English Grammar (sakshi)

Parts Of Speech Nouns: A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing. Ex: Queen, Ramu, Sirisha, Hyderabad, Chair. Proper Noun: The proper noun is the name of a person; place or thing proper here means one's own. Ex: Ashoka was a wise king. The noun Ashoka refers to a particular king, but the noun king might be applied to any other king as well as to Ashoka. So we call Ashoka proper noun and king a common noun. Common Noun: Common Noun is a name given in common to every person, or thing of the same kind or class. Ex: Sita is a good girl. Here Sita is a proper noun while girl is a common noun. Collective Noun: A collective noun is name of a number or collection of persons or things taken together and spoken of as one whole. Ex: The French army was defeated at Waterloo. Here the army is collective Noun. Abstract Noun: An abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state considered apart from the object to which it belongs. Quality: Goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wisdom and bravery etc.

Action: Laughter, theft, movement, judgment, hatred etc. State: Childhood, boyhood, youth, slavery, sleep, sickness, death, poverty etc. Material nouns: Material Nouns are the names of metals. Ex: Gold, silver, iron, copper, tin, wood etc. Except abstract nouns, all the other nouns are usually known as Concrete nouns, as they have form, shape weight while the abstract nouns don't as they can't be seen, touched or weighed but only can be felt.

Pronouns: A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. It is of 7 kinds. 1. Personal Pronouns: They refer to persons either first or second or third person. (I, We, You, He, She, It and They) Ex: I saw her. He met me. They asked you for us. Words in bold are Personal Pronouns. 2. Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns: When self is added to my, your, him, her, it and selves to our, your, them, we get Personal Pronouns. They are Reflexive pronouns when the done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject. Ex: I hurt myself. She hurt herself.

We hurt ourselves. They hurt themselves. You can notice that these pronouns are as the objects of the verb and refer to the same persons denoted by the Subjects of the verbs. Emphatic Pronouns Ex: I will do it myself. I myself saw her do it. You yourself can best explain. They themselves admitted their guilt. 3. Demonstrative Pronouns: They point out the objects to which they refer, and are therefore called Demonstrative Pronouns. This, that, these, those, such are demonstrative pronouns. Ex: This is a present from my girl friend. These are merely excuses. Both cars are good, but this is better than that. Bombay mangoes are better than those of Bangalore. (Not 'than Bangalore'). 4. Indefinite Pronouns: They refer to persons or things in a general way, but don't refer to any person or thing in particular. These are called Indefinite Pronouns. Some such pronouns are: One, None, They, all, some, somebody, nobody, few, many, others, anybody, everybody, everyone and so on. Ex: One hardly knows what to do. One must love one's country. They say that he has lost heavily.

All were drowned in the recent accident. Some are born great. Nobody was there to help the old woman. Love is like a ghost everybody talks but few have seen it. What is everybody's business is nobody's business. 5. Distributive Pronouns: Each, either, neither are called Distributive Pronouns because they refer to persons or things one at a time. For this reason, they are always singular and as such followed by the verb in the singular. Each is used to denote every one of a number of persons or things taken singly. Either means the one or the other of two. Neither means 'not the one nor the other of the two. It is the negative of either. Hence neither and either should be used only in speaking of two persons or things. When more than two are spoken of, 'any, no one, none' should be used. Ex: Each of the boys gets a prize. Either of these roads leads to the college. Neither of the accusations is true. 6. Relative Pronouns: Who, whose, whom, that, which are called Relative Pronouns. They refer to or relate to some noun going before which is called its Antecedent. They join sentences like a conjunction does. So they are also known as Conjunctive pronouns. Ex: I met Hari. Hari had just arrived.

I have found the pen. I had lost the pen. Here is the book. You lent me the book. The above three pairs of sentences can be joined like this with the help of relative pronouns. I met Hari who had just arrived. I have found the pen which I had lost. Here is the book that you lent me. 7. Interrogative Pronouns: Who, whose, what are interrogative pronouns. Though they are similar in form to Relative Pronouns, the work which they do is different. They are used for asking questions and are therefore called Interrogative pronouns. Ex: Who is there? Who are you? Of whom do you speak? Whose is this book? Which is the house? Which do you prefer, tea or coffee? What is the matter? What do you want? What will all the neighbours say?

Verbs: The traditional definition of a verb is "a word used to express action or describe a state of being". As the definition implies, there are two different types of verbs: Action verbs and Linking verbs that describe the subjects. Here are some examples. Action verbs: John laughed. Jane wrote a novel. Mom made some soup.

Linking verbs: John is funny. The novel became a best seller. The soup smelled wonderful. The important characteristic of all verbs is that verbs (and only verbs) have tenses; present, past and future. Unless a word can be used in the present, past and future tense, it is not a verb - no exception whatever. Verbs come in two types: regular and irregular. Regular verbs form their past tenses in an absolutely regular way by adding ed, d. Ex: Remember, remembered and remembered. Irregular verbs form their past tense in some other irregular way, often by changing the vowel of the verb. Ex: Go, went, gone Parts of Speech Postal Assistants Special

Adjectives: An adjective is a word used to describe a noun. Ex: Beautiful house Tall man An awful noise That dreadful old man Five golden rings

Adverbs: Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. By far the most common use of adverbs is to modify verbs, so we will deal with them first.

Adverbs that modify verbs: Ex: They parked the truck yesterday. They loaded the truck there. They drove the truck carefully. They use the truck frequently. Adverbs that modify Adjectives: Ex: A completely false statement. Some rather unusual ideas A terribly hot afternoon. Adverbs that modify other adverbs: Ex: I always answer my calls very promptly. The students answered the questions quite easily. He fought rather fiercely with his problems. I did even worse on the test than I had expected.

Prepositions: A preposition is a word which shows the relation between the noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence. Ex: The boy is in the room The book is on the table. Kinds of prepositions: 1. Simple prepositions: for, in, at, to, by, from, of, off, on through, till, after, before, with. 2. Compound prepositions: about, above, across, amidst, around etc they are formed by prefixing a (=on) before a Noun, an Adjective, or an Adverb; or by prefixing be (=by) before a noun, an Adjective or an Adverb; as, before, behind, below,

beneath, beside, between, beyond etc 3. Phrasal prepositions: according to, agreeably to, along with, away from, because of, by dint of, by means of, by reason of, by way of, by virtue of, for the sake of, in accordance with, in addition to, on behalf of, in case of, in comparison to, in course of, in favour of, in the event of, in lieu of, in order to, in place of, in reference to, in regard to, in spite of, on account of, owing to, with a view to, with an eye to, with reference to, with regard to etc. 4. Double prepositions: Where one preposition doesn't serve the purpose, there more than one preposition may be used depending on the contextual necessity. Ex: She looked at me from above her glasses. I heard someone moving from behind the curtain. There heard a feeble voice from within the well. Can anybody from among you answer this? 5. Disguised prepositions: Some prepositions are disguised or in another form giving the prepositional meaning. Ex: He went a (=on) hunting. It's ten O'clock by my watch. They get a thousand a (=per) day.

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Conjunctions: A conjunction is a word which joins words, phrases, clauses or sentences to complete their meaning. Ex: They reached the station but it was too late. He put on his shoes because he was going for a run. This is the tree that was planted by a foreigner (Relative pronoun) This how he does his work (Relative adverb) She came and stayed with me for two days (Conjunction) Kinds of conjunctions: 1. Coordinating conjunctions: They join together clauses of equal rank. Such conjunctions are: and, but, for, or, nor, also, either…or, neither…nor; they form coordinate clauses that are often found in compound sentences. Ex: He came out and locked the door. She is fair but forty. You must do it or undergo the result. 2. Subordinating conjunctions: They connect a subordinate clause to the main or principal clause. These conjunctions form subordinate clauses that are found in complex sentences. Subordinate means 'in the control of or in the authority of'. They are: after, before, because, if, that, though, although, till, unless, as, when, where, while etc. Ex: Resume your work after you have taken a little rest. Finish all your work before you go home.

He can't attend duty because he is ill. Though he is poor, he is honest. Unless you work hard, you can't reach your goal.

Interjections: An interjection is a word that expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. ☞ Aah - This is used as a call for help or when someone is scared ☞ Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice disapproval ☞ Eh - This is used when you didn't hear or understand what someone said ☞ Eww - Ahows dislike or disgust ☞ Hmm - This can mean you are thinking or hesitating ☞ Jeez - Could mean you can't believe something, or you are exasperated ☞ Ooh-la-la - A slightly comical way to refer to something as fancy or special ☞ Oops - An exclamation people use when they accidentally do something ☞ Phew - This expresses relief or that you are glad something is over ☞ Whoa - This can show surprise or amazement ☞ Yahoo - Expresses joy or happiness ☞ Yeah - This shows a very strong affirmation or approval ☞ Yoo-hoo - This is used to get someone's attention and is usually used by women

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☞ Zing - This is similar to a rim shot used in comic acts and emphasizes a clever statement or comeback Ex: Ahh, that feels wonderful. Alas! I'm lost in the wilderness. Bah! That was a total waste of time. Bless you; I couldn't have done it without you. It's time for me to go. Cheerio! Congrats! You finally got your Master's degree. Crikey! Do you ever think before you speak? Gesundheit! Are you starting to get a cold? Good grief! Why are you wearing shorts in the winter? Oh dear! I don't know what to do about this mess. Shoot! I forgot my brother's birthday. Well, duh! That was a stupid thing to do!

Practice Questions Identify the part of speech of the bolded words: 1) He carried a large umbrella. 2) We travelled by train. 3) They did not comply with his request. 4) Attitude is everything. 5) Though they ran fast, they missed the bus. 6) Alas! We have been defeated. 7) The book which he gave me was interesting. 8) He often makes mistakes. 9) Jawaharlal Nehru was fond of children. 10) Virtue has its own reward.

11) The sea is very stormy. 12) The Sikhs fought bravely. 13) Do you know how to play billiards? 14) My God! I forgot my purse at the restaurant. 15) Work hard or you will fail. 16) I must not forget to take my medicine. 17) Have you taken my mobile phone? 18) She writes all her letters very carefully. 19) I will be waiting for you at the bus stop. 20) If it rains, the match will be cancelled.

Answers 1) Adjective 3) Preposition 5) Conjunction 7) Pronoun 9) Preposition 11) Adjective 13) Noun 15) Conjunction 17) Pronoun 19) Preposition

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2) Verb 4) Noun 6) Interjection 8) Adverb 10) Noun 12) Adverb 14) Interjection 16) Verb 18) Adverb 20) Conjunction

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Prepositions A Preposition is a word used or placed before a noun or pronoun. It shows the relation between the noun and something else. A preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb. Knowledge of prepositions is vital as it is a very important area on which questions will be asked in all competitive examinations. Prepositions can be studied under three categories. 1. Simple Prepositions. 2. Compound prepositions and 3. Phrase Prepositions. Simple prepositions: Examples: of, in, to, till, at, by, for, from, off, out, with, etc. Compound prepositions: Examples: beside, within, above, about, across, without, between, etc. Phrase prepositions: Examples: in course of, in favour of, in case of, according to, by reason of, in the event of, owing to, away from, in compliance with, with reference to, instead of, with an eye to, in comparison to, because of, etc. Prepositions Showing Time 1. at, in At is used with a definite point of time in mind. E.g. Jim goes to the office at eight. She will come at noon. In is generally used to denote a specific time, period, month, year. E.g. I play in the evening. 2. on, by On is used with days and dates. E.g. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October. English class is on every Wednesday. By refers to the latest time by which an action will be over. E.g. The meeting will be over by 3 p.m. 3. for, since For denotes a period of time and is used with the perfect continuous tense. E.g. I have been working for the last ten years. She has been waiting for two hours. Since indicates point of time. It indicates continuity. www.sakshieducation.com

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E.g. India has been independent since 1947. 4. from From refers to the starting point of an action. E.g. Raju is joining the firm from the 1st of June. Prepositions Showing Position 1. at, in At refers to an exact point. E.g. He lives at Amberpet. In refers to a big area. E.g. He lives in Hyderabad. 2. between, among Between is used to distinguish two persons and things. E.g. There was a quarrel between the two sisters. Among is used for more than two persons or things. E.g. The food is distributed among the boys in the class. 3. amongst Amongst is also used with more than two persons or things but is always used before a vowel. E.g. Divide the oranges amongst us. 4. above, below: Above is used for higher than. E.g. The Aeroplane is flying above the clouds. Below is used for lower than. E.g. His output is below ours. 5. under, beneath Under is used for vertically below. E.g. We sit under the tree when we have no class. Beneath shows a lower position. E.g. She married beneath her. Prepositions showing direction 1. To is used to indicate movement from one place to another. E.g. The children go to school every morning. www.sakshieducation.com

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2. Towards points out particular direction. E.g. The lion ran towards the hunter. 3. Into indicates a movement inside something. E.g. The cat jumped into the well. 4. At indicates aim. E.g. The hunter aimed at the bird. 5. For denotes direction. E.g. I shall start for Gwalior today. 6. Along shows the same line. E.g. I walked along the shore. 7. Across means from one side. E.g. I ran across the street. 8. From refers to a point of departure. E.g. We feel unhappy when we depart from our parents. 9. Before denotes face- to-face. E.g. He was standing before his wife. 10. Behind means at the back of someone or something. E.g. My son stood behind me. 11. After refers to a sequence. E.g. The boy came running after the mother. 12. Beside means by the side of. E.g. John is the person standing beside the window. 13. As a preposition, besides means in addition to. E.g. Besides the administrators, the teachers were allowed to state their views. Words taking more than one preposition A large number of words are always followed by a fixed preposition. Example: insist on; instead of; prevent from; But certain words take several prepositions according to the change in meaning of the word. Here is a select list of such words starting with the letter 'A'.

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1. Accompany A. By (for living being). The Prime Minister was accompanied by the members of his Cabinet. B. With (subtle things). His lecture was accompanied with subtle analysis of concepts. 2. Accountable A. To (an authority or a person). Should the police be more accountable to the public? B. For (action). He is accountable for his deeds and misdeeds. 3. Angry A. At (a thing). Angry demonstrators jeered at the President. B. With (a person). I am angry with Shyam. C. For (for a cause). He is angry with me for keeping him waiting. 4. Annoyed A. With (a person). I was annoyed with him because he kept interrupting. B. At (something). He is annoyed with his friend at his laziness. 5. Answerable A. To (a Person). I am answerable to the government for any decision I make. B. For (something). We are answerable to our parents for our conduct. 6. Appeal A. To (person). The police are appealing to the public for any information about the murder victim. B. For (thing). www.sakshieducation.com

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They are appealing for funds to build a new church. 7. Blind A. Of (Physical). He is blind of one eye. B. To (mental). She seems blind to his faults. 8. Communicate A. With (to make correspondence). We can now communicate instantly with people on the other side of the world. B. To (to convey). Has the news been communicated to the staff yet? 9. Compare A. With (similar things). Shakespeare is compared with Kalidasa. B. To (dissimilar things). Life is compared to a battle. 10. Compete A. With (person). It's difficult for a small supermarket to compete with the big supermarkets. B. For (a thing). The two athletes are competing for the gold medal. 11. Complain A. To (person). If the service was so bad why didn't you complain to the manager? B. Against (a Person). He complained to the Master against Sunder. C. About (a thing). Lots of people have complained about the noise. 12. Confer A. On (to give). The President conferred the title of Bharat Ratna on him. www.sakshieducation.com

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B. With (a person). I should like some time to confer with my lawyer. 13. Die A. Of (disease). He died of cancer. B. From (a cause). He died from hunger. C. By (sword or violence). He died by a sword. 14. Differ A. With (person). I beg to differ with you on that point. B. From (things). His views differ considerably from those of his parents. 15. Disqualified A. From (action). He's been disqualified from driving for a year. B. For (post or thing). He was disqualified for the post of Police Inspector. 16. Entrust A. With (in case of a person). Two senior officials have been entrusted with organizing the auction. B. To (in case of thing). I cannot entrust my money to him 17. Familiar A. With (person). He doesn't like to be too familiar with his staff. B. To (subject). I am familiar to German language. 18. Fight A. With (Person). We fought with the English. www.sakshieducation.com

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B. For (thing). We fought with the English for freedom. 19. Grateful A. To (Person). I am grateful to Ram. B. For (thing). I'm so grateful (to you) for all that you've done. 20. Heir A. Of (descendant). A son is usually the heir of the father. B. To (thing). The Prince of Wales is the heir apparent to the throne. 21. Indebted A. To (person). I am indebted to my friend. B. For (thing). I am indebted to my friend for his help. 22. Indignant A. With (person). He was indignant with his friends. B. A (thing). The teacher was indignant at his carelessness. 23. Live A. On (to exist). A man lives on food. B. By (to depend on, to believe in). For several years she lived by begging. 24. Part A. From (persons). To be parted from him even for two days made her sad. B. With (things). www.sakshieducation.com

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He cannot part with his money. 25. Responsible A. To (person). He was responsible to the boss. B. For (thing). Last month's bad weather was responsible for the crop failure. 26. Taste A. Of (experience). Now you will have a taste of new work. B. For (interest). I have no taste for athletics. 27. Tired A. Of (mental). I'm so tired of doing the same job, day after day. B. With (physical). I am tired with working for five hours continuously. Some important prepositions: A Abound with According to Accustomed to Admit to Afflict with Aim at Alternate with Apply to Approximate to Ashamed of Assure of

Absolve from Accordance with Acquaint with Averse to Afraid of Allegation about Alternative to Appreciation of Arraign against Aspire to Attribute to

Abstain from Accuse of Acquit of Affiliate to/with Agree to/on Allude to Appear for Apprise of Arrest in Associate with Averse from

B Begin on Beset with Blow down

Belief in Beware of Boast of

Bereft of Blink at Break off

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Bungle over

Busy with

Busy in

C Compatible with Compliment on Condole with Confirmation of Conscious of Convict of Cost of

Comply with Compared of Conducive to Confirm to Contiguity with Cope with Credit with

Complain of Concur in Confer on Congratulate on Converge on Correspond with Cure of

D Deal with Deliberate on Depend on Derogate from Detrimental to Difficulty in Disgusted with Dissociate from Dressed in

Debar from Delight in Deprive of Desist from Devoid of Different of Discourse with Divest of Due to

Decide on Depart to Derive from Despair of Differ from Disagree with Dispose of Divide into

Election to Employ in Engage in Essential to

Embroil in Endow with Entrust to Expostulate with

E Effort in Emphasis on Enlarge on Entrust (somebody) with Extend to F Fed up with Fire at (when not hit)/on Fraught with

Fill with (enthusiasm) in (a form) Focus on Forbid to Fritter in Full of

G Give to Good at

Glad of Gratitude for

H Hanker after

Hostility to/ in/on hand (in possession of)

I Identical with

Impose on www.sakshieducation.com

Grapple with Guilty of

Incur on

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Indict for Indifferent to Infatuated with Infect with Information on Ingratiate (oneself) with Inquire into (matter)/ of (person) / about / after (thing) Insist on Interest in Intoxicate with Intrigue with Invest with (power)/ in (bank) Involve in J Jealous of Just to

Jeer at

K Key of (the doo-r)/ at (a problem)

Indulge in Infest with Insensible to Intimate to Intrude on Investigation of

Jump at

Knock at

L Lash at Level against Look at/ to

Lay siege to Live on Lure into

Leave for Long for

M Married to

Meddle with

Meeting for

N Neglect of/in

Nominated to

Noted for

O Oblivious of Overcome with

Operate on Opinion on Owing to (not after a noun)

P Pay a call on Plan for Prefer to Prevent from Probe into Provide with

Persevere in Plead for Preference for Preventive for Prohibit from Put out/ off

Persist in Pleased with Present with Priority to Proud of

R Recoil from Remonstrate with Reply to

Reconcile to Repent of Research on

Remand to Replete with Resolve on/ to

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Responsibility of S Sail for Sentence to Side with Stickler for Subversive of Superior to Surprised at Sympathize with T Take up Tear off/ up Throw at Trace to Try to

Satiate with Shoot at Sparing of Stricture on Succeed in Supply with Susceptible to Sympathy for

Satisfied with Sick of Square with Subsist on Sue for Sure of Suspect of

Temper with Testify to Tinker at Trample on

Taste of/ for Thank for Tire of Translate into

View with

Vote for (a candidate)

Ways of Witness of

Wide of Wonder at

U Unequal to (the task) V Vest with / in W Wait for Wish for Write in / with

Practice Test 1.

Nobody wanted to work _____ New Year's Day. A) on B) in C) at D) through E) by

2.

I met him _____ the afternoon. A) by B) in C) on

3.

D) to

I did things differently _____ the New Year. A) on B) at C) in D) by www.sakshieducation.com

E) for

E) to

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4.

5.

6.

7.

My dog used to be scared _____ night. A) on B) in C) to D) at

E) for

You could not go shopping ____ working hours. A) on B) for C) at D) to

E) in

He had breakfast _____ eight o' clock. A) in B) at C) on D) to

E) under

She made a very good plan ____ once. A) in B) on C) at D) since

E) by

8.

Many of Europe's great cathedrals were built ___ the Middle Ages. A) on B) at C) to D) in E) since

9.

He wrote again ____ four weeks time. A) on B) for C) at D) to

E) in

10. One of the policemen was killed _____ a knife. A) by B) at C) how D) as

E) with

11. How long have you been here _____? A) for B) since C) at D) on

E) between

12. I will be back again on Tuesday. I should be all right again _____ then. A) by B) at C) on D) in E) with 13. I came _____ vain. A) on B) at

C) in

D) through E) with

14. If you are _____ doubt do not hesitate to contact me. A) on B) at C) by D) to E) in 15. The Indian railway workers have been _____ strike for two weeks now. A) on B) in C) at D) by E) to

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16. Rewrite the important parts of the letter _____ bold, will you? A) in B) on C) at D) with E) to 17. Currently many countries in the world are _____ war. A) in B) on C) at D) by E) to 18. I really enjoyed the party. All _____ all it was a successful one. A) at B) on C) by D) with E) in 19. I know it was not an accident. You did it _____ purpose. A) on B) in C) at D) with E) to 20. I saw it _____ TV. A) on B) in

C) to

D) with

E) by

21. He had to repent _____what he had done. A) at B) of C) over D) for

E) in

22. A good judge never gropes ____ the conclusion. A) to B) at C) on D) for

E) with

23. She thought that her father was not happy _____ her. A) with B) about C) for D) at E) over 24. A study mind triumphs ____ difficulties. A) in B) over C) at D) with

E) against

25. Religious leaders should not delve _____ politics. A) in B) With C) at D) into

E) for

26. My voice reverberated _____ the walls of the castle. A) with B) from C) in D) on E) at 27. She hates being late. She is always _____ time. A) on B) in C) at D) to

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E) from

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28. How many kilometers are there _____ Paris and London? A) from B) to C) between D) through E) for 29. It is only _____ you and me. Keep it confidential. A) at B) in C) among D) between E) on 30. They were _____ themselves with joy when they heard the baby had been born. A) beside B) at C) through D) without E) in 31. We did not arrive ___ time to say goodbye. They had already left. A) in B) on C) at D) by E) for 32. He grew up _____ drug addicts. No wonder he became one. A) in B) between C) among D) at E) on 33. Take this medicine and you will get rid _____ the bad cold. A) from B) over C) at D) of E) in 34. Which of her books have you got, _____ this one? A) beside B) without C) apart D) besides E) for 35. Did you come all this way _____ foot? A) on B) in C) at D) by 36.

E) for

_____ when have you lived in this town? A) For B) during C) since D) without E) on

37. I rang him _____ Friday. A) In B) to C) since

D) on

38. I spent a lot of money _____ my holiday. A) On B) in C) for D) at

E) for

E) about

39. I paid the phone bill _____ March. A) On

B) in

C) at

D) behind

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E) for

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ANSWERS 1. A 7. C 13. C 19. A 25) D 31) A 37) D

2. B 8. D 14. E 20. A 26) B 32) C 38) A

3. C 9. E 15. A 21. D 27) A 33) D 39) B

4. D 10. E 16. A 22. D 28) C 34) D

5. E 11. A 17. C 23. A 29) D 35) A

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6. B 12. A 18. E 24. B 30) A 36) C

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Articles The correct use of articles is one of the most difficult points in English grammar. Changing one article for another, or leaving one out, can cause misunderstanding. For example, if you say ‘I like English’ you mean ‘The English Language’ but if you say ‘I like the English’, you mean ‘the English people’. See how much difference the simple word makes! Here we have three typical words ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘an’ called articles. The is called the Definite Article because it refers to a particular person, place or thing. Ex: Give me the brown book. A or an is called the Indefinite Article because it leaves indefinite the person, place or thing referred to. Ex: Give me a brown book. Give me an umbrella.

We use ‘a’ before: 1) 2)

3)

A word beginning with a consonant sound: Ex: A boy, a girl, a man, a woman, a cat, a dog, a horse, a pen. A word beginning with a vowel which has a Y (yoo - consonant) sound. Ex: a union, a useful article, a uniform, a European, a eulogy (high praise), a ewe (female sheep) etc., A word beginning with a vowel which has a W (consonant) sound. Ex: A one rupee note, a one eyed beggar, a one-sided argument, a one-way road etc.

We use ‘an’ before: 1)

2)

3)

A word beginning with a vowel which doesn’t have a Y or W sound. Ex: an orange, an umbrella, an urgent piece of work, an inn, an eel, an apple, an urn. A silent ‘h’: an hour, an honor, an hotel (‘h’ followed by an unstressed syllable and ‘a’ before the stressed syllable - a hall), an heir, an historical novel (but a history lesson). A consonant in an abbreviation which begins with a vowel sound www.sakshieducation.com

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Ex: an M.A., an M.Sc., an M.P., an ‘L’ board, an S.I., but a B.A., a B.Sc.,

The use of the Indefinite Article The Indefinite Article is used 1. In its original meaning of one: Ex: There are three feet in a yard. It needs a hundred rupees. Not a hair of his head can be touched. 2. In the sense of a certain: Ex: I met a magician last week. An uncle of yours asked about you. A book was taken by the boy. A train was on the platform. 3. Before a common noun in the singular to denote a class: Ex: A tiger is fierce (all tigers). A cow is a holy animal (all cows). A rose is a beautiful flower (all roses). A dog is faithful (all dogs). 4.

In the sense of the same: Ex: Birds of a feather flock together. They were of a size. Our shirts are of a size.

5.

Before a name to indicate that the person is known to the speaker by name only: Ex: A Mr. Smith is on line. A Miss Lily has come for you, dad. (A Mr. Smith means ‘a man called Smith’ and implies that he is a stranger to the speaker. ‘Mr. Smith’ without a, implies that the speaker knows Mr. Smith or knows of his existence). 6. With a proper noun used as a common noun: Ex: He thinks he is a Napoleon. (a great general) A Daniel has come to judgment. (a wise and upright judge) www.sakshieducation.com

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7.

Before the name of a profession, a trade, an occupation, a class, and a religion: Ex: a clerk, a doctor, a lawyer, a teacher, a farmer, a Hindu, a Muslim. 8. Before the numbers, dozen, score, gross, hundred, thousand and million: Ex: I ordered a thousand sheets of paper. She bought a dozen pencils. 9. With plurals used as singulars: Ex: an amends, a means, an innings, a gallows, a barracks, a shambles, but news. 10. In expressions of price, speed, ratio, etc., where it means ‘every’: Ex: a rupee, a dozen, sixty miles an hour, four times a day. 11. In exclamations before singular, countable nouns: Ex: What a hot day!, What a pretty girl!, Such a pity! 12. To avoid ambiguity: Ex: A black and a white kitten (Two kittens, one white and the other black). A black and white kitten (one kitten, whose colours are black and white). 13. In apposition phrases, where the noun is being explained: Ex: Tagore an Indian poet wrote ‘Gitanjali’. 14. With few and little in a positive sense. These adjectives are used without the indefinite article in a negative sense: Ex: My brother has a few friends (some). My brother has few friends. (Not many). I have a little time (some). I have little time. (Not much). 15. In certain phrases before singular nouns: Ex: I have seen many an accident. He dislikes such a statement.

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The use of the Definite Article The Definite Article ‘the’ is used 1. To point out a thing known or already referred to: Ex: One night a wolf fell in with a dog. The goat was all skin and bones, while the dog was as fat as he could be. 2. Before nouns of which there is only one: Ex: the sun, the moon, the sea, the ocean, the earth, the sky, the world. 3.

Before a noun which, by reason of locality, can represent only one particular thing: Ex: Mary is in the garden (i.e., the garden of this house). He was ill and sent for the doctor (i.e., his own doctor) 4.

Before a common noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clauses: Ex: The boy who won the race. The man on the donkey. The book that I bought. 5. Before a singular noun which stands for a whole class: Ex: The lion is ferocious (lions’ as a class). The cow is sacred to the Hindus (cows as a class). 6. Before superlative use as nouns: Ex: This is the most any man can do. It is the worst for a long time. 7.

