Hidayatullah National Law University Raipur, Chhattisgarh: Economics Project

1

HIDAYATULLAH NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH

Economics Project

Impact of population growth on unemployment in India

Submitted by;

Submitted to;

Prashant Kerketta

Mrs. Eritriya Roy

Sem-1, Sec- B, Roll no. - 119

Faculty, Economics H.N.LU. Raipur

2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel highly elated to work on the topic “Impact of population growth on unemployment in India”. I am highly obliged to my educator, Mrs. Eritriya Roy, faculty member, HNLU for providing me the opportunity to deliver on this topic. Not only did She guide me through-out this process, but also provided me a platform to learn, explore, and research on important sociological provisions such as this one. I feel extremely elated to have worked on this topic and would like to express my profound feeling of appreciation towards Ma’am. She has been the guiding force behind this. She has always motivated me in classes to take up new topics, and work hard on them. The given project is one such minute attempt at it.

My gratitude also goes out to the staff and administration of HNLU for the infrastructure in the form of our library and IT Lab that was a source of great help for the completion of this project.

Prashant Kerketta Sem-1, sec- B Roll no. - 119

3

CONTENTS

Introduction

4

Objective

5

Research Methodology

5

What is Unemployment

6-10

Effect of population growth on unemployment

11-18

in India Conclusion

19-20

Reference

21

4

INTRODUCTION

Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequently cited measure of unemployment is the unemployment rate. This is the number of unemployed persons divided by the number of people in the labour force. When population grows faster than GNP, the standard of living of the people does not improve. In fact rapid population growth has been obstructing economic growth in developing countries like India where since 1951 population has been growing at a relatively high rate. A democratic country like India cannot adopt coercive methods to control population. But, to show how rapid population growth retards economic development, it is necessary to mention that by economic development we mean not only increase in national income (GNP) or per capita income, but also reduction in unemployment as a result of the growth of employment opportunities and reduction in poverty and inequalities of income. Since economic growth depends on rate of saving and investment and productivity of labour, we will discuss the impact of population growth on these factors. Unemployed people do not add to national output. As for the argument that population growth leads to increase in demand or market for goods, it may noted that the demand or market for goods increase if the real purchasing power in the hands of the people increases. The mere growth of unemployed or paupers cannot lead to greater demand for goods or expansion in their markets. Having ruled out the beneficial effects of population growth in the context of the Indian economy we discuss below how population growth in India retards economic development.

5

OBJECTIVES

The Project seeks to answer the following questions— This project is carried out keeping the following objectives in mind.

To know the reason for over population in India and its impact on unemployment in India.

Also to known size and growth of population in India and population growth and unemployment. Remedies for population explosion.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The present project is non – empirical analytical in nature where various statistical techniques have been used. The project has been made using secondary sources of data it is a non-empirical in nature the project employs descriptive method for explanation and interpretation the project uses secondary data for its literature.

6

What is Unemployment?

Unemployment is defined as a situation where someone of working age is not able to get a job but would like to be in full-time employment. Note: If a mother left work to bring up a child or if someone went into higher education, they are not working but would not be classed as unemployed as they are not actively seeking employment. One grey area is voluntary unemployment. This occurs when the unemployed choose not to take a job a going wage rate (e.g. wrong job, benefits too high e.t.c) they could be counted as unemployed because they are still seeking a job (they just don’t want to take one they are offered. Unemployment is a situation where in the person willing to work fails to find a job that earns them living. Unemployment means lack of employment. In simple way, unemployment means the state of being unemployed.

The rate of unemployment varies over a wide range among the different states of India. When a person does not get a full time work, it is called under-employment. When the productivity and income of a person increase by changing his occupation, he is also known as under employed.

How the problem of unemployment is affecting young boys and girls? If we look at young boys (and even girls), we find that one of the reasons for which they cannot devote themselves to studies is the worry of unemployment facing them immediately at the end of the course.

Whether they pass or fail in their examinations, there is the almost certain prospect of unemployment.

When a student selects a course of study, he is not guided by considerations of tastes or aptitudes but by the prospect of earning a living.

Types: Unemployment may be categorized as follows:



seasonal unemployment,



industrial unemployment,



educational unemployment,



technological unemployment, and



Disguised unemployment.

7

Agricultural laborers, farmers, workers of sugar mills, rice sellers, cotton ginning units and ice factories are included in seasonal unemployment.

