Detail July-august 2017

ISSN 1614-4600 · JUL · AUG £13 · US$24.50 · €18.90

English Edition

Review of Architecture and Construction Details · Bioclimatic Construction · Vol. 2017 · 4

∂ Review of Architecture 9RO   ō %LRFOLPDWLF&RQVWUXFWLRQ Editorial office: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 89 38 16 20-57 Dr. Sandra Hofmeister (editor-in-chief, V. i. S. d. P.), Sabine Drey, Andreas Gabriel, Frank Kaltenbach, Julia Liese, Michaela Linder, Peter Popp, Maria Remter, Jakob Schoof, Edith Walter, Heide Wessely Christa Schicker (freelance assistants) Dejanira Ornelas Bitterer, Marion Griese, Barbara Kissinger, Emese M. Köszegi (drawings) Editorial team DETAIL product information: Thomas Jakob, Jenny Clay Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-0 James Roderick O’Donovan, Alisa Kotmair Marc Selway (English translations) Advertising: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-48 Advertisement Sales Representative Cézanne Sales Services Denise Cézanne-Güttich Rotdornstr. 2 41352 Korschenbroich, Germany T: +49 (0)2182 578 39 73 F: +49 (0)2182 578 39 75 M: +49 (0)172 821 0095 E: [email protected] Distribution and marketing: E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-0 Subscription contact and customer service: Vertriebsunion Meynen Grosse Hub 10 65344 Eltville, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: +49 (0) 61-23 92 38-211 Fax: +49 (0) 61-23 92 38-212 Publisher and editorial office: DETAIL Business Information GmbH Hackerbrücke 6 80335 Munich Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 89-38 16 20-0 Fax: +49 (0) 89-39 86 70 ZZZGHWDLOGHHQJOLVK

Winter bivouac on Mount Kanin in Slovenia: The modules for the Alpine shelter were transported by helicopter to its elevation at 2,260 m. The cabin designed by Ofis arhitekti was quickly installed by assistants on site at the rocky outcrop (pp. 34ff.).

Editorial

Sun, Wind and Climate Zones When we speak of the “context” of architecture, the term usually refers to the built environment or the historical background of a building. But the climatic conditions of a building site are also contextually determined. These require specific concepts that respond to factors such as heat and cold, fluctuations in temperature, and snow loads. Not only elaborate technical solutions are needed in this regard, but also design approaches that integrate climate considerations into the planning and construction process. Our May issue focuses on bioclimatic construction and introduces projects that have developed strategies for dealing with climatic conditions in order to improve the quality of indoor and outdoor spaces. Instead of costly high-tech solutions, we compiled examples that approach regional conditions with carefully planned, low-tech measures to great effect – from the subtropics in Malawi to the glacier region of Norway and Mediterranean Europe. In Hanoi, a tube-style house by Vo Trong Nghia Architects filters strong sunlight through concrete slats, and allows air to circulate between the floors to ventilate its deep, narrow spaces. To protect from monsoon rains, the Dutch firm SchilderScholte developed a prototypical concept for a community center in Bangladesh, that makes use of local bamboo and drains rainwater off wide roof overhangs, which also provide shade. Our documentation and technology articles in this issue take you to a variety of climatic regions and countries, from Lebanon to the Alps, Ecuador, and the United States. They present convincing concepts for climate-responsive building, addressing an important aspect of sustainability that is often overlooked. A complementary perspective on these aspects is provided in our latest issue of Detail green, which is included inside our May issue and focuses on timber structures. We hope it inspires you! Sandra Hofmeister [email protected]

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Editorial Sandra Hofmeister

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The Small Miracle of Mannheim: Spinelli Participatory Student Building Project in Mannheim Enrico Santifaller

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19th Century Paris: Smart City With Charm Frank Kaltenbach

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Discussion 10

Courtyard Houses in China – How Climate Influences Typology Zhu Tan

Documentation 18

House Renovation in Hanoi Vo Trong Nghia Architects + Takashi Niwa

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Cabin for Trekkers in the Okstindan Mountain Range Jarmund Vigsnæs Arkitekter

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Student Residence in Mbombela Cohen and Garson

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Winter bivouac in the Kanin Mountains Ofis arhitekti

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Maternity Waiting Homes in Kasungu Mass Design Group

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Research Institute in Cerdanyola del Vallès Harquitectes, Dataae

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Community Centre in Rajarhat SchilderScholte architects

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Residence in Chacras Natura Futura Arquitectura

Technology 60

High Comfort – Low Impact: Climate-responsive Design Strategies Transsolar, Najjar & Najjar Architects, Studio 804

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Facades Interior Design Solar Power, Solar Protection CAD, Software and BIM Service RÐœśĩğś yğÄ ĩœéyğýƖyŨýĩğś ýğƍĩČƍÐÄ ýğ Ũ÷Ð ĻČyğğýğé ° ĩğŨœy±Ũĩœś yğÄ śŵĻĻČýÐœś Contributors

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The Small Miracle of Mannheim: Spinelli Participatory Student Building Project in Mannheim

Architecture: Studentengruppe Atelier U20/ TU Kaiserslautern Photos: Yannick Wegner Text: Enrico Santifaller The Multihalle pavilion designed by Carlfried Mutschler, Joachim Langner, and Frei Otto for the 1975 Federal Garden Exhibition (“Bundesgartenschau”) was quickly dubbed the “miracle of Mannheim.” While a major initiative is currently underway to preserve the wood lattice gridshell structure that is pegged for demolition by the Mannheim city council, in 2016 another small architectural miracle occurred in the same city. A group of 18 architecture students from the Kaiserslautern Technical University designed and built a community center at the Spinelli refugee camp – together with 25 refugees. The result is a decidedly simple yet wonderfully refined wooden struc-

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ture. And the entire process, from initial sketches to completion, took less than eight months. The student construction project is multifaceted, but based on an ordinary concept, that of a wooden pavilion. To formulate the task, Stefan Krötsch, a junior professor of tectonics in timber construction, and Tatjana Dürr, a lecturer on building culture, consulted with refugees living at the “needsoriented preliminary reception facility” (BEA), which was established by the state of Baden-Württemberg in 2015 at the former Spinelli U.S. Army barracks. The refugees expressed their wishes for a both communal area and a place of retreat.

Additionally, the construction would have to be quick and easy, as it would be built together with its users and local craftsmen. Of the 15 student proposals submitted, a jury chose a design by Sandra Gressung, Sascha Ritschel, and Tobias Vogel. Together, the students handled all of the planning phases and visualizations, and lived in the BEA during the construction phase. The 500 m2 building ensemble includes two courtyards. One is u-shaped and can accommodate events with up to 200 people. The second is enclosed with covered seating niches and a cherry tree. A succession of smoothly interconnecting spaces provides opportunities for various kinds of use.

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A great deal of thought was given to the design of the rather complex construction. The northern wall, 22 m long, forms the structural backbone, whereby the bulkheads, cantilevers, and firmly bolted crosslaminated timber roof panels work together to bear the load. The semipermeable lattice walls and trusses are made from five layers of Douglas fir battens (3 ≈ 5 cm) to compensate for the wood’s low transverse tensile strength. Filigree latticework was also applied to the girder truss. Together with the varied play of sunlight, the lattice walls and trusses give the structure an ornamental, Oriental appearance. This ornamentation, which is understood as

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an inviting gesture, is not imposed, but results from the construction itself. An award recognized the participants for their engagement beyond the scope of their studies. The valuable experiences that the students gained through the project likewise went far beyond the scope of their studies. Photos, Video: www.detail.de/D5_2017_Spinelli 1 2 3 4 5

Enclosed courtyard with covered seating niches Community area with open courtyard Isometric, large support with latticework Installation of a timber frame building element Axonometric of the construction

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19th Century Paris: Smart City With Charm

Text: Frank Kaltenbach The exhibition “Paris Haussmann. A Model’s Relevance” presented at the Pavillon de l’Arsenal addresses an aspect of Paris that has until recently received little attention. Neither the “Grand Projets” nor glorified nostalgia are the theme of this show, but rather the future viability of a holistic urban model from the 19th century. Ideal City Without a Grid The unique flair of Paris has been described and celebrated in countless paintings, novels, and films. So it is all the more surprising that the Paris we know today can be traced back to a single urban planner, without in the least appearing like a standard, gridbased city. Between 1852 and 1869 upon orders by Napoléon III, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, the prefect of the Seine Department, had entire neighborhoods demolished to make room for wide boulevards that sliced through the impenetrable convolution of narrow streets. These would then directly connect magnificent new land-

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marks, such as the Arc de Triomphe, the Opéra, and the Dôme des Invalides. The boulevards were not primarily intended for pedestrian flaneurs, but they were perfect for the swift mobilization of the military forces against a latently rebellious population. But how well conceived is the Haussmann model in terms of quality of life and efficiency in a rapidly growing metropolis with all of its challenges? According to what rules did the geometric sectioning of the city occur? How were issues of access and ownership resolved? What measures were taken to ensure comfortable indoor climates, and to determine the necessary residential density? How does Paris compare in terms of efficiency to other major cities, such as Barcelona or New York? What relevance does the Haussmann model have for urban development today and in the future? Cartography and Analysis It is no coincidence that the curators of the exhibition are architects. With the Parisian

building projects undertaken through their firm LAN (Local Architecture Network), Benoît Jallon and Umberto Napolitano have, like many of their colleagues, confronted the consequences of Haussmannian urban design – with its unusually angular lots and narrow courtyards. Their scientific and very graphically refined analysis, which they prepared together with the architect and engineer Franck Boutté, dismantles Haussmann’s Paris into its typical street profiles, plaza proportions, and building typologies. Here, historical drawings and plans are presented alongside archival and present-day photographs. Particular attention has been given to the profile and organization of the ordinary residential block, which in all its variations seems to have resulted incidentally from the large-scale connecting lines of the boulevards that defined its every relationship, from the public space, to the building lot, and the individual apartment unit. The visible surface of the Haussmannian standard can be found in a catalogue of decorative elements that includes innumerable variations of cast iron railings and balconies, as well as ornamental stonework to frame portals and windows.. Representative, Sustainable, Efficient What is revealed throughout the entire study is summarized at the end in a chapter dedicated to efficiency. From a contemporary perspective, Haussmann’s model city is not only the formal and strategic articulation of representational architecture by a newly assertive monarchy. It is also a future city for industrial society, a sustainable “smart city” – that is in many ways superior to modern urban planning in terms of measurable criteria, such as energy efficiency, space efficiency, living standards, and mobility. With pedestrians comprising 53 % of its overall traffic, Paris surpasses other cities worldwide. Indeed, it has always been suspected that the charming facades of this city of flaneurs would harbor hidden qualities. The exhibition and its accompanying catalogue are thus both a revelation and a confirmation at the same time.

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Exhibition: Pavillon de l’Arsenal, Paris until 4 June, catalogue: Park Books, Zurich, in collaboration with Editions du Pavillon de l’Arsenal, Paris: Benoît Jallon, Umberto Napolitano, Franck Boutté (eds.), Zurich / Paris 2017, text english/french, 264 pages, ISBN 978-3-03860-052-7, € 39,– 1 Place Charles de Gaulle with Arc de Triomphe 2, 3, 5 Rue Eugène Sue et Rue Simart, 18. Arrondissement, 1830 and today 4 View to Arc de Triomphe

Photos: www.detail.de/D5_2017_Haussmann

Imprint

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Review of Architecture + Construction Detail Published by: DETAIL Business Information GmbH Hackerbrücke 6, 80335 Munich, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-0 www.detail.de PO Box: Postfach 20 10 54, 80010 Munich, Germany Managing director: Karin Lang Publishing director: Claudia Langert Editorial team: (address as above) Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-57 E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Sandra Hofmeister (editor-in-chief, (V. i. S. d. P.)), Sabine Drey, Andreas Gabriel, Frank Kaltenbach, Julia Liese, Michaela Linder, Peter Popp, Maria Remter, Jakob Schoof, Edith Walter, Heide Wessely Dejanira Ornelas Bitterer, Marion Griese, Barbara Kissinger, Emese M. Köszegi (drawings) Editorial team DETAIL product information: Thomas Jakob, Jenny Clay Tel.: +49 (0)89-38 16 20-0 English translations: James Roderick O’Donovan, Alisa Kotmair Marc Selway

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Review of Arch tecture and Construction Details · Bioclimatic Construction · Vol. 2017 · 4

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Cover 4_2017: Cabin for Trekkers in the Okstindan Mountain Range Architects: Jarmund Vigsnæs Arkitekter Black-and-white photos indroducing main sections: page 3: Spinelli Participatory Student Building Project in Mannheim Architects: Studentengruppe Atelier U20/TU Kaiserslautern page 9: Courtyard Houses in Anhui page 17: Residence in Chacras Architects: Natura Futura Arquitectura page 59: Marvin Hall, University of Kansas Architects: Studio 804 page 67: Community Centre in Rajarhat Architects: SchilderScholte architects

Photo Credits Photos for which no credit is given were either provided by the respective architects or they are product photos from the DETAIL archives. pp. 1, 37: Ofis arhitekti pp. 3 – 5: Yannick Wegner pp. 6, 7 top, 7 bottom: LAN p. 7 middle: Frank Kaltenbach pp. 9, 11 bottom, 13, 14 top, 14 bottle: Christian Schittich pp. 10 top: from: Yeju He (Ed.), Historical research of architecture. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing 1992, p. 101 (Orig. Chin.) p. 11 top: from: Qijun Wang: Series of Chinese ancient architecture: Volume 5. Vernacular dwellings. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing & Kwang Fu Book Enterprises, Taipeh 1993, p. 144 (Orig. Chin.) p. 10 bottom: Jianbing Lee / Shutterstock.com p. 12 top left: from: Zhiping Liu, Qiming Wang: Brief history of Chinese residential architecture: City, Residence, Garden. China Architectur & Building Press, Beijing 2000, p. 149 (Orig. Chin.) p. 12 top right: from: Jinping Wang, Qiang Xu, Weiping Han: Series of Chines vernacular architecture: Vernacular houses in Shanxi province. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing 2009, p. 181 – 182 (Orig. Chin.)

p. 12 bottom: Yangchao/Shutterstock.com p. 14 middle: from: Qiuxiang Li, Deyin Luo, Jun Jia: Chinese vernacular house: Vernacular houses in north China. Tsinghua university press. Beijing 2010, p. 75 – 76 (Orig. Chin.) p. 15 top: from: Hao Huang Series of Chinese vernacular architecture: Vernacular houses in Jiangxi province. China Architectur & Building Press, Beijing 2008, p. 54 (Orig. Chin.) p. 15 bottom: Dennis Helmar/Peabody Essex Museum p. 16 top: from: Qijun Wang, Series of Chinese ancient architecture: Volume 5. Vernacular dwellings. China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing & Kwang Fu Book Enterprises, Taipeh 1993, p. 148 (Orig. Chin.) p. 16 bottom: Ling Li pp. 17, 56 – 58: Eduardo Cruz y Natura Futura pp. 19 – 21: Hoang Le p. 23: Tommy Eliassen pp. 22, 26 top, 27: Svein Arne Brygfjeld p. 24, 25, 26 bottom: Jan Inge Larsen p. 28 – 33: Richard Wilson pp. 34 – 36: Janez Martincic pp. 38 – 43: Iwan Baan pp. 44, 45, 46 bottom, 48 – 50, 51 bottom: Adrià Goula pp. 46 top, 47, 51 top: Harquitectes, Dataae pp. 52 – 55, 67: SchilderScholte architects pp. 59, 64 bottom, 65 middle, 65 bottom: James Ewing pp. 60 bottom, 61 top right, middle, bottom: Lea Najjar pp. 60 top, 61 top left, 63 top right, 64 top left, 65 top: Transsolar Energietechnik GmbH pp. 62, 63 top left, bottom: DI-Lab pp. 64 top right, 66: courtesy of Studio 804 p. 69 top, bottom centre, right: AACMA /11h45 p. 74 top, bottom right: ACME Architects p. 76 top: Andrew Beasley p. 88 top, bottom left: David Matthiessen Vectorworks etc p. 92: Vectorworks, Inc p. 94 top right, bottom right: Rachel Reeves Design for Harvey Norman Architects

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Courtyard Houses in China How Climate Influences Typology

Text: Zhu Tan Origin and Basic Elements The courtyard house is an iconic form of traditional Chinese housing, found predominantly in the central and eastern coastal areas of China. Originally based on the agricultural economy, the courtyard house reflects the close relationship between its inhabitants and nature, with variations responding to prevailing climatic conditions. Built around a central rectangular yard, courtyard houses have relatively generic interior spaces; their actual functions are determined by their position and orientation. In order to take advantage of sun- light and winds, key spaces are usually located along the main axis of the house and face

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south. Less important and functional rooms are located at lower levels and face north – the cooler and more shaded side of the building. Secondary buildings are located on the courtyard’s two long sides. In this way, the buildings surrounding the courtyard also constitute a hierarchical unit that reflects the traditional Confucian social order. At a larger scale, single-courtyard dwellings are easily combined to form a sizable compound, with the individual courtyard building being flexible enough to accommodate other uses – not just a residence but also government offices, a school, or temple. Able to grow in size and complexity from a single courtyard to a

multi-courtyard compound, and then a village or city, the system represents a unified organic entity. Over the centuries, waves of migration took the courtyard building tradition from more saturated areas to the frontier. While sharing a similar basic pattern, the courtyard house varies in form, proportion, and scale to reveal distinct attributes responding to the circumstances at hand, from geographic and climatic conditions and the availability of local building materials, to different forms of social organization. Materials and Climate Zones China’s basic construction material in the past time was timber. Traditionally, it was

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Ancient city of Beijing Courtyard house in Jinshan Plan and perspective of a typical siheyuan Siheyuan Courtyard Houses in Beijing

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chosen not because the country was particularly rich in timber resources but because people believed that wood could form the most “reasonable” structure. The ancient Chinese grasped the technology of these structures and could easily prepare standardized modular components from cut timber. A durable structure could then be assembled very quickly using joinery or doweling without the need for glue or nails. While timber was usually chosen for the primary structure throughout different regions, the building envelopes differ according to the availability of local materials. These vary according to climate and geographical conditions, the most common materials being earth (in the form of fired brick, adobe, or rammed earth) and stone. Siheyuan – Courtyard House in Beijing The Beijing-style siheyuan is found throughout northern China. “Siheyuan” means a quadrangle (si means “four”), a courtyard surrounded by buildings on all four sides. The city of Beijing has a long history as a center of political activity reaching back thousands of years. As the capital of the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the 14th to the 20th centuries, it was established according to planning principles derived from Confucian philosophy. Following these principles, the layout of the city was built according to a strict geometrical pattern: centralized and symmetrical with a clear axis (fig.1). The Beijing siheyuan inherited the city’s design principles. The standard, single-story siheyuan has three courtyards aligned on the vertical north-south axis and the buildings are arranged symmetrically. The first and third courtyards are narrow, serving as corridors linking the subsidiary functional buildings on the south and north boundaries (fig. 3, 4). The second courtyard in the middle serves as the main activity space. The building on the axis facing south is for the family elders with their high household status. The secondary buildings on the east and west 5 sides are for the younger generations.

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All the buildings are connected by galleries and face the inner courtyards. The siheyuan is enclosed by the buildings’ windowless back walls and connecting walls, providing its inhabitants with an inward-looking, autonomous realm. A vital task of housing in this region is to insulate against the summer heat and winter cold. The spaciousness of the main courtyard welcomes sunlight during the dark winter months, while the enclosure defends against the cold northwest winds. Trees planted in the courtyards offer shade in summer. The skeleton structures of Beijing siheyuan are made from timber, while the brick envelope walls maintain a steady tem-

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perature inside the rooms. Thick roofs provide additional insulation and slope to quickly drain the torrential summer rains. Zhaiyuan – Narrow Courtyard House in Jinshan A regional variation of the siheyuan courtyard house can be found in Jinshan, an area in central China covering Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces. While the courtyard houses here preserve the organizational pattern of the Beijing siheyuan, the proportions between length and width is more pronounced at 2:1, and sometimes even more extreme, reaching 5:1 (fig. 6, 7). There were different reasons to build

around a narrow courtyard. Jinshan is located on the Loess Plateau in China’s monsoon climate zone, with short, hot summers with little rainfall, and cold, dry winters with strong winds and dust storms blowing in from the northwest. In response to the climate, the side buildings are placed closer together to protect the inner courtyard space and the courtyard-facing facades from the elements. In summer, the narrowset buildings cast their cool shadow on the courtyard, minimizing exposure to direct sun (fig. 8). The long, thin courtyard with its entrance at the southeast corner allows a refreshing breeze to enter the house, making indoor temperatures cooler and more

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Zhaiyuan, narrow courtyard house in Jinshan floor plan and perspective 8 Zhaiyuan, narrow courtyard in Yuncheng 9 –13 Sunken yaodong cave dwellings 9 Yaodong entrance

comfortable. Over time, merchants filled the cities, which became more densely built. Families with businesses competed for the limited spaces facing the main street for their shops. As a result, courtyards were reduced in width, and expanded in length by adding new courtyards along the main axis. According to architectural convention reflecting the social hierarchy, the further the building from the entrance, the more important the status of the rooms and its inhabitants, and the taller they should be. The narrow courtyard houses of Jinshan have timber frames with envelopes made of high quality, locally produced bricks. Roofs in this region have a single slope that angles into the narrow inner courtyard. This allows rainwater to drain into the courtyard for collection, while the higher outer walls protected families from harsh storms and potential burglars. Xiachenshi Yaodong – Sunken Cave Dwellings on the Loess Plateau In some areas of the Loess Plateau in central China, the loess – fine soil deposited by wind storms over millennia – is hundreds of meters thick. Commonly found in the north central provinces such as Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Henan, which are located on the Loess Plateau, the cave dwelling or yaodong is an ancient housing method that makes practical use of the available natural resources. “Yaodong” means “kiln cave,” referring to its vaulted interior that resembles the inside of a kiln. There are different types of yaodong, depending on the specific topographic conditions. Where there are hills and valleys, dwellings can be dug horizontally into loess slopes, and often feature a terrace or courtyard in front of the dwelling. Where the ground is flat and dry, dwellings are dug down into the earth, in sunken courtyards (fig. 9 –13). In the sunken yaodong, a deep square or rectangle is first excavated to create a central courtyard, often around 10 m deep with each side 9 to 12 m long. Within this recessed courtyard, each of the four vertical 9 side walls provides a surface into which

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9 –13 Sunken yaodong cave dwellings 11,12 Sunken yaodong cave dwellings, sections and floor plan 14, 15 Tianjingyuan skywell house in Jiangxi

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one or two rooms can be dug and connected by tunnels. Separate chambers are used as bedrooms, kitchens, toilet, storage, and animal stalls as required. Entry from the ground surface is along a ramp cut into the soil. Yaodong have gained recent attention as examples of sustainable design. Only local material is required to build them, and none of it goes to waste. Thick earthen walls keep rooms warm in winter, cool in summer, and perfectly noise-proof. In a region where farmland is limited, yaodong are a land-saving typology: they do not take away potential farmland, but are built on ground that is already unsuited for farming.

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Tianjingyuan – Skywell House in Jiangxi The tianjingyuan or “skywell” house is typical of Jiangxi province, which belongs to the middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River in southeast China. This type of enclosed architecture differs from the siheyuan, in that the skywell (fig. 15) and its surrounding rooms is not a quadrangle of separate buildings, but a single building. The skywell itself is considerably smaller than the siheyuan courtyard. Its typical length to width ratio is 2:1 or 3:2; between height and width it is 1:1.5 to 1:2. Jiangxi lies in the subtropical monsoon climate zone with substantial rainfall during the spring and summer, causing the warm weather seasons to be hot and humid. The skywell plays an important role in the house’s drainage system, fosters air circulation, and provides natural light. While the skywell is too small for major outdoor activity, it is a functional space in the house. The surrounding rooms usually have one or two floors, and their tiled sloping roofs intersect to tightly frame the skywell. With the visual focus placed on the vertical axis, the surrounding rooms, regardless of their importance, are usually decorated with ornate woodwork. Because winters are not cold, but summers are hot in this southern region, the rooms are generally designed to open up entirely to the skywell through removable doors or large windows. Exterior windows are seldom, making the skywell the primary source of illumination for these rooms, with its narrow opening diffusing the hot summer sunlight. Rainwater that pours into the skywell from the sloping roofs is allowed to permeate the soil directly or is collected and channeled out of the building through an underground drainage system. Wufeng Lou – Five Phoenix House in Fujian We can’t forget tulou when considering vernacular courtyard housing in China. From the 3rd to 13th centuries, large clans migrated south from central China to the mountainous areas of Fujian province. Here they built enclosed residential compounds using tim- 15

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Photos: www.detail.de/D5_2017_Hofhäuser_China

16, 17 Wufeng Lou, Five Phoenix House in Fujian Zhu Tan studied architecture in Beijing and at the Politecnico in Milan, where she lives and works today (see p. 104).

ber from the nearby mountains and rammed earth dug out from the building site. These were called tulou, meaning “earthen dwellings”, which emphasizes their strong, solid outside walls. Tulou were built in various shapes; the wufeng lou (fig. 16,17) is an early prototype that strongly influenced the dwelling typology of the southern coastal region, and its form remained popular throughout the region. Its site selection, plan organization, and use of natural elements follow the principles of feng shui, the Chinese philosophical system traditionally applied to architecture that strives toward harmony between nature and human beings. Its rectangular shape is an adaptation of the

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northern siheyuan. “Wufeng lou” means “five phoenix house” and refers to the perfect unity of the five elements or virtues represented by the front, central, rear, left, and right buildings.A good example of a classic wufeng lou is the famous Yulong Lou in Yongding county in southwest Fujian. It has three central halls and two side buildings. In accordance with feng shui, it is situated with the hill behind it, which blocks the cold wind in winter, while a crescent-shaped pond in front of the compound channels a cool breeze in summer. Vegetation on the hill helps to conserve soil and water, optimize the microclimate, and provides fruit and timber. Building on a slope avoids flooding.

Water collected in the pond can be used for drinking, irrigation, aquaculture, and fire protection. The symmetrically arranged buildings rise up gradually, allowing the small courtyards to receive ample sunlight. The wufeng lou follows the Chinese architectural principles of bilateral symmetry and social hierarchy. The most important spaces, being the main entrance, family hall, family temple, and the elders’ rooms are on the central axis and arranged from low to high reflecting status, while rooms for younger generations are located in the side buildings.The name Tuolou emphasizes the feature of the outside walls which are made by earth.

