Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo (March 23, 1869 – February 6, 1964)

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was born in Cavite on March 22, 1869. His father, Carlos Aguinaldo y Jamir, was the town mayor of Old Cavite and Emilio's mother was Trinidad Famy y Valero. Emilio studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran on his elementary and secondary school but when his father passed away in 1883 he had to drop out. (1)

Emilio has given leadership talent, smart, cool courage and a gentle manners which a qualified leadership. He caught the attractions of public when he beat the Sergeant of Guardia Civil in single combat and led the successful uprising in his hometown of Cavite. Later on, he defeated the Spanish forces under the command of General Ernesto Aguirre in the battle of Imus. In the early part of November 1986 He crossed over to Batangas and liberated the town of talisay for the Spanish soldiers. What impressed most of the revolutionist, including, many Magdiwang Katipuneros were his achivements as commanding General. As his star was rising high, that Bonidacio was fading. Bonidacio lost all of all his battles at San Juan and Balara. “He was not even capable of commanding a regiment”

 

  

He was a Filipino general, politician and independence leader after Andres Bonifacio himself inducted Emilio Aguinaldo into the Katipunan, who fought first against to both Spain and American conquer for the independence of the Philippines. (2) Aguinaldo and Bonifacio came into a conflict situation, when bonifacio declared himself as a president of the Philippine Republic but some of Aguinaldo’s supporters was disagree of this, that’s why they make an election in Tejeros where Aguinaldo was officially elected as the First President of the First Philippine Republic. (3) He was also the youngest (at the age 29) to have become the country’s president, and the longest lived president (having survived to age 94). He ordered the execution of Bonifacio and his younger brother on May 10, 1897. He was a self-proclaimed dictator during his short period of rule, On June 18.

On February 6, 1964, the 94-year-old first president of the Philippines passed away due to a coronary thrombosis. He left behind a complicated legacy.

(1) Library of Congress. "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy," The World of 1898

(2)This eBook of “True Version of the Philippine Revolution” by Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy belongs to the public domain. (3) http://biography.yourdictionary.com/emilio-aguinaldo#VgiFYgHElCwdtB8h.99

Manuel L. Quezon Term: November 15, 1935-August 1, 1944

The second president of the Republic of the Philippines, Manuel Luis Molina Quezon. He was born on August 19, 1878 in Baler, Tayabas (now known as Quezon) and sons of Mr. He graduated with a degree of arts, studied jurisprudence, and placed fourth in the Bar examinations after of being imprisoned for six months. During the Filipino-American war, Quezon dropped out of college and went to join the revolution against the United States under the command of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. He fought in the provinces of Tarlac, Pampanga and Bataan. In 1901, when the rebellion was ended, he was captured and imprisoned for six months. Upon his release, he went back to the University and continued his studies. He was selected to join the first Philippine assembly and became the floor leader of Nationalist party. (4)

      

He ran for Tayabas governor in 1905 and won the election. He served for two years and became a representative in 1907 to the newly created Philippine National Assembly. He was chosen to be commissioner of the country in Washington where he served for seven years... In 1916, Quezon became a tool in the fast passing of the (1) Jones Acts; its purpose was to grant us a greater degree of self-government and it promised the country ultimate freedom. When Philippine Commonwealth held the first elections after the American rule, Quezon was officially elected as the president. He was also fought for the immediate grant of Philippine Independence He restructured the country’s military defense and was aided by Gen. Douglas McArthur, who later became his special adviser. Part of Quezon’s mission for the Philippines was to give stability to the country’s economy. He campaigned to stop graft and corruption, and supported the resolution and progress of Southern Mindanao islands. (5)

On August 1, 1944, Manuel L. Quezon died of tuberculosis in Sarnac Lake, New York. And On August 1, 1979, they were finally transferred to the Quezon Monument in Quezon City.

__________________________________________________________________________________ (4)Official Gazette (Manila, May 1946) vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 1151–1165

(5)Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.

