Drawing Standards.pdf

Multiplicator Training SP 90020

Harmonization of drawing standards within the Schaeffler Group

Version 1.8

10/2006

Contents

Page 1

Table of contents ................................................................................................. 2 Trainers / contact persons ................................................................................... 10 Introduction........................................................................................................ 11 Training no. SP 90020 ................................................................................ 11 ISO 1101 / ISO 1132................................................................................... 12 Drawing comparison ................................................................................... 13 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances .................................................... 15 Three worlds become one........................................................................... 16 Update training drawing contents................................................................ 17 Current group standards (overview)............................................................ 18 Introduction date ......................................................................................... 19 Training agenda .......................................................................................... 20 Implementation concept / overview ................................................................. 22 Basic conditions ........................................................................................... 23 Training – multiplicators .............................................................................. 24 Training – end users ................................................................................... 25 Handing-over meeting Design - Production ................................................ 27 Further hints ................................................................................................ 28 Multiplicators – tasks and rollout..................................................................... 29 Multiplicators – tasks................................................................................... 30 Rollout schedule.......................................................................................... 32 Checklist for multiplicators .......................................................................... 337 Drawing layout to S 102001-5 ........................................................................... 34 Definitions ................................................................................................... 35 Drawing layout and sizes ............................................................................ 36 Drawing contents - arrangement ................................................................ 37 Standard text application............................................................................. 38 Marking of drawings .................................................................................... 41 BOM indications in drawings ....................................................................... 42 Item specifications....................................................................................... 43 Specifications in drawings ........................................................................... 44 Item numbers to DIN ISO 64323 ................................................................. 45 Change display ........................................................................................... 46

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Contents

Page 2

Drawing illustration to S 102001-7 ................................................................... 47 Pictorial representation ............................................................................... 48 Scales ......................................................................................................... 49 Not-to-scale representation ......................................................................... 50 Projection method 1 .................................................................................... 51 Projection method 3 .................................................................................... 53 Projection methods 1 and 3.......................................................................... 54 Simplified representations of views .............................................................. 55 Partial view of symmetrical parts.................................................................. 56 Center holes................................................................................................. 57 Holes, counterbores, countersinks and internal threads .............................. 58 Springs ......................................................................................................... 59 Gears, bevel gears, matching of gear pairs ................................................. 60 Representation of cuts and sections ............................................................ 61 Breaking edges ............................................................................................ 62 Details .......................................................................................................... 63 Functional surfaces ...................................................................................... 64 Weld seam inspections ................................................................................ 65 Relief grooves .............................................................................................. 66 Materials ...................................................................................................... 68 Heat treatment ............................................................................................. 69 Representation of heat treated components ................................................ 70 Designation of case-hardened depth ........................................................... 71 Hardness parameters definitions.................................................................. 72 Tolerancing principle to S 102501..................................................................... 73 Drawing example ......................................................................................... 74 Tolerancing principles .................................................................................. 75 Envelope requirement / Principle of independence ...................................... 76 Taylor principle............................................................................................. 80 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances according to ASME Y15.5M......... 81 Indication on drawings ................................................................................. 82 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502 ..................... 83 General tolerance indications....................................................................... 84 Datum symbols (basic symbols)................................................................... 86 Datum symbol (point) ................................................................................... 87 Datum symbol (straight line)......................................................................... 88 Datum symbol (plane) .................................................................................. 89 Datum symbol (plane / global Gauss) .......................................................... 90 3/344

Contents

Page 3

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502 Averaged plane (least square) ..................................................................... 91 Datum symbol (straight line / global Gauss)................................................. 92 Averaged straight line to Gauss ................................................................... 93 Mean diameter value.................................................................................... 94 Drawing specification – old .......................................................................... 95 Drawing specification – new......................................................................... 96 Mean diameter value - definition .................................................................. 97 Measuring principle (dmp)............................................................................ 98 Measuring principle (Dmp) ........................................................................... 99 Roundness ................................................................................................... 100 Definition of tolerance zone.......................................................................... 101 Roundness – special indications .................................................................. 102 Drawing specification – new......................................................................... 103 Roundness – analysis method ..................................................................... 104 Roundness – filter types............................................................................... 105 Roundness – outside diameter, measuring principle.................................... 106 Two-point roundness.................................................................................... 108 Drawing specification – new......................................................................... 109 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 110 Drawing comparison – old............................................................................ 112 Drawing comparison – new .......................................................................... 113 Parallelism – line .......................................................................................... 114 Drawing specification – line.......................................................................... 115 Parallelism – plane....................................................................................... 116 Parallelism – plane to line ............................................................................ 117 Parallelism – two axes ................................................................................. 118 Parallelism– measuring principle.................................................................. 119 Drawing comparison – old............................................................................ 121 Drawing comparison – new .......................................................................... 122 Parallelism – diameter variation (axial) ........................................................ 123 Diameter variation – shaft/bore .................................................................... 124 Diameter variation – measuring principle ..................................................... 125 Diameter variation – cylindrical bore ............................................................ 126 Drawing comparison VDmp – old................................................................. 127 Drawing comparison VDmp – new ............................................................... 128 Parallelism – special indication without geometrical defects ........................ 129 Parallelism – drawing specification .............................................................. 130 Straightness ................................................................................................. 131 Straightness – drawing specification ............................................................ 132 4/344

Contents

Page 4

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 1 to S 102502 Straightness – special indication .................................................................. 133 Straightness – new drawing specification .................................................... 134 Straightness – measuring principle .............................................................. 135 Cylindricity.................................................................................................... 136 Cylindricity – drawing specification............................................................... 137 Waviness ..................................................................................................... 138 Waviness – new drawing specification......................................................... 139 Waviness – special indications..................................................................... 140 Waviness – new drawing specification......................................................... 141 Waviness – measuring principle................................................................... 142 Waviness – drawing comparison (old) ......................................................... 144 Waviness – drawing comparison (new)........................................................ 145 Flatness – standard indication...................................................................... 146 Flatness – drawing specification .................................................................. 147 Flatness – special indication ........................................................................ 148 Flatness – drawing specification .................................................................. 149 Flatness – measuring principle..................................................................... 150 Tolerance indication of a taper ..................................................................... 151 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 152 Tolerance indication of a taper – special symbol.......................................... 153 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 154 Tolerance indication of a taper – measuring principle .................................. 155 Measurement of the tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040 ................................. 156 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 157 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502 ..................... 158 Taper of a cylindrical shaft / bore ................................................................. 159 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 160 Inclination angle tolerance of a taper ........................................................... 162 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 163 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 164 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 165 Inclination tolerance of a plane..................................................................... 166 Inclination tolerance – drawing specification ................................................ 167 Inclination tolerance of a taper and a plane ................................................. 168 Inclination tolerance of a lip surface ............................................................. 169 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 170 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 171 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 172 5/344

Contents

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Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502 Variation of wall thickness – radial ............................................................... 173 Drawing specification – radial....................................................................... 174 Measuring principle – radial ......................................................................... 175 Drawing comparison – radial (old)................................................................ 176 Drawing comparison – radial (new).............................................................. 177 Variation of wall thickness – axial................................................................. 178 Measuring principle – axial........................................................................... 179 Variation of wall thickness – ring width......................................................... 180 Measuring principle – ring width................................................................... 181 Drawing comparison – ring width ................................................................. 182 Variation of wall thickness – cross-sectional plane ...................................... 183 Drawing specification – cross-sectional plane.............................................. 184 Measuring principle – cross-sectional plane ................................................ 185 Variation of inclination – outside surface to side face................................... 186 Drawing specification – old .......................................................................... 187 Drawing specification – new......................................................................... 188 Variation of inclination – measuring principle ............................................... 189 Perpendicularity outside surface / side face – outer ring.............................. 190 Perpendicularity outside surface / side face – inner ring .............................. 191 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 192 Side face runout ........................................................................................... 193 Drawing specification old / new .................................................................... 194 Side face runout – measuring principle ........................................................ 195 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 196 Thickness variation – differential measurement ........................................... 197 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 198 Thickness variation – differential measurement ........................................... 199 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 200 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 201 Runout of inner and outer ring of assembled bearing .................................. 202 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 203 Runout of outer ring of assembled bearing Kea ........................................... 204 Runout of inner ring of assembled bearing Kia ............................................ 205 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 206 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 207 Measuring principle – Kea............................................................................ 208 Measuring principle – Kia ............................................................................. 209 Drawing comparison Kea / Kia ..................................................................... 210 Axial runout of inner ring .............................................................................. 211 6/344

Contents

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Dimensional and geometrical tolerances – Part 2 to S 102502 Drawing specification old / new .................................................................... 212 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 213 Axial runout of outer ring .............................................................................. 214 Drawing specification old / new .................................................................... 215 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 216 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 217 Line shape tolerance for radii ....................................................................... 218 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 219 Definition of tolerance range ........................................................................ 220 Measuring principle ...................................................................................... 221 Drawing comparison .................................................................................... 222 Identification of tolerance range ................................................................... 223 Drawing specification / measuring principle ................................................. 224 Additional indications ................................................................................... 225 Enclosing length dimension – bore .............................................................. 228 Dimension, dimensioning and tolerance entry to S 102001-11 ...................... 229 Dimensioning ............................................................................................... 230 Units, symbols, writing and creating rules .................................................... 231 Terminations – dimension lines.................................................................... 234 Dimensioning and tolerancing examples...................................................... 235 Specific dimensioning – not to be used for new designs.............................. 245 Tolerance indications ................................................................................... 246 Dimensional tolerances to DIN ISO 286-1 ................................................... 247 Designations of screw threads ..................................................................... 249 Dimensioning and tolerancing in the inch system ....................................... 250 Description of surfaces to S 102001-10 ............................................................ 252 Suitable surface parameters ........................................................................ 253 Scope of application..................................................................................... 254 Surface indication......................................................................................... 255 Traversed length, evaluation length and filter............................................... 256 Filter selection .............................................................................................. 257 λc filter.......................................................................................................... 258 Surface indication - definition ....................................................................... 259 λs filter- impact ............................................................................................. 260 Surface indication - definition ....................................................................... 261 16% Rule ..................................................................................................... 262 Surface indication - definition ....................................................................... 263 7/344

Contents

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Description of surfaces to S 102001-10 Tolerance limits ............................................................................................ 264 Arithmetic mean deviation Ra ...................................................................... 265 Explanatory power Ra ................................................................................. 266 Arithmetic mean deviation Rq ...................................................................... 267 Average peak to valley height Rz................................................................. 268 Skewness Rsk.............................................................................................. 269 Kurtosis Rku................................................................................................. 270 Surface texture parameters.......................................................................... 271 Number of high spot counts HSC................................................................. 272 Profile depth Pt............................................................................................. 273 Drawing indications for raceway surfaces .................................................... 274 Reference values for raceways .................................................................... 275 Effects on the calculation of load ratings...................................................... 276 Material ratio of roughness profile Rmr(c) .................................................... 277 Turned surface ............................................................................................. 279 Designation indication .................................................................................. 280 Surface indications for general requirements ............................................... 281 Indications on the drawing ........................................................................... 282 Simplified drawing specifications.................................................................. 283 Standard texts, collective indications ........................................................... 284 Additional surface requirements................................................................... 285 Flush-cut proportion (fine blanking) to VDI 2906 Blatt 5............................... 286 Dimensioning of a fine-cut surface ............................................................... 287 Drawing specification of a fine-cut surface................................................... 288 Surface indications for coatings ................................................................... 289 Hard material coating ................................................................................... 290 Coating to size as per DIN 50960-2 ............................................................. 291 Corrosion protection indications, preservative coating ................................. 292 Edge structure to S 102001-8 ............................................................................ 293 Vocabulary ................................................................................................... 294 Edge dimensioning....................................................................................... 295 Edge symbol to ISO 13715 .......................................................................... 296 States of edges – external edges................................................................. 297 States of edges – internal edges.................................................................. 298 Edge dimensions – special symbols ............................................................ 299 Collective indications in drawings................................................................. 300 Standard texts, collective indications ........................................................... 301 Rolling bearing chamfers ............................................................................. 302 8/344

Contents

Page 8

Form rigidity to S 102503 ................................................................................... 304 What is the form rigidity of a ring?................................................................ 305 Basics .......................................................................................................... 306 Form rigidity – definition ............................................................................... 307 Scope of application..................................................................................... 308 Classification ................................................................................................ 309 Drawing specification ................................................................................... 310 Drawing examples........................................................................................ 311 Rules for interpretation................................................................................. 312 C/D value determination - example .............................................................. 313 Calculation in BEARINX ............................................................................... 316 Classification of characteristics to S 102012-1................................................ 317 Classification of characteristics / vocabulary ................................................ 318 Scope of application..................................................................................... 319 Critical characteristics .................................................................................. 321 Significant characteristics............................................................................. 322 Inspection characteristics ............................................................................. 323 Harmonization of drawing contents.................................................................. 324 Deep groove ball bearing ............................................................................. 325 Inner ring ...................................................................................................... 326 Cylindrical roller bearing – outer ring............................................................ 327 Self-aligning roller thrust bearings................................................................ 328 Drawing comparison – old............................................................................ 329 Drawing comparison – new .......................................................................... 330 Cylindrical roller bearing – cage ................................................................... 333 Appendix ............................................................................................................. 336 Checklist for multiplicators ........................................................................... 337 Training of the trainers ................................................................................. 340 Notes............................................................................................................ 341

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Trainers / Contact persons

Mr. Ernst Ammon (Project manager) Phone: +49(9132)82-2587 e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Gerhard Schorr (Design) Phone: +49(9721)91-4911 e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Karl Bywalez (Quality assurance) Phone: +49(9721)91-4237 e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Otmar Hartling (Design) Phone: +49(9721)91-3062 e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Christian Bahrmann (Design) Phone: +49(7223)941-421 e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Erich Sick (Quality assurance) Phone: +49(7223)941-3640 e-mail: [email protected] Mr. Walter Scharf (Quality assurance) Phone: +49(9132) 82-1152 e-mail: [email protected]

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Multiplicator Training SP 90020

Harmonization of drawing standards within the Schaeffler Group

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Main title ISO1101 / ISO1132

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Drawing comparison - Example FAG Outer ring AR.6000A.2Z.WA

Dimensional and Geometrical tolerances to ISO 1132-1

Hardness and heat treatment indications

Form rigidity indication

Surface roughness according to FAG standards

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Drawing comparison INA Outer ring AU 6000-2Z-0011

Surface roughness to ISO 1302 Hardness and heat treatment indications Dimensional and geometrical tolerances to ISO 1101 and INA standard

Form rigidity: no indication

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Dimensional and geometrical tolerances

FAG uses - standardized rolling bearing tolerance symbols to rolling bearing standard ISO 1132-1 and -2 - the symbols to ISO 1101 for dimensional and geometrical tolerances if there is no external standardization

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INA uses - the symbols to ISO 1101 for standardized (external and internal) dimensional and geometrical tolerances - additional symbols to INA standard for important functional dimensions

Three worlds will be one

● - Uniform specifications (generally accepted standards) ● - Uniform drawings ● - Technical standards (tolerancing principle, standard texts, etc.) ● - Standards and guidelines

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Training drawing contents

Update Training Drawing contents Rules for creating and reading technical drawings

General considerations and design basics

Tolerances

Drawing illustration

• Number ranges

• Tolerancing principle

• Materials

• Form rigidity

• Dimensional and geometrical tolerances

• Heat treatment

• Standard texts

• Waviness • Noise specifications

Dimension, dimensioning and tolerance entry

• Dimensioning indications

Surface indications

• Specifications according to function

• Title blocks

• Specifications according to characteristics (such as roughness maximum value, tolerance on shape, coating)

• Not-to-scale presentation

• No indication with Ra and Rz

• Edge structure

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Overview

General considerations and design basics S 102001-1

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances S 102502

Standard priorities Drawing layout

S 102500

S 102001-5

Form rigidity

Rules for the creation of technical drawings

S 102503

Drawing illustration S 102001-7

Writing and creating rules

Edge structure S 102001-8

Description of surfaces

S 102001-6

Dimension, dimensioning

Tolerancing principle

and tolerance entry

S 102501

S 102001-11

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S 102001-10

Introduction timing The new rules shall be applied to ¾ product line (PL) and product group (PG) ¾ within the segments and plants ¾ Quality assurance

immediately after meeting the following: ¾ User release ¾ Completed training rollout ¾ CAD systems that support the application are implemented

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Agenda: day 1 08:00

Welcome and introduction

09:00

Tasks of the multiplicators

09:45

Break

10:00

Drawing structure and drawing illustrations (title block, not-to-scale presentation, overview of standards, etc.)