Documentation

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House Renovation in Hanoi

Architecture: Vo Trong Nghia Architects + Takashi Niwa Photos: Hoang Le Long, narrow sites determine the character of the “district of the 36 lanes” in Hanoi’s old town. In this densely developed quarter a renovated six-storey house on a plot only 2.80 metres wide and 33 metres deep demonstrates how, despite unusual building proportions, a sense of spatial generosity can be achieved. At the same time the quality of the living space was improved by making optimal use of natural ventilation and greening the building.In this regard the double layers of the street façade play a most important role. Horizontal precast concrete louvers filter the strong sunlight and hinder views into the building. They also create an intermediate zone up to 4 metres deep Site plan scale 1:1250 Floor plans scale 1:250 1 Entrance 2 Art gallery 3 Lift 4 Balcony 5 Living room 6 Lobby 7 Void 8 Dining room 9 Glass floor 10 Kitchen 11 Bar 12 Bedroom 13 Roof terrace 14 Prayer room

which accommodates planting troughs that are luxuriantly planted with shrubs and small trees. To improve the ventilation of this deep house, particularly during the hot, moist summers, the architects removed the existing reinforced concrete stairs at the centre of the building. It had hindered the circulation of air between the rooms that face the street and the rear half of the house, which contained dark, stuffy spaces that were unsuitable for living or sleeping in. The new lightweight stairs built of wood and steel allows both air and light to flow vertically through the house. A translucent glass footbridge beside the stairs connects the

front and rear of the building and brings the daylight that enters through the roof-light and the glass block walls deep into the interior. The air circulation is aided by a shaft beside the lift that extends the height of the building. Access to the five-storey dwelling is from the art gallery on the ground floor. A lift and a separate single-flight staircase at the rear of the gallery bring you to the dwelling: from the entrance to the apartment you have a view through the entire length of the house to the planted street front with the vertical garden that rises through several storeys. This heightens the impression of generosity and mediates between the introverted house and the busy urban space.

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House Renovation in Hanoi

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roof terrace construction: 300/300/25 mm terracotta slabs 30 – 50 mm mortar 10 mm bitumen membrane sealing layer 60 mm concrete slab 90 mm air layer 10 mm bitumen membrane sealing layer 150 mm reinforced concrete slab single glazing in aluminium frame 75/150/2650 mm reinforced concrete louver 240/360 mm reinforced concrete beam floor construction 2nd floor: 18 mm bamboo parquet 2 mm rubber mat 30 mm mortal levelling layer 150 mm reinforced concrete slab 9.5 mm plasterboard suspended ceiling, painted 120 mm reinforced concrete parapet 10 mm bitumen membrane sealing layer 20 mm mortar; drainage 10 mm fibre cement panel 720 – 820 mm earth 2 mm porous membrane 25 mm drainage panel; 20 mm mortar 10 mm bitumen membrane sealing layer 150 mm reinforced concrete planting trough

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Cabin for Trekkers in the Okstindan Mountain Range

Architecture: Jarmund Vigsnæs Arkitekter Photos: Jan Inge Larsen, Svein Arne Brygfjeld, Tommy Eliassen In the spectacular glacier region of the Okstindan Mountain Range during winter everything seems to disappear in a white landscape utterly devoid of shadow. Low temperatures, storms and snow drifts presented the architects with considerable difficulties in designing a cabin for the Norwegian Trekking Association which those seeking shelter could find even in a snow storm and which, thanks to its aerodynamic silhouette, presents a minimal surface area to the driving wind and snow. Two chimneys, visible from a distance, project from the Rabot Tourist Cabin, named after glaciologist Charles Rabot. The extreme climatic conditions exerted a strong influence on the design. The average snow loads of 9.5 kN/m2

and the heavy winds provided the basis for dimensioning the closely spaced timber frame. Local volunteers helped to erect the simply detailed cabin, the individual elements were transported by helicopter from the sawmill. The silvery grey colour of the spruce cladding was produced by applying a protective coating of ferrous sulphate. In response to the frequent heavy snow drifts two entrances, positioned opposite each other, were made to ensure access to the building. A mezzanine floor at the centre with kitchen below and gallery above divides the cabin into two parts, which can be separated by means of sliding doors and can be heated independently by one of the wood-burning stoves. The higher communal

spaces on either side have large windows that offer fine views of the mountain range or the valley. On sunny days the double glazing ensures comfortable temperatures and plenty of light. It was originally planned to use triple glazing throughout the building to provide optimal insulation. Due to the difference in altitude between the location of the production facility and the cabin, which stands at 1200 metres above sea level, pressure equalization would be necessary in the cavity between the panes of glass in order to avoid the excessive bending stress and visual distortions that can arise particularly with triple glazing. Consequently, the architects confined the use of such glazing to the sleeping areas.

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22 mm impregnated pine boards in different widths: 95, 145, 205 mm 22/48 mm battens 36 mm back ventilation space 36/48 mm battens waterproof roofing felt 2≈ 12 mm chipboard 36/48 mm battens vapour barrier 12 mm chipboard 300/48 mm laminated veneer lumber joists with mineral wool insulation between them; vapour barrier 48/48 mm battens 15 mm pine treated with ferrous sulphate

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32 mm pine treated with ferrous sulphate 2≈ 36/72 mm battens, wind barrier 9 mm vapour permeable asphalt panel 198/48 mm timber studs with mineral wool insulation between them vapour barrier 48/48 mm battens with mineral wool insulation between them 15 mm pine treated with ferrous sulphate 115/225 mm glulam beam Double glazing: 12.8 mm laminated safety glass + 15 mm cavity + 6 mm toughened glass U = 1.1 W/m2K, in pine / aluminium frame

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15 mm pine floorboards, 22 mm chipboard, vapour barrier 250/48mm laminated veneer lumber joists with mineral wool insulation between them; wind barrier 15 mm bitumen-coated fibreboard 36/100 mm battens 15 mm pine treated with ferrous sulphate 90/315 mm glulam joists with mineral wool insulation between 15 mm pine, painted 115/320 mm glulam beam 40 mm birch-veneered chipboard sliding door 115/180 mm glulam post

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mineral wool insulation between them 15 mm pine, painted 15 mm pine, painted 13 mm plasterboard panel 98/48 mm timber studs with mineral wool insulation between them 28/220 mm birch-veneered plywood 20 mm pine floorboards 22 mm chipboard panel 250/48 mm laminated veneer lumber joists with mineral wool insulation between them 48/48 mm battens 15 mm pine, painted triple glazing: 4 mm toughened glass + 12 mm cavity + 4 mm toughened glass + 12 mm cavity + 4 mm toughened glass U-value = 0.8 W/m2K in pine/aluminium frame 250/700 mm reinforced concrete foundation Ø 100 mm downpipe anodised aluminium flashing

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2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Student Residence in Mbombela

Architecture: Cohen and Garson Photos: Richard Wilson The University of Mpumalanga is one of the two new universities founded in South Africa since the ending of apartheid. It is located on the grounds of the former technical high-school, somewhat outside Mbombela, in the moist and warm eastern region of the country. In summer the highest daytime temperatures are generally around 30 °C, in winter the thermometer can drop occasionally to below 10 °C. However, due to the town’s high altitude extreme heat is rare as is frost. The existing buildings of the technical highschool dating from the 1980s were converted to serve as the university and new buildings, all in red brick, were designed by four South African architecture offices. The student residence by Cohen and Garson consists of six individual buildings that are accessed by a network of narrow lanes and external flights of steps. At the centre of the complex they expand to form a small public square that is shaded by trees. In each of the four corner buildings an open stairs leads to two nine-person residential communities per floor. The two central buildings accommodate communal and seminar rooms on the lower floors. From outside the complex the residences appear closed with narrow windows and balconies recessed in vertical incisions made in the buildings. In contrast towards the courtyards they open up far more, which ensures that the apartments can be effectively cross-ventilated. The brick walls consist of two leaves without internal insulation, the ventilated cavity forming an additional climatic buffer. All the windows have single glazing and, as is usual in South Africa, they open outwards, which also facilitates natural ventilation. On the north side double glazing would have made better sense in energy terms but could not be afforded. In the building complex only the seminar rooms and the large communal room are actively cooled. For cost reasons the apartments have neither heating nor air conditioning. However, the architects made provisions to allow electric wall mounted heaters to be fitted later.

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Student apartment Courtyard Seminar room

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Student Residence in Mbombela

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200 mm reinforced concrete roof slab 300 mm reinforced concrete column 230/245 mm reinforced concrete beam 230/230 mm reinforced concrete beam 514/514/190 mm concrete frame element without reinforcement concrete window grille, mesh reinforced ceramic tile cladding 350 mm brick parapet 75 mm brick paving, mortar bed; sealing layer cement screed laid to falls ≥ 50 mm 255 mm reinforced concrete floor slab 25 mm cement tile flooring; 50 mm cement screed, 255 mm reinforced concrete floor slab 50 mm brick flooring 360/100 mm prefabricated reinforced concrete element 25 mm cement tile flooring; 50 mm cement screed 85 mm reinforced concrete ground floor slab

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Student Residence in Mbombela

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Vertical section scale 1:20 1 230/55 mm concrete coping 2 standing seam steel sheeting, colour galvanised 38/50 mm pine battens 3 38/114 mm pine beam 4 70 mm thermal insulation plasterboard suspended ceiling 5 115/110 mm prestressed reinforced concrete lintel (precast element) 6 window: single glazing in aluminium frame (outward opening sash) 7 10 mm black ceramic tile window sill 8 220/110/75 mm brick facing leaf 115 mm ventilated cavity 220/110/75 mm brick inner leaf plaster 9 mortar wedge 10 25 mm ceramic tile flooring 50 mm cement screed 255 mm reinforced concrete floor slab 11 75/75/5 mm steel angle 12 230 mm brick plinth

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Winter bivouac in the Kanin Mountains

Sections Floor plan scale 1:100

Architecture: Ofis arhitekti Photos: Janez Martincic The Kanin mountain range, which straddles the Slovenian-Italian border, is a popular goal for both ramblers and skiing enthusiasts. Shimmering amidst the rocky landscape a small, slender volume stands on a mountain saddle at an altitude of 2260 metres – a bivouac that offers shelter and serves as very simple accommodation during the winter months when the neighbouring mountain cabin is closed. The bivouac box is exposed to a high Alpine climate characterized by storms, extreme differences of temperature and heavy snowfall. It is one of several prototypes with which the architects are researching building under extreme climatic conditions and testing form, construction and materials. The tiny cabin on Kanin is a compact wooden volume, clad in aluminium, only 2.40 metres wide and 4.90 metres long. Fixed to the concrete foundation by means of steel plates, it is additionally secured by six steel cables. Half of the building projects above the rock face, the narrow end wall facing down the valley is almost entirely glazed. On a floor area of just 10 square

metres the interior consists of two distinct spaces: the benches and shelving in the front part are adjoined by three platforms offering sleeping spaces for up to nine persons. Through the fixed glazing in the panorama window, while lying down you can enjoy a view that on clear days extends as far as the Adriatic. The 6 cm thick three-ply panels with a simply sanded surface give the space a warm and pleasant atmosphere. Opening perforated elements in the floor and on the upper edge of the wall opposite provide natural cross ventilation. As this region can be reached only on foot or by helicopter the bivouac had to be transported by helicopter, which was taken into account in calculating the size and weight of the modules. The timber elements, the glazing and the other building parts were flown to the location. Volunteers put the parts together on site, fitted thermal insulation, wind bracing and the external envelope of composite aluminium panels, and completed the mountain shelter in the space of just three days.

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Winter bivouac in the Kanin Mountains

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wall construction: 4 mm aluminium composite panel 40/45 mm timber battens, between them air cavity 2≈ 4 mm two-ply foil as sealing layer 45/50 mm timber battens, between them 50 mm mineral wool thermal insulation 60 m three-ply cross laminated timber, sanded triple glazing U = 0.5 W/m2K, g = 33 %, in aluminium frame 100/100/8 mm steel angle and 100/200 flat steel, coated black-grey

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4 screw to secure steel cable as wind bracing 5 60 mm three-ply cross laminated timber sleeping platform, sanded 6 floor: 60 mm three-ply cross laminated timber 7 4 mm steel sheeting 8 aluminium door frame 9 door leaf: 4 mm composite aluminium panel on aluminium frame with 90 mm thermal insulation 50 mm plywood 10 120 mm screw 11 200/700/4 mm flat steel fixed to reinforced concrete foundation

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Maternity Waiting Homes in Kasungu

Architecture: Mass Design Group Photos: Iwan Baan In Malawi in south-east Africa people spend most of their time outdoors. It is therefore most important that buildings should offer sufficient protection against sun and heavy rainfall. The Maternity Waiting Village, a village-type complex where pregnant women can stay while awaiting the birth of their child, also provides basic medical care services. The mortality rate among mothers and newborn children in rural Malawi is high, as pregnant women often have to travel long distances to reach the nearest medical facility, in the process endangering their own life and that of their child. The architects of the Mass Design Group, who have been designing humanitarian facilities for a

considerable time, developed a prototype for the Health Ministry that is influenced by traditional building forms in the region and is located not far from the regional hospital. There are three groups, each consisting of three lower buildings which accommodate sleeping areas and sanitary facilities and are arranged around small courtyards, the clusters are completed by communal spaces. To create agreeable conditions for spending time outdoors the steeply sloping roofs project far beyond the walls. They are connected with each other by gutters that direct rainwater into a drainage system in the ground. The timber roof construction forms a second skin above the actual build-

ings, which consequently hardly come into contact with the rain or direct sunlight. Air can circulate freely in the space in-between, ensuring that the rooms below remain cool. Opening louvers and brick screens with gaps between the bricks allow the buildings to be cross-ventilated. The solid walls are built of unfired bricks pressed into shape on site by local people. Load-bearing piers projecting out of the walls create shady niches in which benches invite people to rest for a while. Each group of buildings has a roofed veranda that also offers plenty of seating. Large infiltration surfaces between the groups of buildings prevent rainwater from ponding on the outdoor areas.

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1 Dry toilets Toilets/ Washing area Bedroom Veranda Kitchen Dining area Consultation room Battery store Drainage system Courtyard with sand bed / flood zone 11 Communal courtyard 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Truss made of pine sections 240/200 mm concrete ring beam Concrete slab as cooking area with open fire beneath Sink Tabletop for preparing food Eating area / veranda Bench, 90 mm concrete slab Wall of compressed stabilised earth blocks 240/140/90 mm Ventilation screen of earth blocks

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37 mm trapezoidal steel sheet, galvanised, coated 100/50 mm timber section 150/50 mm timber section 150/5 mm fibre cement panel 2≈ 100/50 mm timber sections 2≈ 150/50 mm timber sections 50/100 mm timber section on diagonal 2≈ 6 mm fibre cement panels with 50/50 mm timber sections between them, battens 240/200 mm concrete ring beam, top finished to fall Doubled window frame 50/20 mm blind frame, varnished Mechanical louver window 6 mm float glass, fixed at sides

in aluminium track 10 90/300 mm concrete sill 11 wall 240/140/90 mm compressed stabilised earth blocks (CSEB) 15 mm render 12 100 mm reinforced concrete slab, membrane 25 mm sand bed 13 bituminous coating 14 bench seat 90/500 mm concrete slab on compressed earth blocks 240/140/90 mm 15 700/200 mm reinforced concrete foundation 16 concrete drainage channel 17 15 mm render with bituminous coating 400/200 mm hollow blocks filled with concrete

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Research Institute in Cerdanyola del Vallès

Architecture: Harquitectes, Dataae Photos: Adrià Goula The research institute on the campus of the University of Barcelona (UAB) focuses on environmental sciences and palaeontology. The demands made on the sustainability of the new building complex, in which lecture halls, offices and laboratories are accommodated on five floors, are accordingly high. Car parking areas and storage rooms are organized on two further floors below ground level. The hot, moist summers in Catalonia and the sizable heat loads that arise in the high-tech spaces called for a carefully considered ventilation strategy. The architects grouped insulated wooden cubes around four atriums that serve as buffer zones. An economical industrial greenhouse system

encloses the entire block in polycarbonate panels that can be opened. In summer hot air rises in the facade and in the light-wells, which extend the entire height of the building, and escapes at the top through roof vents. At the same time the air that is drawn into the building is pre-cooled in a one metre high hollow space beneath the basement and then directed into the atriums. In the winter the facade vents remain closed and the air behind the synthetic panels warms the courtyards and the office cubes, which are equipped with ventilation flaps. With its thick floor slabs the reinforced concrete structure represents a considerable thermal mass. The hollow tubes at the centre of the

slabs distribute air that is conditioned by borehole heat exchangers and also reduce the slabs’ own weight. Pipes carrying water used in thermally activating the floors and the steel reinforcement for the slab run above and below these tubes. The concept is based on three differently air-conditioned areas: zones such as the atrium or the areas used during breaks from work, which are conditioned by passive measures, the offices, which can be additionally heated, and the air-conditioned laboratories. At the very top, on the fifth floor, experimental greenhouses supply the users with home-grown plants, while luxuriant vegetation in the atrium helps improve the indoor climate.

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Site plan scale 1:4000 #Čĩĩœ ĻČyğś ° XбŨýĩğ scale 1:750

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Diagram temperature zones Floor slabs, scale 1:1000 Thermal activation of building parts (red) Post-tensioning of concrete slabs (blue) Ventilation pipes (grey) Vertical cross-section climate concept ƎýğŨÐœ ° śŵĘĘÐœ ś±yČÐ ij¿ųäƚ intermediate spaces 16 – 30°C offices 20 – 26°C laboratories 21– 24°C

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void to atrium thermal activation heating/cooling pipe ventilation pipe post-tensioning greenhouse heating cross-ventilation facade-atrium cooling ventilator parking hollow space/ventilation

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Vertical section south-east facade scale 1:20 1 2 mm galvanised steel sheet minimum 40 mm insulation laid to falls 2 mm galvanised steel sheet 2 50/100 mm galvanised steel tube 3 greenhouse system: 76/16mm corrugated polycarbonate sheet 1 mm UV-protection; 40/30 mm galvanised steel tube frame; 20/20 mm galvanised steel channel 4 toothed rack 5 sprocket with Ø 18 mm drive pipe 6 120/100 mm rectangular steel tube as column 7 mesh as parapet 8 polyester/aluminium fabric sun blind 9 polyester/aluminium fabric folding sun protection, running on nylon threads 10 120/100 mm galvanised steel tube as beam 11 150/150 mm galvanised steel tube as column 12 maintenance platform 30 mm galvanised steel grille 2≈ 180/70mm galvanised steel channels 13 70 mm screed 80 + 70 mm XPS thermal insulation laminated bitumen sealing layer 500 mm thermally activated reinforced concrete slab 14 0.6 mm galvanised steel sheet 10 mm insulation 15 7 mm micro-perforated corrugated aluminium sheet 16 15 mm pine plywood, PE film 2≈ 15 mm OSB panels between them timber studs/2≈ 40 mm insulation 17 80 mm concrete 25 mm EPS thermal insulation, 390 mm thermally activated reinforced concrete slab 18 120 mm cross laminated timber frame 19 2≈ 6 mm laminated safety glass sliding door in aluminium frame 20 100/30 mm pine boards 21 60 mm screed, 30 + 60 mm thermal insulation 250 mm reinforced concrete slab

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8 steel sheet inspection flap 9 2≈ 12 mm aluminium-lined fibre cement panels 10 15 mm plasterboard panel 40 + 70 mm rockwool insulation 12 mm fibre cement panel sealing membrane 11 360 mm steel Å-beam, encased 12 35 mm aerated concrete panel 60 mm XPS insulation sealing membrane, separating layer 130 mm reinforced concrete / trapezoidal sheet composite slab 13 sealing membrane 15 mm fibre cement panel 40 + 100 mm rockwool insulation 2≈ 12.5 mm plasterboard panels 15 mm fir plywood 14 2≈ 15 mm plasterboard panel 15 2 mm galvanised steel sheet 16 purlin: 2≈ 80/60 mm rectangular section steel tubes

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Community Centre in Rajarhat

Architecture/Photos: SchilderScholte architects The community centre in Rajarhat in northern Bangladesh, built through the aid of the Dutch Pani Foundation, is a low-tech building with a passive climate concept that utilises the resources available on site. The intention is that, in the long term, the project will enable the poor population to achieve economic independence. Adults are trained here to produce products for the regional market, for instance bicycles with bamboo frames, while the children can attend kindergarten and play on the site. The building and its construction method are adapted to suit the subtropical monsoon climate. A large roof spans the U-shaped, ground floor slab, which is slightly higher than ground

level, and offers shade and protection from the rain for the two buildings placed beneath it and for the open, veranda-like areas lying between them. The positioning of the volumes and the considerable distance between their ceiling slabs and the underside of the roof ensure natural air circulation. The northern building houses a workshop, a shop and a storage area, while the southern, two-storey building contains the classrooms, toilets and water tanks. An outdoor stairs leads to the upper floor from where a steel footbridge connects to the covered meeting area on the roof of the workshop opposite. The narrow slits in the south façade minimize the amount of sunshine en-

tering the building, while still allowing sufficient airflow so that, in combination with numerous small openings on the northern side, the building can be naturally cross ventilated and the temperature inside the classrooms reduced by several degrees. The complex was erected by construction workers trained especially for this purpose, using mostly locally available materials. The blocks are built of hand-made fired bricks from a nearby brickworks; bamboo poles were used instead of wood for the columns and beams of the roof structure. Poles of the same kind serve as façade cladding, railings and parapets and help give the complex a homogeneous appearance.

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Diagram of the climate concept XбŨýĩğś ° #Čĩĩœ ĻČyğś scale 1:400 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Shop Workshop Storeroom Covered work area Covered plaza Courtyard Classroom Meeting area Footbridge Arcade Storage / water tanks

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Residence in Chacras

Architecture: Natura Futura Arquitectura Photos: Eduardo Cruz In April 2016 the client’s family house was completely destroyed during one of the most severe earthquakes in the history of Ecuador. As they had been made homeless, relatives gave them a site in Chacras, a small town directly on the Peruvian border. Following a construction period of just ten days, thanks to efficient collaboration between the local culture initiative Cronopios and the office of Natura Future Arqitectura they were able to move into the new house in May already. Presenting the design in the social media attracted numerous donations of materials and, under the direction of the architects, many neighbours, civil and stateemployed earthquake helpers assisted with the construction work. Sustainability through recycling is the key aspect of this project, which was developed through dialogue with the client and the local council as a prototype for social buildings in the future. As the main construction element transport palettes were used, which were fitted together to form modules with a chequer-board pattern and are braced by vertical pieces of used wood. In the “closed” squares of these modules the palettes were sealed with boarding, while the “open” squares contain top-hung elements that open outwards and are filled with horizontal wooden strips with gaps between them, which guarantees permanent ventilation. To ensure free circulation of air and to prevent the formation of mould in the moist tropical climate the house hovers 40 centimetres above the ground and the roof is elevated above the building on columns. This corrugated metal roof projects far beyond the exterior of the building, protecting the façade from rain and providing pleasant shade in the interior. The living area of around 22 square metres is divided into three zones: on the left and right are sleeping areas which can be separated with curtains. The kitchen – built from palettes and fruit crates – is in the middle, adjoined by a dining area for the five person family. When needed the communal area can expand to the terrace at the front, where the family can join in a sing-song with friends, perform theatre or simply be together. MG

Elevation Section Floor plan scale 1:100 1 2 3 4 5 6

Terrace Entrance Kitchen with dining area Sleeping area, separable by curtains Bathroom Kitchen garden

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c. 0.7 mm corrugated steel sheet, galvanised 60/80 mm purlins 60/80 mm rafters, strengthened with 2≈ 22/100 mm timber sections 1000/1200/145 mm pine pallet, clad with used timber boards, sealed, fixed opening element: c. 22/60 mm pine frame, filled with c. 10/12 – 22 mm wooden strips c. 22/200 mm floorboards 60/80 mm and 100/120 mm pine beams masonry foundation

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High Comfort – Low Impact: Climate-responsive Design Strategies

Text /Architecture: Transsolar, Najjar & Najjar Architects, Studio 804 If you want to create positive change in the world education is a powerful tool. But what does high standard education need? The educational space and the program itself play a significant role. The four relevant design criteria for a sustainable and supportive environment are air quality, daylighting, thermal comfort, and acoustics. In meeting these exacting requirements buildings with a high intensity of use pose a greater challenge. The following projects showcase three examples based on comparable design principles: Nasma School and Shams Library, both in Lebanon, and the Forum in Marvin Hall at the University of Kansas.

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Although the three examples may appear different at first glance, they share many similarities. In each project the local climate was first analyzed to understand the potential support offered by nature: sun, wind, and earth. In all cases, the architectural design integrates the most rewarding passive measures, daylight autonomy, and air quality without compromising thermal comfort, while at the same time minimizing the energy required for active measures. All three buildings take advantage of natural ventilation using the physical phenomenon of the stack effect, driven by thermal buoyancy. The first two low-tech buildings in Lebanon operate by pre-tempering the air in the

ground. This low-cost passive measure can be implemented economically by choosing suitable building materials that are easily obtainable locally. The first building, the temporary refugee school, uses no mechanical systems at all; while the second example, which has higher occupancy levels, uses fans to supplement ventilation. In comparison, the Forum at Marvin Hall exploits the same physical principles, but takes a somewhat more high-tech approach. The building mechanically adapts to outside conditions. Its double skin facade creates a buffer zone that utilizes seasonal temperature differences and allows ventilation that is, for the most part, natural.

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All three buildings were designed and realized by young architects and engineers during their training, providing the students with a unique interdisciplinary learning opportunity. This gave them useful experience for their subsequent professional life. But above all the project imbued them with a sense of responsibility and offered them an opportunity to shape their future in a positive way. Nasma – a breeze of hope Millions of Syrians have been displaced by the ongoing civil war; alone 1.2 million are registered as refugees in Lebanon. Not only are these refugees traumatized, as they

Nasma School in Borj Qalaouiye (Libanon) Najjar & Najjar Architects

have lost their homes and the basis of their existence but educational opportunities for the younger generation are also lacking. A recent UNHCR educational assessment indicated that 80 per cent of Syrian refugee children do not attend school. The makeshift schools provided face many difficulties. The seasonal temperature extremes frequently lead to cancelation of classes. Conventional heating and cooling appliances are often inefficient, costly, and difficult to obtain. The cramped, dark spaces in the simple buildings rarely have good ventilation and the poor acoustics make it even more difficult for the pupils to learn. Najjar Najjar Architects, Transsolar Academy, and

A Schematic illustration of energy and comfort concept B South elevation with solar collectors to create thermal buoyancy C Results of measuring temperature and relative humidity August/September 2016 D Clay plaster in the interior E Vertical section, scale: 1:50 F Roof insulation / construction phase G Fitting out interior /construction phase Transsolar KlimaEngineering operates worldwide as consultant for climate responsive building design. Its Transsolar Academy offers oneyear educational grants for young architects and engineers.