Workers forced to be unemployed due to saving devices are counted in industrial unemployment.

Educated unemployment arises when a large number of educated people are unemployed or unable to secure a job.

Technological unemployment refers to the situation when people have been put out of work by the introduction of a superior technology in their idea of operation.

Disguised unemployment is a common feature in agriculture. It arises when more than the required human-resource has been engaged in the cultivation of the same plot. It is a sort of under employment.

Causes / Reasons: 1. Theoretical education: This chronic unemployment is in some quarters attributed to the system of education prevailing in our country. Our education is too theoretical. It turns too many arts graduates and too few engineers.

To make up for this deficiency Government has opened several technological institutes in different parts of India. However, this attempt, good as it is, will not solve the problem of unemployment.

Already there are more technically trained men than there is employment for them.

2. Lack of full employment in industries: In the industrial segment, there is the same lack of full employment. There are not many mills and factories and the number of men employed in them is not large. Even the mills and factories that we have do not work to their maximum capacity either for lack of requisite machinery or for lack of adequate supply of materials.

3. Lack of alternative opportunities for agricultural workers: In the rural India, the picture is equally discouraging. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the majority of rural population. However, agriculture keeps the cultivators engaged for a limited part of the year. For many months every year the agriculturist remain idle and lives miserably.

4. Poor condition of cottage industries: In villages, unemployment is due to lack of cottage industries. The cottage industries are in a winding state. They give whole-time occupation to only a fraction of the people who depend on them.



http://nptel.ac.in/courses/109103022/11



http://www.economicsdiscussion.net/articles/main-effects-of-population-explosion-in-india/2254

8

5. Other factors: The other factors that are responsible for unemployment in India are:

Excessive burden of population on cultivation;

5. Rapidly increasing population; 6. Low productivity in agriculture sector; 7. Defective economic planning, and 8. Large-scale production and mechanization.

Solution Every country is trying to solve the unemployment problem in her own way.

1. Increase in national wealth through industrialization: The real remedy lies in an addition to the national wealth, in increased production of industrial goods. If there are more industries, there will be more avenues for employment, particularly for men and women with professional and technological training. Already the River valley projects and power-plant projects are finding employment for a large number of men.

It is only in a rapid industrialization of the country that we have a key to the solution of our economic problem. If more and more industries are established and more commodities are produced, there will be vacancies not merely for technically trained university men but also for laborers – skilled and unskilled.

If we have more wealth, we shall be able to pay our doctors better, we shall require more banks, more schools and colleges and more universities. Thus, rapid industrialization alone opens up new avenues for the educated people for the urban areas as also for mill and factory hands.

If the unemployment of the rural people is to be tackled, emphasis should also be laid on the revival of cottage industries. This will give part-time occupation to agriculturists and relieve the poor people who depend on these small decaying industries such as weaving, making carpets

and mats or utensils of ball-metal.

The Government alone can help them with loan and find a market for their goods. If these industries are revived, the rural people will live in happiness and peace.

2. Establishment of Vocational and Technical training institutes: The government should open Technical and Vocational colleges and manual labor should be made compulsory. Big factories should be attached to these colleges. More stress is to be given to practical side.



https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiln4mj27 jWAhWLuo8KHebeChYQFggpMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnptel.ac.in%2Fcourses%2F109103022%2F13&usg=AF QjCNHirw2Kj8PhlJSVH7IaO70zN-G69Q

9

3. Increased investment in heavy industries: Investment in heavy and basic industries and consumer goods industries should be increased to provide more employment with more production.

4. Revival of cottage and small scale industries: Cottage and small scale industries should be developed. Subsidies and other incentives should be given to private sector.

5. Modernization of agriculture: Modernization and mechanization of agriculture should be done. Wastelands should be utilized.

6. Improved transport and communication: Rural works programs should be increased means of transport and communication should be developed.

7. Self-employment should be encouraged: Government should take initiatives to encourage self-employment. Young entrepreneurs should be assisted with hassle free loans.

The unemployed are a great worry to the Government. Government tried to give some relief to unemployed people, especially to ex-Service men, by opening Employment Exchanges, which are machinery for finding suitable employment for young men and women.

Some Universities, too, have employment boards to help their graduates (and under graduates) to secure employment. Nevertheless, these are no complete remedy. They may have found Employment for some meritorious people.

