Ofc_course Manual.pdf

Jayawant Shikshan Prasarak Mandal

Optical Fiber Communication Resource Manual Electronics & Telecommunication

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Optical Fiber Communication Resource Manual

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Authors

: - PROF. A.N.PAITHANE, RSCOE, Tathwade. Dr. P.K. SRIVASTAVA, PVPIT, Bavdhan. PROF. D.S. BHOSALE, BSIOTR, Wagholi. PROF. S.M.HAMBARDE, JSCOE, Hadapsar. PROF. A.A.TRIKOLIKAR, ICOER, Wagholi. PROF. S.S.DINDE, RSCOE, Tathwade. PROF. D.K. BARBOLE, BSCOER, Narhe. PROF. A.T. DESHMUKH, ICOER, Wagholi

Creation Date: - December 2014 Last Updated : - December 2014 Version

:-

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© JSPM Group of Institutes, Pune. All Rights Reserved. All the information in this Course Manual is confidential. Participants shall refrain from copying, distributing, misusing/ or disclosing the content to any third parties any circumstances whatsoever. 3

Table of Contents S. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Topic How to Use This Manual Course Objective Session Plan Unit Rationale Units I. Fiber Optic Communications System

Page. No. 08 12 13 21

25

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II.

Optical Fiber for Telecommunication

III.

Optical sources and Transmitters

IV.

Optical Detectors and Receivers.

V.

Design Considerations in Optical Links.

VI.

Advanced Optical Systems.

52 80 106 131 151 175

References

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Vision: "To Develop Technocrats who will equally responsible for social and competitive growth of Nation across the Globe"

Mission: "To apply the knowledge and expertise by focusing on the overall development of the students, that will help them to meet the present and future requirements of the IT Industry in global world."

Quality Policy: We at JSPM Institutes of Technology and Research are always striving to perceive and resolve student's queries so that the overall personality of the student can be groomed in such a manner that they pass out as Industry Ready Professionals.

Program Educational Objectives: The graduates will have enriched knowledge in the field of E&Tc and become information technology professionals in different industries and government organizations involved in development, maintenance and utilization of computers, databases, operating systems, computer networks and information systems. The graduates will reflect their programming and technical skills in order to solve problems related to information technology industry, transforming them into competent professionals. The graduates will deliver high level professionalism, ethical and technical standards, having superlative communication skills and ability to work as team members in different fields utilizing knowledge achieved during their course work, providing a proper support to the society having potential to tackle current problems and required innovations. The graduates will be motivated to pursue higher studies and participate in research programs in the field, involving their excellence to develop new technical perspective to serve the society.

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Program Outcomes: a) A graduate student will apply knowledge of mathematics and engineering fundamentals to design electronic circuits and systems such as logical circuits, analog circuits, electrical machines, control and communication systems, digital systems etc. and test the results. b) A graduate student will provide the solutions by using the software tools such as MATLAB, Multi-sim, EDA Tools etc and different software languages such as „C‟, VHDL etc for interpretation and analyzing problems for different circuits and systems. c) A graduate student will demonstrate the ability to design, implement and evaluate a system, process, component and program to meet desired needs within realistic constraints. d) A graduate student will investigate, formulate, analyze and provide appropriate solution to simple and complex engineering problem. e) A graduate student will provide the solutions by using the Modern Engineering Tools and Technologies for practicing Engineering problems. f) A graduate student will demonstrate the ability to learn the impact of industries on society by visiting different industries and understand the importance of industrial products for analog and digital circuits and systems. g) A graduate student will understand the importance of environmental issues and will design sustainable systems. h) A graduate student will understand the professional and ethical responsibilities to meet the socio economic challenges. i) A graduate student will demonstrate the ability of self learning during the project work in individuals and teamwork for successful implementation of project management. j)

A graduate student will be able to communicate effectively at different technical and administrative levels.

k) A graduate student will demonstrate the ability to keep abreast with advance technologies through lifelong learning.

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l) A graduate student will demonstrate the ability to apply the knowledge of project management and finance to provide better services in the field of electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

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How to Use This Manual This Manual assumes that the facilitators are aware of Collaborative Learning Methodologies. This Manual will only provide them tool they may need to facilitate the session on Optical Fiber Communication in collaborative learning environment. The Facilitator is expected to refer this Manual before the session.

K

A

Applying Knowledge

Problem Analysis

M

E

Modern Tool Usage

Engineer & Society

T

O

D

I

Design & Investigation Development of problems

E

T

Environment Sustainability

Ethics

M

I

Individual Communication Project & Team Management work & Finance

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Life Long Learning

Disk Approach- Digital Blooms Taxonomy

Creating Evaluating Analyzing Applying Understanding Remembering

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PO to PEO Mapping with the help of Articulation Matrix: PEO: 1     

PEO: 2

PEO: 3 

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PEO: 4  

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CO to PO Mapping with the help of Articulation Matrix: CO: 1 CO: 2 CO: 3 CO: 4 CO: 5 CO: 6 CO: 7

       TLO to CO Mapping with the help of Articulation Matrix: -

TLO: 1 TLO: 2 TLO: 3 TLO: 4 TLO: 5 TLO: 6 TLO: 7

CO: 1 

CO: 2  

CO: 3

CO: 4 

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CO: 5

CO: 6

CO: 7

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This Manual uses icons as visual cues to the interactivities during the session. Icons

Graduate Attributes Applying Knowledge Problem Analysis Design and Development Investigation of Problem Modern Tool Usage Engineer and Society Environment Sustainability Ethics Individual and Teamwork Communication Project Management and Finance Lifelong Learning Blooms Taxonomy Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating



This icon is used to indicate instructions for faculties.