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3 mm trapezoidal steel sheet, galvanised, reflective, roof membrane, 80 mm timber T-sections, between them 80 mm pine needle insulation, raffia mat 400 mm truss made from timber/PVC sections 30 mm solar chimney, matt black metal 30 mm PVC trapezoidal sheeting, translucent PVC-net, 100 mm pine needles as insulation 600 mm vertical element of frame made from timber / PVC sections, between them PP woven bag filled with 400 mm earth 40 mm clay plaster 150 mm earth 200 mm hollow concrete blocks

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Shams Library in Majdel Anjar (Lebanon) Najjar & Najjar Architects H J K L M N

Tubular duct laid in ground, built out of barrels Facade of sandbags/construction phase North facade /construction phase Forecourt with sun sails/construction phase Energy and comfort concept Interior of library

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the Lebanese youth-oriented NGO, SAWA, collaborated to investigate a low-cost solution – a pilot project applying climateresponsive strategies to the design of a model refugee school. The temporary structure has a life span of up to five years, and will leave no ecological footprint. The team used traditional building methods as a source of inspiration, employed simple, locally obtainable materials, and involved the refugees in the construction process. The initial intention was to build on a site in the Bekaa Valley so that the school would be close to the major refugee camps. Consequently the design studies were based on the valley’s climate data.

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However, acquiring an official site proved difficult. Since the goal was to erect a lowcost prototype quickly, it was decided to build the school on a private site further south. Climatic conditions on both sites are similar and allow informative comparisons to be made. The valley lies at the foot of the Anti-Lebanon mountain range, at an altitude of 1000 metres on a plateau in the interior of the country. This dry region suffers from seasonal extremes of temperature. The summers are very hot with the temperature reaching 40 °C, while snowfall is frequent during the winter. The construction, layout and orientation of the classrooms are based on an analysis of the local climate

and the exclusive use of passive measures. Exterior walls are built from stacked, recycled, 30 cm-thick bags filled on site with earth and held in position by trussed frames. It was initially planned to use goat’s wool with a minimum thickness of 10 cm as insulation but in the end dried pine needles – a traditional and locally available material – were used instead. The earth-filled bags provide thermal mass that helps reduce the impact of the dramatic changes in the outdoor temperature on the spaces. Thermal simulations showed that, as a result, the room temperature in the interior can be raised by up to 3 °C in winter, and reduced by up to 5 °C in summer. The shadow cast

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on the facade helps avoid excessive solar heat gains in summer; while in winter light and heat from the low level sun can enter the spaces. The ventilation of the classroom is provided by ducts running in the ground, built from horizontally laid “hourdis” – precast concrete blocks with tubular voids –, which introduce fresh air into the space after it has been cooled by the lower temperature of the ground. The system is based on a fresh air requirement of 20 m3/(h. per person) at a low pressure loss of less than 10 Pa. The air flow in the ducts, with a very low maximum velocity of just 1m/s, is achieved by thermal buoyancy, created by exhaust vents in the roof. The shape and orientation of the vents accelerate the airflow by introducing a chimney effect. Solar air collectors 10 m2 in area and positioned close to the openings help to warm the exhaust air. Steel sheets on the collectors are painted black to maximize the warming effect. The reflective surface of the metal on the remainder of the roof reduces heat gain in the interior. A translucent panel in the north side provides additional daylight for the classroom. Following completion of construction the temperature, humidity, and daylight in the building were measured to check the efficiency of the design. The measurements reveal that in combination with the solar chimney the ground duct has a cooling effect of up to 5 °C. Thanks to passive solar gains, the air-preconditioning, and thermal mass thermal comfort is optimised both in summer and winter. The quality of the daylight in the interior meets international standards. Only the sealing of the facade and the pine needle insulation revealed a number of flaws, as the compacting of this layer led to gaps in the upper area. However, by simply adding more material this weak point could be eliminated. Shams Library The experience gained from the Nasma prototype was applied to the design of the next project, the Shams Library in Majdel Anjar (Bekaa Valley). Part of an existing

school complex, it was planned by the participants in the Smart Structures for Refugee Facilities workshop and erected with the help of the later users. The Transsolar Academy assisted the students from the American University of Beirut’s Department of Architecture and Design in devising the energy and comfort concept. The library serves a refugee school of 300 children and combines a frame that can be quickly erected with climate-responsive passive strategies. The three-pin arch of the frame allows a large span of 8 metres. Easy-touse steel parts that connect the timber elements facilitate prefabrication and assembly on site. The construction of the pitched

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roof consists of MDF boards, waterproofing, air layer, insulation, and roofing of white galvanized zinc. In this building, too, the facade is made using locally available bags which were filled with sand and fixed by timber sections to the vertical members of the frames. On the inside the construction is lined with white plasterboard panels. Thanks to the sand-bags the construction has a high thermal mass and good acoustic qualities. Shelving between the frames provides space for books and toys. A translucent layer in the upper part of the north facade provides the room with a generous amount of diffused daylight. In the library thermal comfort is ensured by a 40 metre

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Marvin Hall, University of Kansas Studio 804 O Schematic illustration of the natural crossventilation P Fitting the plenum Q South facade R Diagram of facade ventilation: summer, winter natural crossventilation S Vertical section, scale 1:50 T Auditorium U Meeting room

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long geothermal duct running in the ground beneath the school complex. The planners had to dispense with hollow concrete elements in the ground, as concrete foundations were to be made on the central plaza. But the nature of ground allowed 1 m of earth to be excavated manually so that locally available barrels could be inserted as ventilation tubes and outlets made in the foundations. Modelling showed a level of efficiency comparable with that of the solution using hollow concrete blocks. Fans are used to increase the rate of air movement, as due to the higher occupancy levels there is a considerably greater need for ventilation than in the Nasma School and,

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additionally, the period during which the building is used is to be extended. They ensure the supply of fresh air and by increasing the air flow speed an additional cooling effect can be provided in summer. The perceptible cooling effect is up to 3 °C. Natural air exhaust is through defined facade leakage. In the future the power for the fans is to be provided by PV panels on the roof. These inexpensive strategies tangibly improved the learning environment. Precise measurements check the efficiency of the concept and provide further research insights. The use of local materials ensures a low carbon footprint and reduces the environmental impact. Through their involve-

ment in the project the users develop a positive attitude to learning, which is the ultimate goal of this educational project. Marvin Hall In comparison to the low-budget projects in the Lebanon the goal in designing the extension in Kansas was a building with a long useful life and high quality interior design. The Forum is an addition to Marvin Hall – the historical School of Architecture building at the University of Kansas. It meets the school’s need for a central common space and an auditorium. It was designed and constructed by 18 post-graduate students and participants in Studio 804, the Depart-

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pane. Fresh air is drawn from the area in shade underneath the raised building. An efficient displacement ventilation system brings cool air into the interior, where it is distributed through the raised floor and the stepped seating. In winter time, the vents in the facade are closed, cloaking the building in a warm blanket provided by heat gained from the sun. In summer the vents at the top and bottom are opened, creating thermal buoyancy and drawing the cooler air from underneath the raised building into the space between the panes. It is warmed there and escapes at the top. During the hot months additional mechanical cooling is needed. On mild days

ment of Architecture’s Design/Build program, with support from various experts from the field of industry. Transsolar advised on the design and architectural integration of the double-wall facade and the natural ventilation strategy. The double skin creates a buffer zone that operates to the rhythm of seasonality. It is made of two separate panes of insulated glass, one metre apart from each other. The space between them provides room for the cedar louvers that shade the auditorium. These louvers are controlled by a rooftop weather station, and are programmed to adapt to the changing position of the sun. Motorized flaps are located at the top and bottom of the outer 1

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1 photovoltaics 2 TPO roof membrane; max. 220 mm tapered PIR insulation; 19 mm OSB board 300 mm laminated veneer lumber Å-beams betw. them PIR insulation; 15 mm gypsum board 38/140 mm timber framing; 25 mm acoustic panel, 50/152 mm spruce battens 3 25 mm low-e insulated glazing 4 152/305 mm automated ventilation flap 5 38/292 mm automated cedar louvers 6 76/177 mm aluminium tube frame 7 152/457 mm stainless steel clad drive box 8 4.7 mm steel plate, coated 19 mm plywood, uprights to seating steps 8 mm cement fibre board, fire rated 19 mm OSB board; 355 mm laminated veneer lumber Å-beams between them cellulose fibre insulation; 32 mm cavity, 19 mm OSB board 15 mm gypsum board coated 9 457/610 mm reinforced concrete 10 406 mm reinforced concrete column

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V Assembling load-bearing structure W Axonometric of auditorium / meeting space X Mounting facade element

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natural displacement ventilation is activated. Here again fresh air flows in at the bottom of the facade, however the upper vents remain closed and the air is distributed in the space through the raised floor. It escapes through the facade opposite, which is opened at the top. Thermal simulations confirmed the effectiveness of the facade concept. The roof and floor frame are insulated with 30 cm PIR-panels, which achieve an insulation value about three times the minimum required by the energy code. The living wall of ferns and begonias improves the acoustics in the lecture space by absorbing and dissipating sound. It is watered from a 1100-gallon rainwater cistern. The lush vegetation helps to

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improve the quality of the indoor air by natural filtration. The integrated passive design measures reduces space heating and cooling demands, resulting in estimated energy savings of over 50 %. In addition, a rooftop array of 45 photovoltaic panels makes the Forum independent of outside energy providers. The master students agreed that achieving the seemingly impossible task of not only designing, but also building Marvin Hall in the space of one year was a most rewarding experience. The students of the School of Architecture now have an inspiring educational environment: a “structure built by us and for us”, as the Dean of the UniverW sity puts it.

Products

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Facades

Regeneration projects result in stylish developments for Tyneside and London South Shields is benefiting from a £16 million cultural centre featuring an iconic circular facade created with Kingspan’s TEK Cladding Panels. The National Centre for the Written Word, known simply as The Word (above and right), is a three-storey structure which includes library and exhibition space, IT suite, 3D printing facilities, creative play area and a cafe. Steve McIntyre of architects FaulknerBrowns explained their vision for the project: “The form and design approach of this building seeks to establish a new benchmark in terms of quality of design, use of materials and integration of public realm within the wider urban fabric of South Shields. This circular form encourages pedestrian movement between town centre and riverside as well as having a striking and contemporary presence. The circular construction achieved with the cladding panels helped us to accomplish the concept of the spreading pages of a book.” To provide a smooth, highly insulated exterior envelope, the structural insulated panels were designed and factory-cut into narrow widths, which allowed them to be quickly and easily fixed to the concrete frame. The 142 mm-thick panels can help to achieve

U-values of 0.20 W/m2K or better whilst the OSB/3 facing and ‘unique’ jointing system help to minimise unnecessary air loss. TEK Cladding Panels and TEK Building System Panels now come in a 172-mm thickness, designed to achieve even lower U-values of 0.17 W/m2K or better. The company’s products have also been used for the Fitzroy Place development on the 3-acre site of the old Middlesex Hospital in the Fitzrovia area of London. The original site was completely flattened aside from the chapel and sections of the Victorian facade. The design, by Sheppard Robson and Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands, includes 235 private apartments, 54 affordable homes, two office buildings, a restaurant and retail spaces. The domestic elements of the site achieve an enhanced level of energy efficiency when compared with the Building Regulations, and the office blocks hold a BREEAM rating of ‘Excellent’. To meet these requirements, a fabric-first approach was adopted and Kingspan Kooltherm products were specified across the site. Drawing inspiration from the original redbrick hospital buildings and the ‘white working buildings’ of the area north of Oxford Street, the facades, as seen below,

combine brick, concrete and glass. K15 Rainscreen Board was used to insulate the rainscreen elements of the facade whilst K12 Framing Board was installed between timber battens on masonry sections of the external walls. With thermal conductivities as low as 0.020 W/m.K, the Kooltherm products helped to achieve excellent levels of thermal performance, states the manufacturer, and also contributed to the award of credits within the BREEAM assessments for the office sections of the development. www.kingspaninsulation.co.uk

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Luxury accommodation for students Elements from all of Kawneer’s architectural glazing systems portfolio have been used for a wide range of applications in a city’s new neighbourhood – the cultural, business and leisure quarter that is the £500 million First Street Manchester development. The projects include the 11-storey VITA student accommodation from Select Property Group, with blocks of colour within the glazing emphasising the geometric design. The building includes a 5,400 ft² student hub offering a reception, games area, gym, movie room, lounge and group study space. The manufacturer’s AA®100 mullion-drained curtain walling, swing doors and AA®541 top-hung casement windows for high levels of natural ventilation have been used on the 279 individual luxury studios. The curtain walling has also been used, alongside fixed lights, on the mixed-use elements of the development, comprising a pair of retail units, a 700-space multi-storey car park and a four-star, 208-bed hotel, the first Innside hotel in the UK from Melia Hotels International. The retail units and lobby to the 11-storey hotel feature reverse slope glazing, which gave the design team a greater internal atrium space, and the glass roof lends a much sharper and cleaner line to the outside of the building. Solar gain was controlled using metal solar shading blades fitted to the curtain wall as well as high-performance neutral glazing units. The design allowed for high levels of acoustic insulation and barrier loadings yet maintaining the floor-to-ceiling glass which gives good natural light as well as views over the city. The windows were designed and installed to accommodate live-load floor-slab deflections whilst still giving the vertical linear design intent. The Kawneer glazing was installed by specialist sub-contractor Bennett Architectural Aluminium. www.kawneer.co.uk

Aluminium facade illuminates new performance venue in Paris region In the southeast of Paris in Lieusaint, the new Théâtre-Sénart has a striking facade of aluminium panels manufactured by Novelis. As well as being a local landmark, with a total area of approximately 10,600 sq.m and a height of around 29 m, the building combines sustainability and energy efficiency with innovative design by architects Chaix & Morel et Associés. The new cultural centre cost €43.3 million and boasts two event halls with 1,550 seats and 1,126 standing places. The energy-efficient and eco-friendly concept means that, due to its lighting and ventilation system, no additional air conditioning or further light sources are said to be needed, even on hot or dark days. The technical installations and ventilation systems are hidden behind the aluminium facade. The flowing form of this rear-ventilated facade consists of perforated and punched aluminium panels with a grid dimension of 1,500 ≈ 1,500 mm. Further perforations of 100 ≈ 100 mm and 50 ≈ 50 mm, and 50 mm square punched holes, create an apparently random sheet pattern. The overall facade shows eight different design variations. The size and position of the perforations and punched holes are designed to ensure sta-

bility. Due to its strength even when perforated, the Novelis AIMg3-alloy facade sheet is able to support a higher span width than commercial solid aluminium sheets based on an AIMg1-alloy, claims the company. The building skin of 2-mm ff2® coil-coated aluminium in the colour Sunrise Silver stands out in both day and nighttime; additionally, LED lights integrated into the facade create a light spectacle at night. The surface-coated aluminium is described as a viable solution for building projects worldwide because of its weather resistance even in extreme climates and, despite the uncoated edges resulting from the punched holes, the material is unaffected by corrosion. The colour retention and low-maintenance requirements will contribute to longstanding brilliance and luminosity of the building, says Novelis. In October 2016, the Théâtre-Sénart was awarded with the jury prize at the Trophées Eiffel national award ceremony for outstanding French architecture. www.novelis.com

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Mid-century homes get a facelift

Designs aimed at making an impression on young minds

For a recent social housing programme, Stevenage Borough Council in Hertfordshire specified Saint-Gobain Weber External Wall Insulation (EWI). The 1940s and 1950s brick and Wimpey No Fines system-build homes have achieved U-values of 0.30 W/m2K, down from the original 1.98 W/m2K rating, using webertherm XM EWI and meshclothreinforced polymer render system. Render colours chosen from the weberplast TF acrylic based, pre-mixed decorative finishes were Antique Ivory, Winter White, Palest Pink and the new Marshmallow.

Natural and cultural themes have formed the inspiration for Midmill Primary School in rural Aberdeenshire, which features a facade of Rockpanel® Woods combined with colourful Rockpanel Rockclad boards routed to depict local fauna and Pictish culture. These are all produced from compressed natural basalt, a sustainable and readily available volcanic rock, and bonded with an organic binder, to combine the advantages of stone and the workability of wood.

The company’s products were also used to upgrade post-war and 1960s properties with similar thermal deficiencies in North Wales, owned by housing association CCG. Here, webertherm XP EWI lightweight mineral render for one-coat application was chosen. Homes in Bangor have seen U-values down from 1.42 W/m2K to 0.28 W/m2K whilst the 1960s Trusteel frame houses in Y Bala saw an even bigger improvement, down from 1.60 W/m2K to 0.29 W/m2K. A dash finish in Ashton Cream was chosen to match other homes in the region. www.saint-gobain.co.uk

Built by Morrison Construction, the school can accommodate around 540 students. It was designed with a U-shaped footprint set around a central courtyard and includes high-quality teaching and sports facilities. Said architect Craig Matheson, from Aberdeenshire Council’s design team, “The building is constructed out of timber so we were keen to express this externally, and Rockpanel Woods provided the opportunity to have a visually prominent material with strong horizontal emphasis. The subtle colour variation of the product allowed us to use this to give the impression of movement as it wraps around the building.” Claimed to be virtually indistinguishable from real woods, the boards are available in a variety of light, rich and muted wood col-

ours. The council specified a mix of these which has created a lively, contemporary aesthetic. Rockclad boards used for areas of the facade are in vibrant orange, yellow and green. To help engage and inspire the students, the project team were keen to incorporate art within the design and appointed surface designers Bespoke Atelier to create the external artworks. Said designer Marion Parola, “The boards were easy to engrave, and are a great material to work with; a blank canvas ready to be drawn on, with a great colour palette.” The engravings do not affect the weather resistance and, over time, the routed areas will mature to a deep brown, providing a contrast with the intense facade colours. As well as for exterior cladding, the boards are suitable for use in applications along the roofline and for building detailing. Midmill Primary School has been designed to achieve a BREEAM ‘Very Good’ rating, and with the Durable and Durable ProtectPlus boards holding a BRE Green Guide rating of A+ these products were able to contribute to the award of credits within the BREEAM assessment. www.rockpanel.co.uk

Edition Roland Krippner (Ed.)

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Building Integrated Solar Technology NEW June 2017

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Roland Krippner (Ed.). 144 pages with numerous drawings and photos. Format 21 × 29,7 cm. Bilingual English/German. ISBN 978-3-95553-362-5 Hardcover: € 59.90 / £ 48.– / US$ 84.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable ∂ Green Books

Architectural design with photovoltaics and solar thermal offers abundant advice from architects on how to successfully integrate solar systems into buildings. A number of chapters addresses the economical and ecological deployment of solar technology as well as issues of building laws and the preservation of listed buildings. Illustrated and expanded by numerous photos and detailed project documentation, “Building Integrated Solar Technology” not only demonstrates the tremendous variety of construction tasks and integration possibilities, but also shows that self-sustaining buildings in terms of energy can also contribute significantly to the local architectural culture.

It’s already impossible to imagine energyefficient construction without photovoltaics and solar thermal. Yet, the EU-wide introduction of low energy standards for new buildings stipulates that buildings must meet their energy needs in whole or in part from the sun by 2021 at the latest. The integration of solar systems into buildings is no longer just a technical matter, but also a structural and aesthetic challenge. This book provides the necessary expertise for this purpose. In addition to basic physics and technological developments in photovoltaics and solar thermal, the publication

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schiedenen Hochofenprozessen zu monokristallinen oder polykristallinen Solarze len verarbeiten Bei der Zel ferti gung werden krista line Siliziumblöcke (sogenannte Ingots) in dünne Siliziumscheiben (Wafer) geschnitten Diese werden ansch ießend mit einer weiteren phosphor dotierten Zellschicht sowie einer Antireflexschicht beschichtet und mit Kontakten versehen, sodass fertige Solarzellen entstehen ° AĩğĩĊœýśŨyČČýğÐ XýČýƖýŵĘ uÐČČÐğ śýğÄ ĘÐýśŨ ňŵyÄœyŨýś±÷ ĩÄÐœ ňŵyÄœyŨýś±÷ Ę Ũ y¦éÐœŵğÄÐŨÐğ ±ĊÐğ ĽÞ śÐĘýňŵy ÄœyŨýś±÷ľ yś 9yğŨÐğĘyî ÄÐœ ňŵyÄœyŨýś±÷Ðğ uÐČČÐğ beträgt 12,5 oder 15 cm Weil das Zellmaterial aus nur einem Kristall besteht, ist die Oberfläche der Zellen homogen dunkelblau bis schwarz Die elektrische Qua ität von monokristallinen Solarzellen ist sehr hoch Sie erreichen Wirkungsgrade zwischen 15 und 19 % (Abb 4 7) ° RĩČƑĊœýśŨyČ ýğÐ uÐČČÐğ śýğÄ ČÐý±÷Ũ yğ ý÷œÐœ ŵğŨÐœś±÷ýÐÄČý±÷ blau schimmernden Krista lstruktur zu erkennen Sie śýğÄ ňŵyÄœyŨýś±÷ ĘýŨ ÐýğÐœ 9yğŨÐğČğéÐ ƍĩğ ijƚÀ ijųÀä oder 15 bzw 15,6 cm Die üblichen Wirkungsgrade lie gen zwischen 14 und 17 % Polykrista lines Silizium ist einfacher und kostengünstiger herzustellen als mono krista lines Polykristalline PV Module dominieren des halb zu 50 % den Weltmarkt

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Hochleistungsze len Hersteller und Forschungsinstitute arbeiten kontinuierlich an der Verbesserung von Solarzellen Hochleistungszel len zeichnen sich dadurch aus, dass sich ihre Wirkungs grade deutlich von der Masse abheben Sie basieren beispielsweise auf dem Einsatz hochreinen S liziums sowie auf besseren Zellstrukturen in Verbindung mit inno vativen Kontaktierungen, z B einer Rückseitenkontaktie rung Dadurch werden Zellwirkungsgrade von über 22 % erreicht Andere Hersteller kombinieren verschiedene Technologien, beispielsweise indem sie monokristalline Wafer mit einer zusätzlichen amorphen S liziumschicht beschichten und so die Zellwirkungsgrade über 21 % erhöhen Eine Möglichke t, Hochleistungszellen kosten günstig zu fertigen, bietet das sogenannte PERC Kon zept, bei dem polykristalline Zellen in automatisierten Standardprozessen weiterverarbeitet werden PERC steht für »Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell«, Emitter und Rückseite der Zelle sind durch eine Schutzschicht so beschaffen, dass auftreffendes Licht gespiegelt und zum Wafer zurück reflektiert wird Auf diese Weise kann zusätzliche Energie nutzbar gemacht werden Es sind damit Wirkungsgrade um 19 % möglich

Economy and ecology of solar systems Integration into power supply systems Detailed, project-specific solutions

organische Solarzellen

Dünnsch cht Solarzellen

Aesthetic and structural integration into buildings

Mono und po ykr sta line Si izium Ze len

Solarzellen auf Basis von kristal inem Silizium (Si) domi nieren m t einem Anteil von 90 % den heutigen Markt Sili zium ist ein ungiftiges und in der Elektronik bereits länger bekanntes sowie erprobtes Material Nach Sauerstoff ist es das zweithäufigste Element auf der Erde und dam t reichlich verfügbar Es kommt jedoch nicht in Reinform vor, sondern muss aus eingeschmolzenem Quarzsand unter hohen Temperaturen gewonnen werden In chemi schen Verfahren wird das Rohsilizium so lange gereinigt, bis ein nahezu hundertprozentiger Reinheitsgrad erreicht ist Anschließend ässt sich das hochreine Silizium in ver 4 5 modularer Aufbau des Solargenera ors 4 6 Schnitt durch gerahmtes Standardso armodul 4 6x typische Sch ch en olge (von außen nach innen) bei Photovo ta k modulen zur Gebäudeintegration 4 7 Wirkungsgradentwicklung verif zierte Rekorde von aborge ert gten Mini So arzel en 4 8 Typologie und Merkma e der drei Solarze lengenerationen

2010

CIS CIGS CdTe Farbstof zellen organische Ze len 47

2

35W 15 6 cm

100 – 200 cm

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bzw 72 Ze len in einem, mitunter in zwei Zellsträngen (Strings) elektrisch hintereinander (in Reihe) verschaltet Geometrisch ordnet man die Solarzellen im Module häu fig in 4 6 Ze lre hen an Sie werden im Herste lungspro zess zwischen einer Glassche be auf der Vorderseite und einer Kunststoffverbundfolie (z B Tedlar) auf der Rück seite verkapselt, indem sie beidseitig in den durchsichti gen Kunststoff Ethylenvinylacetat (EVA) eingebettet wer den und sind so vor W tterungseinflüssen, mechanischen Beanspruchungen und Feuchtigkeit geschützt sind Als Frontglas dient ein spezielles, gehärtetes Solarglas, das eisenoxidarm und daher besonders lichtdurchlässig ist Die meisten Module sind m t einem Rahmen aus Alumi nium versehen, der die empfindlichen Glaskanten schützt und zur Montage genutzt wird Der Einsatz von rahmenlo sen Modulen ist m t entsprechenden Montageklemmen bei achtsamer Montage ebenfalls problemlos möglich Über rückse tig aufgeklebte Anschlussdosen werden die elektrischen Kontakte aus dem Modul herausgeführt Die Dosen sind standardmäßig mit Anschlussleitungen sowie verpolungs und berührungssicheren Steckkontakten ver sehen Neben EVA bei Standardmodulen werden mitun ter auch Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Teflon oder Gießharz zur Verkapselung verwendet Diese Alternativen kommen zum Einsatz, wenn statt einer Rückseitenfolie Rückse ten glas verwendet wird Solche Doppelglasmodule eignen sich als Überkopfverglasung und für den Fassadenbau (Abb 4 6) Bei Solarmodulen unterscheidet man zwischen Standard oder Sondermodulen Standardmodule werden »von der Stange« in großen Stückzahlen preisgünstig für Photovol taik Anlagen hergestel t, die keine speziellen Anforderun gen an die Module stellen Sie werden mit Standard Mon tagesystemen auf dem Dach oder auf Fre f ächen installiert Es g bt eine Vielzahl von Materialien und Konzepten für Solarzellen (Abb 4 8), die sich in Form und Farbe sowie in ihren Eigenschaften und Leistungsdaten unterschei den Im Folgenden werden einige wichtige Solarzellenty pen vorgestellt

monok is al in

po ykrista lin

Sondertypen Hochleistungsze len Hybridzel en

nyâÐ Ũб÷ğ Ċ œŵğÄÐ ¦ýś ňŵyÄœyŨýś±÷Ð ýğƖÐČ scheiben Sche bendicke 0 2 mm Kanten änge 10 0 15 6 cm ca 85 % Marktanteil ausgereifte Techno ogie ijç ųƚ ŀ 13 17 % Zellwi kungsgrad

auf Glasscheibe amorphes S l zium mikromorphes Si i zium

CdTe CIS C GS

Fol en und Streifen Solarzellen amorphes S lizium CIGS

Vakuumtechnik Ga vanik n der Regel voll lächige Substratbesch ch tung Schichtd cke 0 5 5 0 μm Zel bre te 0 5 17 0 mm bzw Bandbreite 1 36 cm ca 15 % Marktan eil ste gend ţ ijƚ ŀ 8 14 % Modu wirkungsgrad

