Modul Blajar Bahasa Inggris

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AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION

ABC American and British Conversation Modul Pembelajaran 1). Pronunciation 2). Speaking Class 3). Grammer for speaking Disusun Oleh

: Riki Rismanto Adi Mifarizky Noviaranty

Director

: Ust. Bairus Salim, M.Pd.I

Editor

: MD

i

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION

ii

iii

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION

Kata Pengantar

Assalamualaikum wr wb

Puji Syukur Kehadirat Allah SWT, yang mana berkat rahmat-Nya lah sehingga Pocket pembelajaran ini bisa terselesaikan. Tidak lupa pula shalawat beserta salam Allah semoga selalu terlimpah curahkan kehadirat nabi Agung Muhammad SAW. Pocket pembelajaran ini merupakan usaha untuk mempermudah pembelajaran di American and British Conversation (ABC) yang merupakan salah satu tempat kursus bahasa inggris di Metro. Yang dimana dalam pocket ini dibahas beberapa point pembahasan yaitu: 1) Pronunciation I, 2) Speaking Class, 3) Grammer for Speaking. Tentunya dalam penulisan Pocket Pembelajaran ini masih ada kekeliruankekeliruan. Oleh karena itu, penulis berharap adanya kritik dan saran yang membangun guna perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Demikian, semoga Pocket Book ini bermanfaat.

Wassalamualaikum wr wb.

Metro, 05 Maret 2012

PENULIS

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION

iv

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION

TABLE OF CONTENT

A. Pronounciation ........................................................................................................ 1 1. Alphabet ............................................................................................................ 1 2. Table of Pronunciation Symbols................................................................. 2 3. Matching Alphabet Sounds ......................................................................... 4 4. Exercise for / i : / and / I /...................................................................... 4 5. EXERCISE for / e / and /æ / ................................................................ 5 6. EXERCISE For / æ /and /ᴧ / .................................................................... 6 7. EXERCISE for /ᴧ / and / ɒ / ................................................................. 8 8. EXERCISE For / e / dan / eI / ................................................................. 9 9. EXERCISE For / ʊә/ dan / ɒ ...................................................................... 10 10. EXERCISE for / aI /, /ʊә / , and /ɔI / .................................................. 12 11. EXERCISE for / ʊ / and

/ u: / .............................................................. 12

12. EXERCISE for / Ɵ / and / ∂ / ............................................................... 13 13. STRESSING ................................................................................................... 13 14. EXERCISE for / ʃ / and / ӡ / ................................................................... 14 15. POP Sound ....................................................................................................... 14 16. ED- FORM ....................................................................................................... 16 B. Speaking Stage .................................................................................................... 16 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Greeting ........................................................................................................... 16 Introduction ................................................................................................... 17 Apologizing ..................................................................................................... 20 Invitation ....................................................................................................... 22 British and US Time ................................................................................... 25 Practice Cardinal, Ordinal, Number, Reaction and Multicative ........ 25 Asking and Giving Directions .................................................................... 27 Offering Help ............................................................................................... 30 Expressing Certainty .................................................................................... 31 Expressing Doubts ....................................................................................... 32 Expressing likes and dislikes .................................................................... 33

v

vi

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION

12. Expressing an opinion ................................................................................. 13. Expressing agreement / disagreement .................................................. 14. Money, Current and coins ........................................................................... 15. Key of learning .............................................................................................. C. Grammer Stage ...................................................................................................

34 35 36 38 39

1. The parts of speech ................................................. 40 1) Nouns ......................................................................................................... 40 2) Verbs ........................................................................................................ 41 3) Adjective ................................................................................................. 42 4) Adverbs .................................................................................................... 42 5) Pronoun ...................................................................................................... 43 6) Conjunction ............................................................................................... 44 7) Preposition ................................................................................................ 45 8) Interjection ............................................................................................. 46 9) Modal (auxiliary) ..................................................................................... 46 10) Article ....................................................................................................... 47 2. Sentence ............................................................ 50 3. Tense ................................................................ 50 1) Present ..................................................................................................... 51

2) Past ............................................................................................................ 55 3) Future ........................................................................................................ 57

Reference ................................................................. 60

PRONOUNCIATION 1

0

1

PRONOUNCIATION 1

1.ALPHABETH A.....

B.....

C.....

D.....

E.....

F.....

G....

H.....

I.....

J.....

K.....

L.....

M.....

N...

O.....

P.....

Q.....

R.....

S.....

T.....

U....

V.....

W.....

X.....

Y.....

1

Z.....

STUDENT TASK : 1. spell your name and street name of your address: E.g : My name is plankton. And the spelling is P- l-a-n-k-t-o-n I live on palapa street . it‟s P-a-l-a-p-a. Four important points in pronunciation : 1. Vowel 2. Consonat 3. Stressing 4. Pop sound 1. Vowel

1

Lax (short )

: [ә , e , I , ʊ ,ʌ , ɜ: , ɒ , u , i ]

Tense (medium)

: [ α: , i: , u: , ɔ: , æ ]

Glide (long /difthong)

: [ eI , aI , əʊ , aʊ , ɔI , Iə, eә ,ʊә ]

“Z” = /zed/ BrE,

/zi:/ AmE

2

PRONOUNCIATION 1

2. Consonant Voiceless : light voice (wispering)

p, k , t , tʃ , f , h , Ɵ, s , ʃ Voice : heavy sound

b , d , g , ʤ , l , m , n , v , w, ∂ , j , ɳ , z , ӡ

2.TABLE OF PRONUNCIATION SYMBOLS There are three pronunciation symbol , that are : a)

Vowel : Symbol /æ / /ə/ /ɒ/ /I/ /ʊ/ /α:/ /ɜ:/ /ɔ:/ /e/ /u/ /u:/ /i:/ /i / /ʌ /

b)

Example in English Hat ago hot sit put arm fur saw ten usual too see any cut

Example in Indonesia Embek (suara kambing ) Ke lobak Lele Tut (tidak mengubah wajah) Aah(mengaduh) Seram Ndeso...! (bhs.jawa) nenek Utang Susu..,cucu.. Hi...(menjijikan) Cinta kamera

Difthong : Symbol /eI / / aI /

Example in English Pay Buy

Example in indonesia ........................... Somai, cabai

3

PRONOUNCIATION 1

c)

/ɔI / /aʊ / /eә / /ʊә / /əʊ / /Iə / Consonants : Simbols P B T D K G tʃ ʤ F V Ɵ ∂ S Z ʃ Ȝ H M N ɳ L R J W

Join Now Hair Pure Go near

Koin, amboi Kalau, atau ............................ ........................... Toko, logo Iyem

Example in English Paste Baby Test Damn Cat got Chair,chin join fit Very thing The Sad Zebra Shoe Vision Huge Man narrow Sing, ring, drink Let Rush Yeah, yes Window

Example in indonesia pasar Babe Tempe dandan kemarin ................ ............... Joko Fitri .............. Tsanawiyah ............... .................... Zakaria Syarat .............. Hutan Makan Nama .................. .................... .................... ........................ Warung

4

PRONOUNCIATION 1

3.MATCHING ALPHABET SOUNDS Which one letters have the same vowel sound ? E.g: a has the same vowel sound as j a

y

e

m

i

q

u

u

f

g

s

j

h

u

c

f

w

v

STUDENT TASK : 1. Write the pronunciation symbols of every letter 2. Make an arrow or some arrows to the letter which have the same vowel sound 3. Practice to your friend and correct each other

4. EXERCISE for / i : / and / I / Drills for vowel and consonants EXERCISE : /I/ /i:/

/It/ /i:t/

it Eat

5

PRONOUNCIATION 1

/ i: /

/I/

 Seat

set

 Feel

fill

 Sheep

ship

 Heel

hiil

 Feet

fit

 Leaves

lives

 Reason

risen

 Field

filled

 Green

grin

 Eyes

ice MEANING :

a. a. You „can‟t „sleep on the floor

.....................................................

b. You „can‟t „slip on the floor

.....................................................

b. a.There‟s „sheep in the bay.

