, 152 Chawla a. State of Haryana, 257 Common Cause—A Registered Society a. Union of India, 372 Conwey a. Rinomer, 320 Cullen a. Rogers, 445

D

D.B.M. Patnaik a. State of A.P., 381 D.K. Basu a. State of West Bengal, 308, 310 D.P.P. a. Smith, 23 Daiya Moshya Bhil V. State of Maharashtra, 243 B Dalbir Singh a. State of Punjab, 257 RB. Das Gupta a. State of West Bengal, Dalbir Singh a. State of Uttar Pradesh, 508 260 Babulal Das a. State of West Bengal, 433 Dalip Singh a. State of Haryana, 307 Bachan Singh a. State of Punjab, 217, 245, Daniel Hailey Walcott a. State, 132 246, 253, 260, 269, 544 Daya Singh a. Union of India, 275 Baishanta a. State of Gujarat, 154 Delhi Administration v. Om Prakash, 467 Bakshi Ram's case, 465 Delhi Administration a. Ram Singh, 155 Bandhua Muktj Morcha a. Union of India, Delhi Domestic Women's Forum v Union of 102 India, 166 Bavadas Bowri a. State of Assam, 102 Deo Narain v. State of UP., 23 Bharwada Bheginbhai Hixjhibhai a. State Deoki Nandan Dayma a. State of Uttar of Gujarat, 164, 3 44 Pradesh, 499 Bhikhabhaj Devshj a. State of Gujarat and others, 231, 427, 437 Devki (Suit.) v. State of Haryana, 457 Bhirn Singh a. State of J. & K, 307, 313, Dhananjoy Chatteee alias Dhana a. State 327,344 of West Bengal., 411 ( xxiii



CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

XXiV

Dliaramvir u. State of Uttar Pradesh, 402, 432 l)liruvendra Sinh v. State of Rajasthan, 300 l)iiizi i.. State of UP., 261, 276 a. Prosecutions of Public Director Majewski, 185 Divisional Personal Officer Southern Rly. a. 'l'.H. Challappan, 462 Duncan a. Caruinell Laird and Co., 320 Donna La! a. State of Uttar Pradesh, 465

E Ediga Anumma a. State of Andh ra Pradesh, 232, 257 Eiuperor a. Dukhari, 277 Emperor a. Harnam Das & another, 144 Estun Baker a. Queen, 241 Chandiga rh a. Gill Ex-Capt. P. S. Administration, 434 Eyi'c a. Shaftesbury, 485

F liourida State a. I1.J.F., 167 francis Coralie Mullin a. Union Territory Delhi, 375, 385 Furman a. The State of Georgia, 242, 259

Guru Swaniy a. State of Tamil Nadu, 259 Cyan Kaur (Sint.) a. State of Punjab, 251

H Hansa a. State of Punjab, 159 liarbans Singh a. State of H.P., 386, 47' lla;-i Chand a. Director, School Educci 505 Hari Singh a. State of V.P. .16.3 lianhar Singh a. State of I F, 257 Allen ()sI & Harold Hamreay Norvegian Nationals, in re, 509 Harsh Sawhney a. Union Terntory, Chandigarh, 333 Hava Singh a. State of Haryana, 503, 521 Hicklin's case, 144 iliralal Mallick a. State of Bihar, 386, 432 Holmes, In re, 515 Hussainara Khatoon a. I-Ionic Secretary, State of Bihar, 102, 332, 372, 373, :381

I

G

lqloil Singh a. I.E. Police, Delhi, 453 h,lnvar Das a. State of Pun j ab, 2:34, 46 468 lz Alimad a. State of Madhya Pradesi. 499

Giiziesh a. Mithalal, 509 Gault, In re, 515 Gaurav ,Jain a. Union of India, 111, 37, 519 Gauri Shanker Sharma a. State of UP, 306, 543 Geneta Vijayavardhan Rao & another a. State of Andhra Pradesh, 264, 413 Girja Nath a. State, 23 Gopinath Ghosh a. State of West Bengal, 503 Govindaswami a. State of Tamil Nadu, 274 Gregg a. George, 242 Gu j arat a. V.A. Chauhan, 469 Guru Singh a. State of Rajasthan, 257 ui'choran Singh a. Delhi Administration, :332 Gurdeep Bagga a. Delhi Administrattion, 434 Guru Bachan Singh a. State of Punjab, 162 Guru Sevak Singh a. State of Punjab, 372