Fol en /G assubstrat #yœ¦śŨĩ â Xĩ yœƖÐČ Ðğ RĩČƑĘÐœ Xĩ yœƖÐČ Ðğ GČ éĩĘÐœ XĩČyœƖÐČČ Ðğ

Druckverfahren o Ä Byğĩś œŵĊŨŵœ Pi otstadium 2 3 % Wirkungsgrad

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72

Facades

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Cladding panels shine like a beacon Rainscreen cladding by Rodeca features on a new performing arts building in Romford, Essex. The translucent polycarbonate panels were specified for the Box Theatre at Redbridge College for their transparency, light weight, ability to be back-lit and range of colours available. More than 300 m2 of 40 mm PC 2540 wall cladding panels in Kristall and Bi-Colors Kristall/yellow and Kristall/green were used to vertically clad the first floor of the £5 million new building. Bi-Colors have differently coloured internal and external panel layers for a 3D effect. Designed by architects Ayre Chamberlain Gaunt as part of a masterplan study for the college, the performing arts centre is one of two new standalone BREEAM ‘Excellent’ buildings (the other being a teaching block) at its Chadwell Heath campus. The theatre comprises music recording studios, teaching spaces and a 264-seat performance space, which doubles as a multipurpose hall with retractable seating for enrolment, exhibitions and gatherings. The building is conceived as an elevated translucent box sitting on a plinth of black brickwork. Rodeca glazing creates a vibrant facade back-lit with low-level lighting. A 15-m high redundant boiler chimney on the site could not be removed so it was decided to make it a positive feature and turn it into a marker beacon. The top is clad in the bright-coloured panels whilst the brickwork is painted dark grey to complement other rainscreen cladding on the theatre. The 500 mm-wide Rodeca panels are said to be 200 times tougher than glass and to perform up to 43 dB of sound insulation and down to 0.35 W/m2K of thermal insulation. Giving up to 80 % light transmission, they are installed using a simple tongue-andgroove system. www.rodeca.co.uk

University building benefits from contemporary curtain walling design Technal’s MX curtain walling, together with the company’s FXi65 window system and CD doors, feature on the Engineering Building at Lancaster University, designed by John McAslan + Partners. The facility comprises 4,701 sq.m of workshop, laboratory and office space in two concrete-framed blocks either side of a four-storey atrium. The building was designed in line with the university’s sustainability and carbon reduction targets and has achieved a BREEAM ‘Outstanding’ rating. The MX Visible Grid capped curtain walling features throughout. It was selected for its contemporary aesthetics, and the system includes concealed vents to allow for natural ventilation without compromising the architectural integrity of the facade. Natural light was a key specification requirement, and this curtain walling system allowed larger and heavier glazing units to be installed due to its superior load distribution, says the company. With the capability of realising Uw values as low as 1.3 W/m2K, the Fxi65 casement window system has also been installed throughout the building. Featuring a stylish ‘visible’ opening frame with an infill of up to 52 mm for a contemporary finish, windows appear as both punched hole and inserts within curtain walling in varying configurations, whilst giving a visually consistent look across the building. Installed to the entrance, 160 sq.m of MX Trame Verticale curtain walling also complements the building’s design. Its projecting aerofoil transom caps add depth to the facade and the slender face trim gaskets are flush with the front face of the infill, softening the corresponding sections. Finally, CD heavy-duty doors were chosen for ground-floor thoroughfare locations. Designed to handle the demands of high traffic areas, they were specified here as hinged

configurations and include both single- and double-leaf options. With a flush threshold, the doors are double glazed to BS6262. From an installation perspective, the new Engineering Building is situated within a tight site, which meant close co-ordination between fabricator LDG Contracts and main contractor Eric Wright Construction prior to, and during, work on site to ensure the project progressed smoothly. As a result of stage one being managed successfully, the same team is currently working on the phased refurbishment of the university’s 1960s-built Physics Building, which will also feature Technal systems. www.technal.com/en/uk

∂ 2017 ¥ 4

Daylight and ventilation are key The development of a highly sustainable education facility in Flintshire, Wales offering courses for the 16 –19 age group has made extensive use of glazing solutions by Sapa Building System. The Post 16 Education Centre at Connah’s Quay was constructed at a cost of £13.75 million as a joint development by Coleg Cambria and Flintshire County Council.

»Hideaway«

Parking is beautiful with WÖHR

It was designed to exceed BREEAM ‘Excellent’ standards, including promoting the use of natural daylighting and ventilation. The layout creates a mix of open-plan and smaller spaces where sunlight is transmitted through the Elegance 52 ST curtain walling, Dualframe 75 Si windows and ST11 commercial doors. The externally capped, thermally broken curtain walling system offers many options with the use of different mullions and cover caps for slim sightlines. The Dualframe aluminium windows are designed to achieve an A++ Window Energy Rating, and Sapa states that high standards of security and performance, including achieving PAS 24 performance requirement for the doors and windows, were emphasised throughout the build. www.sapabuildingsystem.com/en/uk

With the WÖHR product ranges Parklift 461 – 463 as well as Slim- and Crossparker, cars disappear, safe and hidden underground. The parking spaces are harmoniously integrated into the complete object and may only be raised briefly to enter or exit the parking space. In this way, you gain more space to live with the »Hideaways«. For refurbishments and new buildings and everywhere else where space is limited and surface areas should be preserved.

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Facades

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Custom colours enhance zinc appeal VMZINC® has introduced bespoke colours into its Pigmento range, already available in shades of red, green, blue and brown. The new finishes are orange, beige, yellow, grey and purple, and a colour matching service is also offered for specific projects against any RAL reference from the Classic Palette: a recent example was a special grey produced for West London’s extensive Fulham Wharf development. The company states that these subtle colours are visually distinctive and provide a finish unlike other metals. This is not a painted finish and by virtue of natural patination it is said to provide a virtually maintenancefree facade. The naturally grained texture of pre-weathered zinc can be seen through the colour and ensures that the ageing has a greater degree of consistency. www.vmzinc.co.uk

Meeting the production challenges of a brick-clad concrete design scheme Although steel and concrete have tended to be the natural choice for high-rise construction, the visual appeal of brick remains, and the precast concrete industry has responded to this in the shape of brick-clad panels. The panels, which are able to include preinstalled doors, windows and insulation, can be clad using either 22 mm brick slips, cut perforated bricks or solid bricks with a dovetailed slot cut into the rear of the brick. An example of what can be achieved is seen in the Victoria Gate Arcade in Leeds. Designed by ACME to link the old Victorian quarter with the entrance to the new John Lewis Partnership department store, this development has some interesting details realised by Thorp Precast. The 6,000 m² brick-faced facade pattern features six different width pleats, each with a 250-mm overall projection. The North Block has white ‘recon stone’ (precast concrete) columns with an acid-etched finish at ground-floor level, and brick-faced panels above with white recon stone pier infills. The South Block has black recon stone columns with a polished finish at ground-floor level and brick-faced panels above incorporating pier infills clad with terracotta tiles. Most of the panels were designed by Thorp with an emphasis on stacking, so that the only restraint was taken off the primary structural steelwork frame, all dead loads being transferred directly into the foundations. There were some exceptions where steel stubs were welded to the primary frame to provide means of support for the precast panels where the load paths back to the ground were interrupted. One of the key issues for the company was sourcing brick material that would meet the architectural and planning requirements for the old Victorian quarter of the city and, equally importantly, that would have the appropriate technical characteristics to

cope with a high degree of exposure to the weather. From amongst the suppliers willing to guarantee all faces, in particular the exposed projecting brick on bed faces, a UKmanufactured Staffordshire Smooth Red facing brick was selected. As well as being entirely fit for purpose, the chosen brick also allowed Thorp Precast to develop a special positive key for casting, to minimise cutting and produce two suitably keyed snap headers with barely any waste. The panels have been designed to prevent pigeons roosting on the exposed decorative brickwork ledges. Very few cladding panels have been duplicated across this design scheme; therefore, to eliminate what would have been the prohibitive cost of making so many individual moulds using traditional mould materials, a series of profiled formers were made from polystyrene. These were not only cost-effective but proved robust enough to be used several times over. www.thorpprecast.co.uk

Edition

NEW Herzog & de Meuron NEW July 2017 Sandra Hofmeister (Ed). 192 pages. Format 23 × 32 cm. Bilingual English/German ISBN 978-3-95553-378-6 Hardcover: € 49.90 / £ 40.– / US$ 70.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable

Architecture and construction details Who hasn’t heard of the internationally renowned architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron of Switzerland, and its unprecedented rise since its founding in 1978? How do these architects always succeed with innovative approaches, forging individuality and employing classical materials in heretofore unknown ways in their designs? Where do they find the inspiration for their unique ideas, and how do they achieve such a confident implementation of their

Kettenhemd aus Ziegelstein – Tate Modern Switch House Die Londoner haben sich fast schon ge wöhnt an ihren neuesten Museumsbau laut dem neuen Bürgermeister Sadiq Kahn der »bedeutendste Kulturbau Großbritanniens der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte« Denn obwohl er m t seinen schmalen Sehschlitzen und der vorgehängten perforierten Ziegelfassade etwas düster wirkt und entfernt an das Ket tenhemd einer R tterrüstung erinnert haben d e Arch tekten die wicht gste Zielvorgabe der Tate bravourös gemeistert: Eine einzigar tige künstler sch inspirierte Architekturspra che zu erf nden und gleichzeitig ein Ensemb le mit dem Altbau zu bilden ohne ihn zu do m nieren Und das trotz einer Gebäudehöhe von 64 Metern die den bestehenden schlan ken Kamin überragt

zw ngt die Mauer den Besucher zu einer um kreisenden Bewegung hält ihn zunächst auf Distanz und macht ihm so d e optischen Ver schneidungen der scharfkantigen Hü le des Turms bewusst auf der das Licht sekunden schnell wie auf einer kinetischen Leinwand spielt und sich bricht Im Inneren wird es zum Abenteuer we ter hinaufzusteigen kein Grundriss gle cht dem anderen und auch die Geschosshöhen var ieren Durch das großzü gige Foyer das mit se nem schluchtartigen Luftraum dem Besucher noch einmal Atem verschafft geht es über gewundene Treppen empor und immer enger am geräumigen Clu braum und der Bar für die Members vorbei bis zum öffentlichen Restaurant und auf d e Dachterrasse Mit fast 5000 m2 beanspru chen diese Bewegungsräume fast ein V ertel V el Bewegung wenig Kunst? der Gesamtfläche Im Vergleich mit den te ls Wer nun erwartet auf den neu entstandenen niedrigen und eher intimen Ausste lungska 21 000 m2 Nutzfläche ausschließlich Kunst binetten und neutra en Wh te Box Sälen do werke vorzufinden w rd enttäuscht sein minieren s e den Gesamteindruck Denn abgesehen vom Untergeschoss sind nur das erste zweite und dritte Oberge Schaltzentrale des Tate Modern Project schoss für d e insgesamt 3500 m2 große A s Erwe terung e ner der erfolgreichsten Ausstellungsfläche bestimmt Die Räume Kulturinst tut onen der Welt hält sich der vom v erten b s zum siebten Obergeschoss Baukörper überraschend im Hintergrund sind den »Members« der Personalkantine schreibt die Architektursprache und Raum und Veranstaltungsräumen vorbehalten folgen mit zeitgemäßen Mitteln fort und ist W e be m Zwinger einer Trutzburg sch rmt ntegraler Bestandteil eines langjährigen eine kreisförmige Stützmauer aus Stampfbe Prozesses des Tate Modern Project Bei ton den Eingang von der Fußgängerzone ab hrer Eröffnung im Jahr 2000 ist die Umge und ermögl cht trotz leicht ansteigendem staltung der ehema igen Bankside Power Ge ände einen ebenen Vorplatz mit Terras Station aus den 1950er Jahren zu einem senstufen für das Café Vor allem aber Museum zeitgenössischer Kunst eine

Text Frank Kaltenbach

Sensation: Herzog & de Meuron entkernen die 200 Meter lange fünf Geschosse hohe Turbinenhalle zu einem leeren Raum der selbst zum Exponat w rd und als Foyer Vor tragssaal und Ausstellungsf äche genutzt werden kann Nicht zuletzt der Bau von Nor man Fosters Millennium Br dge die die Blick achse von St Paul s Cathedral zur Tate für Fußgänger begehbar macht sorgt für we tere Besucherströme nicht nur entlang der Southbank Promenade sondern direkt aus der C ty

Lots of movement little art? Not only works of art are housed n the new bu lding however Of the 21 000 m2 f oor area only 3 500 m2 are exh bition areas in the basement and on the first to third floors The sixth to eighth storeys are reserved for 1

Ausstellungsflächen Bo ler House

im

Exhibition areas in the former bo ler house

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Tu binenhalle m t Verbin dungssteg im dritten Obe geschoss

Turbine hall with l nking br dge at th rd floor level

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Foyer mit E ngang aus der Tu binenhalle

Foyer with entrance from tu bine hall

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erformance und Video nstallat on in den ehe maligen Ö tanks

Performance art and video areas n former oil tank structure

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Foyer Shop und Café

Foyer shop and cafe

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Ausstellungsflächen im Switch House

Exhibition areas in Switch House

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Restaurant

Restaurant

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Dachterrasse

Roof terrace

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members the staff canteen and special events Like the outer walls of a cast e a circular tamped concrete retaining wa l screens the entrance area from the pedestrian zone allo wing the creation of a level entrance fore court with stepped terraces for a cafe The wa l a so keeps visitors initially at a distance from the tower so that they can perceive the ntersections of the various planes of the an gular outer skin and the interplay of light and shade on these Ascending ins de is almost ike going on an adventure no floor plan is alike and the storey heights vary From the generous foyer with ts chasm like space providing air for a breather the route leads up a wind ng sculptural staircase past the club room and members bar to a public res taurant and roof terrace The circulation

Text Frank Kaltenbach

spaces almost 5 000 m2 in extent occupy nearly a quarter of the overa l area forming the dominant mpression in comparison w th the often lower and more intimate exhibition cabinets and neutral wh te box galler es Sw tchboard of the Tate Modern project As an extension of one of the most success ful cultural inst tut ons in the wor d the Sw tch House plays a surprisingly restrained role continuing the design anguage and se ries of spaces with contemporary means and forming simply one further component of the long term Tate Modern project In 2000 Her zog & de Meuron s convers on of the 1950s Banks de power station into a gal ery for mo dern art caused a sensat on Herzog & de Meuron turned the 200 metre long five sto rey Turbine Hall nto an empty space that

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Herzog & de Meuron in DETAIL

Sw tch House versus Boiler House Nur wen ge Jahre später liegt die Besucher zahl statt der geschätzten zwei Mil ionen bei fünf M llionen Besuchern pro Jahr Die Di rektoren nehmen den erforderlichen Neubau zum Anlass nicht nur die Ausste lungsfläche zu vergrößern sondern auch das Profil der Tate durch die Fokuss erung auf bisher im internationalen Kunstbetrieb unterrepräsen tierte Themen zu schärfen: die Würdigung von Künstlerinnen Performances Fotografie und Video Den Wettbewerb 2005 gewinnen erneut Herzog & de Meuron mit einem Ange bot unterschiedlichster Raumqualitäten die das bere ts vorhandene synerget sch vervoll kommnet Wo einst das Umspannwerk war ragt heute der Neubau auf das Switch House Und wie ein auf Torsion vorgespann ter Drehscha ter scheint sich die Gebäude geometrie vom Erdgeschoss um 45 Grad zu drehen bis die Dachterrasse para lel zum Altbau orientiert ist und so ihre optische

A Brick Coat of Mail for the Tate Modern Switch House Londoners have already become accustomed to their latest museum building wh ch accor d ng to mayor Sadiq Khan is the most signi ficant cultural bui ding in Britain of the last two decades With its narrow horizontal vie wing slits and perforated brick sk n remini scent of a coat of mail this add tion to the Tate Modern speaks an artistically inspired architectural language Desp te its 64 metre height which is higher than the existing th n chimney it forms an ensemble w th the exis ting structure without dominating it

designs? How detailed is the planning at Herzog & de Meuron? We scoured our archives at DETAIL and uncovered more than 25 publications since 2000, including reports, interviews, technical contributions and several project files. This monograph from the DETAIL publishing house about Herzog & de Meuron delves, as usual, a bit deeper behind the scenes and describes processes, all while highlighting one thing: plenty of construction details.

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DETAIL 9/2016

Design, materials and facade: Details behind an exciting trio Projects and processes became its own exhibit and could be used as a foyer and as a space for talks and exhibi tions The creation of the Mil ennium Bridge by Norman Foster forming a visual axis with St Paul s Cathedral opened a route for many more visitors not just along Southbank Pro menade but also d rectly from the City Switch House vs Boiler House Just a few years later vis tor numbers have reached five mill on per year instead of the anticipated two mill on The d rectors have taken the new building not just as an oppor tunity to extend the exhibition spaces but also to sharpen the Tate s profile by sh ft ng attention to areas of art hitherto underrepre sented n the international art scene: the re levance of fema e artists performance art photography and video Herzog & de Meu ron s successful competition entry in 2005 proposed a wide range of spatial qual t es to complement the existing faci ities Where the former transformer station stood the new structure rises with a geometry that seems to turn itself by 45° from the ground floor to the roof terrace so that the latter is paral el to the f rst museum and enters a visual relati onship with t The dynamic vertical ty of the structure s dialectically juxtaposed with the restrained enfi ades of the exist ng Bo ler House where the steam used to be pro duced while the large Turbine Hall forms a linking element At basement level and via a new bridge at th rd floor evel vis tors have access through this belly of the New Tate from the Switch House to the former Bo ler House

Tate Modern, London

Oil tanks as foundation The conceptual starting point and foundation of the new structure are the more than three metre thick re nforced concrete wa ls of the underground oil tanks with their clover eaf ayout Today they form a nether world for videos and performance art Newly instal ed concrete pil ars can be clearly dist n gu shed by their tilt The originally planned opening date of the £260 mi lion new buil ding had to be moved by four years due to a lack of sponsorship during the financ al crisis Thus during the Olympic Games in 2012 on y the tanks with art installat ons were open to visitors But even after construction of the Switch House traces of the tanks are still vi sible From the roof of the Sw tch House one can still see the clover leaf layout of the outer walls which is traced by the l ne of the forecourt retaining wa l

facade texturing and the different ncl nations and orientations of the ind vidual facade sur faces enhance the constant y changing play of light But even on dark and rainy days the surface creates a v vid mpression A pixel of the brick facade consists of two light and dark bricks mortared above each other The d fferent colour combinations are distr buted n such a way that they create a homogenous b anket of 336 000 bricks On the edges the bricks are joined l ke hinges and appear ran domly cracked The perforat ons also have statistical benefits: consoles and anchors are open to the w nd result ng in less push and pull forces and less we ght and their dimen sions can therefore be reduced

Catalyst for the South Bank The Switch House helps reposition not just the Tate Modern but the who e area The huge volume of the former power station no onger has its old rear face At pedestrian Transparent brick building? evel it has been opened to the Thames and From across the Thames the s lhouette of to the neighbourhood with entrances and th the Sw tch House seems almost to merge with the neighbouring sim larly high and fully roughways from three sides Despite its rela tively low he ght the 9th floor roof terrace of glazed housing scheme by Rogers Stirk Har bour One can see why Herzog & de Meuron the Switch House offers a spectacular 360° in tially proposed a glass sk n for the r new view and many w ll choose this free v ew over bu lding On y in the revision phase was the the horrendous entry prices for the viewing glazed tower enclosed in a br ck coat of mail p atform on the 72nd floor of the Shard which engenders a greater sense of unity between the Switch House and Giles Gi bert Scott s exist ng structure as well as providing sunshading and retaining the monolith c overall character At dusk light shines th rough the brise sole l brick sk n transforming the building into a lantern By day the strong

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2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Interior Design

Bespoke furniture and luxury finishes for individual design schemes Simon Orrell Designs is a bespoke furniture designer located near London’s Chelsea Design Quarter and offering distinctive pieces for high-end interiors. Handmade finishes include shagreen, straw marquetry, parchment, gesso, paua, penshell, violet oyster, mica, mother of pearl, cracked eggshell and other opulent materials. Many of the pieces can be customised and a wide selection of home accessories is also available.

New looks added to the range The launch of 153 new patterns enhances 3M’s extensive range of over 800 DI-NOC Architectural Finishes. Designed as creative, cost-effective solutions for a variety of decorative, refurbishment and resurfacing requirements, the finishes can be applied directly to existing substrates, on projects such as retail, hotel and leisure, shopping malls, offices, marine and rail. The designs supplement all existing product families in the range, offering the look of wood, metal, textile, stucco, ceramic, stone and leather, as well as plain colours. Examples include Effect patterns, where the colours change depending on the viewing angle and light level. Overlaying wood grains and combining them in blocks is a popular theme and in Fine Wood the random nature of the wood blocks creates interesting walls with a sense of rhythm. Metallic coatings applied to wood grain are also on trend: the gloss finish of Metallic Wood patterns is said to offer a unique feel to a space and combines well with other materials. The Haku pattern with gold, platinum and copper colour squares fits comfortably into European and Japanese design styles to add reflectivity and create a sense of space. www.3M.co.uk/innovativefinishes

As well as creating bespoke furniture with these rare and unusual finishes, the workshop also creates architectural elements for interiors such as wall panels, fitted wardrobe fronts and surfaces for columns or other design features. In the luxurious dressing room seen top, designed by Studio Indigo, bleached parchment panels by Simon Orrell Designs are combined with a high-quality bespoke installation by Halstock. A selenite drinks cabinet was also a recent commission for Studio Indigo; this composite made of gypsum was transformed into a sumptuous surface with a luxurious milky finish

reminiscent of rock crystal. A material said to be making a big impact in high-end interior design is shell, and the drum table shown left taps into this trend. Black lip shell gives a distinctive and dramatic look to the table, which is described as an adaptable piece that can be used in a bedroom, dressing room or living room. It stands 50 cm high and the diameter is 30 cm at the top and base and 40 cm at the centre. Custom sizes and finishes are available. Finally, the Cellini bedside table seen below features a finish that offers a contemporary spin on the skilled technique of straw marquetry. Used in the 18th century, this is a technique in which split and pressed strips of straw are dyed and applied to the surface of objects to create patterns. Evoking the glamour of the Art Deco era, Cellini is seen here in vibrant turquoise, with a blackened steel base, and measures 65 cm high ≈ 55 cm wide ≈ 45 cm deep. www.simonorrelldesigns.com

∂ 2017 ¥ 4

Interior Design

77

Wallcoverings collections add depth and texture to surfaces with new graphics The WallPepper Trend-Line catalogue for 2017 offers many new designs with influences including monuments, decorations and frescos from the past, references to different materials and to many countries, alongside elegant trompe l’oeil and tropical designs. The tailor-made and eco-friendly wallcoverings are PVC-free, fireproof (certified Bs1, d0), and wipeable with a damp cloth, and are affixed by glueing the wall first for ease

of use. Shown, below, left is Lena from the Monochrome series of marbles, minerals and concrete effects, whilst in the centre is Giardino Segreto from the Silk Way collection, depicting delicate flowers, symbols and colours which echo the decorative traditions of China, Japan and other Eastern sources. In complete contrast is the image on the right, from the Fine-Art catalogue, designed by artists from different creative

fields, from illustration to digital art, photography and painting, to give art an unlimited surface without borders, says the company. Photographer Saverio Lombardi Vallauri has taken as his subject Frank Gehry’s facades on the Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health in Las Vegas, Nevada for this print entitled Las Vegas #03. www.wallpepper.it

ADVERTORIAL

Ceramic expertise for the bathroom Using new materials, glazes and processes, Villeroy & Boch creates products that impress with their design, quality and attention to detail. The company is a leading innovator in the bathroom and wellness area and has received numerous design awards. Its latest development is TitanCeram. The material makes it possible to produce precise bathroom ceramics with filigree shapes and sharply-defined edges. The first example is the Octagon premium washbasin, which is exclusively cast by hand and realized in ceramic form. The double seal protects the surface from external damage. Artis, Finion, Antheus and Memento series washbasins are also made from TitanCeram.

The surface of CeramicPlus is refined using a special process. The water concentrates into drops and at the same time absorbs residues such as lime and dirt. http://bit.ly/2qyPLUD

TitanCeram enables precise bathroom ceramics with filigree shapes and sharply-defined edges to be manufactured. The first example is the Octagon premium washbasin.

AntiBac is the hygienic solution for high traffic areas in commercial buildings. With the help of silver ions, the new glaze reduces the growth of bacteria on ceramic surfaces and toilet seats by more than 99.9 %. AntiBac can be combined with CeramicPlus.

Villeroy & Boch

The digital printing technology ViPrint opens up new possibilities for individual bathroom design. With ViPrint, 20 decors can be applied to 19 sizes of the ceramic Subway Infinity shower tray. The decors range from reinterpreted classics and natural looks, to tile patterns and graphic structures.

78

Interior Design

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Designer wallpaper portfolio enhances bathroom company’s offering

Room at the top for dining in style

Bathroom brand Devon&Devon recently launched its debut wallpaper collection. The 32 themes vary in style and every pattern is offered in multiple colour choices, giving 126 different options. Produced in co-operation with designers Francesca Greco, Nina Farré and Vito Nesta, this portfolio is entirely made in Italy, from conception to design and production.

glossy hues. Francesca Greco is a painter and illustrator, and began working with Italian and international publishers after studying art and literature. Her artistic catalogue ranges from painting and sculpture to the design of fabrics and ceramics. Below is her design Corolla in colourway 5.