12:15

Lunch break

13:00

Tolerancing principles

14:00

Exercises

14:15

Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 1

15:00

Break

15:15

Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 1 (continued)

17:00

Finish of day

Agenda: day 2 08:00

Welcome

08:15

Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 1 (continued)

10:15

Break

10:30

Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 2

12:00

Lunch Break

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Agenda: day 2 (cont.) 12:45

Dimensional & geometrical tolerancing – Part 2 (continued)

14:45

Dimensioning indications

16:15

Break

16:30

Surface indications

17:30

Finish of the day

Agenda: day 3 08:00

Welcome

08:15

Surface indications (continued)

08:45

Edge structure

09:30

Break

09:45

Form rigidity in drawings

10:30

Special characteristics indications

11:00

Sample drawings in individual product lines

12:00

Lunch Break

12:45

Organizational issues

13:15

Test

13:45

Finish

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Implementation Concept Overview

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Basic conditions ● The Project team UP12 is responsible for the technical harmonization of drawing illustrations and drawing indications. The results are specified in design guidelines. ● The Project team UP12 plans and conducts the training for the multiplicators from the products lines. Additionally, the team supports the multiplicators. ● The Product lines are responsible for the technical content of a drawing (such as tolerances) and the interpretation of a product. ● The Product lines are responsible for planning the end user training timely since this training depends on the change-over date of a drawing. ● The Personnel development (central and local) supports the multiplicators in the organization of activities and in the tracking of end user trainings.

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Multiplicator Training ●

Multiplicators are trained across all product lines and plants

●

Target: all the areas concerned are informed and ready for change-over

●

Space of time: March 06 – December 06

●

Number of participants: 350 - 400 across the entire Schaeffler Group

E. Ammon G. Schorr E. Sick O. Hartling K. Bywalez C. Bahrmann W. Scharf

Training

UP 12 instructors

2 days/group

Multiplicators per product line Multiplicator Design

Multiplicator Scheduling

Multiplicator Quality assurance

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Instruments: ƒ Group standards ƒ Overall training documents ƒ Training plan ƒ Checklist for multiplicators

End User Training (Application Engineering and Design) ●

In the first step, the application engineers and design engineers per product line/divisions are trained

●

Target: The users shall be able to create product drawings according to the new design standards

●

Space of time: March 06 – Q1/07

●

Number of participants: approx. 2.500 across the entire Schaeffler Group

Project team UP12 Multiplicator Design Training

FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group INA: approx. 1 day/group LUK: approx. 0,5 day/group

End user per Application Engineering and Design Application Engineering

Product Design

Sales is not relevant

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Instruments: ƒ Group standards ƒ Part training document ƒ Training plan product line ƒ Checklist for multiplicators ƒ Folding map

End User Training (Scheduling, Production and Quality Assurance) ●

In the second step, the users are trained per product line in Master Segment, Segments and Quality Assurance. This takes place before the new drawings are handed over from Design.

●

Target: All users are able to prepare the dimensioning and manufacturing of components, basing on the current as well as on the new standards.

●

Space of time: April 06 – Q1/07

●

Number of participants: approx. 28.000 across the entire Schaeffler Group

Project team UP12 Multiplicator Operation Scheduling Training

Multiplicator Quality Assurance FAG: approx. 1,5 days/group INA: approx. 1 day/group LUK: approx. 0,5 day/group

End user Scheduling, Production, Quality Assurance Master Segment

Segments

Quality Assurance

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Instruments: ƒ Group standards ƒ Part training document ƒ Training plan product line ƒ Checklist for multiplicators ƒ Folding map

Handing-over Meeting Design - Production ●

The handing-over meeting shall ensure a trouble-free transition from Design to Production

●

Requisite: Prior to the meeting, the participants have attended a training on the new design standards

●

The engineer in charge explains the new sample drawing to the scheduler, the production manager and QA engineer. Possible difficulties that might occur in production or measuring are identified and solutions are developed. The UP12 project team supports the handing-over meeting in particular cases .

●

The meeting shall be conducted systemically according to a checklist.

Product Design Engineer Scheduler

Project team UP12

Instruments: ƒ Group standards ƒ Sample drawing new ƒ Checklist drawing hand-over

Handing-over meeting

Quality Engineer Segment Manager

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Further Hints

● All documents, checklists and auxiliary means may be requested from Ernst Ammon, ST/HZA-KR ● When organizing end user trainings, your local Personnel development will provide active support ● A guideline providing information about the further steps in the procedure is available at the end of the event

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Multiplicators Tasks and Rollout

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Multiplicators - Tasks ● Preparations ¾ Attending the multiplicator training (three days) ¾ Selecting product line specific contents from the design standards ¾ Reducing the training documentation tp product line specific contents and adding individual application examples ¾ Coordinating Design, Scheduling and Quality Assurance in regard to the training documentation ¾ Translating the training documentation into the national language (except for German or English) ¾ Timely organization of the end user training dates ¾ Organizing several end user trainings with the support of the Human resources departments in charge (dates and participants) ¾ Optional: Training for trainers

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Multiplicators - Tasks ● Implementation tasks ¾ End user training, end users from Design, Scheduling, Production and Quality Assurance ¾ Documentation and feed back of training participants and contents ¾ First level support for end users on site in case of questions and problems ¾ Involving the UP 12 project team or HQ Design (ST/HZA-KR) in the second level support ¾ Review of drawings and CAD templates together with a member of the project team or HQ Design (ST/HZA-KR)

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Rollout – Time Schedule 2006 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Mai

Jun

2007 Jul

Aug

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Coordination with PLs Pilot training Training optimization 1. Product line A 2. Product line B 3. Product line/ division C

... 44. Product line Y 45. Product line Z

Multiplicators End users

Up to the end of 2006, the implementation of the new standards for new designs and designs that are subject to change is performed from case to case. The product line plans this with the UP12 project team

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The new design guidelines will be binding for all new designs and designs that are subject to change from 2007. On this, the product will be responsible.

Training - Checklist ● Please prepare your task with the help of the following checklist: Schaeffler Group |-- Projects |-- Harmonization of Basic Data and Standards |-- 010 Teilprojekt Zeichnungen Gruppenstandards |-- Toolbox |-- english

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Drawing Layout to S 102001-5

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Definitions The following document types are defined for technical drawings: EAD

Engineering Aftermarket Document

Aftermarket design document

EDA

Engineering Drawing Auxiliary

Auxiliary drawing

EDD

Engineering Drawing Delivery

Customer delivery drawing

EDM

Engineering Drawing Machine

Drawing for special machines

EDP

Engineering Drawing Product

Manufacturing drawing for components and assemblies

EDS

Engineering Drawing State

Manufacturing drawing for production stages (e.g. turning drawing)

EDA: -internal studies on installation space, not for customer -supplements, sketches EDD: -at INA “Angebots- und Lieferzeichnung” (Au L) [customer delivery drawing] -at FAG formerly “Offertzeichnung” [offer drawing] -at LuK formerly “A-Zeichnung” [quotation drawing] -the customer delivery drawing (document type EDD) is designed to inform the customer, describing important technical characteristics (e.g. assembly dimensions). EDP: -assembly drawing: only dimensions necessary for the assembly and fitting dimensions (inspection dimensions), see EDD -at INA and FAG, finished-part drawing: all dimensions that describe the part completely -at LuK, manufacturing drawing: all dimensions for the last process step EDS: -e.g.: casting drawing, turning drawing or drawing for forging blank -only specifications necessary for the respective process step (e.g. turning, grinding, ...) -at INA and FAG: derived from EDP; is mostly created at the production plant; several EDS' based on one EDP possible -at LuK: usually only one EDS for one EDP (cast part– finished part) General: -appropriate title blocks for the respective document type automatically adopted -title blocks related to document type automatically contain various information

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Drawing templates and sizes DIN Format

Width

Height

A4

210 mm

297 mm

A3

420 mm

297 mm

A2

594 mm

420 mm

A1

841 mm

594 mm

A0

1189 mm 841 mm

A0-2

2378 mm 841 mm

A0 double width, filing margin: left

A0-3

3567 mm 841 mm

A0 threefold width, filing margin: left

A0-4

4756 mm 841 mm

A0 fourfold width, filing margin: left

Comments

According to DIN EN ISO 5457 Filing margin: left

-drawing templates according to S102001-4 (drawing templates with additional title blocks for customer) -depending on the document type according to S 100102-11 (technical drawings – drawing templates – document types) and the document applications -select drawing size in a way that ensures a clear arrangement of the drawing contents (views, texts, characteristic lines, ...) -a small drawing size should be preferred, since printouts in smaller formats are more legible in this way

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Man uf ac tur i ng

C on stru ctio n

Arrangement of drawing contents

S 123456-7 Standard acc. to Schaeffler Group

S 123456-7 Standard acc. to Schaeffler Group

1. Title block: language selectable bilingual version possible layout is allocated to the document type to be selected and filled in according to S 102001-2, -3 and -4 Note: There are separate training courses on the title block available. See standard training courses. 2. Projection method and unit symbol projection method 1 is to be used as standard method 3. Drawing views, projections, sections, details as few as possible, but as many as needed to describe the part completely take into consideration the projection method arrange details and sections next to the original object 4. 3D view if possible 1:1 as enlargement factor in order to get a feeling for the component in the original printout true-to-scale view obligatory 5. Legend surface symbols dimensions of edges Continued on next page: 6. Standard texts 7. Table data

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Standard text application Program start

There is a separate training course on the standard text application available, which can be booked via SAP (ESS). ----------------------------------Continuation ---------------------------------------6. Standard texts -monolingual, right alignment -bilingual version possible -leading language = language of country with design authority -standard text application in ProE -same font and size -first language (design authority): LEFT -second language (production): RIGHT -two languages per drawing at the most -in case of three languages => additional sheet with duplicated geometry 7. Table data -to be arranged directly above the title block along the side of the title block -e.g. bill of materials on EDD documents Specification of S......-. in EDD document -only permissible if the respective S… is released for the customer

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Standard text application Selection

Selection via assigned text groups

the search function

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Standard text application Entries, layout

Language and layout settings

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Texts in drawings

Text

Minimum font size Size

[dimensions in mm]

A0

A1

A2

A3

A4

h = 10 d

3,5

2,5

d

0,35

0,25

h = font size of upper-case letters and numbers d = line width

Texts in drawings: -DIN EN ISO 128-20 applies -the minimum line width is 0,35 mm in order to ensure the legibility of scaled-down A0 and A1 drawings Font size: -must be legible in scaled-down documents -maximum shrinkage: 2 format steps

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Insertion of BOMs in drawings

w Ne

ns ig s de

d! e k oc bl

BOM insertions: -not permissible in EDP documents -in EDD documents allowed in consultation with the customer

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Item specifications

- are to be allocated to each component or assembly - are to be arranged outside the outline of the representation

Item numbers -various types of item specifications possible -BOM item no. as symbol according to DIN ISO 6433 -specification of a (13-digit) material number -document number without document type and version number -same font and size -various types of specification possible within one drawing if unambiguousness is guaranteed Reading direction -generally, horizontally and from below or vertically and from the right -no diagonal nor any other arrangement permissible Note: In the case of basic assemblies (e.g. standard rolling bearing) the item specifications may be dropped if unambiguousness is guaranteed.

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Specifications in drawings

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Item numbers according to DIN ISO 6433 - groups of components are numbered along shared reference line - multiple usage of components is to be specified only once

-if unambiguousness is not guaranteed, the item number has to be inserted in the assembly drawing. -the item numbers are specified, for instance, in increments of ten (e.g. 10…20…30).

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Change display

- in text fields - change symbol in drawings - no change symbol for automatic changes

AB

AA

Change specification: -the change is described by means of the change number in the text field. -the change indicator is inserted at the respective point in the drawing. -there is no change indicator inserted in the drawing for collective or automatic change. -in each case, only the last change status is specified in the drawing and in the title block. -drawings of basic version “00” do not contain any references to the change status.

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Drawing illustration S 102001-7

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Pictorial representation

The main view includes most of the information. Break lines and edges of the objects may be omitted if not needed for comprehension purposes. Only the views, details and cuts that are needed to describe the drawing clearly are represented. Represent each dimension and detail only once! Full-section, half-section or part cross-section possible; depending on size Half-section or part-section preferred for simple parts (rings, simple rotational parts).

48/344

Scales

Full-scale

Enlargement scale

Reduction scale

1:1

X:1

1:X

100:1

80:1

50:1

40:1

30:1

20:1

15:1

10:1

8:1

5:1

4:1

3:1

2:1

1:1,5

1:2

1:3

1:4

1:5

1:8

1:10

1:20

1:30

1:40

1:50

1:80

1:100

Magnifications Reductions

The drawing shall always be presented to –scale. Not-to-scale representations are only permissible in exceptional cases. The scales printed in bold are preferred in cases there a full-scale (1:1) representation is not possible (according to DIN ISO 5455). The scale indications printed in normal size are not standardized but are additionally allowed to better use the drawing area of CAD drawings. The main scale is indicated in the title block. If another scale is required for a detail or sectional view, the used scale shall be indicated there (such as: Y-Y M2:1).

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Not-to-scale representation

E or F

Raceway

Good Solution

not concave

Bad Solution

Small angles indications

An extreme not-to-scale representation is permissible in cases where a full-scale representation does not provide clearly visible details.

50/344

Projection method 1

The most informative view of an object shall be used, taking into account the component‘s position with regard to functioning, manufacturing or mounting. Projection method 1 shall be used as standard procedure. The projection method symbol is located at the filing margin. With reference to the front view (a), the other views are arranged as follows: the view from above, (b), is placed underneath the view from below, (e), is placed above the view from the left, (c), is placed on the right the view from the right, (d) is placed on the left the view from the rear, (f), may be placed on the left or right, as convenient

51/344

Projection method 1

Drawing area

Projection method 1 (first angle projection method) is an orthographic / orthogonal presentation in which the product seems to lie between the viewer and the coordinate planes on which the object is orthogonally projected.

52/344

Projection method 3

Drawing area

Projection method 3 (third angle projection method) is an orthographic / orthogonal presentation in which, in the eyes of the viewer, the product seems to lie behind the coordinate planes on which the object is orthogonally projected. With reference to the front view (a), the other views are arranged as follows: the view from above, (B), is placed above the view from below, (E) is placed underneath the view from the left, (c), is placed on the left the view from the right, (d) is placed on the right the view from the rear, (F), may be placed on the left or right, as convenient

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Projection methods 1 and 3

Projection method 1 shall be used within the Schaeffler Group!

Exception

The first angle projection method is the appropriate one to be used within the Schaeffler Group. Projection method 3 on the EDD is permissible on customer request. Projection method 1 and 3 according to standard are the only methods to be used. The marking symbol is bilingual by default. If different projection methods are used in the document types EDD and EDP, a note above the title block in the standard text area indicating this change is mandatory. The symbol size is predefined by the CAD system.

54/344

Simplified representations of views Components with two or more similar views

Same views may be included in one detail.

55/344

Partial view of symmetrical parts

Example 1

Example 2

DIN ISO 128-30 applies (Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 30: Basic conventions for views) To save space, symmetrical objects may be drawn as a fraction of the whole. The line of symmetry is identified at each of its ends by two narrow short parallel lines drawn at right angles. The symmetry symbol is predefined in ProE and appears automatically.

56/344

Center holes

Center hole is necessary on the finished part

Center hole may not remain on the finished part

Center hole may exist on the finished part

The simplified representation of center holed may be used in cases where it is not required to present the actual form and size and where the pure indication of standardized center holes will suffice as information. DIN ISO 6411 applies (Technical drawings - Simplified representation of centre holes)

57/344

Holes, counterbores, countersinks and internal threads

Complete representation and dimensioning

Explanation

Symbolic representation and simplified dimensioning

Screw thread M10 with a thread length of 25 mm, tapping drill hole depth 30 mm

The simplified representation of holes, counterbores, internal screw threads is permissible if the dimensions can be derived from the marking. DIN 6780 applies (Technical drawings - Simplified dimensioning and representation of holes, counterbores, countersinks and internal threads)

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Springs View

simplified

Cylindrical helical compression spring

Double-tapered helical compression spring

Disc-spring assembly (here: multi-layer)

Springs can be represented in simplified form according to standard. DIN ISO 2162-1: Technical products documentation - Springs - Part 1: Simplified representation DIN ISO 2162-2: Technical product documentation - Springs - Part 2: Presentation of data for cylindrical helical compression springs DIN ISO 2162-3: Technical product documentation - Springs - Part 3: Vocabulary

59/344

Gears, bevel gears, matching of gear pairs DIN 39623962-2

DIN 39623962-3

DIN 3963 DIN 39653965-1 DIN 3964

DIN 39623962-1

DIN 39663966-1 DIN 3961 DIN 39663966-2 DIN 3960 DIN 39663966-3 DIN ISO 2203 DIN 3967

DIN ISO 2203

Technical Drawings; Conventional Representation of Gears

DIN 3960 Definitions, parameters and equations for involute cylindrical gears and gear pairs DIN 3961

Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Bases

DIN 3962-1 Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for Deviations of Individual Parameters DIN 3962-2 Tooth Trace Deviations

Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for

DIN 3962-3 Pitch-span Deviations

Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for

DIN 3963 Working Deviations

Tolerances for Cylindrical Gear Teeth; Tolerances for

DIN 3964 Deviations of Shaft Centre Distances and Shaft Position Tolerances of Casings for Cylindrical Gears DIN 3965-1

Tolerancing of bevel gears; basic concepts

DIN 3966-1 Information on Gear Teeth in Drawings; Information on Involute Teeth for Cylindrical Gears DIN 3966-2 Straight Bevel Gear Teeth

Information on Gear Teeth in Drawings; Information on

DIN 3966-3 Worms and worm wheels; information to be given to the manufacturer by the purchaser in order to obtain the gear required DIN 3967 System of Gear Fits; Backlash, Tooth Thickness Allowances, Tooth Thickness Tolerances; Principles

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Representation of cuts and sections

The cut is marked by two capital letters. The line of sight is identified by arrows. The cut itself shall be marked with the given letters. The representation is provided by the CAD system automatically. The following standards apply: -DIN ISO 128-40 Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections -DIN ISO 128-44 Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings -DIN ISO 128-50 Technical drawings - General principles of presentation - Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections

61/344

Breaking edges

Breaking edges are preferably indicated by a freehand continuous line. A zigzag line may be used alternatively. Within a drawing, break lines of similar type must be used. The break line may be omitted for details.

