Lesson 5 Suffixal Homophones

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The Scream is the popular name given to a composition created by Norwegian Expressionist artist Edvard Munch in 1893. The original German title given by Munch to his work was Der Schrei der Natur (The Scream of Nature), and the Norwegian title is Skrik (Shriek).

Lesson 5: Suffixal Homophones

Suffixal Homophones • Some affixes, both inflectional and derivational, have homophonous forms. • The inflectional morpheme {-ER cp} has two homophones. • The verbal inflectional suffix {-ING vb} has two homophones. • The verbal inflectional suffix {-D pp} has one homophone. • The adverbial derivational suffix {-LY av} has one homophone.

Derivational Suffixal -ER 1- Derivational suffix {-ER n} which is attached to verbs to form nouns. This is a highly productive suffix, used to produce hundreds of English nouns like hunter, fisher, camper, golfer, lover. It is often called the agent -er: “that which performs the action of the verb stem” as in thriller & teacher. It may also be attached to non-verbal stems, like probationers, New Yorker, teenager, freighter, to convey a more general meaning of “that which is related to”. 2- Derivational suffix {-ER rp} which appears at the end of words like chatter, mutter, flicker, glitter, patter. It conveys the meaning of repetition.

Exercise 1: Identify the underlined -er as: {-ER cp} (as in bigger), {-ER n} (as in singer) & {-ER rp} (as in flutter). 1. This is a heavier tennis racket than I want. 2. We watched the shimmer of the evening light on the waves. 3. The fighter weighed in at 180 pounds. 4. He was tougher than he looked. 5. The jabber of voices came through the open door.

Exercise 1: Identify the underlined -er as: cp (as in bigger), n (as in singer) & rp (as in flutter). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

{-ER cp} {-ER rp} {-ER n} {-ER cp} {-ER rp}

Derivational Suffixal -ING 1- Nominal derivational suffix {-ING nm} which is found in words like meetings, weddings, readings. It permits the addition of an inflectional suffix to close it off, the noun plural {-s pl} When such a word occurs alone without the inflectional suffix, e.g., meeting, the -ing is ambiguous: “He was meeting the train” or “He attended the meeting.” 2- Adjectival morpheme {-ING aj} as in a charming woman.

Derivational Suffixal -ING • There are two tests by which the verbal {-ING vb} can be distinguished from the adjectival {-ING aj}. 1- The verbal {-ING vb} can usually occur after as well as before the noun it modifies, e.g., I saw a burning house / a house burning. The adjectival {-ING aj} can be preceded by a qualifier like very, rather, quite, or by the comparative & superlative words more & most as in It is a very comforting thought. This is a more exciting movie. But not *I saw a rather burning house.

Derivational Suffixal -ING 2- The adjectival {-ING aj} can occur after seems: That snake seems interesting. whereas the verbal {-ING vb} cannot: *That snake seems crawling.

Exercise 2: Identify the -ing’s of the underlined words by these symbols: V-al (verbal), N-al (nominal) & Aj-al (adjectival). 1. It was a charming spot. 2. Jim lost both fillings from his tooth. 3. It was located by a sweetly babbling brook. 4. It was exciting to watch the flight. 5. Old sayings are often half-true.

Exercise 2: Identify the -ing’s of the underlined words by these symbols: V-al (verbal), N-al (nominal) & Aj-al (adjectival). 1. Aj-al 2. N-al 3. V-al 4. Aj-al 5. N-al

Exercise 2: Identify the -ing’s of the underlined words by these symbols: V-al (verbal), N-al (nominal) & Aj-al (adjectival). 6. From the bridge we watched the running water. 7. That barking dog keeps everyone awake. 8. He told a convincing tale. 9. The shining sun gilded the forest floor. 10.Matisse’s drawings are magnificently simple.

Exercise 2: Identify the -ing’s of the italicised words by these symbols: V-al (verbal), N-al (nominal) & Aj-al (adjectival). 6. V-al 7. V-al 8. Aj-al 9. V-al 10.N-al

Exercise 2: Identify the -ing’s of the underlined words by these symbols: V-al (verbal), N-al (nominal) & Aj-al (adjectival). 11.A refreshing shower poured down. 12.The attorney made a moving speech. 13.A moving elephant is a picture of grace. 14.What an obliging fellow he is! 15.That was a touching scene.

Exercise 2: Identify the -ing’s of the italicised words by these symbols: V-al (verbal), N-al (nominal) & Aj-al (adjectival). 11.Aj-al 12.Aj-al 13.V-al 14.Aj-al 15.Aj-al

Derivational Suffixal -D • Adjectival derivational {-D aj} as in Helen was excited about her new job. She was a devoted mother. • It is characterised by its capacity for modification by qualifiers like very, rather, quite, and by more and most. A rather faded tapestry hung over the fireplace.

Derivational Suffixal -D • The verbal {-D pp} on the other hand, does not accept such modifiers. *The very departed guests had forgotten their dog. • The seems test for adjectival {-ING aj} is applicable to Adjectival {-D aj}. The tapestry seems faded. *The guests seem departed.

Exercise 3: Identify the suffixes of the underlined words with these symbols: V-al = {-D pp}; Aj-al = {-D aj}. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

You should read the printed statement. Merle was a neglected child. This is a complicated question. His chosen bride had lived in India. He bought a stolen picture. The invited guests all came. We had a reserved seat. The skipper was a reserved (=quiet) man. A celebrated painter visited the campus. A worried look crossed his face.

