Laboratory 1 - Identification Of Minerals And Rocks

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)

NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

1/3 LAB 1a

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

10/2/2012

1.0 OBJECTIVE To familiar with the physical properties of minerals in laboratory by hand.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b)

Students should able to identify various specimens of mineral by physical testing. Students should able to identify minerals content in rock formation.

3.0 THEORY Each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are useful in mineral identification. A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of composition, and a regular atomic structure to which its crystalline from is related. To study rocks, it is necessary to know the common minerals that formed the rock.

4.0 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS a) b) c) d) e)

Minerals from Reference Set Hardness Pens Set Information & Hints Eye dropper bottle with dilute HCI (appx. 10% solution) Mineral Identification Chart

5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples according by doing few physical tests and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.1 attached for: a) b) c) d) e) f)

Name of mineral Colour Luster Hardness Reaction with acid Others/usage

Prepared by

:

Name

:

Signature

:

Date

:

Lecturer Aziman Madun

10 February 2012

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)

NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

2/3 LAB 1a

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

10/2/2012

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS (a) MINERALS NAMES Refer to the samples prepared (Mineral from reference set). (b) COLOUR The colour of the mineral is that seen by eye. Colour may be influenced by impurities in the sample, the light in the room or strong reflective surfaces. Therefore, colour is a general rather than specific indicator. (c) STREAK Streak is the colour of a mineral in its powdered form. We can observe streak when we scraped a mineral along a roughened surface such as unglazed pottery (porcelain slab – streak plate), that mark left behind can be a characteristic feature of the mineral. The streak is not necessarily the same as the colour of the mineral. (d) LUSTRE Luster is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amount of light is a function of the state of the surface. Luster is described in terms of the degree of brightness. Metallic Submetallic Dull Viterous

Like polished metal Less brilliant e.g. chalk Like broken glass

(e) HARDNESS The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness. This property is determined by rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other (unless they have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale, called the Mohs scale developed by German Mineralogist Friedrich Mohs (1773 – 1839) which assigns relative hardnesses to several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given below. Relative hardness 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Minerals Diamond Corundum Topaz Quartz Feldspar Apatite Fluorite Calcite Gypsum Talc

Mineralogy Carbon Alumina Aluminium silicate Silica Alkali silica Calcium phosphate Calcium fluoride Calcium carbonate Hydrated calcium sulphate Hydrated magnesium silicate

(f) REACTION WITH ACID When dilute hydrochloric acid (typically 10%) is capped on to some minerals a reaction takes place. On calcite (CaCO3) bubbles of carbon dioxide are produced, in some iron sulphide ores, hydrogen sulphide is produced.

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS (LAB 1a)

NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

3/3 LAB 1a

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

10/2/2012

7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

(Each answer shall not more than 100 words) 1.

Discuss the problem encountered while identify the minerals using field test technique (simple test).

2.

Briefly describe how to identify minerals using laboratory technique (aided by equipments).

8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your results of the mineral samples in the Table 1.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.

QUESTION AND DISSCUSSION

CONCLUSION

TABLE 1.1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS IDENTIFICATION

NAME

COLOUR

STREAK

LUSTER

HARDNESS

REACTION WITH ACID

AUGITE

GRAYISH BLACK

WHITE

SUB METALIC

5.6

NO

WHITE

SUB METALIC

4

NO

WHITE

NON METALIC

3.35

NO

FLUORITE

VERY PALE GREEN

BARITE

WHITE

TALC

BLUISH WHITE

WHITE

SUB METALIC

1

YES

HORNBLENDE MEDIUM LIGHT GREY

WHITE

NON METALIC

5.5 – 6.5

YES

SKETCH

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b)

NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

1/2 LAB 1b

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of igneous rock specimen in the laboratory.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b) c)

Students should able to recognize types of igneous rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of igneous rocks for civil engineering application. Students should able to understand igneous rock forming on the earth.

3.0 THEORY (a) Criteria for distinguishing igneous rock In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is igneous or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the igneous rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.

Rock Type

Characteristic Interlocking grains, massive structures

Igneous

Texture such as glassy, prophyritic, phaneritic, aphantic High feldspar or ferromagnesian content Absent of stratification or fossils

(b) Description Physical characteristics

Colour Massive – rock is uniform in appearance showing no banding or other structural features

Structure

Pegmatite – the rock is very coarse grained Vesicular – the rock contains many cavities Crystallinty or degree of crystallization Holocrystalline – wholly crystalline Hemicrystalline – partly crystals and partly glass Holohyaline – wholly glass

Texture Granularity, the size of crystals Fine-grained when particles are 1 mm or less in diameter Medium grained when particles are 1 – 5 mm or more in diameter Coarse grained when the particles are 5 mm or more in diameter

Prepared by

:

Head of Engineering Geology and Geophysics Laboratory / Lecturer

Name

:

Mohd Hazreek Bin Zainal Abidin

Signature

:

Date

:

8 January 2007

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

NO. OF PAGES:

2/2

DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK (LAB 1b)

EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

LAB 1b

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Igneous rock from reference set b) Igneous classification chart

5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the igneous classification charts and tabulate the results observation in the Tables 1.2.1 attached.

