Electrical Fires, Pec & Grounding

IIEE Regional Conference – Region IV DAP, Tagaytay City, March 28-29,2008

Electrical Fires, Philippine Electrical Code, & Grounding Jaime V. Mendoza, PEE, MTM Board Member BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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ELECTRICAL FIRES  If a fault develops, the current (and heat energy) can increase to the extent that either the appliance burns out, the connecting wiring overheats and melts the plastic insulation or the plug and socket may burn out.  An electrical fire then occur where the overheated wiring, motor, plug, etc. are in contact with or close to flammable or combustible material.  ELECTRICAL FIRE can be defined as a fire where an electric current or electrical fault is found to have been the source of ignition.

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Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Electrical Cause of Fire a. Lightning strike b. Overloaded wiring c. Loose wiring Connections d. Electrical “arcing” (or sparking) d. Appliance Fire

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Electrically Related Fire  Fires can also be caused where there is no electrical fault, but there has been inappropriate use or faulty installation of electrical wiring and appliances or components. Examples:  Insufficient ventilation around recessed lights in the ceiling, which can set fire to debris, timer or insulation material.  Heater being placed to close to clothes or furnishings. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur  Electrical fires in a building can start in a number of locations, some of these are more prone than others because of the number of connections or risk of damage.  That electrical fires will not generally occur in continuous runs of cable unless something has caused physical damage to the insulation.  Electrical fires most commonly occur at “weak points” in the system. These are where the cables have been cut and joined, or where they have been cut and connected to a point of power, light or similar.

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur 1. Service lines – The overhead wiring from the street to the “Point of Attachment” on the front of the house. 2. Point of Attachment – junction box or terminals on the front of the house which connect the “Service Line” to the “Consumers Mains”. Water entry and aging insulation breakdown, arcing can occur inside the conduit and burn through to timber roof material.

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Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur 3.

Consumers Mains – these are the cables that run from the point of attachment down to the switchboard, in many cases via the roof space then down inside the wall cavity. Some possible causes of damage –  rats or other vermin in the roof chewing the

insulation

 deliberate act, attempts to bypass kwhr meter  insulation deterioration with age and heat under tin roof

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Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur 4. Main Switchboard – contains main service fuses, and fuses or circuit breakers for light and power circuits. Possible causes: - Loose connection to fuses - Faults usually start with the smaller light and power circuit wiring. - Overloaded circuit and overheated wiring BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur Integrity of Electrical Equipment Section 1.10.1.12 ( C )

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur 5. Sub circuit wiring & Connections – comprises the circuits for lights, power points, water heaters , air conditioners etc., and is usually rated at 15 to 20 A. a) Wiring Above the CeilingAlways look for other possible ignition sources above the ceiling before concluding that an electrical or wiring fault occurred. If multiple arc damage is found along a length of wiring after a fire it suggest that this was a result of fire and not the cause . BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur Conductor Termination One Wire Per Terminal Section 1.10.1.14 (a)

Conductor Termination One Wire Per Terminal Section 1.10.1.14 (a)

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur b.

Connections to Light Fittings – Highly likely “weak point” as a result of: - loose connection into the top of the lamp holder, or heat from the lamp below causing deterioration of the wiring insulation. - accumulation of dirt or moisture on top of exposed terminals, eventual “tracking” between terminals – eventual ignition - mice, possums, rats – nests often built above surface mounted lights which warm the underside of the ceiling, also can cause wiring insulation damage.

Note: Look for arc damage to brass connectors or screws at the back of the light after the fire. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur c. Connections to Junction Boxes in the ceiling d. Ceiling Fans e. Power outlets

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

Fixture wires must not be lowered than 18 AWG BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

Electrical Fires, PEC & Grounding Region IV- Tagaytay City, March 28, 2008

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

Faulty or inadequate decorative lighting causes the majority of Christmas tree fires. ( Do not used indoor Christmas lights for outside or outdoor decorative lightings.) BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

BUNDLED NON -CONDUITED NON-CONDUITED WIRES ON A STEEL TRUSS BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Where are Electrical Fires likely to occur

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Causes of US Residential Fires Cause of Fire

