Dinosaurs 83

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A herd of Lotosaurus feeds beside ct prehistoric lake

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Styracosaurus is no match for 1980 ferocious Albertosaurus

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Men-nlttt

More tascinatin trivia and the

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[4@7@ Sail-backed Lotosaurus was one of the early reptiles that ruled the land before the Age of the Dinosaurs.

TOOTHLESS

WONDER

Most thecodonts he fossil skeleton of an extraordinary animal was discovered in Hunan province, China. It was named Lotosaurus, which ‘means. the ‘lizard from Loto’, after the place where it was found. A

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DINOSAUR ANCESTORS Lotosaurus was a

member of a group of animals called the thecodonts. They were a very important order of reptiles. The thecodonts gave rise to the crocodiles,

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ate meat. But

Lotosaurus probably lived on plants. It did not have any teeth, but it had a beak-like jaw. This prehistoric herbivore probably ate rather like today’s tortoise. It used the sharp cutting edge of its jaws to nip through the stalks of plants and tear off

bits of leaves.

FAST FOOD Lush ferns and horsetails flourished by pools and streams in Triassic times. Lotosaurus probably spent

much of the day

munching the lowgrowing vegetation

that grew by the water’s edge. Lotosaurus would have needed to eat huge quantities of food to keep its big body going. A full—grown Lotosaurus could measure as much as 2.5m from nose to tail.

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0 NAME: Lotosaurus (lgv_v-toe-sclv-rus ) means ’lizard from Loto’

O GROUP: reptile O SIZE: up to 2.5 m long 0 FOOD: plants 0 LIVED: about 230 million years ago in the Mid Triassic Period in China

Lotosaurus wanders down to

a pool to feed on the lush ferns and horsetails that grow there. This large planteater needs to e a t huge amounts of food to fuel its body. Lotosaurus live in for protection predatgorsgg» When the herd iihas st“ ped 3%; ‘

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SAFETY IN NUMBERS Lotosaurus did not have sharp teeth or

tusks to defend itself. This slow, peaceful plant-eater would have made an easy target for hungry meat-eating reptiles, such as Cynognathus. Lotosaurus may have lived in herds for protection against predators. They would have roamed around in large groups, foraging for food.

SAILING ALONG When experts discovered the Lotosaurus fossils, they were fascinated by the long spines that ran all the way down the Lotosaurus’ back. These bony ‘swords’ may have supported a skin ‘sail’. Lotosaurus was not the only sail-backed thecodont. The rsmaller, lizfard-like Longisquama had an afnazing fan of tall, stiff scales.

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Scientists are not really sure What Lotosaurué’ sail was used for. It may have stored heat from the sun, like a solar panel. This would have allowed Lotosaurus to be active in the early morning when most reptiles are quite sloW—moVing. Reptiles are cold-blooded, which means. the need Warmth to Sta t r ept.1eS 1. ix}: t.we Tha t 1S

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E WA‘-K TALK Over millions ofyears, thecodonts changed lhe W°>' ll‘e>' lhe" 'T‘f°"e°l' G'°°l”°">" lf*95 Chonged p°s'l'°” they slorled 9r°W'”9 more directly underneath their bodies, instead of sprawling out to the side. Some later varieties could even walk on two legs. Experts believe these thecodonts

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are the ancestors ofthe dinosaurs.

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Lotosaurus

probably ate in the same way as today's tortoise, nipping through plant stalks and tearing off leaves.

ALIORAMUS T

Alioramus was one of the strangestlooking tyrannosaurs. iant T rex and most other tyrannosaurs had huge heads and short snouts, but not Alioramus. Not only did this tyrannosaur have a unique ridge of horns on its nose, it

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also had a long, thin head.

THE TERRIBLE TYRANTS

The tyrannosaurs were the largest carnivores that

ever lived on land. So f about 12 different have been found. T’ .