,Jag Mohan Singh a. State of V.P., 245, 260 .Jagatguru Srengeni Math a. State of Mysore, 508 ,J,igdev Singh a, State of l'iiii j ali, ', 2 ,j ai (lopal a. State, 452 ,Jai La! a. Delhi Administration, 1. Jai Narayan a. Delhi Muiiicipalit', 468 Jaipal Singh Tej Singh a. Rum Avtar l)evilal, 504 Javod Ahmad Abdulhamid Pawala cc State of Maharashtra, 262 Jay Kumar a. State of Madhya Pradesi' 273 ,Jctliurain Sukhra Naghanshi a. State, 186 Jgannathan a. State, 103 Jugal Kisliore l'rasad aStute of l3iluir, 456 Juinman Khan a. State of U, 273 .1 u irk V. Taxas , 242 ,Jwala Devi a. Ehoop Singhi, 307

J

TABLE OF CASES

K K.M. Nanavati u. State of Maharashtra, 247, 256, 412 Kadra Pahadiya a. State of Bihar, 373, 385 Karnaroonissa u. State of Maharashtra, 455 Kamta Tiwari u. State of M.P., 264, 271 Karam Singh a. State of Punjab and another, 465 Kehar Singh a. Regional Employment Officer, Chandigarh, 462 Kehar Singh a. Union of India, 412 Kesar Singh Guleria a. State of Himachal Pradesh, 434 Kesavananda Bharti a. State of Kerala, 344 Kishore Singh Ravinder Dcv a. State of Rajasthan, 229, 307, 374, 385, 388 Kishon a. State of Delhi, 265 Kodalj Purancliandra Rao a. Police Prosecutor, Andhra Pradesh, 300 Kcishan v. State of Haryana, 270 Ki-ishanlal v. State of Delhi, 433, 533 Kiishna Bhagwan a. State of Bihar, 501, 503 Krishna Chandra a. Harbans Singh, 457 Kuljeet Singh alias Ranga a. Union of India, 261, 412 Kundaii Bala a. State of AP., 162 Nunj u Kunju Janardhanan a. State of Andhra Pradesh, 217

L Lziclinia Devi a. State of Rajasthan, 239, 264 sxman Naik a. State of Orissa, 274 I axmi Kant Pande a. Union of India, 513 Lkh Raj a. State, 505

M M' Naghten's case, 51, 52, 179 M.H. Haskot u. State of Maharashtra, 134 Machi Singh and others a. State of I'unjab, 261 Madan Mohan Punchhi & Mrs. Sujata a. Manoliar, 247 Madhu Mehta a. Union of India, 275 Maharashtra a. Natwar Lal, 469 Mahendra Nath Das a. State of Assam, 271 Mahesh a. State of M.P., 263, 564 Mahinder Pal Jolly a. State of Punjab, 23

xxv

Maneka Gandhi a. Union of India, 345 Manindra Lal Das a. Emperor, 186 Manohar Lal alias Munna & another a. State of Delhi, 265 Maragatham, In re 102 Macu Ram a. Union of India, 411 Maruti Shripati Dubai u. State of Maharashtra, 250 Masarullah u. State of Tiinnl Nadu, 460 Mathui-a Bai's case, 306 Mating Gyi a. Emperor, 185 Medha Kotwal Lele u. Union of India, 161 Meh Rain a. State, 53 Member alias Gudda a. State of Madhya Pradesh, 460 Michael de Fraeities a. (Jorge Ramoutar Benny, 241 Miliangos a. George Frank Textiles Ltd., 320 Mithu a. State of Punjab, 253, 263 Mohan-imad alias Iiitiy:i u. Stue of Rajasthan, 459 Mohammad Aziz, Mohd. Nasir a. State of Maharashtra, 449, 450 Mohammad Chamanv. State of Delhi, 266 Muhammad Dahaur Mia a. State of Bihar, 499 Mohaminad Giasuddjn a. State of Andhra Pradesh, 215, 374, 377, 533 Molai & another a. State of Madhya Pradesh, 273 Moti Ram a. State of Madliya Pradesh, 372 Munawar Harun Shah a. State of Maharashtra, 262 Municipal Corporation, Delhi u. Rattan Lal, 466 Munna a. State of UP., 505 Munnuswamny v. State, 229 Musa Khan a. State of Maharashtra, 442

N N. I3hargavan Pillai (dead) by L.R's and Another a. State of Kerala, 470 Nahin Chandra Das a. State, 458 Numb Singh a. State, 230 Nainsukh Melitar a. Einpci -om-, 229 Nanavati's case, 247 256, 112 Nandini Salpati a. P1. Dfiiini, 307 Nirottamn Sim-igh a. State of Punjab, 162 Nathulal a. State of Madli ya Pradesh, 23 Neera a. Life Insurance Corporation, 169 Nilabatj Bohera a. State of Bihar, 327

