Indian Mapping Booklet: Yuvraj Ias

YUVRAJ IAS INDIAN MAPPING BOOKLET Most Important Coverage Of Key Locations Of India For UPSC

FOR UPSC CIVIL SERVICES PREPARATION

Copyright © 2019 Yuvraj IAS All Rights Reserved. This Book Or Any Portion Thereof May Not Be Reproduced Or Used In Any Manner Whatsoever Without The Express Written Permission Of The Publisher Except For The Use Of Brief Quotations In A Book Review. Published By: Global Pro Publications Chandigarh, Punjab, India Email: [email protected] Sold By: Global Pro Sellers Chandigarh, Punjab www.yuvrajias.com

Table of Contents 1. Highest Peaks in States of India ..................................................................................... 3 2. Important lakes of India ................................................................................................. 4 3. Major Ports in India ....................................................................................................... 4 4. Hydroelectric Power Plants in India ............................................................................. 13 5. Marine Protected Areas in India .................................................................................. 14 6. List of Dams and Reservoirs in India ............................................................................ 19 7. List of National Parks in India....................................................................................... 24 8. Thermal Power Plants In India ..................................................................................... 29 9. National Waterways in India........................................................................................ 31 10. Major national highways in India................................................................................. 33 11. Important Cities and Rivers ......................................................................................... 36 12. Major Crops In India..................................................................................................... 37 13. The Major River Systems in India................................................................................. 38 14. Natural Vegetation in India .......................................................................................... 41 15. Classification Of Soil in India ........................................................................................ 42 16. Biosphere Reserve in India .......................................................................................... 44 17. Important Mountain Passes in India ............................................................................ 46 18. Major Straits of the world ............................................................................................ 49 19. Major Local Winds Around Globe ................................................................................ 50 20. Industrial Regions in India ............................................................................................ 52 21. Mineral belts in India ................................................................................................... 52 22. Petroleum and Natural Gas ......................................................................................... 53 23. Major Chemical fertilizer Industries in India................................................................ 58 24. Major Pharmaceutical Companies in India .................................................................. 59 25. List of Domestic airports in India ................................................................................. 61 26. List of International airports in India ........................................................................... 65 27. Oil and Gas Pipelines In India ....................................................................................... 66 28. List of Wetlands in India............................................................................................... 67 29. List Of States From Where Tropic of Cancer Passes .................................................... 68 30. List of Indian States and Union Territories and Their Capitals .................................... 68 31. Seas, Gulfs, Bays, And Straits Of The Indian Ocean ..................................................... 71 32. UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites: Names from India .................................................... 74 33. List of Famous Places in India ...................................................................................... 78 34. List of Zoos in India ...................................................................................................... 81 35. List of waterfalls in India .............................................................................................. 83 36. List Of Deserts In India ................................................................................................. 88 37. The International Border Lines of India ....................................................................... 88 38. List of High courts in India ........................................................................................... 88 1

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

39. List of universities in India ........................................................................................... 90 40. Project Tiger Reserves of India .................................................................................... 92 41. List of Elephant Reserves of India ................................................................................ 93 42. List of Global Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Sites in India ............................. 94 43. List of volcanoes in India .............................................................................................. 95 44. List of Famous Beaches in India ................................................................................... 96 45. Important Islands of India ............................................................................................ 97 46. Hill Stations of India ..................................................................................................... 98 47. Mountains and Hills of India ........................................................................................ 99 48. Highest Mountains of Indian States........................................................................... 100 49. List of Indian Air Force stations.................................................................................. 100 50. Museums in India ....................................................................................................... 105 51. Important Industrial Towns of India .......................................................................... 106 52. Bridges, Statues, Stupas in India ................................................................................ 106 53. Indian Monuments and Why they were built............................................................ 108 54. Caves, Gates and Towers of India .............................................................................. 108 55. Central Jails & Libraries in India ................................................................................. 110 56. Mosques and Tombs in India ..................................................................................... 110 57. Forts and Palaces of India .......................................................................................... 111 58. Temples of India......................................................................................................... 113 59. Archeological Sites and their locations ...................................................................... 113 60. Gardens in India ......................................................................................................... 114 61. Mineral Wealth of India – Steel ................................................................................. 115 62. Forest Cover in India .................................................................................................. 116 63. Important Fairs of India ............................................................................................. 116 64. Classical and Folk Dances of India.............................................................................. 117 65. Nuclear Power Stations In India................................................................................. 118 66. Nuclear Power Plants coming up ............................................................................... 118 67. Heavy Water Plants in India ....................................................................................... 119 68. List of valleys in India ................................................................................................. 119 69. List of Important Glaciers of the Himalayas Mountain Range................................... 121 70. National Waterways in India...................................................................................... 122 71. Earthquake Zones in India. ........................................................................................ 124 72. List of Space Centers in India ..................................................................................... 125 73. Rocket Launch Sites In India ...................................................................................... 126

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Highest Peaks in States of India Peak

Range/Region

State

Arma Konda

Eastern Ghats

Andhra Pradesh

Kangto

Eastern Himalaya

Arunachal Pradesh

Someshwar Fort

West Champaran District

Bihar

Bailadila Range

Dantewada District

Chhattisgarh

Sosogad

Western Ghats

Goa

Girnar

Junagadh District

Gujarat

Karoh Peak

Morni Hills

Haryana

Reo Purgyil

Western Himalaya

Himachal Pradesh

K2

Karakoram

Jammu and Kashmir

Parasnath

Parasnath Hills

Jharkhand

Mullayanagiri

Western Ghats

Karnataka

Anamudi

Western Ghats

Kerala

Dhupgarh

Satpura

Madhya Pradesh

Kalsubai

Western Ghats

Maharashtra

Mount Iso

Senapati District

Manipur

Shillong Peak

Khasi Hills

Meghalaya

Phawngpui

Saiha District

Mizoram

Mount Saramati

Naga Hills

Nagaland

Deomali

Eastern Ghats

Odisha

Unnamed point on the Naina Devi

Rupnagar District

Punjab

Guru Shikhar

Aravali

Rajasthan

Kanchenjunga

Eastern Himalaya

Sikkim

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Doddabetta

Nilgiri Hills

Tamil Nadu

Laxmidevipalli

Deccan Plateau

Telangana

Betalongchhip

Jampui Hills

Tripura

Amsot Peak

Shivalik Hills

Uttar Pradesh

Nanda Devi

Garhwal Himalaya

Uttarakhand

Sandakphu

Eastern Himalaya

West Bengal

Important lakes of India Lakes Name

River Name

Surface area

Type

Location

State Name

Kolleru Lake

Krishna and Godavari

Fresh water

245 km2

Vijayawada

Andhra Pradesh

Pulicat Lake

Arani River, Kalangi River and Swarnamukh i River

Brackish to salty

250-450 km2

Chennai, Sriharikota, Sullurpeta

Andhra Pradesh

Deepor Beel

Brahmaputra River

Fresh water

4,014 km2

Guwahati

Assam

Chandubi Lake

Kulsi River

N.A

100 ha

Guwhatai

Assam

Haflong Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Silchar

Assam

Son Beel

Kakra River

Fresh water Tectonic lake

34.58 km2

Karimganj

Assam

Kanwar Lake

Gandak River

N.A

N.A

Begusarai

Bihar

Hamirsar Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

11 ha

Bhuj

Gujarat

Kankaria Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Ahmedabad

Gujarat

Nal Sarovar

Bhogawo River

N.A

123 km2

Ahmedabad-West

Gujarat

Narayan Sarovar

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Bhuj

Gujarat

Thol Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

14 km2

Ahmedabad-West

Gujarat

Vastrapur Lake

Narmada River

Fresh waters

N.A

Ahmedabad-West

Gujarat

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Lakhota Lake

N.A

N.A

N.A

Jamnagar

Gujarat

Sursagar Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

22,800 m2 (approx. )

Vadodara

Gujarat

Brighu Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Kullu

Himachal Pradesh

Dashir Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Keylong

Himachal Pradesh

Dhankar Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Kullu

Himachal Pradesh

Kareri (Kumarwah) lake

N.A

Freshwater , High altitude lake

2934 meters (sea level)

Dharamsala

Himachal Pradesh

Khajjiar Lake

Ravi River

Mid altitude lake

4180.64 m2

Chamba

Himachal Pradesh

Macchial Lake

N.A

Low altitude lake

N.A

Mandi

Himachal Pradesh

Kangra

Himachal Pradesh

Maharana Pratap Sagar

Beas River

N.A

400 Km2 (approx. )

Manimahesh Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Chamba

Himachal Pradesh

Nako Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Kinnaur

Himachal Pradesh

Pandoh Lake

Beas River

N.A

N.A

Mandi

Himachal Pradesh

Prashar Lake

N.A

Holomictic

N.A

Mandi

Himachal Pradesh

Renuka Lake

N.A

Low altitude lake

N.A

Sirmour

Himachal Pradesh

Rewalsar Lake

N.A

Mid altitude lake

N.A

Mandi

Himachal Pradesh

Seruvalsar Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Chamba

Himachal Pradesh

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Manimahesh Lake

N.A

High altitude lake

N.A

Chamba

Himachal Pradesh

Suraj Taal

Chandra River

High altitude lake

N.A

Lahaul and Spiti

Himachal Pradesh

Chandra Taal

N.A

Sweet Water lake

N.A

Lahaul and Spiti

Himachal Pradesh

Badkhal Lake

N.A

Natural Water ake

206 Acres

Faridabad

Haryana

Brahma Sarovar

Rajwaha River

Ancient Water Tank

430 meters

Thanesar

Haryana

Karna Lake

N.A

Landscape d

N.A

Uchana

Haryana

Sannihit Sarovar

Seven Sacred Sarasvatis of Rig Veda

Holy Water Tank

N.A

Thanesar

Haryana

Surajkund Lake

N.A

Ancient Reservoir

99 Acres

Sunam

Haryana

Tilyar Lake

N.A

N.A

132 Acres

Rohtak

Haryana

Blue Bird Lake

N.A

N.A

20 Acres

Hisar

Haryana

Dal Lake

Jhelum River

Warm monomictic

22 Km2

Srinagar

Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu

Jammu and Kashmir

Pangong Tso

N.A

Soda lake

700 Km2 (approx. )

Tso Moriri

N.A

Brackish

30,000 Acres

Jammu

Jammu and Kashmir

Wular Lake

Jhelum River

FreshWater lake

30 - 260 km2

Srinagar

Jammu and Kashmir

Manasbal Lake

Jhelum River

Mixing Monomictic

2.81 Km2

Srinagar

Jammu and Kashmir

N.A

Holocene monomictic, Oligotropic

0.59 Km2

Jammu

Jammu and Kashmir

Mansar Lake

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Sheshnag Lake

Lidder River

Alpine high altitude, Oligotrophi c lake

Bellandur Lake (Bangalore)

Ponnaiyar River

N.A

3.61 Km2

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Ulsoor Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

Stalewater

123.6 Acres

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Sankey Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

Artificial lake or tank

37.1 Acres

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Hebbal Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

N.A

150 Acres

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Lalbagh Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

N.A

40 Acres

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Puttenahalli Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

N.A

13 Acres

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Madiwala Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

Artificial tropical lake

114.3 ha

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Agara Lake (Bangalore)

N.A

Artificial lake

0.24 km2

Bengaluru

Karnataka

Karanji (Mysore)

N.A

N.A

90 ha

Mysore

Karnataka

N.A

Freshwater , Recreation al and Fisheries

150 Acres

Mysore

Karnataka

Kaveri River

Perennial freshwater

N.A

Mysore

Karnataka

Tungabhadra River

Sacred Pond ( Holy Pond for Hindus epic)

N.A

Koppal

Karnataka

Ashtamudi Lake

Kallada River

Unique wetland ecosystem, a palmshaped

61.42 km2

Kollam

Kerala

Maanaanchira Lake

N.A

Artificial, freshwater lake

3.49 Acres

Kozhikode

Kerala

Padinjare Lake

N.A

Artificial pond

N.A

Thrissur

Kerala

lake

Kukkarahalli (Mysore)

lake

Lingambudhi Lake (Mysore)

Pampa Sarovar

chira

7

N.A

Anantnag

Jammu and Kashmir

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Paravur Kayal

Ithikkara River

Fresh and backwater

6.62 km2

Kollam

Kerala

Punnamada Lake (Vembanad lake)

Achenkovil, Manimala, Meenachil, Muvattupuzh a, Pamba, Periyar Rivers

N.A

2033 km2

Alappuzha

Kerala

Shasthamkotta lake

Kallada River

Largest freshwater lake

920 Acres

Kollam

Kerala

Vadakkechira

N.A

Artificial pond

4 Acres

Thrissur

Kerala

Vellayani Lake

Karamana River

N.A

N.A

Thiruvananthapura m

Kerala

Upper (Bhopal)

Lake

Kolans River

N.A

31 km 2

Bhopal

Madhya Pradesh

Lower Bhopal

Lake,

N.A

N.A

1.29 km2

Bhopal

Madhya Pradesh

Moti Jheel, Kanpur

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

Gorewada Lake

Pili River

Fresh water lake

N.A

Nagpur

Maharashtr a

Lonar Lake

N.A

Impact crater lake, salt lake

1.13 Km2

Lonar

Maharashtr a

Pashan Lake

Ram Nadi

Artificial lake

40 Km2

Pune

Maharashtr a

Powai Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

520 Acres

Mumbai

Maharashtr a

Rankala Lake

N.A

Picturesqu e lake

107 ha

Kolhapur

Maharashtr a

Shivajisagar lake

Koyna River

Reservoir

891.78 km2

Satara

Maharashtr a

Talao Pali Lake

N.A

N.A

N.A

Thane

Maharashtr a

Upvan Lake

N.A

N.A

500 km2

Thane

Maharashtr a

Venna Lake

N.A

N.A

28 Acres

Mahabaleshwar

Maharashtr a

Umiam Lake

Umiam River

N.A

N.A

Shillong

Meghalaya

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Loktak Lake

Manipur River

Fresh water (lentic)

287 Km2

Moirang

Manipur

Palak Dil Lake

N.A

Lentic Lake

1.5 Km2

Saiha

Mizoram

Tam Dil Lake

N.A

Reservoir

N.A

Aizawl

Mizoram

Anshupa Lake

Mahanadi River

Fresh water lake

141 ha

Cuttack

Odisha

Chilka Lake

Daya River

Brackish water

1,165 Km2

Puri

Odisha

Kanjia lake

Mahanadi River

Natural lake

190 Acres

Bhubaneswar

Odisha

Kanjli Wetland

Bien River

Freshwater lake

4.9 Km2

Kapurthala

Punjab

Harike Wetland

Beas and River

Freshwater lake

4100 ha

Tarn Taran Sahib

Punjab

Ropar Wetland

Sutlej River

Man-made freshwater

1,365 ha

Rupnagar

Punjab

Dhebar Lake

Gomati River

Reservoir

87 Km2

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Kaylana Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

84 Km2

Jodhpur

Rajasthan

Nakki Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Sirohi

Rajasthan

Pachpadra Lake

N.A

Saline lake

N.A

Barmer

Rajasthan

Pushkar Lake

Luni River

Artificial lake

22 km2

Ajmer

Rajasthan

Ana Sagar Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

97 ha

Ajmer

Rajasthan

Rajsamand Lake

Gomati River

Reservoir

510 km2

Kankroli

Rajasthan

Sambhar Lake

N.A

Salt Lake

230 km2

Jaipur

Rajasthan

Ramgarh Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

15.5 Km2

Jaipur

Rajasthan

Siliserhlake, Alwar

N.A

Beautiful artificial lake

7 Km2

Alwar

Rajasthan

N.A

Freshwater Recreation al

300 Acres

Jaipur

Rajasthan

Salt

Man Sagar lake

River Sutlej

Lake Salusagar

Rajasthan

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

N.A

Small water tank

N.A

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Fateh Sagar Lake

Ayad River

Artificial, fresh water, polymictic lake

4 km2

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Pichola lake

N.A

Freshwater lake

1,720 Acres

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Rangsagar lake

N.A

Small artificial lake

N.A

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Swaroopsagar lake

Ayad River

Small artificial lake

4 km2

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Gurudongmar Lake

N.A

Fresh water lake

N.A

North Sikkim

Sikkim

Khecheopalri Lake

N.A

Sacred lake

9.4 Acres

Pelling, Sikkim

Lake Tsongmo

N.A

Glacial lake

N.A

East Sikkim

Sikkim

Lake Cholamu

N.A

Glacial, fresh-water lake

N.A

North Sikkim

Sikkim

Hussain Sagar

Musi River

Artificial lake

4.4 Km2

Hyderabad

Telangana

Osman Sagar

Musi River

Artificial lake

46 km2

Hyderabad

Telangana

Himayat Sagar

Musi River

Artificial lake

N.A

Hyderabad

Telangana

Shamirpet Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

100 Acres

Hyderabad

Telangana

Mir Alam Tank

Musi River

Artificial lake

1.7 Km2

Hyderabad

Telangana

Durgam Cheruvu (Secret Lake)

N.A

Freshwater

83 Acres

Hyderabad

Telangana

Saroornagar Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

99 Acres

Hyderabad

Telangana

Alwal Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Secunderabad

Telangana

Berijam Lake

N.A

Freshwater

59 Acres

Dindigul

Tamil Nadu

Chembarambakka m Lake

Adyar River

Artificial lake

3,800 Acres

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Dudh Talai

Cheruvu

10

West

Sikkim

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Kodaikanal Lake

N.A

Freshwater, Artificial lake

Ooty Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

3.885 Km2

Udhagamandalam

Tamil Nadu

Red Hills Lake (Puzhal lake)

N.A

Artificial lake

18.21 Km2

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Singanallur Lake

N.A

N.A

N.A

Coimbatore

Tamil Nadu

Sholavaram Lake

N.A

N.A

N.A

Thiruvallur

Tamil Nadu

Veeranam Lake

N.A

Artificial, intermittent lake

25 Km2

Cuddalore

Tamil Nadu

Ramgarh Lake

N.A

N.A

1,790 Acres

Gorakhpur

Uttar Pradesh

Keetham Lake

N.A

Scenic lake

7.13 Km2

Agra

Uttar Pradesh

Belasagar Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

16 km2

Kulpahar

Uttar Pradesh

Barua Sagar Tal

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Barua Sagar city

Uttar Pradesh

Sheikha Jheel

N.A

Fresh water perennial

30 ha

Aligarh

Uttar Pradesh

Bhimtal Lake

N.A

Largest natural lake

N.A

Bhimtal

Uttarakhan d

Dodital

N.A

Freshwater lake

N.A

Dehradun

Uttarakhan d

Nainital Lake

N.A

Natural Freshwater

120.5 Acres

Nainital

Uttarakhan d

Naukuchiatal

N.A

N.A

N.A

Nainital

Uttarakhan d

Sat Tal

N.A

Freshwater lake

4 ha

Rabindra Sarobar (Dhakuria Lake)

N.A

Artificial lake

73 Acres

Kolkata

West Bengal

Senchal Lake

N.A

Artificial lake

N.A

Darjeeling

West Bengal

N.A

Natural and humanmade wetlands

125 Km2

Kolkata

West Bengal

Taal

East Calcutta Wetlands

11

N.A

Kodaikanal

Tamil Nadu

Uttarakhan d

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Santragachhi Lake

N.A

32 Acres

N.A

Santragachhi

West Bengal

Major Ports in India Zone

State

Port

Features

Eastern Coast

Tamil Nadu

Chennai

Artificial Port Second busiest port

Western Coast

Kerala

Kochi

Sited in the Vembanad lake Exports of spices and salts

Eastern Coast

Tamil Nadu

Ennore

India’s First corporatized port

Eastern Coast

West Bengal

Haldia

Riverine ports Situated on Hugli river Known as Diamond Harbour

Western Coast

Gujarat

Kandla

Known as Tidal Port Acknowledged as Trade Free Zone Largest port by volume of cargo handled.

Western Coast

Karnataka

Mangalore

Deals with the iron ore exports

Western Coast

Goa

Marmagoa

Situated on the estuary of the river Juari

Western Coast

Maharashtra

Mumbai

Largest Natural Port and harbor In India Busiest port in India

Western Coast

Maharashtra

Jawaharlal Nehru Port

Largest Artificial Port

Eastern Coast

Odisha

Paradip

Natural Harbor deals with the export of iron and aluminum

Eastern Coast

Tamil Nadu

Tutikorin

Major port in south India deals with the fertilizers and petrochemical products

Eastern Coast

Andhra Pradesh

Vishakapatnam

Deepest port of India deals with the export of iron ore to Japan

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Amenities of building and fixing of ships are available Eastern Coast

Tamil Nadu

Chennai

Artificial port

Hydroelectric Power Plants in India States

River

Hydroelectric Power Plant

Andhra Pradesh

Krishna

Nagarjuna Hydro Electric Power plant

Andhra Pradesh

Krishna

Srisailam Hydro Electric Power plant

Andhra Pradesh, Orissa

Machkund

Machkund Hydro Electric Power plant

Gujarat

Narmada

Sardar Sarovar Hydro Electric Power plant

Himachal Pradesh

Baira

Baira-Siul Hydroelectric Power plant

Himachal Pradesh

Sutlej

Bhakra Nangal Hydroelectric Power plant

Himachal Pradesh

Beas

Dehar Hydroelectric Power plant

Himachal Pradesh

Sutlej

Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Power plant

Jammu and Kashmir

Chenab

Salal Hydro Electric Power plant

Jammu and Kashmir

Jhelum

Uri Hydro Electric Power plant

Jharkhand

Subarnarekha

Subarnarekha Hydroelectric Power plant

Karnataka

Kalinadi

Kalinadi Hydro Electric Power plant

Karnataka

Sharavathi

Sharavathi Hydroelectric Power plant

Karnataka

Kaveri

Shivanasamudra Hydroelectric Power plant

Kerala

Periyar

Idukki Hydro Electric Power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Sone

Bansagar Hydroelectric Power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Narmada

Indira Sagar Hydro Electric Power plant

Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh

Rihand

Rihand Hydroelectric Power plant

Maharashtra

Koyna

Koyna Hydroelectric Power plant

Manipur

Leimtak

Loktak Hydro Electric Power plant

Odisha

Sileru

Balimela Hydro Electric Power plant

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Odisha

Mahanadi

Hirakud Hydro Electric Power plant

Sikkim

Rangit

Rangit Hydroelectric Power plant

Sikkim

Teesta

Teesta Hydro Electric Power plant

Uttarakhand

Bhagirathi

Tehri Hydro Electric Power plant

Marine Protected Areas in India List of Marine Protected Areas The following is the list of marine protected areas in or near the mainland of India: State/ UT’s

Name of Marine Protected Area

Category

Maharashtra

Thane Creek Flamingo Sanctuary

Marine Sanctuary

West Bengal

West Sundarbans

Marine Sanctuary

Kerala

Kadalundi-Vallikkunnu Community Reserve

Community Reserve

Dadra & Nagar Haveli

Dadra & Nagar Haveli Wildlife Sanctuary

Marine Sanctuary

Odisha

Bhitarkanika

Marine National Park

Odisha

Gahirmatha

Marine Sanctuary

Gujarat

Gulf of Kachchh

Marine National Park

Daman & Diu

Fudam

Marine Sanctuary

Andhra Pradesh

Krishna

Marine Sanctuary

Goa

Chorao Island

Marine Sanctuary

Maharashtra

Malvan Marine Wildlife Sanctuary

Marine Sanctuary

Odisha

Chilika (Nalabana)

Marine Sanctuary

Odisha

Balukhand Konark

Marine Sanctuary

West Bengal

Sundarbans

Marine National Park

Gujarat

Khijadia

Marine Sanctuary

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Andhra Pradesh/Tamil Nadu

Pulicat Lake

Marine Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

Gulf of Mannar

Marine National Park

Andhra Pradesh

Coringa

Marine Sanctuary

West Bengal

Haliday Island

Marine Sanctuary

West Bengal

Sajnakhali

Marine Sanctuary

West Bengal

Lothian Island

Marine Sanctuary

Odisha

Bhitarkanika

Marine Sanctuary

Tamil Nadu

Point Calimere

Marine Sanctuary

Marine Sanctuaries and Protected Areas in Island Territories of India The following table lists the protected areas and sanctuaries located on the Islands of India: Islands

