Field Guide

Field Guide to the Birds of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project

FOREWORD This field guide is intended for the use of identifying the birds of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) in the field and in hand. The BDFFP is located in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, about 80 km north of Manaus (2º30’ S, 60º W). The landscape remains largely forested, but 11 forest fragments were experimentally isolated between 1979 and 1990 as part of a large-scale, long-term research effort. The project continues today to be one of the leading research centers in the New World tropics and 450+ scientific publications have been come from the work that has taken place here. The bird species included in this guide largely derive from the list by Cohn-Haft (1997). Several additional species are included, which were added during the making of an audio guide of the bird songs of the project (Naka et al. in preparation). Finally, several new species have been very recently added to the list. As deforestation in the Amazon continues to spread, ranges of birds associated with these disturbed habitats will also likely spread. Therefore, more birds will likely be added to the BDFFP list in the future. Current South American Checklist Committee (SACC) scientific and common names are used, but occasionally older names are included in parantheses. I have included the frequency, residency, and expected habitat of birds as based on Cohn-Haft et al. (1997). In addition, morphometric data from the 25+ year BDFFP mist-netting database are summarized (W = wing, T = tail,

M = mass, N = number of captures). Updates of this guide will hopefully be forthcoming as new information becomes available. Please note that the images were taken without the authorization of the original authors and publishers. Most were taken from the Birds of Venezuela (Hilty 2003) and A Guide to the Birds of Columbia (Hilty and Brown 1986), while a few others were taken from The Handbook to the Birds of the World series, The Sibley Guide to North American Birds (2000), and A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica (Stiles and Skutch 1989). Therefore, this field guide is not to be published for commercial purposes and is only intended for personal use. If you find errors or have comments, please direct them to Erik I. Johnson at [email protected]. Erik I. Johnson, Ph.D. candidate Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA Literature Cited Cohn-Haft, M., A. Whittaker, and P. C. Stouffer. 1997. A new look at the 'species-poor' central Amazon: The avifauna north of Manaus, Brazil. Ornithological Monographs 48:205-235. Hilty, S. L. 2003. Birds of Venezuela, 2nd edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Hilty, S. L., and W. L. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Columbia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Naka, L. N., P. C. Stouffer, M. Cohn-Haft, C. Marantz, and R. O. Bierregaard. in press. Voices of the Brazilian Amazon: Vol. 1 Birds of the Guianan Region. Sibley, D. A. 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, New York. Stiles, F. G., and A. F. Skutch. 1989. A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York.

TINAMIDAE, ODONTOPHORIDAE, CRACIDAE, & PSOPHIIDAE 1. Tinamus major – Great Tinamou Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Larger than other Tinamidae. Note: Mass 1.1kg (Hilty). W: 132-170 (152.5) T: 36-80 (54.0) M: 145-310 (228.3) N: 5 2. Crypturellus soui – Little Tinamou Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: See C. variegates. Note: Mass 220g (Hilty). 3. Crypturellus brevirostris – Rusty Tinamou Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Like C. variegates, but crown rufous chestnut, abdomen whitish (not pale buff), and bill shorter. 4. Crypturellus variegates – Variegated Tinamou Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From others by mostly black head, rufous neck, and bold barring on upperparts and flanks. Note: Mass 250g (Hilty). W: 82-162 (142.4) T: 35-53 (43.3) M: 66-440 (294.8) N: 13 Band: L 5. Odontophorus gujanensis – Marbled Wood-Quail Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 70-144 (108.9) T: 24-68 (50.5) M: 49-255 (139.3) N: 5 6. Ortalis motmot – Variable Chachalaca Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Penelope sp. has prominent red dewlap and whitish streaking on foreparts. 7. Penelope marail – Marail Guan Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Similar in plumage to larger, leggier P. jacquacu. 8. Penelope jacquacu – Spix’s Guan Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See P. marail. 9. Pipile cumanensis (pipile) – Blue-throated Piping-Guan Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 10. Crax alector – Black Currasow Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest 11. Psophia crepitans – Gray-winged Trumpeter Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: (266) T: 118 N: 2

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WATER BIRDS 1. Tachybaptus (Podiceps) dominicus – Least Grebe Status: common, resident Habitat: open water 2. Nomonyx (Oxyura) dominicus – Masked Duck Status: rare, resident Habitat: open water 3. Anhinga anhinga – Anhinga Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture 4. Laterallus exilis – Gray-breasted Crake 5. Laterallus melanophaius – Rufous-sided Crake Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water 6. Anurolimnas (Laterallus) viridis – Russet-crowned Crake Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture 7. Aramides cajanea – Gray-necked Wood-Rail Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 8. Heliornis fulica – Sungrebe Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water 9. Eurypyga helias – Sunbittern Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 10. Jacana jacana – Wattled Jacana Status: common, resident Habitat: open water

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WADING BIRDS 1. Tigrisoma lineatum – Rufescent Tiger-Heron Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest and open water 2. Ardea cocoi – Cocoi Heron Status: rare, resident Habitat: open water 3. Ardea alba – Great Egret Status: rare, resident Habitat: open water 4. Bubulcus ibis – Cattle Egret Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture, open water, and primary forest 5. Butorides striata – Striated Heron Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 6. Pilherodius pileatus – Capped Heron Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water by black crown.

Similar species: From other egrets

7. Nycticorax nycticorax – Black-crowned Night-Heron Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 8. Cochlearius cochlearius – Boat-billed Heron Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 9. Mycteria americana – Wood Stork Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture 10. Mesembrinibis cayennensis – Green Ibis Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest

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CHARADRIIDAE & SCOLOPACIDAE 1. Pluvialis dominica – American Golden-Plover Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Sept-Dec and very rare Feb and Apr (Columbia). Sept-Dec, peaks Oct-Nov (Venezuela). 2. Charadrius collaris – Collared Plover Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water and pasture 3. Tringa melanoleuca – Greater Yellowlegs Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Early Aug-early May (Columbia); mid Aug-Apr (Venenzuela). Similar species: From T. flavipes by larger size and bill is 1.5x longer than length of head and often slightly upturned. 4. Tringa flavipes – Lesser Yellowlegs Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Early Aug-mid Apr (Columbia); early Aug-late Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: From T. melanoleuca by smaller size and bill is as long as length of head and usually straight. 5. Tringa solitaria – Solitary Sandpiper Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Apr (Columbia); Aug-early May (Venezuela).

Dates: Early Aug-early

6. Actitis macularius – Spotted Sandpiper Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: open water May (Columbia); late July-late Apr (Venezuela).

Dates: Early Aug-early

7. Bartramia longicauda – Upland Sandpiper Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture spring and fall migrations.

Dates: Only expected during

8. Calidris minutilla – Least Sandpiper Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: open water (Columbia); mid Aug-mid May (Venezuela).

Dates: Late July-early Apr

9. Calidris fuscicollis – White-rumped Sandpiper Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Rare in fall, SeptOct (Columbia); late Aug-early Oct and late Apr-early June (Surinam); early Sept-mid Nov and mid Mar-late May (Venezuela). 10. Calidris melanotos – Pectoral Sandpiper Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: open water Dates: Early Aug-mid Nov and rare spring Mar-May (Columbia); mid Aug-late Oct and rare spring early Feb-mid Mar (Venezuela). 11. Calidris himantopus – Stilt Sandpiper Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: open water (Columbia); late Aug-late Apr (Venezuela).

Dates: Mid Sept-late Mar

12. Gallinago paraguaiae (gallinago) – South American Snipe Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water and primary forest

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CATHARTIDAE, PANDIONIDAE, & CARACARAS 1. Coragyps atratus – Black Vulture Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture 2. Cathartes aura – Turkey Vulture Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar species: From other Cathartes by red head (not yellow); others have prominent pale area at base of primaries from above, due to white (not brownish) primary quills. C. melambrotus is more robust, blacker, and innermost primaries are distinctly blacker than other flight feathers from below. 3. Cathartes melambrotus – Greater Yellow-headed Vulture Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture See C. aura.

Similar species:

4. Sarcoramphus papa – King Vulture Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture 5. Daptrius ater – Black Caracara Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest

Similar species: See I. americanus.

6. Ibycter (Daptrius) americanus – Red-throated Caracara Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: D. ater has bare orange face and white base of tail. 7. Caracara (Polyborus) plancus – Southern Caracara Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture 8. Milvago chimachima – Yellow-headed Caracara Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: Immature can be confused with several immature hawks, especially Buteo nitidus. 9. Pandion haliaetus – Osprey Status: casual, boreal migrant

Habitat: open water

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ACCIPITRIDAE (part 1) 1. Elanoides forficatus – Swallow-tailed Kite Status: uncommon, unspecified movements?

Habitat: primary and secondary forest

2. Ictinia plumbea – Plumbeous Kite Habitat: primary and secondary Status: uncommon, unspecified movements? forest Similar species: No other hawk has such long curving wings in flight, or wings that project beyond the tail at rest. 3. Gampsonyx swainsonii – Pearl Kite Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture 4. Leptodon cayanensis – Gray-headed Kite Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Pale phase immature very similar to adult Spizastur melanole ucus, but smaller, browner above, lores and cere yellow (not black lores and orange cere), legs much shorter and weaker, and band ing broader on primaries. Also see Morphnus guianensis, immature Spizaetus ornatus, and imm. Chondrohierax uncinatus, all with different flight profile, last two with some barrin g below. Dark immature difficult to ID (learn flight profile), but most look black-headed. Also compare smaller immature Harpagus bidentatus, also immature Buteo nitidus and Buteo magnirostris, and larger Spizaetus. 5. Chondrohierax uncinatus – Hook-billed Kite Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Normal adults (barred) can be confused with several buteos (esp. Buteo nitidus), but are rangier in profile, and have heavier bills, and bolder, coarser pattern on underparts and flight feathers. 6. Harpagus bidentatus – Double-toothed Kite Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Resembles Accipiter or short-winged Buteo in air, but can be told by beveled wings and conspicuous puffy white undertail coverts and diagnostic throat stripe. See Buteo magnirostris and B. platypterus. Note: Often follows monkey troups.