Before a superlative adjective if the adjective qualifies a noun directly or( it is) followed by of: Ex: Everest is the highest mountain in the world. Sita is the shortest girl in the class. We are the best of friends. 8. Before adjectives used as nouns to express an abstract idea or a quality: Ex: The good lives on after a man has died. A poet is constantly searching for the beautiful in life. www.sakshieducation.com

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9. Before adjectives used as nouns to denote a whole class: Ex: The rich should help the poor. This adventure is for the young. 10. Before ordinal numbers in titles: Ex: Pope John the twenty first King George the sixth. 11. Before common nouns followed by a proper noun: Ex: The River Godavari is in spate. The novel ‘War and Peace’ is a master-piece. 12. Before a proper noun when it is used as a common noun: Ex: Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India (the greatest dramatist). Bombay is the Manchester of India (the biggest cloth-producing centre). 13. Before a proper noun only when it is qualified by an adjective: Ex: The great Shivaji. The immortal Shakespeare. The wise Solomon. The famous Napoleon. 14. Before the names of certain well-known books: Ex: The Vedas, The Bible, The Koran, The Ramayana. 15. Before the names of musical instruments in such contexts as the following: Ex: He plays the violin, but I play the trumpet. Do you play the piano? 16. Before trades and professions following a proper noun: Ex: Byron, the Poet Newton, the Scientist Dr. Hero, the eminent Surgeon. 17. Before plural proper names: Ex: the Johnsons; the Smiths; the Tagores. 18. Before the names of ships, trains, aero planes, rockets, etc.: www.sakshieducation.com

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Ex: the Golden Arrow; the Vaijayanti; the Gnat; the Krishna Express. 19. Before the names of shops, hotels, inns, restaurants, theatres, clubs: Ex: the Savoy; the King’s Restaurant; the Princess Theatre; The Lion’s Club; the Astro Hotel. 20. before the names of gulfs, rivers, seas, oceans, chains of mountains, groups of islands, plural names of countries or where the type of government is mentioned, and some provinces: Ex: The Persian Gulf, the Ganges, the Thames, the Black sea, the Red sea, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andaman, the West Indies, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the Indian Republic, the United Provinces, the Punjab, the Deccan. 21. Before districts when the noun which originally accompanies the proper noun has been dropped: Ex: the Sahara (desert), the Gobi (desert), the Crimea (peninsula) etc. 22. Before countries and districts from which the adjective has been dropped: Ex: the (Belgian) Congo, the (Anglo-Egyptian) Sudan, and the (Austrian) Tyrol. 23. When the initials are used: Ex: the U.S.A., the U.S.S.R., the U.N., the W.H.O., the I.A.S., the U.P.S.C., the S.R. 24. Before a noun to give the force of a superlative: Ex: This is the book on the subject. (i.e., the best book). This is the man for the job. (i.e., the best man). 25. Adverbially in such sentences as: Ex: the fewer, the better; the more, the merrier; the more they have, the more they want or the less they spend.

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Omission of the Article The article is not used: 1. Before proper nouns: Ex: India is a great country. Tagore wrote verses in Bengali. 2. Before titles followed by a proper noun: Ex: President Kennedy was assassinated. Doctor Hahnemann invented Homoeopathy. Elizabeth II became Queen of England after the death of her father. 3. Before common nouns in the plural number used in a general sense: Ex: Boys are generally naughty (general). Dogs are faithful animals (general). 4. Before common nouns in the singular number used in their widest sense: Ex: Man is mortal. Woman is man’s companion in life. Science tries to discover the laws of nature. 5. Before material nouns used in a general sense: Ex: Gold is a valuable metal (material general). Cotton is cultivated on a large scale in India (material general). But the gold in my ring is too soft (material-particular). 6. Before abstract nouns used in a general sense: Ex: Wisdom is the gift of heaven (Abstract-general). Honesty is the best policy (abstract general). But The Wisdom of Solomon is well known (Abstract noun particularized) The honesty of those boys is gratifying (abstract noun emphasized) 7. Before the names of sciences, etc., when they are used in a general sense: Ex: Mathematics is a very interesting subject. Logic is not taught in all schools. Do you learn history at school? 8. Before superlative adjectives and adverbs used predicatively: Ex: He knows best (adverb-superlative of ‘Swell’) www.sakshieducation.com

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That is best (adjective-superlative of ‘good’). 9.

Before a noun in the possessive case, i.e., before the person or thing possessed: Ex: the girl’s aunt the boy’s uncle. 10. Before a noun preceded by a possessive adjective: Ex: my book, my pen. 11. Before places of assembly such as church, school, market, exchange, person, college, hospital, university, etc., when these places are visited for their primary purpose: Ex: We go to school (to study), to market (to sell or buy), to church (to pray), to prison (as a punishment). But when these places are visited for any other purpose, the article is used: Ex: You will get a bus at the church. I went to the school to see the headmaster. He returned from the prison, where he had been visiting his brother. 12. In certain verbal phrases: Ex: to catch fire; to take breath; to give battle; to send word; to give ear; to leave school; to set sail; to lose heart; to set foot; to leave home, 13. In certain prepositional phrases: Ex: in hand, at home, in bed, in debt, at school, by day, by night, at sunrise, at sunset, at night, at interest, on earth, in heaven, by land, by sea, by train, by boat, by name, on horseback, on foot, at dinner, at table, in love, in court, for money. 14. Before names of meals, unless specially qualified: Ex: Dinner is ready. We can talk it over at lunch, but will you bring in the tea? (i.e., the tea we are waiting for). 15. Before names of seasons: Ex: Winter is the best time for reading.

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16. Before a few nouns denoting time, especially in connection with school life: Ex: term, break, prayers, hall (dinner), preparation. The same applies to day, night, morning, evening dawn, twilight, dusk, when used in an abstract or general sense, and in some prepositional adjuncts: Come Ionic during break, will you? Term was drawing to a close. We always got up at dawn. 17. Before nouns like day, the names of the days of the week, night, week, month, year, preceded by next or last, except sometimes when starting from a point of time in the past or future: Ex: I propose to meet him next Sunday. I met him at a concert last week. But: The next day she was still feeling weak and giddy. 18. Before concrete nouns like Heaven, Hell, Paradise, Parliament, and Congress: Ex: The road to Hell is paved with good intentions. Fate had decided otherwise. 19. Before uncle, mother, aunt, etc.: Ex: Father is angry, Uncle is cross with us, Mother is kind. 20. Before ‘home’ when it means the home of the speaker, or the person spoken to: Ex: Go home, Stay at home.

Practice Test 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

I had_________ sandwich and _________ apple for breakfast. ______________ cow is _________ useful animal. Sonal is _______________ intelligent girl. Only _____________ Wordsworth can write such a poem. Pour the milk into ________ utensil. It was ___________ extremely difficult problem. We will leave after __________ hour. I am yet to meet _____________ European. This is ____________ humble beginning. The children are busy making ___________ x’mas card. Sharan is ______________ NCC officer. www.sakshieducation.com

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12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47.

Rabindranath Tagore was _________ great poet. The students are going to enact __________ one-act play. ____________ Triangle has three sides. About _____________ hundred houses were damaged. Sujatha is ___________ M.L.A. John is _____________ handsome boy. What ______________ beautiful painting! India is ___________ SAARC country. He is ______________ University professor. He is _________________ habitual drunkard. _________ Mr. Shyam wishes to speak to you. ______________ rich are not always happy. Can you shut ____________ door, please? The girl is _____________ Orphan. He has been suffering for __________ last two days. Krishna went to ____________ rescue of Aruba. He was ____________ first man to arrive. He called from ________ distance. He is playing on __________ table. __________ earth revolves around _______ sun. Sita is __________ tallest of _________ two girls. ________bridge has been built across _______ river Godavari. Sri Lanka is ___________ Island. Kalidas is __________ Shakespeare of India. Have you read ______________ Quran ? Let us take _____________ vacation. ____________ Himalayas are to ________ North of India. This is __________ place for our picnic. Bananas were sold at twenty rupees ___________ dozen. She is listening ______________ radio. The captain of the sinking ship sent ______________ SOS. _______________ West Indies is ____________ group of islands. ________________ Prime Minster is going to visit _________ USA next month. See how ________________ blue sky looks! Not _____________ word was spoken by anyone. I’ve _____________ breakfast at 8 o’clock. www.sakshieducation.com

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48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70.

___________________ Ganga is a Holy river. What _________________ unique idea! Mount Everest is ________________ tallest mountain in the world. Ravi goes to ___________ College on foot. Sohan is suffering from ____________ measles. _____________ man is mortal. He has received _____________ excellent education. Yesterday was _______________ hottest day of the year. Mrs.Ram Murty is __________ teacher. _____________ sugar is bad for your teeth. He has __________ MBBS degree. He knows how to speak ______________ French. We have just completed ____________ ninth chapter. She studied ___________ MA in English. They go to ____________ church every Sunday. She went to live in ___________ Nepal. Let us form __________ union. The higher you claim ____________ cooler you feel. ______________ number of students are absent today. _____________ gold is a precious metal. The ship sailed across __________ Indian Ocean. Have you read _________ Times of India? Sai Charan is ____________ First son of Mr. & Mrs. Sastry

Answers 1) a, an

2) the, a

3) an

4) a

5)a

6) an

7) an

8) a

9) a

10) an

11) an

12) a

13) a

14) a

15) a

16) an

17) a

18) a

19) a

20) a

21) a

22) no article

23) the

24) the

25) an

26) the

27) the

28) the

29) a

30) the

31) the, the

32) the, the

33) a, the

34) an

35) the

36) the

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37) a

38) the, the

39) the

40) a

41) the

42) an

43) the, a

44) the, the

45) the

46) a

47) no article

48) the

49) a

50) the

51) no article

52) no article

53) no article

54) an

55) the

56) a

57) no article

58) an

59) no article

60) The

61) an

62) no article

63) no article

64) a

65) the

66) a

67) no article

68) the

69) the

70) the

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Tenses Tenses are forms of a verb that show the time, continuance or completion of an action or a state that is expressed in connection with the moment at which a statement is made about it. The following tenses are commonly used: Present Tenses: • Simple Present Tense • Present continuous Tense • Present Perfect Tense • Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Tenses: • Simple Past Tense • Past Continuous Tense • Past Perfect Tense • Past Perfect Continuous Tense Future Tenses: • Simple Future Tense • Future Continuous Tense • Future Perfect Tense • Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Present Tense The Simple Present is used: 1) To express a habitual action Ex: He drinks tea every morning. I get up every day at five o’clock. My watch keeps good time. 2) To express general truths Ex: The sun rises in the east. Honey is sweet. Fortune favours the brave. 3)

In exclamatory sentences beginning with here and there, to express what is actually taking place in the present. Ex: Here comes the bus! www.sakshieducation.com

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There she goes. 4) In vivid narrative, as a substitute for the Simple Past. Ex: Sohrab now rushes forward and deals a heavy blow to Rustum. Immediately the Sultan hurries to his capital. 5) To indicate a future event that is part of a plan or arrangement. Ex: We go to Bombay next week. They leave tor London by the next mail. We sail for America next Saturday. When does the college reopen? Note: also the other uses of the Simple Present Tense. 1) It is used to introduce quotations Ex: Keats says, ‘A thing of beauty is a joy for ever’. 2)

It is used, instead of the Simple Future Tense, in clauses of time and of condition. Ex: I shall wait till you finish your lunch. If it rains we shall get late. 3)

As in broadcast commentaries on sporting events, the Simple Present is used, instead of the Present Continuous; to I describe activities in progress where there is stress on the succession of happenings rather than on the duration.

4)

The Simple Present is used, instead of the Present Continuous, with the type of verbs mentioned below. We must say, for example, ‘I see the sunrise’, not ‘I am seeing the sunrise’. a) Verbs of perception, e.g. see, hear, smell, notice, recognize. b) Verbs of emotion, e.g. want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer. c) Verbs of thinking, e.g. think, suppose, believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine, mean, mind.

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Present Continuous Tense The Present Continuous is used 1) For an action going on at the time of speaking Ex: She is singing (now). The boys are playing hockey. 2)

For a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of speaking Ex: I am reading ‘David Copperfield’ (but I am not reading at this moment). 3)

For an action that is planned or arranged to take place in the near future Ex: I am going to the cinema tonight. My uncle is arriving tomorrow. •

The following verbs, on account of their meaning, are not normally used in the continuous form: 1) Verbs of perception, e.g. see, hear, smell, notice, recognize. 2) Verbs of appearing, e.g., appear, look, seem. 3) Verbs of emotion, e.g. want, wish, desire, feel, like, love, hate, hope, refuse, prefer. 4) Verbs of thinking, e.g., think, suppose believe, agree, consider, trust, remember, forget, know, understand, imagine, mean, mind. 5) have (=possess), own, possess, belong to, contain’, consist of, be (except when used in the passive).

These verbs are used in the Simple Present. They may, however, be used in the continuous tenses with a change of meaning. Ex: I am thinking of (=considering the idea of) going to America. Mr. Singh is minding (=looking after) the baby while his wife is out shopping.

Present Perfect Tense The Present Perfect is used 1) To indicate completed activities in the immediate past. Ex: He has just gone out. It has just struck ten. www.sakshieducation.com

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2) To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite. Ex: Have you read ‘Gulliver’s Travels’? I have never known him to be angry. Mr. Hari has been to Japan. 3)

To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action itself. Ex: “Gopi has eaten all the biscuits (i.e., there aren’t any left for you). I have cut my finger (and it is bleeding now). I have finished my work (=now I am free). 4)

To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment. Ex: I have known him for a long time. He has been ill since last week. We have lived here for ten years. We haven’t seen Padma for several months. •

The following adverbs (or adverb phrases) can be used with the Present Perfect: just, often, never, ever (in questions only), so far, till now, yet (in negatives and questions), already, since—phrases, for—phrases, today, this week, this month, etc. Note: The Present Perfect is never used with adverbs of past time. We should not say, for example, ‘He has gone to Rajahmundry yesterday’. In such cases the Simple Past should be used (‘He went to Rajahmundry yesterday’).

Present Perfect Continuous Tense The Present Perfect Continuous is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is continuing. Ex: He has been sleeping for five hours (and is still sleeping). They have been building the bridge for several months. They have been playing since four o’clock. This tense is sometimes used for an action already finished. In such cases, the continuity of the activity is emphasized as an explanation of something. Ex: ‘Why are your clothes so wet’?’, — ’I have been watering the garden’.

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Simple Past Tense The Simple Past is used to indicate an action completed in the past. It often occurs with adverbs or adverb phrases of past time. Ex: The steamer sailed yesterday. I received his letter a week ago. She left school last year. Sometimes this tense is used without an adverb of time. In such cases the time may be either implied or indicated by the context. Ex: I learnt Hindi in Nagpur. I didn’t sleep well (i.e., last night). Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Kanwaha. The Simple Past is also used for past habits Ex: He studied many hours every day. She always carried an umbrella.

Past Continuous Tense The Past Continuous is used to denote an action going on at some time in the past. The time of the action may or may not be indicated. Ex: We were listening to the radio all evening. It was getting darker. The light went out while I was reading. When I saw him, he was playing chess. This tense is also used, with always, continually, etc., for persistent habits in the past. Ex: He was always grumbling.

Past Perfect Tense The Past Perfect describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past. Ex: I met him in New Delhi in 1970. I had seen him last five years before. If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than the other. The Past Perfect is mainly used in such www.sakshieducation.com

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situations. The Simple Past is used in one clause and the Past Perfect in the other. Ex: When I reached the station, the train had started (so I couldn’t get ‘into the train). I had done my exercise when Hari came to see me. I had written the letter before he arrived.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense The Past Perfect Continuous is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time. Ex: At that time, he had been writing a novel for two months. When Mr. Mukerji came to the school in 1965, Mr. Anand had already been teaching there for five years.

Simple Future Tense The Simple Future is used for an action that has still to take place. Ex: I shall see him tomorrow. Tomorrow will be Sunday. Note: The Simple Future Tense generally expresses pure or colourless future. When the future is coloured with intention, the going to\infinitive construction is preferred. Ex: ‘He is going to build a new house.’

Future Continuous Tense The Future Continuous represents an action as going on at some time in future time. Ex: I shall be reading the paper then. When I get home, my children will be playing. This tense is also used for future events that are planned. Ex: I’ll be staying here till Sunday. He will be meeting us next week.

Future Perfect Tense The Future Perfect is used to indicate the completion of an action by a certain future time. www.sakshieducation.com

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Ex: I shall have written my exercise by that time. Before you go to see him, he will have left the place.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense The Future Perfect Continuous indicates an action represented as being in progress over a period of time that will end in the future. Ex: By next July, we shall have been living here for four years. When he gets his degree, he will have been studying at Oxford for four years.

Examples 1. A.

She is taking milk daily She takes milk daily

2. A.

They are working in our factory since 1990 They have been working in our factory since 1990

4. A.

They have left for Rajahmundry yesterday They left for Rajahmundry yesterday

5. A.

I shall call you when my friend will arrive. I shall call you when my friend arrives.

6. A.

He was late so he is scolded by the teacher He was late so he was scolded by the teacher

7. A.

The criminal was hung two days ago The criminal was hanged two days ago

8. A.

We can’t help listen to them We can’t help listening to them

9. A.

Don’t get off the bus until it will stop Don’t get off the bus until it stops

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10. A.

The house is belonging to me. The house belongs to me.

11. A.

I’ve bought this book a week ago I bought this book a week ago

12. A.

One won’t rise high in life unless he will work hard One won’t rise high in life unless one works hard

13. A.

Much water has flown under the bridge. Much water has flowed under the bridge.

14. A.

Bhaskar have a factory in Kakinada. Bhaskar has a factory in Kakinada.

15. A.

My brother arriving tomorrow My brother is arriving tomorrow

16. A.

The bell rang while I talking to my friend The bell rang while I was talking to my friend

17. A.

I am absent yesterday I was absent yesterday

18. A.

I am waiting here for three hours. I have been waiting here for three hours.

19. A.

Birds flies in the sky Birds fly in the sky

20. A.

She is not seen since yesterday She has not been seen since yesterday

21. A.

Either he or I has to suffer. Either he or I have to suffer.

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22. A.

There is plenty of books in Sastry’s library There are plenty of books in Sastry’s library

23. A.

The great thinker and reformer are dead The great thinker and reformer is dead

24. A.

The number of honest people are small The number of honest people is small

25. A.

Half the crop has been destroyed Half of the crop has been destroyed

26. A.

One of the girls have got the prize One of the girls has got the prize

27. A.

Many a fool think so Many a fool thinks so

28. A.

Bread and butter are complete food Bread and butter is complete food

29. A.

Time and tide wait for none. Time and tide waits for none.

30. A.

Economics are a difficult subject Economics is a difficult subject

31. A.

I and He have lifted the box He and I have lifted the box

32. A.

The students of this college talks well The students of this college talk well

33. A.

His knowledge of grammar intricacies are vast His knowledge of grammar intricacies is vast

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34. A.

The committee have issued its report The committee has issued its report

35. A.

No news are good news No news is good news

36. A.

English as well as French are taught here English as well as French is taught here

37. A.

Every boy and every girl were given a certificate Every boy and every girl was given a certificate

38. A.

Some of the ink have spilt on the table Some of the ink has spilt on the table

39. A.

The bell is being ringing now. The bell is being rung now.

40. A.

Where the book was found? Where was the book found?

41. A.

You are requested to not smoke here you are requested not to smoke here

42. A.

Penicillin discovered Alexander Fleming Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming

43. A.

The bangle broken by her The bangle was broken by her

44. A.

Where are my luggages? Where is my luggage?

45. A.

The furnitures in his home are imported from China The furniture in his home is imported from China

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46. A.

Measles have broken out in the area Measles has broken out in the area

47. A.

Physics are my favourite subject Physics is my favourite subject

48. A.

His savings is huge His savings are huge

49. A.

She bought ten dozens apples She bought ten dozen apples

50. A.

The two Father-in-Laws met to discuss the arrangements The two Fathers-in-Law met to discuss the arrangements

51. A.

He is my cousin brother He is my cousin.

52. A.

Gopi is running fifteen Gopi is fifteen (or) Gopi is fifteen years old.

53. A.

She is my father’s sister’s daughter She is the daughter of my father’s sister

54. A.

This is my friend’s Bhaskar’s car This is my friend Bhaskar’s car

55. A.

I and Bhaskar attended the meeting Bhaskar and I attended the meeting

56. A.

The Students enjoyed a lot The Students enjoyed themselves a lot

57. A.

Sriram is more cleverer than Bhaskar Sriram is cleverer than Bhaskar

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58. A.

Raghu is most tallest boy in the college Raghu is the tallest boy in the college

59. A.

This is the most perfect dress for you. This is the perfect dress for you.

60. A.

The pollution in Hyderabad is worse than Delhi. The pollution in Hyderabad is worse than that of Delhi.

61. A.

The umpire is the least person to leave the ground. The umpire is the last person to leave the ground.

62. A.

What is the last score? What is the latest score?

63. A.

Ravi is the boy who came latest Ravi is the boy who came last

64. A.

This is the last fashion in our shop. This is the latest fashion in our shop.

65. A.

There are less girls than boys in the class There are fewer girls than boys in the class

66. A.

There is not much fish in the river There are not more fish in the river

67. A.

They have formed an union. They have formed a union.

68. A.

I wish to eat a ice cream. I wish to eat an ice cream.

69. A.

The man is mortal. Man is mortal.

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70. A.

That is one rupee note That is a one rupee note

71. A.

I am a M.A but my brother is a B.A I am an M.A but my brother is a B.A

72. A.

The Washington D.C is the capital of U.S.A. Washington D.C is the capital of U.S.A.

73. A.

The secretary and the correspondent is in the meeting. The secretary and the correspondent are in the meeting.

74. A.

Try to not be one of these at the workplace Try not to be one of these at the workplace

75. A.

She is having a house. She has a house.

76. A.

He has suffered from cold He has suffered from a cold

77. A.

Don’t make noise Don’t make a noise

78. A.

Why she is crying? Why is she crying?

79. A.

He said that he is busy. He said that he was busy.

80. A.

He entered the studio He entered into the studio

81. A.

He entered an agreement He entered into an agreement

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82. A.

I don’t agree with your proposal. I don’t agree to your proposal.

83. A.

I agree to you in this matter I agree with you in this matter

84. A.

We can’t avoid speak to her. We can’t avoid speaking to her.

85. A.

I requested her wait for me. I requested her to wait for me.

86. A.

I suggest you to go for the interview. I suggest that you should go for the interview.

87. A.

He did his homework, isn’t he? He did his homework, didn’t he?

88. A.

Let’s go to a film, don’t we? Let’s go to a film, shall we?

89. A.

She likes tea, do she? she likes tea, doesn’t she?

90. A.

The boy has lost the way, didn’t he? The boy has lost the way, hasn’t he?

91. A.

She drives fastly. She drives fast.

92. A.

Translate this in English. Translate this into English.

93. A.

I know him more better than you I know him better than you

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94. A.

He is awaiting for you He is awaiting you

95. A.

I will meet you on the Monday I will meet you on Monday

96. A.

He came on yesterday He came yesterday

97. A.

The computer is superior than that The computer is superior to that

98. A.

She used to sing on every morning She used to sing every morning

99. A.

I go to school by walk I go to school on foot.

100. He considers me as his guru A. He considers me his guru 101. They named the baby as pinky. A. They named the baby as pinky. 102. I will tell to him about this. A. I will tell him about this. 103. My House is besides the temple A. My House is beside the temple 104. He gave the child money beside food. A. He gave the child money besides food. 105. Beside Ravi, Raghu and Ram are going to picnic. A. Besides Ravi, Raghu and Ram are going to picnic.

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106. Why are you angry to him? A. Why are you angry with him? 107. I am suffering with fever now. A. I am suffering from fever now. 108. Though he is poor but he is honest A. Though he is poor he is honest 109. As you are my friend, so I don’t do that. A. As you are my friend, I don’t do that. 110. He gave her good advices A. He gave her good advice or good pieces of advice. 111. As I was getting into the bus, my purse has been stolen A. As I was getting into the bus, my purse had been stolen 112. I can’t come as I have a work to do. A. I can’t come as I have work to do. 113. This is the house which I live. A. This is the house which I live in. 114. This is the chair that Mahatma Gandhi sat A. This is the chair that Mahatma Gandhi sat on 115. No sooner he did come on to the platform, when the police caught him. A. No sooner did he come on to the platform, than the police caught him. 116. I am familiar on this case A. I am familiar with this case 117. He is living here since 1990. A. He has been living here since 1990.

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118. I sent him five hundreds rupees. A. I sent him five hundred rupees. 119. I didn’t attend to the meeting A. I didn’t attend meeting 120. Kamala having finished the exam, she left the hall A. Having finished the exam kamala left the hall 121. Being a rainy day, I stayed indoors. A. It Being a rainy day, I stayed indoors. 122. The father with his colleagues have left for a hour. A. The father with his colleagues has left for a hour. 123. Radha as well as Aparna have left for Delhi. A. Radha as well as Aparna has left for Delhi. 124. Please write your name with ink. A. Please write your name with in ink. 125. She is the youngest of the two sisters. A. She is the younger of the two sisters. 126. The office works from ten and four A. The office works from ten to four 127. You can meet the principal between two six A. You can meet the principal between two and six 128. He is loving his family A. He loves his family 129. This factory is not belonging to them. A. This factory does not belong them.

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130. One must love his country. A. One must love one’s country.