Name of Marine Protected Areas

Category

Lakshadweep

Pitti

Marine Sanctuary

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Rani Jhansi

Marine National Park

Kwangtung Island

Marine Sanctuary

South Button Island

Marine National Park

North Button Island

Marine National Park

Mount Harriet

Marine National Park

Middle Button Island

Marine National Park

Saddle Peak

Marine National Park

Mahatma Gandhi Marine

Marine National Park

Arial Island

Marine Sanctuary

Bamboo Island

Marine Sanctuary

Barren Island

Marine Sanctuary

Batti Malv Island

Marine Sanctuary

15

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Belle Island

Marine Sanctuary

Bennett Island

Marine Sanctuary

Bingham Island

Marine Sanctuary

Blister Island

Marine Sanctuary

Bluff Island

Marine Sanctuary

Bondville Island

Marine Sanctuary

Brush Island

Marine Sanctuary

Buchanan Island

Marine Sanctuary

Campbell Bay

Marine National Park

Channel Island

Marine Sanctuary

Cinque Islands

Marine Sanctuary

Clyde Island

Marine Sanctuary

Cone Island

Marine Sanctuary

Curlew (B.P.) Island

Marine Sanctuary

Curlew Island

Marine Sanctuary

Defence Island

Marine Sanctuary

Dot Island

Marine Sanctuary

Dotterel Island

Marine Sanctuary

Duncan Island

Marine Sanctuary

East Island

Marine Sanctuary

East Of Inglis Island

Marine Sanctuary

Egg Island

Marine Sanctuary

Elat Island

Marine Sanctuary

Entrance Island

Marine Sanctuary

Galathea National Park

Marine National Park

16

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Gander Island

Marine Sanctuary

Girjan Island

Marine Sanctuary

Goose Island

Marine Sanctuary

Hump Island

Marine Sanctuary

Interview Island

Marine Sanctuary

James Island

Marine Sanctuary

Jungle Island

Marine Sanctuary

Kyd Island

Marine Sanctuary

Landfall Island

Marine Sanctuary

Latouche Island

Marine Sanctuary

Lohabarrack

Marine Sanctuary

Mangrove Island

Marine Sanctuary

Mask Island

Marine Sanctuary

Mayo Island

Marine Sanctuary

Megapode Island

Marine Sanctuary

Montgomery Island

Marine Sanctuary

Narcondam Island

Marine Sanctuary

North Brother Island

Marine Sanctuary

North Island

Marine Sanctuary

North Reef Island

Marine Sanctuary

Oliver Island

Marine Sanctuary

Orchid Island

Marine Sanctuary

Ox Island

Marine Sanctuary

Oyster Island-I

Marine Sanctuary

Oyster Island-II

Marine Sanctuary

17

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Paget Island

Marine Sanctuary

Parkinson Island

Marine Sanctuary

Passage Island

Marine Sanctuary

Patric Island

Marine Sanctuary

Peacock Island

Marine Sanctuary

Pitman Island

Marine Sanctuary

Point Island

Marine Sanctuary

Potanma Islands

Marine Sanctuary

Ranger Island

Marine Sanctuary

Reef Island

Marine Sanctuary

Roper Island

Marine Sanctuary

Ross Island

Marine Sanctuary

Rowe Island

Marine Sanctuary

Sandy Island

Marine Sanctuary

Sea Serpent Island

Marine Sanctuary

Shark Island

Marine Sanctuary

Shearme Island

Marine Sanctuary

Sir Hugh Rose Island

Marine Sanctuary

Sisters Island

Marine Sanctuary

Snake Island-I

Marine Sanctuary

Snake Island-II

Marine Sanctuary

South Brother Island

Marine Sanctuary

South Reef Island

Marine Sanctuary

South Sentinel Island

Marine Sanctuary

Spike Island-I

Marine Sanctuary

18

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Spike Island-II

Marine Sanctuary

Stoat Island

Marine Sanctuary

Surat Island

Marine Sanctuary

Swamp Island

Marine Sanctuary

Table (Dalgarno) Island

Marine Sanctuary

Table (Excelsior) Island

Marine Sanctuary

Talbagicha Island

Marine Sanctuary

Temple Island

Marine Sanctuary

Tillongchang Island

Marine Sanctuary

Tree Island

Marine Sanctuary

Trilby Island

Marine Sanctuary

Tuft Island

Marine Sanctuary

Turtle Islands

Marine Sanctuary

West Island

Marine Sanctuary

Wharf Island

Marine Sanctuary

White Cliff Island

Marine Sanctuary

Galathea Bay

Marine Sanctuary

Cuthbert Bay

Marine Sanctuary

A Marine Protected Area is a zone in the ocean or littoral area where anthropogenic activities are regulated more strictly than the surrounding waters. These places are given special protections for marine wildlife by the national, regional, state and local authorities. India’s biodiversity protection programmes have been highly successful with 600 protected areas across 161,221 sq.km. Protected areas account for 4.9% of the country’s total geographical area. Recently, the Ministry of Environment and Forests has proposed to create a network of marine protected areas. In this scenario, an IAS aspirant should know what are marine protected areas and major marine protected areas in India. List of Dams and Reservoirs in India Here we are giving a list of Dams and Reservoirs in India which is an important part of Indian geography. Zone

State

Dams and Reservoirs

19

River

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Jammu & Kashmir

Uttarakhand North India

Himachal Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West India

Central India

Baglihar Dam

Chenab River

Chutak Hydroelectric Project

Suru River

Dumkhar Hydroelectric Dam

Indus River

Salal Project

Chenab River

Uri Hydroelectric Dam

Jhelum River

Tehri Dam

Bhagirathi River

Bhakra Nangal Dam

Sutlej River

Chamera Dam

Ravi River

Gobind Sagar, Reservoir

Sutlej River

Maharana Pratap Sagar Reservoir

Beas River

Nathpa Dam

Sutlej River

Pandoh Dam

Beas River

Tehri Dam

Bhagirathi River

Dantiwada Dam

Sabarmati River

Dharoi Dam

Banas River

Kadana dam

Mahi River

Ukai Dam

Tapti River

Bansagar Dam

Son River

Bargi Dam

Narmada River

Barna Dam

Barna River

Gandhi Sagar Dam

Chambal River

Indira Sagar Project

Narmada River

Narmada Dam Project

Narmada River

Rajghat Dam

Betwa River

Gujarat

Madhya Pradesh

20

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Jharkhand

East India

Tawa Reservoir

Tawa River

Chandil Dam

Subarnarekha River

Maithon Dam

Barakar River

Panchet Dam

Damodar River

Balimela Reservoir

Sileru River

Hirakud Dam

Mahanadi River

Indravati Dam

Indravati River

Jalaput Dam

Machkund River

Bhandardara Dam

Arthur Lake

Bhatsa Dam

Bhatsa and Chorna rivers

Gangapur Dam

Godavari river

Girna Dam

Girna and Godavari River

Jaikwadi Dam

Godavari River

Khadakwasla Dam

Mutha River

Kolkewadi Dam

Koyna River

Koyna Dam

Koyna River

Manair Dam

Manair River

Mula Dam

Mula River

Mulshi Dam

Mula River

Panshet Dam

Mutha River

Pawna Dam

Pawna River

Radhanagari Dam

Bhogawati River

Tansa Dam

Tansa River

Ujani Dam

Bhima River

Vaitarna Dam

Vaitarna River

Odisha

West-central India

Maharashtra

21

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Andhra Pradesh

South India

Karnataka

Wilson Dam

Pravara River

Yeldari Dam

Purna River

Dindi Reservoir

Krishna River

Dummaguden Dam

Godavari

Gandipalem Reservoir

Manneru River

Himayat Sagar Reservoir

River Musi

Lower Manair Reservoir

Manair River

Nagarjunasagar

Krishna River

Nizam Sagar Dam

Manjira River

Prakasam Barrage

Krishna River

Ramagundam Dam

Godavari

Shriram Sagar Reservoir

Godavari River

Singur dam

Manjira River

Somasila Dam

Pennar River

Srisailam Dam

Krishna River

Tatipudi Reservoir Project

Gosthani River

Alamatti Dam

Krishna River

Basava Sagara Dam

Krishna River

Ghataprabha Reservoir

Ghataprabha River

Harangi Dam

Cauvery River

Hemavathi Reservoir

Hemavathi River

Kadra Dam

Kalinadi River

Kodasalli Dam

Kali River

Krishna Raja Sagara Dam

Cauvery River

Linganamakki dam

Sharavathi River

22

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Manchanabele Dam

Arkavathy

Narayanpur Dam

Krishna River

Supa Dam

Kali River

Tunga Bhadra Dam

Tungabhadra River and Krishna River

Aliyar Reservoir

River Aliyar

Amaravathi Reservoir

Amaravathi River

Bhavanisagar Reservoir

Bhavani River

Chittar Reservoir

Chittar River

Gundar Reservoir

Berijam Lake

Kodaganar Reservoir

Kodagananar River

Krishnagiri Dam

Thenpennai River

Kullursandai Reservoir

Arjuna Nadi

Manimukthanadhi Reservoir

—

Manjalar Reservoir

—

Mettur Dam

Kaveri River

Pambar Reservoir

Pambar River

Parambikulam Reservoir

Parambikulam River

Pechiparai Reservoir

River Kodayar

Periyar Reservoir

Periyar River

Perunchani Dam

Paralayar River

Sholayar Reservoir

—

Shoolagiri Chinnar Reservoir

Chinnar River

Stanley Reservoir

Kaveri River

Thirumurthi Reservoir

Parambikulam Aliyar River

Tamil Nadu

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Kerala

Thunakadavu Reservoir

Chalakudy River

Uppar Reservoir

—

Vaigai Dam

Vaigai River

Varadamanadhi Reservoir

—

Vattamalaikarai Odai Reservoir

Odai River

Vembakottai Reservoir

Vaippar River

Vidur Reservoir

—

Willingdon Reservoir

Periya Odai River

Banasura Sagar Dam

Chalakudy River

Idukki Dam

Periyar River

Kundala Dam

Parambikulam River

Malampuzha Dam

Malampuzha River

Mullaperiyar Dam

Pennar River

Neyyar Dam

Pennar River

Parambikulam Dam

Parambikulam River

Peechi Dam

Manali River

Walayar Dam

Walayar River

List of National Parks in India Year of establishment

Name of National Parks

State

1936

Corbett National Park

Uttarakhand

1955

Kanha National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1955

Tadoba National Park

Maharashtra

1959

Madhav National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1968

Bandhavgarh National Park

Madhya Pradesh

24

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1974

Kaziranga National Park

Assam

1974

Bandipur National Park

Karnataka

1974

Bannerghatta National Park

Karnataka

1975

Gir National Park

Gujarat

1975

Indira Priyadarshini Pench National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1975

Gugamal National Park

Maharashtra

1975

Navegaon National Park

Maharashtra

1975

Pench National Park

Maharashtra

1976

Blackbuck National Park

Gujarat

1976

Guindy National Park

Tamil Nadu

1977

Keibul-Lamjao National Park

Manipur

1977

Khangchendzonga National Park

Sikkim

1977

Dudhwa National Park

Uttar Pradesh

1978

Eravikulam National Park

Kerala

1979

Vansda National Park

Gujarat

1979

Van Vihar National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1980

Simlipal National Park

Odisha

1980

Ranthambhore National Park

Rajasthan

1980

Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park

Tamil Nadu

1981

Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park

Chhattisgarh

1981

Dachigam National Park

Jammu & Kashmir

1981

Hemis National Park

Jammu & Kashmir

1981

Kishtwar National Park

Jammu & Kashmir

1981

Panna National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1981

Sanjay National Park

Madhya Pradesh

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1981

Satpura National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1981

Keoladeo Ghana National Park

Rajasthan

1982

Indravati National Park

Chhattisgarh

1982

Kanger Valley National Park

Chhattisgarh

1982

Marine National Park

Gujarat

1982

Periyar National Park

Kerala

1982

Nanda Devi National Park

Uttarakhand

1982

Valley of Flowers National Park

Uttarakhand

1983

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1983

Namdapha National Park

Arunachal Pradesh

1983

Fossil National Park

Madhya Pradesh

1983

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

Maharashtra

1983

Rajaji National Park

Uttarakhand

1984

Great Himalayan National Park

Himachal Pradesh

1984

Silent Valley National Park

Kerala

1984

Sunderban National Park

West Bengal

1985

Balpakram National Park

Meghalaya

1986

Mouling National Park

Arunachal Pradesh

1986

Betla National Park

Jharkhand

1986

Nokrek Ridge National Park

Meghalaya

1986

Neora Valley National Park

West Bengal

1986

Singalila National Park

West Bengal

1987

Middle Button Island National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1987

Mount Harriet National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

26

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1987

North Button Island National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1987

Saddle Peak National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1987

South Button Island National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1987

Pin Valley National Park

Himachal Pradesh

1987

Anshi National Park

Karnataka

1987

Kudremukh National Park

Karnataka

1988

Nagarahole (Rajiv Gandhi) National Park

Karnataka

1988

Bhitarkanika National Park

Odisha

1989

Sri Venkateswara National Park

Andhra Pradesh

1989

Valmiki National Park

Bihar

1989

Sultan National Park

Haryana

1989

Indira Gandhi (Annamalai) National Park

Tamil Nadu

1989

Gangotri National Park

Uttarakhand

1990

Manas National Park

Assam

1990

Mudumalai National Park

Tamil Nadu

1990

Mukurthi National Park

Tamil Nadu

1990

Govind National Park

Uttarakhand

1991

Murlen National Park

Mizoram

1992

Campbell Bay National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1992

Galathea Bay National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1992

Mollem National Park

Goa

1992

City Forest (Salim Ali) National Park

Jammu & Kashmir

27

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1992

Phawngpui Blue Mountain National Park

Mizoram

1992

Desert National Park

Rajasthan

1992

Sariska National Park

Rajasthan

1992

Buxa National Park

West Bengal

1992

Gorumara National Park

West Bengal

1993

Intanki National Park

Nagaland

1994

Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park

Telangana

1994

Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali National Park

Telangana

1994

Mrugavani National Park

Telangana

1996

Rani Jhansi Marine National Park

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1998

Nameri National Park

Assam

1999

Dibru-Saikhowa National Park

Assam

1999

Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park

Assam

2003

Kalesar National Park

Haryana

2003

Anamudi Shola National Park

Kerala

2003

Mathikettan Shola National Park

Kerala

2003

Pampadum Shola National Park

Kerala

2004

Chandoli National Park

Maharashtra

2005

Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park

Andhra Pradesh

2006

Mukundra Hills National Park

Rajasthan

2007

Clouded Leopard National Park

Tripura

2007

Bison National Park

Tripura

2008

Papikonda National Park

Andhra Pradesh

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2010

Inderkilla National Park

Himachal Pradesh

2010

Khirganga National Park

Himachal Pradesh

2010

Simbalbara National Park

Himachal Pradesh

2014

Jaldapara National Park

West Bengal

Thermal Power Plants In India Types of Thermal Power Plants As the name suggests, thermal power plants generate electricity by using heat from a fuel source. The heat usually generates steam in a boiler which is then used to run a steam turbine connected to a generator. They are classified according to the heat source as follows: •

Coal Fired

•

Gas

•

Diesel or Liquid fuel

•

Geothermal

•

Biomass

•

Waste Material

India mainly uses three types of thermal power plants which are listed below along with their installed capacity as of April 2019: •

Coal: 196,097.50 MW

•

Gas: 24,867.46 MW

•

Liquid Fuel(Diesel): 837.63 MW

The electricity generated by these plants adds up to 71% of the total power generation in the country. List of Thermal Power Plants in India The following table gives a list of major thermal plants in India: State

Name of Thermal power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Amarkantak Thermal Power plant

Maharashtra

Amravati Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

Anpara Thermal Power plant

Bihar

Barauni Thermal Power plant

Karnataka

Bellary Thermal Power plant

Chhattisgarh

Bhilai Thermal Power plant 29

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Jharkhand

Bokaro Thermal Power plant

Maharashtra

Chandrapur Thermal Power plant

Rajasthan

Chhabra Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

Dadri Thermal Power plant

West Bengal

Durgapur Thermal Power plant

Tamil Nadu

Ennore Thermal Power plant

West Bengal

Farakka Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

Feroz Gandhi Unchahar Thermal Power plant

Gujarat

Gandhinagar Thermal Power plant

Odisha

Hirakud Captive Thermal Power plant

Odisha

Jharsuguda Thermal Power plant

Jhalawar, Rajasthan

Kalisindh Thermal Power plant

Maharashtra

Khaperkheda Thermal Power plant

Chhattisgarh

Korba Thermal Power plant

Kota, Rajasthan

Kota Thermal Power plant

Tamil Nadu

Mettur Thermal Power plant

Gujarat

Mudra Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

National Capital Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

Obra Thermal Power plant

Jharkhand

Patratu Thermal Power plant

Andhra Pradesh

Ramagundam Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

Rihand Thermal Power plant

Uttar Pradesh

Rosa Thermal Power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Sanjay Gandhi Thermal Power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Sant Singaji Thermal Power plant

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Madhya Pradesh

Satpura Thermal Power plant

Gujarat

Sikka Thermal Power plant

Andhra Pradesh

Simhadri Thermal Power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Singrauli Thermal Power plant

Chhattisgarh

Sipat Thermal Power plant

Odisha

Talcher Thermal Power plant

Maharashtra

Tiroda Thermal Power plant

Karnataka

Udupi Thermal Power plant

Gujarat

Ukai Thermal Power plant

Madhya Pradesh

Vindhyachal Thermal Power plant

Gujarat

Wanakbori Thermal Power plant

Assam

Namrup Thermal Power Plant

The major factors taken into consideration while locating a thermal power plant are: •

Terrain

•

Availability of Fuel and Water

•

Proximity to population centres.

•

Accessibility

National Waterways in India National Waterways Transportation plays an important role in the development of a country and it is of great significance for a developing country like India. The country is bestowed with a plethora of diverse topography which enables different kinds of transportation. India has about 14500 km of navigable waterways. This includes rivers, backwaters, canals, creeks and so on. •

National Waterways Act came into effect in 2016. It proposed 106 additional National Waterways and merges 5 existing Acts which were declared the 5 National Waterways.

•

In 1986, the Government of India created Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) for regulation and development of Inland Waterways for navigation and shipping.

•

Out of the 111 National Waterways declared under the National Waterways Act, 2016, 13 are operationalfor shipping and navigation and cargo/passenger vessels are moving on them.

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About the IWAI Inland Waterways Authority of India This body was created by the government of India in 1986 for regulating and developing inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The body chiefly undertakes development and maintenance projects of IWT infrastructure on national waterways. It undertakes these projects through grants from the Shipping Ministry. Its headquarters is in Noida. It also has regional offices in various other cities and towns across the country. Operational National Waterways in India for UPSC Sl. No .

NW Number

River System

Route

Lengt h

Locations

Establishe d

1

NW – 1

GangaBhagirathiHooghly

Prayagraj – Haldia

1620

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal

1986

2

NW – 2

Brahmaputra

SadiyaDhubri

891

Assam

1982

3

NW – 3

West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal and Udyogamanda l Canal

Kottapuram – Kollam

205

Kerala

1993

4

NW – 4

Krishna and Godavari

Kakinada– Puducherry stretch of canals, Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachala m– Rajahmundr y, Waziraba– Vijayawada

1095

Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

2008

5

NW – 10

Amba River

45

Maharasht ra

6

NW – 83

Rajpuri Creek

31

Maharasht ra

32

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

7

NW – 85

Revadanda Creek – Kundalika River System

31

Maharasht ra

8

NW – 91

Shastri river– Jaigad creek system

52

Maharasht ra

9

NW – 68

Mandovi – Usgaon Bridge to Arabian Sea

41

Goa

10

NW – 111

Zuari– Sanvordem Bridge to Marmugao Port

50

Goa

11

NW – 73

Narmada River

226

Gujarat and Maharasht ra

12

NW – 100

Tapi River

436

Gujarat and Maharasht ra

13

NW – 97 (Sundarba ns Waterway s)

Namkhana to AtharaBankiKh al

172

West Bengal

IndoBangladesh Protocol Route

Major national highways in India Highway

Route

NH 1

Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar-Amritsar-Indo-Pak Border

NH 1A

Jalandhar-Madhopur-Jammu-Banihal-Srinagar-Baramula-Uri

NH 1B

Batote-Doda-Kishtwar-Sinthan pass – Khanabal

NH 1C

Domel to Katra

NH 1D

Srinagar-Kargil-Leh

33

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

NH 2

Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Kanpur-Allahabad-Varanasi-Mohania-Barhi Palsit-BaidyabatiBara-Calcutta

NH 2A

Sikandra to Bhognipur

NH 2B

Burdwan – Bolpur road (via Talit, Guskara and Bhedia)

NH 3

Agra-Gwalior-Shivpuri-Indore-Dhule-Nasik-Thane-Mumbai

NH 4

Junction with National Highways No. 3 near Thane-Pune Belgaum-HubliBangalore-Ranipet-Chennai

NH 4A

Belgaum-Anmod-Ponda-Panaji

NH 4B

Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust near Km 109-Palaspe

NH 5

Junction with National Highways No. 6 near Baharagora-Cuttack BhubaneshwarVisakhapatnam -Vijayawada-Chennai

NH 5A

Junction with National Highway No. 5 near Haridaspur-Paradip Port

NH 6

Hajira-Dhule-Nagpur-Raipur-Sambalpur-Baharagora-Calcutta

NH 7

Varanasi-Mangawan-Rewa-Jabalpur-Lakhnadon-Nagpur-Hyderabad-KurnoolBangalore-Krishnagiri-Salem-Dindigul-Madurai-Cape-Kanyakumari

NH 7A

Palayamkottai-Tuticorin Port

NH 8

Delhi-Jaipur-Ajmer-Udaipur-Ahmedabad-Vadodara-Mumbai

NH 8A

Ahmedabad-Limbdi-Morvi-Kandla-Mandvi-Vikhari-Kothra-Naliya Narayan Sarovar

NH 8B

Bamanbore-Rajkot-Porbandar

NH 8C

Chiloda to Sarkhej

NH 8D

Chiloda-Gandhinagar-Sarkhej

NH 8E

Somnath to Bhavnagar

NH 9

Pune-Sholapur-Hyderabad-Vijayawada-Machilipatnam

NH 10

Delhi-Fazilka-Indo Pak Border

NH 11

Agra-Jaipur-Bikaner

NH 11A

Manoharpur-Dausa-Lalsot-Kothum

NH 12

Jabalpur-Bhopal-Khilchipur-Aklera-Jhalawar-Kota-Bundi-Deoli Tonk-Jaipur

34

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

NH 18

Junction with NH 7 near Kurnool and Nandyal to Cuddapah and Junction with NH 4 near Chittoor

NH 19

Ghazipur-Balia-Patna

NH 20

Pathankot -Mandi

NH 21

Junction with National Highway No. 22 near Chandigarh-Ropar-Bilaspur-MandiKullu-Manali

NH 22

Ambala to Indo China Border near Shipkila

NH 23

Chas-Ranchi-Rourkela-Talcher- Junction with National Highway No. 42

NH 24

Delhi- Bareilly-Lucknow

NH 27

Allahabad to Mangawan

NH 29

Gorakhpur to Varanasi

NH 30

Junction with NH 2 near Mohania and Patna to Bakhtiyarpur

NH 35

Barasat to Petrapole on India and Bangladesh border

NH 39

Numaligarh to Palel and Indo Burma Border

NH 47

Salem to Kanyakumari

NH 47A

Junction with NH 47 at Kundanoor to Willington Island in Kochi

NH 47C

Junction with NH 47 at Kalamassery to Vallarpadam ICTT in Kochi

NH 55

Siliguri to Darjeeling

NH 56

Lucknow to Varanasi

NH 58

Delhi to Mana Pass

NH 79

Ajmer-Nasirabad-MP border

NH 151

Karimganj – Bangladesh Border

NH 152

Patacharkuchi-Bhutan border

NH 153

Ledo – Lekhapani – Indo / Myanmar – Border

NH 233

The highway starting from India/Nepal border (connecting to Lumbini) via Naugarh, Siddharthnagar, Bansi, Basti, Tanda, Azamgarh and terminating at Varans