O NAME: A/ioramus (gy-lee-oh-gy-mus) means ’ditlerent branch’

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O GROUP: clinosaur O SIZE: 6m long O FOOD: meat

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O LIVED: about 80 million years ago in the Late

all had strong bodies and Weak arms. MEAT SLICER

Cretaceous Period in Mongolia

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Alioramus had sharp, curve; teeth for slicing up flesh. Its, lower jaw W a s longer and

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slimmer than other tyrannosaurs’, so its bite was less powerful.

NOSE JOB Alioramus was about half as long as T rex, but ith: W a s still enormous. The row 0 bony knobs along its nose must have made it look even more scary. These horns may have been for display, for distinguishing males from females. ‘

1972

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Sll/ATHERII/M This prehistoric giraffe looked more like today's moose. here a r e only two types of giraffe around today —the long-necked giraffe We all know, and the okapi. Millions of years ago there were many more Varieties. They spread from Africa to Asia.

FOUR HORNS Sivatherium fossils were first found in India, and it W a s named after the Hindu

god Siva. It ‘\ had two pr irs

NAME: Sivatherium (Q-ah-fie_e-ree-Um) means ’Siva beast’

GROUP: giraffe SIZE: 2.2m high at the shoulder

— FOOD: plants LIVED: about 1-5 million years ago, from the Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in India and

north Africa

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diet of toug grasses. When the food was half digested, it returned to the mouth to be chewed a second tiifie. All this 3 took a long time*,fs‘o Sivatherium probably spent most of the day eating.

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Some of the most spectacular finds from the prehistoric world have been

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uncovered in Asia.

any of the prehistoric animals found in Asia are dinosaurs. And, of all the Asian countries, China has had the most dinosaur finds. Most of the creatures found there are unknown anywhere else in the World. Expeditions to the Gobi Desert in Mongolia have uncovered fantastic dinosaurs, as Well as other prehistoric creatures. Indian dinosaurs range from the huge sauropod Barapasaurus to the armour-plated stegosaur Dravidosaurus. Dinosaurs have INDIA been f0und_1n.S1beI:1a’ 1200’ but the The stegosaur Dravidosaurus (9) was most astonlshlng Slbenan finds discovered in Tiruchirapalli, southern are the frozen mamm0thS- There India, in ‘I971. Like Tuoiiangosaurus, its are Still many more d-iSC0Ve1'ieS t0 Chinese cousin, Dravidosaurus was be made in Asia. covered in protective armour and spikes.

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T ";// / l/»\vy\p(l1erig&iMononykus (3) vgaswh ,% folugdtin the G\ob'r/Deiert, experts thought it vifés a new srlnall dinosaur. gexlgidgnce suggests that it is ,’

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an. There is probably a complete dinosaur waiting to be found under the desert sand.

Deinocheirus may have looked like an enormous ostrich dinosaur.

Wingless bird.

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IT'S A LONG JOB Itcan take years from the time a dinosaur is found to the time it goes on display in a museum. Itmay take months todig it out of the ground, and years to study and write about it. Eventually it is given an official name, announced to the world and displayed in a museum.

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Roy Chapman Andrews (left) is studying the nest of Protocerataps’ eggs he found in Mongolia in ‘I923.

EGGS IS EGGS Andrews’ most important discovery wasa nest of 13 Protoceratops’ eggs found in 1923. They were the first dinosaur eggs ever seen. At first, the expedition members didn’t believe the strange oval ‘stones’ were eggs. But Andrews wrote later, ‘we had to agree that eggs is eggs’. BURIED TREASURE VVhen Altangerel Perle, the Mongolian

palaeontologist, and a Polish expedition were digging in the great Mongolian desert in the 197Os, they uncovered two fossilized skeletons in the same place. It W a s obvious from the position of the skeletons that Velociraptor and Protoceratops had died fighting each other. Some experts think they died of their . terrible wounds, V

GREAT GOBI

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The Gobi Desert, which is partly in China and partly in Mongolia, has marvellous fossils. This part of the world has never been crunched up by one continent erashing into another, so the desert

sandstone has remained undisturbed for millions of years. There are probably many exciting fossils still waiting to be found.

