Evidencia Y Realidad En Descartes - Polo, Leonardo

Queda prohibida, salvo excepción prevista en la ley, cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación, total o parcial, de esta obra sin contar con autorización escrita de los titulares del Copyright. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (Artículos 270 y ss. del Código Penal).

EVIDENCIA Y REALIDAD EN DESCARTES

COLECCIÓN FILOSÓFICA NÚM. 1 FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Y LETRAS UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA

Consejo Editorial Director: Prof. Dr. Ángel Luis González Vocal: Prof. Dra. María Jesús Soto Secretario: Prof. Dra. Lourdes Flamarique

Primera edición: Ediciones Rialp, S.A. (1963) Segunda edición: Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A. (1996) Tercera edición: Agosto 2007 © © © © ©

2007. Leonardo Polo Ediciones Universidad de Navarra, S.A. (EUNSA) Plaza de los Sauces, 1 y 2. 31010 Barañáin (Navarra) - España Teléfono: +34 948 25 68 50 - Fax: +34 948 25 68 54 e-mail: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-84-313-2487-2 Depósito legal: NA 2.132-2007 Composicón: Adolfo Castaño de León

Imprime: Gráficas Alzate, S.L. Pol. Comarca 2. Galar (Navarra) Printed in Spain - Impreso en España

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LEONARDO POLO

EVIDENCIA Y REALIDAD EN DESCARTES Tercera edición revisada

EDICIONES UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA, S.A. PAMPLONA

PREMIO MENÉNDEZ PELAYO DEL

CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS [1963]





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COLECCIÓN FILOSÓFICA 1. LEONARDO POLO: Evidencia y realidad en Descartes (3.ª ed.). 2. KLAUS M. BECKER: Zur Aporie der geschichtlichen Wahrheit (agotado). 3. JOAQUÍN FERRER ARELLANO: Filosofía de las relaciones jurídicas (La relación en sí misma, las relaciones sociales, las relaciones de Derecho) (agotado). 4. FREDERIK D. WILHELMSEN: El problema de la trascendencia en la metafísica actual (agotado). 5. LEONARDO POLO: El Acceso al ser (agotado). 6. JOSÉ MIGUEL PERO-SANZ ELORZ: El conocimiento por connaturalidad (La afectividad en la gnoseología tomista) (agotado). 7. LEONARDO POLO: El ser (Tomo I: La existencia extramental) (2.ª ed.). 8. WOLFGANG STROBL: La realidad científica y su crítica filosófica (agotado). 9. JUAN CRUZ: Filosofía de la Estructura (2.ª ed.) (agotado). 10. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: Doctrina de Santo Tomás sobre la verdad (agotado). 11. HEINRICH BECK: El ser como acto. 12. JAMES G. COLBERT, JR.: La evolución de la lógica simbólica y sus implicaciones filosóficas (agotado). 13. FRITZ JOACHIM VON RINTELEN: Values in European Thought (agotado). 14. ANTONIO LIVI: Etienne Gilson: Filosofía cristiana e idea del límite crítico (prólogo de Etienne Gilson) (agotado). 15. AGUSTÍN RIERA MATUTE: La articulación del conocimiento sensible (agotado). 16. JORGE YARCE: La comunicación personal (Análisis de una teoría existencial de la intersubjetividad) (agotado). 17. J. LUIS FERNÁNDEZ RODRÍGUEZ: El ente de razón en Francisco de Araujo (agotado). 18. ALEJANDRO LLANO CIFUENTES: Fenómeno y trascendencia en Kant (2.ª ed.). 19. EMILIO DÍAZ ESTÉVEZ: El teorema de Gödel (Exposición y crítica) (agotado). 20. AUTORES VARIOS: «Veritas et sapientia». En el VII centenario de Santo Tomás de Aquino. 21. IGNACIO FALGUERAS SALINAS: La «res cogitans» en Espinosa (agotado). 22. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: El conocimiento de Dios en Descartes (agotado). 23. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: Estudios de metafísica tomista (agotado). 24. WOLFGANG RÖD: La filosofía dialéctica moderna (agotado). 25. JUAN JOSÉ SANGUINETI: La filosofía de la ciencia según Santo Tomás (agotado). 26. FANNIE A. SIMONPIETRI MONEFELDT: Lo individual y sus relaciones internas en Alfred North Whitehead. 27. JACINTO CHOZA: Conciencia y afectividad (Aristóteles, Nietzsche, Freud) (2.ª ed.). 28. CORNELIO FABRO: Percepción y pensamiento. 29. ETIENNE GILSON: El tomismo (4.ª ed.). 30. RAFAEL ALVIRA: La noción de finalidad (agotado). 31. ÁNGEL LUIS GONZÁLEZ: Ser y Participación (Estudio sobre la cuarta vía de Tomás de Aquino) (3.ª ed.). 32. ETIENNE GILSON: El ser y los filósofos (5.ª ed.). 33. RAÚL ECHAURI: El pensamiento de Etienne Gilson (agotado). 34. LUIS CLAVELL: El nombre propio de Dios, según Santo Tomás de Aquino (agotado). 35. C. FABRO, F. OCÁRIZ, C. VANSTEENKISTE, A. LIVI: Tomás de Aquino, también hoy (2.ª ed.).

