High Altitude Illness Research

ILLNESS Hypothermia High​ ​Altitude​ ​Pulmonary​ ​Edema Frostbite High​ ​Altitude​ ​Cerebral​ ​Edema Acute​ ​Mountain​ ​Sickness Hypoxia High​ ​Altitude​ ​Cough HIgh​ ​Altitude​ ​Digestion

DEFINE​ ​MEDICAL​ ​CONDITIONS

Hypothermia​ ​is​ ​when​ ​prolonged​ ​exposure​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cold​ ​causes​ ​your​ ​body​ ​temperature​ ​to​ ​drop dangerously High​ ​Altitude​ ​Pulmonary​ ​Edema​ ​is​ ​where​ ​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​surplus​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​fluid​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lungs caused​ ​by​ ​ascending​ ​too​ ​rapidly Frostbite​ ​is​ ​a​ ​condition​ ​in​ ​which​ ​skin​ ​and​ ​the​ ​tissue​ ​just​ ​below​ ​the​ ​skin​ ​freeze. High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​(HACE)​ ​is​ ​a​ ​medical​ ​condition​ ​in​ ​which​ ​the​ ​brain​ ​swells​ ​with fluid​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the​ ​physiological​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​traveling​ ​to​ ​a​ ​high​ ​altitude. Acute​ ​Mountain​ ​Sickness​ ​is​ ​a​ ​distress​ ​for​ ​having​ ​difficulties​ ​adjusting​ ​to​ ​lower​ ​oxygen​ ​levels at​ ​high​ ​altitudes Hypoxia​ ​is​ ​the​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​oxygen​ ​reaching​ ​the​ ​tissues High​ ​altitude​ ​cough​ ​is​ ​a​ ​dry,​ ​debilitating​ ​cough​ ​triggered​ ​by​ ​high​ ​altitudes. High​ ​altitude​ ​digestion​ ​is​ ​digestive​ ​problems​ ​such​ ​as​ ​nausea​ ​and​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​appetite​ ​due​ ​to​ ​being in​ ​high​ ​altitudes.

LOCATION​ ​AND​ ​/OR​ ​SYSTEM​ ​OF​ ​THE​ ​BODY​ ​THE​ ​MEDICAL​ ​CONDITION​ ​AFFECTS Hypothermia​ ​targets​ ​the;​ ​heart,​ ​nervous​ ​system,​ ​and​ ​respiratory​ ​system,ears,​ ​hands,​ ​toes, and​ ​ ​nose. High​ ​Altitude​ ​Pulmonary​ ​Edema​ ​affects​ ​the​ ​lungs,​ ​the​ ​respiratory​ ​system, and​ ​blood​ ​vessels. Frostbite​ ​can​ ​affect​ ​your​ ​feet,​ ​toes,​ ​hands,​ ​fingers,​ ​nose,​ ​and​ ​ears. High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​effects​ ​in​ ​the​ ​brain,​ ​because​ ​it​ ​swells. Acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​affects​ ​your​ ​lungs,​ ​heart,​ ​muscles,​ ​and​ ​nervous​ ​system. Hypoxia​ ​affects​ ​strictly​ ​your​ ​lungs​ ​and​ ​can​ ​cause​ ​major​ ​trauma​ ​to​ ​your​ ​lungs. High​ ​altitude​ ​cough​ ​affects​ ​your​ ​throat,​ ​airways,​ ​lungs​ ​and​ ​ribs. High​ ​altitude​ ​digestion​ ​can​ ​affect​ ​your​ ​stomach,​ ​head,​ ​brain,​ ​and​ ​your​ ​appetite.