This icon is used to indicate a statement to be made by faculty.



This icon is used to indicate a list of additional resources.



This icon indicates an activity to be conducted.



This icon indicates questions to be asked by faculty.

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Course Objectives

At The End Of Course Student Will Able to: Discuss spectral band, ray theory and different fiber fabrication techniques

Discuss spectral band, ray theory and different fiber fabrication techniques

Explain different optical sources.

Explain different optical receivers

Design and analyze optical fiber communication links Discuss index optical communication.

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Session Plan Date S. No. Topic Name

References Delivery Method

Unit 1: Fiber Optic Communications System

1

2

3

4

5

6

Electromagnetic Spectrum & Optical spectral bands. Key elements of fiber optic T1,R1, R2 communications system, Animation, Advantages of optical fiber communication over other communication systems

Presentation Chalk and Talk Animation Assignments

Presentation Ray theory transmission: T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk TIR, Acceptance angle, Animation Animation Numerical aperture. Assignments Electromagnetic mode Presentation theory for optical propagation: phase and T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk group velocity, cutoff Animation Animation wavelength & group Assignments delay. Presentation Chalk and Talk Numerical on Ray T1,R1, R2 Theory & Mode Theory Animation Approach. Assignments Fiber types according to: T1,R1, R2 Presentation materials used; Chalk and Talk Animation refractive index profiles Animation & mode transmission. Assignments Presentation T1,R1, R2 Optical fibers: Fiber Animation Chalk and Talk Fabrication & Cable Animation design. Assignments

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Signature

Subject Planned Actual InHOD charge

7

State of Art : Fiber material & fabrication Technology

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Animation Animation Assignments

Unit 2: Optical Fiber for Telecommunication

1

2

3

4

Transmission characteristics of optical fibers

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments Presentation Signal Distortion in T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk optical fibers Assignments Presentation Intra modal Dispersion: Material & Waveguide T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk dispersion Assignments Attenuation due to absorption, scattering & bending,

5

Intermodal dispersion

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

6

MMSI, MMGI & modal noise, Overall fiber dispersion: MM & SM fibers. Special use fibers

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

7

Dispersion shifted (DSF), NZDSF, Dispersion flattened

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

8

Polarization maintaining fibers, Fiber Nonlinearities. State of art: Fiber

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Unit 3: Optical sources and Transmitters

1

Introduction to optical sources: Wavelength and Material Consideration

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

14

LEDs: principle of working & their Characteristics

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

3

LASERs: principle of working & their Characteristics.

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

4

Line coding, Different modulation schemes

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

5

LED drive circuits for digital and analog transmission

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

6

Power launching: Fiber optic slices

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

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Power launching: Fiber optic coupler and connectors, State of art: LED and LASER

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

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UNIT 4: Optical Detectors and Receivers

1

2

3

4

Introduction to optical detectors and Material Considerations Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of PN, P-i-N photo diode Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of Avalanche photodiodes & photo Transistor Receiver Noise and Noise consideration in PN Photo Diode

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Animation Assignments 15

5

Noise consideration in P-i-N and Avalanche Photo Diode

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

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Receiver structures. State of art: Optical detectors

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

UNIT 5: Design Considerations in Optical Links.

1

Point to point Links

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

2

System design considerations

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Link Power budget,

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Receiver Noise

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Analog Links

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

6

CNR

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

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Multichannel transmission techniques

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

3

4

5

UNIT 6: Advanced Optical Systems

1

Overview of WDM, ,

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

16

2

3

4

Optical Amplifiers: Classification of OAs, Principle of operation of a Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) Gain calculations of Fabry Perot Amplifiers (FPA). SOA applications: advantages and drawbacks Principle of operation of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA), Gain and Noise in an EDFA

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments Presentation T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk Assignments

5

WDM couplers/splitters: Excess loss, Insertion loss, coupling ratio

6

Presentation Isolation and uniformity, properties, state of arts: T1,R1, R2 Chalk and Talk WDM components Assignments

Text Books T1. Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, Tata McGraw Hill, Fourth Edition. T2. John M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications-Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall of India, second Edition

References R1. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L.Scheiner, “Fiber Optic Communications Technology”, Pearson Education R2. Govind P.Agrawal, “Fiber Optic Communication Systems”, WILEY INDIA, Third Edition

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UNIT PLAN: Unit 1

Unit2

Unit3

Unit4

Unit5

Unit6

Title

Fiber Optic Communications System

Optical Fiber for Telecommuni cation

Optical Detectors and Receivers.

Design Consideration s in Optical Links.

Advanced Optical Systems.

Duration in Hours

7

7

Optical sources and Transmitte rs 7

6

6

6

Session 1

Electromagnetic Spectrum & Optical spectral bands. Key elements of fiber optic communications system, Advantages of optical fiber communication over other communication systems. Ray theory transmission: TIR, Acceptance angle, Numerical aperture.

Transmission characteristic s of optical fibers

Introducti on to optical sources: Wavelengt h and Material Considerat ion

Introducti Point to point on to Links optical detectors and Material Considerat ions

.Attenuation due to absorption, scattering & bending,

LEDs: principle of working & their Characteri stics

Electromagnetic mode theory for optical propagation: phase and group velocity, cutoff wavelength & group delay.

Signal Distortion in optical fibers

LASERs: principle of working & their Characteri stics.