Practice Bits I. 1)

Sushma ______________ to college every day. (go)

2)

The river ______________ under the bridge. (flow)

3)

The children ______________ in the garden. (be)

4)

What ______________ this machine do? (do)

5)

Birds ______________ in the sky. (fly)

6)

A thing of beauty ______________ a joy forever. (he)

7)

The match ______________ at 9 o’ clock. (start)

8)

He ______________ tea every morning. (drink)

9)

The earth ______________ around the sun. (revolve)

10) We ______________ watching movies. (like)

II. 1)

I ______________ to you about him. (speak)

2)

Rajiv ______________ for Bangalore yesterday. (leave)

3)

Venu ______________ the letter a week ago. (receive)

4)

Kalpana ______________ Spanish in schiool. (learn)

5)

Irene ______________ the Taj Mahal when she ______________to Agra last year .(see, go)

6)

Bharat __________ the entrance exam well. (write)

7)

They __________ a ballet at Ravindra Bharathi. (perform)

8)

After he _________ his home work, he went out with his friends. (do)

9)

I __________ cricket every morning last year. (play)

10) Vivek __________ me a year ago. (meet)

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III. 1)

Teja __________ him tomorrow. (meet)

2)

They __________ this car for sure. (sell)

3)

If you run, the police __________ you. (suspect)

4)

Neena __________ the report by Monday. (submit)

5)

Gouri __________ a dance next week. (perform)

6)

We __________ as soon as you are ready. (leave)

7)

The boys __________ the game by five o’ clock. (finish)

8)

I __________ a cake for you. (bake)

9)

Abdul Kalam __________ Hyderabad soon. (visit)

10) If Sonam invites me I __________ the party. (attend)

IV. 1)

Look, the old man _________ across the street. (walk)

2)

They __________ the programme now. (watch)

3)

Mother __________ my favourite dish for lunch. (make)

4)

Take an umbrella with you. It __________ .(rain)

5)

Divya __________ because she lost her purse. (cry)

6)

The students __________ for their exams which begin tomorrow. (prepare)

7)

Shriya cannot talk to you because she __________ her home work. (do)

8)

The children __________ in the water. (play)

9)

What __________ you __________ about? (talk)

10) The beggar __________ for alms. (beg)

V. 1)

While I __________ a letter, I heard a loud sound. (write)

2)

When I last saw him he __________ chess. (play)

3)

Meenal __________ when the phone rang. (study)

4)

When Sita reached home, the children __________ T.V. (watch) www.sakshieducation.com

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5)

Sandeep jumped off the train while it __________ . (move)

6)

They __________ the old wall when it collapsed. (paint)

7)

The little boy __________ when the mosquito bit him on the cheek. (sleep)

8)

I spilt coffee on my book while I __________ it (read)

9)

He __________ from fever even before he left for Delhi. (read)

10) The travelers __________ amongst themselves when the police arrived (fight)

VI. 1)

By the time I go home, my children __________ . (sleep)

2)

I __________ in Chennai for a week. (stay)

3)

They __________ next week for the Municipal Election. (vote)

4)

This time tomorrow we __________ on the beach in Singapore. (sit)

5)

Please don’t disturb me tomorrow. I _________ the IPL match on T.V. (watch)

6)

He _________ us next week. (meet)

7)

They _________ a party next month to celebrate their silver wedding anniversary. (host)

8)

We _________ into our new house next week. (shift)

9)

He _________ in Hyderabad tomorrow morning. (arrive)

10) My neighbour _________ my dog for a walk every day when I am away. (take)

VII. 1)

Ashish _________ all the biscuits. (eat)

2)

I _________ my home work. (finish)

3)

She _________ her finger. (cut)

4)

Chetan _________ just _________ out for lunch. (go)

5)

The clock _________ just _________ twelve. (strike) www.sakshieducation.com

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6)

I _________ him for a long time. (know)

7)

_________ you _________ my wallet ? (see)

8)

Mr. Martin _________ a book on English grammar. (write)

9)

Rahul _________ disobedient. (be)

10) The holidays are over. Schools _________ . (reopen)

VIII. 1)

The match _________ by the time I reached the stadium. (start)

2)

The train _________ the platform by the time we reached the station. (leave)

3)

I would not have missed the interview if my flight _________ on time. (be)

4)

The thief _________ by the time the police arrived. (escape)

5)

I _________ already _________ my lawyer before I lodged the complaint. (consult)

6)

Even though he _________ for the exams, he failed. (prepare)

7)

I went to my friend’s house at nine, but he _________ already _________ out. (go)

8)

By the time Anushka turned twenty-nine, she _________ a novel. (published)

9)

When I reached the airport I realised that I _________ my ticket at home. (forget)

10) If we _________ of your arrival we would have met you. (know)

IX. 1)

He _________ a house by the end of next year. (build)

2)

She _________ in hospital for 6 months by the end of July. (be)

3)

The Prime Minister _________ 5 years in office by March. (complete)

4)

Let us leave at 5 p.m. I _________ my exercise by then. (finished) www.sakshieducation.com

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5)

He _________ by the time you reach. (leave)

X. 1)

Tripura _________ for three hours. (dance)

2)

The boys _________ football since four o’ clock. (play)

3)

Sheela _________ the violin for two years now. (practice)

4)

They _________ the bridge for several months. (build)

5)

My clothes are wet because I _________ the garden. (water)

XI. 1)

At the time of his transfer, he _________ in that office for ten years. (work)

2)

Sunil _________ in Latur for three years before the earthquake occurred. (live)

3)

In the morning I found that it _________ the whole night. (rain)

4)

I knew that he _________ the horse for many days. (ride)

5)

The company _________ to sell out its shares and wind up when the court intervened. (try)

XII. 1)

By the end of this month, we _________ here for 25 years. (work)

2)

She _________ for eight months by the end of this year. (travel)

3)

They _________ in Vijayawada for five years by the end of 2011. (live)

4)

I _________ in this college for twenty years by the end of February this year. (teach)

5)

Sachin Tendulkar _________ for India for twenty years by 2010. (play)

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What _________ the price of this pen? (be) www.sakshieducation.com

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2)

We _________ till you are ready. (wait)

3)

The sun _________ in the east. (rise)

4)

They _________ this house since 2009. (build)

5)

Water _________ at 100o C. (boil)

6)

They _________ the bus yesterday. (miss)

7)

The journalist _________ the Chief Minister now. (interview)

8)

The train _________ the platform an hour ago. (leave)

9)

Don’t disturb the boy. He _________ his home work. (do)

10) She _________ when her husband came home. (cook) 11) It _________ since 10 o’ clock. (rain) 12) She _________ for Delhi tomorrow. (leave) 13) I _________ to college last week to collect my hall ticket. (go) 14) College _________ on 15th June. (reopen) 15) Ravi _________ a film these days. (direct) 16) He _________ for a walk every morning. (go) 17) A triangle _________ three sides. (have) 18) While we _________ in the fields, we _________ a snake. (walk, see) 19) They _________ married for twenty years by the end of this year. (be) 20) Supriya _________ this watch in Japan a year ago. (buy)

Answers I

II

(1) goes

(2) flows

(3) are

(4) does

(5) fly

(6) is

(7) starts

(8) drinks

(9) revolves

(10) like

(1) spoke

(2) left

(3) received

(4) learnt

(5) saw/went

(6) wrote

(7) performed

(8) did

(9) played

(10) met (2) will sell

(3) will suspect

(4) will submit

(6) shall leave

(7) will finish

(8) shall bake

III (1) will meet (5) will perform

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(9) will visit IV (1) is walking (5) is crying

(10) shall attend (2) are watching

(3) is making

(6) are preparing (7) is doing

(4) is raining (8) are playing

(9) are you talking (10) is begging V

(1) was writing

(2) was playing

(3) was studying

(4) were watching (5) was moving

(6) were painting

(7) was sleeping

(9) was suffering

(8) was reading

(10) were fighting VI (1) will be sleeping

(2) shall/will be staying

(3) will be voting

(4) shall/will be sitting

(5) shall/will be watching

(6) will be meeting

(7) will be hosting

(8) shall/will be shifting

(9) will be arriving

(10) will be taking

VII (1) has eaten

(2) have finished

(3) has cut

(4) has just gone

(5) has just struck

(6) have known

(7) have you seen

(8) has written

(9) has been

(2) had left

(3) had been

(10) have reopened VIII (1) had started (4) had escaped

(5) had already consulted (6) had prepared

(7) had already gone

(8) had published

(9) had forgotten

(10) had known IX (1) will have built

(2) will have been

(3) will have completed

(4) shall have finished

(5) will have left X

(1) has been dancing

(2) have been playing

(3) has been practicing

(4) have been building

(5) have been watering XI (1) had been working (3) had been raining

(2) had been living (4) had been riding www.sakshieducation.com

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(5) had been trying XII (1) will have been working (3) will have been living

(2) will have been travelling (4) shall have been teaching

(5) will have been playing XIII (1) is

(2) will wait/shall wait

(3) rises

(4) have been building

(5) boils

(6) missed

(7) is interviewing

(8) left

(9) is doing

(10) was cooking

(11) has been raining (12) leaves/will leave/is leaving/will be leaving (13) went

(14) will reopen/reopens

(16) goes

(17) has

(19) will have been

(15) is directing

(18) were walking, saw (20) bought

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Antonyms A Abandon Abbreviate

× ×

Ability

×

Able Abundant

× ×

Absolute Accurate Achieve Active

× × × ×

Accustomed Acquitted Adamant

× × ×

Adequate

×

Adjourn

×

Advocate Adaptable Adherent Afraid

× × × ×

Affluence Aggressive Aid Alien Ambiguous Amicable Amateur Ambitious Annoy Antagonize

× × × × × × × × × ×

Apparent

×

Keep Lengthen, Increase Incompetence, Inability Incapable Scanty, Insufficient Limited Wrong Fail Lethargic, Idle, Sluggish Unusual Convicted Maneuverable, Yielding Insufficient, Sparse Recommence, Continue Oppose Rigid Enemy Courageous, Brave Poverty Passive, Peaceful Hinder Native Explicit Hostile Professional Lazy, Indifferent Please Soothe, Tranquilize Hidden, Obscure

Approve

×

Arrive Arrogant Artificial

× × ×

Autonomy Aware

× ×

B Banal Belittle Benign Bent Bravery Build

× × × × × ×

Disapprove, Censure Depart, Leave Humble, Modest Real, Authentic, Natural Dependence Ignorant

Original Exaggerate Malevolent Straight Cowardice Destroy, Demolish

C Capacious × Chaos × Commissioned × Comply × Concede × Condense × Confess × Conformity × Culpable ×

Limited Lawlessness Terminated Challenge Refuse Expand Deny Deviation Blameless

D Defiance Demon Density Diffidence Diminish Divisive Docile Doubtful Dreary Dwindle

Obedience Angel Rarity Boldness Increase Unifying Unmanageable Certain Cheerful Increase

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× × × × × × × × × ×

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Eerie

×

Cheerful

E Elude Embellish Eminent Enormous Epilogue Equanimity Essential Exodus Evasive Expand Extravagance Extricate

× × × × × × × × × × × ×

Pursue Disfigure Inferior Tiny Prelude Excitement Extra Influx Honest Condense Economical Entangle

F Familiar Fervent Fickle Flagitious Flimsy Florid Fraudulent Fresh Frugal

× × × × × × × × ×

Strange Dispassionate Steadfast Innocent Firm Pale Genuine Stale Extravagant

G Goblin Graceful Gratuity Gregarious Gullible H Hirsute Hostility Hapless Hindrance Honorary Haphazard Hollow Hypocritical

× × × × ×

× × × × × × × ×

Angel Awkward Wages Lonely Incredulous

Bald Friendliness Fortunate Aid Paid Deliberate Solid Sincere

I Immense Impasse Indiscreet Industrious Inquisitive Insipid

× × × × × ×

Tiny, Small Breakthrough Prudent Indolent Unconcerned Tasty

L Larceny Lend Lethal Loquacious Liability Lucid

× × × × × ×

Stealing Borrow Fatal Reticent Assets Obscure

M Malicious Meandering Meticulous Minion

× × × ×

Kind Straight Slovenly Master

N Nadir Niggardly

× ×

Zenith Generous

O Obeying Obscure Opulent Optimist

× × × ×

Ordering Explicit Modest Pessimist

P Patchy Perennial Perspicuity Pertinent Preliminary Provocation

× × × × × ×

Uniform Rare Vagueness Irrelevant Final Pacification

Q Quiescent

×

Active

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R Relinquish Repress Remiss Repel Revealed

× × × × ×

Possess Liberate Dutiful Attract Concealed

S Sacrosanct Seethe Shrink Skeptic Startled Stationary Steadfast Stringent Subservient Sublime Suppress

× × × × × × × × × × ×

Unholy Freeze Expand Doubter Relaxed Mobile Wavering Lenient Dignified Inferior Encourage

T Tangible Transparent Treacherous

× × ×

Ethereal Opaque Faithful

2.

ALLEVIATION a) Lessening b) Magnification c) Intensify d) Aggravation

U Urbane

×

Discourteous

3.

V Vanity Vanish Verity Victorious Violent Virtuous Virtue Voluntary

TRANSPARENT a) Translucent b) Vague c) Blind d) Opaque

× × × × × × × ×

Humility Appear Falsehood Defeated Gentle Wicked Vice Compulsory

4.

VIRTUOUS a) Vicious c) Miserly

b) Vulgar d) Insincere

CYNICAL a) Mature c) Native

b) eccentric d) crazy

W War Wax Wisdom

× × ×

Y Yin Young Yonder

× × ×

Yang Old Near

Z Error! Bookmark not defined.Zenith × NadirError! Bookmark not defined. Error! Bookmark not defined.Zip × Unzip

Practice Test Choose the word which is nearly opposite in meaning to the given word. 1. OBEY a) Attract b) Disobey c) Repel d) Diffuse

Peace Wane Folly, Stupidity

5.

6.

MALEVOLENT a) Kindly b) Vacuous c) Ambivalent d) Primitive

7.

ERUDITE

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a) Ignorant c) Illiterate 8.

9.

MOROSE a) Healthy c) Haggard

b) Unknown d) Unfamiliar

b) Gloomy d) Cheerful

ANTIPATHY a) Indifference b) Willingness c) Fondness d) Liking

10. CHURLISH a) Young c) Cowardly

b) Cultured d) Accommodate

c) Advance

d) Want

18. IMPECUNIOUS a) Wealthy b) Cautious c) Hungry d) Tardy 19. HEARTFELT a) Loving b) Insincere c) Unhealthy d) Humorous 20. IMPARTIAL a) Hostile b) Biased c) Dislike d) Worried

11. DESULTORY a) Methodical b) Random c) Aimless d) Indiscriminate

21. LUMINOUS a) Clear b) Dim c) Brittle d) Clever

12. PAROCHIAL a) Broad-minded b) Contradictory c) Paranoid d) Overriding

22. AWE a) Borrow c) Low

b) Shallow d) Contempt

23. PIT a) Group c) Select

b) Peak d) Marry

24. ROTUND a) Round c) Thin

b) Unimportant d) Dull

25. TALENT a) Ungrateful c) Show

b) Silent d) Inability

26. COMMON a) Strange c) Quick

b) Uneasy d) Fast

27. BRAZEN a) Bashful c) Noisy

b) Boisterous d) Heated

13. FICKLE a) Belligerent b) Constant c) Disinterest d) Proud 14. DISGRUNTLED a) Contended b) Detached c) Obedient d) Vigorous 15. VIBRANT a) Feel c) Pale

b) Occasional d) Shabby

16. FORBIDDING a) Declaring b) Forcing c) Exposing d) Inviting 17. WITHDRAW a) Reduce b) Need

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28. EXPECT a) Attend b) Regret c) Despair d) Loathe 29. MALODOROUS a) Acrid b) Pungent c) Fragrant d) Delicious

39. ZENITH a) Worst c) Nadir 40. GERMANE a) Irrelevant c) Impartial

30. EXPOUND a) Besmirch c) Confine

b) Confuse d) Condemn

41. IRASCIBLE a) Determined b) Placid c) Reasonable d) Pliant

b) Gully d) Soothe

42. APPROBATE a) Ingratitude c) Dissatisfaction

b) Augment d) Wane

43. SUPERCILIOUS a) Unimportant b) Relevant c) Serious d) Meek

31. PIQUE a) Value c) Smooth 32. ABATE a) Free c) Provoke

b) Apex d) Past b) Indifferent d) Improvident

b) Condemn d) Master

33. DEARTH a) Lack b) Poverty c) Abundance d) Foreign

44. IMPROVIDENT a) Cautious b) Fortunate c) Proven d) Intelligent

34. PEAKED a) Tired c) Pointy

b) Arrogant d) Ruddy

45. DEMUR a) Embrace c) Boisterous

b) Crude d) Falter

b) Extend d) Easy

46. FATUOUS a) Crafty c) Sensible

b) Frugal d) Inane

b) Detest d) Discourage

47. QUIESCENT a) Lackadaisical c) Dull

35. ABRIDGE a) Shorten c) Stress 36. KINDLE a) Smother c) Enemy

b) Active d) Prescient

37. MEAGER a) Kind b) Generous c) Thoughtful d) Copious

48. SARTORIAL a) Cheerful b) Sincere c) Inelegant d) Homespun

38. PHILISTINE a) Novice b) Intellectual c) Pious d) Debutante

49. SAPIENT a) Hunched c) Simple

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b) Strong d) Simian

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50. MATUTINAL a) Paternal b) Crepuscular c) Maritime d) Marsupial

Answers 1) b 5) a 9) c 13) b 17) c 21) b 25) d 29) c 33) c 37) d 41) b 45) a 49) c

2) d 6) a 10) b 14) a 18) a 22) d 26) a 30) b 34) d 38) b 42) b 46) c 50) b

3) d 7) a 11) a 15) c 19) b 23) b 27) a 31) d 35) b 39) a 43) d 47) b

4) a 8) d 12) a 16) d 20) b 24) c 28) c 32) b 36) a 40) a 44) a 48) a

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Synonyms A Abandon Abdicate Abhor Abide Abnegation Abortive

= = = = = =

Abrade Abrogate Absolve Abundance Accede Accolade Accomplice Acumen Adequate Admit Adversity Aegis Affable

= = = = = = = = = = = = =

Affect Affluent

= =

Allegations Alleviate Allure

= = =

Ambiguous Ameliorate Amenable

= = =

Amicable Annihilate

= =

Discard, Vacate Renounce Hate, Loathe Endure Self denial Unsuccessful, Futile Wear off Abolish Forgive Wealth Consent Praise Abettor Cleverness Sufficient Confess Misfortune Sponsorship Friendly, Amicable Cultivate Rich, Prosperous Charges Lightened Entice, Fascinate Confusing Improve Agreeable, Favorable Friendly Destroy

Apogee Apologist Apothegm Applaud Appoint Apportion Apprehension Approbation Apropos Aptitude Archaic

= = = = = = = = = = =

Arid Arrogant Ascend Ascending Assiduous

= = = = =

Assimilate Astute Audacity Auspicious Aver Awful

= = = = = =

Climax Defender Adage Praise Nominate Divide Fear Approval Opportune Natural ability Ancient, Outdated Dry Haughty, Proud Mount Rising Hardworking, Diligent Absorb Shrewd Boldness Favorable State Dreadful

B Baffle Banish Banquet Barter Bashful Be sized Beneficial Benevolence Benevolent

= = = = = = = = =

Foiled Exile Feast Exchange Timid, Shy Destroyed Advantageous Kindness Generous, Kind

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Bespoke Bilateral Bluster Bogus Brazen Bristle Brutality Buffet

= = = = = = = =

Tailored Reciprocal Anger False, Fake Shameless Seethe Ruthlessness Strike

C Calamity Callous Calumny Candid

= = = =

Candid

=

Capitulate Capricious

= =

Castigate

=

Catalogue Catastrophe Ceremonial Chaotic Charisma Chaste Chimera Chronic Clemency

= = = = = = = = =

Clue Coalition Colossal Colossus

= = = =

Disaster Unfeeling Slander Frank, Out spoken Straight Forward Surrender Unpredictable, Uncertain Criticize, Chastise, Punishment List Disaster Formal Disorderly Charm Pure, Virgin Illusion Persistent Mercy, Forgiveness Hint Alliance Enormous Towering

Combat Come round Command Commiserate Complacent Complement Conciliate Concise Confirm Congregate Conscientious Console Consolidate Construe Contiguous Convivial Corner Corroborate Courteous Covetous Coward Coy Coy Crazy Credentials Credible Crucial

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Culmination Curry Curtail Custom

= = = =

Fight Recover Instruct Sympathies Self-satisfied To Complete Appease Brief Verify Gather Careful Comfort Unite Interpret Adjoining Cheerful Trap Confirmed Polite Greedy Renegade Shy Sweet Mad, Insane Trustworthiness Believable Critical, Decisive Realization Flatter Shorten Habit

D Dainty Debacle Decadent

= = =

Tasteful Collapse Declining

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Decimate Decorum Decrepitude

= = =

Defection Defer

= =

Deference Deferential Deft Deify Delectable Delegate Delineate Demise Deplete Deplorable

= = = = = = = = = =

Derelict = Dereliction = Destitute = Destitution = Detest = Detrimental = Deviate = Diffident = Diffuse = Dilate = Dilemma = Diligent = Diligent = Dire = Discrete = Discrimination = Disdain = Dispassionate = Dissipate =

Destroy Etiquette Feebleness, Weakness Desertion Postpone, Adjourn Respect Respectful Skilful Worship Delightful Representative Portray Death Exhaust lamentable, Regrettable Careless Abandon Extremely Poor Poverty Hate Harmful Differ Shy Scatter Widen Confusion Hard-working Industrious Urgent Distinct Good judgment Contempt Impartial Scatter, Waste

Distinction Distort Doleful Dormant Drizzle Drowsy Drudgery Dubious Dulcet Duplication Dynamic

= = = = = = = = = = =

Different Deform Mournful Inactive Sprinkle Sleepy Labour Doubtful Sweet Copying Active

E Eccentric Edge Edict Educe Elastic Elevate Elucidate Elude Emancipate Eminent Emulate Enchant

= = = = = = = = = = = =

Encomium Enigma

= =

Entangle Enthusiasm Entreat Envious Epitome Equanimity Equanimity

= = = = = = =

Peculiar Force Essence Elicit Flexible Hoist Explain Escape Liberate, Free Well known Imitate Fascinate, Charm Praise My story, Puzzle Involve Zeal Request Jealous Essence Calm Composure

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Eradicate

=

Erratic Erroneously Error Erudite

= = = =

Eulogy Evolve Exclusive Exhaustive Exhort Exigent Exile Exonerate

= = = = = = = =

Exonerate Exorbitant Expertise Expiation Explication Explicit Exploit Explore Expose Expostulate Extinct Extol Extraneous Extravagant Extravaganza

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

Extrovert Exultant

= =

F Fable

=

Eliminate, Uproot Irregular Wrongly Blunder Learned, Scholarly Praise Develop Sole Comprehensive Urge Urgent Expatriation Declared Innocent Acquit, Release Excessive Mastery Atonement Explanation Clear Feat Examine Reveal Protest Non-existent Praise Irrelevant Lavish Spectacular show Talkative Jubilant

Facile Fallacious Fanaticism Feeble Ferry Fertile Fervor

= = = = = = =

Feud

=

Filth Foray Foul Frivolous

= = = =

Frugal Frugality

= =

G Gambit Garnish Genial Germane Goad Glib Gratify Greed

= = = = = = = =

Grumble Guile Gullible

= = =

H Harbinger Hinder

= =

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Easy Misleading Bigotry Helpless, Infirm Transport Fruitful Intensity, Passion Argument, Dispute Dirt, Squalor Maraud Dirty Inconsequential, Trivial Prudent, Saving Economy

Trick Adorn Kind Relevant Provoke, Badger Smooth Pacify Avarice, Longing Grouse Cunning, Deceit Credulous, Unsuspicious

Forerunner Check

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I Impetuous Indict Insolvent Intimidate Invidious

= = = = =

Rash Accuse Bankrupt Bluff Unpopular

K Kin

=

Relative

L Lament Laud Lucidity Lynch M Massacre Mendacious Mirth N Nemesis Niggard

= = = =

Complain Praise Clarity Kill

= = =

Slaughter False Merriment

= =

Punishment Miser

O Obfuscate Obligatory Obscene Obverse Overstrung

= = = = =

Confuse Required Indecent Opposite Sensitive

P Pertinacious Pilfer Pious Pivotal Predict

= = = = =

Determined Steal Devout Crucial Foretell

Prognosis

=

Forecast

R Range Resilient Restraint Revise Ribald

= = = = =

Expanse Flexible Restriction Alter Vulgar

S Sanguine Serene Staid Sterile Stringent Stubborn

= = = = = =

Hopeful Calm Sedate Barren Strict Obstinate

T Taciturnity Tedious Terrific Triumph Tyranny

= = = = =

Reserve Tiresome Excellent Victory Cruelty

U Uncouth

=

Rough

V Vent Vestige Voracious

= = =

Opening Evidence Greedy

W Wary Whim

= =

vigilant Fancy

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Z Zest

d) Transmit =

Gusto 8.

GROTESQUE a) Boring b) Gripping c) Monstrous d) Obnoxious

9.

PERTINENT a) Dependable c) Remarkable

Practice Test Select the word or group of words that is most similar in meaning to the word in capital letters. 1. BEMOAN a) Lament b) Pacify c) Request d) Imagine 2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

10. ESCALATE a) Rise c) Roll on

PROSAIC a) Dull and ordinary b) Slow and steady c) Grand d) Precious

11. FLIPPANT a) Disrespectful c) Serious

b) Relevant d) Sensible

b) Diminish d) Spiral

b) Polite d) Wrong

ELOQUENT a) Ambiguous c) Fluent

b) Graceful d) Productive

12. ALACRITY a) Cleanliness c) Eagerness

b) Cleverness d) Reluctance

FRAIL a) Astute c) Foolish

b) Delicate d) Immature

13. BLEMISHES a) Qualities c) Bruises

b) Faults d) Vices

DERELICT a) Derogatory c) Ramshackle

b) Depressing d) Sluggish

14. INCESSANT a) Uncertain c) Unshaken

b) Ceaseless d) Successive

15. CRYPTIC a) Elaborate c) A warning

b) Obscure d) Cautionary

16. CLEMENCY a) Harshness c) Stiffness

b) Mercy d) Seriousness

INJUNCTION a) Embargo b) Injustice c) Ruling d) Reproach IMPLORE a) Entreat b) Put into Practice c) Interfere

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26. REMOTE a) Automatic c) Savage

b) Distant d) Mean

27. DETEST a) Argue c) Discover

b) Hate d) Reveal

28. GRACIOUS a) Pretty c) Pleasant

b) Clever d) Present

19. EXONERATE a) Absolve b) Implicate c) Exempt d) Entangle

29. PREDICT a) Foretell c) Prevent

b) Decide d) Discover

20. ARRAIGN a) Punish c) Summon

30. KIN a) Exult c) Friend

b) twist d) Relative

31. PENSIVE a) Oppressed c) Thoughtful

b) Caged d) Happy

32. BANISH a) Exile c) Fade

b) Hate d) Clean

33. FRAUD a) Malcontent c) Imposter

b) Argument d) Clown

17. ABOMINABLE a) Disgusting b) Lovable c) Abusive d) Undisciplined 18. SCOWL a) Scar c) Pimple

21. SKIRMISH a) Fight c) Enmity 22. GAUCHE a) Vain c) Rich 23. ABORTIVE a) Futile c) Effective

b) Frown d) Smile

b) Pardon d) Indict

b) Contact d) Relations b) Tactless d) Polished

b) Unyielding d) Methodical

24. SALUBRIOUS a) Healthy b) Outdoor c) Spacious d) Luxurious 25. CANTANKEROUS a) Talkative b) Aggressive c) Quarrelsome d) Obedient

34. SACCHARINE a) Leave b) Sweet c) Arid d) Quit 35. DRAG a) Sleepy c) Proud

b) Crush d) Pull

36. JOVIAL a) Incredulous

b) Merry

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c) Revolting

d) Dizzy

37. INDIFFERENT a) Neutral b) Unkind c) Precious d) Mean 38. SIMULATE a) Excite c) Trick 39. CHARISMA a) Ghost c) Charm 40. APPORTION a) Divide c) Cut

b) Imitate d) Apelike

b) Force d) Courage

b) Decide d) Squabble

41. GENERIC a) General c) Fresh

b) Cheap d) Elderly

42. QUALM a) Distress c) Persevere

b) Impunity d) Scruple

43. WARY a) Calm c) Confused 44. DISTORT a) Wrong c) Deform

b) Curved d) Cautious

b) Evil d) Harm

45. SUMPTUOUS a) Delirious b) Gorgeous c) Perilous d) Luxurious 46. REEL a) Whirl c) Hit

b) Fish d) Mistake

47. INSCRUTABLE a) Difficult b) Mysterious c) Inflexible d) Wary 48. APPALL a) Delirious c) Dismay

b) Covered d) Confuse

49. UPRIGHT a) Honorable c) Humble

b) Horizontal d) Supine

50. REVERIE a) Palimpsest c) Daydream

b) Phantom d) Curio

51. LOOT a) Destruction c) Spoils

b) Waste d) Cavort

52. LOQUACIOUS a) Talkative b) Thirsty c) Beautiful d) Complicated 53. CHIMERA a) Chimney c) Illusion

b) Protest d) Panache

54. TEMERITY a) Audacity c) Shyness

b) Fearfulness d) Stupidity

55. EDUCE a) Demand c) Ideal

b) Elicit d) Unlawful

56. NABOB a) Bigwig c) Frolic

b) Doubter d) Converse

57. PALL a) Light c) Carry

b) Satiate d) Horror

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58. SACROSANCT a) Prayer b) Sanctuary c) Pious d) Sacred 59. LOUCHE a) Gauche c) Brilliant

b) Fine d) Indecent

60. STENTORIAN a) Violent b) Misbegotten c) Loud d) Stealthy KEY

Answers 1) a 5) c 9) b 13) b 17) a 21) a 25) c 29) a 33) c 37) a 41) a 45) d 49) a 53) c 57) b

2) a 6) a 10) a 14) b 18) b 22) b 26) b 30) d 34) b 38) b 42) d 46) a 50) c 54) a 58) d

3) c 7) a 11) a 15) b 19) a 23) a 27) b 31) c 35) d 39) c 43) d 47) b 51) c 55) b 59) d

4) b 8) c 12) c 16) b 20) d 24) a 28) c 32) a 36) b 40) a 44) c 48) c 52) a 56) a 60) c

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Active and Passive Voice There are two special forms for verbs called voice: 1. Active voice 2. Passive voice The active voice is the "normal" voice. This is the voice that we use most of the time. You are probably already familiar with the active voice. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb: Ex: Cats eat fish The passive voice is less usual. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb: Ex: Fish are eaten by cats Look at the following sentences: Sunanda wrote a novel. A novel was written by Sunanda. In the first sentence the subject, Sunanda, performs the action and the verb wrote, is said to be in the active voice. In the second sentence the subject is a novel, and the verb, ‘was written’ is said to be in the passive voice. A verb is in the active voice when it tells what the subject does; It is in the passive voice when it tells what the subject suffers. We know that only a verb used transitively can take an object; therefore, only a transitive verb has two voices, the active and the passive. A verb that has an object of its own is called transitive verb and if it has two, it is then known as ditransitive. So it is sometimes possible for two passive forms of a ditransitive verb. Ex: I sent her a message. (AV) A message was sent (to) her by me or she was sent a message by me (PV) The object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb:

Active Passive

Subject Everybody Water

verb drinks is drunk

object water. by everybody.

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1)

2)

The passive voice is formed by putting the verb ‘to be’ into the appropriate tense and adding the past participle (V3 - the third form of a finite verb) Tense

Active voice

Passive Voice

Simple present Present continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Simple Future

I keep I am keeping I kept I was keeping I have kept I had kept I shall keep

I am kept I am being kept I was kept I was being kept I have been kept I had been kept I shall be kept

Study the following sentences: Active

Passive

Farmers grow crops. He explained the lesson. Cats kill rats

Crops are grown by farmers. The lesson was explained by him. Rats are killed by cats.