Jose P. Laurel October 14, 1943-August 15 1945 Jose P. Laurel born on March 9, 1891 in the small town of Tanuan in Batangas, Many says that the “P” is not really Laurel’s middle name. Born Jose Paciano Garcia Laurel, his second name was given to him by his parents as a tribute to Paciano, Jose Rizal’s older brother. Laurel studied and received his law degree at the University of the Philippines in 1915 and at Yale University in 1920. He was elected as the 3rd Presidents of the Philippine Republic by National Assembly on September 25, 1943, and was inaugurated on October 14, 1943. He is also known as the president of the puppet republic. In his term Laurel’s government didn't get the Filipinos' full support. During his first year but. In 1949, he ran again for president under the Nacionalista Party but was defeated by Elpidio Quirino, standard bearer of the Liberal Party.  

He is the only president to have served in all three branches of government. (1) Jose P. Laurel is being sworn in as the President of the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic in 1943 Commons. Jose Laurel survived three gunshot wounds, after was shot by Filipino rebels but by some miracle he survived. (5)

. (5)Molina,

Print.

Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961.

Sergio Osmeña Term: August 1, 1944-May 27, 1946 He is the fourth presidents of the Republic of the Philippines and Second Presidents of commonwealth, from a rich family Osmeña was born on September 9. 1878 in Cebu City and his parents are Don Pedro Lee Singson Gotiangco and Juana Osmeña, before finishing his law studies at the University of Sto. Tomas in 1903, He worked in the Philippine Revolution as a courier for Emilio Aguinaldo Osmeña was an editor of a Spanish newspaper in Cebu City, El Nuevo Día, before he took up law at the University of Santos Tomas, at the aged 25 he was appointed by the American governor-general as acting governor of Cebu, and became the Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1916, then elected senator. He founded the Nacionalista Party, which became dominant in the Philippine political life. Osmeña led also several missions to the United States to campaign for Philippine independence and became instrumental in gaining commonwealth status for the Philippines in 1935. He was also Vice President under Manuel Quezon, and succeeded as President upon Quezon's sudden death in 1944 (5) The establishment of a free and independent nation. He believed that no nation and no people can lay moral claim to the right of authority over another nation and another people. As he declared, “We hold to the self-evident truth that no particular race has a monopoly on the capacity for progress and selfgovernment.” He promise to the Filipinos the national freedom were we can stand proud as equal in community of nations. In 1931 Osmeña, together with Manuel Roxas, headed the Ninth Independence Mission to the United States, which culminated in the passage by the U.S. Congress of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act on Jan. 17, 1933, overriding President Herbert Hoover's veto. Quezon led the opposition antis against the OsmeñaRoxas pros for rejection of the bill on Oct. 17, 1933. To Provide Courageous, Responsible, and Moral Leadership, Governments equally sacred duty is to provide the nation with a bastion of courageous, responsible, and moral leadership. It does not simply rule or exact obedience; it fosters harmony, inspires faith, generates collective will and action, and harnesses the popular forces to achieve communal ends. (4)

(6)Cullinane

(2004), pg. 205 (5)Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961

Manuel Roxas May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948 Manuel Roxas child of Gerardo Róxas I and Rosario Acuña was born in Capiz, Capiz Province, on Jan 1, 1892. He was the fifth President of the Philippines. He briefly served as the third and last President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines He graduated from the College of Law of the University of the Philippines His first political position in the government is the provincial governor of capiz then he elected to the congress in 1922 and became the speaker of the Philippine assembly. In 1934 Roxas was elected to the constitutional convention and he was appointed secretary of finance in 1938 by Commonwealth president Quezon and then became his trusted adviser. Roxas ran for the Senate and won. (4) When the Philippine legislature convened during the liberation, Roxas was elected president of the Senate on June 9, 1945. He broke with President Osmeña and formed the Liberal party, which he led to victory as presidential candidate on April 23, 1946. Roxas thus became the last president of the Commonwealth and the first president of the Republic of the Philippines when it was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. (7)     