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ACCIPITRIDAE (part 2) 1. Leucopternis melanops – Black-faced Hawk Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Smaller than L. albicollis, with much more crown streaking, orange (not gray) cere, and tail black with a single median white band (not white tip at base). W: (195) T: (136) M: (295) N: 2 2. Leucopternis albicollis – White Hawk Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: See L. melanops. W: 278-350 (321.0) T: 90-195 (154.0) N: 4 3. Buteogallus urubitinga – Great Black-Hawk Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 4. Buteogallus (Heterospizias) meridionalis – Savanna Hawk Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture

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ACCIPITRIDAE (part 3) 1. Buteo nitidus – Gray Hawk Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Adult only likely confused with B. magnirostris, which is usually tinged brownish, and has unbarred throat and chest and rufous wings. Immature resembles several other streaked immatures, but is the buffiest, especially on the head, more spotted (less streaked) below; in flight has light wing patches. Also compare immature Milvago chimachima. 2. Buteo magnirostris – Roadside Hawk Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar species: Rather nondescript. If in doubt, flush to see rufous in wings. See B. nitidus and B. platypterus. 3. Buteo platypterus – Broad-winged Hawk Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary and primary forest Dates: Oct-Apr (Columbia); late Aug-early May with peak Oct-early Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: Grayer B. nitidus shows rufous wing patches in flight. Immature could be confused with several smaller immature Buteo, especially B. nitidus, which is creamier below and more sparsely and obviously spotted (less streaked), and B. magnirostris, which is browner below with barred (not streaked) lower underparts. See also Harpagus bidentatus. 4. Buteo brachyurus – Short-tailed Hawk Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Compare light phase with B. albicaudatus. Dark phase resembles several others, but shape, size, and strongly 2-toned upperwings are helpful. Buteogallus urubitinga has one or more tail bands. Underwing pattern of Ictinia plumbea is reverse. 5. Buteo albicaudatus – White-tailed Hawk Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: B. brachyurus is smaller, lacks strongly contrasting underwings, and has several narrow black tail bands. Leucopternis albicollis is very different from above and forest-based. See dark phase B. brachyurus.

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ACCIPITRIDAE (part 4) 1. Morphnus guianensis – Crested Eagle Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Like Harpia harpyja, but smaller with proportionally longer tail, weaker bill, longer and weaker tarsi, undivided crest, immaculate wing linings (light phase), and no black chest band. Also compare Leptodon cayanensis, immature Spizaetus ornatus, Spizastur melanoleucus, the last two with feathered legs. 2. Harpia harpyja – Harpy Eagle Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest guianensis.

Similar species: See Morphnus

3. Spizastur melanoleucus – Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture Similar species: S. ornatus is brownish (not black) above, lacks black lores, and is barred black on flanks, thighs, and usually somewhat on underwings. Pale phase immature Leptodon cayanensis is slighter with proportionally shorter wings, longer tail, more crisply barred outer primaries, browner back, lacks black mask and crest, and has shore bare legs. Also see Leucopternis albicollis. 4. Spizaetus tyrannus – Black Hawk-Eagle Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Darker in all plumages than S. melanoleucus. No other dark raptor has such boldly banded or checkered flight feathers and such obviously rounded wings swept forward and narrowing at rear base. 5. Spizaetus ornatus – Ornate Hawk-Eagle Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Accipiter poliogaster smaller, no crest, bare legs, and short rounder wings. Immature from immature S. tyrannus by black flank and thigh barring, spotted wing linings, yellow (not red-orange) cere, no prominent black mask, longer crest, and browner upperparts. Also see Morphnus guianensis, S. tyrannus, and pale immature Leptodon cayanensis. W: 338 T: 242 N: 1

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ACCIPITRIDAE (part 5) & FALCONIDAE 1. Accipiter superciliosus – Tiny Hawk Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Micrastur ruficollis and Micrastur gilvicollis.

Similar species: Compare with

2. Accipiter bicolor – Bicolored Hawk Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: A. poliogaster is usually paler (whitish or pale gray) below, cheeks darker, and thighs never rufous. Buffy and pale phase adult Micrastur semitorquatus have longer graduated tails and a black mark protruding onto cheek. M. mirandollei is always whitish below (never rufous on thighs) and lacks collar. 3. Accipiter poliogaster – Gray-bellied Hawk Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Adult like Status: casual, resident Micrastur mirandollei, but tail shorter and squarish (not graduated), more distinct darkcapped appearance, sides of head usually much darker, the blackish reaching to sides of throat, no extensive bare yellow facial area, and legs shorter. In flight, wing linings and flight feathers more or less unbarred (not conspicuously barred). Immature is like halfsized Spizaetus ornatus, but lacks crest and has bare (not feathered) legs. 4. Falco rufigularis – Bat Falcon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture

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FALCONIDAE 1. Micrastur ruficollis – Barred Forest-Falcon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Likely only confused with M. gilvicollis, which has bright orange cere, lores, and facial skin, white eyes, usually only two narrow white tail bands, and weaker barring on lower underparts. Typical immatures with barring easily separated from immature M. semitorquatus and M. mirandollei and much smaller Accipiter superciliosus. Buffy immature from immature Accipiter bicolor by orange yellow facial skin, narrow white tail bars, and smaller size. Buff adults of M. semitorquatus are much larger with black cheek mark and greenish cere and lores. Note: 219g (F) & 168g (M) (Hilty). W: 165-185 (175.3) T: 141-182 (161.8) M: 150-250 (203.8) N: 16 2. Micrastur gilvicollis – Lined Forest-Falcon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See M. ruficollis. M. mirandollei is unbarred below. Note: 230g (F) & 185g (M) (Hilty). W: 138-226 (183.9) T: 130-170 (147.0) M: 165-262 (210.6) N: 96 3. Micrastur mirandollei – Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Adult Accipiter poliogaster has shorter legs, usually black-gray (not pale gray) cheeks, the gray extending well down to sides of throat, and only cere and lores yellow (not larger facial area). Immature M. ruficollis that lack bars below resemble buffier adults (most adults white below), but are smaller, paler on sides of head and with less graduated tails. Accipiter bicolor like buffiest adults, but shorterlegged and usually has buffy nuchal collar. Immature is only in genus with scaling, mottling, or streaking below (not barring). Note: 650g (F) & 420g (M) (Hilty). 4. Micrastur semitorquatus – Collared Forest-Falcon Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Pale collar and dark crescent on cheek is diagnostic in light and tawny phase adults. Accipiter bicolor is smaller, has pale nuchal collar (usually), dark cheeks (no crescent), shorter legs, shorter ungraduated tail, and yellow lores. Dark phase adults best told by shape, ventral barring, and green lores. Ligher immatures are much larger than immature M. ruficollis, more coarsely barred below, and usually with tawny or buff collar (vs white or lacking), and dull green lores. Also compare immature Milvago chimachima. Note: 700g (F) & 535g (M) (Hilty).

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COLUMBIDAE 1. Patagioenas (Columba) plumbea – Plumbeous Pigeon (not illustrated) Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Voice: Lower than P. subvinaceae. Also slower, more resonant, with emphasis on 1st and last (not 3rd) syllable. Similar species: P. subvinaceae purpureotincta (P. s. ogilviegranti?): virtually indistinguishable in field, but P. plumbea has yellowish-white to yellow eyes (but reddish in juvenile?), P. subvinaceae has red eyes. Only safely identified by voice. 2. Patagioenas (Columba) subvinacea – Ruddy Pigeon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Voice: Higher and faster than P. plumbea. Also 3rd syllable emphasized and longer. Similar species: See P. plumbea. 3. Patagioenas (Columba) speciosa – Scaled Pigeon 4. Columbina passerina – Common Ground-Dove Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture W: 76-79 (77.5) T: 56-57 (56.5) M: 32.5-42 (37.3) N: 2 Band: H 5. Columbina talpacoti – Ruddy Ground-Dove Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture 6. Leptotila verreauxi – White-tipped Dove Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture W: 120-122 (121) T: 92-106 (99) N: 2 Band: L-M 7. Geotrygon montana – Ruddy Quail-Dove Status: uncommon, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest W: 114-145 (130.3) T: 53-90 (72.1) M: 70-165 (112.2) N: 452 Band: M-N

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PSITTACIDAE 1. Ara ararauna – Blue-and-yellow Macaw Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 2. Ara macao – Scarlet Macaw Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: A. chloroptera larger with shorter tail, darker red, and has green wing coverts and promiscuous facial lines. A. macao wiggles tail in flight and is all-red. 3. Ara chloroptera – Red-and-green Macaw Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and pasture 4. Orthopsitta (Ara) manilata – Red-bellied Macaw Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and primary forest 5. Aratinga leucophthalma – White-eyed Parakeet Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 6. Brotogeris chrysopterus – Golden-winged Parakeet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 7. Touit purpuratus – Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest 8. Touit huetii – Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet 9. Pionites melanocephalus – Black-headed Parrot Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 10. Gypopsitta (Pionopsitta) caica – Caica Parrot Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest 11. Pionus menstruus – Blue-headed Parrot Status: common, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other parrots by deep “wing-clapping” wing strokes. 12. Pionus fuscus – Dusky Parrot Status: uncommon, unspecified movements

Habitat: primary forest

13. Amazona autumnalis – Red-lored Parrot Status: common, unspecified movements

Habitat: primary forest

14. Amazona farinosa – Mealy Parrot Status: common, unspecified movements

Habitat: primary forest

15. Deroptyus accipitrinus – Red-fan Parrot Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest

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CUCULIDAE 1. Coccyzus euleri – Pearly-breasted Cuckoo Status: rare, austral migrant Habitat: primary forest 2. Coccyzus melacoryphus – Dark-billed Cuckoo Status: casual, austral migrant Habitat: secondary forest 3. Piaya cayana – Squirrel Cuckoo Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: P. melanogaster has gray cap, red bill, yellow loral spot, blackish lower underparts. W: 135 T: 215 M: 90 N: 1 Band: L 4. Piaya melanogaster – Black-bellied Cuckoo Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 5. Crotophaga major – Greater Ani Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest with dark eyes and duller plumage.

