Deceptive Advertising With Puffery As A Defense By Vasundhara Kanoria

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LAW MANTRATHINK BEYOND OTHERS (National Monthly Journal, I.S.S.N 2321-6417)

D e c e p t i v e Ad v e rt i s i n g w i t h P u ffe r y a s a d e fe n s e

*Vasundhara Kanoria Student of Institute of Law,Nirma University.

IN T R O D U C T IO N : A v e r y ru d i m e n t a ry u n d e r s t a n d in g o f fa l s e a n d m i s l e a d in g a d v e rt i s i n g i n In d i a i s t h e m i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , o m i s s i o n o r p r a c t i c e u s e d in a d ve rt i s i n g t h a t w o u l d a f fe c t t h e d e c i s i o n o f a r e a s o n a b l e c o n s u m e r . B u t i t i s n o t t h a t s i m p l e to u n d e rs t a n d d e c e p t i o n . As G a rd e n e r s t a t e s i n h i s s t u d y, “ w h a t i s d e c e p t i o n ? Is a l i e t h a t v i r t u a l l y e v e r yo n e r e c o g n iz e s a s a l i e d e c e p t i v e ? C o n v e rs e l y, i s a n a d v e rt i s e m e n t t h a t c o n t a i n s n o l i t e r a l l i e s b u t th a t re s u l t s i n d e c e p t i v e p e r c e p t io n s d e c e p t i v e ? 1 T h e r e a re m a n y d e fi n i t i o n s o f d e c e p t i v e ad v e r t i s i n g t h a t d ra ws i n fo r m a t i o n f ro m fi e l d s l i k e s o c i o lo g y , p s y c h o l o g y, e t h i c s a n d m o ra l i t y e t c , t h e s e d e fi n i t i o n s a re d i ffe re n t f ro m t h e l e g a l d e fi n i t i o n . T h e e x i s t i n g l e ga l d e fi n i t i o n i s fo u n d l a c k i n g a s i t ‘p re s c ri p t i v e ra t h e r t h a n p ro s c ri p t i v e ’ 2 T h e n th e re h a s a l s o b e e n a g ro w i n g a w a r e n e s s o f c o n s u m e r r i g h t s t h a t h a s s h i f t e d t h e o n u s o f t h e ‘t h e - b u ye r b e w a r e ’ (c a v e a t e m p t o r) i d e o l o g y t o t h e ‘ s e l l e rs - s h o u l d -m a k e - a w a re ’ . In t h i s g ro w i n g c o n s u me r c e n t ri c m a r k e t p l a c e t h e d e fe n s e o f p u f fe r y s e e m s a n a c h ro n i s t i c . P u ffe r y i s ‘ w h e n a s e l l e r p r a i s e s i n g e n e ra l t e rm s , w i t h o u t s p e c i fi c c o n t e n t o r r e fe r e n c e t o fa c t s , b u ye rs a re e x p e c t e d t o d o a n d u n d e rs t a n d t h a t a re n o t e n t i t l e d t o r e l y l i t e r a l l y u p o n w o rd s ’ 3Iv a n P r e s t o n c o n t e n d s th a t , ‘P u f fe r y i s l e g a l i z e d l y i n g i n m a rk e t p l a c e - s o f t c o r e d e c e p t i o n . ’ 4 W h i l e , t h e c o u rt s c o n t e n d t h a t p u ffe r y i s a m e re e x a g g e r a t i o n t h a t n o o r d i n a ry c u s t o m e r w i l l t a k e s e ri o u s l y. “ fa l s e - a d v e rt i s i n g a u t h o r i t i e s a s s u m e i t i s p o s s i b l e to d i s t i n g u i s h fa c t u a l f ro m n o n fa c t u a l

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D ecep t io n in Ad ver t is in g : A Con cep tu al Ap p roach Author ( s) : D avid M . G ar dn erS our ce : Jo ur nal o f M ar k eting 2 S up r a. 3 F ro m r est at emen t o f law o f t ort ,p ar a 5 42 ,ten ta ti ve d r aft 1 1 0 4 Ivan L P reston ,The g re at Am er ican B lo w U p :P uffer y in Ad v ert is in g and S e ll ing

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s p e e c h b y l o o k i n g a t t h e s p e e c h i t s e l f. ” 5 S o wh a t i s t h e d e c e p t i v e a d v e rt i s i n g a n d i s p u ff e r y a j u s t i fi a b l e d e fe n s e i n m i s l e a d in g a d ve rt i s i n g or is it legalized lying A m a r k e t e c o n o m y r e l i e s o n t h e i n te r a c t i o n b e t w e e n th e b u ye r a n d s e l l e r , t h i s in t e ra c t i o n i s v i t a l fo r s u s t e n a n c e o f t h e e c o n o m y. T h e l a w d o e s i t s u t m o s t t o e n s u re t h a t t h i s i n t e ra c t i o n i s m o r a l a n d e t h i c a l a n d t h e r e i s n o e x p lo i t a t i o n o f e i t h e r o f t h e p a rt i e s i n v o l ve d . T h e s e l l e r t r i e s t o i n fl u e n c e , a t t r a c t a n d d ra w t h e c o n s u m e r t o w a rd s i t s p ro d u c t s . Ad v e r t i s i n g i s o n e o f t h e t o o l s wi e l d e d b y t h e s e l l e r . Ad v e rt i s i n g - s e l l i n g i n o n e fo r m o r a n o th e r - s e r v e s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h i s p ro c e s s o f m a t c h i n g p r o d u c t s w i t h c o n s u m e rs . 6 S i n c e , Ad v e r t i s i n g d i s s e m i n a t e s i m p o r t a n t i n fo r m a t i o n t o t h e p u b l i c a n d h a s fa r r e a c h i n g e ffe c t s o n o n e ’s p s y c h e 7 i t b e c o m e s i m p e ra t i v e fo r t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o i n t e rv e n e a n d e n s u r e t h a t a n o v e rz e a l o u s s e l l e r i s n o t h an d i n g o u t w r o n g i n fo r m a t i o n a n d e x p l o i t i n g t h e c o n s u m e r . T h e p e o p le a r e a n n u a l l y r o b b e d o f m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a rs b y fa l s e a n d m i s l e a d i n g a d v e rt i s e m e n ts t h a t a p p e a r i n t h e p e r i o d ic a l s 8 In t h e e a rl i e r d a ys t h e o n u s l i e d o n t h e c o n s u m e r t o b e s k e p t i c a l a b o u t t h e p r o d u c t s a n d p ro t e c t h i m s e l f f ro m s u c h d e c e p t i o n . T h e L a t in m a x i m c a v e a t e m p t o r o r ‘b u ye r - b e w a re ’ g i v e s c re d e n c e t o s u c h p e r s p e c t i v e w h e r e t h e b u ye r h a s t o b e i n te l l i g e n t e n o u g h an d t a k e a c t i v e m e a s u re s t o p r o t e c t h i m s e l f fr o m s u c h d e c e p t i o n a n d e x p l o i t a t i o n . T ra d i t i o n a l l y , c o u rt s h a v e b e e n q u i t e l e n i e n t a n d h a v e t e n d e d t o h o l d t h a t t h e c o n s u m e r s h o u l d h a v e e x a m i n e d th e go o d s i n q u e s t i o n m o re a d e q u a t e l y o r t h a t t h e a d v e rt i s e m e n t s m e re l y r e p r e s e n te d "m a t t e r s o f o p i n i o n " a n d s h o u l d h a v e b e e n t re a t e d wi t h s ke p t ic i s m . 9 B u t w i t h t h e g ro w i n g a w a r e n e s s o f 5