One of the most disturbing problems in India has been the mounting rate of unemployment, both in the rural and urban sectors. In case of rural sector, there has been both unemployment and under employment. In urban sector, there has been both educated and industrial unemployment.

Unless unemployment problem is solved, the future of India cannot be bright. There will be no peace and prosperity in the country if jobless people do not get a proper channel. More attention should be given otherwise this problem can make jobless youths go to wrong direction.

Features of Unemployment in India

For many of us the notion of unemployment is one of those who do not have a job or, are paid no salary. This is partly correct but not wholly. Such a notion would apply largely to the educated people who are not able to find work or to those in urban areas who come to seek employment. We will leave out a large section of people, in fact the majority, who are engaged in agriculture and who may not be paid wages. For example, a person cultivating a small piece of land which he owns is also employed; through he is not paid a wage. He is more known as self-employed in agriculture. Similarly there are vast numbers of people in rural and urban area who do not get wages for the work they do. These are farmers, artisans, petty shop owners, small and big industrialists, taxi drivers, mechanics etc. These people are also regarded as being employed.

10

All these people as well as those drawing salaries are regarded as being “gainfully employed” because they get some material rewards (in cash or kind) for the work they do. Those who are not gainfully employed are unemployed. The next problem is of identifying the unemployed. This is not an easy task. Normally in our country we regard those people who are between the ages 15 and 58 as being “economically active”. In other words these people have the potential of being gainfully employed. Therefore those who are not gainfully employed in this age group are unemployed. This supposition will again not be fully correct. There could be a large number of

People in this age group who do not wish to seek employment. They could be students or people who can depend on other people's earnings and they do not wish to be employed.

Till recently women were considered in this category since a large section of women (married women mainly) do household work. However, in recent years, this has been considered economic activities. The Census of 1991 and 2001 has taken this into consideration.

11

The Effects of Population Growth on Unemployment in India

Brandon Lozeau1 Economic performance and population growth are expressly linked and China and India are the two most populated nations in the world. While a large population might translate to having a large labour force, several key economic factors have contributed to how the Chinese and Indian populations have grown and what differing effects that growth has had on their developing economies. This essay aims to highlight some of the very important differences in the population growth rates of these two Asian states and how it might explain the variation between their economic development and performance. This essay will not only touch upon the pure economic data, but also find a place for political, cultural, and sociological links between the following: per capita income, fertility rates, technological advancement, education, population control policy, and government intervention. Population growth can have several effects on the economic expansion and performance of a country. India, with 1.1 billion people, together is home to almost two and a half billion people on a planet with almost six and a half billion inhabitants2. Though they each enjoy the same factor endowment, namely a large labour force, several key economic factors have contributed to how the Chinese and Indian populations have grown and what differing effects that growth has had on their developing economies. This article will concentrate on some of the important differences in the population growth of these two Asian states and how they might explain the variation between their economic development and performance. While a brief article will not entail all economic measures and factors linking population and economic performance, this article will touch upon links between the following: per capita income, fertility rates, technological advancement, education, population control policy, and government intervention. Much of the original foundation for studying the economic effects of population growth stem from the writings of Thomas R. Malthus (1766-1834). The Malthusian model highlights two main ideas. “The first is the existence of some factor of production, such as land, which is in fixed supply, implying decreasing returns to scale for all other factors. The second is a positive effect of the standard of living on the growth rate of population.”3

1 Brandon Lozeau attended the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth as an undergraduate majoring in

political

science and French with a minor in economics, and receiving a certificate in international marketing. Studying international political economy at the Brussels School of International Studies, he has taken a great interest in economic and sustainable development in the developing world. 2The

Indian figures are taken from the Population Reference Bureau (PRB) (http://www.prb.org/. Accessed: .