Similar species: See P. cayana Similar species: C. ani smaller

6. Crotophaga ani – Smooth-billed Ani Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar species: See C. major. 7. Dromococcyx pavoninus – Pavonine Cuckoo Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: brood parasite, especially on smaller species, i.e. antbirds and flycatchers; eggs white.

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TYTONIDAE & STRIGIDAE 1. Tyto alba – Barn Owl Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture 2. Megascops (Otus) watsonii – Tawny-bellied Screech-Owl Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 165-180 (171.7) T: 81-100 (90.4) M: 121-167 (136.5) N: 9 3. Megascops (Otus) choliba – Tropical Screech-Owl 4. Glaucidium hardyi – Amazonian Pygmy-Owl Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 85-98 (91.4) T: 44-51.5 (46.7) M: 44.5-63 (55.9) N: 15 5. Glaucidium brasilianum – Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl 6. Lophostrix cristata – Crested Owl Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 7. Pulsatrix perspicillata – Spectacled Owl Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 8. Ciccaba virgata – Mottled Owl Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: Other Ciccaba barred below. 9. Ciccaba huhula – Black-banded Owl Habitat: primary and secondary forest Status: uncommon, resident 10. Athene (Speotyto) cunicularia – Burrowing Owl Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture

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CAPRIMULGIDAE & NYCTIBIIDAE 1. Lurocalis semitorquatus – Short-tailed Nighthawk Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Chordeiles are longer-tailed with white wing bands, and often hunt over clearings or open country. 2. Chordeiles acutipennis – Lesser Nighthawk Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: From C. minor by wing band closer to tip. Female has buff throat and wing bands. Often flies lower, lacks dive and peent call, voice unique. 3. Chordeiles minor – Common Nighthawk Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest acutipennis.

Similar species: See C.

4. Nyctidromus albicollis – Common Pauraque Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: Female from other Caprimulgids by rufous cheeks, rich scapular pattern, size, and wing bands. W: 104-145 (129.7) T: 127-132 (128.7) M: 47-55.2 (51.7) N: 3 Band: H-J 5. Caprimulgus nigrescens – Blackish Nightjar Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: none this blackish. 6. Nyctibius grandis – Great Potoo Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: Very pale individuals are distinctive. Brownish ones best told by barring and vermiculation below (no striping) and black-bordered tail bands. Note: 450-640g (Hilty). 7. Nyctibius aethereus – Long-tailed Potoo Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Like N. griseus, but larger with longer, strongly graduated tail and fewer and broader tail bands (5-6 vs 7-9 visible). N. grandis is paler and seldom shows such a prominent malar, and usually have narrower and distinctly black-rimmed bands across tail. Note: Birds at BDFFP perhaps separate from those in se Brazil and would be called N. longicaudatus. 440g (Hilty) W: 310-320 (315.0) T: 265-270 (267.5) M: 272-280 (276.0) N: 2 8. Nyctibius griseus – Common Potoo Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: N. grandis larger and often paler, but beware of dark birds. Note: 185g (Hilty) 9. Nyctibius leucopterus – White-winged Potoo Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest other Nyctibiids by promiscuous whitish band on wings. 10. Nyctibius bracteatus – Rufous Potoo Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Nyctibiids by cinnamon color and white shoulder spot. W: 161 T: 123 M: 50 N: 1

Similar species: From

Similar species: From other

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APODIDAE 1. Streptoprocne zonaris – White-collared Swift Status: rare, unspecified movements Habitat: primary forest and pasture 2. Chaetura spinicaudus – Band-rumped Swift Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest, open water, and pasture Similar species: More slender proportions and relatively longer tailed than other Chaetura. 3. Chaetura chapmani – Chapman’s Swift Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and open water Similar species: Not easily identified. Darker, glossier, and more uniform above and below with little contrast in rump and throat. Beware of Cypseloides which are completely uniform above, but larger and shaped differently. 4. Chaetura brachyura – Short-tailed Swift Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest, open water, and pasture Similar species: From other Chaetura by uniformly dark plumage and pale rear end, but even more helpful are proportions and flight characteristics, especially the essentially tailless appearance, rather broad wings (due especially to secondaries), and floppy bat-like flight. 5. Panyptila cayennensis – Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Tachornis squamata much browner and dingier. 6. Tachornis squamata – Fork-tailed Palm-Swift Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: see Panyptila cayennensis.

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TROCHILIDAE 1. Phaethornis superciliosus –Long-tailed Hermit Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest culmen 43mm (M) & 36mm (F) (Hilty). W: 50-65 (57.7) T: 55-74 (64.8) M: 3.5-7 (5.5) N: 717

Note: Exposed

2. Phaethornis bourcieri – Straight-billed Hermit Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 49-62 (55.5) T: 52-67 (59.1) M: 2-7 (4.2) N: 472 3. Phaethornis ruber – Reddish Hermit Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest

Note: Female lacks chest band.

4. Campylopterus largipennis – Gray-breasted Sabrewing Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 65-77.5 (72.0) T: 43-56 (50.8) M: 6-12 (8.5) N: 116 5. Topaza pella – Crimson Topaz Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 68-81.5 (72.5) T: 38-92 (47.8) M: 9-13 (10.8) N: 12 6. Florisuga mellivora – White-necked Jacobin Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest. Note: Throat of female is variable from fairly pale to many dusky and blue feathers (Hilty). W: 62-71 (66.4) T: 31-40 (35.7) M: 5-8 (6.3) N: 28 7. Anthracothorax nigricollis – Black-throated Mango Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest 8. Avocettula recurvirostris – Fiery-tailed Awlbill Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 9. Chrysolampis mosquitus – Ruby-topaz Hummingbird Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 10. Discosura longicaudus – Racket-tailed Coquette Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 11. Thalurania furcata – Fork-tailed Woodnymph Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 43-57 (50.7) T: 20-45 (31.4) M: 2.5-5.5 (4.0) N: 379 12. Hylocharis sapphirina – Rufous-throated Sapphire Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 43-53 (49.6) T: 26-29 (27.6) M: 3.5-4.5 (4.1) N: 7 13. Polytmus theresiae – Green-tailed Goldenthroat Status: casual, resident Habitat: pasture 14. Amazilia fimbriata – Glittering-throated Emerald Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 15. Amazilia versicolor – Versicolored Emerald Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest W: 48-50 (49) T: 28-30 (29) N: 2 16. Heliothryx auritus – Black-eared Fairy Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 60-67 (63.6) T: 32-65 (53.7) M: 3-6 (4.8) N: 24

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TROGONIDAE & MOMOTIDAE 1. Trogon melanurus – Black-tailed Trogon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest east of Andes with all black tail below.

Similar species: Only trogon

2. Trogon viridis – White-tailed Trogon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: From other “yellow-bellied” trogons by white undertail. From T. violaceus by unbroken light blue (not yellow) eyering and female never shows whitish chest band. Note: 82g (Hilty) W: 105-139 (116.6) T: 134-160 (142.2) M: 45-56.5 (49.3) N: 6 3. Trogon rufus – Black-throated Trogon Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male is only “yellow-bellied” trogon with greenish head and breast (not violet). Female is only “yellow-bellied” trogon with gray or slaty above and on chest (not brown). W: (110.4) T: (138.5) M: (50.1) N: 44 4. Trogon violaceus –Violaceous Trogon Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and T. viridis. Note: 42g (Hilty)

Similar species: see T. rufus

5. Pharomachrus pavoninus – Pavonine Quetzal Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 6. Momotus momota – Blue-crowned Motmot Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 131-152 (142) T: 147-305 (241) M: 95-180 (134.0) N: 191 Band: M-N

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ALCEDINIDAE & GALBULIDAE 1. Megaceryle (Ceryle) torquata – Ringed Kingfisher Status: rare, resident Habitat: open water 2. Chloroceryle amazona – Amazon Kingfisher Status: casual, resident Habitat: open water Similar species: C. americana: wings conspicuously spotted and barred white. C. inda has no white below and a buffy rufous collar on sides of neck. 3. Chloroceryle americana – Green Kingfisher Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest

Similar species: see C. amazona.

4. Chloroceryle inda – Green-and-rufous Kingfisher Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other Chloroceryle by no white below. Note: Male lacks chest band. W: 87-105.5 (94.4) T: 53-67 (61.7) M: 43-67 (52.5) N: 36 5. Chloroceryle aenea – American Pygmy Kingfisher Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see other Chloroceryle. W: 52-59 (55.2) T: 28-35 (32.5) M: 11-16.8 (13.8) N: 23 Band: D 6. Galbula albirostris – Yellow-billed Jacamar Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Only jacamar with yellow on bill and mostly rufous underparts. W: 62-75 (69.1) T: 54-73 (64.9) M: 14-22 (18.0) N: 303 Band: G-H 7. Galbula leucogastra – Bronzy Jacamar Status: rare, resident Habitat: campinarana, secondary and primary forest 8. Galbula dea – Paradise Jacamar Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: White throat and shape are diagnostic. W: 81.5-85 (83.3) T: 138-151.5 (144.8) M: 26.6-29.5 (28.0) N: 2 9. Jacamerops aureus – Great Jacamar Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Note heavy bill and mostly rufous underparts without dark chest band. W: 106-112 (109.7) T: 127-134 (128.2) M: 51.5-74.5 (64.1) N: 8

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BUCCONIDAE, CAPITONIDAE, & RAMPHASTIDAE 1. Notharchus macrorhynchos – Guianan Puffbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest tinged with buff.