D avid A. Ho f fm an . "Th e Bes t P u ffer y Ar ti cl e Ever " I o wa La w Revi ew 9 1 .5 (2 006 ): 1 395 14 48 .Avail ab le a t: h ttp ://wor k s.b ep r ess. co m /h o ff man /6

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D ev elop m ent s in th e Law : D ecep tiv e Ad ver tis in g S ou rce: H arv ard Law R ev ie w, V ol. 8 0 , N o. 5 (Mar ., 1 96 7 ) , pp . 100 5 -116 3P ub lish ed b y: Th e H ar var d Law R ev iew A sso ci at io nS tab le U RL: h t tp :/ /ww w .jstor .o rg/ stab le/1 339 339 . 7 An ur adh a S alo tr a, B ew are Ind ia’ s co mp a ra tiv e a dvert isin g http :/ /heino n line .o rg /HO L/La nding P ag e?h an d le=hein .jou rna ls/m an in tp r 194 & div =13 & id =&p ag e= 8 Iden ti f yin g M is lead ing Ad v er t ising J. Edward Ru sso , Barb ar a L. M et ca lf and D eb ra S tep hens Jo ur nal o f Co nsu m er R esear ch V ol. 8 , N o. 2 ( S ep ., 1 98 1 ) , pp . 119 -1 31 P ub lish ed b y: Th e U niver si t y o f Ch i cago P r es s Ar ticl e S t ab l e U R L:ht tp :// www .j stor .org /s tab le/2 48 882 3 9 D ecep tion in Adv ert isin g : A Con cep tu al Ap p r oach Au tho r( s) : D av id M. G ard nerS o urc e: Jo ur nal o f M ar k eting , V ol . 3 9 , N o. 1 ( Jan. , 1 9 75 ), p p . 40 -4 P ub lished b y: A m eri can M ar k eting Asso cia tion S tab l e U R L: h ttp ://w ww. jsto r .or g /stab le/1 2 508 01 .Acce ss ed : 3 1 /03 /20 14 04 :5 8

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c o n s u m e r r i g h t s , t h e l a w s h a v e b e c o me c o n s u m e r c e n t ri c p l a c i n g t h e o n u s b a c k o n t h e s e l l e rs . T h i s g ro w i n g a w a r e n e s s o f c o n s u m e r p r o t e c t i o n j u ri s p ru d e n c e h a s m e a n t t h a t c o n s u m e r i s a s m u c h a s t a k e h o ld e r a s t h e s e l l e r. 10 An a d v e rt i s e m e n t i s c o n s id e re d d e c e p t i v e i f i t c o m m u n i c a t e s fa c t s -b y s t a t e m e n t , i m p l i c a t i o n , o r o m i s s i o n - t h a t d i f fe r fr o m t h e re a l i t y o f t h e s i tu a t i o n a n d a f fe c t b u yi n g b e h a v i o r t o c o n s u m e r s ’ ' d e t ri m e n t . 11 D e c e p t i o n i s n o w , ‘ a n a l yz e d b y s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s , l a w ye r s a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s a l i k e , a n d fo c u s e s e n t i re l y o n t h e c o n s u m e r 's v i e w p o i n t t o t h e n e g l e c t o f t h a t o f t h e d e c e i v i n g a d v e rt i s e r . 12 S o t h e r e h a s b e e n a p a r a d i g m s h i ft fr o m ‘ c o n s u m e r - b e w a r e ’ p h i l o s o p h y t o ‘ b u ye r - m a k e – a w a r e ’ p h i l o s o p h y . In t h i s g r o w i n g c o n s u m e r c e n t ri c e c o n o m y t h e g o v e rn m e n t e n s u re s t h a t c o n s u m e r ri g h t s a r e p ro te c te d a n d p r e s e rv e d . T h i s p a p e r i s p ri m a ri l y g o i n g t o fo c u s o n d e c e p t i v e a d ve rt i s i n g a n d t h e g o v e rn m e n t a l i n t e r v e n t io n i n t h is a s p e c t o f c o n s u m e r p ro t e c t io n l a w s . T h e r e i s a l o t o f c o n fu s i o n a s t o w h a t q u a l i fi e s a s d e c e p t i o n a n d h o w i s i t d i ffe re n t fr o m m i s l e a d i n g . D e c e p t i v e i s r e s t ri c t e d to t h e i n t e n t o f t h e b u y e r w h e re a s M i s l e a d i n g i s b ro a d e r i n s c o p e b e c a u s e i t i n c l u d e s n o t o n l y t h e s o u r c e e ff e c t s b u t a l s o t h e r e c e i v e r s b e in g l e d a s t r a y b y h i s o wn t h o u gh t p r o c e s s e s o f w h i c h t h e m e s s a g e s o u rc e i s i n n o c e n t 13 W h i l e o n e re a l i z e s t h e d i ff e re n c e b e t w e e n d e c e p t i v e a n d m i s l e a d in g , t h e m e a n i n g o f d e c e p t i v e s t i l l r e m a i n s u n c l e a r . As G a rd n e r a s k e d , “ F i r s t , w h a t i s d e c e p t io n ? Is a l i e t h a t v i r t u a l l y e v e r yo n e r e c o g n iz e s a s a l i e d e c e p t i v e ? C o n v e rs e l y, i s a n a d v e rt i s e m e n t t h a t c o n t a i n s n o l i t e r a l l i e s b u t th a t re s u l t s i n d e c e p t i v e p e rc e p t i o n s d e c e p t i v e ? 14” W h i l e t h e re i s a n o n g o i n g d eb ate on wh at is d ec ep tive ad vertisin g an d ho w to sto p , mo st peo p le a g r e e t h a t d e c e p t i v e a d ve rt i s i n g i s b a d a n d n e e d s t o s to p p e d . It i s a l s o b e l ie v e d t h a t d e c e p t io n n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i n v o l v e s d e c e i t a s a d e l i b e ra t e a c t . 10