India’s CER published a steady rise to around 6% annual growth for 2001.4 While this outstanding growth has brought enormous benefit to citi2ens of both countries, India and China have fallen into the “Malthusian Population Trap.” 6 When population is low the standard of living is higher but, “When population si2e is large, the standard of living will be low, and population will be reduced by either the ‘preventive check’ (intentional reduction of fertility) or by the ‘positive check’ (malnutrition, disease, and famine).” 7 The “preventative” check of which Malthus spoke, the intentional reduction of fertility, is commonly seen as one of the keys to subsiding population growth for the future. There are several economic factors that are linked to fertility rates, such as technological advancement and increased levels of education. In developing countries children are often seen as an economic asset, a tool to help increase agricultural production and also to ensure that a caregiver exists when parents get older. “Demand or need for large numbers of children is driven down by improvements in living standards and child survival and by the moderni2ation of economies.” 8 The movement away from agricultural production and into more modern industries in the manufacturing and services sectors negates the necessity to have large numbers of children. In India the primary sector is responsible for 60% of employment, with the secondary and tertiary sectors accounting for 12% and 28% of employment, respectively5. The large agricultural presence in the Indian economy partially explains why higher fertility rates pervade the population, due to needing children to help with family agricultural plots.

13

Population Growth and Unemployment: Economic development requires that employment should increase adequately so that unemployment should decrease. Explosive growth in population has caused serious unemployment and under-employment problem in India. Due to explosive growth in population in India labor force has been increasing rapidly since 1951.

In recent years labor force which was2estimated at 309 million in 1983, went up to 333 million in 1988, to 382 million in 1994 and to 406 million in 1999-2000. As a result of this explosive increase in labor force demographic pressure on the economy has increased resulting in increase in backlog of unemployment and under- unemployment at the beginning of each successive Five Year Plan. In view of this much of our investment efforts are directed at ‘absorbing the growing labor force in productive employment, our ability to raise productivity of labor is severely constrained. Since production processes in modem organized industrial sector is highly capital intensive, much of the growing labor force cannot be employed there. As a result, demographic pressure on land and agriculture increases resulting in the severe drop in the net sown area per capita.

In agriculture, self-employment is predominant and the joint family system prevails under which both household’s income and work are shared among the family members. Therefore, in the absence of employment opportunities outside agriculture, much of the additional labor force is forced to remain in agriculture and allied activities.

Agriculture performs the role of residual absorber. They share work in agriculture with other family members no matter how low the productivity per person becomes. Thus, with the fall in net sown area per person and increased Population pressure, disguised unemployment emerges in agriculture.

14

Disguised unemployment means more workers seem to be employed in it but quite a large number of additional workers do not add to agricultural output, that is, marginal productivity of workers in agriculture is zero or nearly zero. Since population growth reduces savings and investable resources, it is very difficult to withdraw any significant number of workers from agriculture so as to equal, them with the required capital to provide them productive employment outside agriculture. To a certain extent lack of capital may be made up by harder work by workers in a country like India.

But such a method of adjustment is not easy to achieve in India. This is because in the modern times man can produce little with bare hands. To provide them productive employment workers need to be equipped with enough capital goods.

Even employment generation in agriculture apart from high yielding inputs such as fertilizers, HYV seeds, and pesticides as requires irrigation works, an important capital needed for extension of double cropping which is highly employment generating way in agriculture. Due to lack of investible resources caused partly by population growth, it has not been possible to extend irrigation facilities to the currently known irrigation potential.

It follows from above that labor force consequences of population growth are to a good extent responsible for huge unemployment and underemployment prevailing in India.

Population Growth and Poverty: Last but not the least the important consequence of rapid population growth is that it has made very difficult to make a significant dent into the problem of mass poverty prevailing in’ the country. This is clear from the fact that as large as about 18 million people over and above one billion populations estimated on March 1, 20.01 are being added to our population every year as per 2001 census. This gives rise to a huge problem of properly feeding and clothing them.

Further, as has been explained in detail in the above sections such large increase in population and consequently huge increment in labor force lowers our capacity to make productive investment and thereby to increase productivity of labor to ensure eradication of poverty Prof. K.

Sandarac rightly writes, “The size of increments to population is itself of some consequence. Thus is because the resource requirements of feeding and clothing even at the current low levels

15

are such that the incremental population itself constraints the ability of the economy to raise the living standards of the existing population.”

A vicious circle of poverty operates in this regard. Rapid population growth leads to lower productivity which causes poverty, poverty causes high infant mortality rate which in turn causes high population growth. There is no wonder then, even after over 50 years of planned economic development, 317 million people lived below the poverty line in 1993-94. The decline in number of poor people to 260 million in 1999-2000 is doubtful’ because of the change methodology made in NSS of 1999-2000.