36. MARÍA JOSÉ PINTO CANTISTA: Sentido y ser en Merleau-Ponty (agotado). 37. JUAN CRUZ CRUZ: Hombre e historia en Vico. (La barbarie de la reflexión. Idea de la historia en Vico. Editado en la Colección NT) (agotado). 38. TOMÁS MELENDO: Ontología de los opuestos (agotado). 39. JUAN CRUZ CRUZ: Intelecto y razón. Las coordenadas del pensamiento clásico (agotado). 40. JORGE VICENTE ARREGUI: Acción y sentido en Wittgenstein (agotado). 41. LEONARDO POLO: Curso de teoría del conocimiento (Tomo I) (3.ª ed.). 42. ALEJANDRO LLANO: Metafísica y lenguaje (2.ª ed.). 43. JAIME NUBIOLA: El compromiso esencialista de la lógica modal. Estudio de Quine y Kripke (2.ª ed.). 44. TOMÁS ALVIRA: Naturaleza y libertad (Estudio de los conceptos tomistas de voluntas ut natura y voluntas ut ratio) (agotado). 45. LEONARDO POLO: Curso de teoría del conocimiento (Tomo II) (4.ª ed.). 46. DANIEL INNERARITY: Praxis e intersubjetividad (La teoría crítica de Jürgen Habermas) (agotado). 47. RICHARD C. JEFFREY: Lógica formal: Su alcance y sus límites (2.ª ed.). 48. JUAN CRUZ CRUZ: Existencia y nihilismo. Introducción a la filosofía de Jacobi (agotado). 49. ALFREDO CRUZ PRADOS: La sociedad como artificio. El pensamiento político de Hobbes (2.ª ed.). 50. JESÚS DE GARAY: Los sentidos de la forma en Aristóteles. 51. ALICE RAMOS: «Signum»: De la semiótica universal a la metafísica del signo. 52. LEONARDO POLO: Curso de teoría del conocimiento (Tomo III).(3.ª ed.). 53. MARÍA JESÚS SOTO BRUNA: Individuo y unidad. La substancia individual según Leibniz. 54. RAFAEL ALVIRA: Reivindicación de la voluntad. 55. JOSÉ MARÍA ORTIZ IBARZ: El origen radical de las cosas. Metafísica leibniciana de la creación. 56. LUIS FERNANDO MÚGICA: Tradición y revolución. Filosofía y sociedad en el pensamiento de Louis de Bonald. 57. VÍCTOR SANZ: La teoría de la posibilidad en Francisco Suárez. 58. MARIANO ARTIGAS: Filosofía de la ciencia experimental (3.ª ed.). 59. ALFONSO GARCÍA MARQUÉS: Necesidad y substancia (Averroes y su proyección en Tomás de Aquino). 60. MARÍA ELTON BULNES: Amor y reflexión. La teoría del amor puro de Fénelon en el contexto del pensamiento moderno. 61. MIQUEL BASTONS: Conocimiento y libertad. La teoría kantiana de la acción. 62. LEONOR GÓMEZ CABRANES: El poder y lo posible. Sus sentidos en Aristóteles. 63. AMALIA QUEVEDO: «Ens per accidens». Contingencia y determinación en Aristóteles. 64. ALEJANDRO NAVAS: La teoría sociológica de Niklas Luhmann. 65. MARÍA ANTONIA LABRADA: Belleza y racionalidad: Kant y Hegel (2.ª ed.). 66. ALICIA GARCÍA-NAVARRO: Psicología del razonamiento. 67. PATRIZIA BONAGURA: Exterioridad e interioridad: La tensión filosófico-educativa de algunas páginas platónicas. 68. LOURDES FLAMARIQUE: Necesidad y conocimiento. Fundamentos de la teoría crítica de I. Kant. 69. BEATRIZ CIPRIANI THORNE: Acción social y mundo de la vida. Estudio de Schütz y Weber.