XXVI

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

r'Jilabati Behra v. State of Orissa, 307, 543 Niman Sha v. State of MR. 54 Niranjan Singh u. Prabhakar Rajaram, 307 Nirmul Singh & anolhei u. State of Haryana, 266 Noruttam Singh u. State of Punjab, 160

R

R. v. Clarke, 52 Fl. u. Hardie, 179 R. u. M' Naghten, 51 Fl. v. Prince, 24 R. u. Fl., 159 R. v. Tandi, 186 R. e. Tolson, 23 0 RD. Upadhayaya u. State of Andhra Pradesh, 372 Oil Case, In re 467 Olga Tellis & others v. Bombay Municipal R. K. Garg v. Union of India. 124 Corporation, 251 R.S. Nayak u. A.R. Antuley. 127 Raghubir Singh r. State of Haryana, 305 P Raghunath U: Mrs. T. P. Faria, 475 P. Rathinarn Nagbhusan Patnaik u. Union Ragina v. Morgan. 23 of India, 250, 251 Rahmatulla u. State, 467 M. R. Dange, 234 r. PR. Tejani Rahul Mislira u, State of Madhy a Pradesh. 1W. Nurasimha Rao u. State (CBI), 87, 127 512 Puras Earn : State of Punjab, 53 Raja Rain Yadav & others v State of Biliai, Partington U. William, 23 270 Patrick Okeke v. State, 186 Rajbir Raghubir Singh u. State of Pearson v. R., 186 Haryana, 464 Chandigarh u. Phul Singh u. State of Haryana, 457 Chandra Rajender Administration, 501 Piare Dusadh u. Emperor, 256 Rajendra Dutt v. State of Haryana, 459 Pickett u. Fesq, 445 Rajendra Prasad v. State of UP., 255, 257, Piyarey Lai u. State, 468 259, 318, 377 Poonam Lata (Srnt.) v. Wadhawan & Rajesh Khaitan v. State of West Bengal, others, 425, 433 505 Prabha Dutt (Smt.) u. Union of India, 377, Rajesh Kumar v. State of liajasthan. 504 386 Rajni Kantu u. State of Orissa, 295 Prabhakar Pandurang v. State of Maharashtra, 380 Rajoo v. State of Rajasthan. 458 Prabhunath Prasad v. State of Bihar, 500 Raju Singh and others v. State of Madhya Pradesh, 457, 460 Prakash u. State of Madhya Pradesh, 459 l'ratap Singh v. State of Jharkhand, 502, Rakesh alias Duro pravinbhai Thakar v. State of Gujarat, 471 508 Ram Dee Chauhan and another u. State of Pratibha Rani v. Suruj Kumar, 344 Assam, 273 I'rein Ballabh u. The State, 456 Ram Naresh Pandey v. State of M.P., 442 ['rem Sugar u. Dharambir & others, 272 Delhi v. Ram Prakush v. State of Himachal Shukla Shunkai Preni Pradesh, 468 Administration, 296, 308. 373, 385 v. State of Karnataka, 378, Ramamurthy Flourida, 242 Profit v. 382, :390, 397, 402, 409, 435, 449, Income v. Provident Investment Company 450, 533 'Fax Commissioner, 124 alias Rajnath Cue oh an t'. State Ramndeo Nalan v. Prosecutor Public Assam, 500 sumyanarayanamurthY, 469 Ramji Missar u. State of lIUiar, 442, 453, l'uruii Singli u. State of Punjab, 23 471 M.R. Dange, 468 l' y arali K. Tejani v. Hangs Billa Case, 232 Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra, Q 144 Osrumn Sungra, 255 Queen v.

TABLE OF CASES

Ranjit Singh v. The State, 455 itanjit Singh a. Union Territory of Chandigarh, 263 Ratanlal a. State of Punjab, 453 Ravi Kant a. State, 307 Ravji alias Rain Chandra a. State of Rajasthan, 264 Rex a. Govinda, 247 Rohtas a. State of Haryana. 512 Rudal Shah a. State of Bihar, 327, 344