.....................................................

b.There‟s „ship in the bay.

.....................................................

c. a.‟Oh dear ! I „ can‟t „feel the bath.

.....................................................

b. ‟Oh dear ! I „ can‟t „fiil the bath.

.....................................................

d. a. He„s „walking on a „high ‟heel

.....................................................

b. He„s „walking on a „high ‟hiil.

.....................................................

5. EXERCISE for / e / and EXERCISE : /e/ /æ/ /e /

............... ...............

Bed Bad /æ/

/æ /

6

PRONOUNCIATION 1

 Burry

and

 Friend

back

 Guess

sad

 Many

bag

 Men

hamlet

 Red

hat

 Said

shampo

2

On Wednesday the tree deaf men want to read to bury their dead

friend. „Death‟ said edy. „will come again many times . I‟ll be the next, I guess.

3

The man in black hat bent in back map. „jack, „he said,‟stand back .

we‟re in jam. According to this plan , this piece of cake of land is hand. So, light the lamp and lend a hand.

6. EXERCISE For / æ /and /ᴧ / EXERCISE :

/æ/

2 3

/ æ / .............

At

/ ᴧ / ..............

Up /ᴧ/

This text is for exercise of / e / symbol This text is for exercise of / æ / symbol

7

PRONOUNCIATION 1

 Bag

bug

 Bat

but

 Cap

cup

 Hat

hut

 Lamp

lump

 Match

much

 Rag

rug

 Ran

run

 Sang

sung MEANING:

1. a. What do you think of my hat ?

.....................................................

b. What do you think of my hut ?

.....................................................

2. a. She „s got a lamp on her head.

.....................................................

b. She „s got a lump on her head.

.....................................................

3. a. He bought a nother cap.

.....................................................

b. He bought a nother cup.

.....................................................

4. a. He‟d never seen such a cat

......... ............................................

b. He‟d never seen such a cut

.....................................................

5. a. She had a rag to keep her warm

.....................................................

b.She had a rug to keep her warm

.....................................................

/ ᴧ /  london  once  run  trouble

8

PRONOUNCIATION 1 4

huury up.! Run ! Riki‟s ready and mother‟s come. Once a month she came

from London. She brought a ton of luggage with her , and a dozen bunches of jasmines. The fuss and trouble ! treated us like country cousins . You should have seen the colour of her gloves. Must have cost a lot of money. 7. EXERCISE for /ᴧ / and

/ ɒ /

EXERCISE : /ᴧ /

......................

Up

/ ɒ /

......................

not

 bus

boss

 colour

collar

 cuff

cough

 cut

cot

 duck

dock

 gun

gone

 hut

hot

 lust

lost

 nut

not

 shut

shot MEANING :

1. a. I am afraid the bus will be late b. I am afraid the boss will be late 2. a. I could tell him by his cuff b. I could tell him by his cough. 3. a. His colour was blue b. his collar was blue 4

This text is for exercise of /ᴧ / symbol

..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... ..................................................... .....................................................

9

PRONOUNCIATION 1

4. a. The policeman shut the door .

.....................................................

b. the policeman shot the door

.....................................................

5. a. They looked for the ducks

......... ............................................

b. they looked for the docks

.....................................................

/ɒ /

/ ɔ: /

 austria

born

 cough

august

 orange

awful

 because

daughter

 want

fought

 tom

wall

 yacht

war

5

I want to an orange squash . I‟m not tell the time. Because my wash

was stopped , John said . “ it‟s one clock” .And there‟s no orange squash . have a cough drop. I found a box on that rich australian‟s yacth. I supposed they‟re really cough drops , then ! „what a lot of rot you talk ! 6

On morning in August , at dawn , he rode his past the lawn, along the

wall to the orchard . „how awful not to have been born , he called to his daughter. You fought a war for this . she thought. Then they walked in the cornfields. And thanked the lord for their good fortune. 8. EXERCISE For / e / dan / eI / EXERCISE :

5 6

/e/

............

get

/ eI /

...........

gay

This text is for exercise of /ɒ/ symbol This text is for exercise of /ɔ: / symbol

10

PRONOUNCIATION 1

/e/

/eI /

 etch

eight

 debt

date

 get

gate

 let

main

 men

mate

 get

pain

 pen

raid

 red

sail MEANING :

1. a. You won‟t sell this boat

..................................................................

b. You won‟t sail this boat

.................................................................

2. a. Don‟t forget your debt

.................................................................

b. Don‟t forget your date 7

.................................................................

for heaven‟s sake ! Be a saint and change the tape. That‟s the eighth

time you‟ve played it. The neighbours will complain. O.K But I say, Help me move this table . It‟s such a weight . My back will break . great ! now let‟s play a game . such is late on raniny day. 9. EXERCISE For / ʊә/ dan / ɒ / EXERCISE :

/ʊә /

7

/ ʊә / .............

no

/ ɒ /

not

.............

/ ɒ /

This text is for exercise of /eI /symbol

11

PRONOUNCIATION 1

 coast

cost

 code

cod

 coat

cot

 hope

hop

 own

on

 road

rod

 won‟t

want MEANING :

1. a .He stood near the holy tree

...............................................

b. he stood near the holly tree ............................................... 2. a. The fish is at the end of the road......................................... b. The fish is at the end of the rod.........................................

/ʊә /  Blow  Moan  Toe  No  Nose 8

No..!.no..! won‟t . oh won‟t you ? Do as you‟re told. Blow your nose , and

then go and show your clean clothes to your mother. No....no...no.... ! it‟s no joke , you know. Father will throw

a fit when he gets

home finds you

moarning and groaning. And all because I trod on your little toe.

8

This text is for exercise of / ʊә /symbol

12

PRONOUNCIATION 1

10. EXERCISE for / aI /, /ʊә / , and /ɔI / EXERCISE : / aI / ........

My

/ʊә /

........

Now

/ɔI /

.........

boy

1. Eleven nines are ninety nine. The clever girl replied. 2. “oil“, said the policeman . what‟s all that noise ? 3. It‟s an noying when prices rise. 4. I never enjoy my dentist‟s appoinment 5. They threw some coins in the lountain. 6. I doubt whether any noise an noys an syster. 7. I‟ve got something in my eye. She sighed. 11. EXERCISE for / ʊ / and / ʊ/

/ u: /

/ u: /

 Good

do

you

 Put

fool

queue

shoe

nuisance

 Should  look 9

You fool! You knew It‟s not good for you to swim in in the pool. If

you don‟t come soon. I‟ll pull you out. Where did you put your clothes and shoes? You are nuisance! Don‟t be so cruel! Look! If I choose to do something I shouldn‟t do, they can‟t put the blame on you . Anyway , later the pool gets full and there‟s an awful queue.

