History Of Architecture: Kailash Temple

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE KAILASH TEMPLE

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KAILASH TEMPLE

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INTRODUCTION • Location - Aurangabad, Maharashtra • Built in - 8th century by the Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. • Architects were from the south Indian Pallava kingdom. • Style - Dravidian Architecture

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• It is a monolithic structure, notable for its vertical excavation, carvers started at the top of the original rock, and excavated downward. It is estimated that about 400,000 tons of rocks was scooped out over hundreds of years to construct it out of a single rock. • The ground plan of the Kailasaapproximates in area that of the parthenon and it’s height is1.5 times.

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STRUCTURE • The first stage of work was simple. It consisted in excavating out of the hillside three huge trenches at right angles, cut down vertically to the level of the base of the hill, thus forming a rectangle 300 feet by 175 feet. • The main body of the temple occupies a parallelogram approx. 150 feet by 100 feet with sections of its sides projecting at intervals, like transepts, to supportCorresponding projecting features above. 5

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PARTS OF TEMPLE The scheme of the kailasa resolves into four main parts :a) Body of the temple b) Entrance gateway c) Cloisters surrounding the courtyard d) An intermediate nandi shrine 1) On each side of the courtyard supplementary chambers have been excavated . 2) There are two free standing pillars , or dhwajasthambas , 51 feet high , one on each side of the nandi shrine . 7

ELEMENTS 1) Plinth appears like ground story , which is 25 feet high . 2) Above and below , the sub-structure is heavily moulded . 3) Central space of the sides is occupied by a grand frieze of boldly carved elephants and lions . 4) There is no pronounced departure from the conventional combination of the mandapa and vimana . 5) Architectural elements such as cornices , pilasters , niches and porticos have been assembled orderly and artistic manner to form a unified whole .

INTERIOR & COURTYARD • The interior consists of a pillared hall. • This hall is a well-proportioned compartment measuring 70 feet by 62 feet . • Having 16 square piers in groups of 4 in each quarter. • There is a nandi shrine standing on a 25 feet square solid pavilion. • A living rock bridge connects the Nandi Mandap to the porch of the temple.

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• The walls of the temple tell the story of the epic Ramayana through intricate, illustrative carvings. • Apart from Lalibela, Ethiopia and Mahabalipuram; it is the finest example of free-standing carved-out, rock-cut architecture in the world. • One of the biggest monolithic structure in the world. • Awarded as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. 10

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE CHALUKYA ARCHITECTURE

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Chalukya Architecture • The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India. • It is also called as a golden age in the history of Karnataka.

• Though they ruled a vast empire, the Chalukyan workshops concentrated most of their temple building activity in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland. • The Chalukyas were greatly interested in temple architecture. 12

HISTORY • The Chalukyan Dynasty was a dominant power in northern karnataka during the 6th century. • This dynasty is attributed with having introduced its own style of temple architecture called Chalukyan Architecture/Vesara Style

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CHALUKYAN TEMPLES • They built a number of rock-cut cave-temples and structural temples of brick dedicated to • Some exquisite sculpted monuments have been excavated at Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal and Mahakuta. • Badami Architecture style is called as the Vesara style and Chalukya style. • The Chalukya style mainly originated in Aihole and badami and was perfected in Pattadakal and Mahakuta. Ananthashayana temple in cave temple 7th century ; Badami ; Karnataka ; India 14

AIHOLE • Aihole is a small vilage on the banks of River Malaprabha, located near Badami in the state of Karnataka. • The village of Aihole contains over 125 temples from the Early Western Chalukya and later periods (6th - 12th century). • Aihole, often termed as the ‘cradle of Indian architecture’ 15

TEMPLES OF AIHOLE

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TEMPLES OF AIHOLE:• RAVANA PHADI • DURGA TEMPLE • HUCCHIMALLI GUDI • LAD KHAN

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RAVANA PHADI • It is the earliest rock cut temple in chalukyan dynasty. • The 6th century cave temple is dedicated to shiva. A broken column lines up with the cave entrance, which opens to the southwest. The cave is dramatically recessed on a deep ledge, with free standing shrines on either side. • It is carved out of the sandstone outcrop. • It has retained its originality quite well with the lapse of time.