Principle of working & characteris tics and relative merits and demerits of PN, Pi-N photo diode Principle of working & characteris tics and relative merits

Session2

Session 3

18

Overview of WDM, ,

System design Optical considerations Amplifiers: Classification of OAs, Principle of operation of a Semiconducto r Optical Amplifier (SOA)

Link Power budget,

Gain calculations of Fabry Perot Amplifiers (FPA). SOA applications: advantages and

Session 4

Numerical on Ray Theory & Mode Theory Approach.

Intra modal Dispersion: Material & Waveguide dispersion

Session 5

Fiber types according to: materials used; refractive index profiles & mode transmission.

Intermodal dispersion

Session 6

Fiber types according to: materials used; refractive index profiles & mode transmission.

Session 7

Optical fibers: Fiber Fabrication & Cable design.

Line coding, Different modulatio n schemes

LED drive circuits for digital and analog transmissi on MMSI, Power MMGI & launching: modal noise, Fiber Overall fiber optic dispersion: slices MM & SM fibers. Special use fibers Dispersion Power shifted launching: (DSF), Fiber NZDSF, optic Dispersion coupler flattened, and Polarization connectors maintaining , fibers, Fiber State of Nonlinearitie art: LED s. State of and art: Fiber LASER

Session 8

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and demerits of Avalanche photodiod es & photo Transistor Receiver Rise Time Noise and budget Noise considerat ion in PN Photo Diode Noise considerat ion in P-iN and Avalanche Photo Diode Receiver structures. State of art: Optical detectors

Analog Links

CNR, Multichannel transmission techniques

drawbacks

Principle of operation of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA), Gain and Noise in an EDFA WDM couplers/splitt ers: Excess loss, Insertion loss, coupling ratio Isolation and uniformity, properties, state of arts: WDM components

Unit Rationale: Unit 1: Fiber Optic Communications System The first part of unit gives overview of fiber optic communication system with spectral band used. This unit covers introductory concepts needed for rest the units. Second part of unit introduces transmission of light signal through optical fiber with the help of mode theory & ray theory approach. Types of fiber according to material & index profile are also discussed in this unit. The last part of unit describes different fiber fabrication techniques & cable design. At the end of unit, the learner will be able to 

Explain introductory concept of optical fiber communication system.



Identify different spectral bands of optical fiber communication system.



Describe the propagation of light through optical fiber.



Describe different fiber fabrication technique.



Describe design aspects of fiber cable.

Unit 2: Optical Fiber for Telecommunication This unit gives different transmission characteristics of optical fiber. It is basically give the details of signal losses, distortion, noise and signal degradation. Unit describes losses due to mismatching between the fibers (Fresnel), splices and connectors. Different types of dispersion losses like intra modal and inter modal dispersion in MMSI, MMGI and SM fiber. At the end of unit, the learner will be able to 

List different types of losses like absorption, scattering ,bending losses, losses due to coupling the source to the fibers



Identify losses due to mismatching between the fibers (Fresnel) , losses due to splices and connectors.



Analyze Losses due to deviation of geometrical and optical parameters, losses due to misalignments, Modal coupling radiation losses, Leaky mode losses



Analyze and calculate different types of dispersion losses like intra modal and inter modal dispersion in step index and graded index fibers.

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Unit 3: Optical sources and Transmitters This unit introduces different optical sources along with principles of working and their characteristics with different modulation schemes. LED driver circuits for digital and analog transmission is also described. Details about Fiber optics splices, connectors and couplers and their losses. This unit ends with state of Art: LED and LASER. At the end of unit, the learner will be able to  Explain the working of different optical sources.  Select different optical sources.  Analyze different losses in optical fiber.  Design the Driver circuits.

Unit 4: Optical Detectors and Receivers. This unit introduces the optical detectors and Material Consideration, Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of PN, P-i-N, Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of Avalanche photodiodes & photo transistors, Receiver Noise considerations in PN, P-i-N photodiodes, Noise considerations in Avalanche photodiodes, Receiver structures. State of art: Optical detectors & detection scheme At the end of unit, the learner will be able to  Explain the working of different optical receivers.  Select different optical receiver.  Discuss the merits and demerits of different optical receiver.  Determine the noise consideration in receiver system.  Design the optical receiver system. Unit 5: Design considerations of optical links This unit gives different system design. It is basically focus on two types of links-point to point links and analog links. The link power budget & rise budget analysis of optical link is discussed .Unit ends with concepts like CNR & multichannel transmission technique related to analog links. At the end of unit, the learner will able to 

Design and analyze point to point optical link.



Consider the power budget of optical link.



Consider the rise time budget of optical link.



Explain analog link related concepts like CNR & multichannel transmission technique 21

Unit 6: Advanced Optical Systems. This unit starts with discussion on overview of WDM. Different optical amplifiers like, SOA, EDFA and FPA are discussed. Dedicated excess losses in fiber optic cable are discussed.

At the end of unit, the learner will able to 

Explain the WDM concept.



Select proper optical amplifier for particular optical communication system.



Calculate different losses like excess and insertion loss in optical links.



Describe different WDM component like couplers, Splitters & Isolators.

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Upon completion Students will be able to: Select proper optical sources, Detectors and receiver

Analyze different losses in fiber optical cable.

Calculate the link power budget for fiber optical Communication system.

To design fiber optic communication system.

Select and Analyse the advanced optical system for OCS design

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Unit-1 Session –I Electromagnetic Spectrum & Optical spectral bands. Key elements of fiber optic communications system, Advantages of optical fiber communication over other communication

24

Session 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum & Optical spectral bands. Key elements of fiber optic communications system, advantages of optical fiber communication over other communication system Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain basic block diagram of optical fiber system.

•

Recognize different optical spectral band.