9

This text is for exercise of /ʊ / and / u: /symbols

13

PRONOUNCIATION 1

EXERCISE :

12. EXERCISE for / Ɵ / and / ∂ / Ɵ / ............ /∂ /

EXERCISE:

/

thin

............

this

13. EXERCISE for /ʃ / and / ӡ / /ʃ/

Initial Sheep Ship Shoe Sugar Sure

Medial Cashier Dictionary National Russia washing

final Brush Finish Rubbish spalsh wash

/ӡ / Medial “s” , “z” Leisure Measure Pleasure Treasure Seizure 10 The explosion,

Medial “sion” Desicion Explosion Illusion Occasion television he thought , came

Final “ge” Beige Camouflage Espionage Garage massage from behind the shrubs , just near

the garage. Had the chauffeur left the machine inside ? he dashed across the garden

, knocked over the rubbish bins and shone his torch in the

direction of the garage. Sure enough a hole measuring four by four. Further axemination showed

10

that someone

had lost a shoe. Caustiously

This text is for exercise of /ʊ / and / u: /symbols

feered

14

PRONOUNCIATION 1

through the hole. There was a shirck, “just television”, He said. But “ believe me, there‟s precious little pleasure in espionage. 14. STRESSING Stress is the degree of loudness or force with which a syllable is spoken. In English, there are four degrees of stress that are importance.

 Primary stress ( ∕ )  Tertiary stress ( )  weak stress ( • )  go, calender , above  exercise , understand  excitement , manager 15. POP Sound Pop sound will happen on the letter by the ending letters :

p , tʃ , k , t , b , d , g , ʤ E.g:  Bob , rob, tube, cube , coach,....................................................................  Porch , pouch , church , chinch , ..............................................................  Pop, soup, peep, type , tape , rape, .........................................................  Speak , take , work , make , look, book, took , break..........................  Right, don‟t, cat, seat , set, bet, bat, ....................................................  Did, kid, word, bed , bad, wood , sound..................................................  Dig, bag, beg, reg , egg,.............................................................................  Judge , adage , age , cottage, courage , coverage , edge, emerge , advantage,.....................................................................................................

15

PRONOUNCIATION 1

16. ED- FORM The Ed – form is really significant to bat around . the Ed- form in past tense Verb has three diffrent sounds. 1. Ed = “t” Ed- form is pronunciated “ t” after voiceless. Eg: stopped , kissed , talked , walked

2. Ed = “d” Ed- form is pronunciated “ d “ after voice . Eg : called , controled , mixed , killed 3. Ed = “id” Ed- form is pronunciated “id “ after the ending letter “T” and “D”. Eg : wanted , needed , ......................,....................,..................

SPEAKING STAGE

15

SPEAKING STAGE

16 GREETING

A. These are the words to greet somebody: This is used for most of LA people informal:  Hello  Hi

Followed by there, dear, guys, man

 Hola Common greeting or formal:  Good morning

~ Good morning, Sir/Madam

 Good afternoon  Good evening

~ Good afternoon ~ Good evening

 Morning Plankton

~ Morning Kiki

Note : Good night can be used when leaving or closing meeting or parting. B. Asking condition or health There are some word that‟s used formal and informal: Fomal :  How are you? I‟m fine, thanks and you?  How are you today? I‟m very well, thanks Informal:  How‟s life? Not too bad, thanks  How are you doing? Very well thanks  How‟s everything? Everything is under control

 How are you this morning? I‟m not bad, thanks

 How are you getting on? Pretty good  How is it going? Ok. What about you?  Are you doing Ok? Yupp. I‟m doing ok  What‟s up?

SPEAKING STAGE

17

Alive and kicking Note : “how do you do?” is used for someone we never meet. C. Expression :  Give my regard to your father… Thanks I will  Give my love to my sweety/girl.. Sure, I will D. Bye bye/ farewells     

Good bye Good night See you later See you tomorrow See you soon

Bye Night see you ok Fine/Ok

 Say hello to Plankton Sure

   

I‟m leaving now Please Take care of your self Please Be good on the way Fine Have a good time Thanks

Note : If you are going to meet again in the same day, see you later, see you soon, see you are used. INTRODUCTION A. Introducing your self Formal  I‟d like to introduce my self my name is... it‟s pleasure to meet you  May I introduce my self? I‟m... it‟s nine to meet you Demonstration Jhon

: May I introduce myself? My name is Jhon Plankton

Ardo

: How do you do? I‟m Ardo Laponco

Richard: Hello, I‟m Richard Debbie : Nice to meet you, Richard

 Exuse me, my name‟s... I‟m glad to meet you  How do you do?  Hello, I‟m......

SPEAKING STAGE

18

My name is Debbie Jane

: Ladies and GentelmenI would like to introduce my selfMy name is Jane, I‟m student of Standford

Informal  Heve we met before? I‟m glad to meet you My name is........ I‟m happy to meet you  I don‟t think we‟ve met Hello My name is..... Hi Demonstration Mr. Captain

 I don‟t think you know me My name is...  My name is....  Hello, I‟m....  Hi,,,I‟m....

: Heve we met before? My name‟s captain.

Mr. Adam

: Glad to meet you, I‟m Adam.

Andy

: Hello, I‟m Andy

Awan

: Nice to meet you, I‟m Awan

Lia

: Hi, I‟m Lia. I‟m a college studentof BrawijayaI‟m in the Faculty of Art.

Practice 1. Introduce your self to the class mention your name, profession, or occupation and the place where you live, work or study. Practice 2. You are visiting your friend Lina, at her house, then you see her sister coming. Great her and introduce your self to her. Pactice 3.

SPEAKING STAGE

19

You are sitting next to beautiful girl in front of ABC‟s office. She and you want to enroll your selves to be an English student at this course. You don‟t know her, or you have never me before. Introduce your self to her. B. Introducing other Formal Introduction  Mr. Tant, I‟d like to Introduce..... How do you do?  Let me Introduce...................... It‟s nice to meet you Demonstration Mr. Captain

 May I introduce.................. I‟m happy to meet you  Mr. Tant, I would like you to meet ......

: Mr. Tant, I would like you to meet Mr. Adam

Mr. Tant : It‟s nice to meet you, Mr.Adam Mr. Adam : It‟s nice to meet you too, Mrs. Brown Informal Introduction Jack, have you met jhon? I‟m happy to meet you Lia, do you know ika? Hello

Alvin, meet my brother, Tom, Hi Oh, look, here‟s jane.... Bill, this is Mr. Harry

Read the following text! Introduction Knowing one another is very important in our life. By Introduction, we can establish relations and help one another. And because of it, this world became wonderful and absorbing. Every body has own way to present

SPEAKING STAGE

20

himself. At times, someone wanting to get acquainted with others needs sacrifice and is thick skinned to reach it. Many times the great affection is arisen by Introduction as well. That‟s why, it‟s pleasant and impressing. Answer the following questions and discuss them together. 1. How do you fell when you introduce your self to the beautiful girl or handsome boy? Why? 2. What will you do if your friend is indifferent? 3. Were you ever disappointed? 4. Have you interesting experience during introduction? 5. What will you do if someone refuses you to present? APOLOGIZING A. Asking people to say something again Formal  Beg your pardon?  Pardon me? Deomonstration Tourist

 Pardon?  Excuse me, what did you say?

: Excuse me, I‟m looking for the moneychanger

Beijie

: I beg your pardon?

Tourist

: I‟m looking for the money changer

Beijie

: It‟s just around the corner

Tourist

: Thanks you

Beijie

: you‟re welcome

Informal  Sorry?  What did you say?

 What was that again?

SPEAKING STAGE

21

Demonstration Alwi

: Whose car is that?

Anto

: That‟s my father‟s

Alwi

: Sorry?