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Important Cities and Rivers List of important cities on river banks in India Indian Cities

Rivers

Agra

Yamuna

Ahmedabad

Sabarmati

Allahabad

At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna

Ayodhya

Saryu

Badrinath

Alaknanda

Bareilly

Ram Ganga

Curnool

Tungabhadra

Cuttack

Mahanadi

Delhi

Yamuna

Dibrugarh

Brahmaputra

Ferozpur

Satluj

Guwahati

Brahmaputra

Hardwar

Ganga

Hyderabad

Musi

Jabalpur

Narmada

Jamshedpur

Subarnarekha

Jaunpur

Gomti

Kanpur

Ganga

Kolkata

Hooghly

Kota

Chambal

Lucknow

Gomti

Ludhiana

Satluj

Matdura

Yamuna 36

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Nasik

Godavari

Panji

Mandavi

Patna

Ganga

Sambalpur

Mahanadi

Srinagar

Jhelum

Surat

Tapti

Tiruchirapalli

Cauvery

Ujjain

Kshipra

Varanasi

Ganga

Vijayvada

Krishna

Major Crops In India India is diverse in all spheres. The country is bestowed with the plethora of flora fauna. The crops in India have divided four categories. They are: Categories

Crops

Cash Crops

Spices, Tobacco, Cotton, Oilseeds etc

Plantation Crops

Rubber, Coffee, Coconut and Tea

Food Crops

Rice, Wheat, Maize, Pulses and Millets

Horticulture

Vegetables and fruits

Major Crops Grown in India Crops

Varieties

Rice (Kharif, Rabi)

Aman, Sali, Afghani, Aus, Boro,

Wheat (Rabi)

Kalyan Sona, Heera and Sonalika

Soil type

Clay or Loamy soil

Sandy loam, Clay loam

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producers West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Assam Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, West Bengal, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and Gujarat

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Short Staple Cotton (Kharif)

Medium Staple Long Staple

Black soil

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Punjab

Tossa Jute and White Jute

Sandy and Clay Loam

West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh

—

Clayey Loamy Soil, and Red Loamy Soil

Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, and Punjab

Tea

—

Loamy soil acidic in nature and rich in organic matter

Assam, Darjeeling (West Bengal), Meghalaya, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka

Coffee

Arabica and Robusta

Well-drained forest loam

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland

Jute(Zaid)

Sugarcane(Kharif, Rabi)

The Major River Systems in India The rivers of India play a significant role in the lives of the Indian society. The river systems provide irrigation, drinking water, economical transportation, power, as well as grant livelihoods for a large number of population. This straightforwardly demonstrates that why all the major cities of India are positioned by the banks of the river. Most of the rivers discharge their waters into the Bay of Bengal. Some of the rivers flow through the western part of the country and towards the east of the state of Himachal Pradesh merges into the Arabian Sea. The northern parts of the Aravalli range, some parts of Ladakh, and arid regions of the Thar Desert have inland drainage. All major rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds•

The Himalaya and the Karakoram range

•

The Chota Nagpur plateau and Vindhya and Satpura range

•

The Western Ghats

The major river systems are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

The Indus River System The Brahmaputra River System The Ganga River system The Yamuna river System The Narmada River System The Tapi River System The Godavari River System The Krishna river system 38

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9. The Cauvery River System 10. The Mahanadi River System The Indus River System The Indus arises from the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Manasarovar. It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about 2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea. It enters Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir by forming a picturesque gorge. In the Kashmir region, it joins with many tributaries – the Zaskar, the Shyok, the Nubra and the Hunza. It flows between the Ladakh Range and the Zaskar Range. It crosses the Himalayas through a 5181 m deep gorge near Attock, which is lying north of the Nanga Parbat. The major tributaries of the Indus River in India are Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas, and Sutlej.

The Brahmaputra River System The Brahmaputra originates from Mansarovar Lake, which is also a source of the Indus and Sutlej. It is a little longer than the Indus River. The most of its course lies outside India. It flows parallel to the Himalayas in the eastward direction. When it reaches Namcha Barwa, it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. Here it is known as Dihang River. In India, it flows through the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam and is connected by several tributaries. The Brahmaputra has a braided channel throughout most of its length in Assam. The river is known as the Tsangpo in Tibet. It receives less volume of water and has less silt in the Tibet region. But in India, the river passes through a region of heavy precipitation and as such, the river carries large amount water during rainfall and a significant amount of silt. It is known for creating the calamity in Assam and Bangladesh. Ganga River System The Ganga originates as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri glacier. Before it reaches Devaprayag, the Mandakini, the Pindar, the Dhauliganga and the Bishenganga rivers merge into the Alaknanda and the Bheling drain into the Bhagirathi. The Pindar River rises from East Trishul and Nanda Devi unite with the Alaknanda at Karan Prayag. The Mandakini meets at Rudra Prayag. The water from both Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda flows in the name of the Ganga at Devaprayag. The concept of Panch Prayag 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Vishnuprayag: where the river Alaknanda meet river Dhauli Ganga Nandprayag: where river Alaknanda meet river Nandakini Karnaprayag: where river Alaknanda meet river Pinder Rudraprayag: where river Alaknanda meet river Mandakini Devprayag: where river Alaknanda meet river Bhagirathi -GANGA

The principle tributaries of the Ganga are Yamuna, Damodar, Sapt Kosi, Ram Ganga, Gomati, Ghaghara, and Son. The river after traveling a distance of 2525 km from its source meets the Bay of Bengal.

Yamuna River System The Yamuna River is the largest tributary of the Ganga River. It originates from the Yamunotri glacier, at the Banderpoonch peak in Uttarakhand. The main tributaries joining the river 39

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include the Sin, Hindon, Betwa Ken and Chambal. The Tons is the largest tributary of the Yamuna. The catchment of the river extends to the states of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.

The Narmada River System The Narmada is a river located in the central India. It rises to the summit of the Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state. It outlines the traditional frontier between North India and South India. It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India. Only the Narmada, the Tapti, and the Mahi rivers run from east to west. The river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. It drains into the Arabian Sea in the Bharuch district of Gujarat.

The Tapi River System It is a central Indian river. It is one of the most important rivers of peninsular India with the run from east to west. It originates in the Eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state. It flows in a westward direction, draining some important historic places like Madhya Pradesh’s Nimar region, East Vidarbha region and Maharashtra’s Khandesh in the northwest corner of the Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before draining into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea. The River Basin of Tapi River lies mostly in eastern and northern districts Maharashtra state. The river also covers some districts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat as well. The principal tributaries of Tapi River are Waghur River, Aner River, Girna River, Purna River, Panzara River and Bori River .

The Godavari River System The Godavari River is the second longest course in India with brownish water. The river is often referred as the Dakshin (South) Ganga or Vriddh (Old) Ganga. It is a seasonal river, dried during the summers and widened during the monsoons. It river originates from Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik in Maharashtra. It flows southeast across south-central India through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, and drains into the Bay of Bengal. The river forms a fertile delta at Rajahmundry. The banks of this river have many pilgrimage sites, Nasik, Bhadrachalam, and Triyambak. Some of its tributaries include Pranahita (Combination of Penuganga and Warda), Indravati River, Bindusara, Sabari, and Manjira. The Asia’s largest rail-cum-road bridge which links Kovvur and Rajahmundry is located on the river Godavari. The Krishna river system The Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India, which originates from Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra. It flows through Sangli and drains the sea in the Bay of Bengal. The river flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Tungabhadra River is the main tributary which itself is formed by the Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in the Western Ghats. Dudhganga Rivers, Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Dindi, Ghataprabha, Warna, Yerla, and Musi are some of the other tributaries.

The Cauvery River System The Cauvery is also known as Dakshin Ganga. It originates from Talakaveri located in the Western Ghats. It is a famous pilgrimage and tourist place in the Kodagu district of Karnataka. 40

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The headwaters of the river are in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and from Karnataka through Tamil Nadu. The river drains into the Bay of Bengal. The river supports irrigation for agriculture and considered as the means of support of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India. The river has many tributaries called Arkavathy, Shimsha, Hemavati, Kapila, Shimsha, Honnuhole, Amaravati, Lakshmana Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal, and Tirtha.

The Mahanadi River System The Mahanadi originates from the Satpura Range of central India and it is a river in the eastern India. It flows east to the Bay of Bengal. River drains of the state of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Orissa. The largest dam, the Hirakud Dam is built on the river. Natural Vegetation in India India is bestowed with a wide range of flora and fauna. The natural vegetation is the endowments of nature. They grow naturally by following the climatic variables. Due to a diverse geographical and climatic condition, an extensive range of natural vegetation grows in India. The types of natural vegetation differ according to precipitation, soil, climate and topography. The cultivated crops and fruits, orchards form part of vegetation, but not natural vegetation. Natural vegetation of India and types of vegetation in India are important topics covered under both geography and ecology and environment for the UPSC exam. This article talks about the natural vegetation of India for IAS exam. Types of Natural Vegetation in India (Vegetation Types of India) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests Deciduous or Monsoon Type of Forests Dry Deciduous Forests Mountain Forests Tidal or Mangrove Forests Semi-Desert and Desert Vegetations

Different types of vegetation in India Tropical evergreen rain forests The Tropical Evergreen rain forests are found in the areas where precipitation is more than 200 cm. They are largely found in the Northeastern regions of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, the Western Ghats, the Tarai areas of the Himalayas and the Andaman groups of Islands. They are also found in the hills of Khasi and Jaintia. The trees in this area have intense growth. The major trees found in this area are Sandal Wood, Rosewood, Garjan, Mahogany, and bamboo. It has a copious vegetation of all kinds – trees, shrubs, and creepers giving it a multilayered structure. The elephants, monkey, lemur are the common animals found in these areas. Deciduous or Monsoon type of forests The Deciduous forests are found on the lower slope of the Himalayas, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra Jharkhand and the adjoining areas. The precipitation in this area is between 100 cm and 200 cm. The Teak is the dominant species 41

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seen in the area. Along with that Deodar, Blue Gum, Pal Ash, Sal, Sandalwood, Ebony, Arjun, Khair, and Bamboo are also seen. The trees in this forest shed their leaves during dry winter and dry summer. On the basis of the availability of water, these forests are again divided into moist and dry deciduous. Dry deciduous forests These forests grow in areas where the precipitation is between 50 cm and 100 cm. These are mainly seen in the areas of the Central Deccan plateau, Punjab, Haryana, parts of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and South-east of Rajasthan. Mountain forests Mountain forests differ significantly along the slopes of the mountain. On the foothills of the Himalayas until a height of 1500 meters, evergreen trees like Sal, teak, and bamboo grow copiously. On the higher slope, temperate conifer trees like pine, fir, and oak grow. At the higher elevation of the Himalayas, rhododendrons and junipers are found. Further, than these vegetation zones, alpine grasslands appear up to the snowfield. Tidal or Mangrove forests The tidal or mangrove forests grow by the side of the coast and on the edges of the deltas e.g., the deltas of the Cauvery, Krishna, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Ganga. In West Bengal, these forests are known as ‘Sundarbans’. The ‘sundari’ is a most major tree in these forests. The important trees of the tidal forests are hogla, garan, pasur etc. This forest is an important factor in the timber industry as they provide timber and firewood. Palm and coconut trees beautify the coastal strip. Semi-deserts and Deserts vegetations This area receives a rainfall less than 50 cm. Thorny bushes, acacia, and Babul are found in this vegetation region. The Indian wild date is generally found here. They have long roots and thick flesh. The plants found in this region store water in their stem to endure during the drought. These vegetations are found in parts of Gujarat’s, Punjab and in Rajasthan. Classification Of Soil in India The first scientific classification of soil was done by Voelekar and Leather. According to them, Indian soils were classified into four categories. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Alluvial Regur (black) Red soil Lateritic soil

The All India soil and land use survey organization attempted a classification on the basis of texture, color, structure, pH value, porosity etc in 1957. After that recently, the Indian council of agricultural research, on the basis of texture, structure, color, pH value, porosity etc. Alluvial soil The alluvial soil occurs mainly in the Satluj- Ganga- Brahmaputra Plains. They are also found in the valleys of the Narmada, Tapi and in the Eastern and Western coastal plains. These soils are mainly derived from the debris brown from the Himalayas. This soil is well drained and poorly drained with an immature profile in undulating areas. This soil has potash deficiency. The color of soil varies from light grey to ash. This soil is suited for Rice, maize, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds etc. 42

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This soil is divided into •

Khadar soil: the khaddar soils are enriched with fresh silts. They are low lying, frequently inundated by floods during the rainy season. It occupies the flood plains of rivers. The khaddar tracts called as kankar are rich in concentration.

•

The Bhangar: This soil lies above the flood level. It is well- drained but because of the calcium carbonate nodules. The texture of soil varies from the loamy soil to clayey soil.

Red soil This soil developed on Archean granite occupies the second largest area of the country. They are mainly found in the Peninsula from Tamil Nadu in the south to Bundelkhand in the north and Raj Mahal in the east to Kathiawad in the west. This soil is also known as omnibus group. The presence of ferric oxides makes the color of soil red. The top layer of the soil is read and horizon below is yellowish. Generally, these soils are deficient in phosphate, lime, magnesia, humus and nitrogen. This soil is good for the cultivation of wheat, cotton, pulses, tobacco, millets, orchards, potato, and oilseeds. Black or Regur soils Black soil is also known cotton soil and internationally it is known as ‘Tropical Chernozems’. This is the third largest group in India. This soil is formed from rocks of cretaceous lava. This stretch over the parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Western parts of Madhya Pradesh, NorthWestern Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand up to Raj Mahal hills. The soil is rich in iron, lime, calcium, potash, magnesium and aluminum. It has high water retaining capacity and good for the cotton cultivation, Tobacco, citrus fruits, castor, and linseed. Desert soil This soil is deposited by wind action and mainly found in the arid and semi-arid areas like Rajasthan, West of the Aravallis, Northern Gujarat, Saurashtra, Kachchh, Western parts of Haryana and southern part of Punjab. They are sandy with low organic matter. It has low soluble salts and moisture with very low retaining capacity. If irrigated these soil give a high agricultural return. These suitable less water requiring crops like Bajra, pulses, fodder, and guar. Laterite Soil These soft, when they are wet and ‘hard and cloddy’ on drying. These are found mainly in the hills of the Western Ghats, Raj Mahal hills, Eastern Ghats, Satpura, Vindhya, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, North Cachar hills, and the Garo hills. These are poor in organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, lime and potash. These iron and aluminum rich soils are suitable for the cultivation of rice, ragi, sugarcane and cashew nuts. Mountain soils These soils have less developed soil profile and mainly found in the valleys and hill slopes of Himalayas. These soils are immature and dark brown in color. This soil has very low humus and it is acidic in nature. The orchards, fodder, legumes are grown in this soil. Red and Black soils These are developed over the granite, gneiss and quartzite of Precambrian and Archean era. This soil performs well if irrigated. Generally, this soil has very less productivity. Grey and brown soils 43

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These soils are found in Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is formed by the weathering of granite, quartzite, and gneiss. These loose, friable soils contain iron- oxide ( haematite and limonite) Submontane soil These are formed by the deposition of eroded material from Shiwaliks and the lesser Himalayas. These are found in the Tarai region of the submontane stretching from Jammu and Kashmir to Assam. The soil supports a luxuriant growth of forest and more prone to soil erosion. Snow fields This soil found under the snow and glaciers at the highest peak of greater Himalayas, Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar. This soil is immature in nature and unsuitable for crops. Karewa soil Karewa soils are the lacustrine deposits in the Kashmir valleys and Bhadarwah valley. The fine silt, clay, and boulder gravels are the composition of Karewa soil. They are characterized with the fossils. These soils are mainly devoted to the cultivation of saffron, almonds, apple, walnut etc. Peaty and marshy soils This soil originates from the areas where adequate drainage is not possible. It is rich in organic matter and has high salinity. They are deficient in potash and phosphate. These mainly found in Sunderbans delta, Kottayam, and Alappuzha districts of Kerala, Rann of Kachchh, deltas of Mahanadi etc. Saline and alkaline soils Theses also called as Reh, Usar, Kallar, Rakar, Thur and Chopan. These are mainly found in Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra. Sodium chloride and sodium sulphate are present in this soil. It is suitable for leguminous crops. Biosphere Reserve in India WORLD NETWORK OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES The World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) covers globally chosen protected areas. It consists of a vibrant and interactive network of sites of distinction. It promotes the harmonious assimilation of people and nature for sustainable development through different ways. If one country declares one area as a biosphere reserve, it can nominate the same to under the UNESCOs Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme. If UNESCO accepts the proposal of the government, the biosphere reserve will enter into the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). 10 of the 18 biosphere reserves in India are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves which is based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list. Recently, the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve was incorporated at the International Coordinating Council of the Man and the Biosphere program of UNESCO that ended up in Peru on March 19. With the addition of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, 10 of the 18 biosphere reserves in the country have made it to the list. YEAR

NAME

STATES

2001

Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve

West Bengal

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2009

Simlipal Biosphere Reserve

Odisha

2009

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve

Madhya Pradesh

2009

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

Meghalaya

2000

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Tamil Nadu

2004

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

Uttarakhand

2001

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

Tamil Nadu

2013

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

Great Nicobar

2012

Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve

Chhattisgarh

2016

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

Kerala and Tamil Nadu

BIOSPHERE RESERVES OF INDIA Biosphere reserves are announced by the state or central governments by notification. The Governments can nominate them under the UNESCOs Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme after its establishment as a biosphere reserve. There are 18 biosphere reserves in India. No.

Name of Biosphere Reserve

Year of Notification

Location (States)

1

Nilgiri

1986

Part of Wayanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Madumalai, Nilambur, Silent Valley and Siruvani hills (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka).

2

Nanda Devi

1988

Part of Chamoli, Pithoragarh, and Bageshwar districts (Uttarakhand).

3

Nokrek

1988

Part of Garo hills (Meghalaya).

4

Great Nicobar

1989

Southern most islands of Andaman And Nicobar (A&N Islands).

5

Gulf of Mannar

1989

Indian part of Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka (Tamil Nadu).

6

Manas

1989

Part of Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Barpeta, Nalbari, Kamprup and Darang districts (Assam).

7

Sunderbans

1989

Part of delta of Ganges and Brahamaputra river system

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(West Bengal). 8

Simlipal

1994

Part of Mayurbhanj district (Orissa).

9

Dibru-Saikhowa

1997

Part of Dibrugarh and Tinsukia Districts (Assam).

10

Dehang-Dibang

1998

Part of Siang and Dibang Valley in Arunachal Pradesh.

11

Pachmarhi

1999

Parts of Betul, Hoshangabad and Chindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.

12

Khangchendzonga

2000

Parts of Khangchendzonga hills and Sikkim.

13

Agasthyamalai

2001

Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries and their adjoining areas in Kerala.

14

Achanakamar – Amarkantak

2005

Covers parts of Anupur and Dindori districts of M.P. and parts of Bilaspur districts of Chhattishgarh State.

15

Kachchh

2008

Part of Kachchh, Rajkot, Surendra Nagar and Patan Civil Districts of Gujarat State.

2009

Pin Valley National Park and surroundings; Chandratal and Sarchu&Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in Himachal Pradesh.

16

Cold Desert

17

Seshachalam Hills

2010

Seshachalam Hill Ranges covering parts of Chittoor and Kadapa districts of Andhra Pradesh.

18

Panna

2011

Part of Panna and Chhattarpur districts in Madhya Pradesh.

Important Mountain Passes in India Mountain pass is a connectivity route through the mountain run. It is a gateway to connect different parts of the country, and also with neighboring countries for different purposes. Zoji La (Pass)-It is in the Zaskar range of Jammu & Kashmir. The road route from Srinagar to Leh goes through this pass. It has been created by the Indus River. • Banihal Pass-It is in Jammu & Kashmir. The National Highway NO.1 A that links Srinagar to Jammu goes through it. It has been created by the Indus River. • Shipki La (Pass)-It is in Himachal Pradesh. The road from Shimla to Tibet goes through this pass. The Satluj River flows through this pass. • Bara-Lacha Pass-It is also in Himachal Pradesh. It links Mandi and Leh by road. • Rohtang Pass-It is also in Himachal Pradesh. It cuts through the Pir Panjal range. It links Manali and Leh by road.

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• Mana Pass-It is in Uttarakhand. The land route to the Kailash and the Manasarovar passes through it. • Niti Pass-It is also in Uttarakhand. The road to the Kailash and the Manasarovar passes through it. • Nathu La (Pass)-It is in Sikkim. It gives way to Tibet from Darjeeling and Chumbi valley. • Jalep La (Pass)-It is also in Sikkim and gives way to Bhutan. The Tista River has created this pass. Mountain Passes in India Height (ft)

Between/ Separating

Name

State

Asirgarh

Madhya Pradesh

Auden's Col

Uttarakhand

17,552

Banihal Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir)

9,291

Bara-lacha-la

Himachal Pradesh

16,400

Bomdila

Arunachal Pradesh

Changla Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

17,585 Leh & Changthang

Chanshal Pass

Himachal Pradesh

14,830

Dehra Compass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Debsa Pass

Himachal Pradesh

17,520

Diphu Pass

Arunachal Pradesh

4,587

Dongkhala

Sikkim

12,000

Dhumdhar Kandi Pass

Uttarakhand

Fotu La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

13,451

Goecha La

Sikkim

16,207

Haldighati Pass

Rajasthan

Indrahar Pass

Himachal Pradesh

14,473

Jelep La

Sikkim

14,300

Khardung La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

17,582 Leh & Nubra

Kongka Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

16,965

Lanak Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

17,933 Ladakh & Tibet

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Jammu & Kashmir

Ladakh & Aksai Chin

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Name

State

Height (ft)

Between/ Separating

Kunzum Pass

Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul and Spiti)

14,931 Lahaul & Spiti

Karakoram Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Lipulekh Pass

Uttarakhand

17,500

Lungalacha La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

16,600

Lamkhaga Pass

Himachal Pradesh

17,336

Marsimik La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

18,314

Mayali Pass

Uttarakhand

16,371

Nama Pass

Uttarakhand

18,399

Namika La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

12,139

Nathu La

Sikkim

14,140 Sikkim & Tibet

Palakkad Gap

Kerala

750

Kerala & Tamil Nadu

Thamarassery Wayanad Kerala Pass

1,700

Malabar & Mysore

Shenkottai pass

Kollam Kerala

690

Travancore & Tamil Nadu

Pensi La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Rezang La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Rohtang Pass

Himachal Pradesh

13,051 Manali & Lahaul

Sasser la

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

17,753

Sela Pass

Arunachal Pradesh

14,000

Shipki La

Himachal Pradesh

Sia La

Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier)

Shingo La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Spangur Gap

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

Ladakh & Xinjiang

Nubra & Siachen Glacier

18,337

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Name

State

Height (ft)

Between/ Separating

Gyong La

Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier)

18,655

Bilafond La

Jammu and Kashmir (Siachen Glacier)

17,881

Sin La

Uttarakhand

Tanglang La

Jammu and Kashmir (Ladakh)

17,583

Traill's Pass

Uttarakhand

17,100

Zojila Pass

Jammu and Kashmir (Kashmir, Ladakh)

12,400 Kashmir & Ladakh

Major Straits of the world Major Straits of the world A strait is a thin channel of a waterway that connects two large water bodies. The following are the main characteristics of a strait: •

Formed by natural processes

•

Narrower than the seas it connects

•

Navigable

Major straits of the world are used by commercial shipping to travel from one sea or exclusive economic zone to another and they are of immense strategic and commercial importance. They also serve as a channel through which ocean currents pass modifying the climate of that area. Due to these reasons, they play an important role in physical and human geography. This is an important topic in Geography for IAS Prelims, as proved by an analysis of previous years UPSC Question Papers. It is important to know the different straits of the world as there can be multiple questions asked about this topic, in the UPSC exam. The following table lists the major straits in the world important for UPSC IAS Prelims exam: Strait

Contiguous Landmass

Joining Seas/Water Bodies

Hormuz Strait

Iran and the UAE

The Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf

Bab-elMandeb

Djibouti, Yemen and Eritrea of Somali Peninsula

The Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea

Ten Degree Channel

Car Nicobar Islands and Little Andaman

The Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal

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Sunda Strait

Java island of Indonesia with its Sumatra island.