P .go kha le S .du tta,co mp ar at iv e ad ver tising in In dia, evo lv ing a r eg ul ator y fr a mewo rk Is Ad v er tising P u ffer y B el i eved ?A u th or (s) : H er b ert J. R otfel d an d K im B. Ro tzo l lS o ur ce: Jo ur nal o f Ad v er ti sing , V ol. 9 , N o. 3 ( 1 98 0 ) , pp . 1 6 -20 +45 P ub lished b y: Ta ylor & Fr an ci s, Ltd .S t ab le U RL: h ttp : / /www . jstor .or g /st ab le /4 188 316 . 12 Wh at 's Wr on g w ith "D e cep tiv e " Adver t is ing ?A uthor (s) : D ani el A tt asS our ce: Jo ur n al o f Bu sin ess Eth i cs, V ol . 2 1 , N o. 1 ( Aug ., 1 999 ), p p . 4 9 -59P ub lished b y: S p ring er S tab le U R L: http :/ /www .js tor .org /stab le/2 50 741 54 .Access ed : 3 1 /03 /20 14 04 :4 9 13 A Co m men t on "D efin in g M isle ading Ad v er ti sin g " and "D ecep t ion in Ad v ert isin g " Iv an L. P reston Jo ur nal o f M ar k eting V ol. 4 0 , N o . 3 (Jul ., 1 976 ), pp . 5 4 -57 P ub lish ed b y: A mer i can Mark et in g A sso ci at io n Ar ticl e S t ab l e U R L: ht tp :// www .j stor .org /s tab le/1 24 999 5 http :/ /www .js tor .org /d is cov er /1 0 .230 7 /1 249 995 ?u id= 373 825 6 & uid=213 4 & uid=2 475 2 92 467 & u id=2 & uid =70 & uid=3 & uid=24 752 924 57 & u id =60 & sid=2 110 372 785 963 1 14 D ecep t io n in Ad v er ti sing : A Con c ep tua l Ap p roach Author ( s) : D av id M. G ardn er S ou rc e: Jo ur nal o f M ar k eting , V ol . 3 9 , N o. 1 ( Jan. , 1 9 75 ), p p . 40 -46 P ub lish ed b y: A m er ic an Mar k eting As soc iation S tab le U R L: h ttp : //www . js to r.or g / st ab le/1 2 508 01 .

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T h i s b e i n g s o o n e c a n n o t t a k e fo r g r a n t e d t h a t wh a t e v e r i s w ro n g w i t h d e c e i t m u s t a l s o b e w ro n g w i t h ' d e c e p t i v e a d v e r t i s i n g .’ 15 C o n t ra r y t o t h i s o p i n io n wh i c h a rg u e s fo r t h e d i ff e re n c e b e t w e e n d e c e i t a n d d e c e p t i o n a n d t h a t c o n t e n d s t h a t d e c e p t i o n c a n n o t b e p r i m a f a c i l y c o n s i d e re d to b e m o ra l l y a n d e t h i c a l l y w r o n g a s d e c e i t a n d d e c e p t io n a r e n o t t h e s a m e . B u t a s m e n t io n e d e a rl i e r t h e re i s a g r o w i n g a w a r e n e s s o f c o n s u m e r ri g h t s a n d t h e fa c t t h a t m i s l e a d i n g a d v e rt i s e m e n t s m a y n o t b e a d e l i b e ra t e p l o y o f t h e p r o d u c e r o r s e l l e r d o e s n o t r e a l l y c u t i t . B u t b e fo re w e d e l v e fu r t h e r i n t o t h e l e g a l p e rs p e c t i v e o n d e c e p t i v e a d v e rt i s i n g w e s h o u l d fo c u s o n w h y i s i t s o p re v a l e n t i n t h e s o c i e t y. As i t s s a i d a b o u t a d ve r t i s i n g t h a t , “ Y o u r m o s t i m p o rt a n t j o b i n i s t o d e c i d e w h a t yo u a re g o i n g t o s a y a b o u t yo u r p r o d u c t , w h a t b e n e fi t y o u a re g o i n g t o p r o m i s e . " 16 W h e n yo u r s a l e s a r e d i re c t l y a f fe c t e d b y t h e p r o m i s e s yo u m a k e i n yo u r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s m a n y s e l l e rs t e n d t o o v e r i n d u l g e th e m s e l v e s a n d t r a n s g r e s s t h e b o u n d a r y o f l a w b y g i v i n g o u t ri g h t l y w ro n g i n fo r m a t i o n . T h i s i s e a s y a n d t h i s i s p u n i s h a b le b y l a w . B u t t h e g ra y a r e a i n t h e s e l a w s c o m e s wh e n th e s e l l e r i n d u l g e s i n h yp e r b o l e s a n d o v e r e x a g g e r a t i o n s . T h i s h yp e r -b o l e i n p r o c l a i m i n g t h e v i rt u e s o f a p ro d u c t i s a n a c c e p te d te c h n i q u e . 17 An d t h i s p a p e r i s g o i n g t o p ri m a ri l y f o c u s o n w h e t h e r t h e s e h yp e r b o l e s 18 a r e a c c e p t a b le .