Anto

: My father‟s

Linda

: Wow luxurious!

Formal I‟m sorry

That‟s all right

I‟m very sorry

That‟s quite all right

I‟m sorry for.........

Don‟t worry about that

I apologize... I apologize for.... Excuse me

Never mind

Forgive me, please... No problem Excuse me, please.... Demonstration Alwi

: I‟m sorry for stepping on you shoe

Anwar

: That‟s quite all right

Ani

: I‟m very sorry for spilling my coffee on your seat

Nia

: Don‟t worry about it

Practice 1. You were inviting by your friend to come to the party. You couldn‟t come, because you were sick. How to owe him an apology? Practice 2.

SPEAKING STAGE

22

You are playing football. You kick your friend‟s head. How to make an apology to him for you? Disccuse the following topics. 1. Is apologizing necessary when we do mistakes? 2. What will happen if there is no pardon in the world? INVITATION A. Formal expression  Would you like to...?  Would you like to join me?  Would you like to take a walk with us? Accepting Invitation

 Would you like to go shopping with me?  Would you be free to come to the concert tonight?

Thanks you, I‟ll be glad to Thanks you, I‟d like to very much Refusing Infitation I‟m very sorry, but... I‟m very sorry, but I don‟t have much time I‟m very sorry, but I can‟t come. My father is sick Thank you, but I‟m afraid That‟s very kind of you, but I‟m afraid I‟d like to but..... I‟d like to but I‟m not feeling well today I‟d like to but I‟m very busy right now No, thank you No, thank you. I hope you will invite me again sometimes No, thank you. I have just eaten B. Informal expression Let‟s........ Let‟s go to the restautant

SPEAKING STAGE Let‟s take a walk Let‟s go shopping How about.... How about joining me? How about taking a walk? How about going to the cinema? Will you join us for dinner? What about.........? What about going to the movie? What about having breakfast? What about playing music? Why don‟t......... Why don‟t you join me? Why don‟t we go to restaurant? Why don‟t we take a walk? Accepting invitation Thanks I‟d love to Thanks I‟d like to Sure, that sounds great Sure, that sounds like fun Yes, with pleasure Refusing Inivitation Thanks but.... Thanks but I have‟t much time Thanks but I must be right back home I‟m sorry, but........ I‟m sorry, but I‟m very busy right now I‟m sorry, but I get busy

23

SPEAKING STAGE I‟d love to but....... I‟d love to but I‟m not feeling well today No, thanks Demostration Tony

: Hello, how are you enjoying your stay in pare?

Sari

: I‟m enjoying it very much, thank you

Tony

: By the way, what are you doing tommorrow night?

Sari

: Nothing special as far as I know

Tony

: Well, would you like to come for a ride in the country?

Sari

: Thanks, I‟d love to

Tony

: Fine, let‟s meet here about seveno‟clock?

Sari

: That would be very nice

Tony

: Good, see you tomorrow

Sari

: Fine

Practice 1. Change the acceptances to refusals in the demonstration above! Practice 2. You have a plan for going to picnic on you holiday make short conversation about it. By acceptance or refusal response. Ask your friend the following question, then make a short presentation to the class. 1. Do you always invite your friend for a ride around the country? 2. Where you ever dissaponted in your friend‟s invitation? 3. How do you feel if your girl/ boy friend refuse your invitation? 4. Tell me your impressing experience of your inviting a friend of yours! 5. Do you always take responsibility when you invite a friend of yours?

24

SPEAKING STAGE

25

Expression : If you‟d like, I‟ll show you around: Kalau kamu mau, ku akan mengajakmu keliling BRITISH and US TIME There a bit different to tell the british and U.S Time: A. Brithish 07:00 07:30 08:15

Seven O‟clock Thirty past seven Quater past eight

08:31 09:45 01:58

Twenty nine to nine Quater to Ten Two to two

B. American 07.00 Seven O‟clock 08.31 07.30 Seven thirty 09.45 08.15 Eight fifteen 01.58 Am (Ante mederium) 00.00 - 12.00 Pm (Post mederium)

Eight thirty one Nine forty- five One fifty- eight

12.00 – 00.00

Sosial Language      

Time is money It‟s about time to..... It‟s the time punctual? It‟s 5 minutes faster/slower At 7 sharp Tell me the time “cause my watch has stopped

      

No buying time! Time off Time is over/up! Time after time Time will tell! Let‟s wait and see! What time is it?

PRACTICE CARDINAL, ORDINAL, NAUMBER, RFACTION AND MULTICATIVE I was bron in LA one the 27th of August I‟m 22 years old now A have 3 elder vbrothers 1 younger sister and 1 youngr brother So, we are 6 of us I‟m the fourth child in my family

SPEAKING STAGE

26

The 6th one still studying in 2nd level of elementary school We live on the 2nd floor of an apartment building We‟d moved house twice CARDINAL 0 1

11

21

101

2

12

22

102

3

13

23

33

4

14

24

44

5

15

25

55

6

16

26

66

7

17

27

77

8

18

28

88

9

19

29

99

10

20

30

222

ORDINAL 1at– 2nd -3nd – 4th – 5th - 6th – 7th – 8th – 9th – 10th – 11th – 12th –21st – 22th – 23nd – 24th – 25th – 26th – 27th – 28th– 29th – 30th – 101st – 102nd .......etc. FRACTION 1/2 1/3 1/5 1/6 1/8

a a a a a

half thrid fifth sixth eighth

2/2 2/4 2/5 2/6 2/8

two helf two fourth two fifth two sixth two eighth

2 ½ two a half 14 ¼ fourteen and quarter 50 1/5 fifty and fifth 16 2/3 sixteen and two third 8 ¾ eight and three fourth

MULTICATIVE Once – twice – three (thrice) – four time – etc. Exemple: heve you ever been to Bali? I‟ve been to Bali once.

SPEAKING STAGE

27 ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

A. Asking Directions How do I get to.....? Which way is it to.....? Can you tell me the way to....? Which bus goes to..........? Is this the right way to......?

B. Giving Directions Go straight on Go straight a head Go down this street Follow this street Is this the right way to......?

 Turn left at the end of the street  Turn on the left at the end of the street  It‟s on the right  It‟s on the corner  It‟s on the right corner Demostration

 It‟s about five houses away from here  Take The first turning on the right  It‟s about two kilometers away from here  You can‟t miss it

James

: Excuse me

Ispector

: Yes, sir!

James

: How can I go to pare?

Inspector

: It‟s very easy, there is a bus every ten minutes from stop number two,and the ticket to pare ten thousands. It take two hours to get there.

Practice 1. Tell the class about your home town. 1. What‟s your name? 2. Where are you from? 3. What‟s the nick name of your hometown? 4. How far is it from here?

SPEAKING STAGE

28

5. Can you tell us how to get there? By bus or train? 6. What‟s about the weather? 7. What‟s your hometown famous for? 8. Is there anything that you don‟t like about your hometown? What‟s it? Practice 2. Someone is asking about library. It‟s too near from your hometown. How to give him direction? Vocabularies Highway : Jalan raya Border : Perbatasan Road : Jalan Bend : Tikungan Side walk : Trotoar A sharp bend : Tikungan tajam Crossroad :Simpangn empat Thorough fare : Jalan tembusan Three jucntions : Prtigaan Shortcut : Jalan pintas Stadium : Stadion Blind/dead alley : Jalan buntu Gate : Gerbang Zig zag : Jalan berliku-liku Shop : Toko

Right side Inn Left side Mosque Circle Fence Traffic llight Tower Flower Garden Gas Station Bridge Field Rice field Calling station Grade

: Sebelah Kanan : Warung : Sebelah kiri : Masjid : Bundaran : Pagar/tembok : Lampu lalulintas : Menara : Taman : Pom Bensin : Jembatan : Lapangan : Sawah : Warnet : Tanjakan

SPEAKING STAGE

29

SPEAKING STAGE

30 OFFERING HELP

A. Expression Formal May I.....? Could I....? Would you like me to....? Accepting Offers Thank you very much Thank you If you don‟t mind, thank you I‟d appreciated it Refusing Offers No, thanks No, I appreciate your offer No, thanks not necessary Informal Can I.......? Shall I....? Let me help you with.....?