The Java Sea and the Indian Ocean

Florida Strait

Cuba and the USA

Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean

Bering Strait

Asia from America

Arctic ocean and East Pacific ocean

Strait of Gibraltar

Spain and Morocco

The Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea

Korea Strait

Japan and South Korea

East China Sea and Sea of Japan

Strait of Malacca

Malaysia and Sumatra

The Pacific Ocean to the east with the Indian Ocean to the west

Bonifacio Strait

Corsica island of France and Sardinia islands of Italy

The Tyrrhenian Sea and The Mediterranean Sea

Palk Strait

India and Sri Lanka

The Bay of Bengal in the northeast with the Palk Bay/Arabian Sea in the southwest

Bosphorus Strait

Divides Europe from Asia

The Black Sea to Sea of Marmara

Bass Strait

Tasmania island and mainland Australia

The Great Australian Bight and the Tasman Sea

Davis Strait

Between Greenland and Canada

The Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea

Jamaica Channel

Jamaica and Hispaniola

The Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic

Hudson Strait

Baffin Island and Labrador peninsula

Hudson Bay and the Labrador Sea

Straits have played an important role in human civilization since millennia. Empires have fallen whenever they failed to retain strategic control of the straits near their domain. Rich states have risen contiguous to these water bodies by taxing the traffic passing through them. They play an important role in economic and military matters to this day. Major Local Winds Around Globe Local Winds of the World UPSC/Local winds of world UPSC

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Geography as a subject plays a crucial role in UPSC IAS Exam. The UPSC has both Analytic and application type questions. The Geography syllabus for UPSC IAS Prelims and Mains exam is vast. But once approached with right strategy aspirants can easily answer the questions from geography part. The local winds are the important part in World geography. These winds are formed by the heating of land. There are many local winds around the globe. In previous years UPSC has asked several questions from this area and this area remains as an important part of UPSC IAS Prelims examination. The local winds are formed on a small spatial scale. They additionally have a tendency to be brief enduring normally a few hours to a day. There are many such winds the world over, some of them cool, some warm, some wet, some dry. Local winds UPSC Here we are giving a list of major local winds and their nature and places. This will enhance your UPSC IAS Prelims preparation. Name

Nature of wind

Place

Chinook (Snow eaters)

Hot, dry wind

The Rockies mountains

Foehn

Hot, dry wind

The Alps

Khamsin

Hot, dry wind

Egypt

Siroco

Hot, moist wind

Sahara to the Mediterranean Sea

Solano

Hot, moist wind

Sahara to the Iberian Peninsula

Harmattan (Guinea Doctor)

Hot, dry wind

West Africa

Bora

Cold, dry wind

Blows from Hungary to North Italy

Mistral

Cold wind

The Alps and France

Punas

Cold dry wind

Western side of Andes Mountain

Blizzard

Cold wind

Tundra region

Purga

Cold wind

Russia

Levanter

Cold wind

Spain

Norwester

Hot wind

New Zealand

Santa Ana

Hot wind

South California

Karaburun (black storm)

Hot dusty wind

Central Asia

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Calima

Dust-laden dry wind

Saharan Air Layer across the Canary Islands

Elephanta

Moist wind in monsoon

Malabar coast

Industrial Regions in India Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness. They tend to concentrate on certain locations because of the favourable locational factors. Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries, important among them are: • The number of industrial units • Number of industrial workers. • Quantum of power used for industrial purposes. • Total industrial output. • Value added by manufacturing, etc. 1. Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region 2. Hugli Industrial Region 3. Bangalore-Chennai Industrial Region 4. Gujarat Industrial Region 5. Chotanagpur Region 6. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region 7. Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Region 8. Kollam-Tiruvanantapuram Region Mineral belts in India India is one of the richest countries in minerals resources in the world. Since India’s internal structure of earth is the product of ancient hard rock’s therefore almost all kinds of minerals are found here especially in Gondwana rocks. Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region in the old crystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys of Damodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in the sedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region in the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari and Kaveri basins. Most of the major mineral resources occur to the east of a line linking Mangalore and Kanpur. Minerals are generally concentrated in three broad belts in India. There may be some sporadic occurrences here and there in isolated pockets. These belts are: The North-Eastern Plateau Region This belt covers Chotanagpur (Jharkhand), Orissa Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. It has variety of minerals like iron ore coal, manganese, bauxite, mica. The South-Western Plateau Region This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. This belt is rich in ferrous metals and bauxite. It also contains high grade iron ore, manganese and limestone. This belt packs in coal deposits except Neyveli lignite. This belt does not have 52

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as diversified mineral deposits as the north-eastern belt. Kerala has deposits of monazite and thorium, bauxite clay. Goa has iron ore deposits. The North-Western Region This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks. Copper, zinc has been major minerals. Rajasthan is rich in building stones i.e. sandstone, granite, marble. Gypsum and Fuller’s earth deposits are also extensive. Dolomite and limestone provide raw materials for cement industry. Gujarat is known for its petroleum deposits. The Himalayan belt is another mineral belt where copper, lead, zinc, cobalt and tungsten are known to occur. They occur on both the eastern and western parts. Assam valley has mineral oil deposits. Besides oil resources are also found in off-shore-areas near Mumbai Coast (Mumbai High). Major Coal Areas • The Damodar Valley Coalfield: It is the largest coal field in India that extended to Jharkhand and West Bengal. Jharia in Jharkhand is the largest coal mining field. Most of the coking coal in India is obtained from here. Other major coalfields in Jharkhand are Chandrapura, Bokaro, Giridih, Karanpura and Ramgarh. Ranigunj in West Bengal is a major coalfield. • The Son Valley Coalfield: It is located mainly in Madhya Pradesh and partly in the Uttar Pradesh. The Singrauli mining area (Sidhi District) in Madhya Pradesh is famous for coal production. Sohagpur, Umaria, Tatapani, and Ramkola are other major coalfields in Madhya Pradesh. • The Mahanadi Coalfield: It is located in Chhattisgarh and Odisha. Korba district, Vishrampur, Jhilmil and Chirmir (Ambikapur district) in Chhattisgarh; Talcher (Dhenkanal district) and Rampur-Hingir (Sambalpur) in Odisha are major mining fields. • The Godavari Coalfield: It is located in Telangana. Karimnagar, Khammam and Warrangal are major coal producing districts. The Singreni coalfield (Khamman district) in Telangana is famous. Tandoor and Sasti (Adilabad, Telangana) are other major mining fields. • The Wardha Coalfield: Chandrapur, Yavatmal and Nagpur in Maharashtra are major coalfield under it. Chandrapur (Chandrapur district), Vallarpur (Yavatmal district) and Kampati (Nagpur district) are major mining field. • The Satpura Coalfield: It is located in the Pench-Kanhan-Tawa valley, south of Narmada river, known as Satpura Gondwana Basin . Ghorbari in the kanhan valley is famous mining field. Patharkheda (Betul district) in the Pench valley is a major coal field. • The Rajmahal Coalfield: The coalfields of this area are assuming importance lately. The unique location of the coalfields at the southern bank of the Ganges offers a good possibility of supplying coals to major power stations of North Bihar, North Bengal and Bangladesh. Based on the coal of this region, a Super Thermal Power Station has been built at Farakka. There are five coalfields in this area. Coals of this region are sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous in rank. Petroleum and Natural Gas Petroleum and Natural gas are the important source of energy which is much in demand to accelerate the economic development. It provides lubricants and raw materials for a number of chemical industries such as kerosene, diesel, petrol, aviation-fuel, synthetic rubber, synthetic-fibre, thermoplastic resins, benzene-methanol, polystyrene, acrylates, detergents, aromatics, gasoline, carbon-black, dyes, colours, food-colours, pigments, explosives, printing ink, film-photography, greases, cosmetics, paints, lubricant oils, paraffin, and wax. Crude oil is obtained mainly from the sedimentary rocks of marine origin. In India, crude oil is found in the sedimentary rocks of the Tertiary period.

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Petroleum and Natural Gas basins in India • The Upper Assam Basin • The Western Bengal Basin • The Western Himalayan Basin • The Rajasthan Saurashtra-Kachchh Basin • The Northern Gujarat Basin • The Ganga Valley Basin • The Coastal Tamil Nadu, Andhra & Kerala Basin • The Andaman and Nicobar Coastal Basin • Offshore of the Khambat, Bombay High & Bassein Petroleum Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal. It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries. Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the unfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. Natural Gas Natural gas is an important clean energy resource found in association with or without petroleum. It is used as a source of energy as well as an industrial raw material in the petrochemical industry. Natural gas is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions and is, therefore, the fuel for the present century. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin. Along the west coast the reserves of the Mumbai High and allied fields are supplemented by finds in the Gulf of Cambay. Andaman and Nicobar islands are also important areas having large reserves of natural gas. The 1700 km long Hazira- Bijaipur -Jagdishpur cross country gas pipeline links Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India. This artery has provided an impetus to India’s gas production. The power and fertilizer industries are the key users of natural gas. Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG ) for vehicles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity in the country. Crude-Oil Producing fields in India • The Bombay High Oilfields: It is largest petroleum production oilfield contributing over 65 per cent of the total production of crude oil that lies about 176 km to the south-west of Bombay. It has about 35 million tonnes of crude oil and about 40,000 million cubic metres of natural gas. • Bassein Oilfield: It is located in the south of Bombay High and has rich deposits of oil and natural gas. • Aliabet Oilfield: It is located about 45 km to the south of Bhavnagar. • Ankleshwar: It is situated in the district of Bharauch, it stretches over an area of about 30 sq km. The oil of this region belongs to the Eocene period which was started in 1961. It is 54

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rich in gasoline and kerosene. The crude oil from this region is sent to the Koyali petroleum refinery. • Cambay-Luni Region: It is located to the west of Vadodara. It was started in 1958. The estimated reserves of crude-oil are over 30 million tonnes. • The Ahmadabad-Kalol Region: It lies to the north of Gulf of Khambat (Cambay) around the city of Ahmadabad and extends up to Mehsana. Kalol, situated about 25 km to the north of Ahmadabad is an important oilfield of the region. It was started in 1961. It supplied crude oil mainly to the Koyali refinery. • The Digboi Oilfield: It extended over an area of about 15 sq km; the Digboi oilfield is one of the oldest oil-fields of the country. This Oilfield belongs to the Eocene and Miocene periods. There are 85 oil wells in this region. Most of the oil is sent to the refinery of Digboi. Since 1959, the Digboi oilfields are worked by the Oil India Limited (OIL). • The Naharkatiya Oilfield: This oil-field lies about 35 km to the south-west of Digboi. Oil production from the Naharkatiya oilfields was started in 1954. Crude oil from this region is supplied to the refineries of Noonamati, New Bongaigaon (Assam), and Barauni (Bihar). Atomic minerals in India Uranium: It is found in Singhbhum and Hazaribagh districts of Jharkhand, and Gaya District of Bihar, and in sedimentary rocks of Saharanpur District of Uttar Pradesh. The largest source of uranium comprise the monazite sands, both beach and alluvial. Monazite sand rich in uranium is found in Kerala. Some uranium is found in the copper and zinc mines of Udaipur (Rajasthan). The total reserves of uranium as estimated by the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, are about 31,000 tonnes. • Thorium: It is derived from monazite. It is produced in Kerala, Jharkhand, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Rajasthan. In addition to uranium and thorium, beryllium and lithium are also the atomic minerals found mainly in Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. • Beryllium: Its reserves are in the states of Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. • Zircon: It is found mainly in the coastal sand of Kerala. • Antimony: It is found Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. • Graphite: Odisha is the largest producer of graphite. Its largest reserve is in Ramanathpuram in Tamil Nadu. Its reserves are also in Jharkhand, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. Atomic Power Stations The Atomic Energy Institution at Trombay was established in 1954. Atomic Research Centre (BARC), in 1967. The first nuclear power station with a capacity of 320 MW was set up at Tarapur near Mumbai in 1969. Subsequently, the Rawatbhata Atomic Plant (300 MW) near Kota was set up in 1969 which was followed by the establishment of Narora (1989), Kaiga (Karnataka), and Kakrapara in Gujarat in1993. Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata Kota (Rajasthan), Kalpakkam (Tamil Nadu), Narora (U. P.) Kakrapara (Gujarat), Kaiga(Karnataka), Rawatbhata; Kota (Rajasthan) Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kaiga (Karnataka), Rawatbhata Kota (Rajasthan), Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu), Jaitapur, Haripur. Kawada. Kumharia or Gorakhp Maithi-Verdi Bargi-Chutka Institutes related to atomic Energy Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), Mumbai, Maharashtra is given some regulation powers by AEC. Following Research institutions affiliated to BARC • Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Hyderabad 55

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• Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu • Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore • Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kolkata • India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) • Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL), Hyderabad • Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL), Mumbai • Uranium Corporation of India, Singhbhum • Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL), Mumbai, Maharashtra • Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI), Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu • Heavy Water Board (HWB), Mumbai • Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad • Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology (BRIT), Mumbai • Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai • Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai • Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Hyderabad • National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar • National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM), New Delhi • Atomic Energy Education Society (AEES), Mumbai • Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai • Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai • Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Kolkata • Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar • Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI), Allahabad • Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai • Institute for Plasma Research, Gandhinagar Important Shipyards In India 56

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• The Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Vishakhapatnam-Here, high capacity cargo ships are built. • The Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited, Kolkata-Here, passenger ships, dredgers, coasters etc are built. It is set up on the bank of the Hugli. • The Mazagaon Dock, Mumbai-Here, naval ships like frigates are built. • The Cochin Shipyard Limited, Kochi (Kerala)-It is the largest shipyard in the country that has been built with the assistance of Japan. Here, shipbuilding, repairing and marine engineering training are done. Major Aluminium Producing Plant in India • The Indian Aluminium Company Ltd. (INDAL), Hirakud: It started production in 1938 as a private company and was converted into a public company in 1944. It is an integrated plant having three units at five different places for the pro-duction of alumina and aluminium sheets. The plants for the extraction of alumina from bauxite are located at Muri (Jharkhand), near the bauxite mines. Its three smelting units are located at Alupuram (Alwaye in Kerala), Hirakud (Orissa), and Belgaum (Karnataka). • The Aluminium Corporation of India, Jaykaynagar (near Asansol): It started production in 1942. The plant gets bauxite from Ranchi (Jharkhand) and Unchera (M.P.). It has its own coal-mine, a thermal power plant and an alumina plant, a reduction plant, a sheet rolling plant and a utensils producing plant. • The Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Ltd. (HINDALCO), Renukoot: It was set up at Renukoot, about 160 km south of Mirzapur, in 1958. It obtains bauxite from Lohardaga (Jharkhand and Amarkantak region of Madhya Pradesh), and power from the Rihand Dam. • The Madras Aluminium Company Ltd. (MALCO), Mettur: It was set up at Mettur near Salem in 1965. It obtains bauxite from the Shevaroy Hills and electricity from the Mettur Hydel Project. • The Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. (BALCO), Korba: This is a public sector company which set up its plant at Korba (Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh) in 1965. It obtains bauxite from the Amarkantak (Shandol District of Madhya Pradesh) and electricity from the Korba Thermal Power Plant. • The National Aluminium Company Ltd. (NALCO), Koraput: It is the largest aluminium plant of the country, located at Koraput. It obtains bauxite from the bauxite mines at Panchpatmali (District Koraput). It has an installed capacity of 1.6 million tonnes of ingots per year. There is an alumina refinery at Damanjodi (District Koraput) and alumina smelter at Angul. It obtains hydro-electricity from the Angul Power Plant and the port facilities from the Vishakhapatnam for export of alumina and import of caustic soda. The Central Government has disinvested about 45 per cent of NALCO's shares. Major cement producing states and plants in India • Madhya Pradesh - Satna, Katni, Maihar, Jabalpur, Ratlam, Neemach, Banmor, Akaltara etc. • Chhattisgarh- Jamul, Durg, Mandhar etc. • Andhra Pradesh - Vijayawada, Krishna, Guntur, Kurnool, Vishakhapatnam etc. • Telangana - Adilabad • Rajasthan - Sawai Madhopur, Udaipur, Lakheri, Churu, Chittorgarh etc. • Gujarat - Porbandar, Jamnagar, Dwarika, Ahmedabad, Sikka, Vadodara, Bhavnagar, Veraval etc • Tamil Nadu - Tulukapatti, Thalaiyuthu, Dalmiapuram, Tirunelveli etc • Karnataka - Bhadravati, Shahabad, Kurkunta, Bagalkot, Gulbarga etc. • Maharashtra - Chanda, Ratnagiri, Sevari, Manikgarh etc. • Bihar - All cement plants in Bihar have been set up on the bank of the river Son. Banjari, Dalmianagar, Kalyanpur are major cement plants 57

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• Jharkhand - Sindri, Khelari, Jhinkpani (Chaibasa), Japla (Palamau) etc • Uttar Pradesh - Churk, Dalla, Chunar etc. • Haryana - Surajpur, Charkhi Dadri etc • Odisha - Rajgangpur, Hirakud etc. • Himachal Pradesh - Rajban, Gagal etc. • Jammu & Kashmir- Wuyan, Basoli etc. Major Chemical fertilizer Industries in India • The Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL): Incorporated on 1 January, 1961, FCI was re-organized along with National Fertilizers Corporation Ltd (NFC) with effect from 1.4.1978 into five companies namely, FCI, NFL, Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Ltd. (HFC), Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF) and Projects and Development India Ltd. (PDIL). Following re-organisation, FCI comprised four units located at Sindri (Jharkhand), Gorakhpur (Uttar Pradesh), Ramagundam (Andhra Pradesh)and Talcher (Odisha), with a total annual capacity of 5.87lakh MT of nitrogen besides and abandoned project at Korbe (Chhattisgarh) • Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited (HFCL): It was incorporated on 14th March, 1978 as a result of the reorganization of the erstwhile Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited (FCIL), and NFL Group of Companies. The HFCL comprised Barauni unit (Bihar), Durgapur unit and Haldia Project (West Bengal) and Namrup Unit (Assam). The Namrup Unit was hived off from 2002 to form a separate entity with the name of Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Ltd (BVFCL) • Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCF): It was incorporated as a separate company on 6th March 1978 as a result of reorganization of the erstwhile Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited. At the time of its formation, the company had only one operating unit at Trombay (near Mumbai) and two major projects under implementation viz; Trombay IV and Trombay-V expansion. The gas based Thal-Vaishet fertilizer complex about 100 Kms from Trombay, was later implemented by RCF and it commenced commercial production in 1985. • National Fertilizers Limited (NFL): It was incorporated on 23 August 1974 for setting up two nitrogenous plants, at Bathinda (Punjab) and Panipat (Haryana) with LSHS as fee stock, each having urea production capacity of 5.11lakh MT per annum. Consequent upon the reorganization of the FCI, the Nangal Unit (including Nangal Expansion Project) of FCI was also transferred to NFL in 1978. • Projects and Development India Limited (POlL): Projects and Development India Limited (PDIL) and erstwhile Division of the Fertilizers, Corporation of India (FCIL) were registered as a separate company in March, 1978. The company has its registered office at Noida, Uttar Pradesh. • The Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT): It was incorporated in 1943. In 1947 FACT started production of Ammonium Sulphate with an installed capacity of 50,000 MT per annum at Udyoga mandal, near Cochin. In the year 1980, FACT became a PSU and towards the end of 1982, the Government of India became the major shareholder. From a modest beginning, FACT has grown and diversified into a multi-division multifunction organization with basic interest in manufacture and marketing of fertilizers and petrochemicals, engineering consultancy and design and in fabrication and erection of industrial equipments. • Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL): It was incorporated in December 1906 as a Joint Venture between GOI and AMOCO India Incorporation of USA (AMOCO) with GOI holding 51 per cent of the equity share capital in 1985, AMOCO disinvested their shares, which were purchased by GOI and NIOC in their respective proportions on 22 July 1985. • Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited (BVFCL): It has two operating units at Namrup Assam. Its corporate office is also situated at Namrup. The other establishments of 58

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the company are liaison offices at NOIDA and Kolkata and Marketing Offices at Guwahati, Siliguri and Patna. • FCI-Aravali Gypsum and Mineral India Limited (FAGMIL): It was incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 as a Public Sector Undertaking on 14.2.2003 after being hived off the Jodhpur Mining Organization (JMO) of Fertilizers Corporation of India Limited (FCIL). Major Pharmaceutical Companies in India 1. Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Ltd (IDPL) is a major pharmaceutical company in the country. Its plants are at Rishikesh (Uttarakhand), Hyderabad (Telangana), Gurgaon (Haryana), Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Muzaffarpur (Bihar). 2. Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd (HAL) was set up at Pimpri (Pune). Here penicillin, streptomycin etc are produced. 3. Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL) was set up in 1981. Its units are at Maniktala (West Bengal), Panihati (West Bengal), Mumbai and Kanpur. 4. Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd (HOel), Rasayani (Maharashtra)-Besides medicines, biochemicals for the dye stuffs and the plastic industry are produced here. 5. The units of 'Hindustan Insecticides' are in New Delhi (production of DDT) and Alwaye (production of BHC). 6. National Institute of Pharmaceuticals Education and Research’ (NIPER) was set up in Mohali (Chandigarh) for research and training in the field of pharmaceuticals. 7. Hindustan Organic Chemicals Ltd (HOCl) is in Rasayani (Maharashtra). In Kochi, phenol is produced which has plants of this company. Zones and Division of Indian Rail Indian Railway is controlled by the Railway Ministry and the Railway Board and for better services and control, the rail transportation is divided into 16 zones or division with headquarter which is given below in table form: S/No.