W h a t a r e t h e l a w s a g a i n s t d e c e p t i v e a d v e r t i s i n g i n In d i a ? W h i l e d e c e p t io n p ro t e c t io n l a w s a r e i m p e ra t i v e i n a n y c o u n t r y t h e y b e c o m e a l l t h e m o re i m p o rt a n t i n a c o u n t r y l i k e In d i a a s t h e m a j o ri t y o f t h e c o n s u m e r s a re u n e d u c a t e d a n d i l l i t e ra t e . T h i s m a k e s t h e m v u l n e ra b l e t o m a n i p u l a t i o n , s u g g e s t i b i l i t y a n d p e rs u a s i o n u s e d c o m m o n l y i n a d v e rt i s e m e n t s . S o w h e n we s p e c i fi c a l l y t a l k a b o u t ‘p u ffe r y ’ u s e d a s a d e fe n s e a g a i n s t f a l s e a n d m i s l e a d i n g a d v e r t i s i n g , i t i s o ft e n c o n t e n d e d t h a t p e o p l e c an d i s c e rn t h e d i f fe r e n c e b e t w e e n t r u t h a n d m e re p u ff s . S o c o n s id e ri n g t h e d e m o g r a p h i c o f In d i a n p o p u l a t i o n d o e s t h is a rg u m e n t s t i l l

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Wh at's Wr ong w ith "D ecep t ive " A dv er t is in g ?Au th or (s) : D ani el At tasS our ce : Jo urn al o f Bu sin ess Eth i cs, V ol . 2 1 , N o. 1 ( Aug ., 1 999 ), p p . 4 9 -59P ub lished b y: S p ring er S tab le U R L: http :/ /www .js tor .org /stab le/2 50 741 54 .Access ed : 3 1 /03 /20 14 16 D . O G I LV Y , CO N FES S IO N S O F A N ADV E RTIS IN G MAN 9 3 ( i9 63 ) 17 O r gan iz at io ns su ch as Con sum er' s U nion at t emp t to p r ov id e con sum ers w i th in for mat io n co ncern in g co mp ar ativ e q ualit y a nd v a lu e, b ut th eir imp act in th is co un tr y has b een sligh t. S ee Kaldor , Th e Eco no mi c Asp ects o f Adv er ti sin g, I8 REV . ECO N . S TU wiS X , 5 - 6 (I949 ). 18 P u ffer y is r eferr ed to as ex ag g erat ions a cc to D efin it io n o f P u ffer y”; http :/ /di ction ar y. r efer en ce. co m /b ro wse /p u ffer y

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w o rk i n In d i a n c o n t e x t ? I f n o t i s n ’ t i t a v i o l a t i o n o f o n e ’s c o n s u me r ri g h t s . B u t b e fo r e w e p r o c e e d fu r t h e r l e t ’ s l o o k i n t o t h e le g a l d e fi n i t i o n o f d e c e p t i v e a d v e rt i s i n g i n In d i a , “ U n fa i r t r a d e p ra c t i c e ” m e a n s a t r a d e p r a c t i c e w h i c h , fo r t h e p u rp o s e o f p r o m o t i n g t h e s a l e , u s e o r s u p p l y o f a n y g o o d s o r fo r t h e p ro v i s i o n s o f a n y s e r v i c e s , a d o p t s a n y u n fa i r m e t h o d o r u n fa i r o r d e c e p t i v e p ra c t i c e i n c lu d i n g a n y o f t h e fo l l o wi n g p ra c t i c e s , n a m e l y : - (1 ) t h e p ra c t i c e o f m a k i n g a n y s t a t e m e n t , w h e t h e r o r a l l y o r i n wr i t i n g o r b y v i s i b l e re p re s e n t a t i o n w h i c h , - (i ) f a l s e l y r e p r e s e n t s t h a t t h e g o o d s a re o f a p a r t i c u l a r s t a n d a rd , q u a l i t y , q u a n t it y , g r a d e , c o m p o s i t i o n , s t yl e o r m o d e l ;( i i ) fa l s e l y r e p re s e n t s th a t t h e s e r v i c e s a re o f a p a r t i c u l a r s t a n d a rd , q u a l i t y o r g r a d e ; ( v i ) m a k e s a fa l s e o r m i s l e a d in g re p re s e n t a t i o n c o n c e rn in g t h e n e e d fo r, o r t h e u s e fu l n e s s o f, a n y g o o d s o r s e rv i c e s ; ( x ) g i v e s fa l s e o r m i s l e a d i n g fa c t s d i s p a r a g i n g t h e g o o d s , s e r v i c e s o r t r a d e o f a n o th e r p e rs o n . 19

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W h i l e u n d e r t h i s a c t i t ’s a c c e p t e d th a t fa l s e re p re s e n t a t i o n o f g o o d s 20 c o m e s u n d e r t h e a m b i t o f Un fa i r T r a d e P ra c t i c e s , In d i a . 21 As p e r t h e l a w i t ’s i s u n l a w fu l fo r t h e m a n u fa c t u r e r o r s e l l e r t o g i v e o u t w r o n g i n fo r m a t i o n t h a t m i g h t b e m i s l e a d in g o r m i s re p re s e n t i n g t h e g o o d s o r s e rv i c e s . T h e n h o w i s p u ffe r y j u s t i fi e d ? O r w h a t i s t h e l e g a l r a t i o n a l e t h a t e x p l a i n s t h e c o n c e p t o f p u f fe r y? W e l l o n e a r g u m e n t g i v e n i s t h a t i n a m a r k e t p l a c e a c o n s u m e r e x p e c t s e x a gg e ra t i o n s a n d h yp e r b o l e s s o h e d o e s n o t t a k e i t s e ri o u s l y. An d s i n c e p u ff e r y i s n o t b e l i e ve d , i t ’s n o t m i s l e a d i n g o r d e c e p t i v e in n a t u re a n d h e n c e i t c a n b e j u s t i fi e d . T h e w h o l e l o g i c o f t h i s a rg u m e n t l i e s i n th e p r e s u p p o s i t io n t h a t a ra t i o n a l c o n s u me r c a n d i s c r i m i n a t e b e t w e e n m e re p u f fs a n d t h e t ru t h . T h i s a l s o d o e s n o t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t th a t t h e re m i g h t b e s u b t l e o r s u b -c o n s c i o u s m a n i fe s t a t i o n s o f p u f fe r y t h a t a c o n s u m e r h i m s e l f m i g h t n o t b e a b l e r e c o g n i z e . An d i f i t ’ s t r u e t h a t p u f fe r y d o e s a ffe c t t h e c o n s u m e r p s yc h e th e n d o e s th i s n o t i n fri n g e h i s c o n s u m e r r i g h t s a s s t a t e d i n t h e Un fa i r T ra d e P r a c t i c e s Ac t , u n d e r M o n o p o l i e s a n d T ra d e R e s t ri c t i v e P o l i c i e s Ac t ? B u t b e fo r e t h e l e g a l r a m i fi c a t i o n s o f p u ff e r y a re c o n s i d e r e d i t b e c o m e s i m p e r a t i v e t o u n d e rs t a n d w h a t i s p u ff e r y .