62/344

Details

Special case:

without scale

The area identified as a detail is framed in the overall view by a narrow continuous line (e.g. circle, ellipse or rectangle). Details are marked with capital letters. The last letters of the alphabet shall be used. (starting from the end: Z, Y, X, …) The letters shall not be the same as those for a cutting line or a view that must also be indicated. The lettering height shall be one size larger than the lettering used on the technical drawing. The detail should be arranged, as far as possible, near to the framed area. The scale shall be indicated next to the detail indication if it differs from the scale given in the title block.

63/344

Functional surfaces (marking)

hardened and tempered 60+3 HRC

If tolerance, surface or hardness indications shall only apply to a limited part of an area or outline, then this area shall be indicated by a thick dashed dotted line.

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Weld seam inspection

a

1

1

= inspected to S 2xxxxx

Pictorial representation of weld seams

Welded seams are indicated on the drawing by using simplified representations with symbols. There are individual symbols, depending on the welded seam. The example given above is only one of many examples. The weld cross-section is represented either by blackening (hatching) or a dot pattern. The following standards apply: DIN EN 22553: Welded, brazed and soldered joints - Symbolic representation on drawings DIN 1912-4: Graphical Representation of Welded, Soldered and Brazed Joints; Concepts and Terms for Soldered and Brazed Joints and Seams

65/344

Relief grooves

½ grinding allowance

Shaft

½ grinding allowance

Hub

A complete dimensioning shall be provided for the in-progress drawing (EDS) that is used for the production of the relief groove. The following standards apply: S 103301-1 Rolling bearings, relief grooves S 103301-2 Rolling bearings, relief grooves; turning tools (in preparation) DIN 509 Relief grooves - Types and dimensions

66/344

Relief grooves Relief groove

Relief groove

Or: Relief groove

A simplified representation of the relief grooves on the in-process drawing is permissible. Relief grooves of secondary importance (relief is not described completely may be defined with the edge symbol S 102001-8 Technical drawings, rules for the creation of technical drawings; edge structure

67/344

Materials

100Cr6 S130000

100Cr6 S130000

The designations of the material or semi-finished product shall be entered in the title block according to S 102001-2, -3, -4. The quality standard (standard) shall be indicated on component drawings (EDx) in addition to the material designation of the material or semifinished product (quality standard). Drawing entry example: 100Cr6 S130000

68/344

Heat treatment Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

Finished part and in-process drawing (EDP and EDS)

hardened and tempered

hardened and tempered to S ......

hardened and tempered hardness 60 + 4 HRC

hardened and tempered to S ...... hardness 60 +4 HRC

case hardened and tempered Surface hardness 700 +130 HV 10 CHD 550 HV 1 = 0,3 +0,3 1)

case hardened and tempered to S ...... Surface hardness 700 + 130 HV 10 CHD 550 HV 1 = 0,3 +0,3 1)

1)

CHD (Case hardened depth) = replaces EHT (Einsatzhärtetiefe)

Heat treatment specifications, if required, shall be entered on technical drawings (EDx) the way as described in the table above. All specifications are stored in the standard text. Any deviations from the standard shall be indicated.

69/344

Representation of heat treated components

Hardened Component tempered entirely

Hardened Component tempered entirely

Figure 1: Localized heat treatment of the represented part is required. The heat treated area is identified by a thick long dashed dotted line, the position of the heat treated area is indicated as well. The measuring point is also indicated. Figure 2: When a component is heat treated it may be better to harden a lager area than actually required due to procedural reasons. As far as this is permissible, the area that has been additionally hardened is identified by a thick long dashed dotted line. The position of the heat treated area is indicated on the drawing.

70/344

Designation of the case-hardened depth

Old Designation DIN 50190-1

New designation DIN EN ISO 2639

Eht

CHD

(Einsatzhärtungstiefe)

(Case-Hardened Depth)

Example: Eht 600 HV3 = 0,5 + 0,3

CHD 600 HV3 = 0,5 + 0,3

Basic hardness: 600 HV3 (Vickers hardness) Case-hardened depth: 0,5 mm Tolerance: +0,3 mm Hardness must be 600 HV3 in a depth of 0,5 mm.

71/344

Hardness parameter definitions

ISO 15787

English

DIN 6773

Deutsch

CHD

Case hardening depth

Eht

Einhärtungstiefe (einsatzgehärtet)

CD

Carburization depth

At

Aufkohlungstiefe (aufgekohlt)

CLT

Compound layer thickness

VS

Verbindungsschichtdicke (nitrocarburiert)

FHD

Fusion hardness depth

Sht

Schmelzhärtetiefe

NHD

Nitriding hardness depth

Nht

Nitrierhärtetiefe (nitriert)

SHD

Surface hardening depth

Rht

Einhärtungstiefe (randschichtgehärtet)

FTS

Fusion treatment specification

RSP

Randschichtschmelzplan

HTO

Heat-treatment order

WBA

Wärmebehandlungsanweisung

HTS

Heat-treatment specification

WBP

Wärmebehandlungsplan

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Design standards

Tolerancing principle S 102501 - Principle of independence according to ISO 8015 - Envelope requirements according to DIN 7167

73/344

Drawing example

What is the relationship between geometrical and dimensional tolerances? Where is the relationship indicated on this drawing?

74/344

Tolerancing principles

Tolerancing principles without drawing specification

Envelope requirement

Principle of independence

Drawing specification

Drawing specification

Tolerancing DIN 7167

Tolerancing ISO 8015

Envelope requirement: The envelope requirement applies if there is no drawing specification (in German-speaking countries). In order to identity the envelope requirement in German-speaking countries clearly, the indication ‚Tolerancing DIN 7167‘ should be stated in the drawing or title block. Independence: The principle of independence only applies if ‚Tolerancing ISO 8015‘ is indicated in or close to the title block. In general: the independence principle to ISO 8015 shall be applied to all technical drawings and models as the appropriate tolerancing principle to use. The specification ISO 8015 is the default value within the title block application ZEBRA. Geometrical tolerancing to S 102502 shall be used for technical drawings and models for which the tolerancing to ISO 8015 applies. Each of the dimensional, geometrical and positional tolerances specified in the drawing must be adhered to independently from each other. As per ISO 8015, the envelope requirement or the maximum material principle to ISO 2692 may additionally be applied to individual dimensions.

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Tolerancing principles

Tolerancing ISO 8015

Envelope requirement

Principle of independence

Envelope requirement = Marking Maximum material principle MMR (ISO 2692)

= Marking

The envelope requirement may be used for individual characteristics in the independence system if the dimension is followed by a circled „E“ or if the maximum principle is used.

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Tolerancing principles Envelope requirement

Drawing specification

Envelope requirement: Each of the dimensional and geometrical tolerances must be within the permissible tolerance (±t).

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Tolerancing principles Independence principle

Radial runout

Straightness runout

Independence system: Each of the dimensional, geometrical, and positional tolerances in the independence system must be adhered to independently from each other.

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Tolerancing principles Independence principle

79/344

Tolerancing principles Gage

Taylor principle

Applicable for the go gage: The nominal dimension of the ring gage must be equal to the diameter of the go dimension and the length of the gage must be equal to the length of fit of the fit to be produced. Applicable for the no-go gage: The nominal dimension is equal to the no-go dimension, and the length of the fit only touches the material surface in two opposing points. The no-go gage must be designed in such a way that it does not comply with the component in any point or in any position. Source: DIN report 79. 2000

Note: The expressions gage side and no-gage side have been used formerly. MML = Maximum Material Limit (gage side)

MML

LML

LML = Least Material Limit (no-gage side)

Gut

80/344

Ausschuss

Design standards Tolerancing principle (S 102501) Envelope requirement according to DIN 7167 All customer delivery drawings and models for which ASME Y14.5M -1994 applies shall be clearly identified by the following standard text above the title block or in the model: (special case):

2_72

Dimensional and geometrical tolerances according to ASME Y14.5M-1994

The usage is only permissible if demanded by the customer. In this case, the envelope requirement for technical drawings and models has to be applied (Tolerancing DIN 7167).

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Drawing example

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Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances Part 1 S102502 – Scope of application – Indications on drawing – Definitions – Special indications – Measuring principle – Drawing examples

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General tolerance indications Customer delivery drawings (EDD): Indicating general tolerances (e.g. ISO 2768) is not permissible.

Extract from the title block:

be o t t

use

or df

new

ign des

s!

o no internal processing (such a bolts, nuts, plastic Exceptions: purchased productsNwith moldings, castings, etc)

For such products the general tolerances defined in public standards are permissible, such as: • Tolerances for fasteners (bolts, nuts) to DIN EN ISO 4759-1 • General tolerances for steel stampings to DIN 6930-2 • General dimensions for linear dimensions of plastic moldings to DIN 16901 • General tolerances of size, form and orientation for thermoplastics extruded profiles to DIN 16941 • Tolerances on dimensions for steel die forgings to DIN EN 10243-1 • General tolerances for rough castings to DIN 1680-2, DIN 1683-1, DIN 1684-1, DIN 1685-1, DIN 1686-1, DIN 1687 and DIN 1688 • Castings to DIN ISO 8062 The general indications on customer delivery drawings are indicated as standard text.

Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620

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General tolerance indications Internal manufacturing drawings (EDP, EDS): • •

Tolerances must be indicated for each dimension General tolerances according to ISO 2768: only permissible for LuK products Internal auxiliary drawings (EDA): •

General tolerances in auxiliary drawings have to be converted.

Purchasing and proposal supplier drawings (EDP): • Tolerances must be indicated for each dimension Customer drawings (EDC): •

General tolerances in customer drawings have to be converted.

EDP/EDS: Exceptions: Tolerances cannot be indicated for theoretical dimensions (there are no tolerances). Tolerances can be indicated for dimensions of clamping equipment. General indications: Product line manager‘s approval is a prerequisite.

EDU: Exceptions: Tolerances cannot be indicated for theoretical dimensions (there are no tolerances). Tolerances can be indicated for dimensions of clamping equipment. The applying general indications are indicated in addition to the nonstandard tolerances.

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Datum symbols General datum symbols

The following datum symbols are to be used for crest lines, enveloping surfaces, axes, or points Basic symbols:

Standard datum symbol (filled in)

Datum feature:

Use capital letters only

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Datum symbols General datum symbols (Point)

The datum feature is a point (PT)

!

Old drawing specification ns

o tt o N

be

u

d se

fo

ew n r

New drawing specification

g si e d

87/344

Datum symbols General datum symbols (straight line)

The datum feature is a straight line (SL)

New drawing specification

Newly added to ISO 5459.

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Datum symbols General datum symbols (plane)

The datum feature is a plane (PL) New drawing specification

Newly added to ISO 5459.

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Datum symbols General datum symbols (plane / Global Gauß)

The datum feature is a plane (PL) as per Least Squares Method (GG = Global Gauß) New drawing specifications

The datum feature refers to a plane which is located inside the measured profile in such a way that the square sum of the profile deviations becomes minimal (least squares). Newly added to ISO 5459. If all datum features of a drawing are to be evaluated using the LS method, this symbol can be replaced by a standard text.

Standard text: The evaluation process based on the least squares method applies for all dimensions and references that provide no additional information.

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Datum symbols Global Gauß (Least Square)

Averaged plane according to Gauß

Max. point

Min. point

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Datum symbols General datum symbols (straight line / Global Gauß)

The datum feature is a straight line (SL), as per Last Squares Method (GG = Global Gauß)

New drawing specification

The datum feature refers to a straight line which is located inside the measured profile in such a way that the square sum of the profile deviations becomes minimal (least squares). Newly added to ISO 5459. If all datum features of a drawing are to be evaluated using the LS method, this symbol can be replaced by a standard text.

Standard text: The evaluation process based on the least squares method applies for all dimensions and references that provide no additional information.

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Datum symbols Global Gauß (Least Square)

Averaged straight line according to Gauß

Max. point

Min. point

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Mean diameter value Bearing bore

Outside bearing diameter

ø20 +0,005 (dmp)

ø20 -0,004 (Dmp)

Important: Only with diameter indications! Scope of application: Products, tools, thin-walled products (rolling bearing, seals, plastic parts, etc.) Drawing specification: Finished part and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

It is not necessary to indicate (dmp), (Dmp) and (mp) in the customer delivery drawing, provided that an additional text indicates that the bearings conform with the rolling bearing standards as per DIN 620 et seqq. , or with the corresponding ISO standards. Where no reference is made in the customer delivery drawing to the above mentioned rolling bearing standards, the mean diameter values are indicated in the same way as in the finished-part drawing by a standard text.

Standard text: dmp, Dmp, mp: Mean value acc. to ISO 1132 Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620

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Mean diameter value Old drawing specification

No

o tt

be

us

ed

r fo

w ne

d

s gn i es

!

No

Finished-part drawing (EDS/EDP)

o tt

be

e us

d

r fo

w ne

d

s gn i es

Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

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!

Mean diameter value New drawing specification 3) 1) 1) 2)

•

mean diameter value for all diameters to ISO 1132-1

•

with mean values, it is always necessary to indicate also the roundness

• The following symbols can be used as well: 1)

Vp/2

2)

VdP/2 or 3) VDp/2

The complete indication of mean values on finished-part drawings (EDP/EDS) is: Bore diameter: ø20-0,020 (dmp) Outside diameter: ø40-0,011 (Dmp) Other diameters: ø28±0,1 (mp)

Definition of the mean diameter value (dmp/Dmp): As per DIN ISO 1132: Arithmetic mean value of the minimum and maximum single bore diameters (or mean outside diameters) identifiable in a radial plane.

dmp = (dsp max+ dsp min) / 2

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Mean diameter value Definition

Averaged: Ø13

11,000 + 15,000 Mean value: 2

+0,006 -0,008

(Dmp)

12,988 + 12,996 = 12,992 2

= 13,000

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Mean diameter value Bearing bore (dmp)

Measuring principle

Two-point measurement of diameter, related to the total circumference: Nominal dimension (dmp) = (dsp min + dsp max) / 2 Measuring process: •The calibration ring (setting master) is placed on the two-point inside gage (fixed stops top left and top. The part is attached to the stop on top, opposite the moveable stylus). •With the help of the adjusting screw, located below the measuring device, the dial is adjusted to the dimensions of the calibration ring (set at zero). •Then, the part is placed on the measuring device and rotated by 180° •The deflection of the indicator is observed and the diameter mean value is determined accordingly. Example: the calibration ring diameter is 30,0 mm. The dial indicator oscillates between -6 µm and -8 µm. The mean value is -7 µm. That is the reason why the diameter mean value of the test piece is 29,993 mm.

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Mean diameter value Outside diameter (Dmp)

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is inserted in the two-point outside gage and rotated by 180°. (fixed stops right and bottom. The part is attached to the stop at bottom opposite the moveable stylus. •The deflection of the dial indicator is observed and the diameter value is determined accordingly. Example: the diameter of the calibration ring with which the measuring device has been set is 60,0 mm. The dial indicator oscillates between 0 µm and -12 µm. The mean value is -6 µm. That is the reason why the diameter mean value of test piece is 59,994 mm.

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Roundness Standard indication

Scope of application:

Drawing specification:

Preferred specification in all drawing types to ensure compliance with roundness to ISO 1101 Finished-part drawings and in-process drawings (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawings (EDD)

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Roundness Standard indication

Drawing specification

Definition of the tolerance zone

The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane, which is perpendicular to the axis, by two concentric circles at a distance t.