Accepting offers Please, thanks Yes, thanks Sure, thanks Would you? Thanks Refusing Offers No, thanks you a lot for you‟re asking No, thanks any way No, don‟t botherm I can do it myself No, it‟s right, I can manage it Thanks a lot, but I‟m Ok

Read the following text! Giving Mutual Aid Giving mutual aid is one of the human activities as social creature, and it is a shape of the human consciousness in the weakness and limits he has. It is so important that most of people bring it out and maintain it. It forms a part of culture as well. On occasion, one views the kindness of others by this culture. 1. When do you need help? 2. What will you do if your friend refuses your asking help?

SPEAKING STAGE

31

3. Do you always help your friends because of your kindness or because of culture? 4. What kind a help do like? 5. How to maintain this culture? Give three ways! EXPRESSING CERTAINTY  I‟m sure  I believe  I believe for sure Demonstration Michael

: I have a bad cold today

John

: Wait minutes

Michael

: What‟s that?

John

: Here is The medicine you need take it three times a day and I‟m sure you‟ll get better soon.

Michael

: Thanks a lot

John

: It‟s nothing

Demostation Rara

: Olieve, is this your dictionary?

Clieve

: No, It‟s not mine, I think It‟s Desy‟s

Rara

: Are you sure

Olieve

: Yes, I‟m sure

Rara

: It has name on the back let me see

Olieve

: Yes, you are right. I‟ll give it to him later

Demonstration Reza

: Please, sit down here and wait for him, He‟ll come and help you for sure!

Rifa

: Ok. Thanks

Expression :

SPEAKING STAGE

32

He‟s bound to success

Dia pasti berhasil I can fell it in my bones

Itu pasti terjadi Your promotion is up in the air

Kenaikan pangkatmu belum pasti It‟s sure thing/it‟s in the bag

Itu hal yang sudah pasti There‟s no telling whether

Tidak ada kepastian apakah...... What will the out come be?It‟s tough and go

Gimana hasilnya? Hasilnya belum, dapat dipastikan EXPRESSING DOUBTS I don‟t know I‟m not sure May be Perhapas I don‟t think I have my doubt Demonstration 1 Richard

: Hi, David

David

: Hi, Richard

Richard

: where‟s Jhon?

David

: I don‟t know

Ricahrd

: Is He sleeping?

David

: Maybe

Demostration 2 Adam

: What‟s wrong with you Kumara? You look unhappy today

SPEAKING STAGE Captain

33

: Well, you know, I‟ll have a test tomorrow and I‟m worried about that

Adam

: Why?

Kumara

: I don‟t think I can do it well

Adam

: Come on, keep spirit to study here and you will pass the test

Demonstration 3 Dadang

: Look, is that new building?

Devy

: That‟s right

Dadang

: Is that a house or a school?

Devy

: I don‟t know, but I don‟t think it‟s a school building EXPERSSING LIKES AND DISLIKES

A. Expressing Like  I like  I do like  I enjoy  I‟m B. Expressing Dislike

   

 I don‟t like  I‟m afraid, I don‟t like  I hate Demonstration

 I can‟t stand....  I‟m not keen on

A B

I keen on I love I do love I really enjoy

: How do you like ABC? : Oh I like it very much it‟s a big city. And it‟s right place to know little bit more about English Language.

A

: Do you play chess?

B

: Yes, I‟m very keen on it

A

:What do you think of Vida?

B

: Oh, I‟m fond of her, She is so friendly and understranding

Demosntration How do you like Borobudur? I like , but I don‟t like all the noise around it

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34

Do you like badminton? No, I‟m keen on it How about the weather? Do you enjoy it? No, I can‟t stand it. It‟s too cold for me Answer the Questions below! 1. Do you like milk? Why? 2. Do you love dangdut music? Why? 3. Do you enjoy staying at ABC? Why? EXPRESSING AN OPONION A. Asking for opinions Do you like.....? How do you like.....? What do you think of.....? What do you think about....? How do you feel about...? What‟s you opinion about...? B. Expressing opinions I believe......... I think/I‟m afraid In my opinion..... I don‟t care.... I don‟t really care It doesn‟t matter It doesn‟t make difference to me Demonstration Fatma Riyan Fatma

: How did you enjoy your trip? : Oh, I liked Australia very much : What did you think of the food there?

SPEAKING STAGE Riyan

35

: Well, it was very different form Indonesia food, of course some were quite nice but, I don‟t care much for the bread and potatoes

Fatma

: No, I‟m not very fond of potatoes either but, I must say, I‟d rather eat potatoes than noodle what about the weather?

Riyan

: It was very nice

Practice Express your opinion about: 1. English language 2. ABC Anglophile community is the right place for beginner to know English 3. Music 4. Experience 5. The most famous place in Indonesia to learn about English is PARE. EXPRESSING AGREEMENT/ DISAGREEMET A. Agreement  Of course  Absolutely  You are right  That‟s a good idea  I agree B. Disagreement Expression  No way  It‟s impossible  I‟m against

    

 I don‟t think....  I don‟t agree....

Demostration Romeo

: Let‟s go to the shopping center Do you agree?

Rama

: Of course What about you Synta?

Synta

: I‟m all of it

I agree with (someone) I agree to (something) I‟m for it I‟m all for it I fell the same way

SPEAKING STAGE

36

Demostration Teacher : Any Question? Student : Excuse me sir Teacher : Yes. Please, what is it? Student : May I go home now? Teacher : No way Practice Give an agreement/disagreement response with the following statement! 1. Everybody can be alive without air 2. Money is all the human need 3. Love is blind 4. Study needn‟t be at school 5. Study without going steady is difficult to be success MONEY, CURRENCY AND COINS A. The other Name of Money  Dough  Lucre B. Currency

 Moolah  The green

 One dollar bill  Twenty dollar bill  Two dollar bill  Fifty dollar bill  Five dollar bill  A hundred dollar bill  Ten dollar bill Note : 1 dollar = 1 buck, 2 dollar= 2 buck, ect. C. Coins  1 cent  5 cent  10 cent Expression :

: A penny : A nickle : A dime

o Make line, please! o You should get bank a loan. o I‟m in debt.

 25 cent  50 cent  $1 coin

: A quarter : A half dollar : Silver dollar

o You owe me a bundle. o You are loaded.

SPEAKING STAGE

37

Read the following text! Two Kinds Of People There are two kinds of people. One kind likes to get up early in the morning. The other kind likes to stay in the bed. Art Jhonson is the first kind. He gets up early, brushes his teeth, shaves, takes a shower, combs his hair and gets dressed. He has enough time to eat a good breakfast and walk to work. Carl Morgan, his roommate, like to stay in bed. He does the same things art when he gets up, but he does them in a hurry. He runs too work. He‟s usually late, work. He felt much better all day. That night, like all the Carls in the world, he said to himself,”why don‟t I do this every day?