Dining chairs by Alma Design feature in this exclusive top-floor apartment in Milan, which has views over the cathedral and other historic buildings in the heart of the city. Internally it boasts a very contemporary interior design style, which is characterised by pure lines and chromatic details.

The wallpapers are described as adapting seamlessly to a wide variety of different contexts, suggesting interior ambiences from the classical to the eccentric. Themes range from geometrical motifs and three-dimensional and optical effects to designs inspired by Art Deco, together with Oriental and Arabesque patterns, including brightly coloured and surreal floral and animal motifs; imagery includes goldfish, dreamlike landscapes and retro fabrics.

The project, by Mario Mazzer Architects, involved two adjacent apartments from which has been created a single dwelling. Inside, luxury features abound – the white walls and ceilings throughout are contrasted with leather panels, metallic inserts and wood boiseries – and these rich materials provide an elegant and sophisticated effect.

“We felt the need to complete our offer with a collection of wallpapers that enabled us to enhance the decorative possibilities for private homes, residential projects and hotels,” explained Devon&Devon CEO Gianni Tanini. “Therefore, we decided to work together with emerging design talent, sharing through this collaboration a completely new creative process for the brand, which has resulted in a significant and extensively broad collection.” Vito Nesta is a designer, art director, interior decorator and craftsman. Travel is a constant in his work, and he is inspired by graphic design, architecture, photography and painting. Shown above, left and right respectively, are Majestic in Gold colourway and Casablanca in Coffee. Nesta’s Botanica in Grey is seen below with the new Hollywood bathtub, which comes in 500 matt or

The product aims to be as eco-friendly and eco-compatible as possible. The wallcoverings are washable, flame-retardant, do not shrink, lose their shape or tear during glueing, says the company. The water-based inks are non-flammable, non-combustible, odourless and nickel-free.

Lips design armchairs by Alma were chosen for the dining room. They have a bentwood shell with upholstered seat, back and armrests. The ash frame is stained Iron Grey and is complemented with velvet fabric in Anthracite colour. The Italian-made chairs are a harmonious addition that resonates with the international style of the newly created apartment, says the company. www.alma-design.it/en

www.devon-devon.com

Edition

Net zero energy buildings 2011. Karsten Voss, Eike Musall. 192 pages with numerous drawings and photos. Format 26 × 21 cm. ISBN 978-3-920034-80-5 Paperback: € 49.90 / £ 40.– / US$ 70.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable ∂ Green Books

Living and working with a stable energy balance

Pr mary energy c ed t [kWh

ma

Net zero energy buildings, equilibrium buildings or carbon neutral cities – depending on location and the reasons for making the calculation, the numbers are run differently. The variety of terms in use indicates that a scientific method is still lacking – which is a problem not just in regard to international communication, but also with respect to planning processes as a response to energy challenges. The clarification and meaning of the most important terms in use is extremely important for their implementation. Since October 2008, a panel

76

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0 0

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60 90 120 Primary energy supply kWh

150 /m a]

The following aspects result in the Net ZEB 11 Standard z Measured annual total primary ene gy consump ion includ ing household elect icity (45 kWh/m a) z Bu lding specific p imary ene gy consump ion (16 kWh/m a) z Consumption after mon hly coverage of own needs by PV electric ty 11 kWh/m a) z Seasonal balance of remaining consumption z Annual electric ty plus and heat transfer to neighbouring bu lding (24 kWh/m a) The low consump ion reveals that he bu lding was st ll pa tly unoccupied in 2010 The energy plus achieved shows hat an equa ised energy balance should also be poss ble w th fu l occupancy Primary ene gy factors according to SIA 2031 (see Fig A 2 07 p 31)

nc ud ng househo d e ec ric ty in one year Sur plus generated electr ci y s ed nto the public grid (Fig B 05 08 p 76) LESSONS LEARNED The build ng was complete y occupied between March 2009 and July 2010 so hat the figures from the irst year of opera ion be ore hat do not represent the performance of he ul y occupied building and in a number of cases had to be extrapo ated Over a period of two years a pro gram recorded the metered consumption the in eri or temperatures and the performance of the so ar electricity plant the facade col ectors and the storage system The first resu ts indicate hat small departures from planning data can endanger the concept of he zero or energy p us bu lding n opera ion The behav our of the tenants di fered from that of simulated “ideal enants” The assumed room temperature of 20° C n w nter was too op im s ic the rea ity were tempera ures of 22 °C The sunshade sys ems were used not on y during summer months to avoid overheat ng on days wi h extreme solar radiation but also to pro ect against g are due to the low position of the sun n winter This however reduced the passive so ar heat ga ns as d d a gri le of ouvers at the level of he w ndow parapets that was itted later Together w th he real cl matic condi ions n he irst winter (according to Metro Schweiz January 2010 was he co dest mon h in 29 years) opera ive heat ng

[kWh/m

a

Household electric ty

consumpt on was approx ma ely 10 % h gher than ni ia ly expec ed The displays that show nd v dual energy consump t on figures had less influence on energy use than ni ia ly assumed The balance is ef ec ive only with res den s who are h gh y aware of he theme of susta nabil ty or are interested n lower service costs Desp te carefully selected tenants a bonus /ma us of between 70 and 150 €/a does not seem to offer suf ic ent incentive for people to adapt their living hab ts On exam ning the performance of he plant and the nterac ion of the individual components t was revealed that he heating output of he exhaust air heat pump s of cr tical importance for supplemen tal hot water provis on on co d and overcast winter days If there is no solar heat ava lable n the her mal storage tanks only the wood burning storage stoves (F g B 05 09) and the heat pump se ve as back up As hey are subject to he nf uence of the users hese alternat ves are d fficult to control At temperatures below 5° C the earth ube heat exchanger relative y small due to imited space warms the external air less strong y than had been expected and can scarce y condit on the fresh air to a rost free level Thus the supply a r needs addi ional warm ng rom the reverse f ow heat ex changer or the heat ng co l n a standard situation the earth tube heat exchanger serves so ely to keep the system free rom frost As resu t the degree of Ventilation system Lighting

Wood stoves Heat pump

Photovo taic system Heat surplus

10 9 8

SITE Annual global radiation at s te Annual mean temperature at site Context

Bennau CH) ca 1200 kWh/m a 9 5 °C ural

BU LD NG ENVELOPE QUALITIES W/m2K U value exte ior wa ls 0 11 U value windows (incl frames) 0 57 0 79 U value roof surface 0 11 U value ce ling slab to basement 0 18 Mean U value bu lding envelope 0 20

7 6 5 4 3 2

B 05 08 B 05 09 B 05 10

heat recovery of he heat exchanger wh ch is lower han planned for appears dec s ve for he increased consumpt on of the heating coil However raising he air low vo ume of the exhaust a r heat pump would not of er any overa l energy advantage on account of the increased vent la ion heat osses A vo ume f ow regulator now allows operation at two evels Level 1 with 50 % of the maximum air f ow vo ume is the standard setting evel 2 a lows 100 % or operat on at maximum heat pump loads For condit on ng he ooms by he intake a r of the venti at on system 500 m /h at a total interior volume of rough y 7000 m is suff cient The annual perf ormance coeff cient of the exhaust air heat pump of 3 5 mee s expectations The fact hat the poorly nsulated heat pump cools down the ut l ty room and he venti at on duc s f tted there which are not nsu ated s regarded as problematic Desp te hese diff cu ties the annual energy balance of the f rst year of measurements 2009/2010 was pos tive A c ear electr city surp us compensates for a sma l sho tfa l in the heat ba ance The architect justif es the h gh personal and f nanc al expend ture with the extensive gain in know how hat resulted from this demonstrat on project Future projects wi l profit from th s experience The bu lding has already rece ved the Swiss and the European So ar Prize and n 2010 it was given the irst Norman Foster So ar Award thus emphasising ts function as a ro e model

1 0 Jan

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LARGE RESIDENTIAL BU LDINGS

BU LD NG EQU PMENT PARAMETERS Area of solar collectors 150 m Area per m 0 11 m /m Thermal storage volume 27 000 l Storage volume per m 19 60 l/m

KRAFTWERK B IN BENNAU

of experts from an international energy agency has concerned itself with these topics. The objective is to analyse exemplary buildings that are near a zero-energy balance in order to develop methods and tools for the planning, design and operation of such buildings. The results are documented in this publication: In addition to the presentation of selected projects, it is not just architectural showcase projects that are shown – the focus is on relaying knowledge and experience gained by planners and builders.

1

77 B 05 08 Energy evalua ion B 05 09 View of inte ior w th small wood bu ning stoves and k tchen B 05 10 Diagram of mon hly balance p imary energy B 05 11 Detail cross sec ion roo /floor slab/exterior wall scale 1 20 1 Oak boards on heating screed 90 mm Impact sound absorption 20 mm Thermal insulation 10 mm Reinforced concrete 220 mm 2 P isma ic safety glass 6 mm as cover Facade co lecto s Absorber/air cavity 42 mm Insula ion 60 mm mine al wool Wood frame 100 ≈ 45 mm Rear wall 8 mm OSB Gypsum f b e panel 15 mm Timber joists 40 y 360 mm Inf lled ce lulose insula ion OSB panel 15 mm Vapour barrier Services level 60 mm framing hermal insula ion Gypsum f b e panel 15 mm Adobe render 10 mm 3 Mineral wool insula ion 4 Wood frame window w th t iple glazing B 05 12 Building and ene gy pa ameters (values refer to net floor area NFA)

Photovoltaic system area System area per m Photovoltaic capacity Capac ty per m

261 m 0 20 m /m 32 kW 23 00 W /m

GRID INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENERGY SOURCES Supply infrastructure electricity g id de iveries Ene gy source supply log wood elect icity Feed in infrastructure electricity g id local hea ing network Feed in energy source electricity heat DESIGN STRATEGIES CONCEPTUAL FOCUS Passive house concept MINERGIE P ECO mechanical vent la ion w th heat recovery expe led air heat pump photovoltaic ar ays solar thermal system heat ecovery from waste water ene gy display for tenants wood burning small storage stoves feed in of heat

Representation of a comprehensive balancing methodology

2

Explanation and usage contexts of crucial terminology

3

3

4

BUILD NG PARAMETERS Net floor area NFA Gross loor area GFA Gross volume V Bu lding envelope A Surface to volume ratio A/V Number of units Total number of users CONSUMPTION PARAMETERS (2010) Space heating consumption Water hea ing consumption Site energy consump ion for heat (including hot wate ) Electric ty consump ion Total prima y energy consump ion Total prima y energy generation

1380 m 1403 m 3941 m 1557 m 0 39 m /m 7 23

Energy balancing in building practice

kWh/m a 15 14 11 18 45 69

B 05 11 B 05 12

Implementation examples of zero energy and plus energy buildings Typology-oriented cross-sectional views of international projects

detail.de/green-books

80

Interior Design

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

New colours and ranges join extensive collection of rugs and runners

Sofa will suit gentlemen and ladies

Tapis d’Avignon rugs are made by Roger Oates Design from a traditional French cloth that combines rich colour with subtle softness underfoot. Individual geometric pieces of the heavily felted Mouflon wool are used in chequerboard and striped designs. Contrasting or toning decorative stitching is used to join the pieces.

shades to give bold stripes that are nonsymmetrical but balanced in hue and tone. Both come in the soft pastel shades of Blossom, the exuberant colours of Lantern, the elegance of Jade and the harmonious grey hues of Storm. Kobe is additionally available in Mimosa, a warm lemon mixed with soft greys, and Strata, which interweaves the rich tones of a volcanic landscape.

The Elliot by Ditre Italia is described as a gentleman’s sofa for the retro living room. Designed by Stefano Spessotto and Lorella Agnoletto, it has a high back for comfort, whilst the slender armrests give an elegant effect. The sofa is available in fabric, leather or a combination of the two, creating a contrast between the upholstery of the exterior and the cushions.

Each design stands alone or they can be laid together for added impact, as shown below in Lantern colourway. When using them together the customary arrangement would be to upholster the stairs in the more dramatic design, as has been done here, but this can be reversed to give a finely striped runner on the stairs leading on to a boldly decked landing. Seen top is an area rug in Kyoto Blossom.

It comes in 2- and 3-seater options, with a choice of foot types including the Epoque foot, a vintage design inspired by the shape of a walking stick, and the wood foot with a brass tip. Also available are corner units, chaises longues and a footstool that can be used as a seat or as a multi-purpose top if fitted with a lacquered sheet metal tray.

Colours added to the collection for 2017 are Blush, Buckskin, Rust, Coral, Gris, Taupe, Sage and Pewter. This brings the total to 29, giving an extensive choice of combinations, which means the rugs can be bold and modern or calm and understated. They can be sized to suit any space. Also new this year, in the Eastern Collection, are Kobe and Kyoto 100 % wool flatweave stair runners. The fine, delicate lines of colour in Kobe create a subtle, flecked ‘tweed’ design, whilst Kyoto magnifies the dominant

www.rogeroates.com

www.ditreitalia.com

Edition

Green building certification systems Thilo Ebert, Natalie Eßig, Gerd Hauser, 2011. 144 pages with numerous drawings and photos. Format 21 × 29.7 cm. ISBN 978-3-920034-54-6 Hardcover: € 59.90 / £ 48.– / US$ 84.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable ∂ Green Books

A holistic approach to the assessment of sustainability sessment methods are introduced in detail, and information on the certification processes and costs is provided. Selected buildings are used to illustrate the core themes, the certification processes and the differences between the various labels. “Green building certification systems” is therefore an important reference book for architects and planners, clients and project managers, as well as manufacturers and construction companies.

Certificat on

the systems in deta l

since rece v ng cert ficat on A terat ons to the bu ld ng services pr or to re certif ca t on are ncorporated in the assessment of the bu ld ng’s energy efficiency All cert fication processes are based on the requ rements of the currently valid ver sion of he rating system Credits which were not part of the or ginal cert fication scheme can be ncorporated and consid ered in the re cert ficat on Sys em structure

The LEED cert f cation s based on a point system Points are awarded for the fulf l ment of nd v dual cred ts With the excep t on of the rat ng systems LEED ND and LEED Homes all of the systems divide the predetermined cred ts into seven categories Sustainable Sites SS Water Effic ency WE Energy & Atmosphere EA Materials & Resou ces MR Indoor Env ronmental Qual ty IEQ Regional P ior ty RP Innovation & Design ID The we ghting of the categor es d ffers sligh ly between the rating systems (Fig 2 21)

Submission of documents

LEED

4 6 15

25 days

1st review by GBCI

meet m nimum requi ements of indoor air qual ty based on he standard ASHRAE 62 1 2007 [20] Indoor Envi onmental Quality ( EQ P2) prohib t smoking n he entire build ng except n designated areas

Apart from the minimum number of points required for he level of LEED cert ficat on aimed at he e are so called prerequi sites which must be met In he case of he rating system LEED NC the following prerequisites are mandatory Susta nable S tes (SS P1) reduce dust generation waterway sedi mentation and soil erosion caused by construction act v ties Water E ficiency (WE P1) reduce water consumption by 20 % n compa ison to the LEED baseline value [19] Energy and Atmosphere (EA P1) fundamental comm ss on ng of building energy systems Energy and Atmosphere (EA P2) compl ance wi h minimum requirements for ene gy efficiency based on the standard ASHRAE 90 1 2007 Energy and Atmosphere (EA P3) zero use of CFC based refrigerants Materials and Resources (MR P1) prov de a dedicated area for storage and co lect on of recyclables during the operation phase at least including the recycling of paper corrugated card board glass plast cs and meta s Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ P1)

14

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Dependent on existing environment pro tect on requ rements and local building standards in the nd vidual countr es even the m n mum requi ements for example concerning the equired energy efficiency are a real challenge Construc tion projects in Ge many usua ly meet the m n mum requ rements due to the prevail ing high standards However the require men s concerning the protection of non smokers must be cons dered at an early stage and the commiss oning st ll made l ttle use of in Ge many must a so be incorpo ated nto the des gn and con struction phase at an early planning stage In the follow ng the contents of the indi v dual categor es are descr bed n detail and using the LEED NC rating system as an example a l credi s are listed w th the number of achievable po nts In he case of LEED t s not possible to meet only a propo tion of a cred t s requiremen s the

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LEED NC

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LEED for Schools

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2 20 2 20 Timescale of a LEED review 2 21 Weighting of the catego ies according o the di ferent LEED rating systems 2 22 List of ca ego ies and credi s including the number of points a tainable using LEED NC (New Construction & Major Renovations) by way of example

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Regional Prio ity Innova ion & Design Indoor Environmental Qua i y Materials & Resources

LEED CI

Ene gy & A mosphere Water Efficiency Sus ainable Sites 2 21

equirements of the cred t are e ther met or not The only exception s made for the credi s WE 3 Water Use Reduction EA 1 Opt m se Energy Pe formance and EA 2 On site Renewable Energy The number of po nts awarded for these cred ts depends on the degree of fu filment In he case of LEED there is no mult plying system similar to hose for other rating systems and points are awarded d rectly (Fig 2 22) Sustainable S tes The category “Sustainable Sites” focuses on the locat on of the build ng Protect ng land esources by select ng an already developed s te or even contaminated bu ld ng land and protecting or rehabili tat ng parkland s rated positively The location of the property and i s env ron ment has direct influence on traff c reduc tion good access to publ c transportat on and proximity to res dent al areas offering public services s ated highly Water e ficiency The aim of the aspect “Water Eff c ency” s to reduce he consumption of water dur ng the operat on of the bu ld ng This can be achieved by nstall ng water sav ng sanitary fi tings us ng ra n or greywa ter and plann ng the exterior landscape in such a way that it equires l ttle or no rri gation (Fig 2 25 p 45) Energy and Atmosphere The ma n aspects of the category “Energy and Atmosphere” are the credits Opti m se Energy Performance and On site Renewable Energy wh ch together can contr bute as many as 26 points towards he maximum of 110 points The energy eff c ency is generally determined by per forming a dynamic simulat on of the bu ld ng based on hourly wea her data hroughout the cou se of a whole refer ence year in accordance w th the ASHRAE Standard 90 1 2007 Append x G [21] In contrast to the German Energy Performance D rective (Energ ereinspar verordnung EnEV) not he pr mary energy demand s evaluated but the sav ngs in energy costs n relation to a refer ence value All energy flows within the bu ld ng are cons de ed Apart from the energy demand for bu ld ng services and light ng LEED also takes account of the energy demand to cover office equip ment kitchen appliances exter or light ng etc (F g 2 23 2 24 and 2 26)

Index SS SS P1 SS 1 SS 2 SS 3 SS 4 1 SS 4 2 SS 4 3 SS 4 4 SS 5 1 SS 5 2 SS 6 1 SS 6 2 SS 7 1 SS 7 2 SS 8 WE WE P1 WE 1 1 WE 1 2 WE 2 WE 3 EA EA P1 EA P2 EA P3 EA 1 EA 2 EA 3 EA 4 EA 5 EA 6 MR MR P1 MR 1 1 MR 1 1 MR 1 1 MR 1 2 MR 2 1 MR 2 2 MR 3 1 MR 3 2 MR 4 1 MR 4 2 MR 5 1 MR 5 2 MR 6 MR 7 IEQ IEQ P1 IEQ P2 IEQ 1 IEQ 2 IEQ 3 1 IEQ 3 2 IEQ 4 1 IEQ 4 2 IEQ 4 3 IEQ 4 4 IEQ 5 IEQ 6 1 IEQ 6 2 IEQ 7 1 IEQ 7 2 IEQ 8 1 IEQ 8 2 ID ID 1 1 1 5

Category Credit Sustainable Sites Construction Ac ivity Po lution Preven ion Site Selec ion Development Density and Communi y Connectivi y Brownfield Redevelopment Alternative Transpor ation Public Transpor ation Access Alternative Transpor ation Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms Alternative Transpor ation Low Emi ting and Fuel E ficient Vehicles Alternative Transpor ation Parking Capacity Site Development Protect or Restore Habitat Site Development Maximize Open Space S ormwa er Design Quan i y Con rol S ormwa er Design Quality Control Heat Island Effect Non oof Heat Island Effect Roof Light Pollution Reduc ion Wa er Efficiency Water Use Reduction by 20 % Water E ficient Landscaping reduc ion of domes ic water consumption by 50 % Water E ficient Landscaping no use of domestic wa er Innova ive Was ewater Technology Water Use Reduction by 30 % / 35 % / 40 % Energy & A mosphere Fundamen al Commissioning of Bu lding Energy Systems Minimum Energy Performance Fundamen al Ref igerant Management Optimise Energy Perfo mance On site Renewable Ene gy Enhanced Commissioning Enhanced Refrige ant Management Measu ement and Ve i ication Green Power Ma e ials & Resources S orage and Collec ion of Recyclables Bu lding Reuse Maintain 55 % of Exis ing Wa ls Floors and Roof Bu lding Reuse Maintain 75 % of Exis ing Wa ls Floors and Roof Bu lding Reuse Maintain 95 % of Exis ing Wa ls Floors and Roof Bu lding Reuse Main ain 50 % of fit out Construction Waste Management 50 % of a l waste is ecycled Construction Waste Management 75 % of a l waste is ecycled Materials Reuse 5 % Materials Reuse 10 % Recycled Con ent 10 % Recycled Con ent 20 % Regional Materials 10 % Regional Materials 20 % Rapidly Renewable Materials Cer i ied wood Indoor Environmen al Qua ity Minimum Indoor Air Qua ity Perfo mance Environmen al Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Cont ol Outdoor Air De ivery Moni o ing Increased Vent la ion Construction Indoor Air Qua i y Management Plan During Construction Construction Indoor Air Qua i y Management Plan Before Occupancy Low Emi ting Materials Adhesives and Sealants Low Emi ting Materials Pain s and Coatings Low Emi ting Materials Floo ing Systems Low Emi ting Materials Composite Wood and Ag i iber Produc s Indoor Chemical and Pollu ant Source Con rol Contro labi i y of Sys ems Lighting Contro labi i y of Sys ems The mal Comfo t Thermal Comfort Design Thermal Comfort Ve i ication Daylight and Views Daylight 75 % of he Surface Daylight and Views Views 90 % of he Su face Innovation & Design Innova ion in Design

ID 2 RP RP 1 1 1 4

LEED Accredi ed P ofessional Regional C edits Regional P iority

R

equirement

Points 26 R 1 5 1 6 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 R 2 2 2 4 35 R R R 19 7 2 2 3 2 14 R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 R R 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 5 1 4 4

SS 100% 80% Platinum

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6 10 6 10 Plan of s andard loor Scale 1 1000 6 11 Ring chart showing the achievable cer i ication levels in he planning process 6 12 Radar chart showing he achievable credi s per ca egory (result of the LEED assessment in he design phase) 6 13 Assessment esult sho tly before comple ion 6 14 Cer i ication result aimed for according o LEED NC 3 0 (status August 2010)

120

SS Sustainable Sites WE Water Ef iciency EA Ene gy and A mosphere MR Ma e ials and Resources IEQ Indoor Envi onmen al Qua ity ID Innovations

not achievable possibly achievable very probably achievable achievable

6 11

6 12

The ndoor climate concept appl ed ensures hat the requirements of thermal comfort as ca led for n the standard ASHRAE 55 (room temperature room air speed rad ation asymmetry vertical tem perature asymmetry) are met The LEED requ rements rega ding ndividual control of thermal comfo t for at least 50 % of building users are met due to operable windows as well as thermal control pan e s in each room LEED cer ifica ion

The cl ent decided upon a LEED certifica tion at the sta t of the design stage Spe c fic investments in innovat ve technology and he result ng focus of the planning on meeting LEED requ rements were intended above all to reduce operating cos s The ce tif cation of the Kathar num project is based on the ve s on LEED NC 3 0 for New Const uction and Major Renovations The ntention of conducting the assess ment in the early des gn phase was to define he cha acter stics of he building to ach eve he des red cert fication level In the process the general likelihood of the build ng to rece ve cert fication n he essential criter a (prerequisites) was exam ned he possible cert ficat on rating was established along w th its potent al impact on costs and deadl nes those responsible in the project team were named and he approach to he cert fica tion itse f was defined The LEED assessment carried out during the plann ng phase revealed hat a s lver cert ficat on can be ach eved wi hout major changes in the design and wi hout additional const uction costs Even a gold cert ficat on was seen as poss bility Dur ng the planning process the llustra tion of the result in the form of a ring dia gram showed he cert ficat on level that could be achieved (Fig 6 11) Dur ng the planning and construction the ind v dual cr teria of the system were divided nto four categories ach evable very proba

Energy and atmosphere

Innova ion in design Final sco e

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Materials and resources Indoor environmental qua i y

C ed ts ach eved n the p ann ng phase

compact building envelope w th good nsulat on qualit es external shading devices contro led via a metrolog cal station ntelligent operat on of l ghting by means of movement sensors controlled vent lation in the living areas eff c ent plant technology shutdown of active cooling n off ce space when the w ndows a e opened

Not ach evab e cred ts

Energy and indoor c imate concept

The Kathar num is suppl ed wi h heat from the city of Le pzig s distr ct heating net work The primary energy factor of distr ct heat ng (end energy consumed d v ded by the prima y energy used in prov d ng it) is 0 42 Underfloor heating w th low supply flow tempe atures heats the inter or space A contro led vent lation system w th heat recovery m nim ses the vent lation heat ng demand of the apartments and in winter offers a h gh level of hyg enic com fort The res dents can however st ll open the w ndows The o fice spaces can be naturally ventilated by operable w ndows When the outdoor temperatures n sum mer are high the heating load n he office spaces s removed by means of a VRV (variable refr gerant volume) system In th s system a refrigerant ra her than the media water or air transpo ts the energy out of the space The windows in the office areas are fitted with electr cal contacts which interrupt the cooling system when the w ndows are opened avo ding he inefficiency hat results from open windows while he a r conditioning is runn ng The retail areas also have underfloor heat ng A vent lation system suppl es

90 1 2007 Append x G The assessment is based on an hou ly year round s mula tion of the ent re bu ld ng in which all energy elated systems and demands includ ng o fice appliances are taken nto account The ASHRAE Standard assesses the energy e ficiency of he building on he bas s of energy costs ra her than energy demands This means that he d fferent values of the var ous k nds of energy are inhe en ly cons d ered In direct compa ison to the mini mum requ rements of a reference bu ld ing according to ASHRAE Standard 90 1 2007 the planned building achieves a sav ng of 38 % n energy costs In te ms of LEED NC 3 0 h s rep esents 14 out of 19 possible po n s for the c ed t “Energy Eff ciency” The final energy demand calculated according to ASHRAE Standa d 90 1 s 46 % below the figure for the reference build ng defined in the standard The fact hat the energy sav ngs compared to he basel ne defined by EnEV 2007 (45 % primary energy sav ng) and ASHRAE 90 1 2007 (46 % final energy saving) are practically the same is coinc dental and cannot be assumed for o her projects In addit on to the characterist cs of the building ment oned above the following aspects are also responsible for the good resu ts in both assessment processes n te ms of energy e ficiency