•

List advantages of optical fiber system over conventional system.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

15

Introduction of Subject

Quiz, Presentation

Explains & discusses

Listen & Participates Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Introduction of Electromagnetic Spectrum & Optical spectral bands.

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Key elements of fiber optic communications system.

Presentation

Explains , facilitates, List

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Advantages of OFC system

Presentation

Explains & List

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

05

Conclusion & Summery

Keywords

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge comprehension

25

Session Inputs:  Introduction of Subject

 Suggested Activity: Presentation 

Before starting the session on Optical fiber communication system, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about general communication system & component used within.

 Suggested Activity:

Questionnaires



1. What are different ways of communication? 2. What are different blocks of general communication system? 3. What are advantages & limitations of conventional communication system?  Introduction of Electromagnetic Spectrum & Optical spectral bands.

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given, which describes the different spectral band used for optical fiber communication with the help of total electromagnetic spectrum.

 Key elements of fiber optic communications system.

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

Block diagram of optical fiber system is described with the help of PPT presentation. The block diagram of conventional communication system is also compared.  Advantages of OFC system

 Suggested Activity:

Presentation



Advantages of Optical fiber system is listed & explained in detail with the help of PPT presentation. Unit_1_Notes_Session_I Unit_1_PPT_Session_I

26

Conclusion: We can conclude the session with some questions. 

What are the different blocks of optical fiber communication system?



List advantages of optical fiber communication system?

Summary: In this session we learn to: 

Explain Elements of optical fiber communication system.



Describe spectral band used for OFC.



List out advantages of OFC system.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The learner will able to identify, different spectral band used for optical fiber communication & explain different blocks of fiber optic communication system. Also he list out the advantages of optical fiber communication system over conventional system.

 Assignments: 1) The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has designated six spectral bands for use in optical fiber communication. State the name, designation & spectrum of each band. 2) State & explain advantages of optical fiber communication system. Draw neat block diagram of optical fiber communication system. Explain each block in detail

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Unit-1 Session –II Ray theory transmission: TIR, Acceptance angle, Numerical aperture.

28

Session 2: Ray theory transmission: TIR, Acceptance angle, Numerical aperture. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain propagation of light wave through optical fiber

•

Know about different concepts like TIR, Acceptance angle

•

Derive expression for numerical aperture of fiber

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

•

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

05

Review of previous lecture

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Knowledge Participates Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

15

Introduction: Light Ray Propagation.

Black board and discussion

Explain & discuss

Listen & Knowledge Participates Interpersonal

20

Ray Theory approach – acceptance cone, acceptance angle.

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Knowledge Participates Interpersonal & Identifies

20

Expression for numerical aperture.

Black board and discussion

Explains, Discusses and facilitates.

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

10

Conclusion & Summery

Keywords

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge comprehension, interpersonal & intrapersonal.

29

Session Inputs:  Review of Previous Lecture  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 A detailed review of what we had taught in earlier lecture is discussed with learners. Teacher may ask some question based on the earlier lecture.  Introduction: Light Ray Propagation.  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion



Before starting the session on ray theory approach, it would be a good practice to refresh

learner‟s knowledge related to basic concepts of light ray propagation.  Ray Theory approach – acceptance cone, acceptance angle. Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:



Describes ray theory approach used for finding propagation of light ray travelling through

optical fiber. Related concepts like acceptance cone, acceptance angle, critical angle, are explained with the help of neat diagrams.  Expression for numerical aperture.  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:

 Derive the expression for numerical aperture of fiber with the help of black board. Discuss the importance of numerical aperture in case of optical fiber communication. Unit_1_Notes_Session_II Unit_1_PPT_Session_II Conclusion:  We can conclude the session with some questions. 

What is the condition to be required for propagation of light through fiber?



What are critical angle, acceptance cone & numerical aperture?

30

Summary: In this session we learn to: 

Describe propagation of light through fiber using ray theory approach.



Derive expression for numerical aperture of fiber.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The learner will able to explain propagation of light wave through optical fiber using ray theory approach.

 Assignment Questions: 1) Using ray theory derive an expression for Numerical Aperture & solid acceptance angle in terms of physical parameter of step index fiber & explain their importance in propagation of optical signal through the fiber. Why do we need cladding? 2) Describe with aid of a neat diagram the basic principle of total internal reflection that enables the fiber work as a light conduit.

31

Unit-1 Session –III Electromagnetic mode theory for optical propagation: phase and group velocity, cutoff wavelength & group delay

32

Session 3: Electromagnetic mode theory for optical propagation: phase and group velocity, cutoff wavelength & group delay. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain propagation of light wave through optical fiber using mode theory approach.

•

Know about different concepts like: phase and group velocity, cutoff wavelength & group delay.

•

Know about mode field diameter & spot size.

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

05

Review of previous lecture

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

10

Introduction to Normalized frequency, Gaussian Distribution

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Electromagnetic Black board mode theory for and discussion optical propagation: phase and group velocity, cutoff wavelength.

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Mode field diameter & spot

Explains , Discusses

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Black board and discussion

33

size, group & modal delay factor. 10

Conclusion & Summery

and facilitates

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Intrapersonal Interpersonal

Session Inputs:  Review of Previous Lecture  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 A detailed review of what we had taught in earlier lecture is discussed with learners. Teacher may ask some question based on the earlier lecture.  Introduction to Normalized frequency, Gaussian Distribution  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:



Before starting the session on mode theory approach, it would be a good practice to refresh

learner‟s knowledge for concepts like normalized frequency, Gaussian distribution.  Electromagnetic mode theory for optical propagation: phase and group velocity, cutoff wavelength.  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:



Explain mode theory approach related to light wave propagation through optical fiber with

help of concepts like phase & group velocity, cutoff wavelength. Derive expression for cutoff wavelength for single mode & multimode fiber.  Mode field diameter & spot size, group & modal delay factor.  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:

 Draw and explain concept of mode field diameter & spot size. The expression for group delay & modal delay factor is derived with the help of block diagram. 34

Unit_1_Notes_Session_III Unit_1_PPT_Session_III Conclusion:  We can conclude the session with some questions. 