We notice that when a sentence is changed from active to Passive, the object of the active voice becomes the subject of the passive. 3)

Let us examine the following sentences: Active

Passive

Shaw wrote this play. The postman is collecting letters.

This play was written by Shaw. Letters are being collected by the postman.

We see that in the passive voice the agent, when mentioned, is preceded, by the preposition by’. 4)

Let us look at the following: Active

Passive

People always admire this picture. Someone has stolen my books. People speak English all over the world.

This picture is always admired. My books have been stolen. English is spoken all over the world.

We notice that when the subject in the active voice is vague or unknown, it remains unexpressed in the passive voice. www.sakshieducation.com

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5)

Study the following sentences: Active 1) Krishna gave me a book

Passive a) I was given a book by Krishna b) A book was given (to) me by Krishna

2) Who taught you English?

a) By who were you taught English? b) By whom was English taught to you?

We notice that when a verb in the active voice has an indirect as well as a direct object, either of them can become the subject of the passive voice. But it is more usual in English to make the personal (indirect) object the subject of the passive voice. 6)

When we wish to turn an imperative, active into the passive, we have to make use of a paraphrase, using the verb let: Active

Passive

Tell him to go. Saddle the horse. Dispatch the letter.

Let him be told to go. Let the horse be saddled. Let the letter be dispatched.

Uses of the Passive Voice The passive construction is used: 1) If the active subject is not known, so that an active construction is impossible : Ex: My purse has been stolen (I do not know by whom). She was tempted to buy. The plane was lost somewhere in the hills. 2) When the subject in the active voice is unmistakably clear from the context: Ex: He was sent to prison for three years (by the judge). She was dismissed (by her mistress). Mistakes are always committed. 3)

If we do not want to mention the active subject, we then use the impersonal passive construction, with ‘It’ as the subject of the passive verb. Ex: It is said that there will be a great crowd (somebody said so) It is believed that the prisoner is not guilty (believed by people in general). It is rumored that the government proposes to introduce tax on agricultural income (some people have spread the rumour). It is feared that there are no survivors.

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4) If we take a great interest in the sufferer than in the doer of the action: Ex: Mary was punished by her father. The ship was wrecked in a storm. Convert the following sentences from Active Voice into Passive Voice I.

Present Tense: 1) Sadiq repairs the radio. 2) Sneha writes novels. 3) John teaches us English. 4) We accept good news. 5) They sell radios.

II. Present Continuous Tense: 1) Sarita is singing a song. 2) The boys are making kites. 3) Rajitha is taking the dog for a walk. 4) The students are watching a dance programme. 5) The government is building houses for the poor. III. Present Perfect: 1) The woodcutter has cut the tree. 2) R.K. Narayan has written many novels. 3) The children have burst the balloons. 4) Anuradha has painted these pictures. 5) Rajini has given me a present. IV. Past Tense: 1) She broke the glass. 2) He built two houses. 3) Pratap took some photographs. 4) The cat killed the mouse. 5) His teacher praised him. V. Past Continuous Tense: 1) Pratima was singing a song. 2) The carpenters were making chairs. 3) The lion was chasing the deer. 4) The teacher was teaching the children. 5) Sohail was writing a letter to his father. VI. Past Perfect Tense: 1) He had sent the parcel. www.sakshieducation.com

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2) Jim Corbett had killed many tigers. 3) The fishermen had caught many fish. 4) Kamala had finished the work. 5) The seawater had damaged some of the cargo. VII. Future Tense: 1) I shall punish you. 2) He will send the tickets tomorrow. 3) He will give you the instructions. 4) They will look into your case. 5) They will finish the work in a week. VIII. Future Perfect Tense: 1) They will have completed the work by tomorrow. 2) By next year, they will have constructed the house. 3) They will have written a few books on this subject by next year. 4) They will have planted saplings in the fields by the time we return. 5) I shall have finished my homework by the time you wake up. IX. Interrogative Sentences: 1) Does he play cricket? 2) Has he invited you to dinner? 3) Where did he find the pen? 4) Can he lift this box? 5) Who wrote the Gitanjali? X. Imperative Sentences: 1) Tell her to wait here. 2) Close all the gates at once. 3) Help the poor. 4) Kindly grant me a week’s leave. 5) Let him finish the job now. XI. Turn the following sentences from the Active Voice to Passive Voice. 1) Who wrote this poem? 2) They chose him their leader. 3) Thieves broke into the house. 4) People believe that dreams come true. 5) When will they finish the work? 6) Can they solve the problem? 7) She requested him to give her some money. 8) Take your medicine on time. 9) The news alarmed us. www.sakshieducation.com

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10) We elected him Chairman. 11) They kept me waiting. 12) He gave her a ring. 13) Watt invented the steam engine. 14) One finds horses everywhere. 15) The manager will give you a ticket. 16) Declare the result. 17) Please help the poor man. 18) Why has he punished the innocent boy? 19) You must work for success. 20) The judge found him guilty of murder.

Answers I.

Present Tense: 1) The radio is repaired by Sadiq. 2) Novels are written by Sneha. 3) English is taught to us by John/ We are taught English by John. 4) Good news is expected (by us). 5) Radios are sold by them.

II. Present Continuous Tense: 1) A song is being sung by Sarita. 2) Kites are being made by the boys. 3) The dog is being taken for a walk by Rajitha. 4) A dance programme is being watched by the students. 5) Houses are being built by the government for the poor. III. Present Perfect: 1) The tree has been cut by the woodcutter. 2) Many novels have been written by R.K. Narayan. 3) The balloons have been burst by the children. 4) These pictures have been painted by Anuradha. 5) A present has been given to me by Rajini/J have been given a present by Rajini. IV. Past Tense: 1) The glass was broken by her. 2) Two houses were built by him. 3) Some photographs were taken by Pratap. 4) The mouse was killed by the cat. 5) He was praised by his teacher.

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V. Past Continuous Tense: 1) A song was being sung by Pratima. 2) Chairs were being made by the carpenters. 3) The deer was being chased by the lion. 4) The children were being taught by the teacher. 5) A letter was being written by Sohail to his father. VI. Past Perfect Tense: 1) The parcel had been sent by him. 2) Many tigers had been killed by Jim Corbett. 3) Many fish had been caught by the fisherman. 4) The work had been finished by Kamala. 5) Some of the cargo had been damaged by the seawater. VII. Future Tense: 1) You will be punished by me. 2) The tickets will be sent by him tomorrow. 3) The instructions will be given to you by him/You will be given the instructions by him. 4) Your case will be looked into. (by them) 5) The work will be finished in a week. (by them) VIII. Future Perfect Tense: 1) The work will have been completed by them by tomorrow. 2) The house will have been constructed by them by next year. 3) A few books on this subject will have been written by them by next year. 4) Saplings will have been planted in the fields by them by the time we return. 5) My homework will have been finished by me by the time you wake up. IX. Interrogative Sentences: 1) Is cricket played by him? 2) Have you been invited to dinner by him? 3) Where was the pen found by him? 4) Can this box be lifted by him? 5) By whom was the Gitanjali written? X. Imperative Sentences: 1) He told let her wait here. 2) Let all the gates be closed at once. 3) Let the poor be helped. 4) You are requested to grant me a week’s leave. 5) Let the job be finished by him now. www.sakshieducation.com

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XI. Passive Forms: 1) By whom was this poem written? 2) He was chosen their leader. 3) The house was broken into. (by thieves) 4) It is believed that dreams come true. (by people) 5) When will the work be finished? 6) Can the problem be solved? 7) He was requested to give her some money. 8) Medicine must be taken on time. 9) We were alarmed by the news. 10) He was elected Chairman. (by them) 11) I was kept waiting. (by them) 12) She was given a ring by him/A ring was given to her by him. 13) The steam engine was invented by Watt. 14) Horses are found everywhere. 15) You will be given ticket by the manager/A ticket will be given to you by the manager. 16) Let the result be declared. 17) You are requested to help the poor man. 18) Why has the innocent boy been punished by him? 19) Success must be worked for. 20) He was found guilty of murder. (By the judge)

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Direct and Indirect Speech There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person. 1. Direct speech 2. Indirect speech Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him. We may report the words of a speaker in two ways: I) We may quote his actual words. This is called Direct Speech. ii) We may report what he said without quoting his exact words. This is called Indirect (or Reported) Speech. Direct: Rama said, “I am very busy now.” Indirect: Rama said that he was very busy then. It will be noticed that in Direct Speech, we use inverted commas to mark off the exact words of the speaker. In Indirect Speech we do not. It will be further noticed that in changing the above Direct Speech into Indirect certain changes have been made. Thus, i) We have used the conjunction ‘that’ before the Indirect statement. ii) The pronoun ‘I’ is changed to ‘he’. (The Pronoun is changed in Person.) iii) The verb ‘am’ is changed to ‘was’. (Present Tense is changed to Past.) iv) The adverb ‘now’ is changed to ‘then’. Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect: When the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense, all Present tenses of the Direct are changed into the corresponding Past Tenses. Thus: a) A simple present becomes a simple past. Direct: He said, “I am unwell.” Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell. www.sakshieducation.com

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b)

A present continuous becomes a past continuous. Direct: He said, “My master is writing letters.” Indirect: He said (that) his master was writing letters,

c)

A present perfect becomes a past perfect. Direct: He said, “I have passed the examination.” Indirect: He said (that) he had passed the examination.

Note: The ‘shall’ of the Future Tense is changed into should. The ‘will’ of the Future Tense is changed into would or should. As a rule, the simple past in the Direct becomes the past perfect in the Indirect. Direct: He said, “The horse died in the night.” Indirect: He said that the horse had died in the night. If the reporting verb is in the Present Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech do not change. For example, we may rewrite the above examples, putting the reporting verb in the Present Tense, thus: • He says he is unwell. • He has just said his master is writing letters. • He says he has passed the examination. • He says the horse died in the night. The pronouns of the Direct Speech are changed, where necessary, so that their relations with the reporter and his hearer, rather than with the original speaker, are indicated. To be a little clearer, the change of pronouns can be explained like this. The pronouns of the first person are changed to the pronouns of the same person as the subject of the reporting verb. She said, “I am busy” (Direct) She said that she was busy (Indirect) I said, “I am busy” (Direct) I said that I was busy (Indirect) You said, “I am busy” (Direct) You said that you were busy (Indirect) He said, “I am busy” (Direct) He said that he was busy (Indirect) They said, “We are busy” (Direct) www.sakshieducation.com

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They said that they were busy (Indirect) We said, “We are busy” (Direct) We said that we were busy (Indirect) The pronouns of second person are changed to the pronouns of the same person as the object of the reporting verb. Observe the following examples: Direct : He said to me, “I don’t believe you.” Indirect : He told me that he didn’t believe me Direct : She said to him, “I don’t believe you.” Indirect : She told him that she didn’t believe him Direct : I said to him, “I don’t believe you.” Indirect : I told him that I didn’t believe him. Direct : I said to you, “I don’t believe you.” Indirect : I told you that I didn’t believe you. Words expressing nearness in time or place are generally changed into words expressing distance. Thus: Now becomes then to-day becomes that day Here becomes there to-morrow becomes the next day Ago becomes before yesterday becomes the day before Thus becomes so last night becomes the night before Direct: He said, “I am glad to be here this evening.” Indirect: He said that he was glad to be there that evening. The changes do not occur if the speech is reported during the same period or at the same place; Ex: Direct: He says, “I am glad to be here this evening.” Indirect: He says he is glad to be here this evening. Similarly, this and these are changed to that and those unless the thing pointed out is near at hand at the time of reporting the speech.

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Questions: In reporting questions, the Indirect Speech is introduced by some such verbs as asked, inquired, wanted to know, interrogated etc. When the question is not introduced by an interrogative word, the reporting verb is followed by whether or if. Direct : He said to me, “What are you doing?” Indirect : He asked me what I was doing. Direct : “Where do you live?” asked the stranger. Indirect : The stranger enquired where I live. Direct : The policeman said to us, “Where are you going?” Indirect : The policeman enquired where we were going. Direct : He said, “Will you listen to such a man?” Indirect : He asked them/me whether they/I would listen to such a man. Direct : “Do you suppose you know better than your own father?” Jeered his angry mother. Indirect : His angry mother jeered and asked whether he supposed that he knew better than his own father.

Commands and Requests: In reporting commands and requests, the Indirect speech is introduced by some verb expressing command or request, and the Imperative mood is changed into the Infinitive. Direct : Rama said to Arjun, “Go away,” Indirect : Rama ordered Arjun to go away. Direct : He said to him, “Please wait here till I return.” Indirect : He requested him to wait there till he returned. Direct : “Call the first witness.” said the judge, Indirect : The judge commanded them to call the first witness. Direct : He shouted, “Let me go.” Indirect : He shouted to them to let him go. Direct : He said, “Be quiet and listen to my words.” Indirect : He urged them to be quiet and listen to his words.

Exclamations and Wishes In reporting exclamations and wishes the Indirect Speech is introduced by some verb expressing exclamation or wish. Direct. He said, “Alas! I am undone,” Indirect. He exclaimed sadly that he was undone. www.sakshieducation.com

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Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

: : : : : :

Alice said, “How clever I am!” Alice exclaimed that she was very clever. He said, “Bravo! You have done well.” He applauded him, saying that he had done well. “So help me Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again.” He called upon Heaven to witness his resolve never to steal again.

Change the following into direct speech or indirect speech I. 1) He said, “The earth moves round the sun”. 2) They said, “A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools”. 3) The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east”. 4) The boys said, “Oil floats on water”. 5) She said, “A bird in hand is worth two in the bush”. II. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

She said, “I am very poor”. He said, “We are in the playground”. Mohit said, “I don’t believe you”. John said to Mary, “You are innocent”. My father said to me, “They are late”.

III. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

She said, “It may rain”. The boy said, “I can do it”. He said to me, “I shall meet your father”. Joseph said, “I will go home soon”. She said, “I can’t agree with you”. Raman said, “I have a problem”. The officer said to the clerk, “You must do it”. Balu said, “I don’t drink coffee”. Geeta said, “Rajashree will not lie”. Vidya said, “Sachin has a car”.

IV. 1) The boy said, “I am doing my homework”. 2) Ravi said, “I have met your brother”. www.sakshieducation.com

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3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

Seetha said, “I waited for Ramu till 10 o’ clock”. Rahim said, “John will have met the governor”. He said, “It is time I went to bed”. Radha said, “I was watching T.V.” He said, “I have bought a watch for you”. Sunita said, “I have been working on this novel for five years”. My father said to me, “You have done your work well”. Mohan said to me, “I met Suresh in Mumbai”. Abhinav said, “I have not stolen the necklace”. The villager said to the stranger, “I have never seen you”. Srinivas said, “I am reading a novel”. Shahid said, “My father went to Guntur yesterday”. He said, “The children are having a bath now”.

V 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

He said to me, “Who lives in this house”? “Do you know when she will go home?” I said to him. Ramesh said to me, “How are you feeling?” She said, “Can you help me?” I said to him, “What are you doing here today?” My friend said, “Is Mr. Rao on leave?” Sumitra said, “Shall I switch on the fan?” She said, “Why didn’t he come?” Nirmala said to her friend, “Which magazines do you usually read?” He said, “Will you listen to such a man?”

VI 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

Rama said to Arjun, “Go away”. He said to him, “Please wait here till I return”. “Call the first witness”, said the Judge. “Open fire”, the officer said to the soldiers. My friend said, “Lets sing together”. Mary’s father said to the Principal, “Please pardon my daughter”. They said to us, “Grow more trees”. The doctor said, “You must exercise every day”. He said, “Sit down”. The manager said to the clerk, “Don’t come late”. www.sakshieducation.com

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VII 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

“May you live long”, she said. He said, “How beautiful the garden is!” He said, “Alas! I am undone”. “Many happy returns of the day”, said Mohsin. Harsha said to Susheela, “Good Morning”. He said, “Bravo! You have been well”. She said, “My God! I am ruined”. He said, “May your daughter recover soon”. “So help me, Heaven!” he cried, “I will never steal again”. Alice said, “How clever I am!”

Answer I. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

He said that the earth moves round the sun. They said that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. The teacher said that the sun rises in the east. The boys said that oil floats on water. She said that a bird in hand is worth two in the bush.

II. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

She said that she was very poor. He said that they were in the playground. Mohit said that he didn’t believe me. John told Mary that she was innocent. My father told me that they were late.

III. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

She said that it might rain. The boy said that he could do it. He told me that he would meet my father. Joseph said that he would go home soon. She said that she couldn’t agree with me. Raman said that he had a problem. The officer told the clerk that he had to do it. Balu said that he didn’t drink coffee. Geeta said that Rajashree would not lie. www.sakshieducation.com

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10) Vidya said that Sachin had a car. IV. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15)

The boy said that he was doing his homework. Ravi said that he had met my brother. Seetha said that she had waited for Ramu till 10 o’ clock. Rahim said that John would have met the governor. He said that it was time he went to bed. Radha said that she had been watching T.V. He said that he had bought a watch for me. Sunita said that she had been working on that novel for five years. My father told me that I had done my work well. Mohan told me that he had met Suresh in Mumbai. Abhinav said that he had not stolen the necklace. The villager told the stranger that he had never seen him. Srinivas said that he was reading a novel. Shahid said that his father had gone to Guntur the previous day. He said that the children were having a bath then.

V. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

He asked me who lived in that house. I asked him if he knew when she would go home. Ramesh asked me how I was feeling. She asked me if I could help her. I asked him what he was doing there that day. My friend asked if Mr. Rao was on leave. Sumitra asked whether she should switch on the fan. She wondered why he didn’t come. Nirmala asked her friend which magazines she usually read. He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.

VI. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Rama ordered Arjun to go away. He requested him to wait there till he returned. The Judge commanded/ordered them to call the first witness. The officer ordered/commanded the soldiers to open fire. My friend suggested/proposed that we should sing together. www.sakshieducation.com

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6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

Mary’s father requested/begged the Principal to pardon his daughter. They urged us to grow more trees. The doctor advised me to exercise every day. He asked me to sit down. The manager advised/warned the clerk not to come late.

VII. 1) She wished/prayed that I might live long. 2) He exclaimed that the garden was very beautiful. 3) He exclaimed sadly that he was undone. 4) Mohsin wished him/her many happy returns of the day. 5) Harsha wished Susheela good morning. 6) He applauded him, saying that he had done well. 7) She exclaimed bitterly that she was ruined. 8) He prayed/hoped that my daughter might recover soon. 9) He called upon Heaven to witness his resolution to never steal again. 10) Alice exclaimed that she was very clever.

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Degrees of Comparison Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another. There are three Degrees of Comparison in English. 1. Positive degree. 2. Comparative degree. 3. Superlative degree. Positive Comparative Superlative

dark darker darkest

tall taller tallest

useful more useful most useful

There are two ways of forming the comparative and the superlative: 1)

2)

By adding er, est to the positive: Small

smaller

smallest

tall

taller

tallest

By means of more and most: Difficult

more difficult

most difficult

I A) When an adjective of one syllable ends in two consonants or in a single consonant preceded by two vowels, er and est are added: Positive Comparative Superlative long longer longest sweet sweeter sweetest B)

When an adjective of one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a short vowel, the consonant is doubled before er, and est: Hot hotter hottest Fat fatter fattest

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C)

When an adjective of one syllable ends in e, only r and st are added: Brave braver bravest Wise wiser wisest

D) When an adjective of one syllable ends in y preceded by a consonant, we change the ‘y’ into i before adding er, est: Happy

happier

happiest

Merry

merrier

merriest

Exception: shy, shyer, shyest E)

But is the final Y is preceded by a vowel, we simply add er, est: Gay gayer gayest Grey greyer greyest

F)

Adjectives of two syllables ending in er, le, y and ow generally form their comparative and superlative in the same way as the adjectives of one syllable: clever cleverer cleverest noble nobler noblest happy happier happiest mellow mellower mellowest

II. Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many adjectives of two syllables, form the comparative and superlative by means of more and most. Awful more awful most awful Careful more careful most careful Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful We can change the degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs, without changing the meaning of the sentences. Examine the following examples: 1)

Positive : Comparative :

I am not so/as tall as he. He is taller than I

2)

Positive : Comparative :

He is as dull as an ass. An ass is not duller than he is. www.sakshieducation.com

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3)

Superlative : Comparative : Positive :

London is the biggest city in the world. London is bigger than any other city in the world. No other city in the world is so big as London.

4)

Superlative : Comparative : Positive :

Subhas Bose was one of the greatest Patriots of India. Subhas Bose was greater than most (many) other patriots of India. Very few patriots of India were so great as Subhas Bose.

5)

Positive : Comparative :

Some girls in the class are at least as beautiful as Sita. Sita is not more beautiful than some other girls in the class Or Some girls in the class are not less beautiful than Sita. Sita is not the most beautiful of all the girls in the Class.

Superlative

:

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Bits for practice 1)

This summer is _________ than the previous summer. (hot)

2)

Harsha is the _________ boy in the class. (intelligent)

3)

Her doll is _________ than yours. (pretty)

4)

Name the _________ city in the world. (big)

5)

He is the _________ friend I have. (good)

6)

Iron is _________ than any other metal. (useful)

7)

Ram’s work is bad, Hari’s is _________, but Govind’s work is the _________. (bad)

8)

Silver is _________ than gold. (cheap)

9)

The Eiffel Tower is _________ than the Qutub Minar. (tall)

10) Akbar was the _________ Mughal Emperor. (great) 11) Prevention is _________ than cure. (good) 12) Mathematics is the _________ subject. (difficult) 13) Apples are _________ than oranges. (Costly) 14) Mr. Sharma is the _________ person I have ever seen. (fat) 15) This suitcase is _________ than that one. (heavy) 16) The number of boys present was _________ than the number of girls present in the class. (many) 17) Sita was the _________ tired of them all. (little) 18) Rohan’s house is the _________ from college. (far) 19) Have you heard the _________ news? (late) 20) He is the _________ member in the Rajya Sabha. (old)

Answers 1) hotter

2) most intelligent

3) prettier

4) biggest

5) best

6) more useful

7) worse, worst

8) cheaper

9) taller

10) greatest

11) better

12) most difficult

13) costlier

14) fattest

15) heavier

16) more than

17) least

18) farthest

19) latest

20) oldest

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Write answers to the following as directed Exercise I: 1) Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. (Use ‘higher than’) 2) ‘Shakuntula’ is better than any other drama in Sanskrit. (Use ‘as good as’) 3) No other town in Malaysia is as old as Malacca (use ‘the oldest’) 4) The lion is the most ferocious animal. (Use ‘as ferocious as’) 5) He is richer than all other men in the village. (Use ‘the richest’) Exercise II: 1) Very few animals are as useful as the cow. (Use ‘the most useful’) 2) Latif is more hardworking than most other boys. (Use ‘as hard working as’) 3) Ashoka was one of the most powerful emperors. (Use ‘more powerful than’) 4) India is hotter than most other countries. (Use ‘the hottest’) 5) Very few poets are as great as Keats. (Use ‘greater than’) Exercise III: 1) Silver is not as precious as gold. (Use ‘more precious than’) 2) The pen is mightier than the sword. (Use ‘not as mighty as’) 3) A deer runs faster than a horse. (Use ‘not fast as’) 4) Your knife is not as sharp as mine. (Use ‘sharper than’) 5) A foolish friend is not as good as a wise enemy. (Use ‘better than’) Exercise IV: 1) Sharukh Khan is not greater than Dilip Kumar. (Use ‘as great as’) 2) My house is at least as big as yours. (Use ‘not bigger than’) 3) The Taj Mahal is at least as famous as the Statue of Liberty. (Use ‘not more famous than’) 4) Sanjeev is not fatter than Veeru. (Use ‘as fat as’) 5) This tree is as old as that tree. (Use ‘not older than’) Exercise V: 1) Tennyson is not greater than some other poets. (Use ‘not the greatest) 2) Some boys are at least as industrious as Suresh (use ‘not more industrious than’) 3) This is not the best college in the city. (use ‘as good as’) 4) Rohan is not the dullest boy in the class. (Use ‘not duller than’) 5) Some students are at least as clever as Rani. (Use ‘not the cleverest’)

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Answers Exercise I: 1) Mount Everest is higher than any other peak in the world. 2) No other drama in Sanskrit is as good as Shakunthala. 3) Malacca is the oldest town in Malaysia. 4) No other animal is as ferocious as the lion. 5) He is the richest man in the village. Exercise II: 1) The cow is one of the most useful animals. 2) Very few boys are as hard working as Latif. 3) Ashoka was more powerful than many other emperors. 4) India is one of the hottest countries. 5) Keats is greater than many other poets. Exercise III: 1) Gold is more precious than silver. 2) The sword is not as mighty as the pen. 3) A horse doesn’t run as fast as a deer. 4) My knife is sharper than yours. 5) A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. Exercise IV: 1) Dileep Kumar is not as great as Sharukh Khan. 2) Your house is not bigger than mine. 3) The Statue of Liberty is not more famous than the Taj Mahal. 4) Veeru is as fat as Sanjeev. 5) That tree is not older than this tree. Exercise V: 1) Tennyson is not the greatest poet. 2) Suresh is not more industrious tha some other boys. 3) Some colleges in the city are at least as good as this. 4) Rohan is not duller than some other boys in the class. 5) Rani is not the cleverest student.

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Idiomatic Expressions Idiom means language peculiar to a people or community or a class. It is the expression in the usage of a language that is peculiar to itself either grammatically or in having a meaning that can't be derived from the conjoined meanings of its words. Phrasal verbs or idioms may consist with prepositions, pairs of adverbs, pairs of verbs / nouns / adjectives and many more. Example: Let me have a glass of 'Adam's ale'. 'Adam's ale' means water. 'Kick the bucket' means to die. This definition has nothing to do with the individual meaning of each of the words used in this expression. Given below is the list of a few commonly used idiomatic expressions. ☞ A Chip on Your Shoulder Meaning: Being upset for something that happened in the past. ☞ A Taste of Your Own Medicine Meaning: When you are mistreated the same way you mistreat others. ☞ An Arm and A Leg Meaning: Very expensive. A large amount of money. ☞ Back to Square One Meaning: Having to start all over again. ☞ Bite Off More Than You Can Chew

Meaning: To take on a task that is way too big. ☞ Beat A Dead Horse Meaning: To force an issue that has already ended. ☞ Cross Your Fingers Meaning: to hope that things will happen in the way you want them to. ☞ Cry over Spilt Milk Meaning: When you complain about a loss from the past. ☞ Don't count your chickens before they hatch Meaning: Don't rely on it until you're sure of it. ☞ Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Basket Meaning: Do not put all your resources in one possibility. ☞ Drive someone up the Wall Meaning: To irritate and/or annoy very much. ☞ Every Cloud Has A Silver Lining Meaning: Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days. ☞ Go the Extra Mile Meaning: Going above and beyond whatever is required for the task at hand.

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☞ Have an Axe to Grind Meaning: To have a dispute with someone.

☞ By the skin of one's teeth Meaning: To just manage to do it

☞ Hold Your Horses Meaning: Be patient.

☞ Keep one's nose to the grindstone Meaning: To work hard for a long period of time

☞ Icing on the Cake Meaning: When you already have it good and get something on top of what you already have.

☞ Make a mountain out of a mole hill Meaning: To make an unimportant matter seem important

☞ Let Bygones Be Bygones Meaning: To forget about disagreement or argument.

☞ Wet behind the ears Meaning: Young and much experience

a

☞ Pulling Your Leg Meaning: Tricking someone as a joke. ☞ Raining Cats and Dogs Meaning: A very loud and noisy rain storm. ☞ Smell Something Fishy Meaning: Detecting that something isn't right and there might be a reason for it. ☞ The Ball is in Your Court Meaning: It is your decision this time. ☞ The Best of Both Worlds Meaning: There are two choices and you have them both. ☞ Beat around the bush Meaning: To talk about for a long time without coming to the main point.

without

Some of the most important Idioms: ☞ The bare bones of something: The basic facts of something. Ex: The bare bones of the air crash have not yet come into light. ☞ Bare your soul to somebody: To tell somebody your deepest and most private feelings. Ex: An ideal husband shouldn't bare his soul especially to his wife. ☞

Ad nauseam: To talk about something that it becomes very boring. Ex: She talks ad nauseam about how brilliant her children are. ☞ Albatross around or round one's neck: Something that keeps causing your problems and stops you from being successful. Ex: The air line that he founded is now an albatross around his neck making losses of several hundreds of thousands a year.

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☞ Have an axe to grind: To have a personal; often selfish, reason for being involved in something. Ex: I have no axe to grind. I just want to help you. ☞ Bark up the wrong tree: To attempt to do the wrong thing in the wrong way from the wrong direction. Ex: He didn't know that he was barking up the wrong tree when he tried to influence the judge for bail. ☞ Full of beans: Full of energy and very cheerful. Ex: She has been ill but she is full of beans. ☞ At someone's beck and call: Always ready to carry out someone's order or wishes. Ex: He has always plenty of men at his beck and call ('Beck' is another form of 'beckon') ☞ A bed of roses: An easy or a comfortable place, job, path etc. Ex: The path to success is never a bed of roses.