SYMPTOMS The​ ​symptoms​ ​of​ ​hypothermia​ ​are;​ ​shivering,​ ​mumbling,​ ​slowed​ ​breathing,​ ​weak​ ​pulse,lack​ ​of coordination,​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​energy,​ ​memory​ ​loss,​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​consciousness,​ ​discoloration​ ​(found​ ​in infants) The​ ​symptoms​ ​for​ ​HAPE​ ​are​ ​;​ ​shortness​ ​of​ ​breath,​ ​cough,​ ​difficulty​ ​walking,​ ​cough​ ​with sputum,​ ​ ​and​ ​or​ ​blood,​ ​irregular​ ​heartbeat,​ ​ ​discomfort​ ​in​ ​the​ ​chest​ ​area,​ ​and​ ​headaches Frostbite;​ ​At​ ​first,​ ​cold​ ​skin​ ​and​ ​a​ ​prickling​ ​feeling,​ ​numbness​ ​Red,​ ​white,​ ​bluish-white​ ​or grayish-yellow​ ​skin,​ ​hard​ ​or​ ​waxy-looking​ ​skin,​ ​clumsiness​ ​due​ ​to​ ​joint​ ​and​ ​muscle​ ​stiffness, or​ ​blistering​ ​after​ ​rewarming. Symptoms​ ​of​ ​High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​commonly​ ​include​ ​confusion,​ ​loss​ ​of consciousness,​ ​fever,​ ​ataxia,​​ ​photophobia,​ ​rapid​ ​heart​ ​beat,lassitude,​ ​and​ ​an​ ​altered​ ​mental state. Symptoms​ ​of​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​include​ ​headache,​ ​nausea/vomiting,​ ​loss​ ​of​ ​sleep,​ ​loss of​ ​appetite,​ ​fever,​ ​weakness,​ ​dizziness,​ ​and​ ​memory​ ​problems.

Symptoms​ ​of​ ​hypoxia​ ​include​ ​air​ ​hunger,​ ​anxiety,​ ​mental​ ​confusion,​ ​fatigue,​ ​nausea, headache,​ ​dizziness,​ ​hot/cold​ ​flashes,​ ​and​ ​visual​ ​impairment. Symptoms​ ​of​ ​high​ ​altitude​ ​cough​ ​may​ ​include​ ​a​ ​cough,​ ​narrowing​ ​of​ ​the​ ​airways,​ ​and​ ​damage to​ ​the​ ​ribs. Symptoms​ ​of​ ​high​ ​altitude​ ​digestion​ ​include​ ​headaches,​ ​nausea,​ ​diarrhea,​ ​vomiting​ ​and​ ​loss of​ ​appetite.

CAUSES The​ ​causes​ ​of​ ​hypothermia​ ​include;​ ​living​ ​in​ ​a​ ​house​ ​that​ ​is​ ​too​ ​cold,​ ​falling​ ​in​ ​cold​ ​water,​ ​not being​ ​able​ ​to​ ​take​ ​off​ ​wet​ ​clothes​ ​soon​ ​enough,​ ​staying​ ​out​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cold​ ​for​ ​too​ ​long,and​ ​lack​ ​of appropriate​ ​gear​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cold Since​ ​the​ ​lungs​ ​are​ ​lacking​ ​oxygen,​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​vessels​ ​are​ ​ ​squeeze​ ​and​ ​the​ ​ ​pressure increases,​ ​causing​ ​the​ ​fluid​ ​to​ ​be​ ​exerted​ ​from​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​and​ ​into​ ​the​ ​air​ ​pockets.In​ ​layman's ascending​ ​to​ ​quickly​ ​and​ ​not​ ​receiving​ ​ ​the​ ​adequate​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​oxygen​ ​causes​ ​it...

Causes​ ​of​ ​frostbite​ ​is​ ​exposure​ ​to​ ​freezing​ ​temperatures. Causes​ ​of​ ​ ​High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​is​ ​primarily​ ​of​ ​oxygen​ ​deprivation. The​ ​cause​ ​of​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​is​ ​reduced​ ​air​ ​pressure​ ​and​ ​lower​ ​oxygen​ ​level​ ​at​ ​high altitudes. Causes​ ​of​ ​hypoxia​ ​are​ ​high​ ​altitudes,​ ​drowning,​ ​aspiration,​ ​respiratory​ ​arrest,​ ​and​ ​CO poisoning. High​ ​altitude​ ​cough​ ​may​ ​be​ ​caused​ ​by​​ ​water​ ​loss​ ​from​ ​the​ ​respiratory​ ​tract;​ ​high​ ​altitude pulmonary​ ​oedema;​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness;​ ​bronchoconstriction;​ ​respiratory​ ​tract​ ​infections; vasomotor​ ​rhinitis​ ​(chronic​ ​sneezing,​ ​congestion​ ​and​ ​runny​ ​nose)​ ​and​ ​postnasal​ ​drip; bronchoconstriction​ ​(constriction​ ​of​ ​the​ ​airways);​ ​asthma;​ ​and​ ​alterations​ ​in​ ​the​ ​central​ ​control of​ ​respiration. High​ ​altitude​ ​digestion​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​your​ ​body’s​ ​redistribution​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​flow​ ​to​ ​adapt​ ​to​ ​the change​ ​in​ ​altitude.​ ​The​ ​heart​ ​starts​ ​pumping​ ​more​ ​blood​ ​to​ ​your​ ​brain​ ​heart​ ​and​ ​lungs​ ​causing headaches.​ ​The​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​blood​ ​flow​ ​to​ ​the​ ​digestive​ ​system​ ​causes​ ​the​ ​nausea,​ ​vomiting,​ ​and loss​ ​of​ ​appetite.