Percent

Fixed Wiring

34.7

Cords and plugs

17.2

Lighting Fixtures

12.4

Switches, receptacles, and outlets

11.4

Lamps and light bulbs

8.3

Fuses, circuit breakers

5.6

Meter and meter boxes

2.2

Transformers

1.0 Note: Due to electrical distribution

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THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE KEY TO SAFETY AND FIRE PREVENTION PURPOSE OF PEC The primary objective of the code is to establish basic materials quality and electrical works standards for the safe use of electricity for light, heat, power, communications, signaling and for other purposes. “Practical safeguarding of persons and property from hazards arising from the use of electricity” COMPLIANCE TO THE PEC WILL ENSURE SAFETY AND PREVENT ELECTRICAL FIRES BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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The National Electrical Code  The first NEC was developed in 1897, eighteen after the invention of incandescent light bulb by Thomas A. Edison.  Since 1911, the NFPA of Quincy, Massachussets, has been responsible for the maintenance and publication of the NEC.  Regularly revised (every three years) to reflect the evolution of products, materials, and installation techniques.  21 Separate Committee, each consisting of 15-20 persons. Members of each committee meet several times, discuss proposed changes, accepting some and rejecting others, and rewrite (as required) the sections of the Code that were assigned to their committee.

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THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE The PEC is a safety standard, not a design guide. Electrical designs must comply with the requirements of PEC to ensure safety. Energy management, maintenance, and power quality issues aren’t within the scope of the PEC. Consideration should be given for future expansion of electrical systems but this is not a Code requirement. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES 1. Wiring Design Rules 2. Installation Rules 3. Manufacturing Rules

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THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES Wiring design rules used to determine sizes and rating of circuit conductors and devices. Example: 1. Branch circuit conductors supplying a single motor shall have an ampacity not less than 125% of the full-load current. Section 4.30.2.2 2. The disconnecting means for motor circuits shall have an ampere rating of at least 115% of the full-load current rating of the motor. Section 4.30.10.10(a) BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES Installation rules Example: 1. A disconnecting means shall be located within sight from the motor controller. Section 4.30.102 2. In class II Division I Locations, motors, generators, and other rotating electric machinery shall be dust ignition proof or totally enclosed pipe ventilated and shall be approved for class II locations. Sections 5.02.8 BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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THE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE CLASSIFICATION OF CODE RULES Manufacturing rules Example: Section 4.30.1.7 A motor shall information:

be

marked

with

the

following

1) Manufacturer’s Name 2) Rated Volts and Full-load Amperes 3) Rated Frequency and Number of Phases, if an alternating current motor, etc. 4) Rated full-load speed BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Accessible, Readily Accessible, Readily

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Wiring Methods

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Wiring Methods

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Wiring Methods

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Definitions 1. Ground 2. Grounded 3. Grounded Conductor 4. Grounding Conductor 5. Grounding Electrode 6. Grounding Electrode Conductor 7. Equipment Grounding Conductor 8. Effectively Grounded 9. Solidly Grounded 10. (Grounded) Neutral Conductor 11. Bonding 12. Bonding Jumper

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Ground

PEC 1.0.1 BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Grounded

PEC 1.0.1 BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Ground, Grounded PEC1.0.1 Ground, Grounded, and Effectively Grounded

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Grounded Conductor PEC 1.0.1

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Grounding Conductor

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Grounding Conductor PEC 1.0.1

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Grounding Electrode

PEC2.50.3

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Grounding Electrode, Grounding Electrode Conductor

PEC 1.0.1

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Equipment Grounding Conductor  Equipment Grounding Conductor – the conductor used to connect the noncarrying metal parts of equipment, raceways, and the other enclosures to the system grounded conductor, the grounding electrode conductor, or both, at the service equipment or at the source of a separately derived system. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Effectively Grounded  Intentionally connected to earth through a ground connection or connections of sufficiently low impedance and having sufficient current-carrying capacity to prevent the buildup of voltages that may result in undue hazards to connected equipment or to persons.