S S. Gopal Reddy a. State of Andhra Pradesh, 162 Sahb Singh u. State of M.P., 23 SAHELI a. Commissioner of Police, Delhi, 308, 313, 327, 344, 543 Sakshi a. Union of India, 164 Salem Govinda Chetty a. Sate of Andhra Pradesh, 466 Samir Chaterjee a. State of West Bengal, 433 Samresh Bose a. Amol Mitra, 144 Sanchu Ray v. State of Assam, 456 Sanjay Prasad Yadav a. State of Bihar, 503 Sanjay Sun a. Delhi Administration, 376, 381 Santa Singh a. State of Punjab, 336 Santenu Mitra a. State of West Bengal, 501 Sarat Chandra a. Kaagendra Nath, 256 of State a. Nayar Sarojakhan Maharashtra, 344 Sarojini a. State of M.P., 539 Siiieshwar Prasad Sharma a. State of M.P., 257 Satan Majhi a. State of Assam, Satto a. Sate of U.P., 473 Satyendra a. State of Uttar Pradesh, 272 Sebastain M. Hong-ray a. Union of India, 327 Shah Bano Begum's case, 344 Shama Bai a. State of Uttar Pradesh, 155 Shanker Dass a. Union of India, 463 Shanti a. State of Haryana, 539 of State a. Sharad Bii-dichand Maharashtra, 162 Shashi Nayer (Smt.) a. Union of India, 276 Shaw a. D.P.P., 23 Sheela Barse a. State of Maharashtra, 305, 381, 383, 386, 507 Slieela Barse a. Union of India, 503, 512



xxvii

Sher Singh a. State of Punjab, 262 Shidagouda Ningappa a. State of Karnataka, 257 Shiv Mohan Singh a. State. 336 Shivaji Jai Singh a. State of Maharashtra, 275 Shobha R.ani a. Madhukar Reddy, 162 Shreerangyee a. State of Madras, 102 Siya Saran a. State of Madhya Pradesh, 458 Sobhraj's case, 374 Sam Prakash a. State of Delhi, 234 Somnath Puri a. State of Rajasthan, 456 Sri Rain Chits Fund Investment (P) Ltd. a. M. Krishnan, 508 State a. Chotelal, 53 State a. Dr. Vimladevi, 23 State a. Ghanshyam Dos, 04 State of Bihar a. J.A.C. Saldhana, 297 State of Gujarat a. l-Ion'ble High Court of Gujarat, 368 State of Haryana a. Bhajaii Lal, 334 State of Haryana a. Premciand, 472 State of Haryana v. Ran0i Lal Devi Sahai, 466 State of Karnataka a. M. (handrappa and another, 464 State of Maharashtra a. Jagmohan Singh Kuldip Singh Anand and others, 460 State of Maharashtra a. Kapoor Cluind Kesarnial Jam, 469 State of Maharashtra i.. Macthukar Narayan, 160, 169 Ramji V. of Maharashtra State Ramchandra Rokade and another, 459 State of Maharashtra a. Ravikanth, 313 State of Punjab a. Gurmit Singh, 160 State of U.P. a. Deoman Upadhyaya, 299 State of UP. a. Niyamat, 304 State of UP. a. Ramesh Prasad Misra, 276 State of West Bengal a. Orilal Jaiswal, 344 State Supdtt. Police, New Delhi a. Ratan I,al Arora, 470 State, Assistant Inspector of Labour, Circle II, Nagar Coil a. S. Radhakrishnan, 464 Suja a. State, 453 Sunder Theatres v. Allahabad Bank, Jhonsi, 509 Sunil & another a. State, 499

xxvIli



CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

Snail Batra u. Delhi Administration, 229, 374, 375, 381 Suiiil Batra-I, 384, 387 Sunil Batra-11, 381, 385, 386, 388 Sunil Fulchand Shah v Union of India & ether, 433 Sunil Kumar Panda u. State of Orissa, 465 Sirnil Shah v. Union of India, 433 Sunna v. State, 456 Supreme Court Legal Aid Committee representing Undertrial Prisoners v. Union of India, 372 Suiesh Chandra u. State of Gujarat, 234, 433, 533 Suija Ram a. State of Rajasthan, 270 Sushil Murmu a. State of Jharkhand, 272 Sushila Devi a. Sharda Devi, 508 Swaran Singh a. Stae of UP., 413

T T. Jacob a. State, 154 T.V. Vatlieeswaran a. State of Tamil Nadu, 257, 262 'J'arlok Singh a. State of Punjab. 336 'l'cilaram a. State of Rajasthan, 54 'ñiklia Rain v. V.K. Seth, 464 'l't-iveniben a. State of Gujarat, 275 'Iukaiam a. State of Maharashtra, 306, 539

[ii Umesh Chandra a. State of Rajasthan, 502 Ummilal a. State of M.P. 257 Union of India a. Bakshi Rain, 464 Union of India a. Union Carbide Corporation., 234 Uttam Singh a. Delhi Administration, 456