The columns pincushion shaped capital is displayed in the center of the lawn

A nandi sculpture lined up with the column below The ledge, faces The cave entrance 18

RAVANA PHADI • There is a sivalinga in the inner room (cella or sanctum sanctorum where the idol of the deity is kept). The walls and sides of the temple are covered with large figures. • Lord shiva in his ten arm form dances beside ganesh and parvati. • The panel is located in a shallow chamber on the left side as you face the linga shrine. • Shiva’s elongated torso and pleated garments are markers of early western chalukya style.

DURGA TEMPLE • The name "Durga" refers to a fort, not to the goddess; apparently at one time the building was used as a military outpost (durg). • It is not known to which deity the temple was originally dedicated. The entrance is in east . • An incomplete tower perches on the roof above the sanctuary. • The Shikhara seems to be inspired from North Indian temple. • Temple was built roughly between 7th – 8th century BC. “Rekhanagara” type shikhara 20

PLAN AND SECTION OF DURGA TEMPLE

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ENTRANCE PORCH • The porch faces east . Entrance stairs run up sideways , behind the frontal barrier wall in the foreground . • The columns are decorated with couple sculptures . • There are intricate lattice windows and a riot of carvings on walls an ceilings . 22

CEILING ARTICULATION 1) The medallion depicts a stylized lotus pond . A school of fish , encircled by a band of lotus plants , converges radially to a central nub . 2) Th design is symmetric , with plants arranged in alternating closedand open views . The formal pattern is much enlivened by the naturalistic rendering of its fish and plant motifs. 3) A naga king , his body coiled into a circle , is accompanied by female attendants. 4) In his right hand , the naga carries a garland ( not his tail , as it may seem at first. 5) In his left hand , he bears an offering platter , which , like those of the attendants , is filled with fruits of the earth .

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Aihole: Durga Temple

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SCULPTURES IN TEMPLE

SHIVA WITH NANDI

VISHNU AND GARUDA

NARASIMHA

SCULPTURES IN TEMPE

VARAHA

HARIHARA

VISHNU WITH GARUDA 26

HUCCHIMALLI GUDI TEMPLE • Hucchimalli is a 7th-century Hindu temple (gudi). The building faces west, and consists of a mandapa plus sanctuary. • It was the first south indian temple with a porch.

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HUCCHIMALLI GUDI TEMPLE • A distinctively slanted roof covers the circumambulatory passage around the temple shrine.

NORTH SHRINE The tower of this small detached shrine appears to be fashioned in pyramidal style, unlike the curving tower of the main temple. The pierced stone screen between porch and shrine is a later addition. HUCCHIMALLI GUDI TEMPLE. 28

LAD KHAN TEMPLE

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LAD KHAN TEMPLE The temple's design contains other unusual features (plan):1. The porch fronts a square mandapa.

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2. In the center of the mandapa, a Nandi faces the small interior shrine, which abuts the rear wall of the mandapa. 3. Instead of the usual tower, a rooftop shrine (the structure on top of the roof in this photo) is positioned over the center of the mandapa.

Plan

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LAD KHAN TEMPLE ROOFING • Roofed with huge slabs of stone lay almost flat • Inclined to permit run off • Carried on pillars and corbels in imitation of a wood frame structure • Stone battens between the roofing stones help to make it water tight • Primitive roofing techniques which gave way to successive layers of horizontal corbelling 31

LAD KHAN TEMPLE • The holly shrine was introduced at the end for the deity • Plain square shaft pillars existed • Handsome jali whose perforations compose geometrical motifs and relief structures • On the roof a little square aedicule has the reliefs of the 3 divinities- Vishnu , Surya , Devi 32

LAD KHAN TEMPLE • The windows were filled up with lattice work in the northern side and the sanctum was added later on • The temple built about 450AD and gets its name from a muslim prince who converted it into his residence

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