SPEAKING STAGE

38 Key Of learning

GRAMMER STAGE

38

GRAMMER STAGE

39

Contents The parts of speech 1. Nouns 2. Verbs 3. Adjective 4. Adverbs 5. Pronoun 6. Conjunction 7. Preposition 8. Interjection 9. Modal (auxiliary) 10. Article Tenses 1. Present  Simple  Continous  Perfect  Perfect continuos 2. Past  Simple  Continous  Perfect  Perfect continuos 3. Future  Simple  Continous  Perfect  Perfect continuos

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40

The concept of parts of speech might be the basic of all English grammar discussion. Before going to the next stage, you have to finish mastering this course material, so that you can continue to the next stage. I. THE PARTS OF SPEECH 1. NOUN What is noun? Noun is a part of speech which is used to represent a person, place, or thing. Noun: 1. Person : Man, woman, Jane, Abdul, Maria. 2. Place : House, Home, Campus, Jakarta, Metro. 3. Thing : Animal, tree, sugar, grass, flight. How to recognize noun? A noun can be recognized by the ending, position, and function. 1. Noun ending Word ending -ity -ment -ness -ation -hood -dom 2. Noun position

Examples Capability, responsibility, nationality Government, development, improvement Sadness, kindness, brightness Relation, assumption, evaluation Brotherhood, sisterhood, childhood, Freedom, wisdom, kingdom

A noun commonly comes after the determiner. A determiner is a word such us: a, an, the, this, my, such. Determiner A An The

Examples He is a lecturer. She buys an egg. I turn the light.

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41

This I like this doll. My This is my room. Such I have such candy. Besides, noun often come after a determiner and one or more adjectives. Here are some examples:  A good lecturer.  This lovely doll.  A delicious egg.  My small and comfortable room.  The bright light.  Such sweet candy. 3. Noun function In a sentence, noun has two function, those are: 1. Subject of sentence: Abdul drives slowly. My lecturer comes on time. 2. Object of sentence: We want freedom. I like candy. Note: the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun (we) or a phrase (my lecturer). 2. VERBS What is verb? A verb is a part of speech which is used to express an action or an existence. Kind of verbs are verb “be” and verb other than “be”, verb be such as (am, is, are, etc.) and verb other than “be” such as (catch, pull, hit, etc.)

Note: The concept of verb is very essential in the discussion on English sentence. An English sentence should contain a verb, be it verb “be” or verb other than “be”. For example: I am a student of ABC; I wear a uniform.

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42

3. ADJECTIVES An adjective is part of speech which is used to qualify or modify a noun. In other words adjective is used to give more information about the noun. Generally, an adjective is used before noun (a wonderful day) , or after noun (the boy naughty). 4. ADVERB An adverb is part of speech which is used to modify a verb (drive slowly), an adjective (very good), another adverb (very well). An adverb can be recognized by the function, form, and position. 1. Function The function of adverb is to modify a verb, an adjective, and another adverb.  Modify a verb  The teacher teaches seriously. (how)  We lived locally. (where)  I never smoke. (when)

 Modify an adjective  She is really diligent.  Alexandra is very smart.  Modify another adverb  He speaks too fast.  The driver drives incredibly slowly.

2. Form Many adverbs end in –ly, we form such adverbs by adding –ly to the adjective. For examples:  (strong) strongly, (quick) quickly, (honest) honestly, (interesting) interestingly.  Not all words that end in –ly are adverbs. Like “friendly”, „weekly”, “monthly”, those are adjectives. 

Some adverbs have no particular form, for example: well, fast, very, never, always, often, still, etc.

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43

 Some adverbs have the same forms as their adjective forms, for example: Adjective form Fast Hard Late 3. Position

Adverb form Fast Hard Late

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:  Front (before the subject) Now we will study English grammar.  Middle (between the subject and the main verb) We almost study English grammar. 5. PRONOUN

 End (after the verb or object) We study English grammar seriously.

Personal pronoun Subject Object I Me You You They Them We Us He Him She Her It It For examples:

Possessive adjective My Your Their Our His Her Its

- Subject - Object - Possessive adjective - Possessive pronoun - Reflective pronoun

Possessive pronoun Mine Your Theirs Ours His Hers

Reflective pronoun My self Your self Their selves Our selves Himself Herself It self

: They catch the cats. : I have them catch the cats. : My cats are caught by them. : the cat that caught by them is mine. : I can do it by myself.

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44

Relative pronoun; is used to repeat the meaning of previous noun, they are; who, whom, which/that, whose, where, when, and why. At the same time it connects a relative clause to the rest of the sentence. Here are the following examples:  The man who loves me is John.  The man whom I loved is John.  The car which is parked in front of my house is mine.  I have a cat whose tail is long. 6. CONJUNCTION

 They go to the city where I was born.  She went home when it was late of night.  I didn‟t know why he cried.

1. Coordinative conjunction  Correlative conjunction; both… and…, either…..or…, neither….nor…., not only, but….also…. Both my brother and my sister are in London now. You can go to Jakarta either by bus or by plane. I have neither food nor water. Mr. William not only has a big house but also a luxurious car.  Conjunctive adverb; - Nevertheless, however, yet, = namun He isn‟t a rich man; however he can send his children to university. - Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result = oleh karena itu She always works hard; therefore she is promoted to a manager of the company. - Thus = dengan demikian The girl is very beautiful; thus she is adored by the boys. - Besides, in addition = disamping itu Mr. Nakata is a kind; in addition he is generous.

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45

- Moreover, furthermore= lagipula He was very handsome; moreover he was very polite.

2. Subordinate conjunction  Because, as, for, since because of, due to, on account of the fact that= karena - She was absent yesterday because/as/for/since she was sick.(sentence) - She was sick due to/because/of the cold weather. (noun)  Although, even though, despite, in spite of = meskipun/walaupun - I am happy although I have no money at all.  If (jika, seandainya), unless (kecuali jika), as long as (selama), otherwise (jika tidak) - I will always love you as long as you love me.  When, while, since, after, before, as soon as, until. - I was studying while you turned the music. - She has been living here since 1990.  So that, in order that= supaya - They studied hard in order that they passed the exam.  As if, as though (seolah-olah, as (sebagaimana) than (dari pada) - He walked around as though he was in a daze. 7. PREPOSITION a). in ; in a line, in a row, in a queue, in a street, in a photograph, in a picture, in a mirror, in the sky, in the world, in a book, in a newspaper, in a magazine, in a letter.     

When I go to the cinema, I prefer to sit in the front of. I live in Jendral Sudirman Street. You live in A. Yani Street. Who is the woman in that photograph? Let me see your article in your paper. It was a lovely day; there wasn‟t a cloud in the sky.

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46

b). on; on the left, on the right, on the floor, on a map, on the menu, on a list, on a farm.  In Jakarta we drive on the right.  My room is on the second floor of the apartment.  Here are the shopping list, don‟t buy anything that‟s not on the menu.  The farmer worked on a farm. To understand more about preposition, let us discuss at the following examples: In; - I live in Bandung. - I came here in July. - I was born in 1990. - I like jogging in the morning. - The farmers plant the rice in rainy season. - She slept in my room.