W h a t i s p u ffe r y ? “ P u ff : . . . ' t w a s I fi rs t e n r i c h e d t h e i r s t yl e - ' t w a s I fi rs t t a u g h t t h e m t o c ro w d t h e i r a d v e r t i s e m e n t s wi t h p a n e g yri c a l s u p e rl a t i v e s , e a c h e p i th e t ri s i n g a b o v e t h e o t h e r . . . . F ro m m e t h e y l e a r n e d to i n l a y t h e i r p krase o lo gy with varie gate d ch ip s o f e xo tic metaph o r : b y me to o th eir i n v e n t i v e fa c u l t i e s we re c a l l e d fo rt h : y e s , s i r , b y m e t h e y w e r e i n - s t r u c t e d t o c l o th e i d e a l w a l l s wi t h g ra t u i t o u s fru i t s - t o i n s i n u a t e o b s e q u io u s ri v u l e t s i n t o v i s io n a r y g ro v e s . T h i s , s i r , i s . . . t h e a r t o f p u ff i n g . . . . ” R . B . S h e r i d a n , T h e C ri t i c , Ac t 22 In c o m mo n p a r l a n c e p u ffe r y i s d e fi n e d a s “ p u b l i c i t y o r a c c l a i m t h a t i s fu l l o f u n d u e o r e x a g g e r a t e d p ra i s e ” 23 P u f fe r y i s u s u a l l y s t a t e m e n t s th a t i n c lu d e h y p e rb o l e s a n d e x a g g e r a t i o n to th e p o i n t th a t i t i s ‘ a s s u m e d ’ t h a t e v e ryo n e c a n d i s c e r n t h a t i t i s m e re e x a g g e ra t i o n . Op i n i o n a n d p u f f e r y e n c o m p a s s a "s a l e s t a l k i n p r o m o t i n g a s a l e " a n d s t a t e m e n t s t h a t s e rv e "t o ' h yp e ' p r o d u c t b e yo n d o b j e c t i v e p ro o f. 24 P u f fe r y i s ‘w h e n a s e l l e r p ra i s e s i n g e n e ra l t e r m s , w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c c o n te n t o r r e fe re n c e t o fa c t s , b u ye rs a r e e x p e c t e d t o d o a n d u n d e rs t a n d th a t a r e n o t e n t i t l e d to re l y l i t e r a l l y u p o n w o rd s ’ 25P u ffe r y a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e h a r m l e s s e x a g g e ra t i o n s t h a t a r e e x p re s s io n s o f o p i n io n ra t h e r t h a n c l a i m s o f s o m e o b j e c t i ve q u a l i t y o r c h a ra c t e r i s t i c o f t h e p ro d u c t . F o r e x a m p l e , e v e n t h e m o s t g u l l ib l e c o n s u m e r i s c o n s i d e re d c a p a b le o f g r a p p l i n g wi t h th e fa c t t h a t s u c h s t a t e m e n t s a s "t h e b e s t o f i t s k i n d , " " t h e m o s t b e au t i fu l , " o r "t h e fi n e s t " m i g h t n o t b e l i t e ra l l y t ru e . .. . C o n s u me rs w h o b u y "t h e fu n n i e s t b o o k yo u e v e r r e a d " c a n e x p e c t to b e a m u s e d , b u t th e y re a l l y d o n ' t e x p e c t t h e a d v e rt i s e r t o b e a b l e t o p r o v e th e s u p e rl a t i v e 26 W h e n p u ffe r y i s m e n t i o n e d i n c o n t e x t w i t h d e c e p t i v e a d v e rt i s i n g , i t i s u s e d a s a d e fe n s e b y t h e m a n u fa c t u re s w h e n th e y p ra i s e t h e i r p ro d u c t s i n an e x a g g e ra t e d s e n s e . T h e p u r p o s e o f fa l s e - a d v e rt i s i n g l a w i s t o e n s u r e t h a t c o n s u m e rs re c e i v e

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D ev elo p m en ts in th e Law : D ec ep tiv e Adv er tisin gS our ce: H ar v ard La w R ev iew, V ol. 8 0 , N o. 5 (Mar ., 1 96 7 ) , pp . 100 5 -116 3P ub lish ed b y: Th e H ar var d Law R ev iew A sso ci at io nS tab le U RL: h t tp :/ /ww w .jstor .o rg/ stab le/1 339 339 .Acc essed : 3 1 /0 3 /2 014 0 4 :59 23 D efin ition o f P u ffer y” ; ht tp ://d ic tion ar y.r efer en ce. co m /b ro wse/p u ffer y 24 RA M INTE RNAT ION A L Vs. A DT S EC UR ITY S ERVIC ES (0 4 .02 .2 014 - F EST ) 25 Fr o m r est at emen t o f l aw o f to rt ,p ara 5 42 ,ten tat i ve dr aft 1 10 26 Is Ad v er tising P u ffer y B el i eved ?A u th or (s) : H er b ert J. R otfel d an d Kim B. Ro tzo l lS o ur ce: Jo ur nal o f Ad v er ti sing , V ol. 9 , N o. 3 ( 1 98 0 ) , pp . 1 6 -20 +45 P ub lished b y: Ta ylor & Fr an ci s, Ltd .S t ab le U RL: h ttp : //www . jstor.or g /st ab le /4 188 316 .Access ed : 3 1 /03 /2 014 0 5 : 38