Demographic Changes in India and Population Dividend: India is passing through a phase of unprecedented demographic changes. These demographic changes are likely to contribute to a substantially increased labor force in the country. The census projection report shows that the proportion of working age population between 15 and 59 years is likely to increase from approximately 5 8 per cent in 2001 to more than 64 per cent by 2021.

In absolute numbers there will be approximately 63.5 million new entrants to the working age group between 2011 and 2016. Further, it is important to note that the bulk of this increase is likely to take place in the relatively younger age group of20-35years.

Such a trend would make India one of the youngest nations in the world. In 2020 average Indian will be only 29 years old. The comparable figures for China and US are 37 and for West Europe 45 and for Japan 48 years. This higher proportion of young labor force in India has a great production potential and has therefore been called ‘demographic dividend’.

This demographic dividend provides India large productive opportunities for rapid economic growth. However, this also poses a great challenge; its benefit will be realized only if our population is healthy, educated and appropriately skilled. Therefore, greater focus on human and inclusive development in India is necessary to best utilize the demographic dividend.

Population Control Policy: Over-populated developing countries are currently facing the problem of population explosion.

16

India’s population which is presently about 1027 millions is increasing at a rate of about 2 per cent per annum. If current trends continue, India may overtake China in 2045 to become the most populous country in the world. At present about 50 Per cent of India’s population is below 20 years of age.

Hence, a large number of our present population will live to see by the middle of the 21st century the disastrous consequences such as acute poverty conditions. Widespread unemployment, a high degree of socio-economic tensions if current explosive growth in population is not checked.

The check on the growth of population is therefore absolutely essential if we want to solve problems of mass poverty and widespread unemployment. Further, if the economy is to be entering from reaching the stationary state controlling population growth is essential to achieve this aim. Stressing the importance of controlling population growth in India characterized by w economic growth, the existence of mass poverty and unemployment. Prof. P.R. Brahmananda writes, “A stationary economy with an open ended population expansion angle II be the greatest permanent disaster for the country. All hopes of improvement in living standard even at the meager levels, of vast masses will have been forever dashed to pieces. He further adds, “Such an atmosphere cannot be conducive for economic progress. The prospect more bread being ruled out, the flow of freedom may not flutter for long.”

Now, an important question is what policies can be adopted to control population. Population growth depends on the fertility rate (birth rate) and death rate. Thus, policies that have to be adopted to check population growth should aim to reduce the birth rate, the increase in birth rate is ruled out for obvious reasons. Population growth can be reduced by reducing the birth rate.

That is, each family should have smaller number of children. It may be noted that during fertility rate in underdeveloped countries is quite a formidable task. This is because, as has been pointed out by Kuznets, “in under-developed countries people have an intense tendency to have more children because under the economic and social conditions large proportions of the population

17

see their economic and social interests in more children as a supply family labor, as a pool for a genetic lottery, and as a matter of economic and social security a non-protecting society.”

The various policies that may be adopted to control the growth of population are: (a) Family Planning Programmed,

(b) Sterilization,

(c) Promotion of education,

(d) Social and economic) development, especially of the poor sections of the society.

Promotion of Education: Empirical studies conducted in several countries reveal that there is inverse relation between the fertility rate and education, especially of women and girls. Therefore, on important measure to reduce the birth rate is the promotion of education, especially among female population of the country.

The educated men and women accept small family norm and more readily take family planning measures such as use of contraceptives. Moreover, when educated women are employed, their tendency to bear and rear more children falls. Dr. Ashish Bose, an eminent demographer, has pointed out that India’s family planning campaign has been severely handicapped because of the slow rise in the literacy level. To quote him “The sad fact remains that in large parts of India, especially in U.P., Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan women literacy rate in the rural areas is less than 10per cent. And these are states where the progress of family planning is slow. These four States account for 39 per cent of India’s population. So their impact (or lack of it) on the national birth rate is bound to be significant.” It, therefore, follows that efforts to educate the people especially women, both formally and informally, be strengthened to achieve the target of reduction in birth rate.

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiln4mj27jWAhWLuo8KHebeChY QFghUMAg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fmy-india%2Findia%2Foverpopulation-in-india-causes-effects-and-how-tocontrol-it&usg=AFQjCNGvfTdkc0U2dJtPQQ3unH5XilwA7w

18

Social and Economic Development:

It has been said that “development is the best contraceptive.” This implies that with social with and economic development, the birth rate will go down, as people with higher levels of living prefer to have fewer children. First, people with a higher level of living do not need children to supplement the family’s meager income. Secondly, they come to prefer “quality” of children to rather than “quantity”.