V V.M. Arbat a. K.R. Sawant, 344 Veerumchaimai Raghvendia Rao i' State of Andhra Pradesh, 434 Venka Radhamanohari a. Vcnka Venkata Reddy, 344 Venkatachala a. The Panchayat Board, Ethanu, 329 Venugopal a. State of Karnataka, 162 Vijay Kumar a. Public Prosecutor, 388 Vimla Devi (Dr.) a. Delhi Administration, 132,243 Vishaka a. State of Rajasthan, 89, 160 Vishal Jeet a. Union of India, 519 Vishnu Moorthi a. State of Mysore, 466 w Wilfred Joseph Dawood Lama a. State of Maharashtra, 180

Y Yogendra Morar)I a. State I Gujarat, 23 YusufAh a. State of Mahaj-ashtra, :106

PART I

cnMHOLOW

.I

PREFACE TO THE TWELFTH EDITION The present book has entered thirty-second year of its publication since its first edition was taken out way back in 1973. The successful survival of the book for over three decades speaks in itself of its immense popularity among the readers. The author has great pleasure and satisfaction in placing this revised and enlarged Twelfth Edition of the book in the hands of readers who are genuinely interested in deeper study of this fascinating branch of legal knowledge. The author has endeavoured to bring out this edition in a thoroughly revised form with all the relevant statutory amendments and authoritative decisions on the subject. At places, the whole text has been recast, rewritten and expanded for updating the contents. The relevant statutory enactments have been incorporated in the Appendix and references given under appropriate topics in the body of the book. An attempt has been made to evaluate the latest developing trends in criminology and penology takin g stock of contemporary changes of the 21st centuary which are taking place in other parts of the globe, notably, Britain and United States without, however, losing sight of the Indian perspective. The authorities, both Indian and foreign, that have been relied upon and used as a source material, have been referred to and acknowledged in the footnotes. A select Bibliography and Table of cases incorporated in the book shall be found useful by the more inquisitive readers. The author expresses his gratitude and thanks to Messrs Central Law Publications, Allahabad for their keen interest in publishing the book in the elegent form in shortest possible time. It is sincerely hoped that like the preceding editions, this edition of the book would also be found very useful not only by the students, researchers and the teachers of law, but by the lawyers, Judges and criminal law administrators as well. All helpful suggestions offered by the readers for the improvement of the book shall be gratefully received. 26th January, 2005 E7/740 Arera Colony, BHOPAL-1.6

Dr. N.V. Paranjape

(iii)

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION With the introduction of Criminology as a subject for Legal Studies in Indian Universities, there has been a pressing demand for a comprehensive text book on this subject from the student community. It is well known that criminology is a socio-legal subject and with the modern improvised techniques of handling criminals, a summarisation of criminological findings for the students of this branch of knowledge has become all the more necessary. The author has endeavoured to achieve this purpose in the present book. For the sake of convenience, the entire subject-matter of the book has been split into two parts. Part I deals with the origin and development of criminal science. The causation of crime has also been elaborately discussed in this part of the book. Part 11 contains information regarding penology and modern techniques of penal science. The subject has been approached in a legal perspective with emphasis on recent developments in correctional field of penology. The author feels greatly indebted to the works of eminent criminologists and penologists, particularly those of Sutherland and Cressey, J.L. Gillin, G.B. Void, Donald Taft, Barnes and Teeters, Curtis Bok, Allen Francis, Dr. P.K. Sen, K.S. Pillai and others which have been a source of information and guidance in the compilation of this book. The author also acknowled g es his gratfel thanks to Late Professor Narendra Singh, Head & ])can, Faculty of Law, University of Jabalpur, who wrote a forewwd to this edition. Thanks are also due to Shri Krishna Vinayak Rudra fur typing the manuscript neatly within shortest possible time. The author also wishes to express his thanks to publishers, for bringing out this book in the present form. Bhopal June, 1973

Dr. N.V. Paranjape

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Agarwal R.S. Barnes & Teeters Bartol urt. R. Batria Puran Dr. Bonger W.A. Burt Cyril Cavan & Cavan Chandra, B. Chang Dal H. Cohen Frank J. Cenklin John E. Cross & Jones Curtis Bok Deb. R. Donald Taft & R.W. England Dressier David Fitzgerald P.J. Francis Allen Garofalo Raffaele Gault R.H. Gaur K.D. Gillin J.L. Glanville Williams Gluck Sheldon Heinrich Oppenheimer Howard Jones I.P.P.F. Publication Katherine S. Williams Kenny Leonard Orland Lionel Fox Sir