On: - I live on Jend. Sudirman street. - I am going to go home on Sunday. - I put my book on the table. - I get here on foot. At: - I stayed at home yesterday. - I always get up at 5 o‟clock. - She lives at Ahmad Yani street No.18

8. INTERJECTION; is the word or sentence to express the emotional. Wow, oh, shit, how, fuck. How beautiful you are! What a cold nigh it is! 9. MODAL a. Modal present S + MODAL + Verb base

1. Will (to be going to) = akan

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47

- Future ( to tell something that will happen in the future) Example: He will arrive tomorrow. - Polite request Example: Will you open the door, please? 2. Shall = akan - Future ( to tell something that will happen in the future) Example: We shall leave here next month. - Agreement Example: shall I open the door? - To make decision that has to do. Example: You shall open the door now! 3. Must (has/ have to )= harus/pasti - Must You must study hard to face your final exam. - Conclusion You got the highest score, you must be smart. 4. May = mungkin/boleh - He is absent, he may be sick. - May I go home? 5. Can = dapat/mampu - I can speak English well. - Can I help you? 10. Article Article is divided into definite (the) and indefinite (a, an) We use definite to mean sure, certain. Definite is particular. On the other hand we use indefinite to mean not sure, not certain. Indefinite is general. When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about one thing in general we use a or an. The 1. The capital city of Lampung is Bandar Lampung. 2. I have found the mobile that I lost. 3. Have you cleaned the room?

a, an 1. I was born in a small village of Central Lampung. 2. Jack had an omelet for lunch. 3. I ordered a drink.

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48

4. There are five eggs in the fridge. 4. He stands under an umbrella. 5. Please, switch off the TV when you 5. Have you got a pen? study. Surely, often we use the or a/an for the same word. It depends on the situation, not the word. Here are some examples; - He stands under an umbrella. (any umbrella, not a particular umbrella) - Where is the umbrella? (we already have an umbrella, we are looking for our umbrella, a particular umbrella) This little story should help you understand the difference between the and a/an. A boy and a girl were looking for something in a shop. The girl saw a dress that she liked. She asked the boy to buy the dress for her. Then, the boy said: “do you think the shop will accept a credit card?” I don‟t bring cash money. Special notes:  Use an and the for the words begin with vowel sounds such as; hour, honest, and accident.  Use an and the for the words begin with consonant sounds such as; university, European, book, etc.  We do not use article (a, an) for uncountable nouns like money, advise, etc.  We may use “the” for both countable and uncountable noun.  When “the” is used with adjectives like in; the rich, the poor, the blind, etc, the phrases is always supposed as plural. Example; the poor are not always sad.  “the” is commonly used for Family Name like in ; The Jack, the John.

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49

Common Combination of Parts of Speech.

Is a good teacher

Is a kindergartente acher

My mother Teaches very well

Teaches patiently

Is verybeau tiful

Every name is called a noun, As field and fountain, street and town. In place of noun the pronoun stands, As he and she can clap their hands. The adjective describes a thing, As magic wand or bridal ring. Most verbs mean action, something done, To read and write, to jump and run. How things are done the adverbs tell, As quickly, slowly, badly, well. The preposition shows relation, As in the street or at the station. Conjunctions join, in many ways, Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase. The interjection cries out, “Heed! An exclamation point must follow me!”

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50

II. SENTENCE Sentence (kalimat) adalah rangkaian kata yang memiliki kata kerja yang mengandung pengertian yang sempurna. Macam- macam kalimat: a. Kalimat berdasarkan penggunaannya diklasifikasikan menjadi empat macam 1. A declarative sentence makes a statement. It is raining.  The children are playing with Tom likes football. the dog. The school bell was ringing.  Nakata is in Japan. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are my keys?  Who is talking to the teacher? Why is the sky blue?  Is this the way to the ice skating rink? 3. An exclamatory sentence makes a verystrong statement called an exclamation.  It shows a strong feeling such  How beautiful she is! as surprise oranger.  The silly boy!  What a kind thing to do!    2.  

b. Kalimat berdasarkan kata kerja utamanya diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam. 1. Kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya bukan to be. III. TENSES The twelve traditional tenses A. Present 1. 2. 3. 4.

Simple present ( I do, he does) Present Continuous (I am doing, He is doing) Present perfect (I have done, he has done) Present perfect continuous (I have been doing, has been doing)

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B. Past 5. Simple past (I did. He did) 6. Past continuous (I was doing, they were doing) 7. Past perfect ( I had done, he had done) 8. Past perfect continuous (I had been doing, he had been doing) C. Future 9. Simple future (I will do, he will do) 10. Future continuous (I will doing, he will doing) 11. Future perfect (I will have done, he will have done) 12. Future perfect continuous (I had been doing, he had been doing) A. PRESENT 1. Simple present 1) Verbal - She studies Grammar every day - She doesn‟t study grammar every day. - Does she study grammar every day? 2) Nominal - He is here every morning. - He is not here every morning. - Is he here every morning? A. Aturan penambahan s/es 1. Verb yang berakhiran : ss, sh, ch, x, o, ditambah es. Example: Kiss : kisses Watch : watches Fix : fixes Go : goes 2. Verb yang berakhiran „y‟ yang sebelumnya konsonan, y diubah menjadi I dan ditambah es. Example: carry : carries , study : studies . 3. Verb yang berakhiran „y‟ yang sebelumnya vocal, langsung ditambah s. Example ; say : says, play; plays. 4. Selain ketentuan diatas, verb nya langsung ditambah s. Example: write ; writes, read : reads, work : works, etc.

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B. Time signal Menggunakan general time signal : Always, often, seldom, never, usually, generally, habitually, sometimes, on and off, now and then, occasionally, every day, every week, once a day, twice a week. C. Penggunaan 1. Menyatakan kejadian yang berulang-ulang (habitual action) She gets up at 5 o‟clock every day. 2. Menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth) The earth is round. 3. Menyatakan kecakapan , kemampuan dan watak atau sifat seseorang. Plankton speaks English fluently. My father is very kind. 2. Present continuous 1) Verbal - I am studying English now. - I am not studying English now. - Am I studying English now? 2) Nominal - He is at home now. - He is not at home now. - Is he at home now? Aturan perubahan verb1 menjadi verb ing  Dibentuk dari verb 1 + ing Contoh : visit : visiting , read : reading.  Verb yang berakhir dengan single e laangsung diganti dengan ing Contoh : smile : smiling , write : writing.  Verb yang berkhiran ee langsung ditambah ing Contoh : agree : agreeing , see : seeing  Verb satu suku kata dengan 1vokal dan berakhir dengan single konsonan, maka konsonan didobelkan dan ditambah ing. Contoh : hit : hitting , stop : stopping, run : running.

GRAMMER STAGE  Verb yang lebih dari suku kata , akhir suku kata hanya ada 1 vokal dan berakhir dengan 1konsonan, maka konsosan di dobelkan dan ditambah ing. (jika tekanan jatuh pada akhir suku kata) Contoh : begin : beginning , prefer : preferring, admit : admitting . Exception : jika tekanan jatuh pada awal suku kata , maka cukup ditambah ing. Contoh : enter : entering Kata kerja yang tidak dipakai dalam tenses continuous  Mental state (know, believe, imagine, want, doubt, need, forget, etc.)  Emotional state ( love, care, envy, like, hate, mind, fear, appreciate)  Possession (posses, have, own, belong  Sense perception ( taste, smell, see, feel)  Other exiting states (seem, look, appear, cost, owe, weight, exist, contain, etc.) Time signal : Now, right now, at present , at this moment, this semester, today, look!, listen!, Penggunaan : 1. Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini Short term activity : pada saat berbicara proses itu sedang berlangsung‟ Contoh : she is watching TV right now. Long term activity : pada saat berbicara aktivitas itu tidak harus terjadi, tetapi masih dalam proses. Contoh : I am writing a novel now. 2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan berulang-ulang yang mengandung makna jengkel/terganggu, atau untuk menunjukkan rasa kagum. Contoh : He is always disturbing my sister. She is always reading many books. 3. Manyatakan situasi yang berubah. The population of the world is rising very fast. The birth rate in Indonesia is increasing.