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Solidly Grounded

In reality, solidly grounded means the bonding of the system to the metal case of the derived system in acc. with 250.30(A)(1) BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Neutral Conductor (PEC 2.50.2.17(b))

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Grounded Conductor

Not a “neutral” because it is not a 3 0r 4 wire system. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Grounded Conductor

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Bonding or Bonded

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Bonding Jumper

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NEC 250 = PEC 2.50

B.13 Grounding and bonding at the service equipment BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Why Grounding is Used? PEC-2.50.1.2(a)

 To limit voltage imposed by 1. Lightning 2. Line surges 3. Unintentional contact with higher voltage lines  Stabilize the voltage to ground during normal operations.  Facilitate overcurrent device operation in case of ground fault on a solidly grounded system. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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1. To limit the voltages imposed by lightning or line surge PEC-2.50.1.2(a)

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1. To limit the voltages imposed by lightning or line surge

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2. Facilitate overcurrent device operation in case of ground fault

Metal parts of premises wiring are bonded to an effective Ground-fault current path that has sufficiently low impedance To quickly clear line-to-case faults by opening the circuit Protection device. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors A. Preventing Objectionable Current To prevent a fire, electric shock, or improper operation of circuitprotection devices or sensitive equipment, electrical systems and equipment must be installed in a manner that prevents objectionable current from flowing on conductive materials, electrical equipment, or grounding and bonding paths. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.16(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(a)

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2.50.1.6 Objectionable Current Over Grounding Conductors Section 2.50.1.6(c)

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Means of Identifying Grounded Conductor  The basic rule in PEC- 2.1.1.6(a) requires the grounded conductor Sizes 14 mm2 (6 AWG) or Smaller to be identified by: 1. A white color 2. A gray color 3. Three continuous white stripes, on other than green insulation, extending along the entire length of the conductor Prior to the PEC-2000 Code, the gray color was `permitted to be used as a hot conductor. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Means of Identifying Grounded Conductor PEC 2.1.1.6(a)

This means that you can use either white or gray to identify the grounded neutral conductor of a single wiring system BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Means of Identifying Grounded Conductor PEC 2.1.1.6(a)

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Means of Identifying Grounded Conductor  Insulated grounded conductor larger than 6 AWG or 14 mm2 to be identified by the one of the following methods: PEC 2.1.1.6(b) 1. By a white or gray outer finish 2. By three continuous white stripes, on other than green insulation, running along the entire length of conductor 3. By a distinctive white marking ,encircling the conductor, placed there at the time of installation, and the identifying the grounded conductor at each termination (The identification may be by tagging, marking, painting or other effective means) BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Means of Identifying Grounded Conductor

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Identifying Grounded Neutral Conductors of Different Systems PEC 2.1.1.6(d)

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Identifying Grounded Neutral Conductors of Different Systems

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Identifying Grounded Neutral Conductors of Different Systems

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Sizing the AC Grounding Electrode Conductors  When sizing electrical ungrounded conductors, the ampacity of the conductor is the main consideration. This is not the case when sizing electrode conductor, it is sized according to cross-sectional area of the service-entrance conductor.  The size of the grounding electrode conductor is taken directly from PEC Table 2.50.3.17, when the size of the service entrance conductors is not larger than 1100 kcmil cu. Or 1750 kcmil aluminum. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Sizing the AC Grounding Electrode Conductors

 When the service entrance conductors are larger than 1100 kcmil copper or 1750 kcmil aluminum, the grounded conductor shall be 12 ½ % of the largest phase conductor. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Table 2.50.3.17 Grounding Electrode Conductor for Alternating-Current Systems

Size of Largest Ungrounded Service-Entrance Conductor or Equivalent Area for Parallel Conductorsa (AWG/kcmil)

Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum

Copper

Size of Grounding Electrode Conductor (AWG/kcmil) Aluminum or CopperClad Aluminum b

Copper

2 or smaller

1/0 or smaller

8

6

1 or 1/0

2/0 or 3/0

6

4

2/0 or 3/0

4/0 or 250

4

2

Over 3/0 through 350

Over

250 through 500

2

1/0

Over 350 through 600

Over

500 through 900

1/0

3/0

Over

Over

900 through 1750

2/0

4/0

600 through 1100

Over 1100 Over 1750 3/0 250 Notes: 1. Where multiple sets of service-entrance conductors are used as permitted in 2.30.4.1, Exception No. 2, the equivalent size of the largest service-entrance conductor shall be determined by the largest sum of the areas of the corresponding conductors of each set. 2. Where there are no service-entrance conductors, the grounding electrode conductor size shall be determined by the equivalent size of the largest service-entrance conductor required for the load to be served. aThis table also applies to the derived conductors of separately derived ac systems. bSee installation restrictions in 2.50.3.15(a).