70. CARMEN SEGURA: La dimensión reflexiva de la verdad. Una interpretación de Tomás de Aquino. 71. MARÍA GARCÍA AMILBURU: La existencia en Kierkegaard. 72. ALEJO G. SISON: La virtud: síntesis de tiempo y eternidad. La ética en la escuela de Atenas. 73. JOSÉ MARÍA AGUILAR LÓPEZ: Trascendencia y alteridad. Estudio sobre E. Lévinas. 74. CONCEPCIÓN NAVAL DURÁN: Educación, retórica y poética. Tratado de la educación en Aristóteles. 75. FERNANDO HAYA SEGOVIA: Tomás de Aquino ante la crítica. La articulación trascendental de conocimiento y ser. 76. MARIANO ARTIGAS: La inteligibilidad de la naturaleza (2.ª ed.). 77. JOSÉ MIGUEL ODERO: La fe en Kant. 78. MARÍA DEL CARMEN DOLBY MÚGICA: El hombre es imagen de Dios. Visión antropológica de San Agustín. 79. RICARDO YEPES STORK: La doctrina del acto en Aristóteles. 80. PABLO GARCÍA RUIZ: Poder y sociedad. La sociología política en Talcott Parsons. 81. HIGINIO MARÍN PEDREÑO: La antropología aristotélica como filosofía de la cultura. 82. MANUEL FONTÁN DEL JUNCO: El significado de lo estético. La «Crítica del Juicio» y la filosofía de Kant. 83. JOSÉ ÁNGEL GARCÍA CUADRADO: Hacia una semántica realista. La filosofía del lenguaje de San Vicente Ferrer. 84. MARÍA PÍA CHIRINOS: Intencionalidad y verdad en el juicio. Una propuesta de Brentano. 85. IGNACIO MIRALBELL: El dinamicismo voluntarista de Duns Escoto. Una transformación del aristotelismo. 86. LEONARDO POLO: Curso de teoría del conocimiento (Tomo IV/Primera parte). 87. PATRICIA MOYA CAÑAS: El principio del conocimiento en Tomás de Aquino. 88. MARIANO ARTIGAS: El desafío de la racionalidad (2.ª ed.). 89. NICOLÁS DE CUSA: La visión de Dios (5.ª ed.). Traducción e introducción de Ángel Luis González. 90. JAVIER VILLANUEVA: Noología y reología: una relectura de Xavier Zubiri. 91. LEONARDO POLO: Introducción a la Filosofía (3.ª ed.). 92. JUAN FERNANDO SELLÉS DAUDER: Conocer y amar. Estudio de los objetos y operaciones del entendimiento y de la voluntad según Tomás de Aquino (2.ª ed.). 93. MARINA MARTÍNEZ: El pensamiento político de Samuel Taylor Coleridge. 94. MIGUEL PÉREZ DE LABORDA: La razón frente al insensato. Dialéctica y fe en el argumento del Proslogion de San Anselmo. 95. CONCEPCIÓN NAVAL DURÁN: Educar ciudadanos. La polémica liberal-comunitarista en educación (2.ª ed.). 96. CARMEN INNERARITY GRAU: Teoría kantiana de la acción. La fundamentación trascendental de la moralidad. 97. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: Lecciones de metafísica tomista. Ontología. Nociones comunes. 98. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: El conocimiento filosófico de Dios. 99. JUAN CRUZ CRUZ (editor): Metafísica de la familia. 100. MARÍA JESÚS SOTO BRUNA: La recomposición del espejo. Análisis históricofilosófico de la idea de expresión.