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4. Menyatakan kebiasaan yang bersifat sementara I am living in Metro at the moment. (sementara) I live in Metro. (menetap) 3. Present perfect 1) Verbal - She has studied English up to now. - She has not studied English up to now. - Has she studied English up to now? 2) Nominal - I have been in Metro recently. - I have not been in Metro. - Have I been in Metro? Time signal : Just, already, not… yet, never. So far, until now, up to now, up to present, ever since, all day, all my life, recently, lately, since and for. Penggunaan : 1. Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah selesai dilakukan tetapi hasilnya masih dirasakan sampai sekarang. I have already eaten. ( sampai sekarang masih kenyang ) He has just washed the car (sampai sekarang mobilnya masih bersih) 2. Menyatakan sesuatu yang dimulai diwaktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. I have been in Metro since I studied English. They have built the building for two years. He has lived in Jakarta ever since. 4. Present perfect continuous 1) verbal - She has been studying English for a month. - She has not been studying English for a month. - Has she been studying English for a month? 2) Non verbal - They have been living in Metro since 1990. - They have not been living in Metro since 1990. - have they been living in Metro since 1990?

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Time signal : since, for, so far, ever since, all day, all morning, lately, recently Penggunaan : untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai diwaktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Contoh : It has been raining all day. B. PAST 5. Simple past tense 1) Verbal - I studied English yesterday. - I did not study English yesterday. - Did I study English yesterday? 2) Non verbal - She was in Bandung last week. - She was not in Bandung last week. - Was she in Bandung last week? Aturan perubahan verb 1 ke verb 2 1. Verb yang terdiri dari satu suku kata maupun dua kata dengan pola konsonan vocal konsonan , maka konsonan terakhir ditulis rangkap kemodian ditambah „ed‟ Contoh : rob : robbed : merampok, wrap : wrapped : membungkus Transfer: transferred: memindah ,offer: offered: menawarkan, occur : occurred : terjadi 2. Verb yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata yang berakhiran huruf L , maka L dirangkap lalu ditambah „ed‟ Contoh : cancel : cancelled ; membatalkan, travel : travelled : bepergian 3. Verb yang berakhiran „y‟ yang didahului dengan konsonan , maka y diubah menjadi I dan ditambah ed. Contoh: try : tried : mencoba , study ; studied : belajar , cry : cried : menangis . 4. Selain verb-verb diatas, maka tinggal ditambah ed Contoh : love : loved : mencintai , like : liked : menyukai , type : typed : mengetik. Time signal : this morning, yesterday, 2 days ago, last week, last night. Penggunaan : - Menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi pada masa lampau (telah lewat)

GRAMMER STAGE Contoh : I went to Yogyakarta last holiday. - Menyatakan kebiasaan yang terjadi dimasa lampau Contoh : He always visited me He would visit me. He used to visit me. He was used to visiting me. 6. Past continuous 1) Verbal - They were studying Grammar at 7.00 o‟clock yesterday. - They were not studying Grammar at 7.00 o‟clock yesterday. - Were they studying Grammar at 7.00 o‟clock yesterday? 2) Non verbal - He was at home at this time last night. - He was not at home at this time last night. - Was he at home at this time last night? Time signal: menggunakan spesifik time : - At this time yesterday. - At 7.00 o‟clock last night. Penggunaan : - Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu lampau. I was watching TV at 9‟00 o‟clock last night. - Menyatakan konsep dua kejadian. You went out when I was coming to your house. 7. Past perfect 1) Verbal - I had studied grammar for 3 hours. - I had not studied grammar for 3 hours. - Had I studied grammar for 3 hours? 2) Non verbal - He had gone since 2002. - He had not gone since 2002. - Had he gone since 2002?

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Time signal : menggunakan beberapa time signal present perfect, tetapi penggunaanya disesuaikan dengan waktu lampau. Yaitu: just, already, since, for. Penggunaan: past perfect penggunaanya setara dengan present perfect, bedanya : present perfect masih berhubungan dengan masa sekarang, sedangkan past perfect digunakan di waktu lampau yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan saat ini. Contoh : My mother asked me to eat this morning whereas I had just eaten. (tadi pagi ibuku menyuruhku makan, padahal aku baru saja selesai makan) 8. Past perfect continuous 1) Verbal - I had been studying grammar for months. - I had been studying grammar for months. - Had I been studying grammar for month? 2) Non verbal - He had been in Jakarta since 1990. - He had not been in Jakarta since 1990. - Had he been in Jakarta since 1990? Time signal : for, since. Penggunaan : Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung diwaktu lampau dengan penekanan pada durasi waktu Contoh : finally, she came yesterday , I had been waiting for her for months. (akhirnya dia datang juga, aku sudah menunggu-nunggu dia selama berbulan-bulan) C. FUTURE 9. Simple future tense 1) Verbal - I will study Grammar tonight. - I will not study Grammar tonight. - Will I study Grammar tonight?

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Atau - I am going to visit you tomorrow. - I am not going to visit you tomorrow. - Am I going to visit you tomorrow? 2) Non verbal - She will be here later. - She will not be here later. - Will she be here later? Time signal : tomorrow, tonight, this weekend, soon, later, next month. Penggunaan: Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang baru akan dilakukan, baik secara spontan maupun melalui perencanaan. Contoh : I will call you later. ( spontan) She is going to visit me next holiday. 10. Future continuous 1) Verbal - He will be visiting you tomorrow morning. - He will not be visiting you tomorrow morning. - Will he be visiting you tomorrow morning? 2) Non verbal - He will be at home at 7.00 next week. - He will not be at home at 7.00 next week. - Will he be at home at 7.00 next week? Time signal: at 7.00 o‟clock tomorrow, at this time next month, tomorrow morning. Penggunaan : Menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi dimasa lampau yang akan datang. Contoh: I will be watching TV at 7.00 tonight. Menyatakan seuatu yang sedang berlangsung ketika sesuatu yang lain terjadi dimasa yang akan datang. Contoh: I will be doing my homework when you come to my house. 11. Future perfect 1) Verbal - I will have studied by the end of this month.

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- I will have not studied by the end of this month. - Will I have studied by the end of this month? 2) Non verbal - I will have been here by next month. - I will have not been by next month. - Will I have been here by next month? Time signal: by + indefinite time By the end of this week, by next month, by this weekend. Penggunaan : Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah selesai dilakukan diwaktu yang akan datang. Contoh : by the end of this month, he will have finished his study. Menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi sebelum sesuatu yang lain terjadi dimasa yang akan datang. Contoh : I will have done the homework before you come to my house. 12. Future perfect continuous Verbal - I will have been watching TV tonight. - I will not have been watching TV tonight. - Will I have been watching TV tonight? Time signal : by next year… for two years. Penggunaan : Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dalam durasi tertentu dimasa yang akan datang. Contoh : by the end of this month, I will have been stdying English for two years. -

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REFERENCE Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use, New York: Cambridge University press, 1985. Subkhan, Arif. Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMK, Yogyakarta: Kendi Mas Media, 2008 Irwansyah, Dedi. Structure Course material; 2009

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