DASHING DISCOVERER Roy Chapman Andrews began his career

in palaeontology by scrubbing the floor of

the American Museum of Natural History

in New York. But he went on to discover lots of wonderful dinosaurs in Mongolia. In between digs he dashed around the desert in a car and ‘fought off bandits. He became a hero and the inspiration for the character Indiana Jones.

but others think they were buried alive by a sudden sandstorm.

Protoceratops

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PREHISTORIC WORLD fllx /

MONSTER OF THE DESERT

The Polish Mongolian expedition that found Deinocheirus’ arms in 1965 must have been glad that the creature itself was no longer roaming around the Gobi Desert. It must have been a real monster! Each of its arms was about 2.6m long, and they ended in enormous claws. Experts think Deinocheirus may have been an 8m—long ostrich dinosaur. CHINESE DISCOVERY In the early 1950s, the Chinese palaeontologist C. C.,Young was searching rocks in Sichuan Province, China, when he uncovered a huge

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Scientists hope one day to discover the rest of

fossil skeleton. When measured, it turned out to be 22m long, with a 15m—long neck. This is the longest neck of any animal (a giraffe’s neck is only 2m long). C. C. Young named the dinosaur Mamenchisaurus. It was so huge it took three months to dig it out. Professor Young found and named many dinosaurs, including Lufengosaurus and Tsintaosaurus. He is known as the ‘father of Chinese palaeontology’.

IS ITA DINOSAUR...OR IS IT A BIRD? Fossils of a strange animal were found in the Gobi Desert in 1923. At first, experts thought it was a dinosaur. Experts are now convinced that this Mongolian fossil is a bird. Mononykus did not have Wings, so it is a very primitive bird. But it lived millions of years after Archaeopteryx

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has more China dinosaurs. named has, so far, named about 95. But more are being studied and have not yet been named. Two great Chinese palaeontologists - C. C. Young and Dong Zhiming - have studied, described and named many of these dinosaurs. Between l973 and the late l980s, Dong named l9 different types of dinosaur, Yes. Only North America

including Tuofiangosaurus (right).

Deinocheirus’

body. Until then, we can only guess what this massive creature really looked like.

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that did have Wings. Did p early bird blrds e::i)f1«;7e:(::11,:1tgijnits in different u

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@mI@ulDe STYRACOSAURUS

Even with i t s sturdy body and awesome frill and horn, Styracosaurus is no match for two ferocious

Albertosaurus. One meateater runs past the terrifi ed plant-eater and rips into its flank with razor-sharp teeth, while the second beast prepares its attack. As soon as Styracosaurus is too weak from loss of blood to fight back, the tyrannosaurs will rush in for the kill.

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Crocodiles were fearless hunting machines in the days of the dinosaurs vores todga rocodiles have changed little

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since their ancestors first \ appeared about 160 million years ago. Today, they are ferocious hunters with little to fear except old age or being hunted by people! Prehistoric crocodiles were just as fierce.

CROCODILES OR NOT? The earliest known crocodiles did not look much like today’s crocodiles and they were not even recognised as crocodiles until 1980. G’-racilisuchus from the Mid Triassic was Well adapted for life on land. It was only 30cm long and r a n upright on its slim hind legs, balanced by its large tail.

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. A SMALL START Today’s crocodiles are probably; descended from a family of rear small crocodiles, the _ Atoposauridae. Their fossils have been found in . Europe and North Ameri largest, Alligatorium, was on long. Theselittle Jurassic reptiles W;re? more at home on land than in the water. 1

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Phosphafosaurus looked like today's gavlal but with a big, heavy iaw.

PAST GIANTS

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At Messel in Germany, fossils in cl coal mine give CI complete picture of prehistoric Iife in Tertiary times.