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a c c u ra t e i n fo rm a t i o n a b o u t p ro d u c t s a n d s e rv i c e s t h a t a r e b e in g s o ld 27 An d w h e n p u ff e r y i s o f fe r e d a s a d e fe n s e t o m a n u fa c t u re r s t o g e t a w a y w i t h s u p e rl a t i v e s t a t e m e n t s e ve n w h e n i t s t ru e i s i n c o n t ra d i c t i o n w i t h t h i s g r o w i n g c o n s u m e r c e n t r i c j u ri s p ru d e n c e . C o u rt s b e l i e v e t h a t “ b a d c o n s u m p t i o n ” h ap p e n s wh e n c o n s u m e rs p u r c h a s e s o m e th i n g a s a re s u l t o f b e l ie v i n g fa l s e fa c t s s t a t e d o r i m p l i e d b y c o m m e rc i a l s p e e c h . “ G o o d c o n s u m p t i o n ” i s p u rc h a s i n g i n t h e ab s e n c e o f fa l s e fa c t s . 28T h ro u g h t h e m e d i a , a d v e r t i s e r s p r o v i d e i n fo rm a t i o n t o c o n s u m e r s s o t h a t t h e y c a n m a k e m e a n i n g fu l c h o i c e s an d fo r t h a t re a s o n , m i s l e a d in g i n fo r m a t i o n c an b e d an g e ro u s t o t h e c o n s u m e r 29 An d w h e n go o d s a r e p r a i s e d t o t h e p o in t o f u n t ru t h , “ t h e re s u l t i s n o t i n fo rm e d , i n t e l l i g e n t c h o i c e , b u t ra t h e r i t s [s i c ] p e r v e r s i o n ; t h e re i s n o ‘c h o i c e ’ wh e n s e le c t io n i s a fu n c t io n o f c o m p e t i n g u n t ru t h s , d e c e i t s , a n d m i s l e a d i n g c o mp a ri s o n s .” 30T h e p u ffe r y d e fe n s e i n fa l s e - a d v e r t i s i n g c a s e s p ro t e c t s a c c u s e d d e fe n d a n t s p e a k e r s w h o s e s p e e c h i s n o t fa c t u a l , i .e . , i s o f a t yp e c a p a b le o f b e i n g fa l s i fi e d 31T h e q u e s t i o n o f fa l s i f i a b i l i t y i s o n e o f l a w , a n d c o u r t s a n d re g u l a t o r s ro u t i n e l y d e c id e p u ff e r y p r o b l e m s b y a r t i c u l a t i n g a l i n e b e t w e e n fa l s i fi a b l e a n d n o n - fa l s i f i a b l e s p e e c h . 32In d i a n c o u r t s h a v e t r a d i t i o n a l l y a l l o w e d a d v e r t i s e r s a m p l e l e e w a y w h e n m a k i n g ‘ p u ff ’ s t a t e m e n t s 33 F o r e x a m p l e i n T h e p ri n c ip l e s , a s s t a t e d in t h e c a s e o f R e c k i t t & C o l e m a n o f In d i a L t d v K i wi T T K L t d ( 6 3 (1 9 9 6 ) D L T 2 9 ) , a re a s fo l l o w s :• An a d v e rt i s e m e n t c a n d e c l a re t h a t t h e a d v e r t i s e d g o o d s a re t h e b e s t i n t h e w o rl d , e v e n t h o u g h t h i s d e c l a r a t i o n i s u n t ru e ;• An a d v e r t i s e m e n t c a n s t a t e t h a t t h e a d ve rt i s e d g o o d s a r e b e t t e r th a n t h o s e o f c o mp e t i t o r s , e v e n i f t h i s s t a t e m e n t i s u n t r u e ; 34 W h a t p re c i s e l y i s t h e l a w o n t h i s p o i n t ? It i s a b l i n d i n g g l i m p s e o f t h e o b v i o u s t o s a y t h a t t h e re m u s t b e a d i v i d i n g l i n e

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Jean W eg man Bu rns , Co n fu sed Jur isp r uden ce: F alse Adv er ti sing U nd er th e Lanh am A ct , 79 B.U . L. REV . 8 07 , 875 ( 199 9 ) ( o ffer ing the p r in cip al p ur p oses o f law s th at r es tr ic t false ad ver t is in g) . 28 D avid A . Ho ffm an. "Th e B es t P u f fer y Ar ticl e E v er " Io wa Law R ev iew 9 1 .5 ( 20 06 ) : 13 95 14 48 . Ava il ab le at: http : //wo rks .b ep r ess. co m/h o ffm an /6 29 Ear l W. Kin tner , F ed er a l Tr ad e C om mission Reg ulat ion o f Ad v er tis in g , 6 4 MICH. L. REV . 12 69 , 127 2 (19 66 ) . 30 30 D avid A. Ho f fm an . "Th e B est P u ffe r y Ar ti cle E ver " Io wa Law R ev iew 9 1 .5 ( 20 06 ) : 13 95 -14 48 . Ava il ab le at: http : //wo rks .b ep r ess. co m/h o ffm an /6 31 Ivan P r es to n , Th e D efin it io n o f D e cep tiven es s i n A dve rt is in g and O th er Co mm er cia l Sp eech , 3 9 CATH. U . L. RE V . 1 03 5 , 1 040 –41 (19 90 ) 32 S u p ra 1 9 33 Comp ar at iv e adv er tising in Ind ia – p u ff u nd er scru tin y Lu th r a & Lu thr a Law O ffi ces D ece mb er/Janu ar y 20 10 Wor ld Tr ad em ar k R ev iew 34 Ib id