Ach evab e cred s n the bu d ng phase

LEED Kathar num Leipz g

these areas w th fresh a r and cond tions them by means of a VRV system that is laid out acco ding to he individual spaces and can be operated in both heating and cooling modes The energy requi ements for the project were calculated during he plann ng phase accord ng to the German energy saving ordnances EnEV 2007 as well as EnEV 2009 The Katharinum achieves a f gure 45% below the legal maximum pri mary energy requirements as defined in EnEV 2007 and 22 % below the max mum f gures in EnEV 2009 According to DIN V 18 599 the primary energy demand of the building s approx 114 kWh/m a In add tion to high qual ty in terms of energy the client attached particular mportance to an energy eff c ent opera t on and carried out the commiss oning (enhanced start up and optimisation of building operation) w th own staff To ensure low energy consumption in the future the build ng operator and the facil ty management team w ll carry out energy monitoring (measurement and ver fication) This monitoring s based on a building energy simulat on n which he actual and ideal states are compared so as to dent fy the potential for opt misat on and to implement any changes The evaluation of the energy e ficiency was carried out on the basis of ASHRAE

Max mum cred s

Case Studies

the complete absence or low levels of harmful substances in the Katha inum project from the very start

Number of cred ts a med for

Certification systems for buildings, such as BREEAM, LEED or DGNB, aim to make sustainability in architecture transparent and provide a means of comparison. At the same time, the systems are subject to dynamic development, and it is very apparent that the individual systems are in competition with one another. This book provides insight into the many facets of green labels. The most important certificates with their system variants and as-

23

88 5 %

6

60 0 %

19

0

4

6

10

54 3 % 28 6 % 66 7 %

6

2

3

1

4

66 7 %

106

40

18

48

66

62 3 %

Cer ification rating (with the credi s achieved in the cons ruction phase)

Gold

including credits to be achieved in the construc ion phase 40 Not classi ied

50

Cer ified

6 13 60

80

Silver

Gold

Ka ha inum Leipzig Further 18 credits 48 credi s al eady awa ded (as of August 2010) aimed for 48

bly ach evable poss bly achievable and not ach evable A po nt or a criterion was assessed as “achievable” f the requi e ments had already been met and only had to be documented during the imple mentation The category “very probably achievable” was chosen where plaus ble assumptions had to be confirmed by a hi d person proofs or calculations were required or sma ler cost neutral changes to he des gn were to be carr ed out If mode ate econom cally v able alterations or a more stringent specif cation of the qualities were requ red the relevant point was categor sed as “possibly achieva ble” The cred ts that on account of he circumstances or the design solut on could not be mplemented in the Kathari num for a reasonable expenditure were categorised as “not ach evable” In he Ka harinum he compl ance levels n he ind v dual categor es were depicted n what a e known as radar char s wh ch relate to the assessment points as well as to he compl ance level achieved in the respect ve catego y (Fig 6 12) Upon conclus on of the detail design phase he documentat on of the criter a relevant to the design known as Design LEED Credits were subm tted to the Green Building Cert ficat on Institute (GBCI) to be assessed and checked as part of the design phase submi tal After

106 Platinum

Ce ti ica ion goal Gold

66

6 14

the questions from the GBCI in the review had been answered and clarified he GBCI conf rmed all subm tted LEED c iteria To secure the evaluation submitted to the GBCI in the category “Opt m se Energy Performance” (cred t EA 1) a formal appeals procedure was requested as the GBCI even after answers had been given to the questions from the f rst rev ew did not awa d the targeted number of po nts The appeal was accepted by the GBCI and he assessment submi ted was ulti mately confirmed Status of cert fication

Shor ly befo e complet on of the bu lding (state August 2010) it can be assumed that the LEED certificat on rating “Gold” wi l be achieved The number of credits and he compl ance levels n he ind v d ual categor es ach eved at this stage are shown n Fig 6 13 With the 48 credi s conf rmed by the GBCI in the design phase submi tal he minimum goal LEED S lver has al eady been almost achieved In the construction phase a max mum of 18 add t onal cred i s s a med at so that wi h a total of 66 possible c ed ts a good cushion s pro vided for achiev ng the LEED rating “Gold” which is awarded from 60 credi s upwards (F g 6 14) 121

International framework conditions for sustainable building Certification systems in detail: BREEAM, LEED, DGNB, MINERGIE, HQE, EU GreenBuilding Programme, CASBEE Planning processes and documentation requirements Market potential for green building certificates

2 22

43

Certification costs Project examples

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Interior Design

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Distressed appearance is key feature of extended product lines Iris Ceramica continues its collaboration with international lifestyle brand Diesel Living by launching seven new product lines of floor and wall tiles. The surfaces accentuate the aesthetic characteristics of materials marked by time and stressed by heat and light. Wood and stone combine with oxidised sheets and grids of metal, glass and cement in a continuous play of reflection and shade, offering a new outlook for contemporary living, says the company.

at the service of the world of contract.” Top is Grunge Concrete – on the wall in Rebel Black 60 ≈ 60 cm tiles and on the floor in Scratch Tan 120 ≈ 60 cm tiles. Above, left, is the 10 ≈ 30 cm Shades of Blinds wall tile in Pink with Grunge Concrete Scratch Black 120 ≈ 60 cm tile used for the flooring. Below, Combustion in Black Cracked 120 ≈ 20 cm size tile on the wall has been teamed with Combustion in Beige colourway on the floor in size 120 ≈ 30 cm.

Said the Iris Ceramic Group CEO Federica Minozzi, “If the goal of this collaboration in 2016 was to demonstrate the potential of porcelain stoneware and the ability of Iris Ceramica to make it take on original visual aspects and unexpected tactile qualities, this year it’s to develop a more extensive design disposition around these technical skills, fully capitalising on the distinct, unique character of this partnership.

Other new designs comprise: Arizona Concrete, which resembles a cement-like surface; Fence, a woven mesh decoration; Ribbed Monochrome whose surface is characterised by metallic and crazing finishes; and Ribbed Oxide, with nuances of shaded colour and relief markings giving an effect of oxidised metal. In total there are now 12 collections of surfaces, between them offering a rich colour palette with a wide choice of different finishes and decorative designs to enable the creation of individual, contemporary room schemes.

“The new offerings were designed to meet the requirements of the most demanding and creative consumer, but are also offered as a broad and alternative array of solutions

www.irisceramica.com

New colours refresh the palette Forbo Flooring Systems has refreshed its Furniture Linoleum Desktop surfacing collection with a new contemporary colour palette. The rejuvenated range now offers specifiers and designers a modern, natural surfacing material that delivers a beautiful high-end finish to a variety of furniture designs, says the company. This product has won a number of design accolades, including the Red Dot design award, the award for Good Industrial Design and the Interzum Award. Sustainability is also a key factor; Furniture Linoleum Desktop is manufactured using a very finely ground linoleum granulate, created from linseed oil and natural pine rosin, to which wood flour and colour pigments are added. The satin-matt surface is designed to acquire a patina over time and, combined with its warm and tactile texture, will give a distinctive and individual look and feel to items such as desks, chairs, doors and cabinets. Another feature is that it doesn’t show fingerprints. The new palette offers a selection of 21 shades ranging from soft and natural hues to vibrant colours, in addition to classic greys and black. www.forbo-flooring.co.uk/furniturelinoleum

Edition

Roberto Gonzalo Rainer Vallentin Planning and design of energy-efficient buildings

Passive House Design ∂ Green Books

Passive House Design Roberto Gonzalo, Rainer Vallentin, 2014. 144 pages with numerous illustrations and photos. Format 21 × 29.7 cm. ISBN 978-3-95553-220-8 Paperback: € 59.90 / £ 48.– / US $ 84.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable ∂ Green Books

Designing for energy efficiency In the course of the last two decades, the passive house standard has evolved into a key benchmark for energy-efficient construction. Passive houses are being erected in almost all parts of the world and for all types of users. At the same time, many architects are unsure about the specifics: What do passive houses really deliver, and what errors need to be avoided during planning? This book provides architects with the con-

Reference bu ldings

Passive House refurbishments

fidence required to deal with the passive house standard. It shows where there is significant scope for design and explains design strategies that lead to better passive houses. A selection of international buildings illustrate how design, construction and building technology combine in passive houses. Chapters on building physics, building services engineering and energy balancing round out the planning guidelines.

Apartment block refurbishment in Freiburg

Apartment block refurbishment Freiburg im Breisgau, D 2011 Client: Freiburger Stadtbau, Freiburg i Br Architect: Roland Rombach, Kirchzarten Bu lding services: Ingenieurbüro Lenz, Umkirch Bu lding physics: Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg i Br

10 14

The 16 storey building in Freiburg is the first high rise residential building ever to have been refurbished according to Pas sive House standard The apartment block was completed in 1968 using a serial construction method with precast concrete elements typical of that time Having been in use for 40 years, the building was in need of refurbishment The layouts of the large apartments no longer su ted the needs of the residents Furthermore, the long and narrow, loggia like balconies w thout thermal breaks were the cause for severe thermal bridges and a lack of daylight in the apartments (fig 10 19) It was for this reason that the client decided to totally restructure the floor plans, which meant that the building could not be lived in during the 18 month construction period All tenants who wanted to return after the modernisation were moved into temporary replacement accommodation Now, after the refurbishment, each level contains not six, but nine apartments with improved layouts, but less floor area Among these are 30 barrier free units Due to the reduction of floor area and cut in heating costs, the all inclusive rent per unit is lower now than it used to be before the modernisation The circulation area in the bu lding has been reduced and the former loggias enclosed so that thermal bridges are no longer an issue and the overall living area has been increased by 900 m2 This has had the effect that the layouts are now even deeper than before However, the sanitary and ancillary rooms are located in the inner darker zones; the bedrooms and iving areas, on the other hand, are positioned on the window side Bu lding construction Due to the high degree of compactness the tall structure is very beneficial in terms of energy efficiency Nevertheless, 110

Project planning and energy balancing of passive houses

10 14 Site p an scale 1 5000 10 15 View from sou h west 10 16 Section a a scale 1 1000 10 17 Standa d floor plan before the re urb shment scale 1 400 10 18 Standa d floor plan a ter he refu bishment scale 1 400 10 19 Refurbished b ock immed ately next o iden ical not yet refurb shed bui ding 10 20 En rance area 10 21 View of apartment nterior vertical supply shaft on the left

Design strategies and construction methods

10 16

Renovations using passive house components Home automation for passive houses 10 19

Detailed documentation of constructed examples

10 17

a

10 20

a 10 15

10 18

10 21

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Interior Design

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Perennial appeal of flower forms The Iris lighting range from MacMaster Design captures the characteristics of this showy flower and is described as ideal for any space that would benefit from both a sculpture and a light. All the pieces are handmade and available in oak, walnut or bespoke timber finishes. The wall light seen above measures 63 cm in height, 50 cm wide and 11 cm deep. In the same range, the floor lamp consists of curved laminations of timber that echo the shape of iris leaves. There are two sizes, the tallest standing approximately 195 cm high and 50 cm in diameter at its widest point. A structured yet organic form is created by the arrangement of the leaves and allows light to graduate upwards from within the interior of the lamp. The design is also available as a pendant light and table lamp. www.macmasterdesign.com

A study in putting on the style

Natural good looks of oak flooring

The 100th anniversary of the De Stijl movement was celebrated at this year’s Salone del Mobile in Milan. An exhibition entitled Masterly: The Dutch in Milano at the Palazzo Francesco Turati marked the movement and in particular the artist Piet Mondrian. Dutch designer Karel Bodegom made use of the Thonet S 1200 desk to present three interpretations of the artist’s early abstract work.

Hexparket by Carpenter & Hartmann is a new parquet floor from Junckers, made of solid oak. The hexagonal staves are laid to form an intricate design mimicking nature’s own geometric pattern based on equilateral triangles. The staves measure 370 mm on all sides and are 20.5 mm thick. They have a groove on each side, and an accompanying loose tongue is used in the installation process. Made in Harmony, which is Junckers’ most popular timber grade, the flooring has a natural appearance with a warm and golden glow, few knots and some colour and structural graining variation between the individual tiles.

Bodegom worked with rectangular blocks in different sizes and materials as well as the primary colours that reference Mondrian’s artistic oeuvre. Top, these typical shapes are separated by lines made with printer ink. Dark cherrywood establishes a strong contrast with the natural and black rectangles. His second piece featured red, blue and yellow blocks, whilst the third in leather and wool felt gave a tactile effect; hinting at the artist’s introverted character, a secret drawer was also added within this design. With its tubular steel frame, the S 1200 developed in 2014 was an appropriate choice, as the first experiments by Thonet with tubular steel coincided with the 1920s heyday of De Stijl. The desk is a lightweight, compact and versatile workstation for home use. www.thonet.de

It is delivered with an untreated surface to be finished on site with either a lacquer or oil. The graphic look and clean, sharp lines of the new Hexparket is counterbalanced by the natural beauty and texture of the timber, resulting in a lively, elegant floor. The company’s extensive offering covers a wide range of wood species, floor types, colours and textures, and all are guaranteed for use with underfloor heating. www.junckers.co.uk

Edition

Sebastian El khouli Viola John Martin Zeumer

Sustainable Construction Techniques

Sustainable Construction Techniques From structural design to interior fit-out: Assessing and improving the environmental impact of buildings

∂ Green Books

Sebastian El khouli, Viola John, Martin Zeumer. 2015. 152 pages with numerous drawings and photos. Format 21 × 29.7 cm. ISBN 978-3-95553-238-3 Hardcover: € 59.90 / £ 48.– / US$ 84.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable ∂ Green Books

Building for the future today What makes building materials sustainable? How to reduce the amount of embodied energy in building constructions? And how does a Life Cycle Analysis work? These are questions which are becoming increasingly more common in the context of sustainable construction. The DETAIL Green Book “Sustainable Construction Techniques” offers a thorough guide to ecological building design and sustainable construction methods, which will be par ticularly valuable for architects.

Fallbeispiele

Sanierung und Erweiterung eines Einfami ienhauses in Hamburg

Neben passiven wurden auch aktive Maß nahmen an der Gebäudehülle umgesetzt Der neu errichtete Anbau fungiert dabei als kleines lokales Kraftwerk zur Versor gung der Bewohner Als sichtbarer Bestandteil der Architektur kamen dach integrierte Solarthermie und Photovoltaik module zum Einsatz Die 19,8 m2 große Solarthermieanlage liefert in Kombination mit einer Luft Wasser Wärmepumpe Heiz wärme und Warmwasser Das System verfügt über einen m t 940 l groß dimen sionierten Warmwassertank, der sowohl die Entnahmestellen in Alt und Neubau als auch die Fußbodenheizung speist Den für den Gebäudebetrieb (Hilfsstrom inkl Wärmepumpe sowie Haushaltsstrom inkl Beleuchtung) erforderlichen Strom stellt die 75 m2 große Photovo ta kanlage bere t Die polykristallinen Zellen in der Dachhaut und die transluzenten Glas Glas Module über Terrasse und Carport sind auf jähr ich rund 7000 kWh Strom ausgelegt; Überschüsse werden ins ört i che Netz eingespeist [9] Zur Reduktion von Lüftungswärmeverlus ten sowie zur Verbesserung des Innen raumklimas und der Behaglichkeit sind darüber hinaus alle Fenster mit einer um fangreichen Sensor k ausgestattet Diese erfasst die Innenraumtemperatur, die

a

Luftfeuchte sowie die Konzentrationen von CO2 und VOC (f üchtige organische Verbindungen) in der Raumluft Eine auto matische Fenstersteuerung reguliert abhängig von den Messwerten den Min destluftwechsel und das Innenraumklima Im Gegensatz zu einer mechanischen Lüftungsanlage kommt diese Technologie ohne kostenintensiv nachgerüstete Lüf tungsschächte aus Weiterhin steuert das System auch automatisch den Sonnen und Blendschutz Der Sonnenschutz wird dabei nicht nur zur Regulierung der Innen raumtemperatur im Sommerfa l eingesetzt in kalten Winternächten sorgt er zusätz lich zur Verbesserung der Dämmwirkung und somit zur Reduktion der Transmis sionswärmeverluste durch die Fenster Durch die Sanierung sank der jährliche Endenergiebedarf des Gebäudes um fast 65 % Der Primärenergiebedarf beträgt nun 47,2 kWh/m2a und unterschreitet damit den Grenzwert der EnEV 2009 um 65,7 % Planungsprozess und erste Betriebserfahrungen

Während der Planungsphase wurde der Umgang m t dem Bestandsgebäude anhand von drei Modernisierungsvarian ten mit unterschiedlichem Budgetrahmen untersucht (Abb 6 26)

b Bas smodern sierung

Die »Basismodernisierung« sah ledig lich eine energetische Ertüchtigung der Gebäudehü le vor Die Gebäude struktur blieb ohne große Veränderun gen erhalten Gezielte Durchbrüche machten den Grundriss offener und zeitgemäßer Die Variante »Erweitungsmodernisierung« beschre bt eine Generalsanierung, bei der das Gebäude in seinen Rohzustand zurückversetzt wird Der Altbau sollte ent kernt, die Hülle energetisch saniert wer den Ergänzt wurde das Wohngebäude durch einen kleinen Anbau in Holzrah menkonstruktion Die Variante »Aktivhaus Modernisierung« beschre bt in ihren wesentlichen Grund zügen den Umbau, der letztlich in Ham burg Wilhelmsburg realisiert wurde Nach der Fertigstellung und einer Zeit der öffentlichen Ausstellung im Rahmen der IBA startete das Projekt in eine zwe jährige Testphase mit einer Probe familie Diese wurde im Rahmen eines Monitoringprogramms durch ein inter disziplinäres Forschungsteam aus Architekten, Soziologen, Gebäude und Solartechnikern betreut Sensoren und Zähler erfassten den Energie und Wasserverbrauch der Familie, die Raum temperaturen, den Tageslichtanteil, die

c Erwe tungsmodernisierung

6 26 Akt vhaus Modernis erung

Gebäudehülle

saniert

saniert

Gebäudestruktur

Durchbrüche im Grundriss

entkernt

entkernt

Dach

saniert + Dach enster

saniert + Dachfenster

neues Sparrendach + Dachfens er

Gebäudetechnik

Öl Brennwer kessel Heizkörper So arthermie + Tr nkwasserspe cher

Luft Wasser Wärmepumpe So ar hermie Pufferspeicher Fußboden he zung Trinkwasserspeicher

Luft Wasser Wä mepumpe So ar thermie + PV Pu ferspe cher Fuß bodenheizung Tr nkwasserspe cher

Anbau Platzbedarf Energiebedarf + CO Emissionen (zum unsanierten Bestand) Kosten (brutto)

bleibt bestehen + Über irstverglasung 2 3 Personen 50 % 140 000 €

san ert

kleiner Ho zrahmenbau 3 4 Personen Energie 60 % CO 274 000 €

großer Ho zrahmenbau 4 Personen

70 %

Energ e 65 % 460 000 € 6 27

112

The authors provide an overview of the most relevant databases and certification standards for building products and illustrate how a Life Cycle Analysis is conducted. They also identify key ways of optimising the planning process in line with ecological criteria, while offering advice for the selection of building materials and elements. Detailed documentation from five buildings constructed in Europe and North America serve to illustrate the associated assessment processes in this book.

6 26 Entwurfsvar an en (Grundr sse Maßs ab 1 500) a Bas smodern sierung b Erweiterungsmodern sierung c Aktivhaus Modernisierung (rea is erte Variante) 6 27 Verg eich der Entwurfsvarianten 6 28 Dachgalerie im san erten Bestandsgebäude 6 29 Schnitt Fassade/Dach Bestandsgebäude Maßs ab 1 50 1 Dach Doppe deckung Faserzement l ch grau Lattung 40/60 mm Konterlattung 30/50 mm Unterspannbahn (s = ca 0 15 m) Wärmedämmung Ho zfaserplatte 35 mm Sparren 100/220 mm dazwischen Wärme dämmung Minera wol e (WLG 035) OSB Pla te 15 mm als Dampfsperre Fugen uftdicht verklebt Gipskarton 12 5 mm 2 Fenster Dreifachverglasung in Ho z A umin um Rahmen 3 Außenwand Außenputz m neralisch 10 mm Wärmedämmung Minera wol e 200 mm Mauerwerk Bestand 240 mm nnenputz 10 mm 6 28

Innenraumluftqualität, das Verhalten der Gebäudesteuerung sowie manuelle Ein griffe Neben quant fizierbaren Messgrößen wur den auch Alltagserfahrungen der Bewoh ner mit dem Gebäude über Interviews, Fragebögen und ein Onlinetagebuch auf gezeichnet Auf diese Weise hoffen die Soziologen, Faktoren identifizieren zu können, mit denen sich das Wohlbefinden in Gebäuden über den heutigen Wissen stand hinaus wissenschaftlich quantifizie ren lässt Erfahrungen aus dem ersten Jahr zeigen, dass die Maxime der Ressourcenscho nung mit jener der Wohnqualität gut in Einklang gebracht werden konnten Die Erträge der Photovoltaikanlage übertreffen die Ka kulation um etwa 10 %, Heizwärme und Warmwasserbedarf fallen (mit zusammen 58 kWh/m2a statt der voraus berechneten 84 kWh/m2a) rund 30 % geringer aus als erwartet Im Sommer übersteigt der Wärmegewinn aus der solarthermischen Anlage den Bedarf der vierköpfigen Fam lie deutlich Lediglich der Stromverbrauch der Anlagentechnik liegt über den theoretischen Berechnun gen Insgesamt beträgt die gemessene Abweichung etwa 55 % oder absolut rund 2500 kWh , sodass das Ziel des Nettonullenergiebedarfs im ersten Betriebsjahr um ca 2300 kWh verfeh t wurde Dies ist unter anderem auf die zu groß dimensionierte Solarthermieanlage und die daraus resultierende Notwendig keit zurückzuführen, überschüssige Erträge durch die Wärmepumpe an die Außenluft abzugeben Um die sommer lichen Überschüsse künftig nutzbar zu

machen, wurde die Gebäudetechnik für das zweite Testjahr um eine Geothermie anlage zur saisonalen thermischen Zwi schenspeicherung ergänzt Dam t soll die im Sommer in den Erdboden einge speiste Wärme künftig im Winter zu Heiz zwecken zur Verfügung stehen Sowohl im Alt als auch im Neubau stel len sich bezogen auf Normen des Kom fortmonitorings [10] ganzjährig eine hohe thermische Behag ichkeit sowie Qual tät der Raumluft ein Nur selten kommt es zu Überhitzungen [11] Die Jahresverteilung der Temperaturen (Abb 6 30, S 114) an unterschiedlichen Messpunkten im Gebäude zeigt, dass vor allem die Räume im Erdgeschoss des A tbaus durch die vorhandene Speichermasse weniger stark auskühlten und überhitzten Das massive Mauer werk sowie die Durchlüftung im Treppen raum sorgen für den intendierten Kamin effekt Der leichte Anbau in Holzständer bauweise verhält sich thermisch ähn ich wie die Räume im Obergeschoss des Altbaus, bei denen die (leichte) Dach konstruktion den größten Teil der Hüll fläche bildet Die Nutzer selbst berichten, dass sie den Neubau im Sommer trotz der Verschattungsmöglichkeiten zeit weise als zu warm wahrnehmen An kalten Wintertagen wird von unangeneh mem Luftzug berichtet Die automatische Öffnung der Fenster über Sensoren ist zudem nicht geräuschlos und wird ins besondere im Altbau (in den privaten Räumen) zeitweise als störend beschrie ben In der Nacht schalten sie die Gebäu desteuerung daher manchmal komplett aus [12]

Life Cycle Analysis for buildings Embodied energy and recycling-friendly construction Key certification standards and databases Design optimisation during the planning process

1

Comprehensive documentation of building projects 2

3

6 29

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Solar Power, Solar Protection

Glass and metal fins provide screening, shading, ventilation and solar panels The Francis Crick Institute in central London boasts custom-designed solar PV panels and screening solutions supplied and installed by Levolux. Designed to achieve a BREEAM ‘Excellent’ rating by architects from HOK with PLP Architecture, it is one of Europe’s largest biomedical research centres and is equipped with a vast array of specialist, highly sensitive plant and equipment, much of it located at roof level. To satisfy planning requirements, it was necessary to limit the visual impact of the building, particularly at high level, as it overlooks St Pancras International Station, the British Library and housing in the Somers Town area of Camden. The roof screening extends 160 m in length and 80 m in width, reaching up to more than 43 m above street level. The structure resembles a modern vaulted roof, divided into two interlocking shells with each shell formed from a variety of screening fins, or louvres, that combine to create an attractive, multifunctional enclosure. Solid, perforated and twisted aluminium fins all feature, along with glass fins. Around 2,400 screening fins in widths of 150 to 750 mm and lengths of up to 9 m were de-

signed, fabricated, supplied and installed. The screening provides shading and a naturally ventilated enclosure to allow mechanical and electrical plant and equipment to operate efficiently, and also incorporates what is said to be one of the largest building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) installations in the UK. Over 800 custom-built solar panels have been incorporated into more than 400 of the glass fins, fixed to south-facing sections of the roof. The laminated glass PV fins are formed from toughened glass, sandwiching a PVB interlayer and mono-crystalline PV cells. In addition, the company supplied and installed the associated micro inverters, isolator boxes and two central distribution boxes, mounted within a PV plant room. The complete PV array, which is connected to the Building Grid, the BMS and EMS, is expected to generate around 204,200 kWh/ year from a renewable energy source. This helps to satisfy the energy demands of the institute, while significantly reducing its environmental footprint. Beneath the myriad of fins that cloak the roof, HP75 and HP50 ventilation louvres, with pitches of 75 and 50 mm respectively,

were installed to create protective enclosures around key items of plant and equipment. The extruded aluminium louvres are designed to provide optimum levels of airflow and weather resistance. Levolux products were also specified, in the form of a brightly coloured solar shading solution, for the Meadowvale Community Centre and Library in Mississauga, near Toronto in Canada. The building reopened last year after an extensive refurbishment costing around $37 million. To satisfy LEED Silver specifications the development capitalised on state-of-the-art technologies, including incorporating external solar shading on east and west-facing elevations as seen below, right and centre. The Infiniti® Fin system was combined with the Triniti® bracket, which incorporates a comprehensive thermal break. As a form of brise soleil, the 350 vertical fins are angled at 45 ° to counter the sun as it passes across the sky, and the aluminium fins create a striking feature in colours from greens and blues to lilac and purple. www.levolux.com

Edition

Holistic Housing Hans Drexler, Sebastian El khouli, 2012. 288 pages with many illustrations, graphics and photos. 24 × 33 cm. ISBN 978-3-920034-78-2 Paperback: € 49.– / £ 40.– / US$ 69.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable

Sustainability from the ground up “Holistic Housing. Concepts, Design Strategies and Processes” is a fundamental reference work on housing construction. The book deals with the issue of sustainability in a planning context but also analyses a building’s usage and ageing over its ‘life cycle’. A system of criteria specially developed in an accompanying research project can be used to compare and evaluate buildings. It can also be used as a tool for optimising the sustainability of buildings in development during the planning process. By contrast, most existing sustainability systems are conceived not as design and planning tools, but

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as instruments for evaluating finished buildings and completed planning. 15 practical examples explain the ways in which these criteria and other aspects of sustainable building can be implemented in sophisticated architecture and how these can then be experienced. A system developed from analysing the examples is used to classify and compare the buildings. The building’s significance as a lived environment is also not neglected here: sustainability develops in a dialogue between a building and its users, with an emphasis on residential usage.