Note: Female’s underparts

2. Notharchus tectus – Pied Puffbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 66-71 (69.1) T: 45-54 (49.4) M: 22-31 (26.4) N: 5 3. Bucco tamatia – Spotted Puffbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 68-80 (75.1) T: 55-69 (60.1) M: 29-45 (35.3) N: 17 4. Bucco capensis – Collared Puffbird Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 77-85 (81.4) T: 59.5-70 (64.3) M: 44-62 (52.6) N: 31 Band: J 5. Malacoptila fusca – White-chested Puffbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 81-95 (87.8) T: 59-75 (66.0) M: 35.5-54 (44.3) N: 170 Band: L 6. Nonnula rubecula – Rusty-breasted Nunlet Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 64-65 (64.7) T: 55-59 (57.0) M: 17.5-21 (19.3) N: 3 7. Monasa atra – Black Nunbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 118-139 (128.3) T: 111-140 (121.3) M: 70-110 (89.4) N: 27 8. Chelidoptera tenebrosa – Swallow-winged Puffbird Status: rare, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar species: Silhouette recalls a martin or Iodopleura isabellae when perched, but cinnamon belly and white back stripe. In flight, note broad-winged, bat-like shape. 9. Capito niger – Black-spotted Barbet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 80 T: 50 M: 53 N: 1 10. Pteroglossus viridis – Green Aracari Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 103-117 (109.5) T: 93-111 (100.6) M: 100-140 (117.7) N: 7 11. Selenidera culik – Guianan Toucanet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 110-118 (115.7) T: 89-102 (96.8) M: 133-165 (142) N: 6 12. Ramphastos vitellinus – Channel-billed Toucan Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: R. tucanus is larger with larger bill, white throat, and call is a yelp (not a croak). 13. Ramphastos tucanus – White-throated Toucan Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest vitellinus.

Similar species: see R.

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PICIDAE 1. Picumnus exilis – Golden-spangled Piculet Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest red crown. W: 47-48 (47.5) M: 8-8.5 (8.3) N: 2 Band: G

Note: Female lacks

2. Melanerpes cruentatus – Yellow-tufted Woodpecker Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest lacks red crown.

Note: Female

3. Veniliornis cassini – Golden-collared Woodpecker Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female lacks red crown. W: 90-94 (8.0) T: 53-62 (55.5) M: 29-36 (32.9) N: 8 4. Piculus flavigula – Yellow-throated Woodpecker Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 5. Piculus chrysochloros – Golden-green Woodpecker Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest 6. Celeus undatus – Waved Woodpecker Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: Pale head and coarse barring on rump (like back), flight feathers, and tail are the marks. Note: May be conspecific with C. grammicus. W: 120-125 (122.5) T: 68-75 (71.5) N: 2 7. Celeus flavus – Cream-colored Woodpecker Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest cheek.

Note: All female Celeus lack red

8. Celeus grammicus – Scale-breasted Woodpecker Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From C. elegans by smaller size and barred black below (or above and below). C. torquatus has contrasting pale rufous head and black nuchal collar/breast and lacks the unbarred yellow rump. 9. Celeus elegans – Chestnut Woodpecker Similar species: C. Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest grammicus is smaller and barred black below and/or above. C. torquatus has black chest and breast, belly bright yellowish buff, and tail more barred. Note: Our C. elegans have cream-colored crown. W: 148-171 (158.4) T: 86-114 (95.3) M: 121-153 (136.2) N: 13 10. Celeus torquatus – Ringed Woodpecker Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Paler head contrasts with body, black nuchal collar and breast, and lacks yellow rump, which separates it from C. elegans and C. grammicus. 11. Dryocopus lineatus – Lineated Woodpecker Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest, primary forest, and pasture 12. Campephilus rubricollis – Red-necked Woodpecker Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 171-179 (175.0) T: 104-112 (108.0) M: 195-220 (209) N: 3

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DENDROCOLAPTINAE (FURNARIIDAE) 1. Dendrocincla fuliginosa – Plain-brown Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: D. merula has uniform brown head and strongly contrasting white patch on throat. W: 95-116 (106.0) T: 77-106 (93.1) M: 31-52 (40.4) N: 227 Band: H 2. Dendrocincla merula – White-chinned Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: D. fuliginosa. W: 94-117 (105.2) T: 61-91 (76.6) M: 39.5-64 (53.2) N: 425 Band: H 3. Deconychura longicauda – Long-tailed Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Little streaking at distance, but bill shorter than D. fuliginosa. Does not have rufous rump, as does D. stictolaema. Note: Female > male. Exposed culmen 20-23mm (Hilty). W: 86-116 (103.6) T: 86-116 (102.7) M: 20-36 (29.3) N: 117 Band: D-E 4. Deconychura stictolaema – Spot-throated Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See D. longicauda. Note: Exposed culmen 15-18mm (Hilty). W: 66-89 (79.0) T: 62-97 (80.6) M: 12-23 (17.0) N: 378 Band: E 5. Sittasomus griseicapillus – Olivaceous Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 68-87 (78.1) T: 66-83 (73.1) M: 11.5-17 (14.3) N: 48 Band: D-E 6. Glyphorynchus spirurus – Wedge-billed Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 59-76 (67.4) T: 50-79 (64.5) M: 10.5-17 (13.7) N: 1350 Band: D-E 7. Dendrexetastes rufigula – Cinnamon-throated Woodcreeper Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: D. certhia uniform at distance, but bill dark and different behavior. 8. Hylexetastes perrotii – Red-billed Woodcreeper Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From Dendrocolaptes certhia by strong facial pattern. W: 106-140 (126.7) T: 92-130 (111.4) M: 95-135 (114.2) N: 98 Band: L 9. Dendrocolaptes certhia – Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Barring difficult to see; look for red bill. Other large Dendrocolaptids look uniform far away. W: 113-135 (125.1) T: 105-130 (118.7) M: 54.5-80.5 (66.6) N: 102 10. Dendrocolaptes picumnus – Black-banded Woodcreeper Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 123-141 (135.0) T: 110-125 (117.3) M: 67-90 (78.8) N: 18 Band: G-H 11. Xiphorhynchus pardalotus – Chestnut-rumped Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 89-115 (100.9) T: 73-104 (87.3) M: 29-47 (37.9) N: 684 Band: H 12. Lepidocolaptes albolineatus – Lineated Woodcreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 82-85.5 (83.8) M: 19-20 (19.5) N: 2 13. Campylorhamphus procurvoides – Curve-billed Scythebill Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 86-102 (94.8) T: 74-99 (85.2) M: 30-41.5 (34.5) N: 69

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FURNARIINAE & SCLERURINAE (FURNARIIDAE) 1. Synallaxis rutilans – Ruddy Spinetail Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 49-60 (55.0) T: 48-75 (62.4) M: 14-20 (16.8) N: 116 2. Philydor erythrocercum – Rufous-rumped Foliage-Gleaner Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Paler below, stronger eyeline, and more contrasting than Automolus. W: 69-93 (84.0) T: 55-74 (64.4) M: 20-29 (23.7) N: 152 Band: G 3. Philydor pyrrhodes – Cinnamon-rumped Foliage-Gleaner Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Brighter and more patterned than any other foliage-gleaner. W: 73-98 (84.4) T: 52-70 (62.0) M: 24-38 (30.3) N: 48 Band: G 4. Automolus infuscatus – Olive-backed Foliage-Gleaner Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From A. ochrolaemus by nearly absent eye ring, whiter throat, and slightly browner upperparts. W: 76-95 (85.3) T: 60-80 (70.5) M: 25.5-39 (31.7) N: 418 Band: E-H 5. Automolus rubiginosus – Ruddy Foliage-Gleaner Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 70-91 (80.8) T: 61-78 (69.8) M: 29-44 (36.8) N: 151 Band: H 6. Automolus ochrolaemus – Buff-throated Foliage-Gleaner Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest W: 77-95 (86.2) T: 60-87 (74.7) M: 29-40 (34.3) N: 88 7. Sclerurus mexicanus – Tawny-throated Leaftosser Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 72-83 (79.0) T: 53-66 (58.8) M: 20-30 (24.7) N: 65 Band: E 8. Sclerurus rufigularis – Short-billed Leaftosser Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: S. caudacutus has longer bill, whitish throat faintly scaled dusky; in the hand, slightly less contrasting reddish rump. From S. mexicanus by shorter, straighter bill; paler, buffier throat; sometimes a vague eyebrow. W: 70-83 (76.0) T: 52-64 (58.1) M: 17.5-25 (21.2) N: 238 Band: G 9. Sclerurus caudacutus – Black-tailed Leaftosser Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From other leaftossers by whitish throat. Longer billed than S. rufigularis. S. mexicanus has slightly downcurved bill. W: 80-100 (91.8) T: 57-76 (66.4) M: 30-47.5 (39.2) N: 125 Band: D-H 10. Xenops milleri – Rufous-tailed Xenops Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From X. minutus by lacking white maler streak and does not have black in tail. W: 62-66 (64.0) T: 36-37 (36.5) M: 11-11.5 (11.3) N: 2 11. Xenops minutus – Plain Xenops Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From all other Xenops by unstreaked upper and underparts. Compare also Glyphorynchus spirurus. W: 57-73 (64.8) T: 42-58 (50.5) M: 10-15.5 (12.3) N: 258 Band: D