☞ A little bird told me something: To say that you know something but you will not say how you found out. Ex: A little bird told me that you have got engaged. ☞ Amiss: Wrong, not as it should be. Ex: She sensed that something was amiss and called the police. ☞ What the doctor ordered: The very thing that is needed. To be exactly what is wanted or needed. Ex: At this moment, a cup of tea is just what the doctor ordered. ☞ be like a dog with a bone: To refuse to stop thinking about or talking about a subject. Ex: On the subject of belt shops, the liquor king is like a dog with a bone. ☞ The dog days: The hottest days of summer. Ex: The sale of air coolers rises during the dog days.

☞ Better off: Happier, improved, more successful (goes with "with or without") Ex: He would be better off starting with something simpler.

☞ A doubting Thomas: A person who refuses to believe something without having in controvertible proof; a sceptic. (Skeptic is US) Ex: Being the president of a party, he shouldn't always be a doubting Thomas.

☞ Have a bee in one's bonnet: To have an idea which has become too fixed in one's mind. Ex: He has a bee in his bonnet about going to America.

Choose the correct alternative from the given options 1. "Dead tired" means ___. a. no longer living b. very tired

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c. someone doesn't have long to live 2. A "dime a dozen" means ___. a. it is expensive b. something is unusual c. something is easy to get 3. A man "after my own heart" means ___. a. liking the same things as me b. looks like me c. follows me 4. "He didn't bat an eye" means the same as ___. a. he didn't see b. he wasn't happy c. he didn't show surprise 5. To put the "cart before the horse" means ___. a. to plan ahead b. that you can't do something c. to do things in the wrong order 6. A "pain in the neck" means something is ___. a. unusual b. bothersome c. difficult to see 7. To "make up your mind" means to ___. a. decide b. be confused c. be efficient 8. To "face the music" means ___. a. accept your punishment b. listen carefully c. ask a lot of questions

9. If it's a "feather in your cap" it means it's ___ a. a problem b. cowardly c. an honour 10. The "gift of the gab" means you are ___ a. experienced b. very intelligent c. skilled in talking 11. "In the nick of time" means ___ a. too late b. on time c. in time 12. "Once in a blue moon" is ___ a. often b. sometimes c. rarely 13. If you "see eye to eye" with someone, you ___ them. a. oppose b. encourage c. agree with 14. To go "through thick or thin" is to ___ a. lose a lot of weight b. get married c. have many kinds of experiences 15. If you are "no spring chicken" you ___ a. are inexperienced b. aren't energetic c. aren't young 16. To "nip it in the bud" means to ___ a. prevent it at the start

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b. encourage something c. expect greatness from it

2.

To keep one's temper a) To be in good mood b) To preserve ones energy c) To be angry d) To be aloof from e) No correction required

3.

To play second fiddle a) To be happy b) To reduce importance of one's senior c) To support the role and view of another person d) To do back seat driving e) No correction required

4.

Action is the glorious principle of life and the one that saves man from _____. a) The use of faculties, physical or mental b) Stagnation and unhappiness c) The sorrow of fellow beings d) The prerequisites of happiness e) No correction required

5.

Being the head of a large family it difficult to keep his head above water. a) To take rest b) To work properly c) To avoid quarrel d) To keep out of debt e) No correction required

6.

To leave someone in the lurch a) To come to compromise with someone b) Constant source of annoyance to

17. To "nail it down" means to ___ a. start it b. finalize it c. talk about it 18. In this "neck of the woods" is ___ a. the way we do something b. around here c. the way things were

Answers 1. B

2. C

3. A

4. C

5. C

6. B

7. A

8. A

9. C

10. C

11. B

12. C

13. C

14. C

15. C

16. A

17. B

18. B

Practice Test Directions: which of the phrases (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below each sentence should replace the phrase printed in bold type to make the sentence grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is, mark (e) i.e. No correction required as the answer. 1. Why do you wish to tread on the toes? a) To give offence to them b) To treat them indifferently c) To follow them grudgingly d) To be kicked by them e) No correction required

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someone c) To put someone at ease d) to leave someone at a time when they need you to stay and help them e) No correction required 7.

8.

9.

And really the only reason you were there was because you had a bone to pick with him. a) You wanted to have a discussion with him b) You wanted to chat c) You wanted to talk d) You wanted to have an argument with him e) No correction required He doesn't really go around with many people because he is a bit a lone wolf. a) Single person b) Lonely person c) Unhappy person d) Simple person e) No correction required I don't honestly think he is capable of being polite as the leopard never changes his spots. a) Always complain b) Differ in opinion c) Never change d) Shout e) No correction required

10. The issue was taken before the Municipal Corporation meeting last week. a) Taking place at

b) Taken after c) Being taken up d) Taken up at e) No correction required 11. As the maestro lifted his baton the theatre was so still you could hear _____. a) His heartbeat b) A pin drop c) Bird wings d) Drum beating e) No correction required 12. I don't agree with you, but your idea certainly gives me food _____. a) For fun b) For consideration c) For thought d) For thinking e) No correction required 13. Look, I will pay you back. Would you please call the _____. a) Hunters off b) Tigers off c) Dogs off d) Apes off e) No correction required 14. Just a moment... I've got the answer on the _____ of my tongue. a) Top b) back c) Tip d) Front e) No correction required

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15. I'm afraid Chess isn't my cup of _____. a) Tea b) Coffee c) Wine d) Java e) Milk 16. I think I understand the nuts and _____ of the operation. a) Screws b) Hammer c) Nails d) Bolts e) No correction required 17. Oh, I'm sorry. I shouldn't have said that. I guess I really put my _____ in my mouth. a) Foot b) Hand c) Elbow d) Knee e) No correction required 18. I'll be back in the twinkling of _____. a) An eye b) A Lighting bolt c) A smile d) A laugh e) No correction required 19. He is plain, simple and sincere man. He will always call a spade a spade. a) Find meaning or purpose in your action b) Avoid controversial situations

c) Be outspoken d) Resist from making controversial statement e) No correction required 20. He has rejoined after a week and looks run down. a) Cheerful and bubbly b) Weak and tired c) Active and energetic d) Busy and preoccupied e) No correction required 21. To hit the nail on the head a) To do the right thing b) To destroy one's reputation c) Announce one's fixed views d) To teach someone a lesson e) None of these 22. All these promises these politicians make are just _____ in the sky. a) Pie b) Ocean c) Music d) Rags e) No correction required 23. The small amount of money donated is just a _____ in the ocean compared to the large sum of money needed. a) Spot b) Drop c) Speck d) Sea e) None of the above

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24. They had had a dispute yesterday. That's why she gave him the cold _____. a) Arm b) Hand c) Shoulder d) Music e) None of the above 25. He has been successful in his life. He went from _____ to riches. a) Rags b) Shoulder c) Colours d) Poor e) None of the above

Answers 1) a

2) a

3) c

4) b

5) d

6) d

7) d

8) b

9) c

10) d

11) b

12) c

13) c

14) c

15) a

16) d

17) a

18) a

19) c

20) b

21) a

22) a

23) b

24) c

25) a

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Spotting the Error & Correction of Sentences The most common areas in the sentence correction section which are required to be polished include: sentence structure errors, subject-verb agreement errors, verb tense errors, preposition errors, pronoun errors and idiomatic errors. Sentence Correction Tips First look carefully at the given sentence. Check for subject - verb agreement, if the subject is singular verb should be singular and if the subject is plural verb must satisfy it. Example: A bouquet of roses lend colour and fragrance to the room. (Incorrect) A bouquet of roses lends colour and fragrance to the room. (Correct) My dog postman. My dog postman.

always growl at the (Incorrect) always growls at the (Correct)

Either Grandpa or my sisters is going to the park. (Incorrect)

Either Grandpa or my sisters are going to the park. (Correct) Either my sisters or Grandpa are going to the park. (Incorrect) Either my sisters or Grandpa is going to the park. (Correct) Note: In the last two sentences the verb must be decided based on the closest subject, if the closest subject is plural verb must be plural and if the closest subject is singular, verb must be singular. As far as verb tense errors are concerned non-native speakers generally make two frequent errors with irregular verbs. They either add an incorrect 'ed' to the end of an irregular verb or accidentally interchange the simple past and past participle. Observe the sentence given below: Example: Jack feeled like swimming yesterday, so he putted his bathing suit and drived to the pool. Observe the wrong usage of the verbs 'feeled', 'putted' and 'drived'

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which should be used as 'felt', 'put' and 'drove'. Apart from paying attention to verb forms another point to bear in mind is not to switch from one tense to another unless the timing of an action demands. Keep verb tense consistent in sentences. Do not change tenses when there is no time change for the action. Example: During the movie, John stood up and then drops his popcorn. (Incorrect) During the movie, John stood up and then dropped his popcorn. (Correct) When Mary walks into a room, everyone will stare. (Incorrect) When Mary walks into a room, everyone stares. (Correct) Note: In the first sentence since there is no indication that the actions happened apart from one another; there is no reason to shift the tense of the second verb. In the second example Mary walks into a room at times. The action is habitual present. The second action happens when the first one does. Therefore, the second verb should be used in present as well.

Check for preposition errors. There are 2 major rules when it comes to the use of prepositions. 1. The first major rule deals with preposition choice. Certain prepositions must follow certain words, and the correct preposition must be used to make relationships between words in the sentences clear. 2. The second major rule deals with the prepositions place in the sentence. Prepositions must be followed by nouns, and prepositions can only go on the end of the sentence in certain situations. Example: This material is superior than that. (Incorrect) This material is superior to that. (Correct) She married to/with her boss. (Incorrect) She married her boss. (Correct) This resembles to that. (Incorrect) This resembles that. (Correct) • Whenever you use a pronoun, make sure that it has the same person, number, and gender as its antecedent.

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• See the word, "which," when "which" introduces a clause (called an adjective clause), make sure that the clause introduced by "which" immediately follows the noun idea it modifies. Just as an adjective must describe a noun, so an adjective clause must describe a noun. Example: It is I who is sorry. (Incorrect) It is I who am sorry. (Correct) Note: When who refers to a personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, we, they), it takes the verb that agrees with that pronoun. Example: Please give it to John or myself. (Incorrect) Please give it to John or me. (Correct) Note: Don't use myself unless the pronoun I or me precedes it in the sentence. • If a sentence is about some sort of numerical quantity (ex. "the percentage of illiterates in Mahaboobnagar" or "the number of women studying Sanskrit") check for idio-matic errors (remember: "fewer"

describes a countable quantity, like people; "less" describes an uncountable quantity, like sugar). Example: There are less pieces of cheese on this plate. (Incorrect) There are fewer pieces of cheese on this plate. (Correct) There are less Hyderabad than there (Incorrect) There are fewer Hyderabad than there (Correct)

crows in used to be. crows in used to be.

In future, there will be less coins in circulation. (Incorrect) In future, there will be fewer coins in circulation. (Correct) • Make sure that the items compared make sense while using the words "as," "than," and "like".

Practice test Directions: Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error if any will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that part will be the

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answer. If there is no error, mark (5) as your answer. (Ignore punctuation errors if any.)

8. Look, it's (1)/ nearly midnight. (2)/ It's almost time (3)/ we went. (4)/ No Error (5)

1. I went to(1)/ the library to get (2)/ as many information(3)/as I could.(4)/ No Error (5)

9. Medicine should (1)/not be placed (2)/ with in reach (3)/ of small children. (4)/ No Error (5)

2. It wasn't until (1)/ she saw the smirk (2)/ on his face that Anny noticed (3)/ he was just putting her leg. (4)/ No Error (5) 3. Both of the (1)/ bicycles (2)/ in the garage (3)/ is broken. (4)/ No Error (5) 4. Few of (1)/ the suggestions (2)/ sounds (3)/ reasonable to me. (4)/ No Error (5) 5. The soccer player (1)/ ejected because (2)/ he done something (3)/ that without the rules. (4)/ Error (5)

was had was No

6. She's the kind (1)/ of girl who knows (2)/ everything about (3)/ everyone. (4) / No Error (5) 7. Ramesh is (1)/ as tall if not, (2)/ taller (3)/ than Mahesh. (4)/ No Error (5)

10. You should (1)/ not do it (2)/ because it is (3)/ almost the rules.(4)/ No Error (5) 11. The mother (1)/ divided the (2)/ birthday cake (3)/ between the children at the party. (4)/ No Error (5) 12. The tourist hired (1)/ a car in order (2)/ to travel round (3)/ the countryside, sightseeing. (4)/ No Error (5) 13. The salesman did not have (1)/ to pay for his car (2)/ as it was provided by (3)/ his company's expense. (4)/ No Error (5) 14. She is (1)/ rather oldfashioned (2)/ and below (3)/ the times. (4)/ No Error (5) 15. I have got some tea, (1)/ but I do (2)/ not have (3)/ a sugar. (4) / No Error (5)

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16. She cooks, (1)/ washes dishes, (2)/ does her homework (3)/ and then relaxing. (4)/ No Error (5) 17. The man who has committed such a serious crime must get the mostly severe punishment. (4)/ Error (5)

(1)/ (2)/ (3)/ No

18. He never(1)/ has and ever (2)/ will take such (3)/ strong measures. (4)/ No error(5) 19. Technology must (1)/ use to (2)/ feed the forces (3)/ of change. (4)/ No error (5) 20. Anyone interested (1)/ in the use of computers (2)/ can learn much if you have (3)/ access to a personal computer. (4)/ No error (5) 21. Despite of their differences (1)/ on matters of principles, (2)/ they all agree on (3)/ the demand of hike in salary. (4)/ No error (5) 22. Mr. Mathews, (1)/ a schoolmaster (2)/ has been got (3)/ in trouble. (4)/ No error (5)

23. The notes (1)/ were pinned up (2)/ to the (3)/ classroom wall. (4)/ No error (5) 24. Do you know (1)/ anybody whose (2)/ going to U.S.A. (3)/ in the next few days? (4)/ No error (5) 25. She has (1)/ got longer (2)/ hair then (3)/ I have. (4)/ No error (5)

Answers 1.

(3) I went to the library to get as much information as I could. The word information is an uncountable noun and should be used with much not with many.

2.

(4) 'Pulling your leg' is an idiomatic expression which means just joking.

3.

(4) The subject "both" is always plural.

4.

(3) The correct response is 'sound'. The subject, "few," is always plural, so we can't have an -s ending on the verb.

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5.

(4) The correct preposition to be used in this sentence is 'against'.

16. (4) All the verbs used in the sentence exc-ept the last verb are used in the same tense

6.

(5)

7.

(2) The correct construction should be 'as tall as'.

17. (3) It is not the adverb form which should be used here; it should be the adjective form.

8.

(3) 'About time' is the correct usage.

9.

(3) 'Within' should be used as a single word.

10. (4) 'Against the rules' is the right usage. 11. (4) It should be 'among the children' not 'between'. 12. (3) The preposition to be used here is either 'about' or 'around'. 13. (3) 'Provided at' is the right usage.

18. (2) The verb should be in past form. He never had taken nor will ever take such strong measures. 19. (2) The correct sentence is 'Technology must be used to feed the forces of change'. 20. (3) The pronoun should be used in subjective case third person. 21. The preposition 'of' is not required. 22. The usage of 'been' is not required. 23. Omit 'up' in the sentence.

14. (3) 'Behind' is the correct word. 15. (4) Sugar is an uncountable noun so the article 'a' is not correct here.

24. (2) Whose is the possessive form of who. Who's means who is or who has.

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outline of the activities performing by the Company.(C)/No error (D)

25. (3) 'Than' is used to form comparative sentences. 'Then' is an adverb.

Exercise Directions (Q. 1 to 50): Each of the following sentences has been broken in three parts (A), (B) and (C). If there is any grammatical error in any of these parts, that is your answer. If there is no error, the answer is (D). 1.

He is the man (A)/ which I know (B)/ you can trust (C) / No error (D).

2.

I shall ask him (A)/ not to come on Monday (B)/ as it is a working day(C)./No error (D)

3.

I get up at five (A)/ and studied for two hours. (B)/ After taking bath, I took breakfast. Then, I went to school on bike (C)/ No error (D).

4.

You need (A)/ not have wasted (B) your time in this useless activity (C)/ No error (D).

5.

I dare (A)/ not to (B)/ go to my father (C)/ No error (D).

6.

The chairman welcomed (A)/all the guests and (B)/ gave an

7.

Why did people get (A)/so much annoyed even at little provocation (B)/is a matter of investigation. (C)/No error (D)

8.

The success of our efforts depend upon the (A)/number of people who (B)/ actually use the new methods.(C)/No error (D)

9.

You should inform (A)/your superiors about all those events which is (B)/directly related to your work.(C)/No error (D)

10. From over last five years (A)/I have been trying (B)/ my best to convince him but without success.(C)/No error (D) 11. In spite of toiling very hardly he (A)/ realized that he had (B)/ not earned anything substantial. (C)/No error (D) 12. Children enjoy listening to (A) / ghosts stories (B) / especially on Halloween night. (C) / No error (D).

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13. I (A) / have (B) /many works to do. (C) / No error (D). 14. There are so many filths (A) / all around (B) /the place. (C) / No error (D). 15. A Senior doctor (A) / expressed concern (B) /about physicians recommended the vaccine. (C)/ No error (D). 16. We have discussing (A) / all the known mechanisms (B) / of physical growth. (C) / No error (D). 17. He who has suffered most (A) / for the cause, (B) / let him speak. (C) / No error. (D) 18. A cup of coffee (A) / is an excellent complement (B) for breakfast / but has no nutritional value (C) / No error.(D) 19. He is a university professor (A) / but of his three sons (B) / neither has any talent (C) / No error. (D) 20. After knowing truth, (A) / they took the right decision (B) / on the matter. (C) / No error. (D)

21. It's time you (A) / decide on your next (B) / course of action. (C) / No error. (D) 22. The new pizza (A) / that I ordered (B) / is tasting good. (C) / No error. (D) 23. The students who was involved in communal disturbances (A)/ were asked to leave the hostel (B)/ with bag and baggage. (C)/ No error. (D) 24. Before men came there were only animals; (A)/ and before the animals, there was a time when (B)/ no kind of life existed on the earth.(C)/ No error (D) 25. I am one of those (A)/ that cannot describe (B)/ what I have not seen. (C)/ No error. (D) 26. It never occurs to me (A)/ that I should have sent my application (B)/ through the proper channel. (C)/ No error (D) 27. The teacher asked him write the answer (A)/ ten times as he has again (B)/ committed mistakes in answering it in spite of repeated corrections. (C)/ No error (D)

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28. The minister was pleased (A)/ being invited to inaugurate (B)/ the world conference of religious leaders. (C)/ No error (D) 29. His circumstance (A)/ did not allow him to continue (B)/ his studies when he was young. (C)/ No error.(D) 30. No sooner did the thief see the policeman (A)/ that he jumped over the wall (B)/ and ran away as fast as his legs could carry him. (C)/ No error. (D) 31. His radical proposals for reform faced a lot of opposition (A)/ and his harm handed dealings produced so much hostility (B)/ that the whole project was killed in the bud. (C)/ No error (D) 32. In no case we can measure (A)/ the learner's achievement by a single test (B)/ however skillfully designed. (C)/ No error (D) 33. It is a common belief (A)/ that familiarity dispenses with (B)/ the necessity of politeness. (C)/ No error (D)

34. Let's buy a new sari (A)/ with the annual bonus, (B)/ can we? (C)/ No error (D) 35. None of the guests (A)/ were introduced (B)/ to the bride. (C)/ No error (D) 36. The participants are waiting (A)/ for the arrival of the speaker (B)/ for the last two hours. (C)/ No error (D) 37. Even more than my father (A)/ was she intolerant of demonstrativeness (B)/ and the wearing of one's heart on his sleeve. (C)/ No error (D) 38. None of the students (A)/ attending your class (B)/ answered your questions did they? (C)/ No error (D) 39. They left their (A)/ luggage's at (B)/ the railway station. (C)/ No error (D) 40. You will get (A)/ all the information's (B)/ if you read this book carefully. (C)/ No error (D) 41. She sang (A)/ very well (B)/ isn't it? (C)/ No error (D)

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42. He is working (A)/ in a bank in New Delhi (B)/ for the past several months.(C)/ No error (D) 43. There is no question (A)/ of my failing (B)/ in the examination. (C)/ No error (D) 44. He fell from a running train (A)/ and would have died if the villagers (B)/ did not get him admitted in the nearby hospital immediately. (C)/ No error. (D) 45. He is going everyday (A)/ for a morning walk (B)/ with his friends and neighbors. (C)/ No error. (D)

49. He lay the watch on the table (A)/ and then forgot all about it (B)/ when he went out. (C)/ No error (D) 50. While it is apparent (A)/ that biotechnology offers significant benefits (B)/ adequate attention has not been focused to this vital area. (C)/ No error (D)

Answers 1. B

2. B

3. A

4. C

5. B

6. C

7. A

8. A

9. D

10.A

11.A

12. B

13. C

14. A 15. C

16. A 17. A 18. B 46. The man told her (A)/ that he had brought his dog (B)/ out for a walk as he was afraid and that it would rain.(C)/ No error (D)

21. B

22. C

19. C

20. A

23. A 24. A 25. B

26. A 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. B 31. C 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. B

47. Even though the shirt is rather expensive (A)/ but I wish to purchase (B)/ it with my own money. (C)/ No error (D)

36. A 37. C 38. C 39. B 40. B 41. C 42. A 43. B 44. C 45. A 46. C 47. B 48. C

48. Another baffling change (A)/ that I notice in him now-a-days (B)/ is that he avoids to speak to me. (C)/ No error (D)

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49. B

50. C

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One Word Substitution Substitution is also a variant of vocabulary test. In this test, you are required to use one word for a sentence or a part of a sentence. There are certain specific words that stand for a group of words or indicate a place, a situation or state of mind. In fact, substitution plays a great role in achieving brevity of speech and writing. To communicate effectively in minimum time it is very important to acquire knowledge in this area, it also enhances the proficiency of the language. Thus, this art helps you adjust to the contemporary situation. You can master it by the usual process of learning it and committing it to memory by constant use and rigorous practice.

Some Substitutes: 1. 2.

One who looks at the bright side of things - Optimist One who looks at the dark side of things - Pessimist

3.

One who does not believe in God - Atheist

4.

One who believes in God

5.

One

who

knows everything - Omniscient

6.

One who is present everything - Omnipresent

7.

One who is all powerful - Omnipotent

8.

One who cannot read and write - Illiterate

9.

One who loves mankind - Philanthropist

10. One who hates mankind - Misanthropist 11. One who is out to destroy the government - Anarchist 12. One who eats human flesh - Cannibal 13. One who lives on flesh - Carnivorous 14. One who lives at the same time - Contemporary 15. One who is eighty years old - Octogenarian 16. One for whom the world is a home - Cosmopolitan

- Theist 17. One who is indifferent to pain and pleasure - Stoic www.sakshieducation.com

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18. One who champions the cause of women - Feminist

32. One who compiles a dictionary - Lexicographer

19. One who is given to pleasures of the flesh - Epicure

33. One who retires from society to live a solitary life - Recluse

20. One that lives on others

34. One who has special skill in judging art, music, etc. - Connoisseur

- Parasite 21. One who is sympathetic to mankind - Humanitarian 22. One who walks on foot - Pedestrian 23. One who studies things of the past - Antiquarian 24. One who is gifted with several talents - Versatile 25. One who is new to a profession - Novice 26. One who settles in another country - Immigrant

35. One who is devoted to the pleasures of eating and drinking - Epicure 36. Liable to catch fire easily - Inflammable 37. That which can be carried - Portable 38. Incapable of being corrected - Incorrigible 39. The animals of a certain region - Fauna

27. One who knows many languages - Polyglot

40. The plants and vegetation of a region - Incombustible

28. One who carves in stones - Sculptor

41. An instrument for seeing distant things - Telescope

29. One who cures eye diseases - Oculist

42. A disease that ends in death - Fatal

30. One who collects postage stamps - Philatelist

43. A person suffering from nervous breakdown - Neurotic

31. One who mends shoes

44. A book or paper written by hand - Manuscript

- Cobbler

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45. A word no longer in use - Obsolete

59. The tendency to postpone things for future - Procrastination

46. An instrument for detecting earthquakes - Seismograph

60. One who is interested in the welfare of other people - Altruist

47. An instrument for measuring gases - Manometer 48. The property left to someone by a will - Legacy 49. Promise given by a prisoner not to escape - Parole 50. An exaggerated statement - Hyperbole 51. A nation that goes to war - Belligerent 52. A person who lives in a foreign country - Alien 53. A list of things to be discussed at a meeting - Agenda 54. One who is complete selfsatisfied - Complacent 55. Simple and easily deceived - Gullible 56. One who has delusions of one's grandeur - Megalomaniac 57. One who is chivalrous, idealistic and unpractical - Quixotic 58. One who gets pleasure in others' trouble and pain - Sadistic

61. One who believes in keeping things as they are - Conservative 62. Understanding without the interference of feelings - Empathy 63. An embarrassing mistake - A faux pass 64. A medley or heterogeneous mixture of great variety - Potpourri 65. A washing or cleansing of the body especially in a religious ceremony - Ablution 66. A legal defence by which an accused person tries to show that he was somewhere else when the crime was committed - Alibi 67. A speech uttered by one person - Monologue 68. Mental derangement confined to one idea - Monomania 69. Exclusive possession or control of any one thing - Monopoly

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70. The group, especially in the arts, regarded as being the most experimental - Avantgarde

Examples 1.

I was sure that he would bear hand in my new enterprise? a) Interfere b) Join c) Assist d) Rejoice Here the answer is (c) Assist. Assist stands for the group of words, bear a hand.

2.

I cleared off all my debts with the large money paid to me on retirement? a) Golden handshake b) Gold mine c) Lion's share d) Windfall The answer is (b), Golden handshake. This expression stands for the underlined word.

3.

That which makes it difficult to recognizes the presence or real nature of somebody or something? a) Cover b) Camouflage c) Pretence d) Mask Here the answer is (b), Camouflage, because this word stands for the whole sentence.

4.

A Place where animals are kept? a) Zoo b) Aviary c) Museum d) Sanctuary

71. A connoisseur of food and drink - Gourmet 72. A person or thing that goes before and announces the coming of something - Harbinger 73. An odd, atypical or eccentric train - Idiosyncrasy 74. Not planned ahead of time - Impromptu 75. To compensate a person, etc., for loss or damage - Indigenous 76. A time between periods or events - Interim 77. A plan for or the route to be followed on a journey - Itinerary 78. A group of persons who band together for some secret purpose, especially for political intrigue - Junta 79. A short journey for pleasure - Jaunt 80. A swiftly changing scene or pattern - Kaleidoscope

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Here the answer is (a), Zoo because a place where the animals are kept is known as a zoo.

c) Anachronism d) Stasis The answer is (a), Interregnum, because this word indicates the political situation of a country.

5.

A place where gambling is practiced? a) Hotel b) Casino c) Restaurant d) Theatre The answer is (B), Casino.

10. One who hates mankind? a) Misanthrope b) Gap c) Lover d) Hater The answer is (a) Misanthrope, because this word indicates the mention state of mind.

6.

A house where an Eskimo lives? a) Tent b) Igloo c) Mint d) Hamlet Here the answer is (B), Igloo

7.

8.

9.

One who is unable to pay one's debt? a) Bankrupt b) Borrower c) Loaner d) Obliged The answer is (a), Bankrupt. Because this word indicates the economic situation of the man concerned. The plants and vegetation of a region? a) Fauna b) Flora c) Landscape d) Climate The answer is (b) Flora, as this word indicates the vegetation of the concerned area. The period between two reigns? a) Interregnum b) Gap

11. One who believes in God? a) Atheist b) Theist c) Moral d) Immoral The answer is (B), Theist. 12. A man who hates marriage? a) Polyandrous b) Bigot c) Misogamist d) Widower The answer is (c), Misogamist. 13. A person who collects coins? a) Pessimist b) Numismatist c) Philatelist d) Philanthropist The answer is (b), Numismatist. 14. The murder of king? a) Regicide b) Murder c) Suicide d) Insecticide The answer is (a), Regicide. 15. Fear of strangers? a) Hydrophobia b) Photophobia

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c) Xenophobia d) Gynophobia The answer is (c), Xenophobia 16. Study of the origin of words? a) Sociology b) Etymology c) Grammar d) Lexical The answer is (b), Etymology 17. Belief that there is only one god? a) Psychology b) Monotheism c) Cynicism d) Phonology The answer is (b), Monotheism 18. Able to live both on land and in water?

a) Amphibian b) Aquatic c) Hydrophytes d) Marine The answer is (a), Amphibian 19. Information of death given in newspaper with a brief history? a) Condolence b) Obituary c) Sympathy d) Empathy The answer is (b), Obituary 20. A building where dead bodies are kept before burial? a) Mortuary b) Cemetery c) Cenotaph d) Epitaph The answer is (a), Mortuary.