RISK​ ​FACTORS The​ ​risk​ ​factors​ ​included​ ​for​ ​hypothermia​ ​are​ ​:​ ​substance​ ​abuse,​ ​medical​ ​conditions, medicine,exhaustion,​ ​youth,​ ​elderly,​ ​and​ ​mental​ ​problems. It​ ​is​ ​unpredictable,​ ​who​ ​can​ ​get​ ​HAPE...but​ ​ascending​ ​quickly​ ​or​ ​being​ ​sick​ ​before​ ​ascending can​ ​cause​ ​HAPE. Frostbite​ ​Medical​ ​conditions​ ​that​ ​affect​ ​your​ ​ability​ ​to​ ​feel​ ​or​ ​respond​ ​to​ ​cold,​ ​such​ ​as dehydration,​ ​exhaustion,​ ​diabetes​ ​and​ ​poor​ ​blood​ ​flow​ ​in​ ​your​ ​limbs.​ ​Alcohol​ ​or​ ​drug​ ​abuse, smoking,​ ​panic​ ​or​ ​mental​ ​illness. High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​related​ ​diseases​ ​such​ ​as​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​are​ ​known, but​ ​no​ ​clear​ ​physiological​ ​parameter​ ​has​ ​been​ ​associated​ ​with​ ​an​ ​increased​ ​risk​ ​for​ ​these diseases. Acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​is​ ​more​ ​common​ ​if​ ​you​ ​live​ ​near​ ​the​ ​sea​ ​or​ ​are​ ​acclimated​ ​to​ ​high altitudes. Hypoxia​ ​maternal​ ​risk​ ​factors​ ​include​ ​diabetes,​ ​asthma,​ ​and​ ​seizure​ ​disorders. High​ ​altitude​ ​cough​ ​is​ ​more​ ​common​ ​in​ ​people​ ​who​ ​take​ a ​ ngiotensin​ ​converting​ ​enzyme (ACE)​ ​inhibitors​ ​and​ ​who​ ​don’t​ ​get​ ​much​ ​sleep. Risk​ ​factors​ ​for​ ​high​ ​altitude​ ​digestion​ ​include​ ​taking​ ​hormones​ ​like​ ​leptin​ ​and​ ​cholecystokinin and​ ​also​ ​if​ ​you​ ​have​ ​hypoxia.

COMPLICATIONS

Some​ ​complications​ ​related​ ​to​ ​Hypothermia​ ​are​ ​cold​ ​related​ ​injuries​ ​like;​ ​frostbite​ ​and gangrene,​ ​which​ ​is​ ​when​ ​the​ ​tissue​ ​is​ ​dead​ ​and​ ​decays-​ ​which​ ​is​ ​caused​ ​by​ ​flow​ ​disruption. Not​ ​receiving​ ​sufficient​ ​oxygen​ ​to​ ​your​ ​blood,​ ​so​ ​that​ ​it​ ​can​ ​filter​ ​through​ ​your​ ​lungs​ ​is​ ​what causes​ ​HAPE. Frostbite​ ​complications​ ​are​ ​ ​increased​ ​sensitivity​ ​to​ ​cold,​ ​increased​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​developing​ ​frostbite again,​ ​long-term​ ​numbness​ ​in​ ​the​ ​affected​ ​area,​ ​changes​ ​in​ ​the​ ​cartilage​ ​between​ ​the​ ​joints, growth​ ​defects​ ​for​ ​children,​ ​and​ ​infections.