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS a) Rock name b) Texture c) Colour d) Mineral composition e) Chemical composition f) Origin g) Sketch / Others

7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

(Each answer shall not more than 100 words) (1) Briefly explain two (2) types of igneous rock (2) Explain the igneous rock classification according to the texture and chemical and mineral composition.

8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the igneous rock in the given Table 1.2.1 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.

CONCLUSION AND DISSCUSION

CONCLUSION

TABLE 1.2.1 ROCK NAME OBSIDIAN

RHYOLITE

TEXTURE

APHANITIC EVEN PORPHYRITIC

FRAGMENTAL

COLOUR

LIGHT

LIGHT < 25% DARK MINERAL

IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCK

MINERAL COMPOSITION      

MUSCOVITE QUARTZ ORTHOCLASE HORNBLENDE PLAGROCLASE BIOTITE

    

MUSCOVITE QUARTZ ORTHOCLASE HORNBLENDE BIOTITE

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

ACID > 60%

ACID > 65%

ORIGIN

MAGMA

MAGMA

SKETCH

BIOTITEGRANITE

BASALT

MEDIUM TO COURSE, PHANERIC

APHANITIC EVEN PORPHYRITIC

LIGHT < 25% DARK MINERAL

DARK MINERAL PRECOMINANT

    

    

MUSCOVITE QUARTZ ORTHOCLASE HORNBLENDE BIOTITE

MAGNETITE & ILMENITE HORNBLENDE AUGITE OLIVINE PLAGIOCLASE

ACID > 65%

45% - 55% BASIC

MAGMA

MAGMA

GABBRO

MEDIUM TO COURSE,

DARK MINERAL PRECOMINANT

    

MUSCOVITE QUARTZ ORTHOCLASE HORNBLENDE BIOTITE

45% - 55% BASIC

MAGMA

IGNEOUS CLASSIFICATION CHART

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)

NO. OF PAGES:

1/2

EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

LAB 1c

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of sedimentary rock specimen in the laboratory.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) Students should able to recognize types of sedimentary rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. b) Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of sedimentary rocks for civil engineering application. c) Students should able to understand sedimentary rock forming on the earth.

3.0 THEORY (a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock

In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is sedimentary or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the sedimentary rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.

Rock Type

Characteristic Stratification and sorting of grains into layers according to their size. Fragmental texture. Grains often rounded.

Sedimentary

Structures such as bedding, ripple marks and mud cracks. Presence of fossils. Presence of minerals of chemical or organic origin, such as halite, gypsum, chert carbonates. Absence of easily weathered minerals such as biotite and augite.

(b) Description

Physical characteristics Structure

Colour Massive, bedded or cross bedded Note whether grain is uniform or uneven.

Grain and constituents

To be uneven, there must be marked contras between larger and smaller grains. If the rock is uniform, it is usually fine in grain and does not show definite fragments, but may contain fossils.

Prepared by

:

Lecturer

Name

:

Aziman Madun

Signature

:

Date

:

8 January 2007

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK (LAB 1c)

NO. OF PAGES:

2/2

EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

LAB 1c

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Sedimentary rock from reference set b) Sedimentary classification chart

5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the sedimentary classification charts and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.2 attached.

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS a) Rock name b) Texture c) Mode of origin d) Composition of clastic rock e) Composition of crystalline rock f) Sketch / others

7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

(Each answer shall not more than 100 words) (1) List the characteristics that distinguish sedimentary rocks from igneous and metamorphic rocks. (2) Explain all the genesis of sedimentary rocks.

8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the sedimentary rock in the given Table 1.2.2 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.

QUESTION AND DISSCUSION

CONCLUSION

TABLE 1.2.2 ROCK NAME

TEXTURE

IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

MODE OF ORIGIN

COMPOSITION OF ROCK 

COASLOMERATE

RED SAND STONE

CLASTIC

CRYSTALINE

MICH OR BIOLASTIC

HYDROGENIC BIOCHEMICAL OR CHEMICALLY ALTERED

    

QUARTZ & FELDSPAR ROCK FRAGMENTS NOYISILTY, SANDY, FERRUGIRIOUS, CARBONOUOUS

   

SILICIOUS, FERRUGIRIOUS, VARIOUS SALTS, CALCEREOUS

CLASSIFICATION

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENT

SKETCH

ARGILLA CEOUS SAND STONE

SHELL LIMESTONE

BITUMINOUS COAL

CRYSTALINE

CLASTIC

CRYSTALINE

HYDROGENIC BIOCHEMICAL OR CHEMICALLY ALTERED

MICH OR BIOLASTIC

HYDROGENIC BIOCHEMICAL OR CHEMICALLY ALTERED

   