Name of the Railway Zone

Zonal Headquarter

1

Central Railway

Mumbai

• • • • •

Mumbai Nagpur Bhusawal Pune Sholapur

2

Eastern Railway

Kolkata

• • • • • •

Howrah-I Howrah-II Sealdah Malda Asansol Chitaranjan

3

East Central Railway

Hajipur

• • • • •

Danapur Mugalsarai Dhanbad Sonpur Samastipur

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4

East Coast Railway

Bhubaneshwar

• • •

Khurda Road Waltair Sambhalpur

5

Northern Railway

Baroda House, New Delhi

• • • • • •

Delhi-I Delhi-II Ambala Moradabad Lucknow Firozpur

6

North Central Railway

Allahabad

• • •

Allahabad Jhansi Agra

7

North Eastern Railway

Gorakhpur

• • •

Izzatnagar Lucknow Varanasi

8

North Frontier Railway

Maligaon, Guwahati

• • • • •

Katihar Alipurduar Rangiya Lumding Tinsukhia

9

North Western Railway

Jaipur

• • • •

Jaipur Jodhpur Bikaner Ajmer

10

Southern Railway

Chennai

• • • • •

Chennai Madurai Palghat Trichy Trivendrum

11

South Central Railway

Secunderabad

• • • • •

Secunderabad Hyderabad Guntakal Vijaywada Nanded

12

South Eastern Railway

Garden Reach, Kolkata • • • • •

Kharagpur Adra Chakradharpur Ranchi Shalimar

13

South East Central Railway

Bilaspur

• • •

Bilaspur Nagpur Raipur

14

South Western Railway

Hubli

• • • •

Bangalore Mysore Hubli FA/F/YNK

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15

Western Railway

Mumbai CST

• • • • • •

BCT Vadodara Ahmadabad Ratlam Rajkot Bhavnagar

16

West Central Railway

Jabalpur

• • •

Jabalpur Bhopal Kota

List of Domestic airports in India Airport

State or Territory

City Served

Donakonda Airport

Andhra Pradesh Donakonda

Cuddapah Airport

Andhra Pradesh Kadapa

Vijayawada Airport

Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada

Rajahmundry Airport

Role

IATA

VODK

—

VOCP

CDP

Commercial

VOBZ

VGA

Andhra Pradesh Rajahmundry

Commercial

VORY

RJA

Tirupati Airport

Andhra Pradesh Tirupati

Commercial

VOTP

TIR

Zero Airport

Arunachal Pradesh

Ziro

Closed

VEZO

ZER

Along Airport

Arunachal Pradesh

Along

Civil Enclave

VEAN

IXV

Daporijo Airport

Arunachal Pradesh

Daporijo

Closed

VEDZ

DAE

Pasighat Airport

Arunachal Pradesh

Pasighat

Civil Enclave

VEPG

IXT

Jogbani Airport

Bihar

Jogbani

Closed

—

—

Jagdalpur Airport

Chhattisgarh

Jagdalpur

Closed

VE46

JGB

Bilaspur Airport

Chhattisgarh

Bilaspur

Flying School VABI

PAB

Swami Vivekananda Airport

Chhattisgarh

Raipur

Commercial

VARP

RPR

Raigarh Airport

Chhattisgarh

Raigarh

VERH

—

Diu Airport

Daman and Diu

Diu

Commercial

VA1P

DIU

Safdarjung Airport

Delhi

New Delhi

Closed

VIDD

—

Rupsi Airport

Dhubri

Assam

Closed

VERU

RUP

Dibrugarh Airport

Dibrugarh

Assam

Commercial

VEMN

DIB

Vadodara Airport

Gujarat

Vadodara

Commercial

VABO

BDQ

Surat Airport

Gujarat

Surat

Commercial

VASU

STV

61

Closed

ICAO

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Kandla Airport

Gujarat

Kandla

Commercial

VAKE

IXY

Jamnagar Airport

Gujarat

Jamnagar

Civil Enclave

VAJM

JGA

Keshod Airport

Gujarat

Keshod

Closed

VAKS

IXK

Bhuj Airport

Gujarat

Bhuj

Civil Enclave

VABJ

BHJ

Porbandar Airport

Gujarat

Porbandar

Commercial

VAPR

PBD

Palanpur Airport

Gujarat

Palanpur

Closed

—

—A

Rajkot Airport

Gujarat

Rajkot

Commercial

VARK

RAJ

Bhavnagar Airport

Gujarat

Bhavnagar

Commercial

VABV

BHU

Karnal Airport

Haryana

Karnal

Flying School VI40

—

Hisar Airport

Haryana

Hisar

Flying School VIHR

HSS

Gaggal Airport

Himachal Pradesh

Kangra

Commercial

VIGG

DHM

Bhuntar Airport

Himachal Pradesh

Kullu

Commercial

VIBR

KUU

Shimla Airport

Himachal Pradesh

Shimla

Commercial

VISM

SLV

Kushok Bakula Rimpochhe Airport

Jammu & Kashmir

Leh

Civil Enclave

VILH

IXL

Jammu Airport

Jammu & Kashmir

Jammu

Civil Enclave

VIJU

IXJ

Bokaro Airport

Jharkhand

Bokaro

Private

VEBK

BKR

Chakulia Airport

Jharkhand

Chakulia

Closed

VECK

—

Dhanbad Airport

Jharkhand

Dhanbad

Civil Enclave

VEDB

DBD

Sonari Airport

Jharkhand

Jamshedpur

Public

VEJS

IXW

Jorhat Airport

Jorhat

Assam

Civil Enclave

VEJT

JRH

Bellary Airport

Karnataka

Bellary

Closed

VOBI

BEP

Jakkur Airfield

Karnataka

Bengaluru

Flying School VOJK

—

Belgaum Airport

Karnataka

Belgaum

Civil Enclave

VABM

IXG

Mysore Airport

Karnataka

Mysore

Commercial

VOMY

MYQ

Hubli Airport

Karnataka

Hubli

Commercial

VAHB

HBX

Kollam Airport

Kerala

Kollam

Closed[3]

—

—

Agatti Aerodrome

Lakshadweep

Agatti

Commercial

VOAT

AGX

Khajuraho Airport

Madhya Pradesh

Khajuraho

Commercial

VAKJ

HJR

62

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Khandwa Airport

Madhya Pradesh

Khandwa

Closed

—

—

Jabalpur Airport

Madhya Pradesh

Jabalpur

Commercial

VAJB

JLR

Chhindwara Airport

Madhya Pradesh

Chhindwara

—

—

Gwalior Airport

Madhya Pradesh

Gwalior

Civil Enclave

VIGR

GWL

Devi Ahilyabai Holkar Airport

Madhya Pradesh

Indore

Commercial

VAID

IDR

Ratnagiri Airport

Maharashtra

Ratnagiri

VARG

RTC

Dhule Airport

Maharashtra

Dhule

Flying School VA53

—

Gandhinagar Airport

Maharashtra

Nashik

Flying School VANR

ISK

Karad Airport

Maharashtra

Karad

VA1M

—

Yavatmal Airport

Maharashtra

Yavatmal

VA78

YTL

Osmanabad Airport

Maharashtra

Osmanabad

—

OMN

Latur Airport

Maharashtra

Latur

VALT

LTU

Juhu Aerodrome

Maharashtra

Mumbai

Flying School VAJJ

—

Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport

Maharashtra

Nanded

Commercial

VAND

NDC

Kolhapur Airport

Maharashtra

Kolhapur

VAKP

KLH

Aurangabad Airport

Maharashtra

Aurangabad

VAAU

IXU

Solapur Airport

Maharashtra

Solapur

VASL

SSL

Jalgaon Airport

Maharashtra

Jalgaon

VAJL

—

Chandrapur Airport

Maharashtra

Chandrapur

VA1B

—

Akola Airport

Maharashtra

Akola

VAAK

AKD

Baljek Airport

Meghalaya

Tura

VETU

TRU

Shillong Airport

Meghalaya

Shillong

Commercial

VEBI

SHL

Lengpui Airport

Mizoram

Aizawl

Commercial

VELP

AJL

Dimapur Airport

Nagaland

Dimapur

Commercial

VEMR

DMU

Lilabari Airport

North Lakhimpur

Assam

Commercial

VELR

IXI

Nawapara Airport

Odisha

Nuapada

VENP

—

Rasgovindpur Airstrip

Odisha

Balasore

—

IN 0057

63

Commercial

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Nuagaon Airport

Odisha

Balangir

VE63

—

Jharsuguda Airport

Odisha

Jharsuguda

VEJH

JSA

Brahmapur Airport

Odisha

Brahmapur

VEBM

BMP

Utkela Airstrip

Odisha

Bhawanipatna

VEUK

—

Jeypore Airport

Odisha

Jeypore

VEJP

PYB

Hirakud Airstrip

Odisha

Hirakud/Sambalpur

VEHK

—

Pondicherry Airport

Puducherry

Pondicherry

Closed

VOPC

PNY

Bathinda Airport

Punjab

Bathinda

Civil Enclave

VIBT

BUP

Pathankot Airport

Punjab

Pathankot

VIPK

IXP

Sahnewal Airport

Punjab

Ludhiana

VILD

LUH

Patiala Airport

Punjab

Patiala

VIPL

—

Nal Airport

Rajasthan

Bikaner

Military

VIBK

BKN

Kota Airport

Rajasthan

Kota

Closed

VIKO

KTU

Jodhpur Airport

Rajasthan

Jodhpur

Civil Enclave

VIJO

JDH

Maharana Pratap Airport

Rajasthan

Udaipur

Commercial

VAUD

UDR

Shella Airport

Shella

Assam

Closed

—

—

Silchar Airport

Silchar

Assam

Civil Enclave

VEKU

IXS

Tuticorin Airport

Tamil Nadu

Tuticorin

Commercial

VO80

TCR

Salem Airport

Tamil Nadu

Salem

Commercial

VOSM

SXV

Nadirgul Airport

Telangana

Hyderabad

Flying School —

—

Begumpet Airport

Telangana

Hyderabad

Civil Enclave

VOHY

—

Ramagundam Airport

Telangana

Ramagundam

Closed

—

VORG

Tezpur Airport

Tezpur

Assam

Civil Enclave

VETZ

TEZ

Khowai Airport

Tripura

Khowai

Closed

—

—

Kailashahar Airport

Tripura

Kailashahar

Closed

VEKR

IXH

Agartala Airport

Tripura

Agartala

Commercial

VIPT

IXA

Kanpur Civil Airport

Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur

Flying School —

—

Kanpur Airport

Uttar Pradesh

Kanpur

Civil enclave

VIKA

KNU

Agra Air Force Station

Uttar Pradesh

Agra

Civil Enclave

VIAG

AGR

Gorakhpur Airport

Uttar Pradesh

Gorakhpur

Civil Enclave

VEGK

GOP

Allahabad Airport

Uttar Pradesh

Allahabad

Civil Enclave

VIAL

IXD

64

Commercial

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Jolly Grant Airport

Uttrakhand

Dehradun

Bharkot Airport

Uttrakhand

Chinyali Sour

Pantnagar Airport

Uttrakhand

Pantnagar

Balurghat Airport

West Bengal

Behala Airport

Commercial

VIDN

DED

VI82

—

Commercial

VIPT

PGH

Balurghat

Closed

VEBG

RGH

West Bengal

Behala

Flying School VEBA

—

Cooch Behar Airport

West Bengal

Cooch Behar

Commercial

VECO

COH

Panagarh Airport

West Bengal

Panagarh

Airbase

VEPH

—

Malda Airport

West Bengal

Malda

Closed

VEMH

LDA

Bagdogra Airport

West Bengal

Siliguri

Civil Enclave

VEBD

IXB

List of International airports in India Airport

State or Territory

City Served

Role

Veer Savarkar International Airport

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Port Blair

Civil Enclave VOPB

IXZ

Visakhapatnam International Airport

Andhra Pradesh

Visakhapatnam

Commercial VOVZ

VTZ

Raxaul Airport

Bihar

Raxaul

Civil Enclave VERL

RXL

Gaya International Airport

Bihar

Gaya

Commercial VEGY

GAY

Indira Gandhi International Airport

Delhi

New Delhi

Commercial VIDP

DEL

Goa International Airport

Goa

whole state

Civil Enclave VOGO

GOI

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport

Gujarat

Ahmedabad

Commercial VAAH

AMD

Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport

Guwahati

Assam

Commercial VEGT

GAU

Srinagar Airport

Jammu & Kashmir

Srinagar

Civil Enclave VISR

SXR

Birsa Munda Airport

Jharkhand

Ranchi

Civil Enclave VERC

IXR

Deoghar Airport

Jharkhand

Deoghar

Public

VEDG

DGR

Kempegowda International Airport

Karnataka

Bengaluru

Commercial VOBL

BLR

Mangalore International Airport

Karnataka

Mangalore

Commercial VOML

IXE

65

ICAO

IATA

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Trivandrum International Airport

Kerala

Thiruvananthapuram Commercial VOTV

TRV

Calicut International Airport

Kerala

Kozhikode

Commercial VOCL

CCJ

Cochin International Airport

Kerala

Kochi

Commercial VOCI

COK

Dr. Babasaheb Maharashtra Ambedkar International Airport

Nagpur

Commercial VANP

NAG

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

Maharashtra

Mumbai

Commercial VABB

BOM

Tulihal International Airport

Manipur

Imphal

Commercial VEIM

IMF

Biju Patnaik International Airport

Odisha

Bhubaneswar

Commercial VEBS

BBI

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport

Punjab

Amritsar

Commercial VIAR

ATQ

Jaipur Airport

Rajasthan

Jaipur

Commercial VIJP

JAI

Tiruchirapalli International Airport

Tamil Nadu

Tiruchirapalli

Commercial VOTR

TRZ

Coimbatore International Airport

Tamil Nadu

Coimbatore

Commercial VOCB

CJB

Chennai International Airport

Tamil Nadu

Chennai

Commercial VOMM MAA

Rajiv Gandhi International Airport

Telangana

Hyderabad

Commercial VOHS

HYD

Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport

Uttar Pradesh

Varanasi

Commercial VIBN

VNS

Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport

Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow

Commercial VILK

LKO

Kolkata

Commercial VECC

CCU

Netaji Subhash Chandra West Bengal Bose International Airport

Oil and Gas Pipelines In India Oil Pipelines in India • Noonmati-Siliguri: Pipeline to transport petroleum products from Noonmati to Siliguri. Lakwa- Rudrasagar-Barauni Pipeline, completed in 1968 to transport crude-oil from Lakwa and Rudrasagar (Sibsagar District, Assam) to Barauni Oil Refinery (Bihar).

66

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• Barauni-Haldia Pipeline: This pipeline was laid down in 1966 to carry refined petroleum products to Haldia port and bring back imported crude-oil to Barauni refinery. • Barauni-Kanpur Pipeline: This pipeline was completed in 1966 to transport refined petroleum products to Kanpur city. • Noonmati-Bongaigaon Pipeline: This pipeline was constructed to transport crude-oil to Bongaigaon petro-chemical complex. • Haldia-Maurigram-Rajbandh Pipeline: This pipeline was completed in 1998. • Pipelines of Bombay-High Mumbai-Ankleshwar-Koyali Pipeline: This pipe-line connects the oilfields of Bombay High and Gujarat with the Koyali refinery of Gujarat. The city of Mumbai has been connected with a pipe line of 210 km length double pipeline to Bombay High to transport crude oil and natural gas. The Ankleshwar-Koyali pipeline was completed in 1965 to transport crude oil to Koyali refinery. • The Salaya-Koyali-Mathura Pipeline: This pipeline, 1075 km in length was laid down from Salaya (Gulf of Kachchh) to Koyali and Mathura via Viramgram to supply crude oil to the Mathura refinery. From Mathura, it has been extended to the oil-refinery at Panipat (Haryana) and Jalandhar in Punjab. It has an offshore terminal and the Sayala-Koyali sector of the pipeline was completed in 1978, while the Viramgram-Mathura sector was completed in 1981. • The Mathura-Delhi-Ambala-Jalandhar Pipeline: This 513 km long pipeline was constructed to transport refinery products of Mathura to the main cities of north and northwest India. • Pipelines of Gujarat: In Gujarat, there are a number of short distance pipelines to transport crude-oil and natural gas to the refineries and the refined products to the market. These include the Kalol-Sabarmati Crude Pipeline, the Nwagam-Kalol-Koyali Pipeline, the Cambay-Dhuravan Gas Pipeline, the Ankleshwar-Uttran Gas Pipeline, the Ankleshwar-Vadodara Gas Pipeline, and the Koyali-Ahmadabad products Pipeline. • Mumbai Pipelines: From Mumbai, pipelines have been laid up to Pune and Manmad to distribute petroleum products. • The Haldia-Kolkata Pipeline: Through this pipeline, the Haldia products are sent to Kolkata and neighbouring urban places. • The Hajira-Bijaipur-Jagdishpur (HBJ) Gas Pipeline: Having a length of 1750 km, this is the longest pipeline of India. Crosses 75 big and small rivers and 29 railway crossings. It was established by the Gas Authority of India. It connects Kawas (Gujarat), Anta (Rajasthan), Bijaipur (M.P.) and Jagdishpur (U.P.) and Auraiya (U.P.). It provides gas to the fertiliser plants at Bijaipur, Sawai Madhopur, Jagdishpur, Shahjahanpur, Aonla, and Babrala. Each one of these fertiliser plants has the capacity to produce about 1400 tonnes of ammonia per day. • The Kandla-Bhatinda Pipeline: This pipeline transports imported crude-oil from the Kandla seaport to the Bhatinda refinery. List of Wetlands in India India presently has 26 wetlands designated as Ramsar sites. This turns out to be 4.5 per cent of the total wetland area of the country.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Ashtamudi Wetland, Kerala Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh Chandertal Wetland, Himachal Pradesh Chilika Lake, Orissa Deepor Beel, Assam 67

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

7. East Calcutta Wetlands, West Bengal 8. Harike Lake, Punjab 9. Hokera Wetland, Jammu & Kashmir 10. Kanjli, Punjab 11. Keoladeo National Park, Rajasthan 12. Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh 13. Loktak Lake, Manipur 14. Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary, Gujarat 15. Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu 16. Pong Dam Lake, Himachal Pradesh 17. Renuka Wetland, Himachal Pradesh 18. Ropar, Punjab 19. Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura 20. Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan 21. Sasthamkotta Lake, Kerala 22. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes, Jammu & Kashmir 23. Tsomoriri, Jammu & Kashmir 24. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Narora Stretch), Uttar Pradesh 25. Vembanad-Kol Wetland, Kerala 26. Wular Lake, Jammu & Kashmir List Of States From Where Tropic of Cancer Passes

List of Indian States and Union Territories and Their Capitals State

Official Population Language s

Districts Literacy Estd /Admin Rate% Year divisions

160,20 5 km2

4,93,78,7 76

Telugu

13

67.66

195 6

83,743 km2

1,382,611

English

17

66.95

198 7

Capital

Area

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad (De jure - 2 June 2024) Amaravati (proposed)

Arunachal Pradesh

Itanagar

68

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Assam

Dispur

78,438 km2

31,169,27 2

Assame se

33

73.18

197 5

Bihar

Patna

94,163 km2

103,804,6 37

Hindi

38

63.82

193 5

Chhattisgar h

Raipur

135,19 1 km2

25,540,19 6

Chhatti sgarhi

27

71.04

200 0

Goa

Panaji

3,702 km2

1,457,723

Konkani

2

87.4

196 1

Gujarat

Gandhinaga r

196,02 4 km2

60,383,62 8

Gujarati

33

79.31

196 0

Haryana

Chandigarh

44,212 km2

25,353,08 1

Haryan vi

22

76.64

196 6

Himachal Pradesh

Shimla

55,673 km2

6,856,509

Hindi

12

83.78

197 1

Jammu and Kashmir

Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)

222,23 6 km2

12,548,92 6

Urdu

22

68.74

194 8

Jharkhand

Ranchi

79,714 km2

32,966,23 8

Hindi

24

67.63

200 0

Karnataka

Bengaluru

191,79 1 km2

61,130,70 4

Kannad a

30

75.6

195 6

Kerala

Trivandrum

38,863 km2

33,387,67 7

Malayal am

14

93.91

195 6

Madhya Pradesh

Bhopal

308,24 5 km2

72,597,56 5

Hindi

51

70.63

195 6

Maharashtr a

Mumbai

307,71 3 km2

112,372,9 72

Marathi

36

82.91

196 0

Manipur

Imphal

22,327 km2

2,721,756

Meiteil on (Manip uri)

16

79.85

194 7

Meghalaya

Shillong

22,429 km2

2,964,007

English

11

75.48

197 0

Mizoram

Aizawl

21,081 km2

1,091,014

Mizo

8

91.58

197 2

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Nagaland

Kohima

16,579 km2

1,980,602

English

11

80.11

196 3

Odisha

Bhubanesw ar

155,70 7 km2

41,947,35 8

Oriya

30

73.45

194 8

Punjab

Chandigarh

50,362 km2

27,704,23 6

Punjabi

22

76.68

196 6

Rajasthan

Jaipur

342,23 9 km2

68,621,01 2

Hindi

33

67.06

194 8

Sikkim

Gangtok

7,096 km2

607,688

Nepali

4

82.2

197 5

Tamil Nadu

Chennai

130,05 8 km2

72,138,95 8

Tamil

32

80.33

196 9

Telangana

Hyderabad

114,84 0 km2

3,52,86,7 57

Telugu, Urdu

10

66.46 %

201 4

8

87.75

195 6

Tripura

Agartala

10,486 km2

3,671,032

Bengali and Kokbor ok

Uttar Pradesh

Lucknow

240,92 8 km2

199,581,4 77

Hindi

75

69.72

193 7

Uttarakhan d

Dehradun

53,483 km2

10,116,75 2

Hindi

13

79.63

200 0

West Bengal

Kolkata

88,752 km2

91,347,73 6

Bengali

23

77.08

194 7

Union Territories

Official Population Language s

Districts Literacy Estb /Admin Rate% Year divisions

8,249 km2

379,944

English

3

86.27

195 6

Chandigarh

114 km2

1,054,686

Punjabi

1

86.43

196 6

Silvassa

491 km2

342,853

English

1

77.65

194 4

Capital

Area

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Port Blair

Chandigarh Dadar and Nagar Haveli

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Daman

112 km2

242,911

Konkani , Marathi and Gujarati

Delhi

Delhi

11,297 km2

16,753,23 5

Hindi, Punjabi and Urdu

9

86.34

Lakshadwee p

Kavaratti

32 km2

64,429

English

1

92.28

Puducherry

Pondicherry

479 km2

1,244,464

Tamil, English

4

86.55

Daman and Diu

2

87.07

198 7

195 2

195 4

Seas, Gulfs, Bays, And Straits Of The Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean accounts for about 20% of the water on the surface of the Earth which makes it the third largest ocean in the world. The Indian Ocean has an area of about 70,560,000 square km and is named after India. The important marginal seas, gulfs, straits, etc., of the Indian Ocean, are described below:

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21. Bay of Bengal The northeastern part of the Indian Ocean is known as the Bay of Bengal. Mainland India and Bangladesh lie to the west and north of this body of water. To the east, the Bay of Bengal is bounded by the Indian archipelago of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the sovereign nation of Myanmar. The southern boundaries of the bay are formed by an imaginary line running between Sri Lanka and Sumatra’s north-westernmost point. The Bay of Bengal spans an area of 2,172,000 square km. The maximum depth of the bay is 15,400 ft. Several major rivers of South Asia drain into this bay. 20. Palk Strait The Palk Strait connects the Palk Bay and the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean. It separates Sri Lanka’s Mannar district from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The width of the Palk Strait varies between 53 and 82 km. 19. Andaman Sea The Andaman Sea is part of the eastern Indian Ocean. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands archipelago separates this marginal sea from the Bay of Bengal. The Andaman Sea washes the shores of Thailand, Myanmar, and the Malay Peninsula. The sea extends south till the Breueh Island. The Andaman Sea, its islands, and coral reefs are popular tourist destinations. The sea also supports a thriving fishing industry. The sea also allows easy transport of goods between the coastal countries. The surface area of the Andaman Sea is 600,000 square km and its maximum depth is 13,773 ft. 18. Laccadive Sea Also known as the Lakshadweep Sea, this water body has India, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives as its basin countries. The warm waters of the sea support great marine biodiversity. The surface area of the Laccadive Sea is 786,000 square km and its maximum depth is 13,553 ft. 17. Gulf of Mannar The relatively shallow but large bay of the Gulf of Mannar is part of the Laccadive Sea. This bay extends from India’s southeastern tip to Sri Lanka’s west coast. The sea is a significant habitat for the dugong. The Gulf of Mannar has a surface area of about 10,500 square km and a maximum depth of 4,380 ft 16. Strait of Malacca This strait connects the Indian Ocean to the west with the Pacific Ocean to the east. It stretches for about 890 km between Sumatra island of Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca is one of the world’s most important shipping lanes. 15. Sunda Strait The Sunda strait connects the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean and lies between Sumatra and Java islands of Indonesia. 14. Great Australian Bight This bight is off the southern coastline of mainland Australia. The bight was formed when Gondwana broke apart into Australia and Antarctica about 50 million years back. The coastline of Australia along this bight features high cliffs, surfing beaches, and whale watching opportunities. The waters of the bight have rich marine biodiversity. The Great

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Australian Bight has been extensively exploited for fishing, whaling, oil and natural gas exploration, and other commercial activities. 13. Mozambique Channel An arm of the Indian Ocean, the Mozambique Channel stretches between Mozambique and Madagascar. The channel has a length of about 1,600 km and a maximum depth of 10,800 ft. 12. Arabian Sea The Arabian Sea is a part of the northern Indian Ocean. The sea is bounded by India to the east, Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula to the west, and Iran and Pakistan to the north. The sea encompasses a total area of 3,862,000 square km. The maximum depth of this sea is 15,262 ft. The sea has been and still is a part of important marine trade routes. 11. Gulf of Kutch An inlet of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Kutch washes the shores of the Indian state of Gujarat and divides the state’s Kathiawar and Kutch peninsulas. The Gulf has a length of about 99 miles and a maximum depth of 402 ft. 10. Gulf of Khambat The Gulf of Khambat extends as a bay of the Arabian Sea and separates Gujarat’s Kathiawar Peninsula from the state’s south-eastern part. Gujarat is a state in western India. The gulf is about 200 km long. A number of major Indian rivers like the Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, and others drain into the Gulf of Khambat. 9. Gulf of Tadjoura This gulf is located in the Horn of Africa near the entrance to the Red Sea. The Gulf of Tadjoura is a productive fishing ground and is a treasure trove for pearl oysters. Most of the coastline of this gulf is part of the territory of Djibouti while a part of the coastline in the south belongs to Somalia. The surface area of this gulf is 1,920 square km and it has an average depth of 3,537 ft. 8. Gulf of Aden The Gulf of Aden is part of the Arabian Sea and extends from the southern coasts of Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula to the northern coasts of Somalia and Djibouti in Africa. The Bab-elMandeb links the Gulf of Aden to the Red Sea. The gulf derives its name from the bustling port city of Yemen, Aden. The gulf is a busy shipping route since it is part of the Suez Canal route connecting the Arabian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Over 21,000 ships cross the gulf every year. The Gulf of Aden has a maximum depth of 8,900 ft. 7. Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb This strait connects the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden and separates Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula from the Horn of Africa’s Eritrea and Djibouti. This strait is strategically located on the Suez Canal route between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Large volumes of oil are transported through this strait each day. 6. Red Sea The Red Sea is an inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia. The sea is linked to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden. The surface area of the sea is about 438,000 square km. The maximum depth of the Red Sea is 9,970 ft. The sea is noted for its extensive shallow shelves which are rich in corals and other marine flora and fauna.