High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​complications​ ​are​ h ​ igh​ ​altitude​ ​disease,high​ ​altitude​ ​pulmonary edema,​ ​or​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness. Acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​complications​ ​are​ ​developing​ ​HAPE​ ​and​ ​HACE Hypoxias​ ​complications​ ​include​ ​tissue​ ​trauma,​ ​anxiety,​ ​and​ ​stress. Complications​ ​of​ ​high​ ​altitude​ ​cough​ ​include​ ​damage​ ​to​ ​the​ ​ribs,​ ​airways​ ​and​ ​throat​ ​due​ ​to constant​ ​and​ ​violent​ ​coughs. Development​ ​of​ ​high​ ​altitude​ ​digestion​ ​can​ ​lead​ ​to​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness,​ ​anorexia,​ ​and​ ​fat malabsorption. TREATMENT​ ​OF​ ​EACH​ ​HEALTH​ ​RISKS To​ ​treat​ ​hypothermia​ ​medically,​ ​these​ ​are​ ​a​ ​few​ ​things​ ​you​ ​are​ ​able​ ​to​ ​do;​ ​give​ ​them​ ​warm fluids​ ​and​ ​cover​ ​them​ ​with​ ​blankets-this​ ​is​ ​for​ ​mild​ ​hypothermia,​ ​rewarm​ ​their​ ​blood,​ ​warmed intravenous​ ​fluids,​ ​rewarming​ ​of​ ​the​ ​airway,​ ​and​ ​irrigation. Some​ ​treatments​ ​for​ ​HAPE​ ​are;​ ​Nifedipine,​ ​Viagra,​ ​Dexamethasone,​ ​which​ ​is​ ​used​ ​to​ ​open up​ ​the​ ​blood​ ​vessels​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lungs,and​ ​lastly​ ​descent-the​ ​most​ ​important. Frostbite​ ​treatment​ ​includes;​ ​mild​ ​cases​ ​can​ ​be​ ​treated​ ​with​ ​gradual​ ​warming,​ ​severe​ ​cases require​ ​medical​ ​care​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​complications. High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema​ ​includes,​ ​“​The​ ​mainstay​ ​of​ ​treatment​ ​is​ ​the​ ​immediate​ ​descent of​ ​at​ ​least​ ​1000m​ ​or​ ​until​ ​symptoms​ ​improve.​ ​One​ ​should​ ​not​ ​descend​ ​alone​ ​and​ ​should​ ​have assistance​ ​to​ ​minimize​ ​physical​ ​exertion,​ ​which​ ​may​ ​worsen​ ​the​ ​patient’s​ ​condition.​ ​If​ ​descent is​ ​not​ ​an​ ​option,​ ​one​ ​may​ ​use​ ​a​ ​portable​ ​hyperbaric​ ​chamber​ ​and/or​ ​supplemental​ ​oxygen​ ​to temporize​ ​illness,​ ​but​ ​this​ ​should​ ​never​ ​replace​ ​or​ ​delay​ ​evaluation/descent​ ​when​ ​possible.​ ​If available,​ ​dexamethasone​ ​8​ ​mg​ ​for​ ​one​ ​dose,​ ​followed​ ​by​ ​4mg​ ​every​ ​6​ ​hours​ ​should​ ​be​ ​given to​ ​adults​ ​via​ ​PO,​ ​IM,​ ​or​ ​IV​ ​routes.​ ​Pediatric​ ​dosing​ ​is​ ​0.15​ ​mg/kg​ ​every​ ​6​ ​hours. Acetazolamide​ ​has​ ​proven​ ​to​ ​be​ ​beneficial​ ​in​ ​only​ ​a​ ​single​ ​clinical​ ​study.​ ​The​ ​suggested dosing​ ​regimen​ ​for​ ​Acetazolamide​ ​is​ ​250​ ​mg​ ​PO,​ ​given​ ​twice​ ​daily.​ ​Though​ ​effective​ ​in alleviating​ ​or​ ​temporizing​ ​symptoms,​ ​none​ ​of​ ​the​ ​adjunct​ ​treatment​ ​modalities​ ​are​ ​definitive​ ​or a​ ​replacement​ ​for​ ​an​ ​immediate​ ​descent.”​ ​(​ ​Andrew​ ​L.​ ​Vincent) To​ ​cure​ ​acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness​ ​“Management​ ​of​ ​AMS​ ​follows​ ​three​ ​axioms:​ ​a)​ ​further ascent​ ​should​ ​be​ ​avoided​ ​until​ ​the​ ​symptoms​ ​have​ ​resolved,​ ​b)patients​ ​with​ ​no​ ​response​ ​to medical​ ​treatment​ ​should​ ​descend​ ​to​ ​a​ ​lower​ ​altitude​ ​and​ ​c)​ ​if​ ​and​ ​when​ ​HACO​ ​is​ ​suspected, patients​ ​should​ ​urgently​ ​descend​ ​to​ ​a​ ​lower​ ​altitude​ ​[4,5].”(​ ​Maj​ ​Rajan​ ​Kapoor)