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b e t w e e n s t a t e m e n t s t h a t a re a c t i o n a b le a n d th o s e wh i c h a re n o t ; a n d t h e s o l e q u e s t i o n o f a d r y p o i n t o f l a w s u c h a s w e a re d i s c u s s i n g h e re i s ; w h e r e d o e s t h e l i n e l i e ? On t h e o n e h a n d , i t a p p e a r s t o m e t h a t t h e l a w i s th at an y trad er is en titled to p u ff h is o wn goo d s, even thou gh such pu ff m u s t , a s a m a t t e r o f p u r e l o g i c , i n vo l v e t h e d e n i g ra t i o n o f h i s r i v a l ' s g o o d s . T h u s i n t h e w e l l kn o wn c a s e o f t h e th r e e a d j o in i n g t a i l o r s wh o p u t n o t i c e s i n t h e i r re s p e c t i v e w i n d o w s re a d i n g : 'T h e b e s t t a i l o r i n t h e w o rl d ' , ' T h e b e s t t a i l o r i n t h i s t o w n ' , a n d ' T h e b e s t t a i l o r i n t h i s s t re e t ' , n o n e o f t h e t h re e c o m m i t t e d a n a c t i o n a b l e o f fe n c e . " 35 B u t T h e M ad ra s H i g h C o u rt o b s e rv e d th a t :“ R e c o g n i z i n g t h e ri g h t o f p r o d u c e rs t o p u ff t h e i r o wn p r o d u c t s e v e n w i t h u n t ru e c l a i m s ,b u t w i t h o u t d e n i g r a t i n g o r s l a n d e ri n g e a c h o th e r ’s p ro d u c t s , w o u ld b e t o ‘d e re c o g n i z e ’ t h e ri g h t s o f t h e c o n s u m e r s g u a ra n t e e d u n d e r t h e C o n s u me r P r o t e c t i o n Ac t 1 9 8 6 . ” 36B u t s t i l l g e n e r i c p u f fe r y t h a t d o e s n o t d i s p a r a g e i t s c o m p e t i to r i s a l l o w e d . U l t i m a t e l y , a s u c c e s s fu l “ p u f fe r ” w i l l b e o n e w h o s e s t a t e m e n t s fl i rt b o t h w i t h a n a p p r o p ri a t e a m o u n t o f s i n c e ri t y t o w a rd s t h e i r c o n s u m e r w h i l e a l s o i n c o rp o ra t i n g e x t r e m e , o u t r a g e o u s e x a g g e r a t i o n s t h a t a re s u re t o g r a b t h e c o n s u m e r’ s a t t e n t i o n 37 F i rs t , w h y i s p u ffe r y u s e d b y a d v e r t i s e rs ? It i s p re s u m e d t o b e n o n d e c e p t i v e b e c au s e i t i s n o t b e l i e v e d , b u t i f p u ffe r y i s n o t b e l i e v e d , i t w o u l d h a v e n o e f fe c t a n d t h e r e fo r e w o u l d n o t b e u s e d . S e c o n d , c a n i t b e d e t e r m i n e d fr o m l o o k i n g a t t h e l i t e r a l c o n t e n t o f a n a d wh e t h e r c o n s u m e r s re a d i l y r e c o g n i z e t h e e x a g g e r a t i o n s th a t a re l e g a l l y p r e -s u m e d to b e s o o b v i o u s ? 38T h e l e g a l l o g i c p r e s u m e s c o n s u m e r s e x p e c t e x a g g e ra t i o n s a n d i n fl a t e d c l a i m s i n ad v e rt i s i n g a n d t h e re fo re "k n o w " p u ffe r y s t a t e m e n t s a r e n o t t o b e b e l i e v e d a s l i t e ra l f a c t s . 39

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C o lg a te -Pa lm o liv e (In d ia ) Lim it ed v s. A n ch o r H ea lt h and B eau ty C a re P riv a te Lt d . (0 4 .0 9 .20 08 - MA DH C ) 36 Ib id 2 8 37 Th e Wo r ld’ s Most Tru st ed Ar ticl e on P u ffer y”: N on -Action ab l e P u ffer y o r M is le ad ing ? b y A bh ish ek K. G u rn an i a nd Ash ish R. T a la ti 38 Is Adve rt is in g P u ffe r y B e li ev ed ?Author ( s) : H er b er t J . Rot fe ld and Ki m B. Rot zo l lS ou rce : Jo ur nal o f Ad v er ti sing , V ol. 9 , N o. 3 ( 1 98 0 ) , pp . 1 6 -20 +45 P ub lished b y: Ta ylor & Fr an ci s, Ltd .S t ab le U RL: h ttp : //www . jstor.or g /st ab le /4 188 316 .Access ed : 3 1 /03 /2 014 0 5 : 38 39 Is Adve rt is in g P u ffe r y B e li ev ed ?Author ( s) : H er b er t J . Rot fe ld and Ki m B. Rot zo l lS ou rce : Jo ur nal o f Ad v er ti sing , V ol. 9 , N o. 3 ( 1 98 0 ) , pp . 1 6 -20 +45 P ub lished b y: Ta ylor & Fr an ci s, Ltd .S t ab le U RL: h ttp : //www . jstor.or g /st ab le /4 188 316 .Access ed : 3 1 /03 /2 014 0 5 :38

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Is p u f fe r y n o t b e l i e ve d a t a l l ? In a r e s e a rc h p a p e r w r i t t e n b y H e r b e r t J . R o t fe l d a n d K i m B . R o t z o l l S o u rc e t h e y c o n t e n d t h a t Al t h o u gh t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s fro m t h e p u f fs , o v e ra l l , w e r e n o te d a s t r u e b y r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p r o p o rt i o n s o f re s p o n d e n t s , a n y c o n s u m e r b e l i e f o f s u c h c l a i m s c o n t ra d i c t s t h e l e g a l l o g i c a n d i t s a s - s u m p t i o n s . 40 P u ff s w e r e co mmun icated to large n u mbers o f respo nden ts, and if fals e, wo u ld easily b e seen as po ssessin g a po ten tial to deceiv e if th ey d id no t h ave s pe -cial l e g a l e x e m p t i o n fr o m s u c h c o n s id e ra t i o n . C o n t ra r y t o t h e l o g i c b e h i n d t h i s e xe m p t io n , p u ffs w e re n o t e d a s t ru e b y l a rg e n u m b e rs o f re s p o n d e n ts , s u g g e s t in g t h a t re s p o n d e n t s m i g h t h a ve t h o u gh t s u c h c l a i m s w e re l i t e r a l l y t r u e . 41 S o t a k i n g i n 5 o a c c o u n t t h i s e x t e n s i v e s t u d y a n d o th e rs i t s h o w s th a t t h e re a r e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f p u f fs a n d e v e n i f t h e l i t e r a l p u ffs a re n ’t t a k e n s e ri o u s l y t h e re a r e i m p l i c a t i o n s t h a t a re c o n s i d e re d an d th i s i m p l i e s t h a t t h e re i s s o m e c o n s e q u e n c e o f t h e p u f f o n t h e c o u n s u m e r p s yc h e a n d i t d o e s i n fl u e n c e t h e c o n s u m e r b e h a v i o r .