Referring to filter value, filter type, and analysis method, the following has been defined for this standard indication in group standard S241011-2 (draft): The profile is filtered by a profile filter phase corrector as per DIN ISO 11562 (Gauß-Filter). The transfer characteristic is 50%. •A filter with a limit value of 500 W/U is defined as standard filter. Other filters (depending on the function of the tested surface, for instance) is also permissible. At least 7 touch points per object are required for proper use of the filter. •The MZC is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose the measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum The appropriate evaluation procedure is MZCI (Minimum Zone Circle). The MZCI is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose the measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum. The tolerance zone is enclosed in the measuring plane, which is perpendicular to the axis, by two concentric circles at a distance t. Other requirements to the measuring procedure shall be represented according to the special indications as follows.

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Roundness Special indication Filter value Filter type Analysis Tolerance value

Scope of application: Drawing specification:

If all test parameters (filter value and filter type) deviate from standard S 241011 Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

If a specification does not indicate clearly the values to be used for one or several operators, the specification is imprecise (see ISO/TS 17450-2) and a supplier may use any, not specified, values to prove conformity. Indicated characteristics always apply to a specific filtering procedure. A center line filter (e.g. Gauß, spline, wavelet etc.) or a non-linear filter (e.g. morphologic filter) may be additional filters. Standard indication: The reference procedure as per MZCI applies if there are no further indications on the drawing.

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Roundness Special indication

New drawing specification

If the test parameters (filter value and filter type) show compliance with the indications given in group standard S 241011. Test parameters that comply with the standard parameters given in S 241011 are not explicitly indicated; the position reserved for them remains empty.

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Roundness Analysis method / Filter value

Analysis MZCI

MICI

LSCI

MCCI

Filter value

without

1-15

1-50

1515-150

5,11 µm

2,88 µm

3,98 µm

3,61 µm

Measured tolerance (MZCI):

The individual analysis methods are specified in group standard S241011-2 as follows: MZCI: (Minimum Zone Circle) The MZCI is defined as two concentric circles positioned to just enclose the measured profile such that their radial departure is a minimum. MICI: (Maximum Inscribed Circle) The maximum inscribed circle, sometimes referred to as the plug gauge circle, is the largest circle that is totally enclosed by the profile. LSCI: (Least Squares Circle) The Least Squares reference circle is a circle where the sum of areas inside this circle are equal to the sum of the areas outside the circle and kept to a minimum separation (circle fitting procedure, Gauß-Newton method) MCCI: (Minimum Circumscribed Circle) Under-roller diameter. It is the smallest circle (for outside surfaces) that totally encloses the profile.

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Roundness Filter types Filter name

G = Gaussian S = Spline

Filter

Type

Class L = Linear

A = Areal (3D) M = Morphological R = Robust L = Linear

F = Filter

P = Profile (2D) M = Morphological R = Robust

W = Spline Wavelet CB = Closing Ball CH = Closing Horizontal segment OB = Opening Ball OH = Opening Horizontal segment AB = Alternating series Ball AH = Alternating series Horizontal segment

The filter type designation consists of 4 parts •Filter •Type (2D or 3D) •Class and •Filter name (designations are defined in ISO/TS 16610 et seqq.) A combination of the individual designation units is possible if required. Example: Filter type FALS is a linear 3D spline filter. The structure of the filter type designation also applies to the measuring of straightness and flatness.

105/344

Roundness Outside diameter

Measuring principle Parallel light

Pick-up

Light source

Measuring length

Test piece Operating distance Lens

Receiver

Measuring procedure: The part is placed on the lathe chuck and measurement is started. The shadow of the diameter is projected in parallel to the beam on the photosensitive receiver by using the shadow projection method. According to a changeable rotating angle, the change of shadow width is evaluated and thus roundness is calculated.

106/344

Roundness Outside diameter

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is clamped to the turning table of the roughness measurement device. •The roughness measurement program is started via the connected measuring computer. •The measuring computer asks the workman to align the test piece. The workman centers the test piece with the help of the adjusting screw below the turning table. •The computer starts the measuring program, the turning table is automatically rotated by 360°. •The computer represents a diagram showing the actual roundness of the test piece compared to an ideal circle. Additionally, the roundness value in numbers and the individual parameters are printed.

107/344

Two-point roundness Outside bearing diameter

Bearing bore

Other diameters

Scope of application:

For rolling bearings and components similar to rolling bearings where compliance of the standardized diameter variations Vdp / VDp as per ISO 1132-1 has to be ensured.

Drawing specification:

Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawings (EDD)

Standard text in customer delivery drawings (EDD):

Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620 (Instead of indicating the symbols Vdp/2; VDp/2; Vp/2, a general reference is made to geometrical tolerances as per DIN 620).

108/344

Two-point roundness New drawing specification Outer ring

Inner ring

Vdp/2=(dsp1 max – dsp1 min) / 2

VDp/2=(Dsp1 max – Dsp1 min) / 2

Two-point roundness allows to measure roundness by means of a simple two-point measurement. It is thus a straightforward method of quality monitoring in volume production. The value measured differs from that obtained by roundness measurement to ISO 1101 (experience value:

= 1,33 x Vdp/2)

109/344

Two-point roundness

Measuring principle

Two-point measurement of diameter in a radial plane, related to the total circumference: Vdp/2 = (dsp max - dsp min) / 2 VDp/2 = (Dsp max - Dsp min) / 2 Measuring process: •The calibration ring is placed on the two-point inside gage (the stylus top left is fixed and serves as stop, the stylus on top is also fixed and serves as counterpart to the moveable stylus below) •The adjusting screw below the measuring device is used to set the dial gage to the calibration ring dimensions (set to zero). •Then, the test piece is inserted in the measuring device and rotated by 180°. •The deflection of the indicator is observed and the two-point roundness is determined accordingly. Example: The indicator oscillates between -6 µm and -8 µm. The difference of these values is the two-point roundness of the test piece. 8 µm – 6 µm = 2 µm. On this, the two-point roundness is 2 µm / 2 = 1 µm.

110/344

Two-point roundness Measuring principle

Measuring process: •Then, the test piece is inserted in the measuring device and rotated by 180° (the stylus right is fixed and serves as stop, the stylus below is also fixed and serves as counterpart to the moveable stylus on top). •The deflection of the indicator is observed and the two-point roundness is determined accordingly. Example: During rotation, the dial indicator oscillates between 0 µm and -12 µm. The difference of the values is the two-point out-ofroundness of the test piece. 12 µm – 0 µm = 12 µm. On this, the two-point roundness is 12 µm/2 = 6µm .

111/344

Drawing comparison Roundness (FAG old!)

t No

to

be

e us

d

w ne r fo

s gn i s de

!

Note: This symbol will be replaced by the indications Vdp/2 or VDp/2 respectively!!!

112/344

Drawing comparison Roundness (Schaeffler Group new!)

113/344

Parallelism

Scope of application: Preferred indication on all drawing types to ensure compliance with parallelism to ISO 1101. Drawing specification: Finished-part drawings and in-process drawings (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

114/344

Parallelism Line

Drawing specification

Definition of the tolerance zone

The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel, straight lines at a distance t.

115/344

Parallelism Plane

Definition of the tolerance zone Drawing specification

The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel, straight planes at a distance t.

116/344

Parallelism Plane to line

Definition of the tolerance zone Drawing specification

The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel, straight planes at a distance t.

117/344

Parallelism Two axes

Drawing specification Definition of the tolerance zone

If parallelism of two bore axes relative to each other is permissible, the tolerance (0,03) must be preceded by the diameter symbol

118/344

Parallelism Measuring principle

To check tolerances after drawing. Measuring process: •The test piece is inserted in the holding prism of the measuring device and it is moved in horizontal direction across the whole length. •The deflection of the dial indicator is observed and thus the parallelism of the test piece is determined. Example: The indicator deflection ranges between +2 µm to -5 µm. The difference of these values is the parallelism. On this, the test piece parallelism is 7 µm.

119/344

Parallelism Measuring principle Pick up

Holding prism

Air slide

Measurement of parallelism to S 241014-1

Air cushioning /air suspension

Measuring process: •The test piece is inserted in a holding prism. •The stylus moves to the bore of the test piece. •The deepest point of the bore is determined by setting the lateral adjusting screw of the air slide. The reversal point of the numerical value on the measuring computer represents the deepest point of the bore. •Now, the stylus traces the top and bottom sides of the bore. •The printout represents the traced sections graphically; on this, an optical representation of parallelism is shown.

120/344

Drawing comparison Parallelism (FAG old!)

Note: FAG has used this symbol for Vdmp!!!

121/344

Drawing comparison Parallelism (Schaeffler Group new!) B1IR t7 t5

t4

FW

d (dmp)

v1 v2 t4 t3 t6

h

b1IR

t2 t1

122/344

t2

Parallelism Diameter variation (axial) Outside bearing diameter

Bearing bore

Other diameters

Scope of application: - Rolling bearings and components similar to roller bearings - If parallelism to ISO 1101 is indispensable, VDmp has to be indicated exclusively.

Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP), (EPS)

123/344

Diameter variation Cylindrical shaft / bore (VDmp/Vdmp)

Measurement of diameter difference related to the entire length of the bore or to the entire length of the outside diameter respectively

Definition of a diameter variation of a cylindrical shaft / bore (Vdmp/VDmp): As per DIN ISO 1132: Difference between the largest and smallest bore mean diameter / outside diameter on a single ring related to the individual radial planes.

Vdmp = dmp max− dmp min

124/344

Diameter variation Cylindrical shaft (VDmp)

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The calibration ring is inserted in the two-point outside gage in such a way that the largest diameter is placed between the lower fixed tip and the upper moveable stylus (=reversal point of the dial gage). •The left stop is aligned. •Turning the bottom adjusting screw adjusts the dial gage to the size of the calibration ring. •The test piece is inserted and rotated by 180°. •The diameter mean value (Dmp) is determined at this measuring point. •The test piece is moved by cranking the axial adjustment on the rear part of the measuring device; due to this, the moveable measuring tips are tracing a new axial measuring plane. •Measurement is repeated as described above •The smallest measured Dmp value determined from all measuring planes is deduced from the largest measured Dmp value determined from all measuring planes. Example: the largest Dmp value measured is 60,001 mm. The smallest Dmp value measured is 59,998 mm. On this, the VDmp value of the work piece is 3µm.

125/344

Diameter variation Cylindrical bore (Vdmp)

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is inserted in a two-point inside gage and rotated by 180° . The gage has already been adjusted by a calibration ring (the stylus top left is fixed and serves as a stop, the stylus on top is also fixed and serves as a counterpart to the moveable stylus at the bottom). •Now, the diameter mean value dmp is determined. •The test piece is moved by turning the axial adjusting screw on the rear. The moveable stylus tip and the fixed counter tip are now in the middle of the test piece. •Again, the test piece is rotated by 180° and the diameter mean value (dmp) is determined. •The smallest dmp value is deduced from the largest one. Example: The largest dmp value is 30,003 mm. The smallest measured dmp value is 29,998 mm. On this, the Vdmp value of the test piece is 5µm.

126/344

Drawing comparison VDmp (FAG old!)

b to t No

w ne r fo d se eu

s! n g si de

127/344

Drawing comparison VDmp (Schaeffler Group new!)

128/344

Parallelism Special indication: without geometrical defects

Scope of application: Special symbols to ensure parallelism of the Gaussian average of a plane / line (Least Squares) to a datum plane / line. Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP) In-process drawing (EDS)

129/344

Parallelism Special indication: without geometrical defects

New drawing specification

Definition of the tolerance zone

The averaged plane / line must be parallel to the datum plane / line A within the tolerance zone t.

130/344

Straightness Standard indication

Scope of application: Preferred specification in all drawing types to ensure compliance with straightness to ISO 1101 Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

131/344

Straightness Standard indication

Definition of the tolerance zone Drawing specification

The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel, straight lines at a distance t.

Race straightness complies with the permissible deviation in shape in axial scanning direction (N 030206).

132/344

Straightness Special indication Filter value Filter type Analysis Tolerance value

Scope of application: At the time when all test parameters (analysis methods, filter value and filter type) differ from standard S 241012 Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value, filter type, and analysis method are to be represented as shown above.

133/344

Straightness Special indication

New drawing specification

If the test parameters (filter value and filter type) show compliance with the specifications given in group standard S 241012. Test parameters that conform with the standard parameters given in S 241013 are not explicitly indicated. The position reserved for them remains empty.

134/344

Straightness Measuring principle Pick up

Holding prism

Measurement of straightness to S 241012

Air cushioning /air suspension

Measuring process: •A holding prism is placed on the air slide of the straightness measuring device. •The test piece is placed on the holding prism. •A dual tip stylus is now clamped in the pick-up. •The stylus is retracted in the test bore and roughly adjusted. •The deepest point of the bore is determined by adjusting the lateral screw on the air slide. The reversal point of the numerical value on the measuring computer represents the deepest point of the bore. •The stylus now traces the bottom side of the bore. •The graphical printout shows the traced section and thus represents the straightness of the sampling section.

135/344

Cylindricity

t Scope of application:

Cylindrical components that must be checked using a 3D measuring equipment.

Drawing specification:

Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

Extract of Norm N 030 200: Tolerances for cylindricity should be avoided because of difficulties in measurement. With customer's agreement cylindricity can be separated into tolerances for roundness and parallelism. Tolerance values have to be chosen acc. to functional requirements. Normally the following separation is recommended: same value as doubled values as In case of high precision requirements or parts which should be fitted (principle of envelope) the parallelism tolerance should get the same value as the cylindricity tolerance.

136/344

Cylindricity Drawing specification

With measurements using 3D measuring equipment

With conventional measurement

Cylindricity is composed of: - Roundness - Parallelism - Straightness A cylindricity of 0,1 mm is combination of roundness, parallelism, and straightness, each with a tolerance value (t) of 0,1 mm. Since this conversion is only a rough guideline, it must be harmonized with the customer. Exceptions must be harmonized with the HQ Product Design department (Important: conversion is subject to consultation with the customer!) Cylindricity cannot be measured by a simple measuring procedure !!! Exception: When using 3D measuring equipment

137/344

Waviness

Scope of application: To ensure compliance with raceway waviness (inner ring - / outer) for example after all the grinding or honing process operations Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP)

On finished-part drawings possible as standard text indication.

Standard text: Waviness acc. to S103207-ff: … Overview of product groups S 103207-1

General indications

S 103207-10 Cylindrical roller bearing S 103207-11 Print machine bearing S 103207-20 Needle bearing builded by swarf S 103207-30 Spherical roller bearings S 103207-40 Barrel roller bearing S 103207-50 Tapered roller bearing S 103207-60 Ball bearing S 103207-61 Clamping bearing S 103207-62 Release bearing S 103207-100

Rolling elements – cylindrical rollers

S 103207-101

Rolling elements – spherical rollers 138/344

Waviness Cylindrical roller bearing

New drawing specification

Standard waviness indication for cylindrical roller bearings to S 103207-10

Tolerance values to group standard S 103207 et seqq. Other tolerance or measuring requirements shall be represented by using special indications

139/344

Waviness Special indications

Scope of application: In cases where the requirements relating to tolerances or measuring procedures differ from those given in S 103207 et seqq. Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP)

Special case are specified according to S 241006 et seqq. Manual static waviness (Wmst) to S241006 - 11 Static waviness (Wst) to S241006 – 12 Dynamic waviness (Wdyn) to S241006 – 13 Spectral analysis (WRTA) to S241006 – 14 Quasi-static waviness (Wqst) to S 241006 – 15

140/344

Waviness Special indication example

New drawing specification

Standard text: = waviness 100 / L1 / 3-4 / 700 100 / L2 / 5-8 / 700 100 / L3 / 9-25 / 700 200 / L / 3-25 / 700 200 / M / 26-154 / 700 150 / H / 155-923 / 117

The eye catcher symbol behind the waviness symbol is used to define the applicable test specifications for the standard concerned.

141/344

Waviness

Measuring principle

Reference measuring procedure for deep groove ball bearings. Measuring process: •The stylus retract the test piece. The test piece has already been aligned on the measuring turning table. •The turning table is started via the measuring computer and rotates by 360°. •At first, the measuring computer determines the roundness and displays a graphical representation – compared to an ideal roundness - on the screen. •Now, the measuring computer triggers the program for determining the RTA analysis. •Waviness is displayed graphically, shown as a limiting curve. The height and appearance of the limiting curve is determined by the limiting curve parameters n0 and k. The individual waves, that have been determined by the roundness measuring device, are shown as vertical, green and/or red lines. The green lines are below the specified limiting curve and are ok. The red lines are waves that exceed the curve and thus are outside the tolerance.

142/344

Waviness Measuring principle

Measuring the quasi-static waviness to S.2411006-15. Suitable as a reference procedure for rolling elements and rolling bearing rings with special noise requirements. Measuring process: •The stylus moved to the test piece by hand. The test piece has already been aligned on the turning table. •The turning table is started by hand and the measuring process starts at the push of a button. •The connected measuring computer starts the waviness evaluation as soon as the turning table has reached a certain speed. •The screen displays the roundness on the left side and the waviness of the test piece down right by using a bar diagram. Each bar represents a measured wave.