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Sizing the AC Grounding Electrode Conductors

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Sizing the AC Grounding Electrode Conductors  What are the sizes of the grounding electrode conductors of the following if the service entrance conductors used are: 1. 500 kcmil copper 2. 500 kcmil aluminum 3. 1/0 copper 4. 2 copper

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Earth is Not an Effective GroundFault Current Path

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Identification of Equipment Grounding Conductors PEC 2.50.6.10

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Identification of Equipment Grounding Conductors  But, for a grounding conductor larger than No. 6 AWG or 14 mm2, an insulated conductor of other than green color or green with yellow stripes may be used provided one of the following steps is taken: PEC-2.50.6.10(a) 1. Stripping the insulation from an insulated conductor of another color (say black) for the entire length that is exposed on the box or other enclosure so that the conductor appear as a bare conductor. 2. Painting the exposed insulation green for its entire length within the enclosure. 3. Wrapping the entire length of exposed insulation with green-colored tape or green-colored adhesive labels. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter  GFCI – A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to deenergize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds the values established for a device.  The GCFI does not protect someone against receiving a electrical shock, but it does limit the time hazards exists. Hazard exist only during period of time fault is there.

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

A GFCI is designed to protect persons against electric shock. It operates on the principles of monitoring the unbalanced current Between the ungrounded and the grounded neutral conductor. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

GCFI CAN ELIMINATE THIS! BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 1. Dwelling Bathroom Receptacle

and /or 250 V

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 2. Dwelling Garage Receptacle

All 15 and 20 A, 125/250 V receptacles in accessory buildings and similar work areas must be GFCI protected. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 3. Dwelling Outdoor Receptacle

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 4. Dwelling Basement Receptacle

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 5. Dwelling Unfinished Basement

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 6. Kitchens for Countertop Appliances

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 6. Dwelling Laundry or Utility Sink

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GFCI Protection for Personnel 7. Dwelling Wet Bar Sinks

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GFCI Protection for Personnel PEC-2.10.1.8 (a) a) Dwelling Units 1. Bathrooms 2. Garages 3. Outdoors 4. Crawl spaces at or below grade level 5. Unfinished basements 6. Kitchens for countertop appliances 7. Wet bar sinks BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Electric Shock  Electric Shock Severity 1. Path of Current through Body 2. Length of Time Current Flows 3. Amount of Current through Body

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Effects of AC Electric Shock RMS Current

Effects

1- 5 mA

Threshold of sensation

10-20 mA

Involuntary muscle contractions

20-100 mA

Pain, breathing difficulties

100 - 300 mA

Ventricular fibrillation, possible death

> 300 mA

Respiratory paralysis, burns, unconsciousness

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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors  The regulations for calculating the size of equipment grounding conductor are: 1. Table 2.50.6.13 shall be used to size the equipment conductor. 2. When ungrounded conductors are increased in size and an equipment grounding is installed with them, the equipment grounding conductor is required to be proportionately increased in size acc. To the circular mil area of the ungrounded conductors.

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Table 2.50.6.13 Minimum Size Equipment Grounding Conductors for Grounding Raceway and Equipment Rating or Setting of Automatic Overcurrent Device in Circuit Ahead of Equipment, Conduit, etc., Not Exceeding (Amperes)

Size (AWG or kcmil) Copper Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum*

Copper

15 20 30

14 12 10

12 10 8

40 60 100

10 10 8

8 8 6

200 300 400

6 4 3

4 2 1

500 600 800

2 1 1/0

1/0 2/0 3/0

1000 1200 1600

2/0 3/0 4/0

4/0 250 350

2000 2500 3000

250 350 400

400 600 600

4000 5000 6000

500 700 800

800 1200 1200

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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors  The regulations for calculating the size of equipment grounding conductor are: 3. Where more than one circuit is installed in a single raceway or cable, one equipment grounding conductor can be installed in the raceway or cable; it will be sized for the largest overcurrent device protecting conductors in the raceway or cable. 4. An equipment grounding conductor not smaller than 18 AWG copper is permitted for flexible cords when the flexible cord is protected at or over 20 amperes. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors  The regulations for calculating the size of equipment grounding conductor are: 5. The equipment grounding conductor is never required to be larger than the circuit conductors. 6. Where the overcurrent protection is an instantaneous circuit breaker or a motor protector, the equipment grounding conductor is sized according to the size of the motor overload protective device. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Sizing Equipment Grounding Conductors  The regulations for calculating the size of equipment grounding conductor are: 7. When conductors are run in parallel in more than one raceway or cable , as permitted by PEC 3.10.1.4, the equipment grounding conductor is run in parallel. Each of the paralleled equipment grounding conductors is sized according to the ampere rating of the overcurrent device protecting the conductors in the raceway or cable.