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Reading Comprehension ‘Comprehend’ means ‘to take in the meaning, nature, or importance of something or somebody’. It is the act of grasping the meaning of a given passage or text. It is often not realized that comprehension broadly means ‘understanding through reading and integrating it with the knowledge you already have. It involves a wide range of skills and interests. It is truly a multi-dimensional affair. It encompasses a variety of abilities with respect to vocabulary, grammar, spirit of the text, inferential processes and contextual knowledge. The most important factors operating in comprehending a text or passage are: remembering word meanings, following the structure of a passage, finding answers to questions answered directly or indirectly, recognizing the writer’s purpose, attitude, tone and mood and thus drawing inferences from the passage. Usually, making out the meaning of a question and writing the answer down is one way often found in school and college examinations? Besides this, there is the second kind known as objective comprehension, in which multiple answers are given only to choose the correct answer out of the alternatives given under the questions. This type is often found in the present competitive examinations. Some important techniques: • Use your pencil as a pointer to guide your eye along a line of the text and to read as speedily as possible. • Circle key words and phrases in order to identify them immediately as an answer to a question posed. • Don’t get bogged down even if there is a word or a phrase or a sentence which you don’t understand. Don’t worry. You can sense the meaning from the context later. So move on to come back later if the time permits. • Another good reading comprehension strategy is to read the questions first (which doesn’t mean to read the answer choices). This helps you know what information you need after reading the text. It will remind you to concentrate more on the required details from where the questions drawn. • Read the passages as fast as you can and re-read the questions for correct understanding. For fast reading understanding the spirit of the text given, you have to train your eyes and mind to function simultaneously. As your mind begins to look for ideas rather than words, your eyes will begin to obey www.sakshieducation.com

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

your mind, which is always supreme. Good reading is good grasping and good grasping is only good reading. The questions for reading comprehension usually test the ability to find out the following. Main idea or a suitable title for the text. Information directly given or specified in the passage or text. Any inferences to arrive at logical conclusions from the passage given. The meaning of new and strange words in the text. The author’s style, mood or point of view.

Among the choice answers, there will be certainly one or two answers most illogical and inappropriate. They must be eliminated. Some general knowledge, common sense and logical thinking will do the job of elimination. The remaining answers are either from the information given directly from the text or for inference. So, finally, the three words information, elimination and inference will do the job for being successful in reading comprehension. The following example from Davis quoted by Carroll would make any reader proficient only in simple comprehension feel out of his depth. The delight Tad had felt during his long hours in the glen faded as he drew near the cabin. The sun was nearly gone and Tad's father was at the wood pile. He was wearing the broadcloth suit that he wore to Church and to town sometimes. Tad saw his father's hands close around a bundle of wood. He was doing Tad's work and in his good clothes. Tad ran to him. "I'll get it, Pa." When Tad saw his father, he felt A) disappointed

B) impatient

C) angry

D) guilty

It is not easy to say which linguistic skills in what order and combinations would enable the expert reader to infer or deduce D as the correct answer. However, as pointed out by Carroll, the following two important points seem to be indisputably involved in comprehension: 1)

Language comprehension occurs in situational contexts whose characteristics may influence not only the degree to which comprehension processes operate but also the nature and extent of certain other processes that may accompany comprehension, usually as a consequence of it. The special arrangements that are frequently necessary to test comprehension constitute such situational contexts. www.sakshieducation.com

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2)

Two processes often co-occurring with comprehension are memory and inference; while they are conceptually distinguishable from comprehension, their occurrence may make it difficult to assess the separate occurrence of the comprehension process itself.

Let us look into comprehension in practice as part of language in use. We are going to take up sample passages and illustrate various kinds of difficulties involved in comprehending them. Passage 1: Luckily at the moment he was much too busy talking to the man opposite him to catch sight of me. Two things are necessary to understand this sentence fully. First, one has to know the structure ‘too – to’ (too busy to catch sight of me), so that one gets to know that the person mentioned was so busy doing something that he could not see the narrator. Secondly, under the given circumstances the narrator did not want to be seen by the man referred to. The latter understanding is implied by the use of the word ‘luckily’. Passage 2: These nephews of mine never give me any peace – that young man is the worst of them all! As you see, when he needs money, he even follows me into the country. Well, perhaps next time he won’t even warn me by writing me a letter. Confronted with a text like the above, assuming that the context is not known, one is called upon to make intelligent guesses, particularly, if one were asked to say what kind of man, a person who says such things, could be. This point can be exemplified by framing the following question: The person who said these things is most likely to be a) Contented

b) angry

c) complaining

d) miserly

Surely, there must be some skill or skills which would enable the reader to make the correct guess and choose c) as the best alternative. This too is an important part of the general ability making full comprehension possible. Passage 3: Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. The general recognition of this fact is shown in the proverbial phrase, 'It is the busiest man who has time to spare.' Thus, an elderly lady at leisure can spend the entire day writing a postcard to her niece. An hour will be spent in finding the postcard, www.sakshieducation.com

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another hunting for spectacles, half an hour to search for the address, an hour and a quarter in composition and twenty minutes in deciding whether or not to take an umbrella when going to the pillar box in the street. The total effort that would occupy a busy man for three minutes, all told, may in this fashion leave another person completely exhausted after a day of doubt, anxiety and toil. 1.

Explain the sentence: 'Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion'. A) The more work there is to be done, the more the time needed. B) Whatever time is available for a given amount of work, all of it will be used. C) If you have more time, you can do more work. D) If you have some important work to do, you should always have some additional time.

The answer here is B. This can be found out through simple inference. A statement is made right in the beginning of the passage and the story of the lady illustrates the fact that whatever time is available for a work, people tend to use all of it. 2.

Who is the person likely to take more time to do work? A) A busy man B) A man of leisure C) An elderly person D) An exhausted person

Here, the answer is B. It requires inference. The answer is to be inferred from the facts given in the passage that the more the time you have, the more you will need. Therefore this answer is arrived at through complex inference. 3.

What does the expression 'pillar box' stand for? A) A box attached to the pillar

B) A box in the pillar

C) Box office

D) A pillar-type post box

The answer is D. It can be derived through implied information. The lady has to go to the pillar box to drop her letter. 4.

What happens when the time to be spent on some work increases? A) The work is done smoothly

B) The work is done leisurely

C) The work consumes all the time

D) The work needs additional time

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Here the method of elimination applies and simple inference confirms it. A and D are eliminated at the first reading. The description that the lady who has enough leisure time takes the entire day in writing the postcard gives us the clue that the correct answer is C. This again is complex inference. 5.

What is the total time spent by the elderly lady in writing a postcard? A) Three minutes

B) Four hours and five minutes

C) Half an hour

D) A full day

The answer is D and it is based on the information given in the passage. Passage 4: The last half of my life has been lived in one of those painful epochs of human history during which the world is getting worse, and past victories which had seemed to be definitive have turned out to be only temporary. When I was young, Victorian optimism was taken for granted. It was thought that freedom and prosperity would spread gradually throughout the world through an orderly process, and it was hoped that cruelty, tyranny, and injustice would continually diminish. Hardly anyone was haunted by the fear of great wars. Hardly anyone thought of the nineteenth century as a brief interlude between past and future barbarism. 1. The author feels sad about the latter part of his life because: A) He was nostalgic about his childhood B) The world had not become prosperous C) The author had not won any further victories D) The world was painfully disturbed during that period of time 2. The victories of the past: A) Brought permanent peace and prosperity B) Ended cruelty, tyranny and injustice C) Proved to be temporary events D) Filled men with a sense of pessimism 3. The word 'definitive' used in the passage means: A) Defined B) Final C) Temporary 4. During the Victorian age people believed that: A) Strife would increase www.sakshieducation.com

D) Incomplete

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B) There would be unlimited freedom C) Wars would be fought on a bigger scale D) Peace would prevail and happiness would engulf the whole world 5. A brief interlude between past and future barbarism' can be interpreted as: A) A short period of time between past and future acts of savagery B) A short space of time between two great events C) An interval between cruel wars D) A dramatic performance during wars Now, let us examine the answers: 1. The answer is 'D'. You can hit at the answer through inference. The clue is in the first sentence itself—'the world is getting worse'. The whole passage also implies that the last half of the life of the author was a period of turmoil. 2. The answer is 'C' and it can be based on information given in the passage: 'the nineteenth century was a brief interlude'. 3. The answer is 'B'. Both information and simple inference suggest this answer. 4. The answer is 'D'. It is based on information. 5. The answer is 'A'. The information is implied in the question itself—'barbarism'. The passage also confirms it.

Exercise Passage I: Three-fourths of the surface of our planet is covered by the sea, which both separates and unites the various races of mankind. The sea is the great highway along which man may journey at his will, the great road that has no walls or hedges hemming it in, and that nobody has to keep it in good repair with the aid of pickaxes and barrels of tar and steamrollers. The sea appeals to man’s love of the perilous and the unknown, to his love of conquest, his love of knowledge, and his love of gold. Its green, and grey and blue, and purple waters call to him and bid him fare forth in quest of fresh fields. Beyond their horizons he has found danger and death, glory and gain. In most continents such as America and Australia, there are towns and villages many thousands of miles from the coast, whose children have never seen or heardor felt the waves of the sea. But in the British Isles it is now here much more than a www.sakshieducation.com

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hundred miles from the most inland spot. The love of the sea is in the very blood of the British people. 1. How much of our planet is not covered by the sea? a) Half the planet b) One-fourth of the planet c) More than one can measure d) Three-fourths of the planet 2. The sea helps a man a) In building great roads b) In making journey at his will all around the world c) In raising walls on the coast d) In clearing hedges he milling the sea-water 3. In what way does the sea appeal to man? a) It helps man take lessons from the perilous waves and stay at home b) It invites man to amass gold hidden under the sea-water. c) It makes man wax eloquent about the futility of adventurous deeds d) It bids man to venture out in quest of new places. 4. The children have not responded to the call of the sea a) In remote towns and of America b) In Great Britain c) In the Antarctica d) In India 5. The sea-route is kept in order a) By stream rollers b) By pickaxes c) By regular repair d) By none of these 6. What suitable title would you suggest? a) Treasure trove of knowledge b) Man’s quest for the unknown c) The irresistible call of the sea d) The infatuation of the Britishers for the sea www.sakshieducation.com

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7. The sea has been compared to a) A steamroller b) Hedges hemming it c) The great highway d) A spacecraft in motion 8. The sea has a special attraction for the people of a) America b) Britain c) Australia d) India 9. The sea is the great highway. The figure of speech employed here is a) Metaphor b) Simile c) Poetic fancy d) Alliteration Answers:

1) b; 2) b; 3) d; 4) a; 5) b; 6) c; 7) c; 8) b; 9) a.

Passage II: Broken friendship may be repaired but the break will always show. Friendship is a precious thing-too precious a treasure to be carelessly broken or thrown away. The world handles the word ‘friend’ lightly; its real, true, deeper meaning is forgotten. Your friend is one who appreciates you- your faults as well as your virtues. He understands and sympathizes with your defeats and victories, your aims and ideals, your joys and temptations, your hopes and disappointments, as no one else does or can. It is your friend to whom you turn for counsel, for comfort, for praise; he may not be as learned as some or as wise as others. Blessed is the man or woman into whose life has come the beauty and power of such a friendship. Prize it well. Do all in your power to keep such a friendship unbroken. Avoid the break, for when it comes it can’t be mended and the jarring note mars the harmony. 1.

In what way will you judge your sincere friend? a) By his appearance b) By the way he appreciates your virtues c) By the way he pinpoints your demerits d) By the way he appreciates your faults and virtues e) By no measures discussed above

2.

A true friend is one who a) Shares with another all the joys of life www.sakshieducation.com

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b) c) d) e)

Encourages you in your hour of trials and tribulations Deserts you Shows lip sympathy Shares your defeats and victories, aims and ideals, joys and temptations

3.

We owe our blessed life to a) The experience of moments of loneliness b) A friend’s constant companionship c) The power and beauty of friendship d) The feeling that there is someone to humour us e) None of the things mentioned so far

4.

Why do we turn to sincere friends? a) For physical support b) For financial support c) For their magnanimity d) For their paeans of praise e) For their counsel, comfort and words of cheer

5.

Friend ought not to be broken. Why? a) Because it will foster discord b) Because it will make life troublesome c) Because it will rob life of all its vitality and vivacity d) Because it will foster pessimistic attitude towards life e) Because broken friendship can’t be mended

Answers: 1) d;

2) e;

3) c;

4) e;

5) e

Passage III: Many people think that science and religion are contrary to each other. But this notion is wrong. As a matter of fact, both these are complementary to each other. The aim of both these institutions is to explain different aspects of life, universe and human existence. There is no doubt that the methods of science and religion are different. The method of science is observation, experimentation and experience. Science takes its recourse to progressive march towards perfection, the rules of religion are faith, intuition and spoken word of the enlightened, in general, while science is inclined towards reason and rationality, spiritualism is the essence of religion. www.sakshieducation.com

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In earlier times when man appeared on earth, he was over-awed at the sight of violent and powerful aspects of objects of nature overwhelmed man. Thus began the worship of forces of nature-fire, the sun, the rivers, the rocks, the trees, the snakes etc. The holy scriptures were written by those who had developed harmony between external nature and their inner self. The object was to ennoble, elevate and liberate the human spirit and mind. But the priestly class took upon itself the monopoly of scriptural knowledge and interpretation to its own advantage. Thus the entire human race was in chains. Truth was flouted and progressive, liberal and truthful ideas of their beholders punished. It was in these trying circumstances the science emerged as a saviour of mankind. But its path was not smooth and safe. The scientists and free thinkers were tortured. This was the fate of Copernicus, Galileo, Bruno and others. But, by and by science gained ground. (Indian Bank Pos) 1.

Why does man worship the force of nature, according to the passage? a) The holy scriptures advocate the worship of forces of nature. b) The worship elevates and liberates the human spirit and mind. c) The worship makes man believe in faith and intuition. d) Forces of nature preached us spiritualism. e) None of the above.

2.

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the passage? a) Science and religion are antagonistic to each other. b) Science encourages worship of nature. c) Religion is essential for external peace and harmony. d) Regimental religion was replaced by scientific principles. e) Science is essential for inner peace of mind.

3.

According to the passage science and religion both a) Rely on the spoken word of the enlightened b) Emerged out of the fear of man c) Emerged from the desire of man to worship the forces of nature d) Employ different methods of enquiry e) Work at the cross-purpose of each other

4.

Why is it said in the passage that ‘science emerged as a saviour of mankind’? a) Many great thinkers contributed to the progress of science b) Science takes recourse to progressive march towards perfection www.sakshieducation.com

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c) Science is inclined towards reason and rationality d) Man was bound in chains by religious orthodoxy e) The free thinkers and enlightened men were tortured 5.

Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the passage? a) Man worship the forces of nature b) Methods of science and religion are different c) Regimental religion got degenerated into orthodoxy d) Galileo and Bruno were disciples of Copernicus e) The holy scriptures were written by people who had tremendous inner strength

6.

Choose the word which is most nearly the same in meaning as the word ‘flouted’ as used in the passage: a) mocked b) nourished c) expressed d) deflated e) concealed

7.

According to the passage science and religion: a) Are contrary to each other b) Have the same origin c) Are supportive of each other d) Have the same aim of controlling universe e) Don’t allow any deviation from their rules

8.

According to the passage, at the present juncture, there is a need to: a) Encourage spiritualism as much as possible b) Teach people to worship the forces of nature c) Free man from all sorts of bondage d) Explain to the people different aspects of life and universe e) Judiciously mix the principles of science and true spirit of religion

9.

What was the object of the authors of the Holy Scriptures? a) To teach man the methods of worshipping nature b) To educate the progressive and liberal ideas c) To educate and raise the human spirit and mind d) To develop harmony between external nature and their inner self e) None of the above www.sakshieducation.com

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10. Choose the words which is most opposite in meaning of the ‘enlightened’ as used in the passage a) Uniformed b) Derogatory c) Downtrodden d) Educated e) Authority Answers:

1) b 6) a

2) d 7) c

3) d 8) e

4) d 9) c

5) d 10) a

Passage IV: In 1923, he landed in England. In 1928, he returned to India in response to an urgent call from Bhagat Singh. When he reached Lahore, he was detained for violation of the Arms Act. He was released after four years rigorous imprisonment. In 1935, he escaped to Germany by giving a slip to the police. From Berlin, he reached Paris and purchased a revolver. He kept it ready for action and managed to reach London again. Opportunity came on 13 March,1940 when Sir Michael O’ Dwyer was to speak at a seminar in the Caxton Hall. As Sir Michael turned to resume his seat after the speech, Udham Singh pulled out his revolver and fired at him. Sir Michael died without a shriek. Udham Singh was arrested and produced before the court on 2 April, 1940. The court passed death sentence on him and he was hanged at Pentonville Prison, London on 3 July, 1940. 1.

Udham Singh went to America where he a) Mobilised the Indian citizens for the liberation of the motherland b) Collected sufficient funds to fight colonialism c) Met fellow-citizens working for the same cause d) Went speculating e) Mobilised likeminded Americans and Indians against the British

2.

Where did Udham Singh buy the weapon which was used for killing Sir Michael? a) Paris b) Lahore c) London d) Berlin e) None of these

3.

Udham Singh shot at Sir Michael O’ Dwyer in a) Jallianwala Bagh b) Amritsar d) Lahore e) Paris

4.

c) London

When Udham Singh was arrested in Lahore, he was charged for a) Instigating his countrymen against the Britishers www.sakshieducation.com

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b) c) d) e) 5.

His links with anti-British forces Concealing his identity and carrying on underground activities Possessing unlicensed arms and ammunition Plotting the assassination of Sir Michael O’ Dwyer

Udham Singh returned to India in 1928 mainly because he was a) Short of funds to meet his expenses b) To procured some arms from Lahore c) To escape from the British police d) Called by a revolutionary in India

Answers:

1) c

2) c

3) c

4) d

5) d

Passage V: White cement is the basic raw material for producing cement tiles and cement paint which are used extensively in building construction. The main consumers of white cement are, therefore, cement tile and cement paint manufacturing units. These consumers, mostly in the small scale sector, are today facing a major crisis because of a significant increase in the price of white cement during a short period. The present annual licensed production capacity of white and grey cement in the country is approximately 3.5 lakh tonnes. The average demand is 2 - 2.5 tonnes. This means that there is idle capacity to the tune of one lakh tonnes or more. The price rise is, therefore, not a phenomenon arising out of inadequate production capacity but evidently because of artificial scarcity created by the manufacturers in their self interest. The main reason for the continuing spurt in cement price is its decontrol. As it is, there is stiff competition in the cement paint and tile manufacturing business. Any further price revision at this stage is bound to have a severe adverse impact on the market conditions. The Government should take adequate steps to ensure that suitable controls are brought in. Else it should allow import of cement. 1.

Why is the price of cement going up? a) Because the Government is controlling the quota b) Because of export of white cement c) Because of extensive use of white cement d) Because of large amount of usage of white cement for construction e) None of these

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2.

Which of the following statements is false according to the passage? a) Price rise in the white cement would increase the price of cement paint b) White cement is a controlled product. c) Increase in price of white cement is not because of production problem. d) Price rise in white cement would upset cement tile market. e) Most cement paint manufacturers are from small scale sector.

3.

What is the crisis being faced by the cement tile manufacturers as described in the passage? a) White cement is priced very low. b) White cement is not of good quality. c) White cement usage is high. d) White cement prices are very high. e) White cement is being exported.

4.

Which of the following words has the same meaning as the word ‘idle’ as used in the passage? a) Lazy b) Clumsy c) Large d) Excess e) Known

5.

Which of the following is correct according to the passage? a) White cement is not used in the manufacture of paint. b) White cement forms a minor part of tile manufacturing. c) White cement is very important for tile manufacturing. d) White cement is used only for making paints. e) None of these.

6.

Which of the following words has the same meaning as the word ‘artificial’ as used in the passage? a) Unnatural b) Prolonged c) Practical d) Absolute e) Deliberate.

7.

What is the author’s suggestion to bring down prices? a) Government should control the white cement market. b) Production capacity should be increased. c) Usage of white cement in other areas should be reduced.

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d) Competition among manufacturers of cement paints and tiles should be reduced. e) None of these. 8.

Which of the following words has the opposite meaning as the word ‘basic’ as used in the passage? a) Vital b) Unimportant c) Acidic d) Last e) Small

9.

Which of the following is correct according to the passage? a) Cement production capacity is more than usage. b) Cement production capacity is less than usage. c) Cement production capacity equal to usage. d) Cement production capacity is twice than usage. e) None of these.

10. What can be presumed from the passage regarding foreign trade in cement? a) The country is exporting cement at present. b) The country is importing cement at present. c) The country is exporting and importing cement. d) The country is neither exporting nor importing cement. e) None of these. Answers:

1) e 6) e

2) b 7) a

3) d 8) b

4) d 9) a

5) c 10) d

Passage VI: To those who do listen, the desert speaks of things with an emphasis quite different from that of the shore, the mountain, the valley or the plains. Whereas these invite action and suggest limitless opportunity and exhaustless resources, the implications and the mood of the desert are something different. For one thing, the desert is conservative, not radical. It is more likely to provoke awe than to invite conquest. The heroism which it encourages is the heroism of endurance, not that of conquest. It brings man up against this limitation, turns him in upon himself and suggests values which more indulgent regions suppress. Sometimes it includes contemplation in men who has never contemplated before. And of all the answers to the question what is a desert good for ‘contemplation’ is perhaps the best. www.sakshieducation.com

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1.

In order to receive the desert’s message the beholder needs to be a) Courageous in his reaction. b) Conservative in his responses. c) A good listener. d) Sensitive to nature.

2.

The desert is unique among landscapes in that it encourages only a) Contemplation b) Indolence c) Heroic Endeavour d) Adventurous spirit

3.

If one responds with insight to the mood of the desert, it evokes a) An inclination for deep thought. b) The possibility of unending resources. c) The desire for heroic conquest. d) A sense of intense revulsion

4.

The writer calls the desert ‘conservative’ rather than ‘radical’ because it provides an environment that a) Inspires man to explore it. b) Offers unlimited opportunity to conquer. c) Tests one’s endurance d) Makes one gloomy.

5.

What does the phrase ‘It brings man up against his limitations’ mean? a) It makes man feel hopeless about his limitations b) It makes man aware of his limitations c) It compels man to fight against his limitations d) It persuades man to overcome his limitations.

Answers:

1) d

2) a

3) a

4) c

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5) d

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Test of Misspell Words Letters form words, words form a language. Hence, letters form a language. There is no exaggeration if it is said that spellings form the core of the English language. So it is natural to find questions to test your knowledge of spellings of words. Questions are usually set in two types:

2. a) vegeterian c) vegetarean

b) vegetarian d) vegitarean

3. a) immence c) immense

b) imence d) immense

Answers:

2) d 3) a

TYPE - 1: In this type four words are given of which one is wrongly spelt. You have to find out the incorrectly spelt word.

1.

a) neighbor c) necessary

b) necter d) all correct

2.

a) puntuation c) pungent

b) puncture d) all correct

1) b

Practice Test - 1

Examples: 1. a) athlete c) abscess

b) auxiliary d) catalogue

3.

a) commend c) comprehend

b) amend d) all correct

2. a) forfeit c) column

b) fascinate d) fulfilled

4.

a) decency c) deficiency

b) promoter d) all correct

5.

a) agnostic c) prolific

b) sceptic d) all correct

6.

a) envelop c) uncertain

b) certain d) all correct

7.

a) deceive c) believe

b) relieve d) all correct

8.

a) procured c) terminate

b) restor d) all correct

3. a) occassion b) commission c) accommodate d) occurred Answers:

1) b

2) d

3) a

TYPE – 2: In this type a word has been spelt in four different ways one of which is correct. You have to choose the correctly spelt word. Examples: 1. a) professer c) profesor

b) professor d) professor

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a) pronounse c) performing

b) enhance d) all correct

20. a) alloweable c) décor

b) noticeable d) all correct

10. a) global c) commence

b) sence d) all correct

21. a) irrelevant c) immutable

b) irreverent d) all correct

11. a) desease c) apparatus

b) increase d) all correct

22. a) delirious c) hieniou

b) delusive d) all correct

12. a) brilliant c) artical

b) column d) all correct

23. a) lineage c) likelihood

b) limber d) all correct

13. a) catalogue c) bebefited

b) calendar d) all correct

24. a) ferment c) introvert

b) felicitious d) all correct

14. a) amateur c) anticipated

b) antagonism d) all correct

25. a) intrude c) moderater

b) mockery d) all correct

15. a) measurement disagreement c) controvarcial correct

b)

16. a) perceive c) conceive

b) receive d) all correct

17. a) comperable c) woolen

b) turmoil d) all correct

18. a) occurred c) terminate

b) occurred d) all correct

19. a) ensured c) obscure

b) siceriety d) all correct

9.

d)

Answer all

1) b 6) d 11) a 16) a 21) c

2) a 7) a 12) c 17) a 22) c

3) d 8) b 13) c 18) b 23) c

4) c 9) a 14) c 19) b 24) b

5) b 10) b 15) c 20) a 25) c

PRACTICE TEST: 2 In the following questions, a set of four words are given. One word of each set is correct. Find it out. 1.

a) feasibel c) fascieble

b) feasible d) feasible

2.

a) dolorous

b) dolorous

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c) cannine

d) canine

c)doloreus

d) delirious

3.

a) condiut c) connduit

b) conduit d) condeut

15. a) intelect c) intalect

b) intellect d) intelict

4.

a) religian c) religoin

b) religion d) religen

16. a) convuction c) convicshun

b) conviction d) convicssion

5.

a) sedate c) scedate

b) sedote d) sedate

17. a) agreement c) aggrement

b) agreement d) agremint

6.

a) parimeter c) perimotor

b) perimeter d) parimetre

18. a) jovial c) joviel

b) jovial d) joivel

7.

a) navijation c) navitation

b) navigation d) navigation

19. a) arbetrary c) arbetrory

b) arbitrary d) arbitrary

8.

a) sugest c) suggest

b) saggest d) suzest

20. a) gragarious c) gregerious

b) gregarious d) agremint

9.

a) haabits c) habbits

b) habits d) habitts

21. a) intrensic c) entrensic

b) intrinsic d) entrinsec

10. a) teror c) terror

b) terrer d) teeror

22. a) violence c) voilence

b) violence d) violence

11. a) nectar c) nactor

b) nector d) nectar

23. a) critecism c) cretecism

b) criticism d) critecesm

12. a) rehythem c) rhythem

b) rhythm d) rhythum

24. a) humorrous c) humourous

b) humorous d) hummorus

13. a) favourite c) favorite 14. a) canine

b) favouret d) favouriet b) canine

25. a) democraec c) demecratic

b) democratic d) democratic

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26. a) infloursense b) inflorescence c) infloorscence d) inflourscence 27. a) janitor c) janitour

b) janitor d) janitor

28. a) frivoles c) frivolus

b) frevoles d) frivolous

29. a) beveldur c) bewilder

b) biwildur d) bevilder

30. a) ambience c) ambeince

b) ambeance d) ambense

31. a) patrify c) patrefi

b) petrify d) patrefy

32. a) exsquesit c) exquisite

b) ekswisit d) ixquisite

33. a) demice c) demise

b) demoise d) demaise

34. a) chivalrous c) chivolorus

b) chivolrus d) chivulrus

35. a) bral c) brawl

b) brol d) braul

Answers 1) b 6) b 11) a 16) b 21) b 26) b 31) b

2) a 7) b 12) b 17) a 22) a 27) a 32) c

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3) b 8) c 13) a 18) a 23) b 28) d 33) c

4) b 9) b 14) a 19) b 24) b 29) c 34) a

5) a 10) c 15) b 20) b 25) d 30) a 35) c

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ANALOGY Analogy means similarity or resemblance of some kind of relationship between two given things. Analogy test, therefore, intends to evaluate one's ability to comprehend the relationship that exists between two objects, things or figures. There are infinite possibilities in establishing a relationship between two objects. However, for our convenience we can chart out some important kinds of relationships. 1. Cause and effect relationship.

Example: Education : Development

A) Man: Speech B) Nutrition : Health

C) Game : Play D) Child : Growth.

I

The relationship between development and education is of cause and effect. Education health and thus this is the answer. 2. Part and whole relationship.

Example: Finger : Hand

B) Transport: Car

C) School: College

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A) Struggle: Fight

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is a cause for development. Among the four choices only (B) nutrition is a cause for

D) Boy: Man

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Finger is a part of Hand. Similarly car is a part of transport system. 3. Part: Part relationship A) Salad: Rice

Example: Gill : Fin

B) Sea: Fish

C) Kill: Bomb

D) Question: Answer

A

Just as gill and fin are two different parts of a fish so salad and rice are parts of food. 4. Purpose relationship.