Roxas served as lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) He refused to join Quezon in fleeing to the United States because he wanted to preserve the morale of the Filipino soldiers fighting in Bataan and Corregidor. In his honour Roxas, Capiz and Roxas, Isabela were named after him. Roxas implemented the Bell Trade Act, also called the Philippine Trade Act, which gave developed nations, Dewey Boulevard in the City of Manila was renamed in his memory. He is currently depicted on the 100 Philippine peso bill. (4)

Lapham, R., and Norling, B., 1996, Lapham's Raiders, Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813119499 (7)

(4)Official

Gazette, July 1946, vol. 42 no. 7, pp. 1625–1628

Elpidio Quirino April 18, 1948 – December 30, 1953 He was a native of Caoayan, born in Vigan. Quirino attended the University of the Philippines. In 1915, he earned his law degree from the university's College of Law, and was admitted to the bar later that year. He was engaged in the private practice of law. Quirino was the sixth Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. When presidents Manuel Roxas died, Quirino succeeded him as presidents of the Philippines. For his weakness in tolerating ram pant graft and corruption in his party, permitting immorality in the armed forces, and neglecting the impoverished plight of the majority of filiipinos he was very unpopular and he w defeated by Ramon Magsaysay. Quirino was elected as vice presidents in 1946 election, after the death of the incumbent president Manuel Roxas in 1948, Quirino promised that he will help in rebuilding, repairing and replacing the existing system in the country since it was after the war and everything was back to step one. He succeeded the presidency. In what was claimed to be a dishonest and fraudulent 1949 presidential election, He won the president’s office under Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista vie and former president José P. Laurel as well as fellow Liberalista and former senate president José Avelino.(8) 

       

He implemented many programs and policies to recover the Philippines from its post-war condition, it was not enough to cover his flaws. He was a corrupt president and he was also closely tied with the American government. He tarnished the presidential history because he was the first president to undergo an impeachment trial. Formed the Agricultural Cooperatives Financing Administration, Created Farmers’ Cooperative Marketing Association PACSA (President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration) - was beneficial for financially challenged families; ACCFA (Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration) - aided farmers in selling what they harvested; Labor Management Advisory Board - guided him on matters regarding labor; Rural Banks of the Philippines - helped countrymen in the rural areas manage their finances; Set a new tax policy which increased the tariff rates in order to protect the local economic industry against unfair foreign competition Established the Central Bank of the Philippines to stabilize the Philippine currency. Established the Presidential Action Committee on Social Amelioration (5)

(5)Molina,

Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print. (8)Zaide,

Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press.

Ramon Magsaysay December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957 Ramon Magsaysay was the seventh President of the Republic of the Philippines, He was born in Iba, Zambales, on Aug. 31, 1907, the child of Exequiel Magsaysay, and Perfecta del Fierro. He entered the University of the Philippines in 1927. While he studied engineering he need to work as a chauffeur to support himself; later, he transferred to the Institute of Commerce at José Rizal College. Then worked as automobile mechanic and shop superintendent. (9) Magsaysay became member of 31st Infantry Division of the Philippine army. He organized the Western Luzon Guerrilla Forces, and was commissioned captain for 3 years. After the war Magsaysay was appointed by the U. S. Army as military governor of Zambales on Feb. 4, 1945. On Feb. 8, 1946 He was discharged from the army and was elected as a representative of Zambales and reelected in November 1949 under the banner of the Liberal party. (11) Quirino realized that there was no alternative and appointed Magsaysay Secretary of National Defence on August 31, 1950. He intensified the campaign against the Hukbalahap. (11) In Congress, Magsaysay served as chairman of the House Committee on National Defense and belonged to numerous other committees In the Election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected president over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into office wearing the Barong Tagalog, a first by a Philippine president. He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". (11)     

He made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening its gates to the public. One example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard a new plane belonging to the Philippine Air Force. Magsaysay administration was considered one of the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Philippines history; the period of his presidency is often cited as the Philippines' Golden Years. The Filipino people were given international recognition in sports, culture and foreign affairs. The Philippines placed second on a ranking of Asia's clean and well-governed countries President Ramon Magsaysay enacted the law (R.A. No. 1160 of 1954—Abolished the LASEDECO, R.A No. 1199 Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 and R.A. No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – He made the Philippines a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) ______________________________________________________________________________