143/344

Drawing comparison Waviness (FAG old!)

d se u be o t t No

s! n ig es d w ne r o f

Waviness of raceway acc. PF4.020WF Circumferential waviness of outer ring outside diameter Wave deepness <=0,002

N

144/344

ot

to

be

ed s u

fo

ew n r

s gn i s de

!

Drawing comparison Waviness (Schaeffler Group new!) B1IR t7 t5

FW

d (dmp)

v1 v2 t4 t3 t6

h

b1IR

t2 t1

145/344

Flatness Standard indication

Scope of application: Preferred specification in all drawing types (EDD, EDP, EDS etc.) to ensure compliance with flatness to ISO 1101 Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

146/344

Flatness Standard indication

Definition of the tolerance zone

Drawing specification

The tolerance zone is limited in the measuring plane by two parallel planes at a distance t.

147/344

Flatness Special indications Filter value Filter type Analysis Tolerance value

Scope of application: In cases where geometrical defects are to be filtered by means of filter value, filter type and analysis method Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value, filter type, and analysis method are to be represented as shown above.

148/344

Flatness Special indications

New drawing specification

Test parameters that differ from standard S 241013 in terms of filter value, filter type, are to be represented as shown above. Test parameters that conform with the standard parameters given in S 241013 are not explicitly indicated. The position reserved for them remains empty.

149/344

Flatness

Measuring principle

The measuring and test procedure are defined in group standard S241013 Measuring process: •The stylus retracts the side surface of the test piece. The test piece has been aligned roughly on the turning table of the roundness measuring device. •The necessary parameters and/or setting for determining the flatness are selected from the measuring computer. •The measuring process is started. The turning table rotates repeatedly around its own; at the same time, the stylus is displaced horizontally. •The measuring computer now determines the flatness of the traced surface and displays it on the screen as a two-dimensional diagram.

150/344

Tolerance indication of a taper

Scope of application: Preferred specification on all drawing types to ensure compliance with the taper angle tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040. Finished-part drawing (EDP / EDS) Drawing specification: Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

151/344

Tolerance indication of a taper

New drawing specification

Definition of the tolerance zone

e.g.: 1 : 7,5 → Referring to a length of 7,5mm, the cylinder diameter changes by one millimeter. Measuring method: 2 two-point gages are required; the knife edges must have an exact altitude difference of 13mm. The finished size the or setting master serves as a setting normal.

152/344

Tolerance indication of a taper Special symbol

Scope of application: Special symbol to ensure compliance with the tolerance of a taper Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP) In-process drawing (EDS)

153/344

Tolerance indication of a taper Special symbol

Definition of the tolerance zone

New drawing specification

To indicate positive tolerance values, the sign (+) is not required.

154/344

Tolerance indication of a taper Measurement of the tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040 and ATD

Measuring principle

1. Starting position with added basic slip gage (derived from the length of the sinus bar SL) 2. Add slip gage 1 (E1=EBasis+sinα*SL) and trace first side 3. Add slip gage 2 (E2=EBasis+sinα*SL) and trace second side

155/344

Tolerance indication of a taper Measurement of the tolerance of a taper to ISO 3040 and ATD

Measuring process: •The test piece, with its datum point showing upwards, is inserted (clamped) in the measuring device. •The sinus bar of the fixture is now applied to a parallel slip gage that has been calculated in advance. Due to this, the taper top side, that shall be traced, is horizontally aligned according to the target taper. •Now, the stylus traces the upper side of test taper. •The gauge block is replaced. The taper bottom side is aligned in horizontal position according to the target taper. •Now, the stylus traces the bottom side of the taper. •The necessary measuring parameters and/or settings are entered in the measuring computer. •Start up and run-out of the traced section are cut . •The screen shows both traced sides as ideal parallel lines in a graphical representation. The corresponding ATD value is represented in the table above the diagram.

156/344

Drawing comparison Tolerance indication taper angle / inclination angle (FAG old!)

No

o tt

157/344

be

e us

d

ne r fo

w

ns g i s de

!

Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances Part 2 S102502 – Scope of application – Indications on drawing – Definitions – Special indications – Measuring principle – Drawing examples

158/344

Taper of a cylindrical shaft / bore

Scope of application: Special symbol to ensure compliance with the tolerance of a cylindrical bore / shaft Drawing specification: Customer delivery drawing (EDD) Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

This symbol is allowed with a cylindrical shaft that may taper on one side (conically).

159/344

Taper of a cylindrical shaft / bore

Definition of the tolerance zone

New drawing specification

The outside surface must be inside the tolerance zone t which consists of the difference quantity between a cylinder and a frustum.

160/344

Taper of a cylindrical shaft / bore

161/344

Inclination angle tolerance of a taper

Scope of application: Special indication used to ensure compliance with the inclination tolerance for rolling bearings and components similar to rolling bearings Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

162/344

Inclination angle tolerance of a taper Definition of the tolerance zone New drawing specification

Two-point measurements at a distance L (on one side)

Preferably: Indication to ISO 1101 The inclination angle tolerance of a taper diameter (NTD = Neigungswinkeltoleranz Durchmesser, inclination angle tolerance of diameter ) compares the endpoints of a measuring length (L) with each other.

163/344

Inclination angle tolerance of a taper Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is inserted in the measuring device. The measuring device has already been adjusted by a calibration ring. (the fixed stop is on the left, the two moveable probes are arranged in the upper area, the fixed counter tip is arranged at the bottom. •The measuring device is calibrated and the ring is rotated by 360°. •The two upper probes determine the difference to the calibration ring and the connected measuring computer displays the inclination angle tolerance in the diameter NTD and the inclination angle tolerance NT.

164/344

Drawing comparison Inclination angle tolerance of a taper (FAG old!)

t No

to

be

165/344

e us

d

w ne r fo

s gn i s de

!

Inclination tolerance of an element

Scope of application: To ensure the inclination of an element to ISO 1101, if the entire measuring length is to be evaluated. Drawing specification: Customer delivery drawing (EDD) Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS), etc.

In contrast to the inclination angle tolerance of a lip face (NT), the entire measuring length L is evaluated in this context. NT only uses start point and end point of L (measuring length) evaluation purposes.

166/344

Inclination tolerance of a plane New drawing specification

Definition of the tolerance zone

The tolerance zone is limited by parallel planes at a distance t. The planes are inclined according to the specified angle for reference purposes.

167/344

Inclination angle tolerance of a taper and a plane Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The pick-up fixture is adjusted in such a way that the angle for both test surface is approximately the same. •The stylus traces the taper and rib surface of the test piece. •Parts of the pick-up area are also traced; due to this, the connected measuring computer uses the complete profile to determine the angles. •Now, the screen displays the complete profile of the traced measuring section. •The workman can now make the measuring computer run to determine the angle.

168/344

Inclination tolerance of a lip surface

Scope of application: Special symbol to ensure compliance with the angle tolerances for rolling bearings and components similar to rolling bearings Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

169/344

Inclination tolerance of a lip surface

Definition of the tolerance zone

New drawing specification

Two-point measurements at a distance L

Inclination tolerance of a lip surface (NT) compares the endpoints on a measuring length (L).

170/344

Inclination tolerance of a lip surface

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •A parallel slip gauge that has been calculated previously is placed under the bearing area (sinus bar) of the air slide in such a way that the test taper is horizontally adjusted to the ideal measure. •The test piece is placed and the stylus traces the rib surface. •The computer cuts the start-up and run-out lengths out of the measuring section. •The screen displays the entire measured section graphically. Only the start and end points of the measurement are taken for evaluation purposes. •The NT value is indicated in the table above the diagram.

171/344

Drawing comparison Inclination tolerance of a lip surface (FAG old!)

Rib:

o tt o N

be

e us

d

172/344

ew n r fo

s gn i s de

!

Variation of wall thickness in radial direction

Scope of application:

Drawings in which a variation of wall thickness in radial direction or the ring width need to be specified for an individual component.

Drawing specification:

Customer delivery drawing (EDD) Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

173/344

Variation of wall thickness in radial direction

New drawing specification

No t

to

be

us e

d

fo r

ne

w

de

si gn s

!

Old drawing specification

Specifications to ISO 1132

Specifications to ISO 1101

Specifications Ki, Ki.1, Ke, Ke.1, KeJ and KiJ to ISO 1132 are blocked for new designs!

174/344

Variation of wall thickness in radial direction

Measuring principle

Measuring process: • The test ring is inserted as far as it will go (in the bore). • The test piece is adjusted by moving it back and forth (reversal point on the dial gage) • A fixed stop is attached to the left side to guide the test piece. • The test piece is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed at the same time. The radial wall thickness deviation to be tested is directly read off the dial gage. There is no need to align (set to zero) the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.

175/344

Drawing comparison Variation of wall thickness in radial direction

t No

to

be

ed s u

ew n r fo

s gn i s de

!

176/344

Drawing comparison Variation of wall thickness in radial direction B1IR t7 t5

3 t6

FW

d (dmp)

v1 v2 t4 t3 t6

h

b1IR

t2 t1

177/344

Variation of wall thickness in axial direction

Old drawing specification

No

t

to

be

ed s u

fo

ew n r

New drawing specification

s gn i s de

!

Specifications to ISO 1132

Specifications to ISO 1101

178/344

Variation of wall thickness in axial direction

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is placed on the two stops (on the rear measuring plate). •The measuring tip of the dial gage is inserted in the raceway. The moveable tip must be placed precisely opposite to the bearing side (support border) of the measuring plate. •The fine adjustment serves to align the indicator. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set at zero. •The test piece is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed at the same time. The wall thickness deviation to be tested is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one direction. On this, the axial wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.

179/344

Variation of wall thickness Ring width

Old drawing specification

t No

to

be

ed s u

fo

ew n r

New drawing specification

s! n sig e d

Specifications to ISO 1132

Specifications to ISO 1101

Specification to ISO 1132 must not be used for new designs! The indications VBs, VB1s, VCs, VC1s, VBZs, VBZs.1, VCZs and VCZs.1 to ISO 1132 must not be used for new designs!

180/344

Wall thickness variation of ring width Measuring principle

V-Block

Measuring process: •The test piece is placed on the two stops (on the rear measuring plate). •The measuring tip of the dial gage is inserted in the face. The moveable tip must be placed precisely opposite to the bearing side (support border) of the measuring plate. •The fine adjustment serves to align the indicator. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set at zero. •The test piece is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed at the same time. The wall thickness deviation of the ring width that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.

181/344

Drawing comparison Ring width

tt o N

d se u e ob

w ne r fo

! ns g i s de

182/344

Variation of wall thickness in the cross sectional plane

Scope of application: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawings (EDP/EDS) in which a variation of wall thickness needs to be specified for a component. Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawings (EDP/EDS)

This indication is not permissible on customer delivery drawings!

183/344

Variation of wall thickness in the cross sectional plane

New drawing specification

No t

to

be us ed fo r

ne w

de sig n

s!

Old drawing specification

184/344

Variation of wall thickness in the cross sectional plane

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test ring is inserted as far as it will go (in the bore). A fixed stop is attached to the left side to guide the test piece. •Turning the axial adjustment in the rear of the measuring device displaces the test piece in axial direction. •The test piece itself is not rotated with this measurement •When tracing, the deflection of the indicator is observed at the same time. That wall thickness deviation of the cross-sectional plane that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.

185/344

Variation of inclination Outside surface to side face

on both sides

Scope of application: For machined rolling bearings and components similar to roller bearings, the perpendicularity of the outside surface with respect to the reference side face is to be used Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawings (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawings (EDD)

The specification „on both sides“ is optional. In case of symmetrical parts the measurement must be performed on both sides => symmetrically mirrored. Indication on inner ring is permissible.

186/344

Variation of inclination Outside surface to side face

us ed

fo rn ew

de si gn s

!

Old drawing specification

N

ot to

be

t No

Inner ring

to

be

e us

d

r fo

w ne

d

ns g i es

Outer ring

187/344

!

Variation of inclination Outside surface to side face

New drawing specification on both sides

188/344

Variation of inclination Outside surface to side face

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is pushed to the fixed stops, that are mounted on a measuring plate. •The dial gage is now placed on the test piece, opposite to one of the fixed stops, and finely adjusted. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set at zero. •The test piece is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed at the same time. The inclination deviation of the outside surface to the side face that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 2 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 2 µm.

189/344

Drawing comparison

N

ot to

be

us ed

fo rn ew

de si gn s

!

Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to side face on outer ring (FAG old!)

190/344

Drawing comparison

N

ot to

be

us ed

fo rn ew

de si gn s

!

Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to side face on inner ring (FAG old!)

Sd.1 indication has been used at FAG commonly, since the Sd measurement (loop impedance measurement) is not very practicable during production! This indication has then been added to the standard.

191/344

Drawing comparison Perpendicularity of outside surface with respect to the side face (Schaeffler Group new!)

192/344

Side face runout

Scope of application: For machined components where the run must be indicated. Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawings (EDD) optional

193/344

Runout of side surface

Old drawing specification

to t No

be

u

d se

fo

e rn

w

s gn i s de

New drawing specification

!

The indication Sd has no longer been used at FAG.

194/344

Runout of side face Inner ring

Measuring principle

Slightly tapered test bar

Measuring process: •The test piece is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage. •The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping bench. •The test piece must be adjusted in case of smaller rings. •The dial gage is placed on the side face of the test piece. As far as possible, the measuring tip angle shall be at right angles with the side face. •The plug gage is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed at the same time. The runout of the side face that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 5 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 5 µm.

195/344

Drawing comparison Radial runout of inner ring (FAG old!)

No

e ob t t

w ne r o df e us

s! n g si de

Sd.1 indication has been used at FAG commonly, since the Sd measurement (loop impedance measurement) is not very practicable during production! The SD.1 measuring method has also been added to DIN 620 later on.

196/344

Thickness variation – Differential measurement Variation of wall thickness

Scope of application: For rings with more than one race where the running tolerances relative to each other must be met. Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS)

197/344

Thickness variation – Differential measurement New drawing specification

198/344

Thickness variation – Differential measurement

not concave

199/344

Thickness variation – Differential measurement

Point support

Measuring principle

Difference of tolerance values relative to one another: Δt = | t1 – t2 | Measuring process: •The ring that shall be measured, this means the upper ball raceway, is pushed into the gage stop as far as it will go. The moveable stylus traces, relative to the fixture, the lower ball raceway. Fixed stops, right and left to the measuring plane, only serve for auxiliary alignment purposes. The ring is rotated by 360° and the max. value is read off the digital display.

200/344

Drawing comparison Measurement of radial runout difference (Schaeffler Group new!)

201/344

Radial runout of inner and outer ring of assembled bearing

Scope of application: Symbol on the left: On drawings for cylindrical roller bearings, spherical roller bearings and needle roller bearings Symbol on the right: On drawings for radial ball bearings, radial angular contact ball bearings and tapered roller bearings Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

Symbol on the left: The Kea/Kia specifications for cylindrical roller bearings, spherical roller bearings and needle roller bearings on drawings are written on the outside bearing diameter. The assembled bearings of these design types is measured on a test bar. There is no possibility to place the measuring device / dial gauge on the bearing bore. Symbol on the right: The Kea/Kia specifications with ball bearings and taper bearings are indicated separately on the outer and inner ring. The assembled bearing is tested on the device in a flat condition. There is the possibility to place the measuring device / dial gage directly on the bearing bore.

202/344

Radial runout of inner and outer ring of assembled bearing New drawing specification

203/344

Radial runout of outer ring of assembled bearing Kea Measuring principle

slightly tapered test bar

Measuring process: •The assembled bearing is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage. •The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping bench. •The dial gage is placed on the bearing outside diameter and roughly aligned by using the fine adjustment. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set at zero. •The plug gage is fixed by hand and the outer ring is turned at the same time. •When turning the outer ring, the indicator deflection is observed. The runout of the outer ring of the assembled bearing that shall be tested is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 5 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 5 µm.

204/344

Radial runout of inner ring of assembled bearing Kia Measuring principle

slightly tapered test bar

Measuring process: •The test piece is placed on a slightly tapered plug check gage. •The plug gage is clamped between both centering tips of the clamping bench. •The dial gage is placed on the bearing outside diameter and roughly aligned by using the fine adjustment. It is not required for the dial indicator to be set at zero. •The plug gage is fixed by hand and the outer ring is turned at the same time. •When turning the outer ring, the indicator deflection is observed. The inner ring runout of the assembled bearing is directly read off the dial gage. Example: With one revolution, the indicator moves 5 µm in one direction. On this, the wall thickness deviation is 5 µm.

205/344

Drawing comparison Radial runout of inner and outer ring of assembled cylindrical roller bearing (Schaeffler Group new!)