101. JOSEP CORCÓ JUVIÑÁ: Novedades en el universo. La cosmovisión emergentista de Karl R. Popper. 102. JORGE MARIO POSADA: La física de causas en Leonardo Polo. La congruencia de la física filosófica y su distinción y compatibilidad con la física matemática. 103. ENRIQUE R. MOROS CLARAMUNT: Modalidad y esencia. La metafísica de Alvin Plantinga. 104. FRANCISCO CONESA: Dios y el mal. La defensa del teísmo frente al problema del mal según Alvin Plantinga. 105. ANA MARTA GONZÁLEZ: Naturaleza y dignidad. Un estudio desde Robert Spaemann. 106. MARÍA JOSÉ FRANQUET: Persona, acción y libertad. Las claves de la antropología en Karol Wojtyla. 107. FRANCISCO JAVIER PÉREZ GUERRERO: La creación como asimilación a Dios. Un estudio desde Tomás de Aquino. 108. SERGIO SÁNCHEZ-MIGALLÓN GRANADOS: La ética de Franz Brentano. 109. LEONARDO POLO: Curso de teoría del conocimiento (Tomo IV/Segunda parte). 110. CONCEPCIÓN NAVAL DURÁN: Educación como praxis. Elementos filosóficoeducativos. 111. M.ª ELVIRA MARTÍNEZ ACUÑA: La articulación de los principios en el sistema crítico kantiano. Concordancia y finalidad. 112. LEONARDO POLO: Sobre la existencia cristiana. 113. LEONARDO POLO: La persona humana y su crecimiento (2.ª ed.). 114. YOLANDA ESPIÑA: La razón musical en Hegel. 115. ÁNGEL LUIS GONZÁLEZ (editor): Las demostraciones de la existencia de Dios según Leibniz (2.ª ed.). 116. JAVIER ARANGUREN ECHEVARRÍA: El lugar del hombre en el universo. «Anima forma corporis» en el pensamiento de Santo Tomás de Aquino. 117. FERNANDO HAYA SEGOVIA: El ser personal. De Tomás de Aquino a la metafísica del don. 118. MÓNICA CODINA: El sigilo de la memoria. Tradición y nihilismo en la narrativa de Dostoyevski. 119. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: Lecciones de metafísica tomista. Gnoseología. Principios gnoseológicos básicos. 120. MONTSERRAT HERRERO LÓPEZ: El nomos y lo político: la filosofía política de Carl Schmitt (2.ª ed.). 121. LEONARDO POLO: Nominalismo, idealismo y realismo (2.ª ed.). 122. MIGUEL ALEJANDRO GARCÍA JARAMILLO: La cogitativa en Tomás de Aquino y sus fuentes. 123. CRISTÓBAL ORREGO SÁNCHEZ: H.L.A. Hart. Abogado del positivismo jurídico. 124. CARLOS CARDONA: Olvido y memoria del ser. 125. CARLOS AUGUSTO CASANOVA GUERRA: Verdad escatológica y acción intramundana. La teoría política de Eric Voegelin. 126. CARLOS RODRÍGUEZ LLUESMA: Los modales de la pasión. Adam Smith y la sociedad comercial. 127. ÁLVARO PEZOA BISSIÈRES: Política y economía en el pensamiento de John Locke. 128. TOMÁS DE AQUINO: Cuestiones disputadas sobre el mal. Presentación, traducción y notas por David Ezequiel Téllez Maqueo. 129. BEATRIZ SIERRA Y ARIZMENDIARRIETA: Dos formas de libertad en J.J. Rousseau.