Exercise 3: Identify the suffixes of the italicised words with these symbols: V-al = {-D pp}; Aj-al = {-D aj}.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

V-al Aj-al Aj-al V-al V-al

Exercise 3: Identify the suffixes of the italicised words with these symbols: V-al = {-D pp}; Aj-al = {-D aj}.

6. V-al 7. V-al 8. Aj-al 9. Aj-al 10.Aj-al

Exercise 4: Ambiguity occurs when the -ed suffix can be interpreted as either {-D pp} or {D aj}. For each sentence below write two meanings.

1. It was a finished job. 2. Our new surgeon is reserved.

Exercise 4:

1. It was a finished job. a. completed b. artistic (perfected, polished) 2. Our new surgeon is reserved. a. quiet, reticent b. kept in reserve, set aside to practice his speciality

Derivational Suffixal -LY • The adverbial derivational suffix {-LY av} is added to most adjectives to form adverbs of manner, as in rich, richly; kind, kindly, formal, formally; happy, happily. • It has as a homophone the derivational suffix {-LY aj}, an adjectival morpheme that is distributed as follows: 1- It is added to monosyllabic nouns to form adjectives that are inflected with -er, -est: love, lovely; friend, friendly; man, manly 2- It is added to nouns to form adjectives that are not inflected with -er, -est: king, kingly; beast, beastly; scholar, scholarly; mother, motherly; leisure, leisurely

Derivational Suffixal -LY 3- It is added to a few adjectives, giving alternate adjectival forms that are also inflected with -er, -est: kind, kindly; live, lively; dead, deadly; sick, sickly Here the adjectives kindly & lively are homophonous with the adverbs kindly & lively. -She spoke kindly to the children.{-LY av} -She was the kindliest woman in the village.{-LY aj}

Derivational Suffixal -LY 4- It is added to a short list of “time” nouns to form adjectives: day, daily; hour, hourly; month, monthly. These are not inflected with -er, -est and some of them undergo functional shift to become nouns. He subscribes to two dailies and three quarterlies.

Exercise 5: Identify the italicised -ly as either {-LY av} (as in glumly), or {-LY aj} (as in fatherly). 1. The witness testified falsely. 2. Grace has a deadly wit. 3. Janet always behaved with a maidenly demeanour. 4. He tiptoes softly into the room. 5. Jimmy receives a weekly allowance.

Exercise 5: Identify the italicised -ly as either {-LY av} (adverbial as in glumly), or {-LY aj} (adjectival as in fatherly). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

{-LY av} {-LY aj} {-LY aj} {-LY av} {-LY aj}

Exercise 5: Identify the italicised -ly as either {-LY av} (adverbial as in glumly), or {-LY aj} (adjectival as in fatherly). 6. The dear old lady has a heavenly disposition. 7. She spoke quietly to her grandson. 8. What a timely suggestion! 9. What a mannerly child! 10.It was a cowardly act.

Exercise 5: Identify the italicised -ly as either {-LY av} (adverbial as in glumly), or {-LY aj} (adjectival as in fatherly). 6. {-LY aj} 7. {-LY av} 8. {-LY aj} 9. {-LY aj} 10. {-LY aj}

Summary of Suffixal Homophones • The inflectional morpheme {-ER cp} has two homophones. 1- {-ER n} 2- {-ER rp} • The verbal inflectional suffix {-ING vb} has two homophones. 1- {-ING nm} 2- {-ING aj} • The verbal inflectional suffix {-D pp} has one homophone. {-D aj} • The adverbial derivational suffix {-LY av} has one homophone. {-LY aj}

Homework assignment I This is an exercise reviewing the inflectional & derivational suffixes. Label the italised suffixes as DS (derivational suffix), IS (inflectional suffix), or Amb (ambiguous). 1) princes 6) weaver 11) quickly 16) hearing 2) princess 7) leaner 12) rectify 17) drier 3) findings 8) satirise 13) brotherly 18) grievance 4) friendlier 9) sputter 14) respectable 19) sunny 5) shows 10) brighten 15) younger 20) droppings

Homework assignment I (p.100-101) 1)IS 2)DS 3)DS 4)IS 5)IS 6)DS 7)Amb

Homework assignment I (p.100-101) 8) DS 9)DS 10)DS 11)DS 12)DS 13)DS 14)DS

Homework assignment I (p.100-101) 15)IS 16)Amb 17)Amb 18)DS 19)DS 20)DS

Homework assignment II Each of the following sentences contains an error made by a non-native speaker of English. In each, identify and correct the incorrect word. 1. I am very relax here. 2. I am very boring with this game. 3. I am very satisfactory with my life. 4. Some flowers are very attracting to some insects. 5. Many people have very strong believes.

Homework assignment II Each of the following sentences contains an error made by a non-native speaker of English. In each, identify and correct the incorrect word. 6. My culture is very difference from yours. 7. His grades proof that he is a hard worker. What must English language learners learn in order to avoid such errors?

Homework assignment II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

I am very relaxed here. I am very bored with this game. I am very satisfied with my life. Some flowers are very attractive to some insects. Many people have very strong beliefs. My culture is very different from yours. His grades prove that he is a hard worker.

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