(9)"Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 (10)Grace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government, 2006 (11) Ladwig III, Walter C. (2014). "When the Police are the Problem: The Philippine Constabulary and the Huk Rebellion"," (PDF). In C. Christine Fair and Sumit Ganguly, (eds.) Policing Insurgencies: Cops as Counterinsurgents. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Carlos P. Garcia March 23, 1957 – December 30, 1961 Garcia was born on November 4, 1896 in Talibon, Bohol, his parents were Policronio Garcia the municipal mayor and his mother Ambrosia Polestico, who were both natives of Bangued, Abra. He studied in his native town Talibon then attended secondary in Cebu Provincial High school and later studied at the Philippine Law School where he earned his law degree in 1923. Like the other presidents he was among the top ten in the bar examination. 1925 was the first time that Carlos entered politics as Representative of the Third District of Bohol. Later, on he became governor of the same province in 1933. After that he successfully ran for Senate, but he was unable to serve due to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during the Second World War. After the end of the war, he continued duties as senator. Garcia became one of the most outstanding senator in his generation. Garcia refused to cooperate with the Japanese during the war. He did not surrender when he was placed on the wanted list with a price on his head. He instead took part in the guerilla activities and later to the military service of the Philippine during the liberation campaigns against the Japanese and served as adviser in the free government organized in Bohol. He was the running mate of Ramón Magsaysay in the 1953 presidential election in which both men won but when President Magsaysay was killed in an airplane accident, Garcia continued the duties of Presidents. (12) Garcia establish the Filipino First Policy and Austerity Program. Some of this facts, feats that are of importance and needs some accreditation for. Garcia’s main achievement before he became president involved his activities as foreign policy expert for the government. As secretary of foreign affairs, he opened formal reparation negotiations in an effort to end the nine-year technical state of war between Japan and the Philippines, leading to an agreement in1954. During the Geneva Conference on Korean unification and other Asian problems, Garcia as chairman of the Philippine delegation attacked communist promises in Asia and defended the U.S. policy in the Far East. In a speech on May 7, 1954, the day of the fall of Dien Bien Phu, Garcia repeated the Philippine stand for nationalism and opposition of communism. President Garcia truly loved his own country, one to be inspired about. He felt that the people should have a point of pride on his country, and that it should not be given to foreigners, but only to the those people who should have pride about his country. President Garcia is one to remember, an ideal hero to be inspired of. “FILIPINO FIRST POLICY” President Garcia exercised the Filipino First Policy, for which he was known. This policy heavily favored Filipino businessmen over foreign investor. (5) ___________________________________________________________________________________________ (12)"Remembering

Carlos P. Garcia on his 115th Birth Anniversary". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2012-10-05. The Philippine Presidents from Aguinaldo to García (1958); Jesús V. Merritt, (5)Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961 "Republic Act No. 1700". Chan Robles Law Library. June 19, 1957

Diosdado Macapagal December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965

The ninth president of the Republic of the Philippines, Diosdado Pangan Macapagall was born in Lubao, Pampanga on September 28, 1910. His parents were Urbano Macapagal and Romana Pangan. He graduated as valedictorian at Luban Elementary School and Salutatorian at Pampanga National High school. He finished his pre-law course at the University of the Philippines, then enrolled at Philippine Law School. (13) Diosdado was known as the “poor boy from Lubao,” and his story of success was an inspiration to all Filipinos. He brought the true meaning of nationalism to public service and honor to the word politics. Macapagal join to American law firm as a practicing attorney. He used to work at Malacanang before as an assistant to Pres. Manuel Quezon then later on to Pres. José P. Laurel. The members of the House of Representatives elected Macapagal as Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and he was given several important foreign assignments In 1957, The Liberal Party draft Macapagal to ran dor vise-presidents and he won. In the 1961 presidential election, Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common man from humble beginnings (13) On September 28, 2009, Macapagal's daughter, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, inaugurated the President Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library, located at his home town of Lubao, Pampanga. President Benigno S. Aquino III declared September 28, 2010 as a special non-working holiday in Macapagal's home province of Pampanga to commemorate the centennial of his birth. Decontrol the sale of foreign exchange and to stabilize the peso against the American dollar. (15) Established Philippine Veterans Bank National Cottage Industry was put into place. Disseminated IRRI with the propagation of Miracle rice. Proposed the organization of MPHILDO