130. ENRIQUE R. MOROS: El argumento ontológico modal de Alvin Plantinga. 131. JUAN A. GARCÍA GONZÁLEZ: Teoría del conocimiento humano. 132. JOSÉ IGNACIO MURILLO: Operación, hábito y reflexión. El conocimiento como clave antropológica en Tomás de Aquino. 133. ANA MARTA GONZÁLEZ: Moral, razón y naturaleza. Una investigación sobre Tomás de Aquino (2.ª ed.). 134. PABLO BLANCO SARTO: Hacer arte, interpretar el arte. Estética y hermenéutica en Luigi Pareyson (1914-1991). 135. MARÍA CEREZO: Lenguaje y lógica en el Tractatus de Wittgenstein. Crítica interna y problemas de interpretación. 136. MARIANO ARTIGAS: Lógica y ética en Karl Popper. (Se incluyen unos comentarios inéditos de Popper sobre Bartley y el racionalismo crítico) (2.ª ed.). 137. JOAQUÍN FERRER ARELLANO: Metafísica de la relación y de la alteridad. Persona y Relación. 138. MARÍA ANTONIA LABRADA: Estética. 139. RICARDO YEPES STORK Y JAVIER ARANGUREN ECHEVARRÍA: Fundamentos de Antropología. Un ideal de la excelencia humana (5.ª ed.). 140. IGNACIO FALGUERAS SALINAS: Hombre y destino. 141. LEONARDO POLO: Antropología trascendental. Tomo I. La persona humana (2.ª ed.). 142. JAIME ARAOS SAN MARTÍN: La filosofía aristotélica del lenguaje. 143. MARIANO ARTIGAS: La mente del universo (2.ª ed.). 144. RAFAEL ALVIRA, NICOLÁS GRIMALDI Y MONTSERRAT HERRERO (editores): Sociedad civil. La democracia y su destino (2.ª ed.). 145. MODESTO SANTOS: En defensa de la razón. Estudios de ética (2.ª ed.). 146. LOURDES FLAMARIQUE: Schleiermacher. La Filosofía frente al enigma del hombre. 147. LEONARDO POLO: Hegel y el posthegelianismo (3.ª ed.). 148. M.ª ALEJANDRA CARRASCO BARRAZA: Consecuencialismo. Por qué no. 149. LÍDIA FIGUEIREDO: La filosofía narrativa de Alasdair MacIntyre. 150. TOMÁS MELENDO: Dignidad humana y bioética. 151. JOSEP IGNASI SARANYANA: Historia de la Filosofía Medieval (3.ª ed.) (agotado). 152. ALFREDO CRUZ PRADOS: Ethos y Polis. Bases para una reconstrucción de la filosofía política (2.ª ed.). 153. CLAUDIA RUIZ ARRIOLA: Tradición, Universidad y Virtud. Filosofía de la educación superior en Alasdair MacIntyre. 154. FRANCISCO ALTAREJOS MASOTA Y CONCEPCIÓN NAVAL DURÁN: Filosofía de la Educación (2.ª ed./1.ª reimpr.). 155. ROBERT SPAEMANN: Personas. Acerca de la distinción entre «algo» y «alguien». 156. M.ª SOCORRO FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA: La Omnipotencia del Absoluto en Leibniz (2.ª ed.). 157. IGNACIO FALGUERAS SALINAS: De la razón a la fe por la senda de Agustín de Hipona. 158. JAVIER ARANGUREN ECHEVARRÍA: Resistir en el bien. Razones de la virtud de la fortaleza en Santo Tomás de Aquino. 159. SANTIAGO COLLADO: Noción de hábito en la teoría del conocimiento de Polo. 160. LUIS M. CRUZ: Derecho y expectativa. Una interpretación de la teoría jurídica de Jeremy Bentham. 161. HÉCTOR ESQUER GALLARDO: El límite del pensamiento. La propuesta metódica de Leonardo Polo.