What is mean by phase & group velocity?



What are mode field diameter, spot size & group delay?

Summary: In this session we learn to 

Describe propagation of light through fiber using mode theory approach.



Derive expression for cutoff wavelength of fiber.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The learner will able to explain propagation of light wave through optical fiber using mode theory approach.

 Assignment Questions: 1) Explain the terms: mode field diameter, spot size & cutoff wavelength of single mode fiber. 2) With reference to mode theory for optical propagation explain: Phase velocity, Group velocity & group delay.

35

Unit-1 Session –IV Numerical on Ray Theory & Mode Theory Approach

36

Session 4: Numerical on Ray Theory & Mode Theory Approach. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: • • •

Calculate the number of guided modes & normalized frequency of step index & graded index fiber. Calculate acceptance angle, numerical aperture, critical angle, incidence angle of fiber when refractive index of core & cladding is given. Calculate the cut off wavelength of step index fiber.

Teaching Learning Material •

Black Board

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

10

Review of Discussion concepts used in ray theory & mode theory approach

Discuss

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

40

Numerical on ray theory & mode theory approach.

Black board

Explains , and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion & Summery

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Intrapersonal

37

Interpersonal

Session Inputs:  Review of concepts used in ray theory & mode theory approach  Suggested Activity: Discussion:

 Before starting the session on Numerical on Ray Theory & Mode Theory Approach., it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge for different formulas used in ray theory & mode theory approach.  Numerical on ray theory & mode theory approach.  Suggested Activity: Black board



Different Numerical on ray theory & mode theory approach are solved with the help of black board. When parameters like, refractive index of core & cladding, relative refractive index difference & operating wavelength is given then, learner will able to calculate parameters like, normalized frequency, numerical aperture, diameter of core, acceptance & critical angle. Unit_1_Notes_Session_IV Unit_1_PPT_Session_IV  Conclusion: We can conclude the session with some questions. 

How to calculate normalized frequency of fiber when refractive index of core & cladding relative refractive index difference is given?



How to calculate numerical aperture, of fiber when refractive index of core & cladding relative refractive index difference is given?

How to calculate number of guided modes in case of step index & graded index fiber when normalized frequency is given. Summary: In this session we learn to: 

Calculate normalized frequency of fiber when refractive index of core & cladding relative refractive index difference is given Derive expression for cutoff wavelength of fiber.

38



Calculate numerical aperture, of fiber when refractive index of core & cladding relative refractive index difference is given.



calculate number of guided modes in case of step index & graded index fiber when normalized frequency is given.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The student will able to solve different problems based on ray theory & mode theory approach.

 Assignment Questions: 1) Calculate number of modes propagating at 820 nm wavelength in graded index fiber having parabolic refractive index profile. The core radius is 25 µm. The refractive index profile at the center of core is 1.48 & cladding R.I. is 1.46. 2) A step index fiber has core refractive index 1.5 & Δ = 1.3% with core diameter of 100 µm. The operating wavelength is 850 nm. Calculate assuming that the fiber is kept in air; 1) Numerical Aperture of fiber 2) Acceptance angle 3) Critical angle 4) angle of incidence. 5) V number & number of modes 3) A silica optical fiber with core diameter large enough to be considered by ray theory analysis has a core refractive index of 1.5 & cladding refractive index of 1.47. Determine 1) Critical angle at core cladding interface 2) The NA of fiber 3) The acceptance angle in air for fiber. 4) A graded index fiber with parabolic index profile supports propagation of 742 guided modes. The fiber has a NA in air of 0.3 & core diameter of 70 µm. Determine wavelength of light propagating in fiber. Further estimate the new maximum core diameter for single mode operation at same wavelength.

39

Unit-1 Session –V Fiber types according to: materials used; refractive index profiles & mode transmission.

40

Session 5: Fiber types according to: materials used; refractive index profiles & mode transmission Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain types of fiber according to material used.

•

Explain types of fiber according to refractive index profiles.

•

Explain types of fiber according to mode transmission.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

05

Review of previous lecture

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

15

Types of fiber according to refractive index profile

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Types of fiber according to mode transmission

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Types of fiber according to material.

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion & Summery

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal Interpersonal

41

Session Inputs:  Review of Previous Lecture  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 A detailed review of what we had taught in earlier lecture is discussed with learners. Teacher may ask some question based on the earlier lecture.  Types of fiber according to refractive index profile  Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion

 Types of fiber according to variation in refractive index profile like, step index & graded index profile are discussed with the help of presentation. The refractive index of core & cladding is formulated for step & graded index fiber.  Types of fiber according to mode transmission. Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion



Types of fiber according to mode transmission like, single mode & multi mode fiber are discussed with the help of presentation. SMSI, MMSI, MMGI fibers are also discussed.  Types of fiber according to fiber material. Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion

Glass fiber, Plastic optical fiber, index guiding fiber, photonic crystal fiber, photonic bandgap fibers are different types of fiber according to material, they are discussed with the help of features & block diagrams. Unit_1_Notes_Session_V Unit_1_PPT_Session_V  Conclusion: We can conclude the session with some questions. 