"Diosdado Macapagal biography". The Macapagals. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Manuel S. Satorre, Jr., President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12, .positivenewsmedia.net, retrieved 2008-12-10 (15) Macapagal at 100, Ambeth Ocampo, Philippine Daily Inquirer (13) (14)

Ferdinand Marcos December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986

Ferdinand Marcos was born on September 11, 1917 in Sarrat, Ilocos North region He went to school in Manila and later attended law school at the University of the Philippines. His father, Mariano Marcos, was a Filipino politician and her mother Josefa Edralin. Ferdinand came from a Politician families, during World War II, Marcos served as an officer with the Philippine armed forces. When the American government granted the Philippines independence on July 4, 1946, the Philippine Congress was created. Marcos ran and was twice elected as representative to his district and served for 10 years. In 1959, Marcos took a seat in the Philippine Senate until he ran for presidency and he won the election and became the 10th President of the Philippines. Sen. Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. warned that Marcos was on the road to establishing "a garrison state" by "ballooning the armed forces budget", saddling the defense establishment with "overstaying generals" and "militarizing our civilian government offices", thus foreshadowing events that would happen in the following decade. Marcos was reelected in 1969, becoming the first Filipino president to serve a second term. Ferdinand Marcos' wife, Imelda, became a powerful figure after martial law was decreed in 1972, often appointing her relatives to lucrative governmental and industrial positions (while accumulating upward of 1,000 pairs of shoes and several Manhattan skyscrapers). 



 

Plaza Miranda bombing: On August 21, 1971, the Liberal Party did a campaign rally at the Plaza Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bets and their candidate for the Mayoralty of Manila. Two grenades were reportedly tossed on stage, injuring almost everybody present. Martial Law: Marcos declared Martial law on September 21, 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081proclaiming a State of martial law in the Philippines due to the uncontrolled situation of the country, People who against to him will be arrested, Marcos ordered the execution of Sen. Benigno Aquino and Jose W. Diokno.(16) Martial law dragged on for the next nine years, excesses by the military emerged. Gen. Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile then withdrew their support for the administration, defecting and barricading themselves within Camp Crame. . This resulted in the peaceful 1986 EDSA Revolution that forced Marcos into exile in Hawaii while Corazon Aquino became the 11th President of the Philippines on February 25, 1986. Under Aquino, the Philippines would adopt a new constitution, ending the Fourth Republic and ushering the beginning of the Fifth Republic. (17)

(16)Presidential

Proclamation No. 1081, September 21, 1972, Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines, The Law Phil Project. (17)"G.R.

No. L-58289 July 24, 1982"

Corazon Aquino February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992

Corazon was the 11th and first female president of the Republic of the Philippines, she was born on January 25, 1933 in Paquil, Tarlac, and her parents were Jose Chichioco Cojuangco and Demetria "Metring" Sumulong. The family surname is a Spanish version of the Chinese name "Koo Kuan Goo." Corazon families was also known as one of the wealthiest families in the province who owned a sugar plantation covering 15,000 acres. She went first to Philadelphia's Ravenhill Academy and then the Notre Dame Convent School in New York, graduating in 1949. As an undergraduate at the College of Mount St. Vincent in New York City, Corazon Aquino majored in French. Corazon is a simple housewife to his husband Benigno Aquino and a loving mother to their five children’s, her husband serve as a governor to their hometown. Ninoy had become an outspoken critic of Ferdinand Marcos's regime, and was expected to win the 1973 presidential elections, since Marcos was term-limited and could not run according to the Constitution. However, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972 and abolished the Constitution, Ninoy was arrested and sentenced to death, leaving Corazon to raise the children alone for the next seven years. Corazon spent some of the best years of her life there, reunited with Ninoy, surrounded by her family, and out of the scrum of politics while Ninoy took a circuitous route back to Manila. Marcos knew he was coming, though, and had Ninoy assassinated as he got off the plane on August 21, 1983. Corazon Aquino was a widow at the age of 50. (19) I knew Corazon Aquino was the reason why we celebrate the “People Power Revolution”. When she became the presidents after Ferdinand Marcos. She restored the democracy of the country and promulgating a new constitutional.  