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THAMNOPHILIDAE (part 1) 1. Cymbilaimus lineatus – Fasciated Antshrike Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Female Frederickena viridis is not striped on the back. W: 70-78 (72.8) T: 66-79 (70.0) M: 29-40 (35.1) N: 18 2. Frederickena viridis – Black-throated Antshrike Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 86-98 (91.8) T: 66-86 (75.5) M: 55-77.5 (67.3) N: 96 3. Thamnophilus murinus – Mouse-colored Antshrike Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Male’s marks are brownish wings, weakly dotted wing coverts and overall pale gray. Compare female with T. punctatus. W: 54-65 (60.0) T: 47-61 (52.7) M: 15-22 (17.8) N: 180 Band: D 4. Thamnophilus punctatus – Northern Slaty-Antshrike Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and campinarana Similar species: Female has bolder wing markings than other antbirds. 5. Thamnomanes ardesiacus – Dusky-throated Antshrike Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: T. caesius is longer tailed, male lacks black throat, and female is brighter cinnamon below. W: 66-78 (72.2) T: 45-58 (51.7) M: 13-23.5 (18.3) N: 760 Band: D-G 6. Thamnomanes caesius – Cinereous Antshrike Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 66-76 (71.1) T: 54-71 (63.4) M: 14-21.5 (17.6) N: 811 Band: D-E 7. Cercomacra cinerascens – Gray Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: C. tyrannina has white tail tips and different habits. See also Thamnophilus murinus. 8. Cercomacra tyrannina – Dusky Antbird Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Schistocichla leucostigma has spotted coverts. W: 57-66 (60.3) T: 53-68 (58.8) M: 15-20 (16.9) N: 25 9. Cercomacra laeta – Willis’ Antbird 10. Sclateria naevia – Silvered Antbird Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest with female Myrmeciza atrothorax.

Similar species: Compare female

11. Percnostola rufifrons – Black-headed Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 63-78 (71.0) T: 48-69 (60.0) M: 10-37 (29.1) N: 605 Band: H 12. Schistocichla (Percnostola) leucostigma – Spot-winged Antbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 61-70 (65.4) T: 50-68 (58.7) M: 21-30 (24.5) N: 133 13. Myrmeciza ferruginea – Ferruginous-backed Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 55-67 (62.3) T: 45-63 (53.4) M: 18.5-30.5 (24.7) N: 230 Band: G-H 14. Myrmeciza atrothorax – Black-throated Antbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest species: Female like Schistocichla leucostigma, but has white throat. W: 52-57 (54.6) T: 50-56.5 (54.3) M: 14-18.5 (15.8) N: 12

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THAMNOPHILIDAE (part 2) 1. Hypocnemis cantator – Warbling Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Note: Female has brown in crown. W: 47-57 (51.9) T: 33-47 (40.6) M: 9-14.5 (11.9) N: 516 Band: D-E 2. Myrmotherula brachyura – Pygmy Antwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and second. forest 3. Myrmotherula guttata – Rufous-bellied Antwren Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 46-54 (50.0) T: 19-30 (24.6) M: 7.5-13 (10.3) N: 263 Band: E 4. Epinocrophylla (Myrmotherula) gutturalis – Brown-bellied Antwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female by color and dotted wing bars. Hangs from dead leaves. Note: Female lacks throat patch. W: 46-55 (49.7) T: 32-47 (40.3) M: 7-11 (8.7) N: 514 Band: E 5. Myrmotherula axillaris – White-flanked Antwren Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Has protruding white flank plumes. W: 46-56 (50.6) T: 30-45 (37.8) M: 6-9.5 (7.7) N: 374 Band: E 6. Myrmotherula longipennis – Long-winged Antwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female from others by buff eyering, brighter yellowish buff throat, and breast contrasting with belly. W: 51-63 (56.9) T: 29-41 (56.9) M: 6.5-11 (8.4) N: 586 Band: C-D 7. Myrmotherula menetriesii – Gray Antwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female like others lacking wing bars, but paler gray above and brighter ochraceous below. W: 46-57 (51.5) T: 21-33 (27.1) M: 6-10.5 (8.2) N: 359 Band: E 8. Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus – Spot-backed Antwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 9. Terenura spodioptila – Ash-winged Antwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest

Note: Female duller.

10. Pithys albifrons – White-plumed Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 61-77 (69.6) T: 33-47 (40.0) M: 16-24.5 (20.3) N: 1585 Band: G 11. Gymnopithys rufigula – Rufous-throated Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: ♀ w/ brown back patch. W: 68-82 (74.6) T: 42-58 (50.1) M: 23-36 (29.3) N: 903 Band: H 12. Hylophylax naevius – Spot-backed Antbird Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 52-61 (56.8) T: 31-42 (36.6) M: 10-15 (12.5) N: 104 Band: C 13. Hylophylax poecilinotus – Scale-backed Antbird Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 57-70 (63.4) T: 36-48 (42.1) M: 13-21 (16.9) N: 1319 Band: D-G 14. Myrmornis torquata – Wing-banded Antbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female w/ rufous throat. W: 84-99 (92.0) T: 33-45 (38.2) M: 38-51 (44.4) N: 185 Band: H

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FORMICARIIDAE, GRALLARIIDAE, CONOPOPHAGIDAE, & CORYTHOPIS 1. Formicarius colma – Rufous-capped Antthrush Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: F. analis lacks chestnut cap and extensive black on breast. Note: Female has variable amount of white to no white on throat (young males also?). W: 75-92 (82.9) T: 41-57 (49.5) M: 38.5-57 (46.4) N: 390 Band: G-H 2. Formicarius analis – Black-faced Antthrush Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: see F. colma. W: 85-97 (90.3) T: 44-56 (51.1) M: 52-74.5 (63.0) N: 53 Band: H 3. Grallaria varia – Variegated Antpitta Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 100-123 (114.0) T: 38-47 (42.4) M: 103-145 (120.1) N: 34 4. Hylopezus macularius – Spotted Antpitta Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Myrmothera campanisona lacks malars and eyering and has breast streaking diffused (not sharp and confined mostly to chest). W: 66.5-89 (82.1) T: 28-39 (34.0) M: 35-50 (42.5) N: 49 5. Myrmothera campanisona – Thrush-like Antpitta Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: see Hylopezus macularius. W: 78-82 (79.8) T: 31-37 (35.3) M: 46-50 (47.6) N: 5 6. Conopophaga aurita – Chestnut-belted Gnateater Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 59-70 (65.0) T: 24-35 (29.6) M: 19-28 (23.7) N: 138 Band: G 7. Corythopis torquatus – Ringed Antpipit Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Hylopezus macularius superficially similar, but lacks tail. Compare also to Hylophylax naevia. W: 55-72 (63.7) T: 40-63 (50.1) M: 11-19.5 (14.7) N: 323

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TYRANNIDAE (part 1) 1. Phyllomyias griseiceps – Sooty-headed Tyrannulet Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Shape of Zimmerius and Tyrannulus, but has dark cap, short eyebrow, and no wing bars. Also Camptostoma obsoletum. 2. Zimmerius gracilipes – Slender-footed Tyrannulet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: See Tyrannulus elatus. Tolmomyias larger with wing bars and wide flat bills. Myiopagis gaimardii larger, has spotted wing bars, and longer tail not cocked. Ornithion inerme has more prominent white eyebrow and bold, white-spotted wing bars. 3. Ornithion inerme – White-lored Tyrannulet Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest small flycatchers by spotted coverts (do not form a bar).

Similar species: From other

4. Camptostoma obsoletum – Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Small-eyed, peaked-headed appearance is distinctive. Usually cocks tail, horizontal posture, and vireo-like movements. 5. Phaeomyias murina – Mouse-colored Tyrannulet Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Camptostoma obsoletum is perkier, more crested, and has whitish wing bars and pale yellow belly. 6. Tyrannulus elatus – Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Told by grayish face, stubby bill, and bold wing bars. Note very short bill. Miniature of Myiopagis gaimardii, but plumper and shorter-billed. Zimmerius gracilipes has yellow edgings, no distinct wing bars, and slimmer. W: 55 T: 50 M: 12 N: 2 7. Myiopagis gaimardii – Forest Elaenia Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Tolmomyias have broader, flatter bills. Tyrannulus elatus unstreaked below. See Zimmerius gracilipes, Phaeomyias murina, and Camptostoma obsoletum. 8. Myiopagis caniceps – Gray Elaenia Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male much grayer than all other small flycatchers. Similar to male Pachyramphus rufus, but slimmer and smaller-headed. Female like M. gaimardii, but wings blacker and throat and chest grayer in stronger contrast to belly. Note: Female more olive with yellow crown patch. 9. Elaenia parvirostris – Small-billed Elaenia Status: rare, austral migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Early Apr-late Oct, most records late May-Aug (Columbia); early Apr-late Sept (Venezuela). Similar species: Eyering and whitish belly separate it from E. chiriquensis. W: 68 T: 61 M: 13 N: 1 Band: D 10. Elaenia chiriquensis – Lesser Elaenia Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: See E. parvirostris. Voice very useful.