Which are different types of fiber according to variation in refractive index?



Which are different types of fiber according to transmission of modes?



Which are different types of fiber according to different fiber material?

42

Summary: In this session we learn to: 

List out types of fiber according to different fiber material.



List out types of fiber according to variation in refractive index.



List out types of fiber according to mode of transmission.

Topic Learning Outcomes:

The student will able to list out & explain different types of fiber.

43

Unit-1 Session –VI Optical fibers: Fiber Fabrication & Cable design.

44

Session 6: Optical fibers: Fiber Fabrication & Cable design. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

List out different fiber fabrication techniques.

•

Explain structure of fiber optic cable.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

05

Review of previous lecture

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

25

Fiber Fabrication techniques

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Optical fiber cable design

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion & Summery

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal Interpersonal

45

Session Inputs:  Review of Previous Lecture  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 A detailed review of what we had taught in earlier lecture is discussed with learners. Teacher may ask some question based on the earlier lecture.  Fiber Fabrication techniques  Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion



Types of Fiber Fabrication techniques like direct melt method vapor phase deposition method are discussed. Different subtypes of vapor phase deposition method like, vapor axial deposition (VAD), outside vapor phase oxidation (OVPO), modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) & plasma activated chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) are discussed.  Optical fiber cable design Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion

 In this session learner will study different functions of fiber optic cable. The detailed structure of optical fiber cable is explained with the help of presentation. Unit_1_Notes_Session_VI Unit_1_PPT_Session_VI  Conclusion: We can conclude the session with some questions. 

Which are different fiber fabrication techniques?



Which are different The functions of the fiber optic cable?



Explain the structure of fiber optic cable?

Summary: In this session we learn to: 

List out and explain types of fiber fabrication techniques.



List out Different functions of fiber optic cable.



Explain structure of fiber optic cable. 46

Topic Learning Outcomes:

Student will able to list out & explain different fiber fabrication technique & understand design aspects of fiber optic cable.

47

Unit-1 Session –VII State of Art: Fiber fabrication technique & Fiber material

48

Session 7: State of Art: Fiber fabrication technique & Fiber material. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Discuss, understand & conclude about different fiber fabrication technique.

•

Discuss, understand & conclude about design aspects of fiber optic cable.

Teaching Learning Material •

Keywords

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

30

State of Art : Fiber Fabrication techniques

Keywords

Listen & Identifies

Explains , Discusses and Demonstrate

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

State of Art :

Keywords

Listen & Identifies

Explains , Discusses and Demonstrate

Knowledge Interpersonal

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal

Optical fiber cable design 10

Conclusion & Summery

Interpersonal

Session Inputs:  State of Art : Fiber Fabrication techniques  Suggested Activity: Discussion and Demonstration We can ask learners to divide in different teams & each team give demonstration of one fiber fabrication technique. The activity ends with conclusion led by all teams.

 State of Art : Optical fiber cable design

49

 Suggested Activity: Discussion and Demonstration We can ask learners to divide in different teams & each team give demonstration related to fiber optic cable design. The activity ends with conclusion led by all teams.

 Conclusion: The Teacher can conclude the session with the help of conclusion led by each team of learners & summarize about, 

Different fiber fabrication technique.



Design aspects of fiber cable.

Summary: In this session learner able to: 

List out and explain types of fiber fabrication techniques.



List out Different functions of fiber optic cable.



Explain structure of fiber optic cable.

Topic Learning Outcomes:

Learner will able to list out & demonstrate different fiber fabrication technique & understand design aspects of fiber optic cable.

50

Unit-2 Session –I Transmission characteristics of optical fibers: Attenuation due to absorption

51

Session Objectives: Transmission characteristics of optical fibers: Attenuation due to absorption At the end of session the learner will be able to  

Explain different Transmission characteristics of optical fibers Define and remember intrinsic, extrinsic absorption and signal losses

Teaching Learning Material • Time (min) 15

Board Faculty Approach Introduction Explain

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competency development Knowledge Interpersonal

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Content Introduction of

Teaching Aid

different Transmission characteristics of optical fibers

Quiz Board and discussion

Introduction and calculation of attenuation

Board and discussion

Explains ,

10

Different types of absorption

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

10

Details of absorption losses in OFC

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

25

Monitors& discusses

52

Session Inputs:  Introduction of different Transmission characteristics of optical fibers

Suggested Activity : Discussion Before starting with the session, brief discussion on Transmission characteristics of optical fibers

Suggested Activity :Questionnaires 4. What are the different losses in optical communication system? 5. What are the causes of losses? 6. What are the different types of losses?  Introduction and calculation of attenuation

Suggested Activity :

Discussion

In this session initially we have to discuss basic definition and fundamentals of attenuation with formula, finally some problems are discuss to calculate attenuation by taking problems on the same then learner will be able to express how the attenuation are relate with the OFC. .  Different types of absorption

Suggested Activity : Discussion In this session we have to discuss and explain the intrinsic absorption, extrinsic absorption, and their causes and fundamental fiber attenuation characteristics, showing the absorption in ultraviolet region and infrared region. Unit_2_Notes_Session_I Unit_2_PPT_Session_I

 Conclusion: We can conclude the session that the student will be able to calculate attenuation and the different types of absorption

53

Summary: In this session the following points are covered: 

attenuation



causes of attenuation.



Different types of absorption.