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The Red Sea is the northernmost tropical sea in the world. The northern end of the Red Sea has the Gulf of Suez and it terminates in the Suez Canal near the city of Suez in Egypt. 5. Gulf of Aqaba The Gulf of Aqaba stretches out from the northern part of the Red Sea between the Arabian Peninsula to the east and the Sinai Peninsula to the west. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel, and Jordan are its basin countries. The Gulf of Aqaba has a maximum width of 24 km and a maximum depth of 6,070 ft. The gulf is one of the world’s best diving sites and has rich aquatic biodiversity. Accidental shipwrecks have been deliberately sunk in the area to allow corals to inhabit such vessels and multiply faster. 4. Gulf of Oman The Strait of Hormuz and the Arabian Sea are connected via the Gulf of Oman. Thus, it is often regarded as a strait instead of a gulf. The Gulf of Oman borders Oman to the south, the UAE to the west, and Iran and a small part of Pakistan to the north. 3. Strait of Hormuz The Strait of Hormuz connects the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. It separates Iran in the north from UAE and Oman's Musandam in the south. The strait is one of the most important choke points of the world and is the only passage between the open ocean and the Persian Gulf. Nearly 20% of the petroleum of the world passes through this strait. 2. Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf is an extension of the Indian Ocean in Western Asia. The gulf is located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula to the northeast and the southwest, respectively. The Persian Gulf was witness to the Iran-Iraq War between 1980 and 1988. The gulf has an area of 251,000 square km and a maximum depth of 300 ft. The Persia Gulf is rich in fish but its marine habitat has been greatly affected by oil spills and industrialization. 1. Gulf of Bahrain An inlet of the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Bahrain washes the shores of Saudi Arabia’s eastern coast and is separated from the rest of the waters of the Persian Gulf by the Qatar Peninsula to the east. The island of Bahrain is located in this gulf. Saudi Arabia is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway that runs across the gulf’s western section. The waters of the Gulf of Bahrain are relatively shallow and subject to wide variations in temperature. UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites: Names from India Cultural Sites UNDER PROTECTION OF ARCHAEOLOGIC SURVEY OF INDIA S.No

Name of Site

State

1.

Ajanta Caves (1983)

Maharashtra

74

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

2.

Ellora Caves (1983)

Maharashtra

3.

Agra Fort (1983)

Uttar Pradesh

4.

Taj Mahal (1983)

Uttar Pradesh

5.

Sun Temple, Konarak (1984)

Odisha

6.

Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)

Tamil Nadu

7.

Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)

Goa

8.

Group of Temples, Khajuraho (1986)

Madhya Pradesh

9.

Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)

Karnataka

10.

Group of Monuments, FatehpurSikri (1986)

Uttar Pradesh

11.

Group of Temples, Pattadakal (1987)

Karnataka

12.

Elephanta Caves ( 1987)

Maharashtra

13.

Great Living Chola temples at Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapur am and Darasuram (1987 & 2004)

Tamil Nadu

14.

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)

Madhya Pradesh

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

15.

Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi (1993)

Delhi

16.

Qutb Minar Complex, Delhi (1993)

Delhi

17.

Prehistoric Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)

Madhya Pradesh

18.

Champaner-Pavagarh Archaeological Park (2004)

Gujarat

19.

Red Fort Complex, Delhi (2007)

Delhi

20.

Hill Forts of Rajasthan (Chittaurgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Jaisalmer an d Ranthambhore, Amber and Gagron Forts) (2013) Note: Amber Rajasthan and Gagron Forts are under protection of Rajasthan State Arch aeology and Museums

21.

Rani ki Vav (2014)

Gujarat

22.

Nalanda Mahavihara (Nalanda University) (2016)

Bihar

23.

Capitol Complex (2016)

Chandigarh

UNDER PROTECTION OF MINISTRY OF RAILWAYS

24.

Mountain Railway of India ( Darjeeling,1999), Nilgiri (2005), Kal ka-Shimla(2008)

West Bengal, Tamil N adu, Himachal Prades h

25.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (200 4)

Maharashtra

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

UNDER PROTECTION OF BODHGAYA TEMPLE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE 26.

Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya (2002)

Bihar

UNDER PROTECTION OF RAJASTHAN STATE ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS DEPARTMENT 27.

Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010)

Rajasthan

Natural Sites UNDER PROTECTION OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FOREST 28.

Kaziranga National Park (1985)

Assam

29

Manas Wild Life Sanctuary (1985)

Assam

30.

Keoladeo National Park (1985)

Rajasthan

31.

Sunderban National Park (1987)

West Bengal

32.

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988, 200 5)

Uttarakhand

33.

Western Ghats (2012)

Karnataka, Kerala, Maha rashtra,Tamil Nadu

34.

Great Himalayan National Park (2014)

Himachal Pradesh

35.

Khangchendzonga National Park (KNP) (2016)* [Mixed site]

Sikkim

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© Yuvraj IAS 2019

List of Famous Places in India Place

Location

Ajanta

Aurangabad (Maharashtra)

Amarnath Cave

Kashmir

Akbar's Tomb

Sikanara, Agra

Amber Palace

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Anand Bhawan

Allahabad

Bhakra Dam

Punjab

Bibi Da Maqbra

Aurangabad

Birla Planetorium

Calcutta

Black Pagoda

Konark (Orissa)

Bodhisatva

Ajanta Caves

Brihadeeswara Temple

Tanjavur, Tanjor

Brindaban Gardens

Mysore

Buland Darwaza

Fatehpur Sikri

Charminar

Hyderabad

Cheena Kesava Temple

Belur

Chilka Lake

East Coast of India near Bhubaneshwar

Dal Lake

Srinagar

Dilwara Temple

Mt.Abu

Elephanta Caves

Bombay

Ellora Caves

Aurangabad

Gateway of India

Bombay

Golden Temple

Amritsar

Gol Gumbaz

Bijapur

Hanging Gardens

Bombay

Hawa Mahal (Place of winds)

Jaipur 78

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Howrah Gridge

Calcutta

Island Palace

Udaipur

Itmaad-ud-Daulah's Tomb

Agra

Jagannath Temple

Puri

Jahaz Mahal

Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy)

Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory)

Chittorgarh

Jama Masjid

Delhi

Jantar Mantar

New Delhi

Jog (Gersoppa) Falls

Karnataka

Kailasa Temple

Ellora

Kanyakumari Temple

Kanyakumari

Khajuraho

M.P.

Kalinjar Fort

Panna, MP

Kirti Stambha (Tower of victory)

Chittorgarh

Kornark

Orissa

Lakshmi Vilas Palace

Baroda

Lal Bagh Garden

Bangalore

Lalgarh Palace

Bikaner

Mahabaleshwar Temple

Ujjain (M.P.)

Maheshmuri (Trimurty)

Elephanta Caves

Malabar Hill

Bombay

Man Mandir Palace

Gwalior Fort

Marble Rocks

Jabalpur

Marina Beach

Madras

Minakshi Temple

Madurai

Mt. Girnar(Jain Temple)

Junagadh

79

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Nagin Lake

Srinagar

Nishat Bagh

Srinagar

Padmanabha Temple

Trivandrum

Palitana

Junagadh

Panch Mahal

Fatehpur Sikri

Pichola Lake

Udaipur

Prince of Wales Muserm

Bombay

Qutab Minar

Delhi

Raj Ghat

New Delhi

Rashtrapati Bhawan

New Delhi

Red Fort

Delhi

Sanchi Stupa

Sanchi(Bhopal)

Sahar

Bombay

Sarnath Temple

Varanasi

Sidi Sayyid Mosque

Ahmedabad

Shalimar Bagh

Srinagar

Shahi Chashma

Srinagar

Shanti Vana

New Delhi

Shore Temple

Mahabalipuram

Somnath Temple

Gujarat

Statue of Gomateswars

Karnataka

Statue of Ugra Narasimha

Hampi

Sunderbans

West Bengal

Sun Temple

Konark

Taj Mahal

Agra

Tripati Temple

Andhra Pradesh

80

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Tower of Silence

Bombay

Victoria Memorial

Calcutta

Victoria Garden

Bombay

Vijay Ghat

New Delhi

List of Zoos in India Zoo Name

Location

State

Nandankanan Zoological Park

Bhubaneswar

Odisha

Assam State Zoo-cum-Botanical Garden

Guwahati

Assam

Allen Forest Zoo

Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

Alipore Zoological Gardens

Kolkata

West Bengal

Aizawl Zoo

Aizawl

Mizoram

Amirthi Zoological Park

Vellore

Tamil Nadu

Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Vandalur Zoo)

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Bhiwani Zoo

Bhiwani

Haryana

Birsa Deer Park (Kalamati Birsa Mrig Vihar)

Ranchi

Jharkhand

Black Buck Breeding Centre Pipli Mini Zoo

Kurukshetra

Haryana

Chatt Bir Zoo

Zirakpur

Punjab

Chennai Snake Park Trust

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu ( Bhiwaninear Bahal )

Bhiwani

Haryana

Crocodile Breeding Centre (Bhaur Saidan (Kurukshetra)

Kurukshetra

Haryana

Gopalpur Zoo

Gopalpur

Himachal Pradesh

Gulab Bagh and Zoo

Udaipur

Rajasthan

Hisar Deer Park

Hisar

Haryana

Indira Gandhi Zoological Park

Visakhapatnam

Andhra Pradesh

Indore Zoo

Indore

Madhya Pradesh

Jaipur Zoo

Jaipur

Rajasthan

81

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Jawaharlal Nehru Biological Park

Bokaro Steel City

Jhargram Zoo

Jhargram

West Bengal

Jijamata Udyaan

Mumbai

Maharashtra

Kankaria Zoo

Ahmedabad

Gujarat

Kanpur Zoo

Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

Kurukshetra Zoo

Karnal

Haryana

Lucknow Zoo

Lucknow

Uttar Pradesh

Madras Crocodile Bank Trust

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Maitri Bagh

Bhilainagar

Chhattisgarh

Marble Palace zoo

Kolkata

West Bengal

Mysore Zoo

Mysore

Karnataka

National Zoological Park

New Delhi

Delhi

Nehru Zoological Park

Hyderabad

Telangana

Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park

Darjeeling

West Bengal

Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre Jhabua

Rewari

Haryana

Pheasant Breeding Centre Berwala

Panchkula district

Haryana

Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni

Panchkula

Haryana

Pt. G.B. Pant High Altitude Zoo

Nainital

Uttarakhand

Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park

Pune

Maharashtra

Ranchi Zoo (Bhagwan Birsa Munda Biological Park)

Ranchi

Jharkhand

Rohtak Zoo

Rohtak

Haryana

Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden

Junagadh

Gujarat

Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan

Patna

Bihar

Sarthana Zoo

Surat

Gujarat

Sayaji Baug Zoo

Vadodara

Gujarat

Parassinik Kadavu Snake Park

82

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary

Tripura

Tripura

Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park

Tirupati

Andhra Pradesh

Tata Steel Zoological Park (Jubilee Park)

Jamshedpur

Jharkhand

Thim Park

Jamshedpur

Jharkhand

Thiruvananthapuram Zoo

Trivandrum

Kerala

Thrissur Zoo

Thrissur

Kerala

Vulture Conservation and Breeding Centre

Pinjore

Haryana

Biggest Zoo of India

Zoo Name

Location

State

Rank

Arignar Anna Zoological Park (Vandalur Zoo)

Chennai

Tamil Nadu

Biggest in India

Nandankanan Zoological Park

Bhubaneswar

Odisha

2nd Biggest in India

Indira Gandhi Zoological Park

Visakhapatnam

Andhra Pradesh

3rd Biggest in India

List of waterfalls in India

Location

Remark s

Waterfall

Height

Agaya Gangai

92 metres (302 ft)[3]

Namakkal, Tamil Nadu

1 tiered waterfalls

Athirappilly Falls

25 metres (82 ft)[2]

thrissur district, Kerala

segmente d type waterfall

Bahuti Falls

198 metres (650 ft)[2]

Mauganj, Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh

2 tiered waterfalls

83

Singl e drop

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Barehipani Falls

399 metres (1,309 ft)[2]

Mayurbhanj district, Odisha

2 tiered waterfalls

Barkana Falls

259 metres (850 ft)[2]

Shimoga district, Karnataka

tiered waterfalls

Beadon Falls

120 metres (390 ft)[2]

East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya

Bishop Falls

135 metres (443 ft)[2]

East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya

Bundla Falls

100 metres (330 ft)[2]

kaimur district bihar

Chachai Falls

130 metres (430 ft)[2]

Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh

Dudhsagar Falls

310 m(1017 feet)[2]

Karnataka and Goa

4 tiered waterfalls

Duduma Falls

157 metres (515 ft)[2]

Border of Koraput & Visakhapatnam districts of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh states

plunge type waterfalls

Gatha Falls

91 metres (299 ft)[2]

Panna district, Madhya Pradesh

Hebbe Falls

168 metres (551 ft)[2]

Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka

2 tiered waterfalls

Hundru Falls

98 metres (322 ft)[2]

Ranchi district, Jharkhand

segmente d type

Yes

Jog Falls

253 metres (830 ft)[2]

Shimoga district, Karnataka

segmente d waterfalls

Yes

84

3 tiered waterfalls

Yes

Yes

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Joranda Falls

Kakolat Falls

181 metres (594 ft)[2]

50 metres (160 ft)[citatio

plunge type waterfalls

Yes

Udupi district, Karnataka

horsetail type waterfall

Yes

Yes

Mayurbhanj district, Odisha

Nawada district, Bihar

n needed]

Kalhatti Falls

122 metres (400 ft)[2]

Chikkamagaluru district, Karnataka

Kedumari Falls

91 metres (299 ft)[2]

Keoti Falls

130 metres (430 ft)[2]

Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh

segmente d type waterfall

Keppa Falls

116 metres (381 ft)[2]

Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka

fan type waterfall

Yes

Khandadhar Falls

244 metres (801 ft)[2]

Kendujhar district & Sundergarh district, Odisha

Horse tail type falls

Yes

Kiliyur Falls

91 metres (299 ft)[2]

Yercaud, Tamil Nadu

fan type waterfall

Yes

Koosalli Falls

116 metres (381 ft)[2]

Udupi, Karnataka

6 tiered waterfall

Kunchikal Falls

455 metres (1,493 ft)[2]

Shimoga district, Karnataka

Cascade type

Kune Falls, Varjai Water fall satara

200 m (656 feet)[2]

Pune district, Satara district, Maharashtra

3 tiered waterfalls

85

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Kynrem Falls

305 metres (1,001 ft)[2]

East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya

Langshiang Falls

85 metres (279 ft)[2]

West Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya

Lodh Falls

143 metres (469 ft)[2]

Latehar district, Jharkhand

Lower Ghaghri Falls

98 metres (322 ft)[2]

Latehar district, Jharkhand

Magod Falls

198 metres (650 ft)[2]

Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka

2 tiered waterfalls

Meenmutty Falls

300 m (984 feet)[2]

Wayanad district, Kerala

3 tiered waterfalls

Muthyala Maduvu Falls

91 metres (299 ft)[2]

Bangalore rural district, Karnataka

Nohkalikai Falls

340m (1115 feet)[2]

tallest plunge East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya type waterfalls

Yes

Nohsngithiang Falls or Mawsmai Falls

315 metres (1,033 ft)[2]

segmente East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya d type waterfalls

Yes

Palani Falls

150 metres (490 ft)[2]

Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh

Pandavgad Falls

107 metres (351 ft)[2]

Thane, Maharashtra

Rajat Prapat

107 metres (351 ft)[2]

Hoshangabad district, Madhya Pradesh

86

3 tiered waterfalls

Yes

2 tiered waterfalls

horsetail type waterfall

Yes

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Shivanasamudr a Falls

98 metres (322 ft)[2]

Chamarajanagaradistrict, Karnatak segmente a d type

Soochipara Falls,Thoseghar satara

200 m (656 feet)[2]

Wayanad district, Kerala, Satara district Maharashtra

3 tiered waterfalls

Sweet Falls

96 metres (315 ft)[2]

East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya

horsetail type

Yes

Talakona falls

82 metres (269 ft)[citatio

Yes

Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh

n needed]

Teerathgarh Falls

91 metres (299 ft)[2]

Baster district, Chhattisgarh

Thalaiyar Falls

297 metres (974 ft)[2]

Batlagundu, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu

horsetail type waterfalls

Yes

Tirathgarh Falls

91 metres (299 ft)[2]

Bastar district, Chhattisgarh

horsetail type waterfall

Yes

Vantawng Falls

229 metres (751 ft)[2]

Serchhip district, Mizoram

2 tiered waterfalls

Vantawng Falls

230 metres (750 ft)[2]

Serchhip district, Mizoram

2 tiered waterfalls

87

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

List Of Deserts In India

The International Border Lines of India

List of High courts in India Year

Name

Territorial Jurisdiction

Bench

Maharashtra Dadra & Nagar Haveli 1862

Bombay

Goa Daman Diu

1862

Kolkata

West Bengal Andaman & Nicobar islands

Kolkata (Bench of Port Blair)

1862

Madras

Tamil Nadu Pondicherry

Chennai

1866

Allahabad

Uttar Pradesh

Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow)

1884

Karnataka

Karnataka

Bangalore

88

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

1916

Patna

Bihar

Patna

1928

Jammu & Kashmir

Jammu & Kashmir

Srinagar

Assam Nagaland 1948

Guwahati

Guwahati

Mizoram Arunachal Pradesh

1949

Odisha

Odisha

Cuttack

1949

Rajasthan

Rajasthan

Jodhpur

1954

Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad

1956

Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Jabalpur (Bench-Gwalior and Indore)

1958

Kerala

Kerala & Lakshadweep

Ernakulam

1960

Gujarat

Gujarat

Ahmedabad

1966

Delhi

Delhi

Delhi

1975

Punjab & Haryana

Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh

Chandigarh

1975

Sikkim

Sikkim

Gangtok

2000

Chattisgarh

Chattisgarh

Bilaspur

2000

Uttarakhand

Uttarakhand

Nainital

2000

Jharkhand

Jharkhand

Ranchi

2013

Tripura

Tripura

Agartala

2013

Manipur

Manipur

Imphal

2013

Meghalaya

Meghalaya

Shillong

89

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

List of universities in India Central universitie s[4]

State universities[5][

Deemed universities

Private universities

note 1]

[12]

[14]

Andhra Pradesh (list)

0

20

5

0

25

Arunachal Pradesh (list)

1

0

1

7

9

Assam (list)

2

12

1

5

19

Bihar (list)

4

15

1

2

22

Chandigarh (lis 0 t)

1

1

0

2

Chhattisgarh (li 1 st)

13

0

9

23

Delhi (list)

5

7

10

0

22

Goa (list)

0

1

0

0

1

Gujarat (list)

1

28

2

31

62

Haryana (list)

1

14

6

20

41

Himachal Pradesh (list)

1

4

0

17

22

Jammu and Kashmir (list)

2

9

1

0

12

Jharkhand (list) 1

8

1

8

18

State

90

Tot al

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

State

Central universitie s[4]

State universities[5][

Deemed universities

Private universities

note 1]

[12]

[14]

Tot al

Karnataka (list) 1

26

14

14

55

Kerala (list)

1

13

3

0

17

Madhya Pradesh (list)

2

22

1

24

49

Maharashtra (l ist)

1

22

21

10

54

Manipur (list)

3

1

0

1

5

Meghalaya (list 1 )

0

0

8

9

Mizoram (list)

1

0

0

1

2

Nagaland (list)

1

0

0

3

4

Odisha (list)

1

16

2

4

23

Puducherry (lis 1 t)

0

1

0

2

Punjab (list)

9

2

15

27

Rajasthan (list) 1

21

8

46

76

Sikkim (list)

1

0

0

5

6

Tamil Nadu (list)

2

22

28

0

52

1

91

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

State

Central universitie s[4]

State universities[5][

Deemed universities

Private universities

note 1]

[12]

[14]

Tot al

Telangana (list) 3

16

2

0

21

Tripura (list)

1

1

0

1

3

Uttar Pradesh (list)

6

29

9

29

73

Uttarakhand (li 1 st)

11

3

13

28

West Bengal (list)

1

26

1

9

37

Total

49

367

123

282

821

Project Tiger Reserves of India Project Tiger Reserve

Location

Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Kawal

Andhra Pradesh

Namdapha Pakhui/Pakke

Arunachal Pradesh

Kaziranga Manas Nameri

Assam

Valmiki Nagar

Bihar

Achanakmar Indravati Udanti and Sitanadi

Chhattisgarh

Palamau

Jharkhand

Bandipur Bhadra Dandeli-Anshi Nagarhole B.R Hills

Karnataka

Parambikulam

Kerala 92

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Periyar Bandhavgarh Kanha Panna Pench Sanjay Dubri Satpura

Madhya Pradesh

Melghat Pench ShahyadriTabola-Andhari

Maharashtra

Dampa

Mizoram

Satkosia Simplipal

Orissa

Mukunda Hills Sariska Ranthambore

Rajasthan

Annamalai Kalakad-Mundathurai Mudumalai Sathyamangalam

Tamil Nadu

Katerniaghat Extension Dudhwa

Uttar Pradesh

Corbett

Uttarakhand

Buxa Sunderban

West Bengal

List of Elephant Reserves of India Elephant Range

Elephant Reserve

Location

East-Central landscape (South-West BengalJharkhand-Orissa

Mayurjharna ER

West Bengal

Singhbhum ER

Jharkhand

Mahanadi ER Sambalpur ER Baitami ER South Orissa ER

Orissa

Lemru ER Badalkhol-Tamorpingla ER

Chhattisgarh

Kameng ER

Arunachal Pradesh

Sonitpur ER

Assam

Dihing-Patkai ER

Assam

South Arunachal Pradesh ER

Arunachal Pradesh

Kameng-Sonitpur Landscape (ArunachalAssam) Total Eastern-South Bank Landscape (AssamArunachal Pradesh)

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Kaziranga-Karbi AnglongIntanki Landscape (Assam- Nagaland)

Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong ER Dhansiri-Lungding ER

Assam

Intanki ER

Nagaland

Chirang-Ripu ER

Assam

Eastern Doars ER

West Bengal

Meghalaya Landscape

Garo Hills ER Khasi Hills ER

Meghalaya

Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghat Landscape (Karnataka- KeralaTamilnadu-Andhra)

Mysore ER

Karnataka

Wayanad ER

Kerala

Nilgiri ER

Tamil Nadu

Rayala ER

Andhra Pradesh

Nilambur

Kerala

Coimbatore ER

Tamil Nadu

Anamalai-NellianpathyHigh Range Landscape (Tamil Nadu-Kerala)

Anamalai ER

Tamil Nadu

Anamudi ER

Kerala

Periyar-Agasthymalai Landscape (KeralaTamilnadu)

Periyar ER

Kerala

Srivilliputhur ER

Tamil Nadu

Shivalik ER

Uttarakhand

Uttar Pradesh ER

Uttar Pradesh

North Bengal-Greater Manas Landscape (Assam-West Bengal)

North-Western Landscape (Uttarakhand-Uttar Pradesh)

List of Global Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Sites in India Global Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) Sites

Reason for Recognition as GIAHS Sites

Koraput, Odisha State

1. Region has rich biodiversity 2. Best suited region for growing varieties of crops like paddy, millets, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables. 3. Losing the richness of biodiversity due to shifting cultivation and deforestation. 4. Burden of large family size on small land holding size and all these happens due to illiteracy. 5. Approx. 84% of the population are in extreme poverty, absolute poverty, destitution, or penury.