162. ENCARNA LLAMAS: Charles Taylor: una antropología de la identidad. 163. IGNACIO YARZA: La racionalidad de la ética de Aristóteles. Un estudio sobre Ética a Nicómaco I. 164. JULIA URABAYEN PÉREZ: El pensamiento antropológico de Gabriel Marcel: un canto al ser humano. 165. CARLOS GUSTAVO PARDO: La formación intelectual de Thomas S. Kuhn. Una aproximación biográfica a la teoría del desarrollo científico. 166. SALVADOR PIÁ TARAZONA: El hombre como ser dual. Estudio de las dualidades radicales según la Antropología trascendental de Leonardo Polo. 167. FERNANDO INCIARTE: Liberalismo y republicanismo. Ensayos de filosofía política. 168. F. JAVIER VIDAL LÓPEZ: Significado, comprensión y realismo. 169. MARÍA DE LAS MERCEDES ROVIRA REICH: Ortega desde el humanismo clásico. 170. JUAN ANDRÉS MERCADO: El sentimiento como racionalidad: La filosofía de la creencia en David Hume. 171. RAQUEL LÁZARO CANTERO: La sociedad comercial en Adam Smith. Método, moral, religión. 172. CRUZ GONZÁLEZ AYESTA: Hombre y verdad. Gnoseología y antropología del conocimiento en las Q. D. De Trinitate. 173. JAIME ANDRÉS WILLIAMS: El argumento de la apuesta de Blaise Pascal. 174. LUIS XAVIER LÓPEZ FARJEAT: Teorías aristotélicas del discurso. 175. MIKEL GOTZON SANTAMARÍA GARAI: Acción, persona, libertad. Max Scheler – Tomás de Aquino. 176. JOSÉ TOMÁS ALVARADO MARAMBIO: Hilary Putnam: el argumento de teoría de modelos contra el realismo. 177. MIGUEL GARCÍA-VALDECASAS: El sujeto en Tomás de Aquino. La perspectiva clásica sobre un problema moderno. 178. FRANCISCO XAVIER MIRANDA: La interpretación filosófica del cálculo infinitesimal en el sistema de Hegel. 179. LEONARDO POLO: Antropología trascendental. Tomo II. La esencia de la persona humana. 180. JUAN CRUZ CRUZ: Fichte. La subjetividad como manifestación del absoluto. 181. FERNANDO INCIARTE: Tiempo, sustancia, lenguaje. Ensayos de metafísica. Edición de Lourdes Flamarique. 182. LEONARDO POLO: Curso de teoría del conocimiento (Tomo IV) (2.ª ed.). 183. JUAN FERNANDO SELLÉS (ED.): Propuestas antropológicas del siglo XX (I) (2.ª ed.). 184. VÍCTOR SANZ SANTACRUZ: De Descartes a Kant. Historia de la Filosofía Moderna (3.ª ed.). 185. JULIA URABAYEN: Las raíces del humanismo de Levinas: el judaísmo y la fenomenología. 186. SANTIAGO ARGÜELLO: Posibilidad y principio de plenitud en Tomás de Aquino. 187. LEONARDO POLO: Nietzsche como pensador de dualidades. 188. PATRICIA SAPORITI: Pascal y Kant. Pensar lo incognoscible. 189. JOSÉ MARÍA TORRALBA: Acción intencional y razonamiento práctico según G.E.M. Anscombe. 190. CRUZ GONZÁLEZ-AYESTA: La verdad como bien según Tomás de Aquino. 191. JUAN CRUZ CRUZ: Creación, signo y verdad. Metafísica de la relación en Tomás de Aquino. 192. ALEJANDRO NÉSTOR GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ: El proceso de la civilización en la sociología de Norbert Elias.

193. ALEJANDRO G. VIGO: Estudios aristotélicos. 194. ÓSCAR JIMÉNEZ TORRES: Elementos de las ciencias demostrativas en Aristóteles. 195. JESÚS GARCÍA LÓPEZ: Escritos de antropología filosófica. 196. CLAUDIA CARBONELL: Movimiento y forma en Aristóteles. 197. JUAN FERNANDO SELLÉS (ED.): Propuestas antropológicas del siglo XX (II). 198. JOSÉ ALBERTO ROSS HERNÁNDEZ: Dios, eternidad y movimiento en Aristóteles. 199. LEONARDO POLO: Persona y libertad. Edición, introducción y notas de Rafael Corazón.

INICIACIÓN FILOSÓFICA 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 13. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

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