“The​ ​treatment​ ​for​ ​hypoxia​ ​and/or​ ​hypoxemia​ ​is​ ​to​ ​give​ ​additional​ ​oxygen​ ​to​ ​the patient​ ​and​ ​into​ ​the​ ​body​ ​(blood)​ ​as​ ​quickly​ ​as​ ​possible,​ ​especially​ ​if​ ​cerebral​ ​hypoxia is​ ​suspected​ ​or​ ​treat​ ​the​ ​underlying​ ​cause​ ​of​ ​the​ ​hypoxia”(​​ C ​ harles​ ​Patrick​ ​Davis,​ ​MD,  PhD​)

​ ​“​The​ ​treatment​ ​of​ ​altitude-related​ ​cough​ ​is​ ​symptomatic​ ​and​ ​frequently​ ​ineffective.​ ​Further

work​ ​is​ ​required​ ​to​ ​understand​ ​the​ ​nature​ ​and​ ​aetiology​ ​of​ ​the​ ​cough​ ​which​ ​occurs​ ​at​ ​high altitude​ ​before​ ​effective​ ​therapies​ ​can​ ​be​ ​developed​.”(​ ​Mason​ ​NP​,​ ​Barry​ ​PW​.) There​ ​are​ ​many​ ​different​ ​products​ ​available​ ​to​ ​cure​ ​high​ ​altitude​ ​digestion,​ ​but​ ​the​ ​most helpful​ ​action​ ​is​ ​to​ ​get​ ​to​ ​a​ ​lower​ ​elevation.

Hape​ ​and​ ​Hypothermia:

https://s3.amazonaws.com/user-media.venngage.com/741071-860138b27eb5a7d0b6d18d4802 9e4932.jpg

https://image.slidesharecdn.com/hypothermiars-120605093502-phpapp01/95/hypothermia-rs-15 -728.jpg?cb=1338889219

Frostbite:

http://homeremedies9.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/frostbite-1024x575.jpg High-altitude​ ​cerebral​ ​edema:

http://www.neurology.org/content/81/20/1776/F1.large.jpg

Acute​ ​mountain​ ​sickness:

http://www.happytreksnepal.com/information/altitude_sicknes

Hypoxia:

http://pharmacistben.com/health/oxygen-deficiency-hypoxia/

High​ ​Altitude​ ​Cough:

https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/dry-cough-28712961.jpg

https://images.medicinenet.com/images/appictures/cough-s3a-causes.jpg

High​ ​Altitude​ ​Digestion:

https://edc2.healthtap.com/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/326932/large/open-uri20120728-155 29-14wcyxy.jpeg?1386593406

https://edc2.healthtap.com/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/264533/large/open-uri20120702-289 04-xv28s4.jpeg?1386591322