206/344

Radial runout of inner and outer ring of assembled bearing Composite assembly drawing

New drawing specification

Customer delivery drawing Standard text:

Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620

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Radial runout of outer ring of assembled bearing Kea Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The assembled taper bearing is affixed (screwed) to the measuring plate by using a clamping fixture. The fixture must be designed in such a way that only the bearing inner ring is attached. The outer must be easily moveable. •Two spacers and a ball are now placed on the outer ring to simulate the test weight F. •The stylus is placed on the side of the outer ring and aligned (set to zero). •The outer ring is rotated via test ball until each point of the raceway is over rolled by each roller/needle. •Now, the bearing taper runout can be read off the connected the digital measuring instrument. The difference between the largest and smallest value displayed corresponds to the runout of the assembled taper bearing. Example: The digital display ranges between -3 µm and 1 µm. On this, the runout is 4 µm.

208/344

Radial runout of inner ring of assembled bearing Kia Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece (flange bearing) is inserted into a test fixture. •The stylus is placed on the outside surface of the inner ring. •The connected measuring device is adjusted. It is not required for the indicator to be set at zero. •The inner ring is rotated by 360° and the indicator deflection is observed at the same time. The inner ring runout on the assembled bearing that shall be tested is directly read off the measuring device. Example: The indicator moves ± 5 µm. On this, the runout of the flange bearing is 5 µm.

209/344

Drawing comparison Radial runout of inner and outer ring

∅25 -0,008(dmp)

of assembled ball bearing (Schaeffler Group new!)

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Axial runout of inner ring (on assembled bearing)

Scope of application: On drawings for rolling bearings designed to take axial forces Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

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Axial runout of inner ring Composite assembly drawing

Old drawing specification

o N

o tt

be

ed s u

ew n r fo

ns g si e d

New drawing specification

!

Customer delivery drawing Standard text:

Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620

212/344

Axial runout of inner ring

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The inner ring of the assembled bearing is weighed down with a ball to simulate the test force F. •The stylus is placed on the inner ring of the bearing. •The connected digital measuring device is aligned (set to zero). •Now, the inner ring is rotated by 360° and the digital display is observed. The difference between the smallest and the largest value display gives the axial runout on the inner ring. Example: The measuring device ranges between -1 µm and +3 µm. On this, the axial runout is 4 µm.

213/344

Axial runout of outer ring (on assembled bearing)

Scope of application: On drawings for rolling bearings designed to take axial forces Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

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Axial runout of outer ring Composite assembly drawing

Old drawing specification

o N

o tt

be

ed s u

ew n r fo

ns g si e d

New drawing specification

!

Customer delivery drawing Standard text:

Dimensional and geometric tolerances acc. to DIN 620

215/344

Axial runout of outer ring

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The inner ring of the assembled bearing is weighed down with a ball to simulate the test force F. •The stylus is placed on the outer ring of the bearing. •The connected digital measuring device is aligned (set to zero). •Now, the outer ring is rotated by 360° and the digital display is observed. The difference between the smallest and the largest value display gives the axial runout on the outer ring. Example: The measuring device ranges between -1 µm and +3 µm. On this, the axial runout is 4 µm.

216/344

Drawing example Axial runout of inner ring

217/344

Line shape tolerance for radii

Scope of application: On all drawings to ensure compliance with radii Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing (EDP) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

218/344

Line shape tolerance for radii New drawing specification

This symbol is used to tolerance a certain radius range referring to 1st order (or higher) geometrical defect. This may be required for a raceway radius to focus on the pressure angle when tolerancing.

219/344

Definition of tolerance range

Second order: waviness

First order: absolute radius deviation including deviation in shape

such as deviations in straightness, flatness or roundness

such as shafts (s. DIN 4761)

t1 applies to 1st order deviations in shape. These deviations may result from, for instance: Defects in the guides of the machine tool, bending of the machine or component, wrong clamping of the component, quenching deformation, wear t2 tolerances 2nd order (or higher) deviations in shape such as roughness with turned parts etc. These deviations may result from, for instance: Wrong clamping, geometrical or running deviations of a cutter, machine tool / tool vibrations Trainings on the issue „Line shape tolerance for radii“ are to be booked in the training catalog.

220/344

Line shape tolerance for radii

Measuring principle

Measuring process: •The test piece is clamped into a fixture. The vice has a slightly beveled arrangement to allow the radius, that shall be tested, a centered position. •The stylus is placed on the radius and the clamping fixture is aligned by using the lateral adjustment screw. •The stylus starts to trace the measuring section of the radius that shall be tested. •The measuring parameters are now entered in the connected measuring computer. •The measured part of the radius is presented on the screen as a straight line. With the help of this graphical representation, the line shape tolerance of the radius can be compared with to parallels.

221/344

Drawing comparison Line shape tolerance for radii (Schaeffler Group new!)

222/344

Identification of tolerance range New drawing specification

Scope of application: On drawings to identify the tolerance range Drawing specification: Finished-part drawing and in-process drawing (EDP/EDS) Customer delivery drawing (EDD)

•

With identical geometrical tolerancing symbols, t1 invalidates t2 in the identified range (t1 ≠ t2; t2 is valid in the rest of the area)

•

Straightness t3 is valid over the entire length

223/344

Identification of tolerance range Measuring principle

Identification of measuring areas • Measuring area are represented by dashed dotted lines. • Position and size of the measuring area shall be indicated as theoretical dimensions • Reference to all symbols, explained up to now

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Additional indications Envelope requirement

Marking

Maximum material principle MMR

Marking

Minimum material principle LMR

Marking

Envelope requirement E: „E“ may be omitted if DIN 7167 applies. The dimensions with envelope requirement are composed as follows: Outside diameter • Outside geometric element (outside diameter) • Envelope requirement = minimum circumscribed size + two-point dimension • Inside geometric element (bore) • Envelope requirement = maximum inscribed size + two-point dimension

Maximum material principle M: The maximum material requirement allows to ensure the mutability of parts. Application is defined in ISO 2692.

Minimum material principle L: The maximum material requirement allows to ensure the minimum wall thickness of parts. Application is defined in ISO 2692.

225/344

Additional indications

Projected tolerance zone

Marking

Least squares size (Global Gauß)

Marking (Least Squares Measurement)

Projected tolerance zone P: The projected tolerance zone is used where the geometric element is not contained in the component itself, • but is located outside of it. • where it is actually required for mating with other components. The application of this principle is defined in DIN ISO 10578

Global Gauß GG: Where all dimensions of a drawing have to be evaluated by the Global Gauß method (LS method), the symbol can be replaced by the following standard text:

The evaluation process based on the least squares method applies for all dimensions and references that provide no additional information. Definition of GG: Evaluation acc. to least squares method Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the least squares method.

226/344

Additional indications

Minimum circumscribed size

Marking

Maximum inscribed size

Marking

Definition of GN: Minimum circumscribed size Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the minimum circumscribed method. The minimum circumscribed size can be applied to cylinders and to parallel surfaces. In case of external features the minimum circumscribed size was also called "internal fit size". Cylinder type feature – minimum circumscribed diameter Parallel surfaces feature – minimum circumscribed distance The minimum circumscribed size of an internal feature can be used for tolerancing a rough part which will be processed in a further step.

Definition of GX: Maximum inscribed size Value of the measured feature evaluated acc. to the maximum inscribed method. The maximum inscribed size can be applied to cylinders and to parallel surfaces. In case of internal features the maximum inscribed size was also called "external fit size". Cylinder type feature – maximum inscribed diameter Parallel surfaces feature – maximum inscribed distance 227/344

Enclosing length dimension: bore Maximum inscribed size: Symbol: GX

Least Squares size: Symbol: GG

Minimum circumscribed size: Symbol: GN

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Dimension, dimensioning and tolerance entry S 102001-11

229/344

Dimensioning As a rule, the dimensions and tolerances that must be indicated on drawings shall be taken from the design guidelines (D standards).

The dimensions and tolerances of products without design guidelines are subject to consultation between Production and Design . The dimensions apply to the final state in the corresponding document type.

Note : The final state represented in the drawing can be the raw, intermediate or finished state of the product .

The indication of dimensions and tolerances depends on the purpose of the document (product and application). The arrangement of the dimensions and tolerances in technical drawings may depend on the technique used to produce the drawing (CAD system) .

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Units, symbols, writing and creating rules (S 102001-6) Additional indications Linear dimensions

Standard unit: mm

Decimal separators

Comma

Inch system

Inch symbols are not indicated (except for threads).

Angle dimensions

Generally in degrees [°] Angle fractions can alternatively be expressed in minute and second or as decimal value (alternatively)

Module

With 5 decimal places when indicated as decimal number

Units: In general, the SI unit system according to ISO 31 is applicable. Other units may only be indicated on customer delivery drawings in addition to SI units on customer request.

Additional indications Linear dimensions

The standard unit for linear dimensions is mm. Deviating units must be indicated in the drawing.

Decimal separators

According to ISO 31-1, only the comma is used. This applies also to USA! This must be observed with inch indications !!!

Inch system

Inch symbols (“) are not indicated in dimensioning. Indications that are translated from the metric system into the inch system must be indicated with 5 decimal places.

Angle dimensions

Angle indications are always indicated in degrees [°]. Angle fractions can be indicated in minutes, seconds or as a decimal number. Examples: indication in degree, minutes, seconds 35° 25´ 26´´ indication as decimal notation 35,42389°

Module

The value must be calculated with 5 decimal places in case of indication as a decimal number.

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Units, symbols, writing and creating rules (S 102001-6)

Number format: Using thousand separators or grouping of numbers is not permissible. Example: Permissible Not permissible 1000 1.000

Special characters: Character sets for special characters according to the CAD system

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Units, symbols, writing and creating rules (S 102001-6) Binding

Writing rules:

Alternatively

Multiplication

1x1

Partition and bevel

5x45°

Greater or equal

≥

>=

Smaller are equal

≤

<=

Not equal

≠

Plus/minus

±

Infinite

∞

Approximately

~

Diameter indication

Ø35

Ratio

5:7

Representation of Pi

π

Negative values

-20°C

Radius

R20

max. / min.

21min.

Copyright

©

Set of standards

S 123456

Et cetera

etc.

233/344

≈

Terminations – dimension lines The following terminations are permitted (deviating from DIN 406-11): ● a solid black arrowhead

● a solid dot where space is limited

● an unfilled circle to indicate the origin when dimensioning from a common feature

Definition: Value Maßzahl Arrow head Maßlinie Termination dot Maßlinienbegrenzung Dimensioning line Maßhilfslinie

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Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

Ø60

Diameter DIN 406-10

R50

Radius DIN 406-10

Applications

The number of geometric elements is indicated by the number of distance dimensions (DIN406 Part 11)

235/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

SR50

Spherical radius DIN 406-10

SØ35

Spherical diameter DIN 406-10

<2,1±0,1>

Tooling dimension, such as cage cross piece N 021002

Application

236/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Exampl e

Explanation

SW19

Width across flats DIN 406-10

t=5

Thickness DIN 406-11

h=4

Depth or height DIN 406-11

Application

Width across flats identifies the distance between two parallel planes (flats). The capital letters SW (for width across flats) shall always precede the dimensional value when the clearance of the flats cannot be dimensioned in the drawing. SW is omitted if the width across flats can be indicated with a dimension line.

* only EDD

* 35

Theoretically exact dimension DIN 406-11 DIN ISO 7083

237/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

[20]

Raw or preprocessing dimension DIN 406-11

50

Application

Arc dimension DIN 406-10 DIN ISO 7083

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Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

□ 50

Square DIN 406-10

(□ 30)

Auxiliary dimension DIN 406-10/11

Application

Taper 14%

Inclination DIN 406-10

50

Effective length (developed view) DIN 406-10

239/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

Application

Measuring point with measuring point number DIN 406-11

Measuring points for deviations with measurement schedule

D Nominal size

1 2 3

Dimension

D w1 D

D w2 D w3

Hardness test measuring points

Shell-hardened Measuring point1: 54+6 HRC Measuring point2: 50+4 HRC

240/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

Application

Measuring point without measuring point number DIN 406-11

= measuring plane for outside diameter

Hardness test measuring points

= 54+6 HRC

241/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

R0,2min.

Limit deviations in one direction “min.“ or “max.“ DIN 406-12

3xø10±0,1

Amount of identical elements such as 3 bores DIN 406-11

Application

Marking of characteristics CC, SC S 102012

242/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

Application

Check dimension DIN 406-10

Circumferential Example for sealed seams, surface and edge specifications

Arithmetic mean value Applies only to diameter indications S 102502

243/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing examples Example

Explanation

Application

General indication (note symbol) DIN 30-10

Function surface Symmetry symbol DIN 406-10

244/344

Specific dimensioning Do not use anymore! ● Arithmetic mean value ø50 mm new, see S102502 ● Harmonization dimension 50 mm ● Not-to-scale 50 mm

ed s u

w e n r fo

s de

! s n ig

● Characteristic requires documentation 50 mm

be

Classification of characteristics acc. QV 0 811 243 1D

to t ● Symbol for the classification of characteristics No

A characteristic (2x) B characteristic (4x)

245/344

Tolerance indications Nominal size Nennmaß Upper limit deviation oberes Abmaß unteres Abmaß Lower limit deviation Nominal size and tolerance should preferably have the same size Special case: one size smaller The representation below should be avoided and is only allowed in exceptional cases:

Special case: dimensions written in the same line

(The representation of dimensions, written in the same line, is realized in Pro/ENGINEER only by not parametrical indications).

Tolerances of linear dimensions are indicated on the drawing as limit deviations (upper and lower deviation), each with mathematical sign and following the nominal size . They may be one size smaller than the characters for the nominal sizes, but their minimum height shall be 2,5 mm. Nominal size and limit deviations may be indicated alternatively in the same line, the upper and lower deviation being separated by a diagonal slash then.

246/344

Dimensional tolerances as per DIN ISO 286-1 (fits)

Tolerance class

ø30 H7 Nominal size Fundamental dimension Tolerance grade

Tolerances as per ISO tolerance system are indicated on the drawing with lower and upper limits. The tolerance class (such as B.H7) should not be indicated. However, if the tolerance quality of a toleranced dimension should be visible in the drawing (e.g. customer delivery drawing EDD), the tolerance is indicated as shown above. Nominal size: The size from which the upper and lower limits are derived (may be an integral or decimal number). Fundamental dimension: Deviation that specifies the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the zero line. Tolerance grade: Tolerance grades are identified by the letters IT, followed by a number (e.g. IT7). The letters IT are omitted if the tolerance grades are associated with a fundamental deviation, e.g. H7.

247/344

Dimensional tolerances as per DIN ISO 286-1 (fits) ● The following representations are permissible on manufacturing drawings (EDP and EDS):

● Not permissible in manufacturing drawings, to be used in customer delivery drawings only

248/344

Designations of screw threads

As a rule, the Schaeffler Group always indicates the standard designation as additional information. Drawing example: Trapezoidal screw thread DIN103 – TR40x7

The standard does not demand the indication of the corresponding DIN or ISO standard in the designation of the screw thread type World-wide, there are 204 different screw thread types that are marked with different code letters! That is the reason why the corresponding DIN or ISO standard shall be indicated on the drawing, preceding the designation. Example: The designations to DIN 202 are used for standardized screw threads. The designation is composed of: • designation for the screw thread type, e.g. M, R, Tr • nominal diameter (screw thread size) • flank lead or pitch if necessary • additional indications, e.g. tolerance, multiple threads, left-handed threads and conicity

249/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing in the inch system

z This kind of dual dimensioning shall be indicated on the drawing by an unit symbol close to the title block (see S 102001-6).

z The marking of linear dimensions must be positioned centrally to the dimension arrow heads.

250/344

Dimensioning and tolerancing in the inch system If the inch system is demanded by the customer, the inch indication may be added to the [mm] indication in the customer delivery drawing. Example:

Note: Dual dimensioning (inch and mm) is not permissible with screw thread indications. Some customers demand inch only.

251/344

Description of surfaces S 102001-10

252/344

Suitable surface parameters

● the explanatory power of parameters differs ● one parameter alone is not sufficient ● specify meaningful parameters ● describing functional requirements with suitable parameters

The explanatory power of parameters differs. It would be wrong for a plant to select one of the parameters as preferred value. In fact, the most meaningful parameter(s) must be specified for a test piece according to its functionality.

253/344

Scope of application ● The surface quality shall be selected in such a way how it is required for the functionality of the part. ● A detailed description shall be used to specify the function-relevant surface properties

Rx = f(F,p,A, n)

● Electroplatings, hard material layers, and sprayed layers are described within the D standards (design guidelines). February 2005 Design guideline Electroplated coatings

Surface indications shall be as complete as possible to enable proper manufacturing of the part. The required surface texture shall be comparable and reproducible. On this, only standardized surface parameters according to DIN or ISO should be used.