Prevention of Crime (Radient Publishers) 1977 New Horizons in Criminology (3rd Ed.) 1966 Criminal Behaviour A Psychological Approach, 1998. Sex & Crime in India (1st Ed.) 1992 Criminality & Economic Conditions (1969 Reprint) Indiana University Press The Young Delinquent (1st Ed.) 1938 London Crime & Delinquency in Britain Open Air Prisons (1984 Ed.) Criminology—Cross Cultural Perspectives (Vi kas) Youth & Crime (New York) 1957 Criminology, 1997 Introduction to Criminal Law (13th Ed.) 1995 Problems of Criminal Law, 1955 Principles of Criminology, Criminal Law & Investigation, Vols. I & II (2nd Ed.) 1968 Criminology (4th Ed.) Readings in Criminology, 1966 Criminal Law & Punishment (Oxford) 1962 Borderland of Criminal Justice, 1964 Criminology (Little Brown & Co.) Boston, 1970 Criminology (Boston, Heath) 1932 Criminal Law and Criminology. (edited) 2003 Deep & Deep Publications, Delhi Criminology & Penology (3rd Ed.) The Criminal Law (2nd Ed.) The Problem of Delinquency, (Boston) 1959 The Rationale of Punishment, 1913 Crime & Penal System (London Univ. Press) 1956 Studies in Penology, 1964 Textbook of Criminology (1st Indian Reprint 2001) Universal Law Publishing Co. Outlines of Criminal Law (17th Ed.) Justie, Punishment & Treatment, 1983 The English Prison & Borstal System, 1972 (v)

ppp-

CRMINOLOG Y AND PENOLOGY

N'lannhcm Flrinann tlu-lin J.P. siitra N.L. Dr. Neiken David Ni g el Walker Ni g el Walker ()siriania University Pu hi icat I on Paranjape N.V. Dr. Pa ri purnafl and V rma 1'cndse S.N. Dr. l'criman Harvey & T. Allinglon l'illai K.S. Quinney Richard Rajan V.N. Dr. Radzi'iowiei. L. Reckless Wailer C. Richard Hawkins & (jeol icry l'.uhin Sol Sell P.K. Scthna M.J. Shah J y otsna H. Dr Siccel Larr y , J. Sutherland & Cressey Syed M. Afzat Qadri 1 appcn Paul W. '['ierney John Vcdder & Key Void G.B. Williams Franklin, P. Young Jock & Mathews

Co i nparitiVC Criminology (Lon.) 1965 Alter Care in Transition. 1964 Juvenile Delinquency & Indian Judicial System tDeep & Deep Pub.) The Futures ol Cr i minology. Sage Pub. 1994. Crime & Punishment in Britain Sentencing Theory and Practice 1985) Buuei worths Police In Developing Society, 1972 Law Relating to Probation ol 01 lenders ui In dii hi) I 98$ Corpn.. Delhi) (BR. Puhhsh Crime. Criminal & Cons ct. 1965 Oaths & Ordeals in Dharmasast ras (MS. University, Pub. Baruda ). 1985 The Tasks of Penology (3rd Ed.) 1970 Theories Of Crinuinology The Problem of Crime (New York) 1970 Vie) imology (Allied Publishers) 1981 Cambridge Studies In Criminology Vol. Xli. 1960 Crime Problem (501 Ed.) 1973 New Yolk American Prison System. 1989Crime & Juvenile Delinquency (New Yoi k) I 95$ Penology Old & New. 1943 Society & The Criminal (N .M. Tripathi ). 1989 Studies in Criminology : Probation Services in India (N.M. Tripathi). 1973 CriminolOgy, 2000. The Principles of Criminology (10th Ed.). 197$ Pot ice & Law A Sociological Analysis (Gli Ishan Pith. Srinagar) 1989 Crime. Justice & Correction. 1960 Cri ni no logy Theor y and Ci m re xl. 1996 pcnology_Realis Approach Theoretical CriminologY (Oxford Univcr\ity Press) 1997 Criminologica l Theory, 1999. Rethinking Criminology (1992) London.

I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AC AIR AIR SCW All Cr C All Cr R All ER All U All LIZ An LT An LT (Cr1) An Pra U An WR Assam LR AWC I3BCJ Bib Li Bib UR 130111 CR Born LIZ CHN Cal WN CC Cases CLR Cr AR (SC) Cr1 Li Cr LR (SC & MP) Cr LR (Guj) Cr LR (Mali) Cr LR (Raj) Cr LT Crimes Cr LC C Cr I CUr U