Works​ ​Cited “Altitude​ ​Illness​ ​-​ ​Cerebral​ ​Syndromes.”​ ​Background,​ ​Pathophysiology,​ ​Epidemiology​,​ ​8​ ​Feb. 2017,​ ​emedicine.medscape.com/article/768478-overview. “Altitude​ ​Sickness.”​ ​Altitude.org​ ​|​ ​Altitude​ ​Sickness​,​ ​www.altitude.org/altitude_sickness.php​. Anand,​ ​A​ ​C,​ ​et​ ​al.​ ​“Gastrointestinal​ ​Problems​ ​at​ ​High​ ​Altitude.”​ ​Tropical​ ​Gastroenterology​ ​: Official​ ​Journal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Digestive​ ​Diseases​ ​Foundation.​,​ ​U.S.​ ​National​ ​Library​ ​of​ ​Medicine, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17542291​. Cherney,​ ​Kristeen.​ ​“COPD​ ​Hypoxia:​ ​Symptoms​ ​and​ ​Treatment.”​ ​Healthline​,​ ​Healthline​ ​Media, 1​ ​Nov.​ ​2016,​ ​www.healthline.com/health/copd/hypoxia#overview1​. “Frostbite​ ​Symptoms.”​ ​Mayo​ ​Clinic​,​ ​Mayo​ ​Foundation​ ​for​ ​Medical​ ​Education​ ​and​ ​Research,​ ​15 Oct.​ ​2014,​ ​www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frostbite/basics/symptoms/con-20034608​. “Frostbite:​ ​How​ ​to​ ​Spot,​ ​Treat,​ ​and​ ​Prevent​ ​It.”​ ​WebMD​,​ ​WebMD, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/frostbite-how-spot-treat-prevent​. “Health​ ​Guide.”​ ​The​ ​New​ ​York​ ​Times​,​ ​The​ ​New​ ​York​ ​Times, www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/acute-mountain-sickness/overview.html. “High-Altitude​ ​Pulmonary​ ​Edema:​ ​Diagnosis,​ ​Prevention,​ ​and...​ ​:​ ​Current​ ​Sports​ ​Medicine Reports.”​ ​LWW​, journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/Fulltext/2013/03000/High_Altitude_Pulmonary_Edema___Diagno sis,.16.aspx. “Hypothermia.”​ ​Mayo​ ​Clinic​,​ ​Mayo​ ​Foundation​ ​for​ ​Medical​ ​Education​ ​and​ ​Research,​ ​11​ ​May 2017,​ ​www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682​. Jensen,​ ​Jacob​ ​D.​ ​“Altitude​ ​Illness,​ ​Cerebral​ ​Syndromes,​ ​High​ ​Altitude​ ​Cerebral​ ​Edema (HACE).”​ ​StatPearls​ ​[Internet].​,​ ​U.S.​ ​National​ ​Library​ ​of​ ​Medicine,​ ​9​ ​Oct.​ ​2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430916/​.  

Mason,​ ​Nicholas​ ​P.​ ​“Altitude-Related​ ​Cough.”​ ​Cough​,​ ​BioMed​ ​Central,​ ​31​ ​Oct.​ ​2013, coughjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1745-9974-9-23.

Mason,​ ​N​ ​P,​ ​and​ ​P​ ​W​ ​Barry.​ ​“Altitude-Related​ ​Cough.”​ ​Pulmonary​ ​Pharmacology​ ​& Therapeutics.​,​ ​U.S.​ ​National​ ​Library​ ​of​ ​Medicine,​ ​www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17196414​. n,​ ​cat.​ ​“Acute​ ​Mountain​ ​Sickness​ ​(AMS).”​ ​Acute​ ​Mountain​ ​Sickness​ ​(AMS)​ ​«​ ​Climbing​ ​High​, www.climbing-high.com/acute-mountain-sickness.html. Scott,​ ​Marcus.​ ​“What​ ​Is​ ​the​ ​Max​ ​Altitude​ ​at​ ​Which​ ​a​ ​Person​ ​Can​ ​Breathe?”​LIVESTRONG.COM​, Leaf​ ​Group,​ ​14​ ​Aug.​ ​2017, www.livestrong.com/article/458716-what-is-the-max-altitude-at-which-a-person-can-breathe/​. “What​ ​Is​ ​Hypothermia?”​ ​WebMD​,​ ​WebMD, www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-hypothermia#1-2​. “Oxygen​ ​Deficiency​ ​or​ ​Hypoxia.”​ ​PHARMACISTBEN.COM​,​ ​3​ ​Nov.​ ​2017, pharmacistben.com/health/oxygen-deficiency-hypoxia/. “Oxygen​ ​Deficiency​ ​or​ ​Hypoxia.”​ ​PHARMACISTBEN.COM​,​ ​3​ ​Nov.​ ​2017, pharmacistben.com/health/oxygen-deficiency-hypoxia/.