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TYRANNIDAE (part 2) 1. Mionectes macconnelli – McConnell’s Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: M. oleaginous has pale tips on tertiaries and a pale mouth lining. W: 55-71 (62.3) T: 39-55 (47.0) M: 9-16 (12.4) N: 1109 Band: D-E 2. Mionectes oleaginous – Ochre-bellied Flycatcher W: 53-67 (57.5) T: 39-51 (44.1) M: 10-13 (11.0) N: 20 Band: D 3. Phylloscartes virescens – Olive-green Tyrannulet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest does single wing-lifts

Note: perches high in trees and

4. Myiornis ecaudatus – Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 5. Lophotriccus vitiosus – Double-banded Pygmy-Tyrant Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: See L. galeatus and Hemitriccus zosterops. 6. Lophotriccus galeatus – Helmeted Pygmy-Tyrant Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: See L. vitiosus. H. zosterops is larger with yellow wing bars, olive crown, and yellowish underparts. W: 42-50 (45.0) T: 33-39 (36.3) M: 6-8 (6.8) N: 7 7. Hemitriccus zosterops – White-eyed Tody-Tyrant Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 43-56 (49.0) T: 34-48 (41.4) M: 5.5-10.5 (8.5) N: 29 Band: C 8. Hemitriccus josephinae – Boat-billed Tody-Tyrant 9. Todirostrum pictum – Painted Tody-Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 10. Todirostrum maculatum – Spotted Tody-Flycatcher 11. Tolmomyias assimilis – Yellow-margined Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See T. poliocephalus. Note: p10>p4; 14.5g; flattened wing chord: 62-66mm (Hilty). W: 51-64 (57.5) T: 43-56 (49.6) M: 11-15 (13.0) N: 17 12. Tolmomyias poliocephalus – Gray-crowned Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: From T. assimilis by size, distinct wing bars, contrasting gray crown, orangish mandible (but sometimes gray?). In hand by lack of (or faint) wing speculum. Note: 11g; flattened wing chord: 55-60mm (Hilty). W: 50.5-59 (54.4) T: 42-48 (44.9) M: 9-13.5 (10.9) N: 11 13. Platyrinchus saturatus – Cinnamon-crested Spadebill Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Crown patch M > F. W: 50-63 (56.8) T: 21-38 (29.7) M: 7-13 (10.3) N: 305 Band: D 14. Platyrinchus coronatus – Golden-crowned Spadebill Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Crown patch M > F. W: 48-58 (53.2) T: 19-30 (23.6) M: 6.5-10 (8.6) N: 347 Band: E 15. Platyrinchus platyrhynchos – White-crested Spadebill Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Crown patch M > F. W: 59-65 (62.6) T: 27-37 (32.9) M: 10.5-14 (12.1) N: 34 Band: D

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TYRANNIDAE (part 3) 1. Rhynchocyclus olivaceus – Olivaceous Flatbill Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 64-76 (69.7) T: 49-65 (56.4) M: 14.5-25 (20.0) N: 109 Band: E 2. Ramphotrigon ruficauda – Rufous-tailed Flatbill Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 68-79 (73.4) T: 59-69 (64.0) M: 16.5-21 (18.8) N: 22 3. Onychorhynchus coronatus – Royal Flycatcher Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 69-84 (74.7) T: 55-69 (60.5) M: 10.5-17.5 (14.4) N: 83 Band: G 4. Terenotriccus erythrurus – Ruddy-tailed Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Plumage like Neopipo cinnamomea, but posture and shape very different. N. cinnamomea also lacks eyering, has a round head, perches more horizontally, and has narrow and rounded bill. In hand, has rictal bristles and orange legs. Note: 7g (M), 6g (F) (Hilty). W: 44-53 (49.0) T: 33-44 (38.4) M: 5.5-8 (6.7) N: 154 Band: C 5. Myiobius barbatus – Sulphur-rumped Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Female has smaller or lacks yellow crown patch. W: 53-68 (61.6) T: 44-61 (52.9) M: 7.5-13 (10.5) N: 518 Band: D 6. Contopus cooperi (borealis) – Olive-sided Flycatcher Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary and primary forest Aug-late May (Columbia); mid Oct-mid Apr (Venezuela). 7. Contopus virens – Eastern Wood-Pewee Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary and primary forest late Apr (Columbia); mid Sept-mid Apr (Venezuela). W: 77 T: 59 N: 1 Band: G

Dates: Late

Dates: Sept-

8. Pyrocephalus rubinus – Vermillion Flycatcher Status: casual, austral migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Mid June-mid Sept (Columbia). Similar species: Female has erect posture, slight crest, heavily streaked dusky below. Austral migrants may lack strawberry wash. 9. Attila spadiceus – Bright-rumped Attila Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Note: Plumage quite variable from grayish to brownish individuals with variation in eye color from pale to dark. W: 77-88 (81.2) T: 57-71 (62.0) M: 30-38.5 (34.1) N: 33 Band: G 10. Attila cinnamomeus – Cinnamon Attila 11. Tyrannus savana – Fork-tailed Flycatcher Status: uncommon, austral migrant? Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Dates: Early Nov-Mar(-mid Jul), ne Meta; flocks Mar and Sept, Leticia; moving north, mid-Sept, ne Guainia; flocks, Apr, Meta (Columbia); early Mar-mid Oct (Venezuela). 12. Tyrannus tyrannus – Eastern Kingbird Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture Dates: Early Sept-late Oct and early Mar-early May (Columbia); Jan, Mar, Apr, Aug (Venezuela). 13. Tyrannus melancholicus – Tropical Kingbird W: 100.5-111 (105.8) T: 88-92 (90.0) M: 39-41.5 (40.3) N: 2 Band: E

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TYRANNIDAE (part 4) 1. Myiarchus tuberculifer – Dusky-capped Flycatcher Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: From T. ferox by small size, dark cap, and absence of rufous in tail. T. tyrannulus has some rufous in the tail. Call is the best way to identify this group. W: 73-87.5 (80.3) T: 70-86.5 (78.3) M: 14-24.5 (20.8) N: 2 2. Myiarchus ferox – Short-crested Flycatcher Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest W: 75-95.5 (84.0) T: 56-86 (79.0) M: 23-31 (26.7) N: 11 Band: D 3. Myiarchus tyrannulus – Brown-crested Flycatcher 4. Megarynchus pitangua – Boat-billed Flycatcher 5. Myiozetetes cayanensis – Rusty-margined Flycatcher Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: See Conopias parva. 6. Conopias parvus – Yellow-throated Flycatcher Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Whitethroated race like Myiozetetes cayanensis, but bill longer, wings lack rufous edges, and eyestripe encircles head. Pitangus has larger bill and rufous edgings on wings. 7. Pitangus sulphuratus – Great Kiskadee Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Bill larger and back more rufous than Myiozetetes cayanensis and Conopias parvus. 8. Myiozetetes luteiventris – Dusky-chested Flycatcher Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Compare smaller, less streaked Empidonomus varius. Note: Female lacks crown patch. 9. Tyrannopsis sulphurea – Sulphury Flycatcher Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: From Tyrannus melancholicus by darker face and upperparts, chunkier shape, square tail, short bill, and grayish streaking at sides of chest. 10. Legatus leucophaius – Piratic Flycatcher Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: See Empidonomus varius. Myiodynastes maculates larger. 11. Empidonomus varius – Variegated Flycatcher Status: uncommon, unspecified movements? Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: From Legatus leucophaius, by larger size, rufous edging on rump and tail, paler back with suggestion of streaking, and proportionally longer bill pale at lower base. Myiodynastes maculates is larger, heavier-billed, and sharply streaked below. W: 88-94 (91.0) T: 67-74 (70.5) M: 23.5-25 (24.3) N: 3 Band: E-G 12. Myiodynastes maculatus – Streaked Flycatcher Status: rare, austral migrant? Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Dates: Early Mar-early Sept (Venezuela); May-July and Dec (Columbia). Similar species: Legatus leucophaius and Empidonomus varius are both smaller. 13. Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus – Crowned Slaty-Flycatcher Status: rare, austral migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Mar-Sept (Columbia); Feb & Aug (Venezuela). Similar species: Shape recalls Myiarchus. Note black crown, brown upperparts, and gray underparts. See also Sirystes sibilator.

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BECARDS & TYRANNID-LIKE BIRDS 1. Pachyramphus rufus – Cinerous Becard Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: P. marginatus blacker above, show more white in wings, and have white tail tips. Female whiter below than other “rufous” becards. 2. Pachyramphus marginatus – Black-capped Becard Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male is only “black-and-white” becard with back mixed or streaked black and gray (not solid black or solid gray). Note gray (not white) supraloral. W: 68-72 (70.0) T: 47-52.5 (49.8) M: 16-18.5 (17.3) N: 2 3. Pachyramphus surinamus – Glossy-backed Becard Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 4. Pachyramphus minor – Pink-throated Becard Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 88-90 (89.0) T: 61-63 (62.0) M: 43.5-46 (44.8) N: 2 5. Tityra cayana – Black-tailed Tityra Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 6. Rhytipterna simplex – Grayish Mourner Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Best told from Lipaugus vociferans by voice. Latter is larger, more robust, has rounder head, stouter all dark bill, grayer eye color, and lacks greenish yellow cast on abdomen. See also Laniocera hypopyrra. W: 91-101 (95.4) T: 77-94.5 (87.1) M: 30-39 (33.9) N: 26 Band: E 7. Laniocera hypopyrra – Cinereous Mourner Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: No other mainly gray mourner or piha has boldly spotted orange rufous wing bars. Note: Female pectoral tufts pale lemon. W: 96-108 (105.2) T: 79-93 (83.5) M: 40-55.5 (47.3) N: 13 Band: G 8. Lipaugus vociferans – Screaming Piha Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Much like Rhytipterna simplex, which is somewhat smaller, thinner-billed, and more uniform below (throat not paler than breast); voice best way to distinguish. W: 107-123 (117.5) T: 100-119 (105.9) M: 67.5-85 (74.2) N: 26 Band: H 9. Sirystes sibilator – Sirystes Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: From any similar flycatcher or becard by contrasting white rump.