Appellate Court All India Reporter. All India Reporter Supreme Court Weekly Allahahad Criminal Cases. Allahahad Criminal Rulings. All England Reporter Allahahad Law Journal. Allahabad Law Reports. Andhra Law Times. Andhra Law Times (Criminal) Andhra Pradesh Law Journal. Andhra Weekly Reports. Assam Law Reports. Allahahad Weekly Cases. Bihar Bar Council Journal. Bihar Law Judgments. Bihar Law Journal Reports. Bombay Cases Reporter. Bombay Law Reporter. Calcutta High Court Notes. Calcutta Weekly Notes. Chandigarh Criminal Cases. Chandigarh Law Reporter. Criminal Appeals Reporter (Supreme Court). Criminal Law Journal. Criminal Law Reporter (Supreme Court and Madhya Pradesh). Criminal Law Reporter (Gujarat). Criminal Law Reporter (Maharashtra). Criminal Law Reporter (Rajasthan). Criminal Law Times. Crimes. Criminal Law Cases. Current Criminal Judgments. Current Law Journal. ( vii

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

Cut LR (Cr) Cut LT Cut \VR Del LT Last Cr C ER LR ITR Jab Li iCC .IT (SC) Kant LC Kar Li Kash U Ker U Kcr LT L & SL LW (Cr) MP U MU MU (C r.) QBD Raj Cr C RLR Recent Cr R SC SCALE 5CC SCC (Cr) SCC (Supp) SC Cr R SCJ SCR SCWR US \VLC WLN. \V LR

Cuttack Law Reports (Criminal). Cuttack Law Times. Cuttack Weekly Reporter. Dcliii Law Times. Eastern Criminal Cases. England Reports. Indian Law Reports. Income Tax Reporter. Jabalpur Law Journal. Journal of Criminal Cases (Del). Judgments Today (Supreme Court). Karnataka Law Chronicle. Karriataka Law Journal. Kashmir Law Journal. Kerala Law Journal. Kerala Law Times. Local & Special Laws Law Weekly (Criminal). Madhya Pradesh Law Journal. Madras Law Journal. Madras Law Journal (Criminal). Queen's Bench Division. Rajasthan Criminal Cases. Rajdhani Law Reporter. Recent Criminal Reports. Supreme Court. Supreme Court Almanac. upreme Court Cases. Supreme Court Cases (Criminal). Supreme Court Cases (Supplement). Supreme Court Criminal Rulings. Supreme Court Journal. Supreme Court Reports. Supreme Court Weekly Reporter. United States Western Law Cases (Raj). Weekly Law Notes. Weekly Law Reports.

CONTENTS Page Preface to the Twelfth Edition Preface to the First Edition Select Bibliography List of Abbreviations Contents Table of Cases

111

iv V

vii ix xxiii

PART!

CRIMINOLOGY

Chapter! THE CONCEPT OF CRIME \Early concept of crime Eighteenth And Nineteenth Century Twentieth Century Crime defined %,,0' Crime without a Victim Classification of Crimes "" Classification of offences under I.P.C. Characteristics of Crime Sin and Crime Distinguished Crime and Morality Conclusion

--

3 6 6 7 9 9 10 10 11 11 12

Chapter!! N ATURE AND SQQP

CRIMINOLOGY

riminology—Its Nature and Scope Jjt& Rel ati on between Criminology, Penology and iminl Law Criminal Law—Its Nature and Elements Perception of Criminal Law in Ancient India Fundamentals of Modern Criminal Law The purpose of Criminal Law The Concept of Crime (ix )

17 20 21 21 22

25 25

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

Page 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Intention and motive distinguished minoiogyI0 Radical Criminology Possibility of Science of Criminology Penology—Its future Approach to Penology Caution against Excessive Reformation 1

Chapter III -\

THE SCHOOLS OF CRIMINOLOGY 1. Pre-classical School of Criminology 2. The Classical School -" 3. Neo-classical School 4. Positive School are Lombroso (1836-1909) Enrico Fern (1856-1928) Raffaele Garofalo (1852-1934) Gabriel Tarde (1843-1994) An appraisal of Positive School of Criminology Clinical School of Criminology Sociological School of Criminology The New Criminology

35 36 37 39 39 42 43 43 44 45 45 46

Chapter

CAUSATION OF CRIME Heredity and Crime Mental Disorder and Criminality M' Naghten's Rule of Criminal Responsibility Insanity under Indian Criminal Law \'io-physical factors and criminality Intelligence Testing and Crime American View on Personality Aspect of Criminals Freud's theory of Criminal Behaviour \tilogical concept of crime Aristotle's Four Laws of Association Conflict Theory of Crime Gender-based Explanations of Female Criminality Group Therapy

49 51 51 53 54 55 56

62 64 65

Chapter V

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY OF CRIME Sociological Theory of Criminal Behaviour

iD

CONTENTS

XI

Page Theory of Differential Association ØuItiple Factor Approach to Crime Causation (1) Mobility (2) Culture Conflicts (3) Family Background (4) Political Ideology (5) Religion and Crime (6) Economic Conditions (7) Ecology of Crime (ji Influence of Media Crimes in Urban and Rural Areas Neighbourhood influences Conclusion