Training learning objective

The learner will be able to define intrinsic, extrinsic absorption and signal losses and to calculate attenuation

Assignment Question: 1. What is meant by attenuation, gise the causes for it ? 2. Explain the various factors contributing to the attenuation in optical fibers? 3. Explain absorption mechanism and its effect on fiber optics? 4. Explain different types of absorption in detail ? 5. A fiber has a coupled power -8dBm and attenuation of 6 dBm/km, and a length 2 km. Calculate the output power 6. A fiber coupled power -8dBm and attenuation of 6 dBm/km. Find the fiber length if the output power is -30dBm

54

Unit-2 Session –II Scattering losses

55

Session Objectives: Scattering losses At the end of session the learner will be able   

Define and classify the scattering losses Causes of scattering losses Different types of scattering losses

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

Time (min) Content Recap of attenuation 10 and absorption losses Introduction and types of Scattering losses

Teaching Aid questioning Board and discussion

Faculty Approach Introduction Explain

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competency development Knowledge Interpersonal

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Introduction and calculation of Rayleigh scattering loss(linear scattering)

Board and discussion

Explains ,

20

Introduction and calculation of Mie scattering and Raman scattering loss

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

15

Problems: calculation of Mie scattering and Raman scattering loss

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

15

Monitors& discusses

56

Session Inputs:  Recap of attenuation and absorption losses

Suggested Activity :Discussion Before starting with the session brief discussion on Transmission characteristics of optical fibers

Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. What are the different losses in optical communication system? 2. What are the causes of losses?  Introduction and types of linear Scattering losses

Suggested Activity: discussion  Define and explain different types of linear Scattering losses  Classify the different types of linear Scattering losses  Explain rayleigh‟s scatteringwith formula. and take the problems

Suggested Activity :Questioning 1. Define linear scattering 2. What are different types of linear Scattering losses ? 3. What are the causes of Rayleigh‟s scattering loss ?  Introduction and types of non linear Scattering losses

Suggested Activity : Discussion   

Define and explain the nonlinear Scattering What are different types of nonlinear Scattering losses Difference between Mie scattering, Raman scattering

57

Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. 2. 3. 4.

Define nonlinear scattering ? What are different types of nonlinear Scattering losses? What are the causes of Mie scattering loss? What are the causes of Raman scattering loss ? Unit_2_Notes_Session_II Unit_2_PPT_Session_II

 Conclusion: We can conclude the session that the student will be capable to know different types of linear and nonlinear Scattering losses and their causes. The student will be able to calculate Rayleigh‟s scattering , Mie and Raman scattering losses.

Summary: In this session the following points are covered : 

Linear scattering and their causes.

 Nonlinear scattering and their causes  Problems on Rayleigh‟s scattering , Mie and Raman scattering losses.  Causes of Rayleigh‟s scattering, Mie scattering, and Raman scattering losses. Training learning outcome 

In this session the learner will be able to define linear scattering and their causes, nonlinear scattering and their causes ,find Rayleigh‟s scattering , Mie and Raman scattering losses

Assignment Question: 1. Describe scattering losses 2. Explain Rayleigh scattering losses 3. Briefly describe linear scattering losses in optical fiber with regard to a) Rayleigh scattering b) Mie scattering 4. Compaare Brilliouin and stimulated scattering in optical fiber.

58

Unit-2 Session –III Bending losses, Signal Distortion in optical fibers: Intra modal Dispersion

59

Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable of  Definition of bending losses  Causes of bending losses  Signal Distortion in optical fibers: Intra modal Dispersion Teaching Learning Material • Time (min) 10

Board

Content Recap of Recap of linear scattering. nonlinear scattering, Rayleigh‟s scattering , Mie and Raman scattering losses

30

Bending losses Micro bending, macro bending

20

Signal Distortion in optical fibers: Intra modal Dispersion

Faculty Approach Introduction Explain

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competency development Knowledge Interpersonal

Board and discussion

Explains ,

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Teaching Aid Quiz Board and discussion

Monitors& discusses

60

Session Inputs:  Recap of linear scattering. nonlinear scattering calculate Rayleigh’s scattering , Mie and Raman scattering losses

Suggested ActivityQ: questioning 1. 2. 3. 4.

Define nonlinear scattering What are different types of nonlinear Scattering losses? What are the causes of Mie scattering loss? What are the causes of Raman scattering loss?

 Bending Losses Micro bending, macro bending

Suggested Activity :

discussion

 Definition of bending loss  types of bending loss  Micro bending, macro bending

 Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. Define bending loss 2. What are the different types bending losses? 3. What are the causes of Micro bending, macro bending? 

Introduction and types of Signal Distortion in optical fibers Intra modal Dispersion

Suggested Activity : Discussion    

Definition of dispersion Causes of dispersion types of dispersion types of intramodal dispersion

61

Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. Define dispersion 2. What are different types dispersion? 3. What are the causes of dispersion? 4. What is intramodal dispersion? Unit_2_Notes_Session_III Unit_2_PPT_Session_III

 Conclusion: : We can conclude the session that the student will be capable to know different types dispersion and their causes.