Kashmir Valley, Pampore region

1. Also known as a Saffron Heritage Site of Kashmir in India.

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2. Best suited region for growing varieties of crops like Grains such as maize, rice, rajmah/lentils, fruit and vegetable crops and pulses. 3. Popularly used a set of unique low-tillage traditional agricultural practices. 4. Region is also best suited for Agra-forestry and this practice are prevalent in a fallow period for growing fruit, fodder and mulberry trees along the farm boundaries. 5. Region is agricultural management practices for growing productivity. 6. Efforts from the younger generation to appreciate and conserve heritage 1. It is a delta region of about 900 km2 in the west coast of Kerala. 2. It only places in India where rice is cultivated below sea level (Backwater paddy cultivation (Kayal cultivation). 3. People have a unique system of agricultural techniques that contributed to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services including several livelihood services for local communities.

Kuttanad

List of volcanoes in India Elevation

Location

Name

Last eruption meter s

feet

Barren Island

354

1161

Narconda m

710

2329

Deccan Traps

--

Baratang

--

Coordinate s

Type

State

Andaman Islands

2017

Stratovolcan o, Active

Andaman Islands

560 kyrs BP

Stratovolcan o, Dormant

--

18.51°N Maharashtr a 73.43°E

66 mya

--

--

12.07°N 92.47°E

12.278°N 93.858°E

13.43°N 94.28°E

Andaman Active since 2003 Mud Volcano Islands

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Dhinodhar Hills

Dhosi Hill

Tosham Hills

386

1170

207

1266. 4

23.45°N 69.34°E

Gujarat

Inactive Volcano

Extinct

3840

28.06°N 76.03°E

732 Ma BP (millio Haryana n years before present)

Extinct

679

28.88°N 75.92°E

Haryana

732 Ma BP (millio n years before present)

Extinct

List of Famous Beaches in India Name of Beach

Location

Rishikonda Beach, Bheemunipatnam, Manginapudi Beach, Vodarevu Beach, Mypad Beach

Andhra Pradesh

Colva Beach, Dona Paula, Miramar, Anjuna, Vagator Beach, Arambol Beach, Angoda Beach

Goa

Porbandar Beach, Chorwad Beach, Beyt Dwarka, Somnath & Veraval Beach, Mandavi Beach, Gopnath Beach

Gujarat

Devbagh Beach, Om Beach and the Kutle Beach, Parambur Beach, Ullal Beach, Murudeshwar, Malpe Beach, Maravanthe, Karwar Beach

Karnataka

Lighthouse Beach, Rockholm Beach, Samudra Beach, Ashoka Beach, Kappad, Kovalam, Varkala, Thirumullavaram, Vypeen and Gundu Island, Cherai Beach, Alleppey Beach, Veli Beach, Bekal Beach, Shangumugham Beach, Kovalam Beach

Kerala

Kavaratti, Minicoy, Kadamat, Bangaram

Lakshadweep

Ganapatipule, Velneshwar, Marve, Manori & Gorai, Juhu, Chowpatty, Bassien, Alibag Murud Janjira, Dahanu, Mandwa, Kihim Beach, Shriwardhan, Harihareshwar, Vijaydurg and Sindhudurg, Vengurla, Malvan

Maharashtra

Puri, Chandipur, Gopalpur-on-sea, Gahirmatha Beach, Paradeep, Bolighai Beach, Konark Beach

Odisha

Corbyn's Cove, Beaches of Havelock Island, Beaches of Neil Island, Beaches of Chiriya Tapu, Wandoor

Andaman & Nicobar island

Beaches of Puducherry

Puducherry

Pulicat, Covelong, Marina Beach, Pichavaram, Kurusada Islands, Vattikotai, Sadurangapattinam Beach, Mandapam, Mahabalipuram

Tamil Nadu

Digha Beach, Shankarpur Beach, Frazerganj, Ganga Sagar

West Bengal

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Devka (or Dwarka beach), Jaypore Beach

Daman

Jallandhar Beach, Chakratith Beach, Nagoa Beach

Diu

Important Islands of India Name of the Islands

Location

Brief Facts

Sriharikota Island

Pulicat lake (Andhra Pradesh)

Abdul Kalam Island

Bay of Bengal, Formerly known as Wheeler Island, missile test off the coast of facility for the most of Indian missiles including Odisha long range ones is available here.

It houses India's satellite launch centre, Satish Dhawan Space Centre

Sivasamudram Island

Kaveri river

It is an island town dividing the Kaveri River into twin waterfalls, the Gaganachukki and the Barachukki.

Cattle Island

Mahanadi river, Odisha

It is an island in the Hirakud reservoir completely inhabited by wild cattle which were once left behind by villagers when the village was vacated for construction of the dam.

Bay of Bengal, West Bengal

The island is home to the endangered Royal Bengal Tiger. This island is a famous Hindu pilgrim place where every year on the day of Makar Sankranti (mid of January), thousands of Hindus gather to take a holy dip in the Ganga and offer puja in the Kapil Muni Temple.

Sagar Island

Havelock Island Andamans

Barren Island

Kachchatheevu

Havelock Island is the largest of the islands which comprise Ritchie's Archipelago, a chain of islands to the east of Great Andaman in the Andaman Islands. In Jan 2011, Jal Hans, India's 1st Seaplane Service was launched Pawan Hans and the Administration of Andaman and Nicobar islands connecting Port Blair and Havelock island.

Andaman islands

Barren Island is located in the Andaman Sea. It is the only confirmed active volcano in South Asia. Along with the rest of the Andamans, it is a part of the Indian Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The first recorded eruption was in 1787 and the latest being in May 2008.

Palk Strait

Kachchatheevu is an uninhabited island originally belonging to India, but given to Sri Lanka in 1974 on a conditional basis. It has a Catholic shrine and has been declared as a sacred area by the government of Sri Lanka. Recently the island was in news when the Chief Minister of Tamilnadu filed a petition in the

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Name of the Islands

Location

Brief Facts Supreme Court against India's ceding of the island to Sri Lanka.

Majuli Island

Salsette Island

Brahmaputra river

The island was formed due to course changes by the river Brahmaputra and its tributaries, mainly the Lohit. A hotspot for flora and fauna, the island is under threat of erosion. The Government has sanctioned funds to save the island and also has nominated the island for inclusion in the natural sites list of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites list.

Arabian Sea

Mumbai metropolis is located on the island, which is bounded by the Vasai Creek, Ulhas river and Thane Creek.

Hill Stations of India Hill Station

Hills

State

Anantnag

-

J&K

Dalhousie

Dhauladhar range

Himachal Pradesh

Darjeeling

Lesser Himalayas or Mahabharat Range

West Bengal

Gulmarg

-

J&K

Kasauli

-

Himachal Pradesh

Kodaikanal

Palani Hills

Tamilnadu

Lonavla

Sahyadri Hills

Maharashtra

Mahabaleshwar

Sahyadri Hills

Maharashtra

Manali

Kullu Valley

Himachal Pradesh

Mt Abu

Aravalli Hills

Rajasthan

Mussoorie

Garhwal Hills

Uttarakhand

Nainital

Kumaon Hills

Uttarakhand

Panchmarhi

Satpura Hills

Madhya Pradesh

Ooty or Udhamandalam

Nilgiri Hills

Tamilnadu

Coonoor

Nilgiri Hills

Tamilnadu

Saputara

Sahyadri Hills

Gujarat

Horsley Hills

-

Andhra Pradesh

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Mountains and Hills of India Feature

Mountain

Highest mountain in India

Kanchenjunga

Highest mountain in India (incl POK)

Mt K2 also known as Godwin Austin

Oldest mountain range in India

Aravallis

The highest peak in the Western Ghats and also South India is

Anamudi in Kerala

The highest peak in the Aravallis is

Guru Shikhar, near Mt. Abu in Rajasthan

Raisina Hill, the area in New Delhi where Rashtrapati Bhavan is located is an extension of

Aravalli Hills

The hill ranges which geographically divide northern India from the Deccan Plateau

Vindhyas

The Western Ghats are also known as

Sahyadri hills

The name of the hill on which the famous Vaishno Devi temple is located

Trikuta

Mt Kailash, the abode of Lord Shiva of Hindu mythology is located in

Tibet

Hill Ranges of India Range

States

Eastern Ghats

Tamil nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West Bengal

Western Ghats

Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra

Aravallis

Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana

Cardamom Hills

Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Anaimalai Hills

Kerala and Tamil Nadu

Nilgiri Hills

Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka

Palani Hills

Tamil Nadu

Satpura Range

Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh

Vindhyas

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh

Garo Hills

Meghalaya

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Range

States

Khasi Hills

Meghalaya

Jaintia Hills

Meghalaya

Pir Panjal

Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir

Karakoram

Ladakh region in Jammu and Kashmir

Highest Mountains of Indian States State

Highest Point

Mountain/Hill Range

Arunachal Pradesh

Kangto

Eastern Himalayas

Himachal Pradesh

Reo Purgyil

Western Himalayas

Jammu & Kashmir

Mt. K2

Karakoram

Karnataka

Mullayanagiri

Western Ghats

Kerala

Anamudi

Western Ghats

Maharashtra

Kalsubai

Sahyadris

Mizoram

Phawngpui

Lushai Hills

Nagaland

Saramati

Naga Hills

Odisha

Deomali

Eastern Ghats

Rajasthan

Guru Shikhar

Aravalli Hills

Sikkim

Kangchenjunga

Eastern Himalayas

Tamil Nadu

Doddabetta

Nilgiri Hills

Tripura

Betalongchhip

Jamui Hills

Uttarakhand

Nanda Devi

Himalayas

West Bengal

Sandakphu

Eastern Himalayas

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Saddle Peak

—

List of Indian Air Force stations Station

Runwa y

Elevatio n

Geographical coordinates

State/Territo ry

Adampur AFS

13/31

775 ft / 236 m

31.434879°N 75.757256°E

Punjab

Ambala AFS

12L/30R 12R/30L

900 ft / 274 m

30°22′14″N76°49′4″E

Haryana

Amritsar AFS

16/34

755 ft / 230 m

31°42′28″N74°47′57″E

Punjab

100

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Station

Runwa y

Elevatio n

Geographical coordinates

Awantipur AFS

12/30

5,400 ft / 1,646 m

Jammu & 33°52′35.86″N74°58′32.4 Kashmir 5″E

Bathinda AFS

13/31

700 ft /213 m

30.268848°N 74.757430°E

Punjab

Chandigarh AFS

11/29

1,012 ft / 308 m

30.676290°N 76.788535°E

Chandigarh

Halwara AFS

13/31

790 ft / 241 m

30.748041°N 75.633209°E

Punjab

Hindon AFS

09/27

700 ft / 213 m

28.707647°N 77.359340°E

Uttar Pradesh

Leh AFS

06/24 07R/25L 07L/25R

10,682 ft/ 3,256 m

34.137216°N 77.546614°E

Jammu & Kashmir

Palam AFS

09/27 10/28

776 ft / 237 m

28.573736°N 77.114610°E

Delhi

Pathankot AFS

01/19

1,017 ft / 310 m

32.236929°N 75.633227°E

Punjab

Sarsawa AFS

09/27

891 ft / 272 m

29.993718°N 77.430671°E

Uttar Pradesh

Siachen Glacier AFS Sirsa AFS

05/23

State/Territo ry

22,000 ft / 6706 m

35.5°N 77.0°E

Jammu & Kashmir

650 ft / 198 m

29°33′46″N75°00′19″E

Haryana

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Station

Runwa y

Elevatio n

Geographical coordinates

State/Territo ry

Srinagar AFS

13/31

5,458 ft / 1,664 m

33.994374°N 74.765299°E

Jammu & Kashmir

Udhampur AFS

18/36

1,950 ft / 594 m

32.911503°N 75.154410°E

Jammu & Kashmir

Agartala AFS

18/36

48 ft / 14 m

23°53′24″N091°14′32″E

Bagdogra AFS

18/36

412 ft / 125 m

Barapani AFS

04/22

2910 ft / 886 m

Barrackpore AFS

02/20

18 ft / 5 m

22°46′55″N88°21′33″E

West Bengal

Chabua AFS

05/23

350 ft / 107 m

27°27′44″N95°07′05″E

Assam

Dum Dum AFS

01L/19R 01R/19L

17 ft / 5 m

22°39′17″N88°26′48″E

West Bengal

Hasimara AFS

11L/29R 11R/29L

340 ft /104 m

26°41′53″N89°22′08″E

West Bengal

Jorhat AFS

04/22

284 ft / 87 m

26°43′54″N94°10′32″E

Assam

Kalaikunda AFS

17/35

200 ft / 60 22°20′21.90″N87°12′52.3 West Bengal m 7″E

Kumbhigram AFS

06/24

352 ft / 107 m

24°54′47″N92°58′43″E

Assam

Mohanbari AFS

05/23

361 ft / 110 m

27°28′50″N95°01′18″E

Assam

Mountain Shadow AFS

05/23

350 ft / 107 m

26°06′22″N91°35′09″E

Assam

Panagarh AFS

15/33

240 ft / 73 m

23°28′28″N87°25′39″E

West Bengal

8,756 ft / 2,669 m

27°35′19″N91°52′40″E

Arunachal Pradesh

Tawang AFS

26°40′52″N88°19′43″E

25°42′13″N091°58′43″E

102

Tripura

West Bengal

Meghalaya

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Station

Runwa y

Elevatio n

Geographical coordinates

Tezpur AFS

04/22

240 ft / 73 m

26°42′44″N92°47′14″E

Assam

Agra AFS

05/23 12/30

551 ft 167 m

27°09′27″N77°57′39″E

Uttar Pradesh

Bakshi Ka Talab AFS

09/27

385 ft/ 117 m

26°59′19″N80°53′29″E

Uttar Pradesh

Bamrauli AFS

06/24 12/30

322 ft/ 98 m

25°26′24″N81°44′02″E

Uttar Pradesh

Bareilly AFS

11/29

565 ft/ 172 m

28°25′21″N79°26′49″E

Uttar Pradesh

Bihta AFS

07/25

52 ft 170 m

25°35′27″N84°53′00″E

Bihar

Chakeri AFS

01/19 09/27

410 ft/124 m

26°24′10″N80°24′44″E

Uttar Pradesh

Darbhanga AFS

14/28

21 ft / 38 m

26°11′41″N85°55′03″E

Bihar

Gorakhpur AFS

11/29

259 ft / 78 m

26°44′22″N83°26′58″E

Uttar Pradesh

Maharajpur AFS

06/24

617 ft / 188 m

26°17′36″N78°13′40″E

Madhya Pradesh

Car Nicobar AFS

02/20

42 ft / 13 m

09°09′09″N092°49′11″E

Sulur AFS

05/23

1,250 ft / 381 m

11°00′49″N077°09′35″E

Madurai AFS

09/27

461 ft / 141 m

09°50′01″N078°05′22″E

Port Blair AFS

04/22

16 m /5 m

11°38′28″N92°43′47″E

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Tambaram AFS

05/23 12/30

90 ft / 27 m

12°54′25″N80°07′16″E

Tamil Nadu

Thanjavur AFS

07/25

253 ft / 77 m 10°43′20″N079°06′05″E

103

State/Territo ry

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Station

Runwa y

Elevatio n

Geographical coordinates

Thiruvananthapur am AFS

14/32

13 ft / 4 m

Suratgarh AFS

05/23

560 ft / 170 m

Bhuj AFS

05/23

268 ft / 82 m

23°17′16″N69°40′12″E

Gujarat

Jaisalmer AFS

04/22

887 ft / 270 m

26°53′21″N70°51′52″E

Rajasthan

Jamnagar AFS

06/24 12/30

69 ft / 21 m

22°27′59″N70°00′41″E

Gujarat

Jodhpur AFS

05/23

717 ft / 219 m

26°15′05″N73°02′53″E

Rajasthan

Lohegaon AFS

10/28 14/32

1,942 ft / 592 m

18°34′55″N73°55′10″E

Maharashtra

Nal-Bikaner AFS

05/23

750 ft / 229 m

28°04′21″N73°12′24″E

Rajasthan

Naliya AFS

06/24

68 ft / 21 m

23°13′12″N68°54′00″E

Gujarat

Phalodi AFS

05/23

700 ft / 213 m

27°06′46″N72°23′20″E

Rajasthan

Uttarlai AFS

02/20

500 ft / 152 m

25°48′46″N71°28′56″E

Rajasthan

Makarpura AFS

04/22

127 ft / 38.7 m

22°19′46″N73°13′10″E

Gujarat

Begumpet AFS

09/27 14/32

1,741 ft / 531 m

17°27′08″N78°27′40″E

Telangana

Bidar AFS

02/20 08/26

2,178 ft / 663 m

17°54′28″N77°29′09″E

Karnataka

Dundigal AFS

10L/28R 10R/28L

2,013 ft / 614 m

17°37′45″N78°24′12″E

Telangana

Hakimpet AFS

09/27

2,020 ft / 616 m

17°33′12″N78°31′29″E

Telangana

8.48°N 76.92°E

29°23′16″N073°54′14″E

104

State/Territo ry Kerala

Rajasthan

© Yuvraj IAS 2019

Station

Runwa y

Elevatio n

Yelahanka Air Force Station

09/27

3,045 ft / 928 m

13°08′09″N77°36′20″E

Karnataka

2,500 ft / 762 m

15°51′00″N74°30′00″E

Karnataka

21°05′31″N79°02′49″E

Maharashtra

Admin Training Inst, Sambra, Belgaum Nagpur Air Force Station

09/27 14/32

1,012 ft /308 m

Ojhar AFS

08/26

1,900 ft / 579 m

Geographical coordinates

State/Territo ry

20°07′10″N073°54′49″E

Maharashtra

Museums in India Museum

Location

National Museum

New Delhi

National Philatelic Museum

New Delhi

National Police Museum

New Delhi

Rail Transport Museum

New Delhi

Air Force Museum

New Delhi

National Handicrafts & Handlooms Museum

New Delhi

Dr. Ambedkar National Memorial and Museum

New Delhi

Madame Tussauds Wax Museum

New Delhi

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly Prince of Wales Museum)

Mumbai

Bombay Natural History Museum

Mumbai

Birla Industrial and Technological Museum

Kolkata

Visveswaraya Ind & Tech. Museum

Bangalore

Salarjung Museum

Hyderabad

Indian Museum (Largest in India)

Kolkata

Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya

Bhopal

Calico Museum of Textiles

Ahmedabad

Napier Museum

Thiruvananthapuram

Victoria Jubilee Museum

Vijayawada

Naval Museum (also known as Swarna Jyoti Museum)

Visakhapatnam

Naval Aviation Museum

Vasco da Gama, Goa

Dandi Kutir Museum

Gandhinagar

Submarine Museum (Ex-INS Kurusura)

Visakhapatnam

Partition Museum

Amritsar

National Museum of Indian Cinema

Mumbai 105

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Important Industrial Towns of India Small and Medium Scale Industries #

City/Town

State

Well Known for

1.

Adoni

Andhra Pradesh

Cotton Textile

2.

Agra

Uttar Pradesh

Leather goods

3.

Aligarh

Uttar Pradesh

Locks

4.

Anand

Gujarat

Dairy products

5.

Coimbatore

Tamil Nadu

Wet Grinders and sarees

6.

Firozabad

Uttar Pradesh

Glass

7.

Kanpur

Uttar Pradesh

Leather

8.

Kanchipuram

Tamil Nadu

Silk sarees

9.

Ludhiana

Punjab

Bicycle parts, sewing machines, hosiery.

10. Jalandhar

Punjab

Sports goods

11. Moradabad

Uttar Pradesh

Brass works

12. Mysore

Karnataka

Silk

13. Surat

Gujarat

Diamonds, textiles

14. Sivakasi

Tamilnadu

Fireworks, matches

15. Nepanagar

Madhya Pradesh

Newsprint

16. Gadwal

Andhra Pradesh

Sarees

17. Tiruppur

Tamil Nadu

Textiles and Garments

Bridges, Statues, Stupas in India Bridges Bridges

River/Lake

Location

Howrah Bridge

Hoogly

Kolkata

Pamban Bridge

Palk Strait

Rameshwaram, Tamilnadu

Mahatma Gandhi Setu

Ganges

Patna, Bihar

Nehru Setu

Son

Dehri on Sone, Bihar

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Bridges

River/Lake

Location

Lakshmana Jhula

Ganges

Rishikesh, Uttarakhand

Vembanad Railway Bridge

Vembanad Lake

Kochi, Kerala

Vivekananda Setu

Hoogly

Kolkata

Vidyasagar Setu

Hoogly

Kolkata

Bhupen Hazarika Setu

Lohit

Assam

Ellis Bridge

Sabarmati

Ahmedabad

Coronation Bridge

Teesta

Siliguri

Signature Bridge

Yamuna

Delhi

Statues Statues

Location

Statue of Gomateswara (Bahubali)

Shravanabelagola, Karnataka

Statue of Ugra Narasimha

Hampi, Karnataka

Statue of Trimurti

Elephanta Caves, Mumbai

Statue of Thiruvalluvar

Kanya Kumari, Tamilnadu

Statue of Kannagi

Marina Beach, Chennai

Gyarah Murti*

New Delhi

Tallest Statue of Mahatma Gandhi

Gandhi Maidan, Patna

Statue of Rishabhdev

Mangi Tungi, Nasik

Statue of Adiyogi Lord Shiva

Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

Statue of Hanuman (Veer Abhaya Anjaneya Swami)

Paritala, Andhra Pradesh

Statue of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (Statue of Unity)

Sadhu Bet island, Gujarat

*Statue of Gandhiji and 10 people following him. An image of this also figured on old Rs. 500 note.

107

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Stupas Stupa

Location

Sanchi Stupa

Sanchi, Raisen, MP

Damekh Stupa

Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh

Kesaria Stupa

Kesaria (near Patna), Bihar

Indian Monuments and Why they were built Monument

Built by

Reason

Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri

Akbar

Completed in 1601, it was built by Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat in 1572-73.

Bada Imambara, Lucknow

Nawab Asaf-udDaula of Awadh

To generate employment during the time of famine in 1784.

Vijay Stambha, Chittorgarh

Rana Kumbha

It was constructed by Mewar king Rana Kumbha in 1448 to commemorate his victory over the combined armies of Malwa and Gujarat led by Mahmud Khilji.