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W i t h t h e g r o w i n g c o n s u m e r c e n t ri c j u ri s p ru d e n c e , t h e m a x i m c a v e a t e m p t o r s e e m s an a c h ro n i s t ic a s t h e l a w s n o w p l a c e t h e o n u s o n t h e s e l l e r s ra t h e r t h a n t h e b u ye r s . T o u p h o l d c o n s u m e r r i g h t s , In d i a h a s m a n y c o n s u m e r p ro t e c t io n l a w s . On e o f t h e s e ri g h t s i n c l u d e s t h e r i g h t o f t h e c o n s u m e r t o b e d u l y i n fo r m e d o f t h e q u a l i t y , d u ra b i l i t y , g r a d e o f t h e p r o d u c t s o b o u g h t . T h i s i n c l u d e s t h a t t h e r e b e l a ws c h e c k i n g t h e m i s re p r e s e n t a t i o n an d d e c e p t io n i n a d v e rt i s i n g . As a d v e rt i s i n g h a s a d i re c t c o r re l a t i o n w i t h c o n s u me r p s yc h e a n d b e h a v i o r, i t b e c o me s i m p e ra t i v e fo r t h e l a w t o i n te r v e n e a n d e n s u re t h a t th e a d v e rt i s e m e n t s a r e n o t m i s l e ad i n g , fa l s e , d e c e p t i v e o r m i s re p re s e n t a t i v e . W h i l e i n th i s c o n s u m e r c e n t r i c m a rk e t t h e d e fe n s e o f ‘ p u ffe r y ’ i s e x t e n d e d t o m a n u fa c t u re s o r s e l l e rs t h a t g i v e s th e m l e e w a y t o g e t a w a y w i t h f a l s e a n d d e c e p t i v e a d ve r t i s i n g . T h e n h o w i s p u f fe r y j u s t i fi e d ? O r w h a t i s t h e l e g a l ra t i o n a l e t h a t e x p l a i n s th e c o n c e p t o f p u ff e r y? W e l l o n e a rg u m e n t g i v e n i s t h a t i n a m a r k e t p l a c e a c o n s u m e r e xp e c t s e x a g g e r a t i o n s an d h yp e r b o l e s s o h e d o e s n o t t a k e i t s e ri o u s l y. An d s i n c e p u f fe r y i s n o t b e l i e v e d , i t ’ s n o t m i s l e a d i n g o r d e c e p t i v e i n n a t u r e a n d h e n c e i t c a n b e ju s t i fi e d . T h e w h o l e l o g i c o f t h i s a r g u m e n t l i e s in t h e p re s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t a r a t i o n a l

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Ivan L P r es to n ,The gr ea t Am er ican B low U p :P u ffer y in Adv er tising and S e ll in g Da bu r In d ia Ltd . v s. C o lo rte k Megh a laya P v t. Lt d . (0 4 .1 2 .2 00 9 - D ELH C )

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c o n s u m e r c a n d i s c ri m i n a t e b e t w e e n m e re p u ffs a n d t h e t ru t h . T h i s a l s o d o e s n o t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t th a t t h e r e m i g h t b e s u b t l e o r s u b - c o n s c io u s m a n i fe s t a t i o n s o f p u ffe r y t h a t a c o n s u m e r h i m s e l f m i g h t n o t b e a b l e re c o g n i z e . An d i f i t ’s t r u e t h a t p u f fe r y d o e s a ff e c t t h e c o n s u m e r p s yc h e t h e n d o e s t h i s n o t i n fri n g e h i s c o n s u m e r ri g h t s a s s t a t e d i n t h e U n fa i r T ra d e P r a c t i c e s Ac t , u n d e r M o n o p o li e s a n d T ra d e R e s t ri c t i v e P o l i c ie s Ac t ? I v a n P r e s t o n c o n te n d e d th a t , “ P u f fe r y i s l e g a l i z e d l yi n g i n m a rk e t p l a c e - s o ft c o re d e c e p t i o n . ” 42 In s t u d i e s a n d e mp i ri c a l r e s e a rc h e s c o n d u c t e d b y p s yc h o l o g i s t s a n d r e s e a rc h e rs i t h a s b e e n fo u n d t h a t p u f fe r y d o e s h a v e t h e ab i l i t y t o i n fl u e n c e c o n s u m e r b e h a v i o r. T h i s i t s e l f n e g a t e s t h e l e g a l l o g i c t h a t a c o n s u m e r e x p e c t s p u ffe r y a n d h e n c e h e d o e s n o t t a k e i t s e ri o u s l y. An d w h e n we t a l k a b o u t a c o u n t ry l i k e In d i a p u ffe r y i s p e r m i s s i b l e e ve n t h o u g h i t r e s u l t s i n e x t o l l i n g th e v i rt u e s o f o n e ’s o w n g o o d s - wh i c h m a y n o t b e q u i t e i n a c c o r d w i t h re a l i t y 43W h i l e d e c e p t i o n p r o t e c t i o n l a w s a re i m p e r a t i v e i n a n y c o u n t r y t h e y b e c o m e a l l t h e m o r e i m p o rt a n t i n a c o u n t ry l i k e In d i a a s t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c o n s u m e r s a r e u n e d u c a t e d a n d i l l i t e ra t e . T h i s m a k e s t h e m v u l n e ra b l e t o m a n ip u l a t i o n , s u g g e s t ib i l i t y a n d p e r s u a s io n u s e d c o m m o n l y i n a d v e r t i s e m e n t s . S o wh e n w e s p e c i fi c a l l y t a l k a b o u t ‘p u f fe r y ’ u s e d a s a d e fe n s e a g a i n s t fa l s e a n d m i s l e a d i n g a d ve r t i s i n g , i t i s o ft e n c o n t e n d e d t h a t p e o p l e c a n d i s c e r n t h e d i ffe re n c e b e t w e e n t ru t h an d m e r e p u ffs . S o c o n s i d e ri n g t h e d e m o g r a p h i c o f In d i a n p o p u l a t i o n d o e s t h is a rg u m e n t s t i l l w o r k i n In d i a n c o n t e x t ? I f n o t i s n ’t i t a v i o l a t i o n o f o n e ’ s c o n s u m e r ri g h t s . As p e r t h e l a w i t ’ s i s u n l a w fu l fo r t h e m a n u fa c t u re r o r s e l l e r t o g i v e o u t w ro n g i n fo rm a t i o n th a t m i g h t b e m i s l e a d i n g o r m i s r e p re s e n t in g t h e g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s .

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