Thirdly, their desire to further improve their level of living increases and this induces them to practice family planning measures.

In the opinion of the present author if the population growth in India has remained virtually unchecked in spite of a nationwide family planning programmed, the fault does not lie solely with the programmed but to a much greater did! Extent with the character of social and economic development in India which has failed to remove mass poverty and improve the levels of living of the poor and weaker sections of the society.

Accordingly, if population is to be effectively checked not only the tempo of economic development. It should be speeded up but strategy of development should be such as will promote employment opportunities for the poor especially landless labor, marginal and small farmers.

It should be ensured that fruits of economic development should reach these poor people. For these land reforms measures and income redistribution policies should also be effectively implemented. If the standards of living of the poor go up as a result of economic development, they will readily adopt small family norm

Conclusion

As a result of massive unemployment there is poverty and increase in social evils like robbery, crime etc. The social consequences of the educated unemployed are quite serious. We will find that people with superior qualifications are doing jobs which could be done by less qualified people. This results in under-utilization of one's capacity. We can find graduate engineers doing jobs which could be performed by diploma holders. Similarly there may be clerks and typists with postgraduate qualifications where perhaps matriculates could do the work. This is because people with lesser qualifications (matriculates) are unable to find jobs so they go for higher education with the hope that they will be in a better position to qualify for the same jobs.

Many thieves, pickpockets, smugglers, drug traffickers etc. take up these activities because they are unable to find gainful employment. The frustrations of unemployed youth can also lead to terrorism. The highly educated unemployed have anger against society for their state of affairs. They feel that if this system cannot meet their aspirations for getting proper jobs it should be destroyed. This leads them to take to organized violence against the state. Terrorism in Assam and in many other parts of the country is largely a result of the large number of educated unemployed youth in these states, among other factors.

Rural and Urban Unemployment in India

The unemployment rate at all India level stood at 3.8 per cent while in rural and urban areas it was 3.4 per cent and 5 per cent respectively. Unemployment rate is more in urban areas than in rural areas as in urban areas educated unemployed are more in numbers and also in urban areas it requires some vocational training or technical skill to do a job as compared to rural areas. Urban unemployment is that unemployment which exit in urban areas. It is not only painful at personal level but also at social level.

Despite this problem the government has not given attention to it. Urban unemployment can be classified into two forms.



Industrial unemployment: The exact size of the industrial unemployment is not known because the necessary data for its estimation are not available.

20



Educated unemployment: It constitutes large part of urban unemployment in India. Rural unemployment is the main problem of Indian government and it requires huge capitalization of capital. Disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment etc are some of the example of rural unemployment.

The educated are not the only ones who face the problem of unemployment in the urban areas. There are large numbers of people in the rural areas who do not have a high level of education and who are unemployed.

21

Reference

Asian Development Bank. www.adb.org/documents/CERs/IND/2001/indD2001.pdf. Last updated: December 2001. Accessed: 22 September 2017. Asian Development Bank. www.adb.org/documents/CERs/PRC/CERDPRCD2002.pdf. Last updated: August 2002. Accessed: 22 September 2017 

Galor, Oded and David N. Weil. “Population, Technology, and Growth: From Malthusian Stagnation to the Demographic Transition and beyond.” The American Economic Review, Vol. 90, No. 4, Sep. 2000, pp. 806-828. Population Reference Bureau (PRB). www.prb.org/reports/2007/Indiaprojections.aspx. Last updated: September 2007. Accessed: 22 September 2017.



Sarin, Ashi R. “India: Population-Control—A Dismal Record of Non-Performance.” XII Patiala Fogsi Conference of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Nov. 12, 2000.

https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad=rja&uac t=8&ved=0ahUKEwiln4mj27jWAhWLuo8KHebeChYQFgg7MAQ&url=http%3A%2F %2Fwww.economicsdiscussion.net%2Farticles%2Fmain-effects-of-populationexplosion-in-india%2F2254&usg=AFQjCNFs1JC1o_LBPEaums2HcB-iFgRGXQ. NPTEL: Humanities and social sciences