B) Game: study

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A) Summer: rainy

Example: Glove: Ball C) Stadium: stands

D) Hook: fish

Just as a glove helps catch a ball, so a hook helps catch a fish. 5. Action to object relationship. A) Writer: pen

Example: Break: Pieces

B) Bread: bake

C) Kick: football

D)Muddy: unclear

Just as break is an action that makes pieces, so kick is an action that makes the football move. 6. Worker and tool relationship. A) Pathology: disease

Example: Carpenter: Saw

B) Tailor: needle C) Engineer: site D) Time: seconds

Just as Carpenter works with a Saw so a tailor works with a needle. www.sakshieducation.com

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7. Study and topic relationship. A) Gardener: harrow

Example: Linguistics: Language

B) Hen: chicken C) Scale: length D) Anthropology: man

Just as linguistics is the science of language, so anthropology is the study of man's life. 8. Worker and working place relationship. A) Lawyer: Court

Example: Professor: university

B) Author: book C) Wine: grapes

D) Volume: litre

Just as a professor works in a university so a lawyer works at a court.

A) Fabric: yarn

Example: Farmer: Crop

B) Cat: kitten

C) Wish: desire

D) Editor: newspaper

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9. Worker and product relationship.

editor's work.

A) Man: child

Example: omelet: egg

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10. Product and raw material relationship.

H

Just as crops are the products of a farmer's work so a newspaper is the product of an

B) Spoon: feed

C) Judge: justice

D) Sack: jute

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Just as an egg is the raw material for omelet, so jute is the raw material for a sack. Type I

Directions: The following questions comprise two words each that have a certain

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relationship between them, followed by four lettered pair of words. Select the lettered pair that has the same relationship as the original pair of words.

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1. Shrub: Prune

A) Beard: shave

B) Hair: trim

C) Lawn: mow

D) Wool: shear

2. Crèche : Infants

A) School: pupils

B) Bedlam: Lunatics

C) Deck: sailors

D) Cottage: Beggar

3. Shield: soldier A) Stethoscope: doctor

B) Book: author C) Advocate: court

D) Helmet: rider

4. Fox: Cunning A) Cat: playful

B) Horse: runner

C) Vixen: cute

D) Ant: industrious

B) Ant: elephant

C) Bush: forest

D) Grass: tree

5. Hillock: Mountain A) Hare: animal

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6. Sonnet: poem A) Ballad: stanza

B) Murder: crime

C) Chapter: book

D) Lie: falsehood

7. Identity: Anonymity A) Flaw: perfection B) Careless: mistake

C) Truth: lie

D) Fear: joy

8. Revolver: Holster A) Book: bag

B) Eye: eyelid

C) School: class D) String: bead

B) Ring: finger

C)Farmer: field D) Assistant: bead

9. Wrestler: Arena A) Cricket: pitch 10. Restaurant: Menu B) Journal: newspaper

C) Book: encyclopedia

D) College: account

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A) Library: catalogue 11. Heart: Cardiology

B) History: histology

C) Civics: polity

D) fossils: paleontology

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A) Brain: Psychology 12. Donkey: trot 13. Infection: Illness

B) Cat: leap

C) Eagle: stride

A) Satisfaction: appetite

B) Applause: audience

C) Antidote: disease

D) Rehearsal: performance

A

14. Bridge: Cards A) Dam: river

D) Mouse: scamper

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A) Monkey: waddle

B) Gamble: money

C) Image: mirror D) fencing: sword

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15. Banyan Tree: Prop roots

A) Building: debris

B) Current: bygone

C) Relics: civilisation

D) Bullet: barrel

A) Potato: tuber B) Climbers: tendrils

C) Ginger: stem

D) Spinach: root

16. Ashes: Fire

17 Embryo: Child A) Fruit: rind

B) Sprout: plant

C) Seed: fruit

D) Leaf: chlorophyll

18. Love: Adore A) Affection: indifference B) Pride: prejudice

C) Fight: war

D) Hit: suffer

19. Needle: Thread A) Leader: follower

B) Prick: sew

C) Bat: ball

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D) Pin: cushion

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20. Wet: Dry A) Worse: worst B) Weather: temperature C) Scold: praise D) Rise: walk 21. Hard work: Wealth A) Drought: famine B) Fight: peace

C) Horrible: happy

D) Drill: excess

B) Success: Joy

C) Horrible: pleasant

D) Dare: coward

B) Leg: piece

C) Burn: cool

D) Mouth: talk

B) Ink: bottle

C) Page: book

22. Prosperity: Happiness A) Fight:tight 23. Fire: burn A) Spin: dizzy 24. Brick: wall

A) Suicide: murder B) Pig: pen 26. Doctor: hospital ANSWERS: 2. B;

3. D;

4. D;

9. C;

10. A;

11. C;

17. C; 18. C;

19. D;

Type II

C) Pediatrics: child

D) Dare: dire

5. C;

6. B;

7. A;

8. A;

12. D;

13. D;

14. D;

15.B;

16.C;

20. C;

21. A;

22. B;

23. A;

24.C;

A

25. C; 26. B

D) Petals: sepals

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1. B;

C) Geriatrics: old age

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B) Clergy: church

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25. Ornithology: birds

A) Nurse: syringe

D) Success: sorrow

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A) Paper: pen

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Directions: In the following sets of analogies one word is missing. Select that word from the lettered words (A), (B), (C), (D), which exhibits the same analogy as established among the three words:

1. Bow: Rifle: Hourglass: ? A) Clock tower

B) Bullet

C) Diameter

D) Chronometer

C) Harmful

D) Peaceful

C) Literature

D) Prints

C) Subversive

D) Feeble

2. Halcyon: ?: : Placid : Serene A) Calm

B) Irritated

3. Errata: ?: : Flaws: Jewels A) Manuscripts

B) Books

4. Truculent: Agitator: : Pacifier? A) Powerful

B) Amenable

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5. Inoculation: ?: : Exposure: Toughening A) Immunity

B) Punctuality

C) Vulnerability

D) Contagious

C) Flood

D) Downpour

C) Extinguish

D) Explode

C) Reflection

D) Illusion

C) Pry

D) Rinse

6. Breeze: Cyclone:: Drizzle: ? A) Earthquake

B) Storm

7. Oxygen: Burn : : Carbon dioxide: ? A) Isolate

B) Foam

8. Genuine: Authentic : : Mirage: ? A) Image

B) Transpiration

A) Thresh

B) Sift

A) Governor

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10. Country: President: : State: ? B) Minister B) Bacteria

C) Chief Minister

D) Citizen

C) Germs

D) Virus

C) Manganese

D) Titanium

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11. Bread: Yeast: : Curd: ? A) Fungi

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9. Drill: Bore : : Sieve: ?

12. Chromite: Chromium: :Ilmenite: ? A) Limestone

B) Cobalt

C) Silverware

D) Magnets

C) Chemicals

D) Carbon

C) Garden

D) Farm

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A) Aircraft

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13. Steel: Rails: Alnico: ?

B) Machinery

C) Discipline

D) Crime

A) China

C) Turkey

D) Malaysia

C) Insect

D) Pathogen

C) Surrender

D) War

14. Naphthalene: Coal tar: : Dyes: ? B) Oils

A

A) Petroleum

15. Tree: Forest : : Grass:? A) Lawn

B) Field

16. Conscience: Wrong: : Police: ? A) Thief

B) Law

17. Tehran: Iran: : Beijing: ? B) Japan

18. Porcupine: Rodent: : Mildew: ? A) Fungus

B) Germ

19. Pigeon: Peace: : White Flag: ? A) Friendship

B) Victory

ANSWERS: 1. D; 2. D; 3. B; 4. B; 5. A; 6. D; 7. C; 8. D; 9. B; 10. A; 11. B; 12. D; 13. D; 14. A; 15. A; 16. D; 17. A; 18. A; 19. C www.sakshieducation.com

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ANALOGY In the previous session we have seen a few types of word relationships. In this session let us learn about a few more types of relationships. 1. Word and synonym relationship. A) Sweet: bitter

Example: Abate: Lessen

B) Ice: solid

C) Dog: bitch

D) Secret: clandestine

Just as abate and lessen have similar meanings, so secret and clandestine have similar

Example: Confidence: diffidence

A) Dastard: coward B) Field: farm

C) House: garbage

D) Baffle: clarify

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2. Word and antonym relationship.

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meanings.

Just as diffidence is the opposite of confidence, so clarify is the opposite of baffle.

A) Tailor: textile

Example: Warm: Hot

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3. Degree relationship.

B) Sun: planet

C) Horrible: heinous D) Fight: war

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Just as hot is the greater degree of warm, so war is the greater degree of fight. 4. Sequence relationship.

A

A) Spring: winter

Example: Monday: Tuesday

C) Wednesday: Thursday

B) Monday: Sunday D) Angle: sky

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Just as Tuesday follows Monday, so Thursday follows Wednesday. 5. Grammatical relationship. A) I: me

B) He: him

Example: He: his C) They: these

D) She: her

Just as he is third person nominative and his is third person possessive case so she is third person nominative case and her is third person possessive case. 6. Sex: relationship. A) Convict: prison

Example: Lion: lioness. B) Duck: drake C) Flag: nation

D) Tiger: leopard

Just as lioness is the female of lion, so drake is the female of duck.

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7. Object and creature symbol relationship. A) Fox: cunning

Example: Flag: nation

B) Soldier: war C) Wine: grapes

D) Cow: herbivorous

Just as flag stands as the symbol of a nation, so fox stands for cunningness. 8. Creature and living place relationship. A) Duck: drake

Example: Bee: hive

B) Warm: tepid C) Carcass: corpse

D) Monk: monastery

Just as a bee lives in a hive, similarly a monk lives in a monastery.

A) Goat: bleat

B) Dawn: twilight

Example: Horse: Colt C) Dog: puppy

D) Actor: stage

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9. Creature and offspring relationship

H

Just as colt is the young one of horse so puppy is the young one of dog. 10.Creature and sound relationship.

B) Liquor: intoxication

C) Serpents: hiss D) Brake: car

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A) Hare: Leveret

Example: Frogs: Croak

Just as the sound of frogs is known by the word croak, so the sound of serpents is hiss. In the previous session we have seen some examples. In this session let us stu-dy some

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more examples of other types.

Type III

A

ANSWERS: 1. D; 2. D; 3. D; 4. C; 5. D; 6. B; 7. A; 8. D; 9. C; 10. C

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In this type the relationship that exists is given in the form of a sentence and we have to fill in the blank to complete the task. 1. Cobra is related to snake in the same way as Leopard is related to …? A) Tiger

B) Lion

C) Cat

D) Zebra

2. Blood is related to circulation in the same way as Hormone is related to …? A) Egestion

B) Control

C) Co-ordination D) Digestion

3. Leaf is related to Sap in the same way as Bone is related to …? A) Fluid

B) Blood

C) Marrow

D) Calcium

4. Chlorophyll is related to Chloroplast in the same way as Vulture is related to …? A) Flesh

B) Wings

C) Air

D) Bird

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5. Circle is related to Circumference as Square is related to..? A) Area

B) Volume

C) Diagonal

D) Perimeter

6. Grain is related to Granary in the same way as Curious is related to …? A) Archives

B) Museum

C) Library

D) Zoo

7. Formula is related to Constituent in the same way as Equation is related to …? A) Number

B) Variables

C) Term

D) Constant

8. Inch is related to Centimeter in the same way as Pint is related to ..? B) Volume

C) Gallon

D) Viscosity

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A) Litre

A) Fruit

B) Biscuit

C) Food

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9. Crumb is related to Bread in the same way as Morsel is related to ….? D) Cake

A) Tyre

B) Car

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10.Earth is related to Axis in the same way as Wheel is related to ..? C) Road

D) Hub

Type IV

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ANSWERS: 1. C; 2. C; 3. C; 4. D; 5. D; 6. B; 7. C; 8. C; 9. C; 10. D

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Directions: The following questions comprise four words that have a certain relationship, followed by four words in each option. Select the lettered word pair that has the same rela-

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tionship as the original words.

A) Ear: Nose: Eyesight: Vision

B) Plus: Minus: Multiple: Division

C) Humid: Hot: tundra: Region

D) Winter: Spring: Summer: Season

1. Hinduism: Christianity: Islam: Religion

2. Orange: apple: Grape: Fruit A) Window: door: Apartment: Suite B) Job: Employer: Employment: Recruit C) Description: Analysis: Statement: Report D) Ship: Lead: Basement: Port www.sakshieducation.com

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3. Kingdom: Slavery: Freedom: Democracy A) Dictatorship: Restrain: Slavery: Liberty B) Press: Slavery: Death: Anarchy C) Bad: Wrong: Worst: Aristocracy

D) Evil: Devil: Religion: Theocracy

4. Abjure : Renounce: Alleviate: Relieve A) Abstruse: Obscure: Give: Receive

B) Allay: Noisy: Defend: Deceive

C) Appease: Soft: Apprehend: Perceive

D) Atrocity:Denounce: Aptitude: Believe

5. Tehsil: District: State: Country B)

Province: District: State: Country

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A) Block: Colony: Zone: city D) Metropolitan: Megalopolis: Town: City 6. Devoid: Vacant : : Desolate: Sad

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C) Madhya Pradesh: Maharashtra: Bombay: Victoria Terminus

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A) Flimsy: Ordinary: : Trivial : Unimportant B) Innate: Unborn : : Inherent: Individual

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C) Laudable: Lackadaisical : : Rich: Praise D) Delicate: Tough : : Coarse: Improper

7. Immature: Inappropriate : : Improper : Unfit

B)Defend: Depend : : Present : Absent

C) Opulent: Wealthy : : Aristocratic: Rich

D)Decrease:Reduce : : Increase: Enhance

A

A) Accept: Strict: : Cheerful: Gloomy

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8. Annihilate: Restore : : Retrieve : Lose A) Brutal: Soft : : Sluggish : Lethargic B) Scanty: Profuse : : Abundance: Shortage C) Resentment: Rejection : : Reverence : Praise D) Majestic: Dignified : : Imposing : Able 9. Flexible: Rigid : : Straight : Curved A) Thoughtful: Careful : : Prolong: Increase B) Feeble: Weak : : Invent : Create C) Infer: Deduce : : Encourage: Entertain D) Acquit: Charge : : Sluggish : Cheerful www.sakshieducation.com

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10. Initiate: Start : : Begin: Commence A) Indicate: Clueless : : Bold: Timid

B) Jovial: Merry : : Hearty: Vigorous

C) Competent: Potent : : Kind: Cruel

D) Hamper: Block : : Disturb: Peace

ANSWERS: 1. D; 2. C; 3. A; 4. C; 5. A; 6. A; 7. C; 8. B; 9. D; 10. B Type V In this type the relationship in the order of letters in the alphabet set needs to be carefully observed and we have to find the correct alternative from the given options. C) DHVX

A) CZEB

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2. NOPQ: PMRO:: ABCD:? B) CDEF

C) YZAB

D) CDAB

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3. CDE: ZXY:: EDC: A) XYZ B) YXZ

C) XZY

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4. AKJ: GNH: : EMD: ? A) CLB

D) CGUW

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1. PSXM: QRYL: BFTV: ? A) AESU B) CEUU

B) CLD

D) ZXY

C) AKB

D) EMF

C) GPLD

D) GBIM

5. AFHO: GBDJ: CHFM: ?

B) GBJO

A

A) GBLD

B) HIT: STU : : WXY: ZAB D) TVX: ZCD : : HJK: NSQ

7. AB: ZY : : DC : WX A) GH: TS : : JI : QR C) OD: BD : : ST: TS

B) BC: DE : : JK : LM D) VX: UW: : TR : QP

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6. BDF: HJL : : NPR: TVX A) ABC: FGI : : ILM : PQY C) ACE: GIK : : MOQ : SUW

8. CE: GK A) FG: JK

B) MQ: SW

C) OP: DE

D) TO: LM

9. ABCD: DCBA : : EFGH: HGFE A) MNPT: UKSR : : WZFI: BCDO

B) PCOD: DPCM : : IJTL: KRST

C) RSTU: VWXY : : ZABC: DGHY

D) IJKL: LKJI : : MNOP: PONM

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10. CF : IL : : OR: UX A) BD: FH : : JL: NP

B) FG: HI : : MN: QR

C) SV: RM : : VI: PA

D) PQ: TO : : ZY : BD

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A

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H

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ANSWERS: 1. D; 2. A; 3. B; 4. C; 5. B; 6. C; 7. A; 8. B; 9. D; 10. A

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GENERAL ENGLISH Sentence Arrangement Sentence arrangement, jumbled sentences and reconstruction of paragraphs all come under the same category. In the last session we have seen the different forms in which the questions may appear in different competitive examinations. In continuation of that let us see a technique which helps us to solve this section. TIME-SAVER CQE TECHNIQUE- Clue Qualifier Elimination Technique

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This technique is applicable to type one and type two and will also be helpful in type

H

three of sentence arrangement. In most cases the first and the last sentences are specified and the remaining four are to be arranged. Four answer sets are provided as the alternative choice to the candidates. Only one choice is correct which the candidates have to spot out.

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First of all, we shall find some clues in the set. On the basis of the clue we shall locate a qualifier. A qualifier is a sentence that is telling us something about another sentence. That another sentence is the qualified sentence. The qualifier will be placed by the side of the

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qualified. It is just possible that there may be two qualifiers of the same sentence. In that case we have to decide the preference based on the sequence.

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Now there are three possibilities.

Possibility (1) The qualifier may be qualifying the first sentence. In this case our answer choice will begin with the qualifier.

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Example 1: Duryodhana was a wicked prince. P.One day Bhima made Duryodhana fall from a tree from which Duryodhana was stealing fruits.

Q. He did not like Pandavas being loved by the people of Hastinapur. R. Among the Pandavas, Bhima was extraordinarily strong and powerful. S. Duryodhana specially hated Bhima. 6. This enraged Duryodhana so much that he began to think of removing Bhima from his way. Options:

A) PSQR

B) QRSP

C) QSRP

D) PSRQ

Here Q is the qualifier of sentence (1) because he is the pronoun used for Duryodhana. So our answer will begin with Q. But both choices B and C begin with Q. Therefore we have www.sakshieducation.com

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to decide by sequence and then B will be the correct answer. Possibility (2) Our qualifier may qualify any sentence other than the first and last. In this case we have to spot out the answer where the qualifier is by the side of the qualified. Example 2: Love for the country is a necessity. P. But it should in no way exceed the limits and take the shape of jingoism. Q. Similarly nationalism has to be satisfied at the altar of internationalism. R. There is no reason why the nations of the world cannot treat one another as belonging to one family of nations.

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S. Provincialism has to be sacrificed in the interest of the nation as a whole. seeds of hatred and enmity on it. Options:

A) QRSP

B) PSQR

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6.God created the globe, but man drew lines on it to demarcate countries and sow the C) RQPS

D) SPRQ

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Q is the qualifier of S because as it connects the word nationalism to provincialism. Thus our answer should show SQ together. Among the four choices only B has SQ together.

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Therefore B is the answer.

Possibility (3) The last sentence may be a qualifier in some cases. In that situation our

A

answer should end with the qualified sentence.

Example 3: Once king Shantanu met a young and beautiful fisher girl. P.He went to the fisherman and asked him for her hand in marriage.

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Q. The king was extremely sad and returned to the palace. R. He fell in love with the fisher girl. S. The fisherman agreed to it on the condition that the son of his daughter should be the heir to the throne of Hastinapur. 6.Devavrata, the king's son, asked him the reason of his sadness. Options

A) PQRS

B) RPSQ

C) QSPR

D) PSQR

Here, sentence number 6 is the qualifier of Q because sadness and sad are connected. Thus our answer will end with Q. Among the choices given only B ends with Q. Therefore B is the answer. Whenever we have more than one choice we have to depend on our sense of sequence. www.sakshieducation.com

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This technique can be illustrated with a figure. TIME-SAVER CQE TECHNIQUE  Step 1  Find clues to locate a qualifier  Step 2



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Locate a qualifier

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

Step 3 

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Eliminate alternatives with the qualifier 

Step 4

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

Read and catch the sequence if more than one alternative is present

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PRACTICE TEST 1. Why are horses the same?

P. It may be old and lame, and in time it will die.

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Q. A particular horse 'flows', naturally. R.But there is something all horses have in common. S. You probably don't think they are at all. 6. But the form of the horse is eternal and immutable. Options:

a) SRPQ

b) RPQS

c) RQSP

d) SRQP

2.The headmaster looked at the boy more closely. P. Although he must have been about eighteen years old, he wore a child's suit. Q. He noticed the strange mixt-ure of clothes that he wore. R.His shoes were too broken and old even for a beggar. S. It was amazingly short in the arms and legs and yet wide enough for his thin body. www.sakshieducation.com

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6. Besides, one of his feet had been hurt. Options:

a) SQPR

b) RQSP

c) QPSR

d) PRQS

3.So the father gave his younger son a third part of all that he had. P. Then he left his village and went to the town. Q. The son sold his share of the land and the animals. R.Soon all his money was gone. S. He wasted his money on feasting and drinking. 6. He became poor and returned to the village. a) QPSR

b) PQRS

c) SPQR

d) RPQS

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Options:

H

4.1. It was an impulsive decision. P. Buying tickets, therefore, was no problem.

Q. Four of us, all room-mates in the hostel, decided to travel by train from Gwalior to

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Delhi and witness the republic Day parade.

R.Ashok pretended sickness and prevailed upon the man nearest to the window to buy four more tickets one for him and three for his sisters.

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S. There was a large crowd in the station and a long queue in front of the ticket window. 6. The train was already on the platform and all the passengers were in a hurry to board the train. a) PSQR

b) QSRP

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Options:

c) PQRS

d) SQRP

5.1. Abraham went to the great slave market in New Orleans.

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P. From that day onwards he hated the entire slave-trade. Q. The slaves were auctioned like cattle there. R.The sight of these miserable human beings made him very sad. S. He resolved to do every-thing he could to abolish it. 6. He did not rest until he achieved his goal. Options:

a) QRPS

b) PQRS

c) SRQP

d) QPRS

6.1. He was no child prodigy. P. When soldiers marched though Munich accompanied by drums and pipes, children enthusiastically joined in. Q. Indeed, it was a very long time before Albert learned to speak. www.sakshieducation.com

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R.But when little Albert passed such a parade, he began to cry and told his parents, "When I grow up, I don't want to be one of those people". S. He was always taciturn. 6. He saw the parade as a move-ment of people compelled by drums and pipes, children enthusiastically joined in. Options:

a) QPSR

b) RQSP

c) SQPR

d) QSRP

7.1. I stopped and looked up at the building. P. I thought I must have imagined the scream.

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Q. There were no lights on at all in it. S. Everyone seemed to be asleep. 6. Help! Save me! a) QSRP

b) PQRS

c) QSPR

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Options:

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R.I heard some screams.

d) RSPQ

8.1. The flight was delayed by a few hours.

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P. The caller had given inform-ation about the planting of a time bomb in the plane. Q. The empty plane was subje-cted to a thorough search. R.The passengers were asked to vacate the plane.

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S. The delay was caused by an anonymous phone call. 6. The threat turned out to be a hoax and the plane took off a few hours behind the schedule.

a) RQPS

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Options:

b) SPRQ

c) QRPS

d) PQSR

9.1. Buddhism is a way to salvation. P. But Buddhism is more severely analytical. Q. In the Christian tradition there is also a concern for the fate of human society conceived as a whole, rather than merely as a sum or network of individuals. R.Salvation is a property, or achievement of individuals. S. Not only does it dissolve society into individuals; the individual in turn is disso-lved into component parts and instants- a stream of events. 6. In modern terminology, Buddhist doctrine is reductionist. Options:

a) RQPS

b) SPRQ

c) QRPS

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d) PQSR

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10. 1. Until the MBA arrived on the scene, the IIT graduate was king. P. A degree from one of the five IIT'S was a passport to a well-paying job, great prospects abroad and for some, a decent dowry to boot. Q.From the day they crack their joint entrance examination, the IIT student commanded the awe of neighbours and close relatives. R.IIT students had, meanw-hile, also developed their own special culture, comp-lete with lingo and attitude, which they passed down. S. True, the success stories of IIT graduates are legion and they now constitute the cre-

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am of the Indian diaspora.

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6. But not many alumni would agree that the IIT undergraduate mindset a serious psychological study let alone an interactive one. a) QPRS

b) PQRS

2) C

3) A

4) B

5) A

9) A

10) A

S

A

1) D

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KEY:

c) SRQP

d) PQSR

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Options:

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6) C

7) A

8) B

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GENERAL ENGLISH Sentence completion exercises We have seen in detail the KE method which is useful to answer the exercises on sentence completion in our previous session. By recollecting the clues that have been suggested in the last session let us practice some exercises. 1. The villagers ________ the death of their leader by keeping all the shops closed. a) Consoled

b) avenged

c) mourned

d) protested

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death of someone is 'mourn'. This is a matter of usage.

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Here the answer is (C), 'mourned' because the word in use for expressing sorrow over the

2. While on a routine flight, the aircraft was hit by a missile and ______ into flames a) Shot

b) burst

c) caught

d) blew

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Here the answer is (B), 'burst' because all other words are not in keeping with 'into' and thus they are eliminated at the first stage- structure.

a) Empowers

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3. Authority _____ when it is not supported by the moral purity of its users. b) crumbles

c) prevails

d) waits

The answer is (B), 'crumbles' because other alternatives are eliminated at Stage 2-meaning.

A

'Empower' is opposite in meaning, 'prevails' is also oppo-site in meaning and 'waits' is not in accord with the meaning. Thus the only choice left is 'crumbles'.

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4. He did not register a _________ to the proposal. a) Dissent

b) disfavor

c) divergence

d) deviation

The answer is (A), 'dissent', because other alternatives may have similar meanings, but 'dissent', is the word in use for showing agreement to an idea or a proposal. So other alternatives are eliminated at Stage 3. 5. No sooner had he entered the room ___ the light went out and everyone started talking loudly. a) But

b) than

c) if

The answer is (B). Here the rule of grammar operates. 6. When I saw him through the window _______ a)I have run out to open the door

b) I ran out to open the door www.sakshieducation.com

d) and

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c)I am running out to open the door

d) I should run out to open the door

The answer is (B). Here the rule of tense operates. 7. He congratulated me ________ my success. a) On

b) for

c) at

d) in

The answer is (A). 'On'. It is a rule of preposition. 8. I prefer drinking Tea ___ Coffee. a) Than

b) to

c) over

d) as

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The answer is (B), 'to' it is rule of preposition. 9. The school festival is always of a very high order because the students have a number of

a) Practices

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______ before any performance. b) exercise

c) rehearsals

d) repetitions

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Here the answer is (C), 'rehearsals'. Here the point to remember is common usage, for preparations done beforehand for performances in dance, drama and theatre the word in common usage is 'rehearsal'.

a) Recommended

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10. I read 'Trojan War' because it was __________ by my friend who said it was very exciting. b) exhorted

c) motivated

d) commended

A

Here the answer is (A), 'recomm-ended'. The word commonly used in such a context is 'recommended'.

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11. His German was roughly _____ with my English, so communi-cation was rather difficult. a) in accordance with

b) at par

a) Make up

b) make out

c) in time

d) in tune

Here the answer is (B), 'at par'. The correct phrase with the required meaning is 'at par'. 12. I could not _______ what he wanted to say. c) make in

d) make away

Here the correct phrase is 'make out' and thus the answer is (B). 13. A committee has been set up to ________ on the problem of unemployment in this region. a) Investigate

b) inquire

c) research

d) report

Here the answer can be either 'investigate' or 'report'. Since the connecting word is 'on', the choice will be report.

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14. We can't eat this food; it is ____. a) Rotten

b) old

c) bad

d) rancid

Here the answer is (A), 'rotten', because this word has the required nuance of meaning. 15. Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru were leaders of the same period; they were _______ a) Contemporary

b) colleague

c) associate

d) co-writers

Here the word 'contemporary' sta-nds for the expression of the same period and thus (A) is the answer.

he is the _____ b) advocate

c) arbitrator

d) barrister

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a) Judge

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16. Ramu has been nominated as the person to settle the dispute between the two warring parties;

Here the answer is (C), 'arbitrator' because this is the substitute word.

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17. He has been winning the election, but this time his popularity is on the _________ he may not win this time. a) Rise

b) wane

c) ascendance

d) increasing

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Here the answer is (B), 'wane' as an antonym is required.