71 72 72 73 73

75 77 77 78 79 80 81 82

Chapter VI TENTATIVE THEORY OF CRIME Criminality as a part of social behaviour Socio-cultural patterns and Criminal behaviour - Tribals Norms and Criminality Crime as a prndiirt of social disorganisation

84 86 89 90

Chapter VII CRIME AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Relationship between economic structure and crimes Marxists Theory Bonger's Economic Theory of Criminality Criticism of Bonger's Theory Limitations of economic explanation of crime

95 96 97

99 103

Chapter VIII ORGANISED CRIMES Definition (1) Organised predatory crime (2) Crime Syndicate (3) Criminal Racket (4) Political Graft Main characteristics of organised criminals Terrorism & Related Organised International Crimes

105 106 107 108 111 112 114

xli



CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

Chapter IX WHITE COLLAR CRIME Page Historical Background ,,,,Definition of White Collar Crime Criticism of Sutherland's views on White Collar Crime Contributing Factors White Collar Crime in India Hoarding, Black Marketing and Adulteration Tax-evasion ,_-White Collar Crime in certain Professions Medical Proiession Engineering Legal Profession Educational Institutions White collar crime in business deals Computer related White Collar Crimes Money Laundering (1998-2002) (Cases under FERA) White collar crime distinguished from traditional crime _-Rmedial Measures

117 118 120 121 122 123 124

125 125 125 125 126 127 128 130 131 133

X

Chapter) SEXUAL OFFENCES

Indian Perspective Causes of Sex Delinquency medial Measures Incest Homosexuals Contraceptives—A Boon to Sex offenders Law Relating to Abortion in India Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994 The Problem of Prostitution The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 International Dimensions of Human Trafficking Rescue Homes For Destitute Women Sex Ethics Women and Domestic Violence Torture and Harassment Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Places Dowry And Dowry Deaths Protection of Women Against Possible Sex Harassment by Police Personnel

139 140 144 149 150 150 150 151 152 152 154 I 1i6 158 158 159 160 161 163

CONTENTS



xIu

Page

Amendments of Law Relating to Rape Law Relating to Rape Needs to redefine Gender identities Concluding observations

163 165 168

Chapter XI

ALCOHOLISM, DRUG ADDICTION AND CRIME

Main Causes of Drug Addiction International Perspective of the Problem. Illicit Drug Trafficking On-Line Drug Trafficking—A Mepace Classification of Drugs Alcoholism Drug-Addicts and Crime Indian Law. Measures to Control Alcoholism & Drug Addiction Enforcement Agencies Remedial Measures . Drunkenness and Criminal Responsibility

172 174 176 176 177 177 178 179 181 182 184 185

Chapter XI!

CRIME STATISTICS Reasons for Unreliability of Crime Statistics Sources of Criminal Statistics Crime Records Bureau Crime Statistics in India TABLE— Trend of Violent Crimes, Property Crimes and White Collar Crimes (1997-2002) Trend of Violent Crimes TABLE— Crime Rate for Violent Crimes under I.P.C. during 1998-2002 The Pattern of IPC Crimes TABLE— Incidence & Rate of Total Cognizable Crimes under Indian Penal Code (IPC) and Special and Local Acts & Special Laws (SLL) 1992-2002. Crime Statistics of Narcotic Drug Seizures TABLE— Seizures of Narcotics and Drugs (No. of Cases) During 1998-2002 TABLE— Quantity of Drugs Seized (1998-2002) Conclusion

:..

189 191 192 193 194 194 195 195

195 196 196 197 197

xv

CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY

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/

PART II

PENOLOGY Chapter XIII

THEORIES OF PUNISHMENT Concept of Punishment Theories of Punishment Deterrent Theory Retributive Theory Preventive Theory .Reformative Theory Efficacy of Punishment Early Stages Medieval Period Modern or New Penology Indian Perspective Essentials of an Ideal Penal System Penal Policy in India Sum-up

Page 204 204 204 205 206 207 20& 208 209 211 213 214 218 221

Chapter XIV

FORMS OF PUNISHMENT AND JUDICIAL SENTENC!NG Dharrnashastra Interpretation of Punishment Forms of Punishment. Flogging Mutilation Branding Stoning Pillory. Fines Forfeiture of Property Security Bond Banishment Solitary Confinement Imprisonment for Life Imprisonment Capital punishment Judicial Sentencing

222 223 223 224 224 224 224 225 226 227 227 228 229 230 231 232