SILICIOUS, FERRUGIRIOUS, VARIOUS SALTS, CALCEREOUS

SEDIMENT

     

QUARTZ & FELDSPAR ROCK FRAGMENTS NOYISILTY, SANDY, FERRUGIRIOUS, CARBONOUOUS

SEDIMENT

   

SILICIOUS, FERRUGIRIOUS, VARIOUS SALTS, CALCEREOUS

SEDIMENT

SEDIMENTARY CLASSIFICATION CHART

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)

NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

1/2 LAB 1d

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

1.0 OBJECTIVE To recognize, identified and observed distinguishing features of metamorphic rock specimen in the laboratory.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES a) b) c)

Students should able to recognize types of metamorphic rock formation in Malaysia and Worldwide. Students should able to evaluate the physical properties of metamorphic rocks for civil engineering application. Students should able to understand metamorphic rock forming on the earth.

3.0 THEORY (a) Criteria for distinguishing sedimentary rock

In describing any rock, one should proceed from the general to the particular, nothing firstly its colour, behaviour on weathering and any other striking features and then deciding whether it is metamorphic or other types of rock. The outstanding characteristics of the metamorphic rocks is given below, but must be emphasized that one characteristic by itself proof positive that the rock belongs to a certain class.

Rock Type

Characteristic Parallel orientation of mineral crystals.

Metamorphic

Interlocking crystal. Secondary cleavage independent bedding. Foliation, schistosity and slaty texture.

(b) Description

Physical characteristics

Colour Decide whether the rock is best described as uniform fine grained, medium fine grained or coarse grained.

Structure and Grain

The coarser grained granular rocks results from high-grade metamorphism in which great pressure from many directions, not from one direction only, has been the dominant factor.

Prepared by

:

Lecturer

Name

:

Aziman Madun

Signature

:

Date

:

8 January 2007

FACULTY : CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT : GEOTECHNICAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY : ENGINEERING GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSIC LABORATORY TOPIC : IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK (LAB 1d)

NO. OF PAGES: EDITION: NO. OF CHECKING:

1/2 LAB 1d

EFECTIVE DATE :

8/1/2007

AMENDMENT DATE:

8/1/2007

4.0 EQUIMENT AND MATERIALS a) Metamorphic rock from reference set b) Metamorphic classification chart

5.0 PROCEDURE Students should learn to familiarize and observe the samples by referring the metamorphic classification charts and tabulate the results from the observation in the Table 1.2.3 attached.

6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS (a) Rock name (b) Structure (c) Grain (d) Mineral composition (e) Parent Rock (f) Metamorphism type (e) Sketch / Others

7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

(Each answer shall not more than 100 words) (1) Define a foliation. (2) Distinguish between slaty cleavage, phyllitic, schistosity and gneissic texture.

8.0 CONCLUSION Conclude your observation of the metamorphic rock in the given Table 1.2.3 by rate its significance in construction industry, etc.

QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

TABLE 1.2.4 ROCK NAME

STRUCTURE

GRAIN

IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCK

MINERAL COMPOSITION

SLATE

CATACLASTIC CLEAVED

VERY FINE

  

GNEISS

GNEISSIC

MEDIUM TO COARSE

   

QUARTZ FELDSPAR MINOR FERROMAGNESIANS

MARBLE

GRANULOSE

MEDIUM TO COARSE



CALSITE OR DOLOMITE GREATLY DOMINANT



QUARTZ GREATLY PREDOMINANT

QUERTZITE

GRANULOSE

MEDIUM TO COARSE

CLAY MINERALS, DETRITAL MICAS CHLORITE

PARENT ROCK

METAMORPHISM TYPE

  

SHALE MUDSTONE TUFF

DYNAMIC

  

GRANITE ARKOSE CONGLOMERATE

REGIONAL



LIMESTONE

CONTACT OR REGIONAL



QUARTZ SANDSTONE

REGIONAL

SKETCH

MICA SCHIST

SCHISTOSE

MEDIUM TO COARSE

  

MICAS, QUARTZ FELDSPAR

 

SHALE MUDSTONE,TUFF

METAMORPHIC CLASSIFICATION CHART

INCREASING REGIONAL

Lab Report Assessment Rubric CLO 1 (Technical expertise): 10% Criteria (KI) 1 Introduction Result and analysis Question and Discussion Relevant calculation / information Conclusion Total

CLO 2 (Communication skill): 2.5% Criteria (KI) 1 Material and organization Short and ease to understand Attractive presentation Total

2

3

4

5

Weightage 0.25 0.5 0.5

Total

0.5 0.25 Total = 10%

2

3

4

5

Weightage 0.17 0.17 0.16 Total = 2.5%

Total