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PIPRIDAE 1. Schiffornis turdina – Thrush-like Schiffornis Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Resembles a short-tailed dull brown thrush, but has stocky proportion, relatively long tail for a manakin, large eye, and lack of distinct markings. W: 83-98 (90.4) T: 54-75 (64.9) M: 26.5-41 (33.7) N: 405 Band: D-E 2. Piprites chloris – Wing-barred Piprites Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest small manakin-like birds by yellow face & eyering. W: 64.5-65 (64.8) M: 15.5-17 (16.3) N: 2

Similar species: From other

3. Neopipo cinnamomea – Cinnamon Manakin-Tyrant Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Much like Terenotriccus erythrurus, with different shape and posture and bill much narrower and crown with median yellow stripe (not always visible). In hand, lacks rictal bristles and has dark legs. 4. Tyranneutes virescens – Tiny Tyrant-Manakin Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Most small flycatchers (e.g. Lophotriccus galeatus and Hemitriccus zosterops) have wing markings. Smaller than Neopelma chrysocephalum. Note: Female has smaller crown patch and longer tail than male. W: 42-51 (47.0) T: 12-25 (20.9) M: 6-9 (7.5) N: 9 Band: E 5. Neopelma chrysocephalum – Saffron-crested Tyrant-Manakin Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: campinarana Similar species: From flycatchers by shape, posture, and absence of wing bars. Note prominent pale yellowish to orangish. 6. Manacus manacus – White-bearded Manakin Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Female from other manakins by orange legs. W: 50-55 (52.0) T: 25-33 (30.9) M: 15-17 (16.1) N: 8 Band: C-D 7. Corapipo gutturalis – White-throated Manakin Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female much paler white below than others; note dull legs. Tail also appears relatively long and narrow. Note: Immature males may be paler-throated than females. W: 51-58 (53.9) T: 22-31 (26.5) M: 6-11 (8.2) N: 141 Band: E 8. Pipra pipra – White-crowned Manakin Similar species: Female is Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest only one with contrasting gray cap and bright red eye. Note: Immatures female plumaged, but often with paler orangish eye. Older females apparently acquire some male-like feathers. W: 57-67.5 (62.0) T: 20-34 (27.4) M: 8-18 (11.9) N: 1512 Band: D-E 9. Lepidothrix (Pipra) serena – White-fronted Manakin Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 47-59 (53.2) T: 19-33 (26.6) M: 7.8-13.5 (10.7) N: 379 Band: E 10. Pipra erythrocephala – Golden-headed Manakin Status: common, resident Habitat: primary secondary forest Similar species: Female P. pipra has gray head and orange to red eye. W: 52-59 (55.3) T: 16-24 (20.5) M: 9-15 (11.8) N: 142 Band: E

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CONTINGIDAE 1. Phoenicircus carnifex – Guianan Red-Cotinga Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Ramphocelus carbo only other red-and-black bird of similar size. W: 104-108 (105.7) T: 80-89 (85.0) M: 85-120 (96.9) N: 9 2. Iodopleura fusca – Dusky Purpletuft Status: casual, unspecified movements?

Habitat: primary forest

3. Cotinga cotinga – Purple-breasted Cotinga Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male not likely confused. Female like C. cayanna, but darker and more heavily spotted and scaled. 4. Cotinga cayana – Spangled Cotinga Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female much paler and more uniform (less spotted or scaled) than C. cotinga. Female Xipholena punicea is uniform brownish gray. 5. Xipholena punicea – Pompadour Cotinga Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Good marks for female are plump silhouette, white eyes, and white wing edgings. 6. Haematoderus militaris – Crimson Fruitcrow Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Easily confused with Phoenicircus carnifex, which has similar pattern, but is smaller and lacks massive head and bulk. 7. Perissocephalus tricolor – Capuchinbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest

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HIRUNDINIDAE 1. Progne tapera – Brown-chested Martin Status: casual, austral migrant Habitat: pasture Similar species: Larger with steadier martin-like flight than Riparia riparia. Note conspicuous white edges on basal protion of tail that are formed by silky under tail coverts, and indistinct (not sharp) edges of chest band. No other immature swallow has an unbroken chest band and white throat. Compare immature P. chalybea. 2. Progne subis – Purple Martin Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest and pasture Dates: late Augmid Apr. Similar species: Female plumaged birds from either sex of P. chalybea by gray forecrown (but occasionally dark), paler area on sides of neck and nape, and darker and more heavily streaked underparts. 3. Progne chalybea – Gray-breasted Martin Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar species: See P. subis. From immature P. tapera by lack of distinct chest band and whitish throat. 4. Neochelidon tibialis – White-thighed Swallow Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: Differs from Stelgidopteryx ruficollis by having dark plumage, smaller, more twisting flight and low heights, and tendency to fly in small forest openings, even among trees. W: (89.2) T: (49.2) M: (10.5) N: 5 5. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis – Southern Rough-winged Swallow Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Only brownish swallow with a pale rump. Boreal and austral migrants have dark rumps and resemble Riparia riparia, but never show a white throat. Progne tapera shows white on either side of base of tail and concolor rump. See also Neochelidon tibialis. 6. Riparia riparia – Bank Swallow Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture Dates: Early Sept-md Oct and Feb (Columbia); early Sept-late Oct and early Mar-early May (Panama); Sept-Oct and Apr-early May (Venezuela). Similar species: From Progne tapera by smaller size, more sharply defined breast band, quicker wing beats, and more erratic flight. P. tapera also has protruding white under tail coverts, visible even from above. 7. Hirundo rustica – Barn Swallow Status: uncommon, boreal migrant Habitat: pasture (Columbia); early Sept-late Apr (Venezuela).

Dates: Mid Aug-early May

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TROGLODYTIDATE, POLIOPTILIDAE, & TURDIDAE 1. Thryothorus coraya – Coraya Wren Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest Similar species: T. leucotis lacks extensive black on lower cheeks and has most of underparts bright buff. W: 52-61 (56.1) T: 47-59 (52.9) M: 13.5-20 (17.0) N: 60 2. Thryothorus leucotis – Buff-breasted Wren Status: causal, resident Habitat: secondary forest Similar species: Like overgrown Troglodytes aedon, but brighter below and cheek stripes prominent. See T. coraya. 3. Troglodytes aedon – House Wren Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest W: 46-53 (49.7) T: 31-40 (36.7) M: 10.5-13.5 (12.0) N: 31 Band: C-D 4. Microcerculus bambla – Wing-banded Wren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 49-60 (54.9) T: 17-29 (21.8) M: 14-19.5 (16.6) N: 198 Band: G 5. Microbates collaris – Collared Gnatwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 45-55 (49.9) T: 24-36 (30.3) M: 8-14 (10.7) N: 468 Band: E 6. Ramphocaenus melanurus – Long-billed Gnatwren Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 43-46.5 (44.8) T: 43-48 (44.5) M: 8-11 (9.2) N: 11 7. Cyphorhinus arada – Musician Wren Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Note peculiar bill shape, bare blue ocular area, and barring on wings and tail. Microcerculus bambla lacks blue ocular ring and chestnut underparts. W: 55-65 (59.2) T: 28-40 (33.2) M: 16-25 (20.2) N: 306 Band: G-H 8. Polioptila guianensis – Guianan Gnatcatcher Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest 9. Catharus minimus – Gray-cheeked Thrush Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Early Oct-early May (Columbia); mid Oct-early May (Venezuela). Similar species: See C. fuscescens. W: 95-116 (101.6) T: 65-80 (71.6) M: 26-36 (29.2) N: 18 Band: F 10. Catharus fuscescens – Veery Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary and secondary forest Dates: Early Sept-late Oct and one early Mar record (Columbia); mid Oct-mid Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: More rufous on the back and less heavily spotted on the chest than C. minimus. W: 90-105 (97.8) T: 62-78 (69.0) M: 24.5-33 (28.7) N: 19 Band: F 11. Turdus albicollis – White-necked Thrush Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 92-116 (102.3) T: 70-91 (81.3) M: 38.5-63 (49.7) N: 635 Band: G-H 12. Turdus ignobilis – Black-billed Thrush

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VIREONIDAE & PARULIDAE 1. Cyclarhis gujanensis – Rufous-browed Peppershrike Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest W: 65-72.5 (68.9) T: 51-58.5 (54.2) M: 24-34 (27.8) N: 14 Band: E-G 2. Vireolanius leucotis – Slaty-capped Shrike-Vireo Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 3. Vireo olivaceus – Red-eyed Vireo Status: uncommon, resident and boreal migrant Habitat: primary and secondary forest Dates: Mid Sept-mid May (Columbia); early Sept-mid Apr (Venezuela). Note: R. o. chivi (not at BDFFP?) separate species? and possible austral migrant. M: 14-18.5 (16.3) N: 2 Band: C-D 4. Vireo altiloquus – Black-whiskered Vireo Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Mid Aug-late Sept and mid Mar-mid Apr and possible winter (Columbia); mid Sept-late Oct and early Mar-mid Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: From V. olivaceus by black malar line, longer and heavier bill, and subtle differences in plumage. 5. Hylophilus thoracicus – Lemon-chested Greenlet Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See H. muscicapinus and H. semicinereus. Note: Juvenile may have brownish eyes. 6. Hylophilus semicinereus – Gray-chested Greenlet Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest has broad yellow breast band.

Similar species: H. thoracicus

7. Hylophilus muscicapinus – Buff-cheeked Greenlet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: H. thoracicus has yellow breast bands. W: 58-63 (60.1) T: 42-47 (44.0) M: 10-15 (11.8) N: 7 8. Hylophilus ochraceiceps – Tawny-crowned Greenlet Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Several female Myrmotherula are similar, but have heavier bills. In hand, note dark supraloral. W: 50-61 (55.8) T: 33-46 (39.6) M: 8-13 (10.1) N: 347 Band: E 9. Dendroica petechia – Yellow Warbler Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: primary forest Dates: Late Aug-early May (Columbia); mid Sept-mid Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: From other “yellow” warblers by yellow tail edging. Larger bill than Vermivora warblers. 10. Dendroica fusca – Blackburnian Warbler Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary forest Dates: Early Sept-early May (Columbia); mid Aug-late Apr (Venezuela). Similar species: Head pattern distinctive. Note: Molts 1-2 months prior to departure in the spring. 11. Dendroica striata – Blackpoll Warbler Status: rare, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary forest Apr (Columbia); late Sept-mid May (Venezuela).