1986 Constitutional Commission: President Aquino appointed 48 members of the 1986 Constitutional Commission (Con-Com), led by retired activist Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma. The Con-Com completed its final draft in October 1986 (20) Aquino promulgated two landmark legal codes, namely, the Family Code of 1987, which reformed the civil law on family relations, and the Administrative Code of 1987, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government. Another landmark law that was enacted during her tenure was the 1991 Local Government Code, which devolved national government powers to local government units (LGUs). The new Code also enhanced the power of LGUs to enact local taxation measures and assured them of a share in the national revenue. The World Economic Forum (WEF): WEF stated e Philippines has done rather poorly in the World Bank's (WB) Doing Business rankings, which judges the desirability of doing business in a country based on 10 key indicators. According to the rankings, the Philippines slipped 9 places (out of 189 countries) from 86th in 2014 to 95th in 2015 (the lower the score being better). (18) (18)"Manila Plan To Cut Debt". The New York Times. February 21, 1992. Retrieved 2010-02-27. (19)Association of Small Landowners v. Luz, 175 SCRA 343, 386 (Supreme Court of the Philippines 1989-07-14). (20)The Intent of the 1986 Constitution Writers. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. 2–4.

Fidel V. Ramos June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998

Fidel Valdez Ramos was the 12th President of the Philippine Republic. He was born on March 18, 1928 in Lingayen, Pangasinan the child of Narciso Ramos a lawyer, journalist and five-term legislator of the House of Representatives, and her mother Angela Valdez was and educator woman. (21)

Ramos went to the United States Military Academy at West Point, and he graduated in 1950. Ramos, along with the Philippines' 20th Battalion Combat Team and his fellow West Point graduates of the 1950s, fought in the Korean War. (23) He worked on Agenda to Reforms to make the Philippine a new Industrialized Country After Aquino assumed the Presidency, she appointed Ramos Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, and later Secretary of National Defense.

July 8, 1992, Pres. Ramos created the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission (PACC), where they encountered various crime syndicates, and they arrested it all even the other voluntary surrender. Ramos promote the methods of birth control with the help of Catholic Church. The (CBCP) Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, they send a letter to the government to implement the birth control. (22) In his term, many public infrastructure has completed the construction including the PNR and the Pasig Ricer Ferry for the alternative transportation, more in structure were also built – the Light Rail Transit and also the NAIA II. He also launched (SPA) Social Reform Agenda” to help the poorest of poor help themselves” Ramos was one of the heroes of the Battle of Hill Eerie At the end of Ramos term, the observance of the first Centennial of Philippines Independence was carried through National Centennial Commission (NCC) and other (NGO’)

(21)Fidel V. Ramos Official Website (22) Philippine .History p.284 by Ma. Christine Halili (23)Villasanta, Art (2000). "Philippine Expditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955): 20th Battalion Combat Team". Geocities. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009.

Bibliography (1) Library of Congress. "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy," The World of 1898 (2)True Version of the Philippine Revolution” by Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy belongs to the public domain.