18. Do not ________ him; he has done no harm to any of you. b) admire

c) discuss

d) refer

A

a) Accuse

Here the answer is (A), 'accuse', as an antonym is required. 19. I ____ him because of his ____ .

b) hate, rudeness

c) admire, hypocrisy

d) detest, generosity

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a) Love, impertinence

Here the answer is (B); in the first option one cannot love because of impoliteness, we love someone for their good quality not for a bad trait, in the same way in option C we cannot admire if one has double stand-ards and in the last option to hate someone because of generosity is not correct so the answer is B. 20. The influence of the environment on man is revealed by an ___ study. a) Anthropological

b) ecological

c) epigraphic

d) ecumenical

Here the answer is (B). It is a word used to indicate a branch of study.

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Practice test 1. The lawyer was threatened _______ dire consequences. a) From

b) by

c) with

d) of

c) cut through

d) cut out

2. Richa is not _____ for this kind of job. a) Cut in

b) cut up

3. A good teacher-student relationship helps create a _____ and peaceful atmosphere where there is no room for any ______ of educational activity. b) congenial, development

c) quiet, confusion

d) delightful, exaggeration

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a) Harmonious, interruption

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4. It is indeed ______that 65 years after independence, we have failed to ______ a suitable edu-

a) Bad, produce

b) improper, create

c) sad, evolve

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cation or examination system.

d) objectionable, present

5. The meeting was presided _______ by the President. b) upon

c) over

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a) very

d) on

6. The girl you met yesterday is in class _______. b) the five

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a) Fifth

c) the fifth

d) five

7. The data entry operator is very efficient. He is ____ to his firm. b) a blessing

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a) A credit

c) an asset

d) a boon

8. The soldiers were instructed to _______ restraint and handle the situation peacefully. a) Control

b) prevent

c) exercise d) enforce

9. If I _______ a doctor, I would _______ you free. a) Were, treat

b) am, see

c) was, examine

d) be, advice

10. Not to ______ of milk, even _______ was not there. a) Talk, bread

b) mention, rice

c) speak, water

d) discuss, tea

11. In ___ of international matters, there is always an element of risk in _____ one might do. a) View, whichever

b) many, doing

c) defence, wrong

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d) case, whatever

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12. These essays are intellectually _______ and represent various levels of complexity. a) Revealing

b) modern

c) superior

d) demanding

13. Anita is ______; she weighs all options before making a decision. a) Careless

b) bold

c) thoughtful

d) educative

14. The ______ of meat in your refrigerator doesn't necessarily indicate that you are ______. a) Presence, hungry

b) absence, vegetarian

c) taste, carnivorous

d) amount, herbivorous

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15. My Violin teacher dislikes ______ music. For this reason she only teaches ______ music. b) contemporary, classical

c) modern, popular

d) new, recent

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a) Traditional, old

16. Unlike the misleading television documentary, the biography was ____ b) interesting

c) accurate

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a) Phony

d) attractive

17. After our team ______ the game, everybody ______. b) lost, cheered

c) won, celebrated

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a) Tied, smiled

d) watched, laughed

18. Mina felt_____; the committee rejected her proposal. b) overjoyed

c) miserable

d) delighted

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a) Pleased

19. The ______ shopkeeper ______ us; we certainly won't buy anything from him again. b) greedy, overcharged

c) generous, welcomed

d) polite, thanked

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a) Sleepy, excited

a) Definite, trivial

b) different, important

c) similar, unimportant

d) analogous, petty

20. Customer satisfaction and meeting customers' needs are two ______ but ______ goals.

Answers 1) c

2) d

3) a

4) c

5) c

6) d

7) c

8) c

9) a

10) c

11) d

12) a

13) c

14) b

15) b

16) c

17) b

18) c

19) b

20) b

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GENERAL ENGLISH SENTENCE FILLERS Stem filling or sentence filler is sentence completion with a variance. In a simple sentence completion, you fill the blank with one of the words given as choices. In this format, part of a sentence is given which needs to be completed with one of the various chunks provided as alternatives. The major difference is that now we have a group of words in place of a single word. This requires an understanding of the spirit of the stem of the sentence and the filler part is to be matched with it both in terms of structure and

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meaning.

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We can find a structural clue or a semantic clue or both in the stem part and match the stem with the alternatives one after another. Only one choice will match. Let us see EXAMPLE-1

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the SFM Technique.

The doctor warns him that unless he gives up smoking __________ b) he will not suffer

K

a) Will he be able to recover

c) his health will soon be recovered

d) he will not recover

'Unless' here demands a 'not' in the filler part. Thus a) and c) are wrong. B) and d) are

A

structurally correct, but according to 'smoking' the expression 'not suffer' is wrong, but 'not recover' is right. Thus d) is the right answer.

S

EXAMPLE-2

The more we looked at the piece of modern art, ________. a) It looked better

b) the more we like it c) we liked it less d) the less we liked it e) better we liked it. In the stem part we have structural clue 'the more' and it is a past tense form. The structural demand is that the filler part also must have an expression like 'the more'. Taking this clue, we can eliminate alternatives a), c) and e). Now alternative b) has 'the more' and the alternative d) has 'the less'. These two are correct, but b) is further eliminated because the filler is in the present tense form, d) is the correct answer because it is in the past tense form. www.sakshieducation.com

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PRACTICE TEST 1. He has no money now________. a) Although he was very poor once. b) As he has given up all his wealth. c) Because he was very rich once. d) Because he had received huge donations once. e) Because he always spends money with utmost care. 2. He always stammers in public meetings, but his today's speech________. a) Was fairly audible to everyone present in the hall.

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b) Was not received satisfactorily. d) Could not be understood properly. e) Was surprisingly fluent. a) Is fond of them. b) Hates them. d) Is afraid of them.

K

c) Wants to set them free.

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3. He tames animals because________.

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c) Was not liked by the audience.

e) Seldom loves them.

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4. The value of a work of art is seldom precisely measurable in terms of_______. a) Aesthetic harmony.

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b) Goods produced, or man hours saved or an increase in the GNP. c) The abstract sense of harmony the work exudes. d) The labour invested in it. 5. The network of blood vessels connects every cell of the body, _______. a) Each of they dependent on blood. b) Each of them dependent on blood. c) One of the dependent on blood. d) Each it dependent on blood. 6. In Asian countries, stiff tariffs and other import barriers, plus undervalued currencies_______. a) Make imported goods very expensive. www.sakshieducation.com

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b) Do not encourage smuggling. c) Make the economy noncompetitive. d) Give rise to sharp economic inequalities. 7. In the third world, the most over-militarized countries tend to be _______. a) The oil rich countries. b) The ones who have traditionally had a military past. c) Neighbours scared of each other. d) The ones economically interdependent. 8. Practically, very little work could be completed in the last week as it was_____. b) A very hectic week.

c) Full of Dasara vacation.

d) Loaded with work.

H

I

a) Full of working days. e) A very busy week.

9. Although he is reputed for making very candid statements, ________.

S

a) His today's speech was not fairly audible. b) His promises had always been realistic. c) His speech was very interesting.

K

d) People follow whatever he instructs them.

e) His today's statements were very ambiguous. 10. He is so lazy that he________.

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a) Always extend help to others to complete their work. b) Dislikes to postpone the work that he undertakes to do.

S

c) Can seldom complete his work on time. d) Can't depend on others for getting his work done. e) Can't delay the schedule of completing the work. 11. Even though it is a very large house,____. a) There is a lot of space available in it for children. b) There is hardly any space available for children. c) The servants take a long time to clean it. d) The municipal taxes on it are very heavy. 12. Despite his best efforts to conceal his anger________. a) We could detect that he was very happy. b) He failed to give us an impression of his agony. www.sakshieducation.com

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c) He succeeded in camouflaging his emotions. d) He could succeed in doing it easily. e) People came to know that he was annoyed. 13. In order to raise the company's profit, the employees________. a) Demanded two additional increments. b) Decided to go on paid holidays. c) Requested the management to implement new welfare schemes. d) Offered to work overtime without any compensation. e) Decided to raise the cost of raw material.

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14. Would you please tell me________. b) When comes the next train. c) When the next train does come.

S

d) When the next train comes.

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a) When does the next train come.

15. Only after food has been dried________.

a) That is should be stored for later consumption.

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b) Should it be stored for later use.

c) It should be stored for later consumption. d) It must eat.

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16. The Ford Theatre where Lincoln was shot ________. b) Must be restoring.

c) Must have been restored.

d) Must restored.

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a) Must restore

17. Having been selected to represent the Association of Indian Managers at the International Convention, ________. a) The members applauded him. b) He gave a short acceptance speech. c) A speech had to be given by him. d) The members congratulated him. ANSWERS: 1) B,

2) E,

3) A,

4) A ,

5) B,

6) D,

7) C,

8) C,

9) E,

10) C,

11) B,

12) E,

13) D,

14) A,

15) C,

16)C,

17) B www.sakshieducation.com

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GENERAL ENGLISH WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED There are several words that may be confusing because they are similar in meaning or pronunciation but have different meanings. This is another important section on which questions will be asked in different formats. The candidates should be very careful in answering this section. Knowledge of the meaning of both the words is essential. For this a list of some words that are often confused is given below. Read them carefully and

I

practice. - agree

Except

2. Accede

- agree

Exceed

- surpass

3. Adapt

- adjust

Adopt

- take an idea

4. Advice

- opinion

Advise

- to counsel

5. Affect

- change

Effect

- result

6. Allude

- to suggest indirectly

Elude

- to dodge or escape

7. Allusion

- reference

Illusion

- false belief

8. Alter

- change

S

K

- a raised paltform

- the act of climbing up

S

9. Ascent

A

Altar

- to exclude

H

1. Accept

Assent

- consent

10. Atone

- to make amends

Attain

- to reach or achieve

11. Avert

- to anticipate and ward off

Overt

- not concealed

12. Bare

- plain

Bear

- endure

13. Beside

- next to

Besides

- also, additionally

14. Birth

- the process of being born www.sakshieducation.com

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- a bed on a train

15. Brake

- device to lock the wheels

Break

- smash

16. By law

- according to law

Bylaw

- rules adopted by an organization

17. Cannon

- very large gun

Canon

- an ecclesiastical code of laws

18. Canvas

- cloth used for painting

Canvass

- solicit votes

19. Caret

- a proof-reader's symbol

Carat

- a unit of measure of the purity of gold

Carrot

- an orange root vegetable

20.Carpus

- wrist

Corpus

- body

21. Cell

- small room

Sell

- exchange for money

22. Censor

- to prohibit free expression

Sensor

- something that interprets stimulation

Censure

- rebuke, harsh criticism

23. Chord

- a group of notes sounded together

H

S

K

- a string

- to quote or mention

S

24. Cite

A

Cord

I

Berth

Site

- a place

Sight

- view

25. Coarse

- rough

Course

- a series of lectures on one subject

26. Complement - to supplement or make complete Compliment

- to praise or congratulate

27.Corps

- an organization of people dedicated to a single goal

Corpse

- a dead body

28. Decedent

- deceased person

Dissident

- one who disagrees www.sakshieducation.com

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- one who receives a deposit

Depository

- place where something is deposited

30. Desert

- dry area of land covered with sand

Dessert

- the last part of a meal

31. Engross

- to absorb full attention

In gross

-existing independently, in a large quantity or sum

32. Forego

- to precede

Forgo

- to give up

33. Formerly

- previously

Formally

- officially

34. In jure

- according to law

Injure

- to harm

35. Lesson

- a piece of instruction

Lessen

- to reduce

36. Lose

- misplace

Loose

- not fastened

37.Lumbar

- relating to vertebrae

Lumber

- timber ready for use

38.Misogamy

- hatred of marriage

Misogyny

- hatred of women

H

S

K

- contrary

- appropriate; relevant

S

Apposite

A

39.Opposite

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29.Depositary

40.Overseas

- beyond or across the sea

Oversees

- surveys; supervises

41.Pause

- a temporary stop

Paws

- feet of animals

42.Peace

- freedom from war

Piece

- a part of a whole

43.Peak

- summit; highest level

Peek

- a brief look

44.Pendant

- something suspended as an ornament

Pendent

- supported from above www.sakshieducation.com

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- a rod

Poll

- casting of votes

46.Principal

- main

Principle

- law

47.Procede

- to surpass in rank

Proceed

- to continue

48.Quite

- wholly

Quiet

- calm

49.Rein

- to check or stop

Rain

- to pour down

Reign

- to rule

50.Stair

- a flight of steps

Stare

- look fixedly

51.Saver

- one who saves

Savour

- the taste or smell of something

52.Sever

- to separate, detach

Severe

- grim, stern

53.Side

- lateral

Sighed

- uttered a sigh

54.Summary

- quickly executed

Summery

- fit for summer

55.Team

- to yoke

Teem

- to abound

56.Troop

- a group of soldiers

H

S

K

- a group of theoretical performers - worthless

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57.Vain

A

Troupe

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45.Pole

Vein

- blood vessel

58.Vice

- a moral fault

Vise

- a tool with tight-holding jaws

59.Waist

- part of the body

Waste

- rejected material

60.Waive

- to strike off

Wave

- to motion with hand

PRACTICE TEST 1. The ________of teachers in the college will reduce the student-teacher ratio. The new ________of this book is now available in the market. (addition/ edition) www.sakshieducation.com

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2. The company was ________by the government to bring the new product to the market. Pease speak ________so that everyone can listen to your talk. (aloud/ allowed) 3. Christians use an ________in worship. I want to________the entire plan in order to complete it. (alter/ altar) 4. The Sahara is the biggest ________in Asia. The best part of the dinner was the special ________. (desert/ dessert) 5. He can easily play that ________. The dog is tied to the pole with a ________. (cord/ chord) 6. The painter has brought the________to life.

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All the candidates do not___________ successfully. (canvass/ canvas)

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7. The ________ of the car is not working.

Be careful otherwise the glass will ________. (break/ brake) 8. What I am presenting is nothing but ______________ truth. 9. It is good to use ________.

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He cannot ________ this pain. ( bare/ bear)

You should not ________ at strangers. (stare/ stairs)

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10.Every ________ of science is based on objective, observation and analysis. He is the____________actor of this drama. (principle/ principal) 11.The first ______ of this course begins with a diagnostic test.

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This medicine may _______ your blood pressure. (lessen/ lesson) 12.The devastating tsunami has ________ the lives of thousands of people.

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The ________ of tsunami can be seen in several countries of the world. (effect/ affect) 13.If you want to join in this organization ________, you need the recommendation of an existing member.

I am pleased to introduce Mr.Dhawan who was ____________ a member of this society. (formerly/ formally) 14.You have put on ________. I cannot ________ for the bus now. (wait/ weight) 15.I have ________ the peon to the post office. I have not used ________. (scent/ sent) 16.This is an appropriate _______ for the factory. You may ________ statements from the report to prove your point. (cite/ site) www.sakshieducation.com

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17.I have not ________ him for many days. This is a memorable ________. (seen/ scene) 18.The doctor will ________you in this matter. He is ready to offer his_______ to them. (advice/ advise) 19.You can save your conveyance allowance if you do not ___________ the speed of 8090 km per hour. Sujatha will ________ to the wishes of her parents. (accede/ exceed) 20.Please don't ______ me when I'm reading. 21.This is the _____ room where we eat every meal.

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The loud colour will ______ from the beauty of the house. (detract / distract)

22.Gagan is an ______ photographer.

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The sound of the dog barking was _______ in my ears. (Dining / dinning) The storm is __________. Please get to safety. (eminent / imminent)

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23.I must run this _______ before I made dinner.

Please correct your _______ behaviour. (errand / errant) 24.He is quite _______.

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We will have to put a ___________ on the property. (lean / lien) 25.He wanted to try ______ my workload.

Did you see the streak of _________? (Lightning/ lightening)

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26.He had a ______ of dust in his eye.

The castle is surrounded by a deep ____________.

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(mote / moat)

27.His ___________ code is very high. ______ is quite high among the workers. (Moral/ Morale) 28.He is a ______ for gold. She will be a _______ until she turns twenty-one. (Miner/ minor) 29.I get up early every ________. She is in _______ because her great aunt died. (Morning/ mourning) 30.Cook _____ until it is no longer pink. Can you _____ me after work? (Meat/ meet)

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GENERAL ENGLISH Jumbled sentences One of the important units of objective English test in English is sentence arrangement. This requires a sound knowledge of grammar, a command over the structure of sentences, an overall sense of composition and an ability to form a logical sequence of ideas behind sentences. In this test, one has to rearrange the parts of a sentence into a meaningful sentence or the sentences into a meaningful paragraph. In order to perform well in this section one has to read

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good books and newspapers. The questions that are given in this section have different patterns. Now it is clear from the chart that, in a sentence, there can appear a subject, a verb, an object

H

and qualifiers as well. One has to locate the qualifier and attach it to its subject. Let us look at another example:

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Lakhs of students P. on an all India basis Q. from all over India

K

R. which is held

S. appear in the examination by different organizations b) SRQP

c) QSRP

d) QSPR

A

a) PQSR

1. Lakhs of students - subject

- qualifier of the subject (Q)

3. appear in the examination

- verb(S)

S

2. from all over India

4. which is held

- qualifier of the verb (R)

5. on an all India basis

- qualifier of which is held (P)

6. by different organizations

- the last part

Thus the sequence is QSRP: S + Q + V + Q + Q + Q The correct sentence, therefore is, 'Lakhs of students from all over India appear in the examination which is held on an all India basis by different organizations'. The steps may be summarized as follows: 1.subject of the sentence 2.qualifiers of the subject, if any 3.verb www.sakshieducation.com

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4.qualifiers of the verb, if any 5.object and 6.qualifiers of the object, if any. This may be described as the Subject - Verb - Object + Qualifiers Location Technique. 2. Many sentences with the first and the last ones given In the passage below the first and the last sentences are numbered 1 and 6. The rest four sentences are numbered as PQRS and they are not in correct sequence. Rearrange them. 1. There was once a hard working and poor, but well contended farm worker.

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P. The farm worker buried the silver coins, under the ground. Q. He used to work all day in his farm and enjoy the gifts of nature.

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R. The village Sarpanch gave him a bag containing some silver coins to keep. S.His rich Sarpanch took pity upon the farm-worker.

a) SQPR

b) QSPR

Method

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2. From that day the poor farm-worker's happiness vanished. c) RQPS

d) QSRP

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Idea to sentence stepping (ITSS). A paragraph consists of sentences which are connected to one another logically and semantically. Thus, first of all, read every sentence carefully, discern

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the meaning of the passage, then form a sequence at the level of idea. Then arrange the sentences accordingly. On the basis of one's general knowledge, sense of language and ability to correlate ideas and structures clues can be found out.

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In the above example, we can find many clues. The first sentence is given. It is about a farm worker. Now look at the alternatives. The second sentence must follow the first at the level of meaning and also at the level of structure. P. begins with the

Q. begins with He R. begins with the S. begins with His Now it is only the pronoun that can be used after the first sentence and thus the second sentence should be Q. To find the sequence of sentences that follows we have a clue in the last sentence. To see what made the farm-worker's happiness vanish we have to start with the sentence S as the second sentence. This is followed by R and than P. Thus the correct sequence www.sakshieducation.com

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is QSRP and the answer is option D. 3. Several sentences without any definite beginning or end. Rearrange the given six sentences, A, B, C, D, E and F, in the proper sequence so as to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the questions given below. A.Miss Sullivan arrived at the Keller home when Helen was seven. B.The deaf and blind Helen learned to communicate verbally. C.But, eventually, Miss Sullivan's effort was rewarded. D.Before Helen Keller was two years old, she lost her sight and her hearing.

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E. Miss Sullivan worked closely with Helen, her new student.

1. Which sentence should come last? 2. Which sentence should come first?

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3. Which sentence should come second?

H

F. At, times the teacher became frustrated.

4. Which sentence should come third?

5. Which sentence should come fourth?

K

6. Which sentence should come fifth?

The same method of arranging the paragraph first at the level of idea and then at the level

A

of sentences should be followed. Since the first and last sentences are not given, the first step is to locate the first sentence.

First, find some clues. For instance, in this paragraph, we may find a clue in the reference

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to time. The paragraph is about Helen and Miss Sullivan. The first thing that happened in relation to time was the fact that Helen lost sight before she was two years old. Miss Sullivan arrived when Helen was seven years old. The other incidents took place later. Thus, it is logical that the first sentence should be D - the sentence telling us that Helen lost her sight before she was two years old. After that we can arrange other sentences according to the time sequence. The sequence is D A E F C B. All questions may be answered now. 1) B,

2) D,

3) A,

4) E,

5) F,

6) C

Practice test The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a letter. Choose the most logical sequence from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph. www.sakshieducation.com

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1. A) To much of the labour movement, it symbolizes the brutality of the upper classes. B) And to everybody watching, the current mess over fox hunting symbolizes the government's weakness. C) To fox hunting's supporters, Labour's 1991 manifesto commitment to ban it symbolizes the party's metropolitan roots and hostility to the countryside. D) Small issues sometimes have large symbolic power. E) To those who enjoy thunde-ring across the countryside in red coats after foxes, fox hunting symbolizes the ancient roots of rural lives. 2) ECDBA

3) CEADB

2. A) Once the police managed to capture him.

H

B) He robbed rich people again.

4) DBAEC

I

1) DEACB

C) He was sent to prison for 10 years, but he managed to escape.

S

D) He helped the poor and the needy from the money so obtained. E) The court which tried him found him to be guilty. F) There was a dacoit who used to rob rich people. 2) FECDBA

3) CEADFB

4) FDAECB

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1) DBFAEC

3. A) Passivity is not, of course universal.

A

B) In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all men go armed, the attitude of the peasantry may well be different. C) So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.

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D) However, for the most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to be normally passive or active, but when to pass from one state to another.

E) This depends on an assessment of the political situation. 1) BEDAC

2) CDABE

ANSWERS: 1) 1,

2) 4,

3) EDBAC 3) 3

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4) ABCDE

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GENERAL ENGLISH Vocabulary An antonym is a word which has the opposite meaning of the given word. Let us see some tips to crack this part. 1. Note that the given word and the answer must belong to the same parts of speech. Pragmatic:

a) Angry

b) quixotic

c) colourful

d) pungent

The word Pragmatic is an adje-ctive. Out of the given options the word which is opposite in

I

meaning and belonging to the same parts of speech is quixotic. The correct answer is b. 2. The given word and the answer must belong to the same tense form. a) Ignored

b) created

c) apprehend

H

Perceived:

d) conceive

Here the alternatives apprehend and conceive are in the present tense and thus they can be

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rejected. Ignored gives an opposite meaning and it is also in the past tense as the word Perceived is. Thus, the correct answer is a.

3. Make sure that the given word and the answer are in the same voice. a) Reduction

b) something which is being expanded

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Contraction:

c) increase

d) expansive

A

The word Contraction is a noun in active voice. The alternative reduction is similar. The option b is in passive voice. Thus all the three alternatives are incorrect. The word increase is a noun and is in active voice. The correct answer is c.

S

4. A favourite trick as we have seen with the synonyms is in the alternatives given a synonym may be given to confuse the candidates. Venerate:

a) Respect

b) condemn

c) inculcate

d) initiate

The alternative 'a' respect is a synonym. One needs to be alert in such cases. The correct option here is b. Format 1 Select from the four alternatives, the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word given in capital letters: 1.ABSTAIN a) Refuse

b) oppose

c) permit

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d) run away

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2.CANDID a) Useless

b) misleading

c) worthless

d) legal

b) baseless

c) unexplained

d) definite

3.IMPLICIT a) Satire Answers: 1) c

2) b

3) d

Explanation 1. 'Abstain' means to withhold oneself from an action or self-indulgence, whereas 'permit' refers to the act of not preventing, which is opposite in meaning.

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2. 'Candid' refers to revealing or expressing one's true thoughts or feelings, whereas 'misleading'

H

means something that is apt to give a false or mistaken impression.

3. 'Implicit' refers to something that is not revealed in words but can be inferred from the

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evidence, whereas 'definite' refers to expressions unclouded by any ambiguity. Format II

In each of the following questions there are four pairs of words marked a-d. Each pair except

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one, consist of two words that are opposite in meaning to each other. Select the odd pair. 1. a) frantic/imperturbable

d) mediocre/distinctive

A

c) brittle/frail

b) fragile/flexible

2. a) turbulent/tranquil

b) deplete/revitalise

c) terse/lengthy

d) stigma/taint

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3. a) persist/collapse

c) perimeter/centre Answers:

1) c

2) d

b) persistent/occasional d) forswear/disclaim 3) d

Practice Test Choose the word which is nearly opposite in meaning to the given word. 1. Obey a) Attract

b) disobey

c) repel

d) diffuse

b) magnification

c) intensify

d) aggravation

2. Alleviation a) Lessening

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3. Transparent a) Translucent

b) vague

c) blind

d) opaque

b) vulgar

c) miserly

d) insincere

b) eccentric

c) naïve

d) crazy

b) vacuous

c) ambivalent

d) primitive

4. Virtuous a) Vicious 5. Cynical a) Mature 6. Malevolent

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a) Kindly

a) Ignorant

H

7. Erudite b) unknown

c) illiterate

a) Healthy

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8. Morose b) gloomy

c) haggard

d) cheerful

b) willingness

c) fondness

d) liking

b) cultured

c) cowardly

d) accommodating

b) random

c) aimless

d) indiscriminate

b) contradictory

c) paranoid

d) overriding

b) constant

c) disinterested

d) proud

b) detached

c) obedient

d) vigorous

b) occasional

c) pale

d) shabby

a) Young 11. Desultory

A

10. Churlish

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9. Antipathy a) Indifference

S

a) Methodical

d) unfamiliar

12. Parochial

a) Broad-minded 13. Fickle a) Belligerent 14. Disgruntled a) Contended 15. Vibrant

a) Feel aggrieved at

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16. Forbidding a) Declaring

b) forcing

c) exposing

d) inviting

b) petition

c) praise

d) scold

b) ridiculous

c) rampant

d) sparse

b) outdated

c) preliminary

d) universal

17. Reprimand a) Bequeath 18. Lush a) Cramped

a) Definite

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19. Tentative

a) Abnormal

H

20. Passionate b) apathetic

c) oppressive

d) superficial

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Each of the following items consists of a word in capital letters, followed by four words or group of words. Select the word or group of words that is most similar in meaning to the word in capital letters.

a) Lament

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21. BEMOAN b) Pacify

d) Imagine

b) Slow and steady

c) Grand

d) Precious

b) Graceful

c) Fluent

d) Productive

b) Delicate

c) Foolish

d) Immature

b) Depressing

c) Ramshackle

d) Sluggish

b) Injustice

c) Ruling

d) Reproach

b) Put into Practice

c) Interfere

d) Transmit

A

22. PROSAIC

c) Request

a) Dull and ordinary 23 ELOQUENT

S

a) Ambiguous 24. FRAIL

a) Astute

25. DERELICT a) Derogatory 26. INJUNCTION a) Embargo 27. IMPLORE a) Entreat

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28. GROTESQUE a) Boring

b) Gripping

c) Monstrous

d) Obnoxious

b) Relevant

c) Remarkable

d) Sensible

b) Diminish

c) Roll on

d) Spiral

b) Polite

c) Serious

d) Wrong

29. PERTINENT a) Dependable 30. ESCALATE a) Rise

a) Disrespectful

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31. FLIPPANT

a) Cleanliness

b) Cleverness

a) Qualities

b) Faults

d) Vices

c) Unshaken

d) Successive

b) Obscure

c) A warning

d) Cautionary

b) Mercy

c) Stiffness

d) Seriousness

b) Lovable

c) Abusive

d) Undisciplined

b) Frown

c) Pimple

d) Smile

b) Implicate

c) Exempt

d) Entangle

b) Pardon

c) Summon

d) Indict

A

a) Elaborate

b) Ceaseless

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35. CRYPTIC

d) Reluctance

c) Bruises

34. INCESSANT a) Uncertain

c) Eagerness

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33. BLEMISHES

H

32. ALACRITY

36. CLEMENCY

S

a) Harshness

37. ABOMINABLE a) Disgusting 38. SCOWL a) Scar 39. EXONERATE a) Absolve 40. ARRAIGN a) Punish

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41. SKIRMISH a) Fight

b) Contact

c) Enmity

d) Relations

b) Tactless

c) Rich

d) Polished

b) Unyielding

c) Effective

d) Methodical

b) Outdoor

c) Spacious

d) Luxurious

42. GAUCHE a) Vain 43. ABORTIVE a) Futile

a) Healthy

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44. SALUBRIOUS

b) Aggressive

Key 2) d

3) d

9) c

10) b

11) a

17) c

18) d

25) c

26) a

33) b

34) b

5) a

6) a

7) a

8) d

12) a

13) b

14) a

15) c

16) d

19) a

20) b

21) a

22) a

23) c

24) b

27) a

28) c

29) b

30) a

31) a

32) c

35) b

36) b

37) a

38) b

39) a

40) d

44) a

45) c

A

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41) a

42) b

d) Obedient

4) a

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1) b

c) Quarrelsome

S

a) Talkative

H

45. CANTANKEROUS

43) a

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