7.8 FEHLMANN SITE

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Housing construction for the future

RECOVERED FEHLMANN SITE, BOB GYSIN + PARTNER BGP ARCHITEKTEN

Anchoring sustainability in the design and planning process

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PARTIES CONCERNED Client: Architects: Engineer: Energy planner: Landscape des gn: Tree conservation: General contractor:

AXA Versicherungen AG Bob Gys n + Partner BGP Architekten ETH SIA BSA, Zurich Dr. J. Grob & Partner AG, Winterthur Gruenberg + Partner AG, Zur ch vetschpartner Landschaftsarchitekten AG, Zurich Woodt i Baumpflege Ost AG, Märwil Implenia Generalunternehmung AG

PAR AMETERS Site: Geodata: Planning period: Construct on period:

Use: Accommoda ion:

Users: Plot size: Floor space: Gross floor space: Main usable area: Energy reference area: Occupancy ndex: Floor space index: Gross capacity: Land use: Living space:

Building costs:

Win erthur, Sw tzerland 47°30‘0.72“N – 8°44‘12.69“E 01 Site p an, scale 1 : 20,000 1999 (competit on) – 2006 2007 – 2008 1st + 2nd phase Living in a green environment is still a widespread ideal. (5 bui dings)/2009 – 2010 A house of one’s own with a small garden, a safe place 3rd phase (1 building), for the children to play, where one can escape from the 4th phase to be completed 57 apartments, 10 of which hectic pace and noise of the city at the end of the workcondominiums ing day and at weekends. The consequences are known 7 x 2.5-room apartments and vis ble wherever one turns. The architecture critic 20 x 3.5-room apartments Benedikt Loderer has sa d that the h'ÚRKHODRSi (roughly 22 x 4.5-room apartmen s the hBNLOTKRHUD CDRHQD ENQ GNLD NVMDQRGHOi) HR SN AK@LD 8 x 5.5-room apartments approx. 140 residential users + ENQ TQA@M ROQ@VK HM 2V SYDQK@MC, and few would contra30 workspaces in the former villa dict the statement. But the endless patchwork of row 14,636 m houses and single-family homes is not only spreading 3,945 m across the countryside and leisure areas near the c ty, 10 004 m but is also linked to a correspondingly steep increase in 7,163 m 9,666 m energy required for mobility, which cannot be halted 0.27 w th more energy-efficient houses and vehicles alone. 0.68 32 150 m The alternatives that are usually offered are not regard(w thout ex sting buildings) 99m plot size res dent ed as equal by a majority of people. Not everyone is 28m floor space resident enchanted by the dea of enjoying their evenings after a 51 m /resident – average workday in densely developed inner-c ty districts, surSwitzerland: 44, average rounded by trendy ca es, organic food shops and parkWinterthur: 52 ing chaos, and to raise their children there – regardless approx. 19 000,000 CHF (1st + 2nd phase) of how many day care centres and playgrounds the area 3,095 CHF m gross f oor space might offer. But central and qu et properties are rare (1st + 2nd phase) and unaffordable for a large part of the popu ation; 4,330 CHF m ma n usab e area development to a degree of density that preserves the (1st + 2nd phase) sense of living in a green environment is therefore a 680 CHF/m gross capacity (1st + 2nd phase, ncl. underground garage) challenge.

Specially developed system for direct comparisons and easy evaluation of buildings Sustainability in a dialogue between a home and its residents

detail.de/sustainable

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Solar Power and Solar Protection

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Slate roof and integrated solar PV With a commission to install solar panels on the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service’s building in central Glasgow, Forster Roofing found during its inspection that the existing slate-composite roof had less than 10 years life left. The project was therefore expanded to incorporate the renewal of the entire 1,800 m2 roof covering.

Metal mesh external blinds filter sunlight and offer privacy A major extension to a private residence in Stuttgart in Germany by Behnisch Architects has made use of external sun protection from GKD. The unobtrusive structure of the new upper floor takes account of the building’s exposed location – the 1930s house is situated above the town on a quiet hillside △ so, rather than fitting a pitched roof, the decision was taken to build this large, glazed second floor.

mesh were used to create the cable-operated blinds. The profile-free corners and the weight of the system, due to the size of the elements, presented particular challenges during assembly. Eleven elements, each one measuring up to 3.76 m wide and 2.4 m high, reinforce the symmetrical design of the whole building with their linear arrangement, interrupted only by the vertical struts of the window frames.

The extension, of approximately 150 sq.m, offers an open impression and thus does not dominate the traditional stonework of the lower floor. Overhangs on the west and south sides underline the horizontally oriented structure; these function as canopies to provide cover for seating areas in the garden and also visually they act as separation lines, dividing the structurally unmodified ground floor from the new roof system.

The GKD Licorne 13A mesh is said to dissipate 80 % of the solar energy input through reflection or diffusion. This reduces the cost of cooling the rooms in summer to a minimum and makes a solar energy gain possible in winter. The mesh sun shades act as a transparent filter, giving unobstructed views of the countryside whilst offering privacy to the residents in the daytime.

Floor-to-ceiling, triple-glazed windows in narrow wood frames produce a light-flooded upper floor. The external, roll-up sun protection, of metallic spiral mesh, is designed to guarantee a pleasant indoor atmosphere even in the height of summer as the motorised blinds prevent overheating but without compromising views of the surrounding countryside. Around 120 sq.m of aluminium

During the evening, exterior spotlights put the shimmering blinds centre stage and also prevent the interiors being visible from the outside. When rolled up, the corrosion-resistant and virtually maintenance-free blind system disappears under the fascia and allows the elegance of the private residence to speak for itself. www.gkd.de

The roof structure was not designed to withstand the weight of natural slate, so 25,000 Redland lightweight Cambrian Slates were specified in Slate Grey to echo the previous roof colour. Made from over 60 % recycled Welsh slate, these are designed to reflect the beauty and character of slate, with surface patterning taken from impressions of natural slates, combined with high performance and installed-cost benefits. Lightweight with a thin leading edge and proven on pitches as low as 15 °, the slates are suitable for a wide range of projects. When installed with recommended fixings under the Redland SpecMaster service, the whole roof is backed by a 15-year weathertightness, durability and design liability guarantee. Forster md Steve Scott said that the product complemented the existing roofscape and was also easy to fix, providing a very secure covering whilst enhancing the slate appearance of the roof. The roofing company also installed a total of 96 solar panels of 270 Wp across two of the roof slopes. All the work had to be carried out on this sensitive building whilst it was fully operational. The clean, self-generated solar energy is now providing power to the offices and helping to reduce the carbon footprint of the building. In addition, the Cambrian slates’ sleek finish aligned perfectly with the integrated solar PV on the roof, commented Steve Scott. www.redland.co.uk

Edition

Building Across Worlds International Projects by Architects von Gerkan, Marg und Partner

Building Across Worlds · International Projects by Architects von Gerkan, Marg und Partner: 160 pages with numerous drawings and photos. 2016. Format 23 × 29.7 cm. ISBN 978-3-95553-319-9 Hardcover: € 59.90 / £ 48.– / US$ 84.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable

A look back at 50 years of von Gerkan, Marg und Partner Over the past 50 years, the architectural office von Gerkan, Marg und Partner has realised 400 projects worldwide – from single-family homes to cultural edifices and office buildings, from transport facilities to master plans. Many of the buildings were constructed throughout Asia – yet how to build in the cultural environment and on the proper scale in China and Vietnam, for example? What sort of knowledge can be transferred from construction work in Europe – and how much do construction projects, in their sociologically and

culturally familiar contexts, benefit from the experienced gained there? Various principles, conditions and times determine the context in which gmp operates. The extract included herein from the gmp portfolio draws parallels between current domestic and international projects, while supplemental references to earlier buildings offer a look back at the office‘s development. Here, the focus is primarily on the question of how knowledge and experience engage in a dialogue with design work based on rationality.

Cultural buildings – Multifunctional offers and existing structures Tianjin Grand Theater

With the new concept for the concert hall and the integration of the public library into the Culture Palace the building which was opened in 1969 resumes its original cen tral role as an urban cultural meeting point Its unique central position between Altmarkt the Schloss and Neumarkt is ideal for a venue with many functions which through its spa ial and conceptual openness is once again becoming a meeting place for citizens The original rooms the sequence of which around the central concert hall is being retained with the foyers facing the Altmarkt are being refurbished in keeping with the historic structure together with the choir rehearsal hall and the central stairwells wh le the facades are being upgraded to modern energy standards A new concert hall is being created in the central part of the building This w ll be the main venue of the Dresden Ph lharmonic Orchestra as we l as offering the possibility of multifunc tional use Further functions include a caba ret hall the Frauenkirche Visitors Center and the Dresden Information Office The Grand Theater occupies the key posi tion in he newly bu lt Culture Park of Tianjin The circular shape of the roof construction corresponds with the exis ing Museum of Natural History so that an architectural dia

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Cultural bui dings

Typologies and construction projects in various scales – from housing to sport centers and cultural building

Culture Palace Dresden

logue of an earth bound and a “floating” cir cular volume is created to both ends of the park Earth and sky represent a fundamen tal thinking in Chinese philosophy The roof volume of the Grand Theater opens up toward the broad water surface l ke an open sea shell Opera hall concert ha l and the small multifunctional hall are exposed to the water surface ike pearls inside this shell

Projects (among others): Kunsthalle Mannheim, Hanoi Museum, Olympic Stadium Kiev, Kulturpalast in Dresden, Tianjin Grand Theatre

Tianj n Grand Theater ( eft) Culture Palace Dresden (bottom)

A stage for theater and urban life The three venues are conceived as free standing volumes on a stone base Broad stairways connect the stone base with the raised plaza creating a kind of stage for urban ife which overlooks the lake and the Culture Park With the new concept for the concert hall and the integration of the public library into the Culture Palace the building which was opened in 1969 resumes its original central role as an urban cultural

Tianj n Grand Theater Tianj n (CN) 2012 Gross f oor area 59 000 m² Opern hall 1 600 seats Con cert hall 1 200 seats Multifunctional hall 400 seats

European and Asian projects considered and evaluated in context

Cu ture Palace Dres den (D) Anticipated complet on 2017 Gross floor area 37 000 m² Concert hall Dresden Philhar monic Orchestra 1 818 seats “Herkuleskeule” cab aret hall 260 seats

Cultural bui dings

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Solar Power and Solar Protection

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

New louvre-blade shading systems Schueco UK is updating its sun-shading offering with three new launches – two large louvre-blade ALB systems that allow architects and specifiers maximum design freedom and a third utilising C-shaped and Zshaped blades, said to be a new departure in blade design.

Decorative sun protection follows the curve and enhances the style Motorised folding aluminium shutters from Hunter Douglas feature on the deluxe villas seen above, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea in Israel and giving a very decorative visual effect as well as reducing solar glare. The first floors on the south-eastern side of these clifftop villas near Tel Aviv are fitted with the perforated shutters, which filter the sunlight but still have a view to the outside when closed. The challenge for the company was to design a curved facade of motorised shutters that close at 180 ° and conceal the runners to ensure that a flat, uniform surface is created when they are closed. Operated by a central control system, they can also be operated manually. Said Salko Kapetanovic of Hunter Douglas, “When the shutters are open the external facade changes dramatically and, because they open wide, users achieve a maximum outward view.” The complex was designed by Ilan Pivko, and the Israeli architect also designed 12 different shutter perforation patterns to create an air of individuality for each villa. The full height of the lobby building at the centre of the complex is covered with aluminium sheets painted white, with a finish identical to the shutters. The aluminium components

can be anodised or powder coated, in three RAL colour ranges △ standard, metallic and pearl △ although other standards such as NCS and Pantone may be specified. Profiles can be coated with the Softcoat System, combining high scratch resistance with a smooth gloss of 4 % and the shutters can be made in custom materials, from 530 to 590 mm wide and up to 3,600 mm high. Also from Hunter Douglas is an indoor screening solution (below, left and centre) in the form of a new fabric for blinds that combines light- and heat-control properties yet retains good indoor-to-outdoor visibility. The Sunscreen Panama Chrome uses fibreglass and PVC to provide high levels of durability and is said to achieve a solar reflectance value of more than 75 %. The range has BREEAM-NL/EN145032based Glare Control 3 due to its special metal coating, which is designed to ensure an essential diffuse light transmission value of less than 2 %. These new blinds are available in white, white linen, white pearl, black pearl and black. www.hunterdouglas.co.uk

The first ALB system, designated ‘hi-tech’, is designed to provide highly effective shading unaffected by wind. The louvre blades come in a variety of different geometries, colours and arrangements; when mounted vertically, they may be specified in an active configuration. Blades are made from formed sheet metal profiles mounted on a carrier tube △ the latter is a crucial component, having a flat top that allows blades of differing contours to be attached. With its rectangular- and parallelogramshaped blades, the second large louvreblade system can also be installed vertically or horizontally and may be passive or active. Particular benefits include maximum light penetration, increased internal comfort and reduced thermal loading. Blade widths are 250, 300 and 400 mm rectangular and 300 mm for the parallelogram blades. The wind-proof system can be seamlessly attached to Schueco windows and facades by means of standard interfaces. Finally, the third sun-shading system, with C-shaped and Z-shaped louvre blades, is designed to provide year-round weather protection, unaffected by wind or rain. The system can be configured as horizontal or cantilevered shading, comes in a range of geometries and widths and can also be used to protect a building against birds and insects. Distance between blades can be modified to take account of local conditions and the position of the sun, so making it easy to significantly reduce thermal loads throughout the day. www.schueco.co.uk

Edition

The Future of Building: Perspectives

The Future of Building: Perspectives Methods, Objectives, Prospects

2012. With contributions from: Petra von Both, Philipp Dohmen, Nils Fischer, Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler, Hans-Dieter Hegner, Andres Lepik, Alexander Rieck, Markus Schlegel, Matthias Schuler, Alain Thierstein, Oskar Zieta. 152 pages. Format 19 × 23.5 cm. ISBN 978-3-920034-74-4 Paperback: € 36.– / £ 29.– / US $ 51.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable

Applied research in construction engineering Almost no other discipline defines the world of tomorrow more than architecture. That’s why architects and professional planners, builders and companies are already defining future building parameters today – to meet the developments and challenges of tomorrow. This publication brings together different voices about the future of construction, which, from the perspective of experts and

Concerning he scope of tendencies towards individualisation, see The Operationality of Data and Material » p. 15, Parametric Design Systems » p. 43, 52, Construction Processes of the Future » p. 128

17 http //insm de/ nsm/Akt onen/ Lexikon/i/Individualisierung html (accessed on 05 08 2011)

18 bid

This diversification of target groups is now also being seen within the field of urban development hat, by targeted use of milieu studies ( for example by the Sinus Institute, ht p://www sinusinstitut.de/loesungen/sinus milieus. html, accessed on 05.08 2011), in addition to age and income structures, also uses equally group- pecific sociocultural aspects and value systems as a basis for planning.

19 Pil er Frank T Mass Custom zation A Strategic Concept for Compet t on n the In ormat on Age Wiesbaden 2006 20 Dörf inger Markus Marxt Christian Mass Customization New Potential through Customer Spec fic Mass Production (I) Combination of Effi cient Mass Product on with Cus tomer specific Indiv dual Product on n o Management 03/2001

24

However, similarly as the prefabricated house, the modular system approach tended to be pushed into the background during the phase of individualisation – especially in the field of residential building – that began in the 1980s.

Individualisation and mass customisation

EISAN research project at the University of Karlsruhe, as well as the subsequent automated manufacture and assembly based on an individual measurement and topological analysis of buildings.

Automated one-off production

Individualised system building attempts to expand the planning freedom that is generally limited by consequently employing a systematised modular building system. It aims to achieve this by combining standardised system components with individual details in order to create customerspecific solutions. However, the disadvantages of limited individual planning solutions associated with system building cannot be fully compensated by this rather configuration-based approach. Still, such an approach, when based on parameterisable components, can be suitable for renovation projects, and particularly energy-efficiency modernisation. Figure 25 | 1 shows the elementisation and parameterisation of a thermal insulation composite system realised as part of the

Another highly promising approach for the efficient project-specific development of one-off products is automated manufacture , also referred to as CAD/CAM integration (Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing). A prerequisite for this is an integrated planning and manufacturing process based on CAx technologies. This requires the existence of a complete digital, and thus, validatable description of the planning object by means of a virtual building model (Building Information Modelling – BIM), which can represent the various structural, functional, and technical aspects, as well as manufacturing-related constraints. The BIM then serves as data reference for later manufacture.21 Numerous studies show that it is possible to create a considerable added value through the increased use and further development of this integrated BIM approach.22 Studies in the USA indicate savings potentials of up to 50 percent in terms of time and costs with effective use of BIM and also make it clear that the additional costs resulting from insufficient interoperability in construction projects in the USA account for approximately 4 3 percent of total costs. This is equivalent to an annual cost factor of 15.8 billion dollars in the USA alone.23 The buzzword “virtual engineering” refers to the development and application of a model-based planning methodology rooted in an expanded BIM approach. However, this relates not only to the interlinking of the software used; the interface to digital scanning tools, output media, and visualisation media also plays an important role. The aim is to create a continuous process from the real object context to the virtual planning model and combined CAD and CAM technologies, as well as rapid prototyping (RP). Within the building industry, this integrated BIM approach to linking planning and manufacture has primarily been adopted in practice by the larger general contractors and coordinating contractors, since these are able to exploit a high added value. This is due to the high degree of continuity within their own in-house processes. In addition to a considerable increase in efficiency, adherence to deadlines, and cost certainty, this also leads to a significant improvement in product quality. In steel construction, for example, tolerances of less than 0.1 millimetres can be achieved through systematic CAD-CAM control of the manufacturing machines.24 Particularly in infrastructure projects where quality is critical, such as the construction of rapid transit rail lines, the use of CAD/CAM can become a decisive competitive factor. In concrete construction, the com-

Industrialisation versus Individualisation

Petra von Both

Individualisation can be observed in both socio-cultural and economic terms. In the 1980s the sociologist Ulrich Beck contributed substantially to this topic, which also plays an important role in the discussion relating to social change within modern society, involving a “dissolution of traditional ways of living, lifestyle norms and behavioural orientations”17. One important aspect here is the individualisation of the value system: from an economic viewpoint, individualisation can also be seen as a “trademark and competitive factor”.18 An improved focus on customers on the part of corporations, combined with precisely specified market and target group orientation of products and services enables providing products that are individually tailored to customers. Developed in recent years and related to above described processes, the approach of “mass customisation” 19 attempts to combine the advantages of individual manufacture with the principles of mass production. The idea behind this is to serve a relatively large market and simultaneously be able to take into account individual customer requirements without exceeding the costs of standard products. This is achieved through an increase in the diversity of available variants, as well as more efficient customer-specific product development through improved planning and manufacturing. The aim is to place individual products in mass markets, while costs remain stable or even decline.20 In order to achieve this, modern production technologies are combined with the principles of e-commerce. But how can this approach be applied to the building industry?

Individualised system building

New Methods and Technologies

researchers, largely determines discourse on the subject. Economic, political and demographic developments are also taken into consideration, while issues concerning energy and design are discussed along with advanced manufacturing processes. In their essays, each author presents scientific research and experience, culminating in a colourful kaleidoscope and a vision of the future.

Concerning fur her a pects of the integration of planning, construction, and manufacturing processes, see also » p. 21 as well as The Operationality of Data and Material » p. 9, Material, Information, Technology » p. 31, Parametric Design Systems » p. 43, Construction Processes of he Future » p. 126

Building

Trends, developments and predictions for the architecture of tomorrow

Facade survey Topological analysis Elementisat on/ Parameterisation Customisation/ Manufacture/ Logist cs

Presentation of scientific methods based on actual research

Assembly

25|1 Parametric planning as a basis for individual scalabil ty

Results of extensive research projects and how they relate, including the resulting implications for the future

21 Both Petra von Integrated P oduct Lifecycle Management Strateg es for ach ev ng a continuous process ntegration in the building ndustry In Verband deutscher Ingen eure VDI Yearbook 2008 Düsse dorf 2007

22 Maisberger Whiteoaks New Business Potent al for Architects and Engineers Study commissioned by Nemetschek AG Munich 2005 see note 2

Opportunities for research into trends in architecture

23 Ga laher Michael P et al Cost Analy sis of nadequate Inter Operabil ty n the U S Cap tal Faci ities ndustry U S Department of Commerce Techno ogy Administration National Inst tute of Standards and Techno ogy Gaithersburg MD 2004

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2017 ¥ 4 ∂

CAD, Software and BIM

Upgraded software is designed to be faster and easier to share with clients Vectorworks 2017 BIM software includes more than 100 updates designed to simplify and speed up workflows and enhance project sharing, with over 70 % of the features stemming from direct user feedback. The Resource Manager enables designers to create, find, edit and apply desired resources to their projects. Offering direct browsing of resources from multiple content locations, this new feature also includes all the Service Select libraries for subscription users. With advanced door and window object styles, architects have improved flexibility in design processes when modifying the style, data and geometry of doors and windows in their models and producing accurate worksheets in a few quick clicks. The improvements simplify BIM workflows and management of sweeping model changes. The Slab Drainage tool allows designers to create sloped slabs and flat roofs featuring tapered components. This feature will help inform design decisions, document all essential data and allow for easy change management across a given BIM design. Cloud integration allows project files to be saved in Dropbox, OneDrive, Google Drive and Box. There are also more options to customise multiuser workflows with the abili-

ty to check out individual objects or layers. Professionals can easily share designs with clients and collaborators using the software’s immersive web view and virtual reality features – this generates a link that allows anyone, anywhere, to view and experience models in 3D on any device without any additional hardware. The company has just announced version 2.5 of the SimTread pedestrian simulation add-on for its 2017 software, available to purchase separately. Created by Japanese distributor A&A Co Ltd, in partnership with Waseda University and Takenaka Corporation, the software helps in simulating and analysing a variety of crowd-control needs such as building egress and traffic flow. Updates include a more detailed analysis that offers the ability to efficiently add timedependent events like evacuations as well as account for needs of different occupants, such as individuals in wheelchairs. Vectorworks Architect is claimed to have the largest number of import and export capabilities in the industry, allowing designers to seamlessly collaborate and share with all involved in the design process from concept to construction in one platform. From 2D

drafting and 3D modelling to creating coordinated construction documents and fully developed BIM models, its broad set of design and BIM capabilities allow architects to do more than just information modelling, whilst increasing productivity and unlocking creativity, states the company. The third annual Vectorworks Design Summit, aimed at professionals, educators and students in the AEC, landscape and entertainment industries, runs from September 18 to 20 at the Baltimore Marriott Waterfront Hotel in Maryland, USA. The conference will include three days of industry sessions, technical support, networking events and keynote addresses, as well as hands-on training opportunities. Session and training topics span a variety of areas, including the basics of Building Information Modelling (BIM), moving from 2D to 3D modelling, water-efficient landscape design, working with DWG files and graphical scripting. For full details including registration and accommodation costs, use the ‘design-summit’ website below. www.vectorworks.co.uk www.vectorworks.net/design-summit

∂ 2017 ¥ 4

∂ Newsletter

Downloading BIM models made simpler Eurocell has reimagined the way designers and specifiers access its BIM models, and the result is the BIM Centre, where finding and downloading the right models is designed to be quick and simple, and updates are delivered automatically. Users sign up free and can then use the new search-andfilter tool to find the models needed. Rather than downloading them one-by-one, these all go into a BIM basket to be downloaded at the end of the process. The downloaded models are also stored in a personalised BIM library for easy access at a later date. And by signing up for automated updates, BIM Centre members will receive an email to let them know when models have changed. A ‘Request a BIM’ function is available for specifiers when they can’t find the model they need, handled by the company’s technical support team. “We know from talking to our customers that getting the right BIM models can sometimes be a frustrating and time-consuming experience,” commented head of marketing Chris Coxon. “The idea behind our BIM Centre was to make everything as hassle-free as possible, and to make sure that people always have access to the latest information.” At the launch of BIM Centre it contained nearly 40 models covering the company’s most popular ranges, Modus and Eurologik; that number is growing all the time as new models are being added. The models are in RFA or Revit Family format, which requires Autodesk Revit software. www.eurocell.co.uk

REGISTER NOW Read about the latest developments in architecture and design: Every day, we keep you up to date with background on groundbreaking construction projects, research news and the most important events, as well as providing information on our magazine topics and new book releases.

Intelligent lighting design system LED and HID lighting specialist Venture Lighting Europe has recently unveiled a new and refreshed website to display its range of products and technologies. The company upgraded the site to match new branding developed alongside the launch of its latest product catalogue, featuring new ranges which include LED Edge Lit Panels, Glass Tubes, LED Midibays and Highbays and IDT Streetlights. The website also features a new Lighting Design Tool, enabling specifiers and designers to select the luminaires and calculate, design and build the lighting scheme for a project. The company says this will help improve the product selection process and overall user experience. The intelligent system requires users to select a product that is compatible with the programme and gives the ability to adjust room measurements, reflectance and lux levels and lighting layout until a solution is found that is right for the scheme. The Lighting Design Tool is displayed alongside the technical data for each product for easy access to all information needed. Venture Lighting has also incorporated a Product Builder into the structure of the website to enhance the new product selection process. This means users can select additional drivers, sensors and emergency modules for the chosen luminaire and download a product data sheet containing the complete information. The new design is intended to make it easier to browse and find products, as the full range is categorised into applications including commercial, industrial floodlighting, street lighting, emergency, domestic and retrofit lamps. These categories have been updated to include the new VLUMA and Emerg-EVAC brands.