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HAPLESS ANIMALS

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Any insect that buzzed ‘urface in the and became trapped wpfiater, any bird or bat falling in, any dead animal washed in by the surrounding streams was buried in the deep layers of mud ahidpeat that built up in the bottom of these lakes. ,,

etween 66 million and about two million years ago, Europe had a tropical climate: Swamps, like the Everglades in Florida today, spread over much of what is now Germany and Poland. In some areas rs for (1 very still and stagnant r l

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COAL5llt‘lD OIL Slowly, over thousands of years, the peat turned into seams of brown coa up

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,,A FAMOUS SITE Whe the coa“1 and oil have been extracted,

amazmg fossils have been foun3d.'-The most fam us of these"fos§i51*s'sL-‘ees is that of near Darmstadt in Germ flessel, There 1i\ the skeletons of all-‘*5 ’ Most have a dar around them ‘h " "

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natscnva UNIQUE TREASURE TROVE The rocks from Messel are unique.

Trapped within them are a selection of all the animals that lived 50 million years ago in northern Europe. This kind of treasure trove is called a lagerstatten

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the name for a deposit of fossils that is so detailed experts can tell exactly What the animals must have looked like when they were alive. ,.

BATS LIKE TODAY'S More than 150 fossil bats have been discovered at Messel. Bats must have evolved quite quickly after the pterosaurs and dinosaurs died out. They have changed little in the past 50 million years.

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When dead plants are buried without having a chance to rot away, they form a substance called peat. Peat is made up ofthree basic elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. As time goes on, this peat can very gradually change to lignite (or brown cool), then to bituminous coal (black coal) and then to anthracite (hard coal). At each stage the amount of carbon increases, and the fuel is of a better quality than the one before.

Prehistoric bats would have looked very similar to the bats you see today.

FOSSIL PUZZLE Some of the finds a r e animals that are very different from today’s creatures. A little shrew-like animal called Leptictidium (right) had long hind legs and a long balancing tail. Scientists once thought that it must have run on its hind legs because of the arrangement of the hip bones. But when they looked at the hip bones again, they had second thoughts.

The hips were so well preserved that they could tell that the legs W e r e built not for running, but for jumping.

A hedgehog called Pholidocercus (left) has also been found. The fossil is so detailed that the w spines on its back can be seen.

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DE1‘EC'l'|VE

SURPRISING ANTEATERS An anteater called Eurotamandua has also been found. This is very surprising because today anteaters live only in South America. Anteaters probably evolved in Europe about 50 million years ago, then migrated to South America, Where they still survive. But for some reason they became extinct in Europe and only fossils remain. The Lophiodon tells a similar story. It is an early form of tapir. But today, tapirs live only in parts of South America and Malaysia.

FOSSIL DETAILS A fossil pangolin, Eomanis, has also been discovered at Messel. Pangolins are related to anteaters. The Messel pangolins a r e very similar to today’s African anteater except they are covered with scales. The Eomanis fossil is so detailed that these scales can be clearly seen. And What did the anteaters and pangolins eat‘? Ants, of course. Yes, even fossil ants have been found at Messel! CAUGHT IN THE COAL Many of these animals were in turn hunted and eaten by other creatures. A complete skeleton of Miacis, a distant relative of the cat, has been found. It looked very similar to a modern cat, with short legs and a long tail. It probably hunted in the same way. There were larger animals too. Messelobunodon was like an early antelope with long running legs and hoofs. It was about the size of a large dog.

A CLOSE THING

All these amazing, detailed fossils, including the bird above, were almost lost to us forever. It is many years since the mine at Messel was worked to extract its oil shale, and a great hole in the ground was all that remained. Local councils wanted to use this pit as a handy rubbish tip For nearby towns. For l0 years there was a Fierce battle between the politicians and the scientists about whether the site should be preserved or filled in with retuse. At last, in 1988, they Finally reached an agreement. The Messel pit, with all its wonderful fossils, was to be saved for scientific research.