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Installation of Grounding Rods  Basic Requirements for a rod or pipe electrode are: 1.

Minimum length of 2.5 m or 8 ft

2.

When metal pipe or conduit is used for electrode, it is required to be not smaller than trade size ¾ conduit.

3.

Iron or steel pipe electrodes are required to have a galvanized surface or other corrosive resistant material.

4.

Rod electrode may be iron, steel, or stainless steel and are required to have a minimum diameter of 5/8 inch (16mm) diameter.

5.

Nonferrous rods, or their equivalent are required to have a minimum diameter of ½ inch (13 mm). BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Installation of Grounding Rod

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Main Bonding Jumper

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Main Bonding Jumper

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Bonded

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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper  Three methods for sizing the main bonding jumper are given in PEC 2.50.2.9 (d).  When sizing the main bonding jumper, the size and material of service entrance conductors and material used for the main bonding conductor are taken into consideration.

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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper  Three methods for sizing the main bonding jumper are: 1. Basic Rule: Use Table 2.50.3.17, the grounding electrode conductor table, is also used for the main bonding jumper. 2. 12 ½ Percent Rule for Large Conductors. When the total circular area of any service entrance phase conductor exceeds the maximum circular-mil area listed in Table 2.50.3.17, the main bonding jumper shall not be smaller than 12 ½ % of the service phase conductors. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Table 2.50.3.17 Grounding Electrode Conductor for Alternating-Current Systems

Size of Largest Ungrounded Service-Entrance Conductor or Equivalent Area for Parallel Conductorsa (AWG/kcmil)

Aluminum or Copper-Clad Aluminum

Copper

Size of Grounding Electrode Conductor (AWG/kcmil) Aluminum or CopperClad Aluminum b

Copper

2 or smaller

1/0 or smaller

8

6

1 or 1/0

2/0 or 3/0

6

4

2/0 or 3/0

4/0 or 250

4

2

Over 3/0 through 350

Over

250 through 500

2

1/0

Over 350 through 600

Over

500 through 900

1/0

3/0

Over

Over

900 through 1750

2/0

4/0

600 through 1100

Over 1100 Over 1750 3/0 250 Notes: 1. Where multiple sets of service-entrance conductors are used as permitted in 2.30.4.1, Exception No. 2, the equivalent size of the largest service-entrance conductor shall be determined by the largest sum of the areas of the corresponding conductors of each set. 2. Where there are no service-entrance conductors, the grounding electrode conductor size shall be determined by the equivalent size of the largest service-entrance conductor required for the load to be served. aThis table also applies to the derived conductors of separately derived ac systems. bSee installation restrictions in 2.50.3.15(a).

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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper  Three methods for sizing the main bonding jumper are: 3. Rule for Using Different Materials. This rule applies when the main bonding jumper is a different material than the service-entrance conductors. One could be aluminum and the other copper for example. In this case, the minimum size of the main bonding jumper is based on assuming that the service entrance conductors are of the same material as the main bonding jumper and that ampacity is equivalent to the installed phase conductors.

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Sizing the Main Bonding Jumper

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What is Effective Grounding?

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Effective Grounding  A violation of PEC Art. 2.50.3.11 which prohibits using the same grounding electrode for a lightning rod system and a system supply.

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Effective Grounding  PEC Art. 250.5.17 Lightning Protection System. The bonding of a system grounding electrode and a lightning rod grounding electrode.

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Effective Grounding

When different grounding electrodes are used for a building and are not bonded together, a voltage hazard will exist. BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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Effective Grounding

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Effective Grounding

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Effective Grounding

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BEE Res. No. 2006 – 06 Series of 2006  Reducing the Number of Examination Days of the Registered Electrical Engineering Licensure Examination from 3 Days to 2 Days only. May 4 & 5 , 2008. May 6 for RME  Day 1 – Mathematics – 8:00 AM to 1:00 PM 5 hrs - Engineering Sc.- 2:00 PM to 6:00 PM 4hrs  Day 2 – Electrical Eng. – 8:00 AM to 2:00 PM 8 Hrs  Day 3 – for RME BOARD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

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