(4) Official Gazette (Manila, May 1946) vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 1151–1165 (6)Cullinane (2004), pg. 205 (20)The Intent of the 1986 Constitution Writers. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. 2–4. (23)Villasanta, Art (2000). "Philippine Expditionary Force to Korea (1950–1955): 20th Battalion Combat Team".Geocities. Archived from the original on October 22, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2009. (10)Grace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government, 2006 (11) Ladwig III, Walter C. (2014). "When the Police are the Problem: The Philippine Constabulary and the Huk Rebellion"," (PDF). In C. Christine Fair and Sumit Ganguly, (eds.) Policing Insurgencies: Cops as Counterinsurgents. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (12)"Remembering Carlos P. Garcia on his 115th Birth Anniversary". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2012-10-05. The Philippine Presidents from Aguinaldo to García (1958); Jesús V. Merritt, (21)Fidel V. Ramos Official Website (8)Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore Printing Press. Grace Estela C. Mateo: Philippine Civilization – History and Government, 2006 (5) Molina, Antonio. The Philippines: Through the centuries. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print (7)Lapham, R., and Norling, B., 1996, Lapham's Raiders, Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813119499 (16)Presidential Proclamation No. 1081, September 21, 1972, Proclaiming a State of Martial Law in the Philippines, The Law Phil Project. (18)"Manila Plan to Cut Debt". The New York Times. February 21, 1992. Retrieved 2010-02-27. (19)Association of Small Landowners v. Luz, 175 SCRA 343, 386 (Supreme Court of the Philippines 1989-014). (22)Philippine .History p.284 by Ma. Christine Halili Philippins History and Government, Teresita Ocampo and Ramos Lamalig –Villa p.197

(9)"Ramon Magsaysay." Microsoft Student 2009 (3) http://biography.yourdictionary.com/emilio-aguinaldo#VgiFYgHElCwdtB8h.99 (13) “"Diosdado Macapagal biography". The Macapagals. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. (14)Manuel S. Satorre, Jr., President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12, .positivenewsmedia.net, retrieved 2008-12-10 (15)Macapagal at 100, Ambeth Ocampo, Philippine Daily Inquire (17)"G.R. No. L-58289 July 24, 1982"The Biography.com website

Joseph Estrada June 30, 1998 – January 20, 2001

Joseph Estrada is our 13th President of the Philippines and was born on April 19, 1937, in Manila, Philippines, He was one of 10 children. Estrada’s father, Emilio Ejercito, was a government engineer. His mother was named Maria Marcelo. Joseph’s parents were wealthy landowners. When Joseph was still very young, his family moved to San Juan, which has since become a part of metropolitan Manila. Estrada gained his popularity when he became an action star, playing the lead role over a hundred films, He used his popularity as an actor to make gains in politics, serving as mayor of San Juan for 16 years, as Senator for one term, then as Vice-President under President Fidel V. Ramos. When Estrada ran for presidency “Estrada paras sa mahirap” became his campaign slogan including campaign vichle JEEP, which contains (Justice, Economy, Environment and Peace) it is an Estrada’s vision. Estrada was elected President in 1998 with a wide margin of votes separating him from the other challengers, and was sworn into the presidency on June 30, 1998. In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other camps. There is some line from his speech, "Walang kaibigan, walang kumpare, walang kamag-anak", was a stern warning against anyone who would attempt to undermine his administration with influence-peddling.

In 2001 Estrada was ousted by "People Power 2" after the prosecution walked out of the impeachment court when the Senator-Judges voted "no" in the opening of the second envelope. He develops the country’s Social economic and political well- being, Government support were given to ERAP (Enchanted, Retail, Access for the Poor) the sari-sari store Lingap sa Mahirap with the NFA. There is some controversies the he faced during his terms causing for his imprisoned but later on, October 22, 2007, Acting Justice Secretary Agnes Devanadera stated that Joseph Estrada is seeking a “full, free, and unconditional pardon” from President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Estrada's lawyer Jose Flaminiano wrote Arroyo: "The time has come to end President Estrada's fight for justice and vindication before the courts. Today [Monday], we filed a withdrawal of his Motion for Reconsideration." Estrada, 70, stressed the "delicate condition" of his mother in asking for pardon.

Magnegosyo, May 1999 p. 288 Philippins History and Government, Teresita Ocampo and Ramos Lamalig –Villa p.197