254/344

Surface indication Upper and lower limit U or L a

Transmission characteristic

Filter type

Evaluation length

Surface parameter Profile

Parametere

Limit valueh

Specifies the limit: 16% or max. 9

ground

Machining procedure used i

Position of surface score marks j

Machining procedure k

Definition U

Upper and lower limit

X Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on dimensional and geometrical tolerances „roundness measurement“) λs: 0,08 λc:

0,8

Rz:

Parameter

8:

Number of sampling lengths

max:

16% rule overridden

3,3:

Parameter value in µm

The standard filter (Gauß) shall be used on Schaeffler Group drawings. Deviations from this standard indication are subject to close consultation with Quality Assurance.

255/344

Traversed length, evaluation length and filter Start-up length

Roughness profile

Run-out length

● lt = Traversed length is the distance over which the stylus is drawn ● ln = Evaluation length (without start-up and run-out) ● lr = Sampling length in which the surface parameters are defined [except for Rt and Rmr(c)] ● Sampling length lr corresponds to cutoff wavelength λc ● λc = Cutoff wavelength to separate roughness and waviness

The traversed length, lt, is the full distance over which the stylus instrument is drawn for a data collection operation, including the start-up length, evaluation length and run-out length. The cutoff wavelength, λc, of a profile filter is used as a means of filtering or separating the wavelengths according to roughness or waviness. The sampling length, lr, for roughness is part of the traversed length lt. The sampling length corresponds to the cutoff length lc. Sampling length lp or lw for the P profile or W profile corresponds to the evaluation length and represents the reference length for evolution purposes. The (overall) evaluation length, ln, is the part of the traversed length that is subject to evaluation. Five consecutive sampling lengths, lr, are taken as standard . The start-up length represents the start-up transient of the filters. The run-out length represents the stop transient of the filters.

256/344

The table determines the filter to be selected (λc) Periodic profiles (turning, milling ...)

Surface roughness

Non-periodic profiles (grinding, eroding ...)

Measuring conditions to DIN EN ISO 4288:1998 and DIN EN ISO 3274: 1998

Mean width of roughness profile elements

Cutoff wavelength Sampling length Evaluation length Traversed length Stylus tip radius Digitalization distance

λc lr ln lt rSp max ∆xmax

257/344

Arithmetic mean deviation

or Max. roughness profile height

λc Filter

Depending on the size of λc, different parameter values are provided.

258/344

Surface indication Upper and lower limit U or L a

Transmission characteristic

Filter type

Evaluation length

Surface parameter Profiled Parametere

Limit valueh

Specifies the limit: 16% or max. g

ground

Machining procedure used i

Position of surface score marks j

Machining procedure k

Definition U

Upper and lower limit

X Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on dimensional and geometrical tolerances „roundness measurement“) λs: 0,08 λc:

0,8

Rz:

Parameter

8:

Number of sampling lengths

max:

16% rule overridden

3,3:

Parameter value in µm

The standard filter (Gauß) shall be used on Schaeffler Group drawings. Deviations from this standard indication are subject to close consultation with Quality Assurance.

259/344

λS Filter - Impact Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]

λ

S

= 0,0 µm

λ

S

= 2,5 µm

S

= 8,0 µm

S

= 25,0 µm

0,5 [µm] 0,0 -0,5 1,25 mm

[0,25 mm/Skt] Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm] 0,5 [µm] 0,0 -0,5

1,25 mm

[0,25 mm/Skt] Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]

λ

0,5 [µm] 0,0 -0,5 1,25 mm

[0,25 mm/Skt] Profil: R [LC GS: 0,25 mm]

λ

0,5 [µm] 0,0 -0,5 1,25 mm

[0,25 mm/Skt]

λS cuts off noises when profiles are recorded. Using the λS- filters is not permissible according to VDA standard.

260/344

Surface indication Upper and lower limit U or L a

Transmission characteristic

Filter type

Evaluation length

Surface parameter Profiled Parametere

Limit valueh

Specifies the limit: 16% or max. g

ground

Machining procedure used i

Position of surface score marks j

Machining procedure k

Definition U

Upper and lower limit

X Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on dimensional and geometrical tolerances „roundness measurement“) λs: 0,08 λc:

0,8

Rz:

Parameter

8:

Number of sampling lengths

max:

16% rule overridden

3,3:

Parameter value in µm

The standard filter (Gauß) shall be used on Schaeffler Group drawings. Deviations from this standard indication are subject to close consultation with Quality Assurance.

261/344

16% Rule ● If the interpretation of the surface limits is not specified, the 16% rule to EN ISO 1302 applies. Such as NumberAnzahl of measured der gemessenen surfaceOberflächenkennwerte parameters

16% Rule (DIN EN ISO 4288) ● Measuring is stopped when the first measured value does not exceed 70 % of the value defined ● The thirst three measured values do not exceed the value defined ● Only one of the first six measured values exceeds the value defined ● Not more than two of the first twelve measured values exceed the value defined ● With normal distribution, the indicated value is μ + σ.

262/344

Normalverteilung Normal distribution der gemessenen of measured Oberflächenkennwerte surface parameters Surface parameter geforderter required Oberflächenkennwert

Deviation Standardfrom abweichung standard

σ

μ

Wert der parameter Surface Oberflächenkenngröße value

MeanMittelwert value 16 16% % of all measured values aller Meßwerte der gemessenen of measured Meßwerte > Grenzwert values > limit value OberflächenkennwerteMeasured surface parameters

Surface indication Upper and lower limit U or L a

Transmission characteristic

Filter type

Evaluation length

Surface parameter Profiled

Parametere

Limit valueh

Specifies the limit: 16% or max. g

ground

Machining procedure used i

Position of surface score marks j

Machining procedure k

Definition U

Upper and lower limit

X Filter type placeholder (see PowerPoint presentation on dimensional and geometrical tolerances „roundness measurement“) λs: 0,08 λc:

0,8

Rz:

Parameter

8:

Number of sampling lengths

max:

16% rule overridden

3,3:

Parameter value in µm

The standard filter (Gauß) shall be used on Schaeffler Group drawings. Deviations from this standard indication are subject to close consultation with Quality Assurance.

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Tolerance limits

● Two tolerance limits are written on top of each other. ● U = upper limit defined ● L - lower limit defined Example:

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Arithmetic mean deviation Ra Mean line

l

Ra =

1 z( x) dx l ∫0

Ra is the arithmetical mean of the absolute values of the roughness profile. It is the arithmetical mean of the absolute departures of the roughness profile from the mean line.

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Ra – Explanatory power The different surface structures and corresponding component properties always result in the same Ra value. Ra = 2 µm

Ra = 2 µm

Ra = 2 µm Ra alone is not sufficient to serve as a surface quality characteristic!

Ra = 2 µm

The Ra value is historically most common and preferred with nonperiodic profiles that have been created by grinding, for instance. Due to the increasing requirements, especially in the rolling bearing industry, this parameter alone does not suffice to describe surface quality sufficiently.

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Arithmetic mean deviation Rq Mean line

lr

1 2 Rq = z ( x) dx lr ∫0 The arithmetic mean deviation Rq is the root mean square value of the absolute values of the roughness profile.

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Average peak to valley height Rz

The roughness depth Rz is the arithmetic mean value of the single roughness depths Rzi, taken from five consecutive sampling lengths.

Rz refers to the sampling length lr. The mean value taken from five consecutive sampling lengths complies with the Rz value to DIN EN ISO 4287. Outliers are only considered in the result to one fifth. Rz may be used to measure bearing and gliding surface as well as interference fits.

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Rsk - Skewness

Rsk = is the asymmetry of the ordinates distribution of the roughness profile related to the mean line (amplitude density curve). It differentiates between symmetric profiles of the same Ra or Rq values. A negative Rsk value identifies a surface with good bearing properties.

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Rku - Kurtosis

Rku is a measure for the peak amplitude density curve. Rku = 3 with normally distributed profile values

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Surface texture parameters

"Burr area"

Reduced peak area

Material ratio curve (Abott curve)

Core area

"Scratch area"

Reduced valley area

Material ratio

Rk = core roughness depth Rpk = reduced peak height Rvk = reduced valley depth

The Rk value with its associated parameters mainly serves to evaluate plateau surfaces properly. Rpk = reduced peak height (stands for the run-in properties) Rvk = reduced valley depth (determines the oil retaining capability)

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Number of high spot counts - HSC Measured value 1

Selectable bandwidth

Measurement Measured Plane value 4 Measured depth Measured value 2 value 5 Measured value 6

Measured value 8 Measured value 7

Measured value 3 Measurement plane Height

HSC –

Number of high spot counts (HSC /cm)

HSC The high spot count is the number of complete profile peaks (within an assessment length) projecting above a horizontal reference line, in other words, parallel with the mean line. The reference line can be set at a selected distance above or below the mean line or in a certain plane as desired.

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Profile depth - Pt

P profile

Reference length

The profile depth Pt (= total profile height) is the total distance between the highest peak and the lowest valley within the sampling length. The reference length shall be indicated.

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Drawing indications for raceway surfaces

Amplitude density curve

Abbott Curve (ratio curve)

Ra or Rq Rsk Rku

Rk Rpk Rvk

● The amplitude density curve or Abbot Curve shall be indicated on drawings to define raceway surfaces properly.

At least three surface parameters are required to specify a surface properly. An exact surface description needs six parameters.

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Reference values for raceways

1) Rpk <1 Rvk 1)

Rsk < 0

3 < Rku < 20

Must be indicated on drawings separately

Note: The indications according to the Abbot Curve are only proven with honed and ground surfaces. Defects may occur with other surfaces.

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Effects on the calculation of load ratings

Rq

π = = 1.25331 Ra 2

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Material ratio of roughness profile, Rmr(c) Drawing specification example: Abbot Curve

Cutting depth in μm

Material ratio %

Symbol explanation: Any processing procedure permissible, evaluation length consisting of five single sampling sections with λc = 0,25. Upper limit arithmetical mean deviation Ra of 0,02µm. Reference line starts at 5%; Bearing ratio (basing on the reference line) may not exceed 95% at a depth of 0,6µm. Reference line starts at 5%; Ratio of bearing contact area to total area (basing on the reference line) of 80% max. at 0,3µm. The 16% rule applies to all parameters.

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Roughness profile material ratio Rmr(c) Drawing specification example: Bearing ratio

Reference line Reference level

c:

value in µ

L:

minimum lower limit

Rmr(0) 10: is the length of material surface at a depth (10% material ratio) below a reference linel Rmr(0,35) 80:

reference level c= 0,35, 80% material ratio

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Material fraction of the roughness profile Turned surface Ratio curve

This figure shows a surface for which no ratio (ratio of bearing contact area to total area) curve value can be evaluated since the best-fit straight line does not include 40% of the measured points.

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Designation indication

Amplitude density curve

or Abbott Curve:

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Surface indications for general requirements

Indicating the Ra and/or Rz value is sufficient to meet the general requirement. Parameter Ra is preferred for non-periodic profiles that have been created by grinding, for instance. Parameter Rz is preferred for periodic profiles that have been created by turning, for instance.

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Indications on the drawing ● The surface indication of an area shall only be indicated once on a drawing, preferably within the same view as the dimension data. Example:

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Simplified drawing specifications

Figure 1

Figure 2

If most of the surfaces of a component are subject to the same requirement, the requirement shall be placed near the drawing title block. This general symbol that corresponds to the surface texture shall be followed by: • a basic symbol without further specification in parenthesis (Figure 1), or • deviating requirements in parenthesis to indicate that further requirements exist (Figure 2). These requirements differ from the general surface texture requirements.

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Standard texts collective indications

1

Collective indications (roughness, edges) shall be indicated on the drawing top right.

Drawing header

Surface texture collective indications (roughness indications) are placed above the text line. In contrast to the other standard texts having a left-aligned loading point, they are structured from right to left since they need more space.

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Additional surface requirements Example: free of spiral marks The rules of S 241022 Drallprüfung apply (testing of spiral marks, standard in preparation)

Free of spiral marks acc. to S 41022

Machining method

Test standard

Generalized or unspecific indications such as “clean” or “free of grooves” are not permissible. If special indications such as free of spiral marks, free of scale, clean, free of grooves, etc. are necessary, these indications shall be specified in group standards (S no.).

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Flush-cut proportion (fine blanking) according to VDI 2906 Page 5 ● Flush-cut proportion over the total sheet thickness is possible (100%) ● But torn and chipping may occur ● Drawing indications are represented in percentage flush-cut proportions Achievable flush-cut proportion hS1/s in % hS2/s in %

100 100 90 90

75 50

75

Torn

Burr Chipping

Fine blanking is a process used to produce highly accurate parts with smooth cut surfaces. Prior to cutting the material, it is clamped in such a way that flowing is only possible in that direction where the material is cut. Normally, the parts are ready for assembly after deburring and do not need any further processing. Flush-cut, chipping and torn: s

material thickness

hS1/S

min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with chipping

hS2/S

min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with bowl-shaped chipping

bA

max. permissible bowl-shaped thickness of chipping

ba max required

cumulative value for bA, may be specified by the user if

E torn permissible according to surface comparison normal no. 1, 2, 3 or 4 according to VDI

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Drawing specifications Dimensioning of a fine-cut surface Example:

Ra h1 h2 E

max. arithmetic mean deviation of the profile in µm min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with chipping min. flush-cut proportion in % of s with bowl-shaped chipping torn permissible according to surface comparison normal no. 1, 2, 3 or 4

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Drawing specification of a fine-cut surface

Simplified symbols are used to avoid repeated and complicated indications. The last letter of the alphabet is the first one to use.

Symbol

Explanation Min. flush-cut proportion 50% of material thickness s with chipping. Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 2,4 μm Flush-cut proportion h1 90% of material thickness with chipping. Bowl-shaped chipping (h2) permissible to 25% of s. On this, the flush-cut proportion is 75%. Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 2,4 μm Flush-cut proportion h1 100% of material thickness s with chipping. Bowl-shaped chipping (h2) permissible to 10% of s. On this, the flush-cut proportion is 90%. Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 1,6 μm Component precision cut across the entire thickness s (100%). Arithmetic mean deviation Ra = 0,4 μm Torn E permissible to surface comparison normal no 2. .

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Surface indications for coatings

Example:

The following standards apply to general indications of electroplated coatings: • DIN 50960-2, DIN EN 12540, • and corresponding design guidelines, D standards and/or the group-wide applicable design guideline D 100105, • surface database via web access (http://inanet.ina.de/infolw/Werkstofftechnik/Galvanotechnik/Beschichtung snormen/Normbezeichnung.xls)

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Hard material coating Drawing specification example -Standard text indication:

1 = coated 2 = coating permissible 3 = coating impermissible

If only individual areas on a part are to receive a coating, these shall be identified by a chain thick line. There shall be no coating on the unidentified areas. The type of coating is to be indicated on the line. Alternatively, the indication may be placed on the chain line, in form of an eye-catcher symbol, and may be explained in the text field. Type of line

Meaning Surfaces which are to be coated acc. to the spec; main surfaces Surfaces which may be coated optionally Surfaces which must not be coated within 04.2 and 02.2

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Coating to size as per DIN 50960-2 z A coating to size e.g. in the case of fit dimensions shall be indicated as shown. z The unfinished size and the finished size shall be specified.

Example: ground

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Corrosion protection indications Preservative coating

● Generally, no corrosion protection indications are made on drawings ● Exceptions: if corrosion protection indications are made on customer request, the standard text shall inform about the following:

Corrosion protection to S 132202 KA1

The customer is informed about the corrosion protection medium at the time of sampling. Corrosion protection is specified by the packaging plan. Changing the corrosion protection duration is only performed in agreement with the customer.

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Edge structure S 102001-8

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Vocabulary State of an edge

Edge

Burr

Corner

Undercut

Passing

Designation

Meaning

Edge

Intersection of two surfaces

State of an edge

Geometrical shape and size of an edge

Edge of undefined shape

Edge with a shape that is not specified precisely. Sharp edge. External or internal edge of a part with almost zero deviation from the ideal geometrical shape.

Corner

In contrast to an edge, a corner is an intersection point consisting of three or more surfaces. It is represented by a dot.

Burr

Rough remainder of material outside the ideal geometrical shape of an external edge.

Undercut

Deviation inside the ideal geometrical shape of an internal/external edge.

Passing

Deviation outside the ideal geometrical shape of an internal edge.

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Edge dimensioning Possible edge dimensioning methods by indicating ● an exactly defined geometrical shape to DIN 406 Part 11

● an undefined geometrical shape to DIN ISO 13715

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Edge symbol to ISO 13715

• The upper tolerance limit is represented by the following placeholders: a1, a3 and a5. • The lower tolerance limit is represented by the following placeholders: a2, a4, and a6 • There is no need to indicate zero values. • Deviating from DIN ISO 13715, a1 and / or a2 in combination with a5 and/or a6 can be indicated with different values. • Mathematical signs (- / +) shall be indicated. • a1, a2, a5, and a6 shall not be described if a3 and/or a4 are indicated. • Character heights correspond to the table. All other character heights given in DIN ISO 13715 are not used. Description

Series 2

Series 1

Lettering height "h“

2,5

3,5

Line width of symbol "d“

0,25

0,35

Symbol height "H“

3,5

5

Series 1 shall be used preferably. Other heights than those stated in Table 1 are not permissible.