Dates: Early Sept-late

12. Phaeothlypis rivularis – Riverbank Warbler Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 56-66 (61.2) T: 42-60 (53.6) M: 11-15 (12.9) N: 41 Band: D 13. Conirostrum speciosum – Chestnut-vented Conebill Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest

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EMBERIZIDAE & CARDINALIDAE 1. Ammodramus aurifrons – Yellow-browed Sparrow Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest W: 52-60 (55.9) T: 36-49 (42.8) M: 14.5-20 (16.7) N: 63 2. Volatinia jacarina – Blue-black Grassquit Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest Similar species: Oryzoborus angolensis has heavier bill and white under wing. W: (50.0) T: (42.2) M: (10.6) N: 5 Band: C-D 3. Sporophila bouvronides – Lesson’s Seedeater Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: pasture Similar species: Other black-and-white male seedeaters (except S. lineola) lack broad white malar. Female identical to S. lineola, but from others by yellow bill and unstreaked back. 4. Sporophila lineola – Lined Seedeater Status: casual, unspecified movements Habitat: pasture Similar species: Male S. bouvronides has solid black crown, flanks, and sides and sometimes chest more or less mottled black. Female cannot be separated from S. bouvronides in the field, but from other Sporophila by yellow bill. 5. Sporophila castaneiventris – Chestnut-bellied Seedeater Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture Similar species: Female is smaller, darker-billed, and more buffy ochraceous below than other Sporophila. W: 55.5-56 (55.8) T: 45-50 (47.5) M: 10.5-14 (12.3) N: 2 6. Oryzoborus angolensis – Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Female from Sporophila by larger size, larger bill, darker coloration, and white wing linings. Male’s best mark is chestnut on breast and belly. W: 49-56 (54.8) T: 46-57 (50.3) M: 11.5-16 (13.0) N: 26 Band: D 7. Arremon taciturnus – Pectoral Sparrow Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 62-77 (69.7) T: 50-63 (57.0) M: 21-29.5 (24.7) N: 20 Band: E 8. Caryothraustes canadensis – Yellow-green Grosbeak Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 85-86 (85.5) T: 43-66 (64.5) M: 33-33.5 (33.3) N: 2 9. Saltator grossus – Slate-colored Grosbeak Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 89-98 (94.7) T: 77-94 (82.9) M: 40-50 (44.8) N: 21 Band: G 10. Saltator maximus – Buff-throated Saltator Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest W: (93.8) T: (88.3) M: (41.0) N: 2 Band: G 11. Cyanocompsa cyanoides – Blue-black Grosbeak Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest W: 71-87 (77.0) T: 59-71 (64.2) M: 22-31 (26.3) N: 78

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THRAUPIDAE (part 1) 1. Lamprospiza melanoleuca – Red-billed Pied Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 2. Hemithraupis flavicollis – Yellow-backed Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest W: 66-74 (69.2) T: 48-50 (49.0) M: 8-14 (11.8) N: 6 Band: D 3. Lanio fulvus – Fulvous Shrike-Tanager Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Female from Tachyphonus cristatus by heavy hooked bill, light rump richer rufous, and throat browner (not ochraceous). Female Thamnomanes ardesiacus is smaller and duller with whitish throat and more ochraceous lower underparts. W: 76-94 (88.3) T: 70-81 (76.0) M: 18-30 (25.8) N: 30 4. Tachyphonus cristatus – Flame-crested Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male T. surinamus lacks yellowish throat spot, shows more white under the wings (pectoral tufts often prominent), and has fulvous (not scarlet) crest. Female best identified by shape, posture, and uniform upper and underparts. Female nearest Lanio fulvus. Female T. surinamus has spectacles and olive upperparts. See also Thamnomanes. W: 68-84 (75.4) T: 61.5-74 (68.4) M: 15.5-27 (19.5) N: 25 Band: E 5. Tachyphonus surinamus – Fulvous-crested Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: See T. cristatus, T. phoenicius, and female Lanio fulvus. W: 69-89 (79.3) T: 61-81 (71.0) M: 17-25 (20.6) N: 307 Band: G 6. Tachyphonus phoenicius – Red-shouldered Tanager Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Best marks for female are contrasting whitish throat and dusky loral area. 7. Piranga rubra – Summer Tanager Status: casual, boreal migrant Habitat: secondary forest Apr (Columbia); mid Sept-mid May (Venezuela).

Dates: Early Oct-late

8. Ramphocelus carbo – Silver-beaked Tanager Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture Similar species: Female from other dark tanagers by pale mandible and reddish wash. W: 65-80 (73.3) T: 63-79 (70.8) M: 21.5-30 (24.7) N: 173 Band: G 9. Thraupis episcopus – Blue-gray Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary forest and pasture W: 84-93 (87.8) T: 57-63.5 (60.3) M: 34-36 (35.1) N: 5 Band: G 10. Thraupis palmarum – Palm Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest 11. Cyanicterus cyanicterus – Blue-backed Tanager Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest 12. Tersina viridis – Swallow Tanager Status: casual, unspecified movements

Habitat: primary forest

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THRAUPIDAE (part 2) 1. Euphonia plumbea – Plumbeous Euphonia Status: casual, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Female somewhat like E. chrysopasta, but lacks white loral patch and has gray chest and throat. See also E. minuta. 2. Euphonia chrysopasta – White-lored (Golden-bellied) Euphonia Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Best mark is the large whitish loral patch. See female E. cayennensis. 3. Euphonia chlorotica – Purple-throated Euphonia Status: casual, resident Habitat: secondary forest 4. Euphonia minuta – White-vented Euphonia Status: uncommon resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 5. Euphonia cayennensis – Golden-sided Euphonia Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest only euphonia with all of central underparts gray.

Similar species: Female is

6. Tangara mexicana – Turquoise Tanager Status: rare, resident Habitat: secondary and primary forest velia lacks the yellow lower underparts.

Similar species: T.

7. Tangara chilensis – Paradise Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest M: 14-16.5 (15.3) N: 4 8. Tangara velia – Opal-rumped Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest has yellow lower underparts.

Similar species: T. mexicana

9. Tangara punctata – Spotted Tanager Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest and secondary forest W: 54-60 (57.4) T: 37-41 (39.8) M: 12.5-16.5 (14.1) N: 8 10. Tangara varia – Dotted Tanager Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Easily confused with several other small Tangara, especially immature and adult T. gyrola and T. punctata. Immatures of these may lack spotting. Best marks are small size, blue on wings (male only), and lack of yellow below; also dots on chest (male only), but hard to see in field. Female uniform green; compare with Dacnis cayana, which has bluish head and pink legs. 11. Tangara gyrola – Bay-headed Tanager Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Dull juvenile confused with female Chlo rophanes spiza, but note tanager’s thicker, blunter bill.

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THRAUPIDAE (part 3) 1. Dacnis lineata – Black-faced Dacnis Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Confusing female usually with obvious male. Compare male with male D. cayana, but note golden eyes, blue throat, and white belly. 2. Dacnis cayana – Blue Dacnis Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male D. lineata has mask across face and bold yellow eyes. Female’s blue head and green body distinctive. 3. Chlorophanes spiza – Green Honeycreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Female’s from Tangara by bill shape. See also Dacnis cayana. W: 54-70 (62.7) T: 40-49 (44.0) M: 15-18 (16.4) N: 11 4. Cyanerpes nitidus – Short-billed Honeycreeper Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: Male from male C. caeryleus by pink legs, lighter blue plumage, shorter bill, and black on throat spreading onto upper breast. Female C. caeryleus has longer bill, cinnamon forehead and loral area, sides of head mostly rufous, and legs greenish gray. Male from male C. cyaneus by black throat, short bill, and pinkish legs. Female from female C. cyaneus by short bill, blue malar stripe, and buffy white (not yellow) under wing coverts. 5. Cyanerpes caeruleus – Purple Honeycreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest Similar species: See C. nitidus. Female C. cyaneus lacks buff forehead, face, and throat; underparts obscurely streaked greenish and white; underwing coverts yellow. W: 52-53 (52.5) T: 25-26 (25.5) N: 2 6. Cyanerpes cyaneus – Red-legged Honeycreeper Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: See C. nitidus and C. caeruleus. 7. Coereba flaveola – Bananaquit Status: common, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest male have a paler head than males. W: 49-57 (52.9) T: 26-35 (29.9) M: 8-11 (9.4) N: 19 Band: C-D

Note: Females

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ICTERIDAE 1. Psarocolius viridis – Green Oropendola Status: common, resident Habitat: primary forest 2. Cacicus haemorrhous – Red-rumped Cacique Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: Only Cacique with red rump. 3. Cacicus cela – Yellow-rumped Cacique 4. Icterus cayanensis – Epaulet Oriole Status: rare, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest Similar species: I. chrysocephalus very similar and perhaps conspecific (treated as subspecies in SACC). 5. Icterus chrysocephalus – Moriche Oriole Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: primary and secondary forest 6. Sturnella militaris – Red-breasted Blackbird Status: common, resident Habitat: pasture 7. Molothrus bonariensis – Shiny Cowbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture and secondary forest 8. Molothrus (Scaphidura) oryzivora – Giant Cowbird Status: uncommon, resident Habitat: pasture, secondary and primary forest Note: Brood parasite of oropendola and cacique nests. Blue eggs laid in cacique nests and white eggs laid in oropendola nests (Columbia and Venezuela).

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