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BUILDINGS ·

Graphic interpretation: Le Signe National Graphic Design Centre The Le Signe National Graphic Design Centre stands out as an expressive duo of buildings involving a combination of a new structure with an existing one.

» Read more «

BLOG ·

What we really want: The Y-House by MVRDV The Y-House has a pretty good chance of becoming a highlight in the housing district that is currently coming about north-east of Tainan and design interest.

» Read more «

ARCHITECTURE ·

Pixelated: New Science Building for Dulwich College The new building for this college in the south of London is the first school structure in the portfolio of the well-known Grimshaw architecture studio.

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www.venturelightingeurope.com

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CAD, Software and BIM

2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Calculating for construction Kingspan Insulation is helping to streamline the specification process with the release of over 500 new flat-roof BIM objects. They cover a wide range of green- and warm-roof constructions, all featuring high-performance Therma range products. From the intuitive U-value Calculator menu users can specify their desired U-value and adjust virtually any element within the construction.

Technical and online services Rainwater and eaves systems manufacturer Marley Alutec offers what is said to be one of the largest BIM object libraries in the sector, with its entire product portfolio available as intelligent, parametric, 3D Revit BIM objects, available through bimstore. Additionally, its team of technical experts can advise on best practice as well as problem-solve any current project challenges, with its extensive ranges of sustainable and innovative products, all of which have been designed to provide life expectancies of 50 years or more. The full technical service ranges from the development of initial designs to the delivery of detailed estimates and on-site assistance. Products include the Evoke range of aluminium fascias, soffits and copings, manufactured to withstand hurricane force winds, the cast-iron replica Tudor downpipe range and the modern Aligator Boxer Gutter profile, as well as the flush-fit circular aluminium downpipe system. Marley Alutec comments that it has a wealth of experience in helping local authorities and housing associations to build and maintain properties to meet the demands of 21st century housing requirements, including performance, durability, sustainability and aesthetic characteristics. Recently the company has assisted Sheffield City Council in Europe’s largest reroofing project with bespoke designs as well as a number of housing associations on flagship developments, as a result of its products having been specified to meet key requirements such as low life-cycle costs, ease of installation and virtually zero maintenance needs. www.marleyalutec.co.uk

By ticking a request box at the end of the calculation process, BIM objects for Therma range flat-roof constructions can be sent via email along with the U-value calculations. The objects are attached as a zip file in both IFC and Revit formats. In addition to the new flat roof objects, a wide range of BIM product objects is also available for free download from the NBS National BIM Library. The U-value Calculator is available as a free app for Apple, Android and Windows devices. It includes over 8,000 calculations for floors, walls and roofs, all pre-calculated by a member of the company’s technical services department who is approved under the BBA/TIMSA Scheme for Calculation Competency Part 1 – U-value and condensation risk. Where appropriate, these calculations also take into account fixings and bridging factors. Kingspan recently announced that two new products have joined its Kooltherm K100 Range, designed to deliver lower U-values with a minimal construction thickness. These latest additions are the K112 Framing Board and K107 Pitched Roof Board. Their fibrefree insulation core has a thermal conductivity of 0.018 W/m.K across all available board thicknesses, so offering the freedom of design without having to compromise on internal space. www.kingspaninsulation.co.uk

Photorealistic finishes plug-in Shaderlight is an interactive rendering software plug-in to SketchUp designed to enable the creation of high-quality images quickly and simply, and aimed at architects and designers looking to take their SketchUp models to the next level as photorealistic images or animations. The software uses progressive rendering – this means that a constantly updating render of the scene is maintained in the Shaderlight window whilst the user continues to work inside SketchUp. Alternatively, users can switch to ‘Tiled mode’ to render the image at final resolution for presentation. The company says that, unlike some more complex rendering solutions that can make it difficult to get a photorealistic finish, this product uses a simple toolset to access physically accurate lighting and advanced global illumination techniques which instantly add realism to scenes. A variety of alternative finishes can be achieved via a library of editable material presets that support the entire SketchUp material library. It is also now possible for users to render to the cloud. www.shaderlight.com

Edition

Photovoltaics Bernhard Weller, Claudia Hemmerle, Sven Jakubetz, Stefan Unnewehr. 2010. 112 pages with numerous drawings and photos. Format 21 × 29.7 cm ISBN 978-3-0346-0369-0 Paperback: € 42.95 / £ 35.– / US$ 60.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable ∂ Practice

The guide for designing building-integrated photovoltaics Photovoltaics, as an important part of the renewable energies mix, is helping to slow down already occurring climate change while providing the earth with affordable energy over the long term. The extent of current photovoltaic applications lags far behind its potential although producers already offer a wide range of technologies and products. In particular, aesthetic, engineering and building legislative problems are considered as the most

common reasons for this shortcoming. This addition to the DETAIL Practice series clearly demonstrates how the technical, aesthetic and engineering integration of solar systems into buildings can work. The building legislation chapter, a glossary as well as supplementary sources and indexes serve to further knowledge of the subject. Exemplary and realised project examples of different installation variations on roofs and facades round out the book.

Designing with photovoltaics Design strategies

Designing with photovoltaics Design strategies

The sun as source of energy

Min m s ng reflect on osses

Reducing the degree of eflect on

AR coat ng Glass 22

20 Level

Feature

Crys al ine

Cross section

Thin ilm Cover glass Encapsula ion Anti reflect on coating Solar cells Encapsula ion Backing mater al

Colour of material Sh ne Structure Visib e depth of layer

Component Appearance of bu d ng- ntegrated PV techno ogy

Texture Light ransmittance

Size

Surround ngs

Urban and rural landscape

Surface colour and mate ial comb na ions Scale Proport ons Modular ty Rhythm Volume P as ic ty

Applicat ons

42

Transparency

Separating cuts

Form

Transparency

Curvature

P astic ty

Frame/fixings

Types of ntegrat on

Ensemb e capabi ity Ef ect from a distance Dominat ng effect

Ensemb e

21

Contacts

Dummy modu es

Bu d ng

Size & density

Generator

Type

Form

Form Degree of p efabrication Combinat on op ions Ageing behaviour Product colouring

Dummy ce s

Module

Subst ate Solar ce ls Encapsu at on Back ng or cover

Thin fi m

Crys al ine

Cell

Urban & rural andscape

Dom nant so itary

Solar cell

manufacturing fac lities will enable individ ual, cost effective production In the case of solutions integrated into the construc tion, the costs of components that are replaced by the PV elements can be included as credits in the costing This aspect is particularly useful for those technologies, e g thin film technology, that have a relatively low conversion effi ciency but also a low price per unit area They therefore represent a reasonable economical alternative to the more effi cient but much more expensive ce ls, especially in building integration app ica tions Yield and architecture must be weighed up carefully against each other in every individual situation

nfluencing factors and boundary condit ons

Many different factors determine the appearance of a PV installation The vari ous influencing factors are described below in line with the scheme given in Fig 21 Cross section level: the influence of the material layers A solar module consists of various layers The following breakdown examines the layers starting with the outer, sunlit side Cover glass The covering on the sunlit side of the crystalline PV cells is normally glass w th a low absorptance so that the maximum amount of solar radiation passes through the glass and reaches the solar cells The production of this so ca led extra clear or low iron glass requires a glass melt with a low iron oxide content, which considerably reduces the green tint so typical of stand ard float glass (Fig 24) The higher cost of this glass and, in turn, the price of the panels is offset by the improved effi ciency Body tinted glass is not generally used with the very expensive crysta line cells because of its negative influence on the conversion efficiency When using thin

Light trap ef ect

Engineering and systems Glass Solar cell

23 a

b

film technology, tinting or printing the glass is, in principle, the only way of vary ing the impression of the colour of a panel margina ly because the colour of the very dark ce l material cannot be changed In this case, the thin film cells are attached to a substrate and covered with a body tinted or silk screen printed cover glass (see “Introduction”, p 9, Fig 8) This technique was developed in a number of research projects but the products are currently only available to special order Part of the incident solar radiation is 24 reflected directly at the boundary surface between air and cover glass This reflected component amounts to about 4 % in the case of standard float glass and an angle of incidence of 90° The reflections are normally regular (or specular) reflections because the surface of the glass is smooth compared to the wavelengths of light (Fig 23a) There are, in principle, two options available for influencing the reflection from the boundary surface (Fig 22) Firstly, the amount of reflected light can be modified by applying an anti reflec tion coating However, the solar gains must be weighed up against the cost of this optical coating and its vulnerability to 25 damage, which is why this solution is only used with very efficient, expensive cells Secondly, the quality of the reflection can be controlled via the roughness of the glass surface Patterned glass specially developed for PV applications contains a macroscopic surface structure that func tions as a “light trap” according to the principle of multiple reflections The trans mittance is up to 91 5 %, which compares to about 90 % for a non textured low iron glass of the same thickness Textured glasses of this kind produce unfocused reflections but do not appear matt If dif fuse reflections (p 43, Fig 23b), which results in a matt appearance, are required

Form design with photovoltaics Building legislation Realised project examples

20 Balcony balustrade w th PV modu es Private house in Passail (A) 2007 Arch tekturbüro Kaltenegger 21 The features affecting the appearance of pho o vo taics influenc ng factors and boundary cond t ons 22 The princ ples of the opt ons for minim sing reflect on losses 23 Schemat c presentat on of types of reflection depending on surface propert es a Regu ar (or specular) ref ection b Di fuse reflection 24 Owing to its i on ox de content standard float glass (lef ) has a green sh tint Extra c ear low ron glass (right) s ma nly used in PV echnology n order o ncrease the conve sion efficiency of the module 25 Patterned glasses with surface texture op imised for PV applicat ons

43

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Housing

best of DETAIL: Urban Housing NEW May 2017 200 pages with numerous drawings and photos. Format 21 × 29.7 cm. Bilingual English/German. ISBN 978-3-95553-359-5 Paperback: € 49.90 / £ 40.– / US$ 70.– + postage/packing + VAT, if applicable best of ∂ series

The lively charm of mixed usage Thanks to an automatic reputation of lively urbanity, old neighbourhoods are extremely popular with residents. New buildings, however, can capture some of this charm too, like the variety of successful projects presented in this volume from the “best of DETAIL” series. In the end, it’s a question of mixed usage – residential and commercial as well as open spaces and opportunities for old and young

residents of various nationalities and different social structures. Even in these times of an increasingly digitally connected society, urbanity still manages to express itself largely through diversity. In addition to surprising theses on high-density housing, this publication presents a refreshingly inviting selection of projects from around the world that would give anyone the desire to move to the city.

Minimise, optimise, ever denser: making housing economical Cooperatives: housing of the future? Spatial concepts for a digital society Qualities created by flexible diversity

detail.de/b-urbanhousing

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2017 ¥ 4 ∂

Persons and organizations involved in the planning ° Contractors and suppliers

mĩČŵğŨÐÐœ ƎĩœĊ ¦Ƒ Ũ÷Ð Čĩ±yČ ŨĩŵœýśŨyśśĩciation ƎƎƎŁ÷ÐĘğÐśŨŵœýśŨâĩœÐğýğéŁğĩ ° nýğÄĩƎś¿ Trenor AS Hemnesberget (NO) www.trenor.no ° nĩĩÄ œĩĩâ¿ Kebony AS Oslo (NO) www.kebony.com ° nĩĩÄ ±ČyÄÄýğé yğÄ âČĩĩœś¿ ;ĩ±yČƎĩĩÄâœĩĘČĩ±yČśyƎĘýČČ

page 34 Winter bivouac in the Kanin Mountains

page 38 Maternity Waiting Homes in Kasungu

Hanoi, Vietnam (VN)

Kanin (SI)

Kasungu (MW)

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page 18 House Renovation in Hanoi

page 22 Cabin for Trekkers in the Okstindan Mountain Range Okstindan Mountain Range, Nordland (NO) ° ČýÐğŨ¿ Hemnes Turistforening (Hemnes Tourist Association), Korgen (NO) ° Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿ Jarmund Vigsnæs Arkitekter Oslo (NO) www.jva.no ° ]ÐyĘ¿ Einar Jarmund, Håkon Vigsnæs, Alessandra Kosberg, Ane Sønderaal Tolfsen ° RœĩĈбŨ yœ±÷ýŨбŨ¿ Svein Arne Brygfjeld ° XŨœŵ±ŨŵœyČ ÐğéýğÐÐœ¿ Walter Jacobsen Arendal (NO) ° #ýœÐ ĻœĩŨбŨýĩğ¿ Rambøll Oslo (NO) www.ramboll.no ° %ÐğÐœyČ ±ĩğŨœy±Ũĩœ¿ MBA entreprenør AS Mo i Rana (NO) www.mba.no ° ČyÄÄýğéyğÄýğŨÐœýĩœĻyğÐČČýğé¿

page 28 Student Residence in Mbombela Tçƚ n÷ýŨÐœýƍÐœÀ #œÐÄÐğ÷ÐýĘ TÄÀ Riverside, Mbombela 1225 (ZA) ° ČýÐğŨ¿ University of Mpumalanga Mbombela (ZA) www.ump.ac.za ° Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿

ĩ÷Ðğ yğÄ %yœśĩğ 7ĩ÷yğğÐś¦ŵœé (ZA) ° ]ÐyĘ¿ #ýĩğy %yœśĩğÀ Býğy ĩ÷ÐğÀ Цĩœy÷ 9ýœĊĘyğÀ ;ƎyğÄýČÐ AyĊýÀ qƍĩğğÐ œÐ±÷ÐœÀ myČÐœýÐ ;Ð÷y¦ÐÀ XýĘýČĩ BÄýĘyÀ Bňĩ¦ýČÐ ;ĩʦĩÀ ČyŵÄýy ĩƖƖĩğÐŨŨý ° bœ¦yğ ÄÐśýéğ¿ ;ŵÄƎýé *yğśÐğ Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨśyğÄ Urban Designers Randburg (ZA) ƎƎƎŁČŵÄƎýé÷yğśÐğŁ±ĩŁƖy ° RœĩĈбŨ ĘyğyéÐĘÐğŨ¿ ƢœýƑy RœĩĈбŨ AyğyéÐœś Kapstadt (ZA) www.ariyaprojects.com ° XŨœŵ±ŨŵœyČ ÐğéýğÐÐœ¿ X9 AyśyĊ÷ýƖƎÐ ğéýğÐÐœśĽRŨƑľ ;ŨÄŁ Sakki de Bruyn Hatfield (ZA) www.skcm.co.za ° Aб÷yğý±yČ ÐğéýğÐÐœýğéyğÄ âýœÐ śyâÐŨƑ¿ Aurecon uƢÜ7ĩ÷yğğÐś¦ŵœé www.aurecongroup.com ° ČбŨœý±yČ ÐğéýğÐÐœýğé¿ R;R ĩğśŵČŨýğé Nelspruit (ZA) www.plpconsulting.co.za ° ;yğÄś±yĻÐ yœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿ -ğśýŨÐ ;yğÄś±yĻÐ Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś

ÐğŨŵœýĩğ ĽZA) www.insitegroup.co.za ° SŵyğŨýŨƑ śŵœƍÐƑĩœś¿ XýƑyĊ÷y SŵyğŨýŨƑ XŵœƍÐƑĩœś Nelspruit (ZA) ° %œÐÐğ ¦ŵýČÄýğé ±ĩğśŵČŨyğŨś¿ R7 yœÐƎ ĩğśŵČŨýğé Kapstadt (ZA) www.pjc.co.za

° %ÐğÐœyČ ±ĩğŨœy±Ũĩœ¿ RÐœĘýƖ %œĩśŵĻČĈÐ ĽX-ľ www.permiz.si ŵğÄ Ť yğÄ¿ Ortar in Jerman ;Ĉŵ¦ČĈyğy ĽX-ľ www.ortarinjerman.com ° ]ýĘ¦Ðœ ±ĩğśŨœŵ±Ũýĩğ¿



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page 44 Research Institut in Cerdanyola del Vallès

ÐœÄyğƑĩČy ÄÐČmyČČלĽXľ ° ČýÐğŨ¿ Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona (UAB) ° Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿ Harquitectes Sabadell (ES) ƎƎƎŁ÷yœňŵýŨбŨÐśŁ±ĩĘ ° ]ÐyĘ¿ yƍýÄ ;ĩœÐğŨÐÀ 7ĩśÐĻ Tý±yœŨÀ pyƍýÐœ TĩśÀ TĩéÐœ ]ŵÄĪÀ AĩğŨśÐ #ĩœğÑśÀ ÐœğyŨ ĩČĩĘÐœÀ pyƍýÐœAyČČĩœňŵþÀ]ĩğý7ýĘÑğÐƖ ƎýŨ÷¿ Dataae Barcelona (ES) www.dataae.com ° ]ÐyĘ¿

ČyŵÄý ƢéŵýČĪÀ ƢČ¦ÐœŨ ĩĘýğéĩÀ ƢğğÐ *ýğƖÀ -ČÐyğy AyğÐyÀ 7ĩśÐĻ %yœœýéy ° XŨœŵ±ŨŵœyČ ÐğéýğÐÐœ¿ BOMA Barcelona (ES) www.bomainpasa.com ° ğƍýœĩğĘÐğŨyČ ĻČyğğýğé¿ Societat Orgánica Barcelona (ES) ƎƎƎŁśĩ±ýÐŨyŨĩœéyğý±yŁƎýƐśýŨÐŁ±ĩĘ

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ĩňŵÐ ČyœÐŨÀ yğý yČyŨyƑŵÄ ° Ƣ±±Ðśśý¦ýČýŨƑ¿ Marta Bordas ° ƢéœĩğĩĘƑ ĩğśŵČŨyğŨ¿

yŨý AĩğŨśÐœœyŨ ° SŵyğŨýŨƑ śŵœƍÐƑĩœ¿ b] By Ņ T Ð ° %ÐğÐœyČ ±ĩğŨœy±Ũĩœ¿ #ÐœœĩƍýyČ ƢéœĩĘyğ ĩğśŨœŵ±Ũýĩğ Madrid (ES) www.ferrovial.com ° Aб÷yğý±yČ ÐğéýğÐÐœýğé¿ #ÐœœĩƍýyČ #Ðœ±ĩğśy Madrid (ES) www.ferrovial.com ° yƍýŨƑ âČĩĩœ¿ ƢÄ÷ĩœğy Bilbao (ES) ƎƎƎŁyÄ÷ĩœğyŁÐś ° #ĩœĘƎĩœĊ¿ Encofra plus Barcelona (ES) ° RĩśŨśŨœÐśśÐıĩğ±œÐŨп mX; Ðœğ Ľ *ľ www.vsl.com ° #ĩŵğÄyŨýĩğ¿ RýČĩŨÐś Ƒ G¦œyś Madrid (ES) www.pilotesyobras.com ° XŨÐÐČ ±ĩğśŨœŵ±Ũýĩğ¿ Nougas Barcelona (ES) www.nougas.com ° XŨyýœ±yśÐś yğÄ ÐČÐƍyŨĩœś¿ RýÄÐĘŵğŨ Barcelona (ES) www.pidemunt.com ° nĩĩÄÐğ ĻyœŨýŨýĩğƎyČČś¿ Ensambla Orikain (ES) www.ensambla.es ° ;yĘýğyŨÐÄ ŨýĘ¦Ðœ ÐČÐĘÐğŨś¿ Macusa www.macusa.es ° nĩĩÄÐğ ƎýğÄĩƎś¿ ROI ;ČÐýÄy ĽXľ www.roi.es ° %ÐĩŨ÷ÐœĘyČ Ļœĩ¦Ð¿ TÐ÷yŵ Aŵœý ¦Ðý Ðœğ Ľ *ľ ƎƎƎŁœÐ÷yŵŁ±ĩĘ ° *ÐyŨ ĻŵĘĻ¿

ČýƍÐŨ Villapaiera (IT) www.clivet.com ° ĩĩČýğé ±ÐýČýğéyğÄâČĩĩœ÷ÐyŨýğé¿ Uponor Madrid (ES) www.uponor.es

Contractors and suppliers Details of contractors and suppliers are ¦yśÐÄ ĩğ ýğâĩœĘyŨýĩğ ĻœĩƍýÄÐĦƑŨ÷Ð œÐśĻбŨýƍÐyœ±÷ýŨбŨśŁ

page 52 Community Centre in Rajarhat

page 60 Nasma School In Borj Qalaouiye

page 64 Marvin Hall, University of Kansas

52 Hospital Road, Makurtary, äţijƚ TyĈyœ÷yŨĽ ľ

ĩœĈ SyČyĩŵýƑÐĽ; ľ

University of Kansas (US)

° ČýÐğŨ¿ Nawwaf Nouraldeen ° Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿ ByĈĈyœƒByĈĈyœ Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś mýÐğğy ĽƢ]ľ Ť ÐýœŵŨ Ľ; ľ www.najjar-najjar.com ° RœĩĈбŨ yœ±÷ýŨбŨ¿ Ƣ÷ĘyÄ BĩŵœyČÄÐÐğ ° XŨœŵ±ŨŵœyČ ÐğéýğÐÐœ¿ Nabil Najjar ° ČýĘyŨÐ ÄÐśýéğ¿ Transsolar KlimaEngineering Aŵğý±÷ Ľľ www.transsolar.com ° ]ÐyĘ¿

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° ČýÐğŨ¿ bğýƍÐœśýŨƑ ĩâ 9yğśyśÀ ;yƎœÐğ±Ð ĽbXľ ° Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿ Studio 804 KU, University of Kansas ;yƎœÐğ±Ð ĽbXľ www.studio804.com ƎýŨ÷¿ Transsolar KlimaEngineering Aŵğý±÷ Ľľ www.transsolar.com ° Aб÷yğý±yČ ÐğéýğÐÐœýğé¿ Henderson Engineers 9yğśyś ýŨƑ ĽbXľ ƎƎƎŁ÷ÐýüÐğ飱ĩĘ ° RœĩĈбŨ yœ±÷ýŨбŨ¿ Tĩ±Ċ÷ýČČ yğÄ Ƣśśĩ±ýyŨÐś ;бĩĘĻŨĩğ ĽbXľ ƎƎƎŁœĩ±Ċ÷ýČČyğÄyśśĩ±ýyŨÐśŁ±ĩĘ ° ]ÐyĘ¿ yğ Tĩ±Ċ÷ýČČÀ yƍýÄ XyýğÀ ĩŵé

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° ČýÐğŨ¿ #ĩŵğÄyŨýĩğ RyğýÀ Ƣœğ÷ÐýĘ ĽB;ľ ° Ƣœ±÷ýŨбŨś¿ X±÷ýČÄÐœX±÷ĩČŨÐ yœ±÷ýŨбŨś %ÐœœýŨ X±÷ýČÄÐœ 7œŁÀ *ýČČ X±÷ĩČŨÐ TĩŨŨÐœÄyĘ ĽB;ľ ƎƎƎŁś±÷ýČÄÐœś±÷ĩČŨÐŁ±ĩĘ ° XŨœŵ±ŨŵœyČ ÐğéýğÐÐœ¿ ý±Ċ ƍyğ %ÐĘÐœÄÐğ R] Ü XŨœŵ±ŨŵœyČ ÄÐśýéğ & analysis bv TýÄÄÐœĊÐœĊ ĽB;ľ www.pt-structural.com ° SŵyğŨýŨƑ śŵœƍÐƑĩœ¿ Ali Sekender ° %ÐğÐœyČ ±ĩğŨœy±Ũĩœ¿ Rafiqul Islam, MEI TyĈyœ÷yŨ Ľ ľ ° yœĻÐğŨœƑ¿ AĩśŨĩây Aýy÷ TyĈyœ÷yŨĽ ľ

page 62 Shams Library in Majdel Anjar 9yƑyğƑ X±÷ĩĩČýğAyĈÄyČƢğĈyœĽ; ľ page 56 Residence in Chacras

÷y±œyśÀ ƢœÐğýČČyśĽ ľ ° ČýÐğŨ¿

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Contributors

Zhu Tan Zhu Tan studied architecture and architectural theory in Beijing before coming to Milan in 2009 for her PhD at the Politecnico di Milano. Since 2014 she has been working as an architect and urban planner with Recs Architects in Milan, and consults the studio on Chinese projects. She has been an adjunct professor at the Politecnico di Milano since 2014/15. Zhu Tan has researched extensively on traditional Chinese building typologies and co-authored the book “Habitat. Vernacular Architecture for a Changing Planet” (London: Thames & Hudson, 2017), which will be published in German by Detail this October. In the current issue of Detail, she explains the relationship between the typology of Chinese courtyard houses and regional climatic conditions (see pp. 10ff).

Studio 804 Sustainable, affordable, and inventive – these are the operating principles of Studio 804, a not-for-profit corporation. The University of Kansas Department of Architecture offers the nine-month program to graduate students, professional architects, and all others who wish to deepen their practical knowledge. Every year one building is produced, in which the participants carry out all aspects, from the initial design to construction, detailing, permits, cost control, landscape, and more. The initiative was founded 22 years ago. Today the Studio 804 portfolio includes nine LEED Platinum buildings and three passive house-certified projects (see pp. 60ff). www.studio804.com

Habitat: Vernacular Architecture for a Changing Planet Thames & Hudson Ltd, London 2017

Rames und Karim Najjar For Rames und Karim Najjar, planning and construction is more than just building design. The brothers see research and experimentation as an integral part of their work. Rames has been a professor in Innsbruck since 2014 and Karim currently teaches architecture and design at the American University in Beirut. In 1999, they co-founded Najjar Najjar Architects, with offices in Vienna and Beirut. Their projects include the UNESCO Marine and World Heritage Center in Krems an der Donau and the Semperit F&E building, for which they developed a system to produce double curved facades. Najjar Najjar are also working on the design of buildings for refugees. As part of an interdisciplinary team with Transsolar Academy and SAWA, a Lebanese NGO, they are currently developing a pilot project that uses climate-responsive design strategies to construct a model school for refugee children (see pp. 60ff). www.najjar-najjar.com

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We have made over 3,300 DETAIL projects available for you online. Project information from 32 years of DETAIL can be found in our image and reference database. Whether you are interested in supporting structures or speciwc building types in certain countries, the DETAIL inspiration database contains all the reference photos, diagrams and technical information you need. With every new DETAIL issue the database is completed by new projects. A professional search function and Ƃ lter options with key words such as building type, material, build year or DETAIL magazine topic help you to search for solutions in your everyday work. The database design is optimized for your smart phone, tablet and desktop. All project descriptions are available for download. Register for a free trial access now: www.detail-online.com/inspiration

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