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States of edges – external edges States of edges for external edges

States of edges for external edges

Drawing specification

Drawing specification

Meaning

Explanation Edge with burr acceptable from 0 mm to 0,3 mm; burr direction undefined

Size and direction of burr undefined

Meaning

Explanation Edge without burr; undercut from 0 mm to 0,3 mm Edge without burr; undercut from 0,1 mm to 0,5 mm Edge without burr; undercut undefined

Edge with burr acceptable from 0 mm to 0,3 mm; burr direction defined

Edge with burr/ undercut acceptable from 0 to 0,05 mm direction undefined Edge with burr acceptable up to 0,3 mm or undercut accept. down to 0,1 mm; direction undefined

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States of edges – internal edges States of edges for internal edges

States of edges for internal edges

Drawing specification

Drawing specification

Meaning

Explanation

Meaning

Explanation

Edge with undercut acceptable from 0 mm to 0,3 mm; undercut direction undefined

Edge with passing acceptable up to 0,3 mm

Edge with acceptable undercut from 0,1 mm to 0,5 mm; undercut direction undefined

Edge with passing acceptable from 0,3 mm to 1 mm

Edge with undercut acceptable from 0 mm to 0,3mm; undercut direction defined Edge with undercut or passing acceptable from 0 mm to 0,05 mm; direction undefined

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Edge with passing acceptable from 0,1mm to 0,3mm; direction undefined

Special symbols for edge dimensions with burr and undercut direction DIN ISO 13715 does not define the specified indication of different asymmetrical edge dimensions and transition shapes.

Meaning

Standard text Tangential transition in axial / radial direction

Note: Indications referring to asymmetrical undercut directions on an edge are permissible. The individual indications are always maximum dimensions, whereas the minimum direction may be 0 in each direction. Two dimensions per direction are also permissible and specify a tolerance zone.

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Collective indications in drawings to DIN ISO 13715

Detailed method

Simplified method

A simplified reference indication may be used if most of the component’s edges are subject to the same requirements. If it is necessary to emphasize in a collective indication that another state of edge is present elsewhere on the drawing, an additional indication in parentheses is given at right of the collective indication.

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Standard texts Collective indications Collective indications (roughness, edges) shall be indicated on the drawing top right.

Drawing header

Collective indications are arranged in the order •Surface texture (roughness indications) and •Edge structure above the text line. In contrast to the other standard texts having a left-aligned loading point, these ones are structured from right to left since they need more space.

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Rolling bearing chamfers to DIN 620-6

Minimum chamfer dimension

Ring face

Circular arc (with radius rs min) beyond which no material may project Maximum chamfer dimension Actual profile

Ring bore or outside cylindrical (d or D)

d

Nominal bore diameter

D r

Nominal outside diameter Nominal chamfer dimension

rs

Single chamfer dimension

r1, r3, r5

Radial direction chamfer dimensions

r2, r4, r6

Axial direction chamfer dimensions

r4, a, r6, a limits)

Axial direction chamfer dimensions (with reduced maximum

max.

permissible maximum value

min.

permissible minimum value

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Rolling bearing chamfers to DIN 620-6 (Dimension limits) to DIN 616 = Allocation to series

Indication on finished-part drawings. Chamfer dimension rs min and tolerances on dimensions t1 and t2 to DIN 620-6 and DIN 616.

Indication on in-process drawings, such as turning drawing

Note: Care must be taken to ensure in the 3D model of the finished part that the edge is represented in a realistic way, indicating the radius alone is not sufficient. Representation on in-process drawings

rrad rax SAPlan SAX diameter

Radial chamfer dimension Axial chamfer dimension Grinding allowance on face Grinding allowance on bore diameter/outside

Other angles are only permissible in exceptional cases.

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Form rigidity S 102503

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Form rigidity

What is the form rigidity of a ring?

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Basics The form rigidity is based on the elasticity theory

F~f F=c*f Proportionality relation (stiffness and/or spring rate according to „Hooke“)

F is the force. f is the resilience of the ring. Stiffness alone is not sufficient to describe form rigidity properly. On this, another parameter – the ring size – is required.

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Definition of form rigidity

The form rigidity of a ring is the ratio between stiffness C and diameter D

C/D This parameter is a measure for the stiffness of the component

The following diameters are used: •the centroid of an area (first moment of an area) for annular work pieces •the moment of inertia (second moment of area) for slewing rings (pivot bearings).

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Scope of application

¾ Manufacturing aid for any operation that is carried out on a solid component (rotary feed, clamping forces, hardening, grinding)

¾ Selection of measuring methods

¾ Criterion for the interpretation (tolerances)

¾ Specifying the roundness in in-process drawings (allowances)

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Classification Assessment aid (Extract from S 102503): Class

C/D (daN/mm * mm)

0

up to 0.2

extremely soft

Extraordinary diligence! Paper bearing Clamping: first inside then outside; use clamping rings, ideal clamping pressure

I

0.2 to 0.5

very soft

Hardening: use fixtures, quenching as mild as possible Grinding: iteration method

soft

Ring is

II

0.5 to 1.0

III

1 to 2

IV

2 to 5

normal

V VI

5 to 10 10 to 30

stiff

VII VIII

30 to 100 > 100

very extremely sift

Comment / General notes

Turning: dual clamping and alternating overturning, place ring carefully Hardening: quenching as mild as possible, piled material Grinding: iteration method Turning: Use cutting implement for finish turning Hardening: quenching in hot salt bath preferred, piled material Grinding: possibly iteration method Hardening: oil quenching possible, bulk material Harmless in all cases

The calculations are approximation values; these values suffice for classification purposes. To calculate the rigidity of bearing rings in a more precise way, specified procedures such as the finite element method shall be used. The treatment of the ring in the manufacturing process depends on the class resulting from the calculation process.

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Drawing specification

Indication as standard text: C/D acc. to S 102503: * …

¾ The C/D value is indicated on all component manufacturing drawings for annular solid work pieces. ¾ No dimensions are indicated. ¾ The indications are located in the text block

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Drawing examples FAG old!

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Interpretation rules

¾ Basing on the finished-part drawing ¾Geometric-dependant formula in S 102503 for steel with E = 2,1*104 [daN/mm2] ¾The calculation result must be corrected for other materials

Link to formulary:

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C/D valuation example AR.6220.2ZN

The outer ring form rigidity of a ball bearing is determined by a formula that is included in the group standard S 102503. See this standard for further information.

Extract from S 102503:

C /D =

47 ∗ B ⎡ (2 D − D 1 − F ) ∗ 10 ⎤ ⎥⎦ 2 D + D 1 + F ⎢⎣ 2D

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3

C/D valuation example AR.6220.2ZN

D = 180 D1 = 154,94 F = 165,4 B = 34

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C/D valuation example AR.6220.2ZN

These values are inserted in the formula: 47 ∗ 34 ⎡ (2 * 180 − 154 ,94 − 165 , 4 ) ∗ 10 ⎤ C/D= ⎥ 2 * 180 + 154 ,94 + 165 ,4 ⎢⎣ 2 * 180 ⎦

3

Results in the C/D value: 2,85 Due to this, the ring is to be assigned to Class IV!

Table extract from S 102503

Class

C/D (daN/mm*mm )

Ring is

Comment / General Notes

IV

2 to 5

normal

Turning: use cutting implement for finish turning Hardening: quenching in hot salt bath preferred, piled material Grinding: iteration method

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Form rigidity Calculation in BEARINX®

● Calculating the form rigidity according to group standard S 102503 will be available in BEARINX ● Starting the calculation via Produktauswahl->Verschiedenes->Gestaltsteifigkeit

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Classification of characteristics S 102012-1

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Classification of characteristics

Terms

Explanation

Special characteristics

Product or process characteristic specified by customers

Critical characteristics

Represents an immediate threat to life or physical condition in the case of non-compliance.

Significant characteristics

Special characteristics that have a significant impact on functionality.

Inspection characteristics

Characteristics that are not identified in the control plan.

Characteristics requiring documentation

Do not use anymore. Corresponds to critical characteristics.

Terms

Description

Special characteristics

-Product / process characteristics specified by the customer -Characteristics specified within the Schaeffler Group Are identified in the control plan, inspection plan, inspection instruction and in FMEA. Handling these characteristics may be defined in a customerspecific way.

Critical characteristics

Represents an immediate threat to life or physical condition in the case of non-compliance. Legal requirements may also lead to the classification as a critical characteristic. The assessment of FMEA relevance is 10. Documents (paper / data) that are dealing with these characteristics are subject to special archiving. They must be kept on file for a minimum of 15 years.

Significant characteristics

Special characteristics that have a significant impact on functionality.

Inspection characteristics

There is no need to identify them in the control plan or FMEA. This includes characteristic having no impact on the functionality of the product.

Characteristics requiring documentation

May no longer be used. Corresponds to critical characteristics.

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Marking of characteristics • to be applied on purchased parts and on manufactured parts

• valid from July 1st, 2006 • replaces INA N 021021 012, FAG PA2.002/QA1.028, LUK QV 0811 297 1D • only for new drawings • to be used continuously in projects

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Marking of characteristics Who defines the characteristics? • Customer • Construction, manufacturing process, … • Legal terms

Where are the characteristics indicated? • Drawings • Control plan • Inspection plan / inspection instruction • FMEA

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Marking of characteristics

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Marking of characteristics

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Marking of characteristics

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Harmonization of drawing contents Design and drawing contents

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Deep groove ball bearing

On both sides

On both sides On both sides

Tolerance

Tolerance (dmp)

Tolerance Tolerance

S103207-60

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C/D acc. to S102503: ***

Deep groove ball bearing Inner ring Symbols: Indications to ISO 1101

On both sides

S103207-60

Line shape tolerance

On both sides On both sides

Tolerance

Tolerance (dmp)

Tolerance Tolerance

- 1st order tolerance - 2nd order tolerance

Measuring dimensions Chamfer dimensions Surface indications

-Roundness -Parallelism Tolerance Tolerance

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Cylindrical roller bearing Outer ring On both sides

crowned hollow

Recess Without scale

Symbols: Indications to ISO 1101 Measuring dimensions crowned hollow

Chamfer dimensions/ Relief grooves Surface indications Roundness Parallelism

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Axial spherical roller bearings Soft processing – housing locating washer Dimensioning and tolerance entry to S102001-11 Dimensional and geometrical tolerances to S102502 Edges to S102001-8

Marking: not marked not tolerated angles: +-2°

Surface texture to S102001-10 Darstellung n. S102001-7

Suitable for heat treatment:

Tolerancing principle to S102501

Form rigidity to S102503

Housing washer Machining before hardening

Production measuring method

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Comparison: Axial spherical roller bearings housing locating washer (old)

Raceway radius with tolerance indication Detail X

Surface indications to FAG guidelines

Variation of wall thickness Se.1 in pressure angle

Surface indication with processing procedure

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Comparison: Axial spherical roller bearings housing locating washer (new)

Surface setting parameters see S 103206-30

Indication VDmp/VDp/2 to DIN ISO 1132 Symbols to DIN ISO 1101

Line shape tolerance - 1st order tolerance - 2nd order tolerance

Measuring dimension Edge structure Surface description to Abbott Curve

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Comparison: Axial spherical roller bearings shaft locating washer (old)

Raceway and rib radius with tolerance indication

Detail X

Variation of wall thickness Si.1 in pressure angle

Roundness indication for bore Surface indication with processing procedure

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Comparison: Axial spherical roller bearings housing locating washer (new)

Line shape tolerance - 1st order tolerance - 2nd order tolerance

Waviness to group standard Indication VDmp/VDp/2 to DIN ISO 1132 Symbols to DIN ISO 1101

Measuring dimension / Measuring range Surface description to Abbott Curve

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(Distance across corne rs)

Po ck

et

pit ch cir c

le

(Distance across corne rs)

Cylindrical roller bearing - cage

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Cylindrical roller bearing - cage Variation of wall thickness in radial direction

Parallelism with special indication CZ = common zone

Mean value with roughness indication

Edge representation

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Cylindrical roller bearing - cage

Positional tolerance

Perpendicularity of pocket

et

pit ch cir c

le

Straightness of cage pocket

Po ck

(Distance across corne rs)

(Distance across corne rs)

of pocket

Theoretical dimensions Limit sizes

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Appendix

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Checklist for Multiplicators

This checklist shall help you when preparing the trainings for you’re the end users of your product line. Please process from top to bottom. If you have any questions or need support please contact Mr. Ernst Ammon, ST/HZA-KR, or +49 9132 82 2587. (Note for filling out the form: please check the box when task is completed. Enter answers in the grey boxes in column “Comments”). #

Task

Comment

Training organization Ask your local HR department to get to know who will support you in organizing the end user trainings (participants, rooms, dates).

Name of conctact:

Do you know who else in your product line will be multiplicator?

No one responsible ? Please email to Andreas Diehm, FH/SWE-HCD Yes, the following persons: Construction: Segment: Quality:

Coordinate with the other multiplicators of your product line who will be training which department. Which departments will you be training and how many users will that be?

No: Please ask Mr. Ammon via mail. Departments: # of end users:

How many trainings are necessary to train all users of your area? (max. 15 participants in one training)

# of trainings:

Discuss the preparation tasks and the training dates with your supervisor.

Discussed with: Date:

Group the participants and assign training dates together with your HR department. Ask your HR department to invite the participants (SAP-Nr. SP90025, „Drawing standards for end users“). Training documents Do you have access to the original training document in the intranet (Link)?

Yes. No. Please mail to Ernst Ammon.

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o.k.

Checklist for Multiplicators

#

Task

Comment

Are all of your users able to read and understand German or English? If not, the training documents have to be translated into national language.

Yes. No. Please mail to Ernst Ammon.

Download the newest version of the training documents from the intranet. (Link) There is a ZIP-file available for download. Right click and choose “Save target”. The videos are also available for download, be sure to keep the folder structure so the video links in the documents still work. Reduce the documents to the content which affects your product line and your users.. Most suitable is to do that together with the other multiplicators of your product line. Discuss the reduced training documents with the other multiplicators of your product line. Before the training Check the registrations for the training date. Participants which declined attendance have to be invited to a new training date. Are the training documents available in the right language? Is a training room booked with appropriate equipment? (1 Beamer, 1 PC/Laptop, Catering) Do you have an attendance list? During the training Do the participants have confirmed their attendance in written form on the attendance list?

Yes. No. Please get the written confirmations.

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o.k.

Checklist for Multiplicators

#

Task After the training Forward the attendance list to Mrs. Vera Cremers or Mr. Ernst Ammon (as Fax or scanned as E-Mail), so the participants can be registered. Discuss with your product group leaders for which products the drawings will be created newly or have to be changed. Where will the products be manufactured?

Organized (together with the other multiplicators of your product line) a transfer talk. Participants should be the responsible engineer, the segment leader and the responsible quality engineer. Optionally you can invite the central construction department (Ernst Ammon) and one of the trainers respectively.

Comment

Products:

Manufacturing plants: Participants transfer talk:

Date of transfer talk:

Have a written confirmation of the transfer talk in the appropriate form. (Link)

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o.k.

Trainer education Harmonization of drawing standards Target group

Employees which execute training tasks as multiplicator for the project “Harmonization of drawing standards”.

Goal

Multiplicators know • which preparations are necessary They are able to • manage their training, • encourage participants to cooperate, • use media target-oriented, • recite presentations in understandable manner, • adjust the training material to the target group They know • which activities can be suitable in difficult training situations.

Content

• • • • • • • • • •

Adjustment of the training document for the target group Tips for the personal preparation for the training Role and tasks of the trainer Start and end the training: Check lists on how to organize the begin and end a training Structuring the training based on the sandwich principle: rotation of information phases and exercise phases Communicate information: Tips on how to present slides Exercises and participants mobilization: suitable exercises, leading exercises, behavior during exercises Usage of flip charts and other media Manage difficult training situations Execution of a short training lesson (15 min) and receipt of feedback

Method

The training is structured base on the sandwich principle. Various exercises help to reflect the information heard and to transfer to the own situations. Participants have the possibility to execute a short training situation themselves. They can experience the trainer role and receive feedback from the participants and the trainer. A time frame is reserved for preparing these training situations.

Trainer Number of participants

2 trainers for each training min. 8, max. 16 participants

Duration

2 days

Notes

Please bring your laptop in order to be able to access the training documents. A pair of compasses is also helpful.

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Notes

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Notes

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Notes

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Notes

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