Charminar, Hyderabad

Mohd Quli Qutb Shah

Constructed as the first building of the city of Hyderabad in 1591. It is also believed that it was built to commemorate the eradication of a plague that had struck the city.

India Gate, New Delhi

The British in India (designed by Edward Lutyens)

As a war memorial in memory of British and Indian soldiers who died in the First World War.

Gateway of India, Mumbai

The British in India (designed by George Wittet)

The structure was erected to commemorate the landing of King George V and Queen Mary at Apollo Bunder, when they visited India in 1911.

Victoria Memorial, Kolkata

The British in India (designed by William Emerson)

In memory of Queen Victoria who died in 1901. The monument was completed in 1921.

Caves, Gates and Towers of India Rocks and Caves Caves and Rocks

Location

Ajanta Caves (WHS)

Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Amarnath Cave

Anantnag, Kashmir

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Caves and Rocks

Location

Edakkal Caves

Waynad, Kerala

Elephanta Caves (WHS)

Mumbai, Maharashtra

Ellora Caves (WHS)

Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Bhimbhetka Rock Shelters (WHS)

Raisen, M.P.

Badami Caves

Bagalkot, Karnataka

Borra Caves

Visakhapatnam, A.P.

Belum Caves

Kurnool, A.P.

Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

Bhubaneshwar, Odisha

Udaygiri Caves

Vidisha, M.P.

Sonbhandar Caves

Rajgir, Bihar

Kutumsar Caves

Bastar, Chhattisgarh

Pandu Leni Caves

Nasik, Maharashtra

Gates Gate

Location

Gateway of India

Mumbai

India Gate

New Delhi

Buland Darwaza

Fatehpur Sikri

Rumi Darwaza

Lucknow

Towers/Minars Towers/Minars

Location

Charminar

Hyderabad

Kirti Stambha (Tower of Fame)

Chittorgarh

Jai Stambha (Tower of Victory)

Chittorgarh

Qutab Minar

Delhi

Shaking Minarets

Sidi Bashir Mosque, Ahmedabad

Jinnah Tower

Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 109

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Central Jails & Libraries in India Jails Jail

Location

Tihar Jail

New Delhi

Arthur Road Jail

Mumbai

Yeravada Jail

Pune

Cellular Jail

Port Blair

Naini Jail

Allahabad

Kot Balwal Jail

Jammu

Kot Lakhpat Jail

Lahore (Pakistan)

Libraries Library

Location

Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library

Patna

National Library of India

Kolkata

Asafia State Library (State Central Library)

Hyderabad

Muhammadan Public Library

Chennai

Rampur Raza Library

Rampur (U.P.)

Romain Rolland Library

Puducherry

Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library

Ahmedabad

Mosques and Tombs in India Mosques Mosques

Location

Jama Masjid

Delhi

Sidi Sayyid Mosque

Ahmedabad

Quwwat-ul-Islam Masjid

Delhi

Mecca Masjid

Hyderabad

Moti Masjid

Delhi

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Mosques

Location

Sidi Bashir Mosque

Ahmedabad

Gyanvapi Mosque

Varanasi

Cheraman Jum'ah Masjid

Thrissur, Kerala

Cheraman Jum'ah Masjid is the oldest mosque in India, constructed about 629 AD by Malik Ibn Dinar. Tombs Tombs

Location

Taj Mahal (WHS)

Agra

Akbar’s Tomb

Sikandara, Agra

Itmaad-ud-Daulah’s Tomb

Agra

Humayun's Tomb (WHS)

New Delhi

Bibi ka Maqbara

Aurangabad

Gol Gumbaz

Bijapur

Tomb of Sher Shah Suri

Sasaram

Qutub Shahi Tombs

Hyderabad

Other Places of Interest Monument

Location

Bada Imambara

Lucknow

Jantar Mantar

New Delhi

Jog (Gersoppa) Falls

Shimoga, Karnataka

Basilica of Bom Jesus

Goa

Se Cathedral

Goa

Forts and Palaces of India Forts of India Forts Red Fort

Location Delhi

Built by Shah Jahan

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Forts

Location

Built by

Meharangarh Fort

Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Rao Jodha

Ranthambore Fort

Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan

Chauhan dynasty

Kumbhalgarh Fort

Rajsamand, Rajasthan

Rana Kumbha

Amer Fort

Jaipur, Rajasthan

Raja Man Singh - I

Golconda Fort

Hyderabad

–

Gingee Fort

Villupuram, Tamilnadu

–

Fort William

Kolkata, West Bengal

East India Company

Fort St. George

Chennai, Tamilnadu

East India Company

Palaces/Buildings of India Palaces/Buildings

Location

Built by

Amber Palace

Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Raja Man Singh - I

Hawa Mahal

Jaipur

Maharaja Sawai Pratap Singh

Sheesh Mahal

Patiala, Punjab

Maharaja Narinder Singh

Maharaja Palace or Mysore Palace

Mysore

Krishnarajendra Wadiyar IV

Falaknuma Palace

Hyderabad

Nawab Vicar-ul-Umra

Island Palace (Jag Mandir)

Udaipur

Sisodia rulers of Mewar

Lakshmi Vilas Palace

Vadodara

Sayajirao Gaekwad III

Lalgarh Palace

Bikaner

Maharaja Ganga Singh

Jahaz Mahal

Mandu, M.P.(City of Joy)

Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din Khilji

Anand Bhawan

Allahabad

Motilal Nehru

Rashtrapati Bhawan

New Delhi

Edward Lutyens (Architect)

Victoria Memorial

Kolkata

William Emerson (Architect)

Chowmohalla Palace

Hyderabad

Asaf Jahi dynasty

Neermahal Palace

West Tripura

King Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman

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Temples of India Temples

Location

Cheena Kesava Temple

Belur, Karnataka

Black Pagoda or Sun Temple

Konark (Orissa)

Brihadiswara Temple (WHS)

Thanjuvur, Tamil Nadu

Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple (WHS)

Gangaikondacholisvaram, TN

Airavatesvara Temple (WHS)

Darasuram, Tamil Nadu

Hazara Rama Temple (WHS)

Hampi, Karnataka

Virupaksha Temple (WHS)

Pattadakal, Karnataka

Golden Temple

Amritsar, Punjab

Jagannath Temple

Puri, Orissa

Kailasa Temple

Ellora, Maharashtra

Mahakaleshwar Temple

Ujjain (M.P.)

Minakshi Temple

Madurai, Tamil Nadu

Mundeshwari Temple

Kaimur, Bihar

Shore Temple

Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu

Somnath Temple

Junagarh, Gujarat

Tirupati Temple

Chittor, Andhra Pradesh

Sabarimala

Pathanamthitta, Kerala

Dilwara Temple

Mt.Abu

Kamakhya Temple

Guwahati, Assam

Zeishta Devi Temple

Srinagar, J & K

Dakshineswar Kali Temple

Kolkata, W.B.

Archeological Sites and their locations Place

Location

Harappa

Montgomery (Sahiwal) district of Punjab in Pakistan.

Mohenjodaro

Larkana district of Sind in Pakistan.

Lothal

Ahmedabad in Gujarat.

Kalibangan

Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan.

Dholavira

Kachchh district in Gujarat.

Bhiranna

Fatehabad district in Haryana.

Banawali

Fatehabad district in Haryana.

Adichchanallur

Thoothukudi district in Tamilnadu.

Jorwe

Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra.

Daimabad

Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra. 113

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Place

Location

Shortugai

Northern Afghanistan.

Chanhudaro

Mullan Sandh, Sindh in Pakistan.

Amri

Dadu, Sindh in Pakistan.

Mehrgarh

Balochistan in Pakistan

Ganeriwala

Punjab, Pakistan.

Rakhigarhi

Hisar district in Haryana.

Attirampakkam

Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu.

Well-known Archaeologists Name

Brief Details

Sir Alexander Cunningham

He was a British army officer and archaeologist who excavated many sites in India, including Sarnath and Sanchi. He was the first director of the Indian Archaeological Survey.

John Marshall

He was the Director-General of Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. During his tenure the Indus Valley Sites Harappa and Mohenjodaro were excavated.

Rakhaldas Banerjee

RD Banerjee was an Indian historian and archaeologist who excavated the Indus Valley site of Mohenjodaro in 1922.

Daya Ram Sahni

In 1921-22 he supervised the excavation of Indus Valley Site, Harappa. He became the first Indian Director-General of Archaeological Survey of India in 1931. He was awarded the Rai Bahadur medal by the Governor of Punjab in 1920.

Gardens in India Garden

Location

Pinjore Gardens

Chandigarh

Lal Bagh

Bengaluru

Shalimar Bagh

Srinagar

Buddha Jayanti Park

New Delhi

Brindavan Gardens

Mysore

Mughal Gardens

New Delhi

Rock Garden

Chandigarh

Nishat Bagh

Srinagar

Hanging Gardens

Mumbai

Khusro Bagh

Allahabad 114

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Garden

Location

Sikandar Bagh

Lucknow

Coronation Park

New Delhi

Alfred Park (Chandershekhar Azad Park)

Allahabad

Freedom Park

Bengaluru

Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden

Srinagar

Mineral Wealth of India – Steel Place

State

Bhilai Steel Plant

Chattisgarh

Rourkela Steel Plant

Orissa

Bokaro Steel Plant

Jharkhand

Durgapur Steel Plant

West Bengal

IISCO Steel Plant, Burnpur

West Bengal

Salem Steel Plant

Tamilnadu

Visvesvaraya Steel Plant, Bhadravati

Karnataka

Steel Plant under Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd Visakhapatnam Steel Plant

Andhra Pradesh Private Sector Steel Plants

Tata Steel Ltd

Jamshedpur, Jharkhand

Essar Steel

Hazira, Gujarat

JSW Steel

Vijayanagar, Karnataka

Jindal Steel and Power Ltd

Raigarh, Chhattisgarh

Bhushan Steel Ltd

Sahibabad (U.P.), Khopoli (Mah), Dhenkanal (Odisha)

Miscellaneous Facts India is the fourth largest producer of crude steel in the world. The largest producer of steel in India is Tata Steel followed by Steel Authority of India Ltd. The largest producer of steel in the world is Arcelor Mittal headquartered at Luxembourg. 115

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Bhilai And Bokaro Steel Plants were set up with Soviet collaboration. Rourkela Steel Plant was set up with German collaboration. Durgapur Steel Plant was set up with the collaboration of the United Kingdom. Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is India's first shore-based integrated steel plant. Forest Cover in India Points to remember The percentage of forest cover in India in terms of its total geographical area is

21.34%*

The area under forest cover in India

7,01,673 sq km

The state with highest percentage of its geographical area under forests

Mizoram - 88.93%*

The Union Territory with highest percentage of its geographical area under forests

Lakshadweep - 84.56%*

The state with largest area under forests

Madhya Pradesh - 77,462 sq.km.*

The Union Territory with largest area under forests

Andaman & Nicobar Islands 6751 sq.km*

The state with lowest percentage of its geographical area under forests

Punjab - 3.52%

The state with least area under forests

Haryana - 1,584 sq.km.*

The type of forest which constitutes the largest area of forests in India

Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest - 41.87%

Important Fairs of India Fair

Periodicity

Place

Time of the year

Ambubachi Mela

Annual

Kamakhya Temple, Assam

Assamese month 'Ahaar'

Baneshwar Fair

Annual

Dungarpur Mahadev Temple, Rajasthan

February

Chandrabahaga Fair

Annual

Jhalarapatan, Jhalawar, Rajasthan

Kartik month (OctoberNovember)

Gangasagar Fair

Annual

Gangasagar Island, West Bengal

January - February

Kumbh Mela

Twelve years

Nasik, Ujjain, Allahabad, Haridwar

Varies according to star position

Pushkar Fair

Annual

Pushkar, Rajasthan

Kartik (Oct - Nov)

Annual

Sonepur at the confluence of Ganga and Gandak, Bihar

Kartik month (Oct - Nov)

Sonepur Cattle Fair

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Fair

Periodicity

Place

Time of the year

Meerut, U.P.

For 1 month, starting second day after Holi

Surajkund Handicrafts Annual Mela

Surajkund in Faridabad, Haryana

1 to 15 February

Thrissur Pooram

Annual

Vadakkunnathan Temple in Thrissur, Kerala

Malayalam month 'Medam'

Medaram Jatara or Sammakka Saralamma Jatara

Annual

Medaram in Warangal, Telangana

January - February

Annual

Madhavpur Ghed in Porbander (Guj)

March-April (for 5 days from Ramnavami)

Nauchandi Fair

Madhavpur Mela

Annual

Classical and Folk Dances of India Classical Dance

State

Bharat Natyam

Tamilnadu

Kathakali

Kerala

Mohini Attam

Kerala

Odissi

Orissa

Kuchipudi

Andhra Pradesh

Manipuri

Manipur

Kathak

North India mainly U.P.

Sattriya

Assam Folk Dances

State

Jhumar

Rajasthan

Garba

Gujarat

Giddha

Punjab

Bhangra

Punjab

Yakshagana

Karnataka

Mayurbhanj Chau

Orissa

Purulia Chau

West Bengal

Tamasha

Maharashtra

Lavani

Maharashtra

Kalbelia

Rajasthan

Bihu

Assam

Kachhi Ghodhi

Rajasthan

Rouff

Jammu and Kashmir

Raut Nach

Chhattisgarh 117

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Folk Dances

State

Karakattam

Tamil Nadu

Hojagiri

Tripura

Nuclear Power Stations In India Nuclear Power Station

Location

Units

Capacity

1 Tarapur

Maharashtra

4

1400 MWe

2 Kalpakkam

Tamil Nadu

2

440 MWe

3 Rawatbhata

Kota, Rajasthan

6

1180 MWe

4 Narora

Uttar Pradesh

2

440 MWe

5 Kaiga

Karnataka

4

880 MWe

6 Kakrapar

Gujarat

2

440 MWe

7 Kudankulam

Tamil Nadu

2*

2000 MWe

Of the 7 Atomic Power Stations Tarapur is the oldest and the biggest. Only Tarapur has 2 Boiling Water Reactors, all others have Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors

Nuclear Power Plants coming up In addition to the above, nuclear power plants at the following places are in various stages of construction or have been granted in-principle approval by the Govt. #

Place

State

1.

Gorakhpur

Haryana

2.

Chutka

Madhya Pradesh

3.

Mahi Banswara

Rajashtan

4.

Bhimpur

Madhya Pradesh

5.

Jaitapur

Maharashtra

6.

Kovvada

Andhra Pradesh

7.

Chhaya Mithi Virdi

Gujarat

8.

Haripur

West Bengal

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Heavy Water Plants in India #

Heavy Water Plant

State

1.

Heavy Water Plant, Baroda

Gujarat

2.

Heavy Water Plant, Hazira

Gujarat

3.

Heavy Water Plant, Kota

Rajashtan

4.

Heavy Water Plant, Manuguru

Andhra Pradesh

5.

Heavy Water Plant, Talcher

Odisha

6.

Heavy Water Plant, Thal

Maharashtra

7.

Heavy Water Plant, Tuticorin

Tamilnadu

Institutions under the Department of Atomic Energy #

Institution

Location

1. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)

Mumbai

2. Tata Memorial Centre (TMC)

Mumbai

3. Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP)

Kolkata

4. Institute of Physics (IoP)

Bhubaneswar

5. Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc)

Chennai

6. Harish Chandra Research Institute (HRI)

Allahabad

7. Institute for Plasma Research (IPR)

Gandhinagar

8. National Institute of Science, Education and Research (NISER)

Bhubaneswar

9. Atomic Energy Education Society (AEES)

Mumbai

List of valleys in India • • • • • • • • • • •

Araku Valley, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Bangus Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Barak Valley, Assam Baspa Valley, Himachal Pradesh Betaab Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Bhakra Nangal Valley, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh Brahmaputra Valley, Assam Breng Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Chamba Valley, Himachal Pradesh Chambal Valley, Madhya Pradesh Chenab Valley, Jammu and Kashmir 119

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Chumbi Valley, Tibet, China, the intersection of India (Sikkim), Bhutan and China (Tibet) in the Himalayas Dah Hanu Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Damodar Valley, West Bengal Darma Valley, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand Upper Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh Lower Dibang Valley, Arunachal Pradesh Dihing Valley, Arunachal Pradesh Doon Valley, Lower Himalayas, Uttarakhand Dzükou Valley, Nagaland Godavari Valley, Maharashtra, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Gurais Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Gwass-Bagi Valley, Himachal Pradesh Habban Valley, Himachal Pradesh Imphal Valley, Manipur Indus Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Jhelum Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Joginder Nagar Valley, Himachal Pradesh Johar Valley, Uttarakhand Kabaw Valley, Manipur, India and Sagaing region, Myanmar Kambam Valley, Tamil Nadu Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh Kashmir Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Kaveri Valley, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu Ketti Valley, Ooty, Tamil Nadu Kharahal Valley, Himachal Pradesh Krishna Valley, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh Kullu Valley, Himachal Pradesh Kunihar Valley, Himachal Pradesh Kuthi Valley, Uttarakhand Leepa Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Lidder Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Lolab Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Lug Valley, Himachal Pradesh Mahanadi Valley, Odisha and Chhattisgarh Mandakini Valley, Kedarnath, Uttarakhand Markha Valley, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir Mushkoh Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Nagarjunasagar, Telangana Narmada Valley, Madhya Pradesh Neelam Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Neora Valley, Kalimpong, Darjeeling Nubra Valley, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir Patratu Valley, Jharkhand Pangi Valley, Himachal Pradesh Parvati Valley, Kasol, Himachal Pradesh 120

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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Pin Valley, Himachal Pradesh Pindar Valley, Uttarakhand Sangla Valley, Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh Satluj Valley, Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh Saur Valley, Pithoragarh District, Uttarakhand Shiladesh, Himachal Pradesh Silent Valley, Palakkad District, Kerala Sind Valley, Jammu and Kashmir Solang Valley, Himachal Pradesh Soon Valley, Punjab (Pakistan) and Jammu and Kashmir (India) Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh (India) and Tibet (China) Suru Valley, Ladakh region, Jammu and Kashmir Tlawng Valley, Mizoram Tons Valley, Garhwal region, Uttarakhand Tosa Maidan, Jammu and Kashmir Valley of Flowers, West Himalayas, Uttarakhand Visalakshi Nagar, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh Yumthang Valley, Sikkim Zanskar Valley, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir Zoji La Valley, Jammu and Kashmir

List of Important Glaciers of the Himalayas Mountain Range Name of Glacier

Location

Siachin

Eastern Karakoram range in the Himalayas

Fedchenko (It is the longest glacier in the world outside of the polar regions)

Karakoram

Hispar

Karakoram

Biafo

Karakoram

Baltoro

Karakoram

Rongbuk

Kanchenjunga-Everest

Chongo-Lungma

Karakoram

Khurdaplo

Karakoram

LoLofond

Karakoram

Yarkand Rimo

Karakoram

Gangotri

Kumaon-Garhwal

Godwin Austen

Karakoram

Pasu

Karakoram

Zemu

Kanchenjunga-Everest

Chong Kumdan

Karakoram

Kanchenjunga

Kanchenjunga-Everest

Milam

Kumaon-Garhwal 121

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Chungpur

Pir Panjal

To Lam Bau

Kanchenjunga-Everest

Bhagirath Kharak

Kumaon-Garhwal

Sonapani

Pir Panjal

Bara Shighi

Pir Panjal

Rakhiot

Pir Panjal

Gangri

Pir Panjal

Rambang

Kanchenjunga-Everest

Kafni Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Kalabaland Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Kedar Bamak Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Meola Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Namik Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Panchchuli Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Pindari Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Ralam Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Sona Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Satopanth Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Sunderdhunga Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Dokriani Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Chorabari Glacier

Kumaon-Garhwal

Lonak

North-east Himalayas

Chhota Shigri

Pir Panjal

Trango

Karakoram

National Waterways in India About the IWAI Inland Waterways Authority of India This body was created by the government of India in 1986 for regulating and developing inland waterways for shipping and navigation. The body chiefly undertakes development and maintenance projects of IWT infrastructure on national waterways. It undertakes these projects through grants from the Shipping Ministry. Its headquarters is in Noida. It also has regional offices in various other cities and towns across the country.

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Operational National Waterways in India for UPSC Sl. No .

NW Number

River System

Route

Lengt h

Locations

Establishe d

1

NW – 1

GangaBhagirathiHooghly

Prayagraj – Haldia

1620

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal

1986

2

NW – 2

Brahmaputra

SadiyaDhubri

891

Assam

1982

3

NW – 3

West Coast Canal, Champakara Canal and Udyogamanda l Canal

Kottapuram – Kollam

205

Kerala

1993

4

NW – 4

Krishna and Godavari

Kakinada– Puducherry stretch of canals, Kaluvelly Tank, Bhadrachala m– Rajahmundr y, Waziraba– Vijayawada

1095

Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

2008

5

NW – 10

Amba River

45

Maharasht ra

6

NW – 83

Rajpuri Creek

31

Maharasht ra

7

NW – 85

Revadanda Creek – Kundalika River System

31

Maharasht ra

8

NW – 91

Shastri river– Jaigad creek system

52

Maharasht ra

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9

NW – 68

Mandovi – Usgaon Bridge to Arabian Sea

41

Goa

10

NW – 111

Zuari– Sanvordem Bridge to Marmugao Port

50

Goa

11

NW – 73

Narmada River

226

Gujarat and Maharasht ra

12

NW – 100

Tapi River

436

Gujarat and Maharasht ra

13

NW – 97 (Sundarba ns Waterway s)

Namkhana to AtharaBankiKh al

172

West Bengal

IndoBangladesh Protocol Route

Earthquake Zones in India. CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHQUAKE PRONE ZONE Bureau of Indian Standards, based on the past seismic history, has grouped the country into four seismic zones, viz. Zone-II, -III, -IV and –V. Of these, Zone V is the most seismically active region, while zone II is the least. Seismic Zone Intensity on Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity scale associated with various zone is as follows: II (Low intensity zone) VI (or less) III (Moderate intensity zone) IV (Severe intensity zone) V (Very severe intensity zone)

VII VIII IX (and above)

Different zones: Zone-V comprises of entire northeastern India, parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, parts of North Bihar and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Zone-IV covers remaining parts of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, Union Territory of Delhi, Sikkim, northern parts of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal, parts of Gujarat and small portions of Maharashtra near the west coast and Rajasthan. Zone-III comprises of Kerala, Goa, Lakshadweep islands, and remaining parts of Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and West Bengal, parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Karnataka. Zone-II covers remaining parts of the country. 124

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List of Space Centers in India Following is the List of space centers in India: Location

Space Centre DOS branch secretariat

New Delhi

ISRO branch office Delhi earth station Indian Institute of remote sensing

Dehradun Northern RRSC-Regional Remote Sensing Centre Lucknow

ISTRAC ground station

Shillong

North eastern space application centre

Kharagpur

Eastern RRSC-Regional Remote Sensing Centre

Hyderabad

NRSA or NRSC – national remote sensing agency /centre

Tirupati

NMRF-National Atmospheric Research Laboratory

Sriharikota

Satish Dhawan Space Centre

Port Blair

Down range station

Kerala

ALUVA – Ammonium perchlorate experiment plant

Mahendra Giri

Liquid Propulsion Test Facilities Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre

Thiruvananthapuram

Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre ISRO Interial Systems Unit

Hassan

INSAT master control facility

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Space commission HQ –ISRO INSAT programme office NNRMS secretariat- National Natural Resources Management System Bangalore ANTRIX corporation ISTRAC-ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network ISRO satellite centre Liquid propulsion systems centre Mumbai

ISRO Liaison office

Nagpur

Central RRSC-Regional Remote Sensing Centre

Mount Abu

Infrared Observatory Space Application Centre

Ahmedabad

Physical Research Laboratory Development & educational communication unit

Jodhpur

Western RRSC-Regional Remote Sensing Centre

Udaipur

Solar Observatory

Balasore

Remote Sensing Centre

Rocket Launch Sites In India 1. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre-Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 2. Satish Dhawan Space Centre-Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh 3. Abdul Kalam Island-Balasore, Odisha

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