1987

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Follow the footprints on the mammoth’s back and answer the questions posed!

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Early glider ’ Y APatosaurus skeletons have been found grouped fogefh“ That’ are all ‘m'3 WY lake bed, rhe surface of the lake bed is covered with mud cracks it must have where dried out in the sun. It looks as if the Apatosaurus may all have died of thirst ina hea-[wave or drought,

Fossil fragments of Cynocephalus, dating from around 60 million years ago, have been found. This creature can still be seen today in South East Asia. it is often mistakenly called the flying lemur. in fact, it is not a lemur, and while

it can glide using the folds of skin between the front and back legs, it certainly cannot fly. it is a skilful climber,

holding onto branches with its long claws.

Draw

Add to

two more oblongs to give the shape of

your

collection of

prehistoric creatures with Agriotherium. Pencil in a large

the legs. Carry on working in

pencil because the shapes you are drawing now are

oblong in the middle of

the paper. Put a smaller oblong on one end.

just guidelines.

Finish

Begin to sketch in

the details of the face and claws. You can start working in colour now, or you may prefer to pencil in the whole bear before colouring it.

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&

prehistoric bear by painting or colouring in the fur. Don’t make the fur one solid colour. It looks more realistic if you use White highlights.

Take a walk in the Triassic in

PREI-IISTORIC WORLD. See photos of famous dino

hunter Barnum

Brown at work in TIME DETECTIVE.

. these . safe and neat with copies your Keep ° '

Three fascinating ‘

‘ IDENTIKIT

fantastic binders.

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and

Your binders have been designed to look good at home or at school. Each is — sturdy and hardvvearing it even has a Wipe—clean cover and holds — collection issues. You’ll Want to use your DINOSAURS! again and again for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So don’t let your copies go missing; keep them in your own set of binders.

—

HISTORY IN PICTURES 3_D GALLERY GIANTS OF THE PAST

13

DINOSAURS! binders are now available and cost just £4.95 ' 1 £1 &

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1988-89; John Francis l974TR; Tony Gibbons l975TL, 1976 BR; Angela Hctrgreoves/WLAAl 984* 85, l986l, B, l987L; Kin fisher l975BC; James Mcxrlly 197475; Bob Mot icxs W923; Deidre McHo|e BC; Graham Rosewame W69, 1970-71, 1972, I973, l974B, l975TR, BLBR, l977T, l992T,' Mark Stewart/WLAA 198231., V2782-83C, l983TR,' Chris Wes?/ Black Hm l977C: Steve While l980-81

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DrDavid Norman ofCambridge University answers your dinosaur questions

dinosaurs eat pme cones?

Were dmosaur egg shells like the shells ._.

Ofhflng’ @995?

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Most dinosaur eggs Q were larger than hens’ eggs, but they had a very similar construction and shape. Perhaps a better comparison would be With an ostrich egg. Ostrich eggs are larger than hens’ eggs, and they have quite thick shells. They are very similar to some dinosaur eggs.

IfTrex and Smilodon had lived at

the same time, who would have won in a fight?

one another ~ they prey mainly on plant}

eaters and sometimes squabble over the carcasses of dead animals. However, in a fight, Smilodon Weuid have been faster and more agile and it may have been able t0 fight fer longer. T rex was larger and stroiiger, but

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There is no direct evidence that they did eat pine cones. I do not know of any fossilized pine cones showing bite marks made by dinosaurs. However, there is one piece of intriguing evidence. A mummified hadrosaur skeleton //x was examined ‘ask

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I don’t think Smilodon and T rex would have fought even if they had lived at the same time. Carnivores do not tend to fight

shower and elumsier.

The answer is ‘probably’.

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that the stomach \ area W a s packed with twigs and pieces of pine cone. This ceuld be evidence that these dinesaurs ate pine cones. But it is

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peseibie that all the bits and pieces were Washed inte the ciinesauris carcass after the creature 3* died and the bedy dried out.

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