Summary: In this session the following points are covered :    types

Definition of dispersion Causes of dispersion types of dispersion of intramodal dispersion

Training learning outcome: Definition of dispersion, Causes of dispersion, types of dispersion, types of intramodal dispersion

 Assignment Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Explain with suitable diagram the macro and microbending losses What is pulse dispersion Explain what is meant by critical bending radius for an optical fiber describe how intramodal dispersion may be minimised within the single mode region A66.5/125GI parabolic fiber of core and cladding index 1.448 and 1.443 respectively operating at 1.3um . If the radius of curvature of the turn is 2cm, find the power lost in that turn 6. Assume a multimode graded index fiber has a refractive index at the core axis of 1.46 with a cladding refractive index of 1.45. The critical radius of curvature which allows large bending losses to occur is 84 µm when the fiber is transmitting light of a particular wavelength. Determine the wavelength of the transmitted light

62

Unit-2 Session –IV Intra modal Dispersion Material & Waveguide dispersion;

63

Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable of  Definition of Material dispersion  Definition of Waveguide dispersion  Causes of Material & Waveguide dispersion  To calculate Material & Waveguide dispersion Teaching Learning Material • Time (min ) 10

Board

Content Definition dispersion

Faculty Approach Introduction Explain

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competenc y development Knowledge Interpersonal

Board and discussion

Explains ,

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Teaching Aid of

Causes of dispersion

Quiz Board and discussion

types of dispersion types of intramodal dispersion

25

Material dispersion and its derivation Problems on Material dispersion

25

Waveguide dispersion and its derivation

Monitors& discusses

Problems on Waveguide dispersion

64

Session Inputs:  Recap of Recap of Definition of dispersion, Causes of dispersion, types of dispersion, types of intramodal dispersion

Suggested Activity: Questioning 1. 2. 3. 4.

Define dispersion What are different types dispersion What are the causes of dispersion What is intramodal dispersion  Material dispersion

Suggested Activity : discussion   

Definition of Material dispersion Causes of Material dispersion Derivation and Problems on Material dispersion

 Suggested Activity :Questioning 1. Define Material dispersion 2. Derive the derivation of material dispersion 3. What are the causes of Problems on Material dispersion 

Waveguide dispersion

Suggested Activity : Discussion   

Definition of Waveguide dispersion Causes of Waveguide dispersion Derivation and Problems on Waveguide dispersion

Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. Define Waveguide dispersion 65

2. Derive the derivation of Waveguide dispersion 3. What are the causes of Waveguide dispersion Unit_2_Notes_Session_IV Unit_2_PPT_Session_IV

 Conclusion: We can conclude the session that the student will be capable to know different types dispersion, Waveguide dispersion, material dispersion and their causes and also calculate material dispersion, Waveguide dispersion

Summary: In this session the following points are covered :   

Definition of Waveguide dispersion, material dispersion Causes of Waveguide dispersion, material dispersion To calculate material dispersion, Waveguide dispersion

Training learning outcome: 

In this session the learner will be able to explain and calculate Waveguide dispersion, material dispersion and their causes

 Assignment Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Define material dispersion and Waveguide dispersion Derive the derivation of Waveguide dispersion ? What are the causes of Waveguide dispersion ? Explain the waveguide dispersion in single mode fiber ? A glass fiber material dispersion expressed by λ2(d2n1/dλ2) of 0.025 . It is used with a good LED source of rms spectral width 20 nm at a wavelength of 0.85um . Estimate

-The material dispersion parameter (factor) -The rms pulse broadening per kilometer for the used source and also when the optical source is LD with relative spectral width of 0.0012 at the same wavelength 6. A multimode graded index fiber exhibits total pulse broadening of 0.1us over a distance of 15km. Estimate: a) The max. possible BW assuming no inter symbol interference; b) The pulse dispersion per unit length; 66

The BW-length product of the fiber

Unit-2 Session –V Intermodal dispersion: MMSI, MMGI

67

Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable of     

Definition of Material dispersion Definition of Waveguide dispersion Causes of Material & Waveguide dispersion To calculate Material & Waveguide dispersion

Teaching Learning Material • Time (min) 10

25

25

Board

Content Teaching Aid Definition of Material dispersion Definition of Waveguide dispersion Quiz Causes of Material Board and & Waveguide dispersion discussion To calculate Material & Waveguide dispersion

Faculty Approach Introduction Explain

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competency development Knowledge Interpersonal

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Intermodal dispersion: MMSI

Board and discussion

Explains ,

Intermodal dispersion: MMGI

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Monitors& discusses

68

Session Inputs:  Recap of Definition of Material dispersion, Definition of Waveguide dispersion, Causes of Material & Waveguide dispersion,To calculate Material & Waveguide dispersion

Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. Define Material & Waveguide dispersion 2. What are the causes of Material & Waveguide dispersion  Intermodal dispersion: MMSI

Suggested Activity:     

discussion Definition of Intermodal dispersion Types of Intermodal dispersion Causes of Intermodal dispersion Intermodal dispersion in multimode step index fiber Intermodal dispersion in single mode step index fiber

 Suggested Activity: Questioning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What is meant by Intermodal dispersion? What are the different types of Intermodal dispersion? What are the Causes of Intermodal dispersion? Why the Intermodal dispersion is maximum in multimode step index fiber? Why the Intermodal dispersion is negligible in single mode step index fiber

 Intermodal dispersion: MMGI Suggested Activity: Discussion  

Causes of Intermodal dispersion I How the Intermodal dispersion is less in multimode graded index fiber?

Suggested Activity : Questioning 69

  

What are the Causes of Intermodal dispersion in multimode graded index fiber Why the Intermodal dispersion is less in multimode graded index fiber. Explain in Detail  Modal noise

Suggested Activity :   

Discussion

Definition of modal noise Causes of modal noise How the modal-noise-free transmission may be obtained

Suggested Activity :Questioning   

Define modal noise What are the Causes of modal noise How the modal-noise-free transmission may be obtained Unit_2_Notes_Session_V Unit_2_PPT_Session_V

 Conclusion: 

We can conclude the session that the student will be capable to know the Intermodal dispersion is less in multimode graded index fiber as compared to multimode step index fiber but it is negligible in single mode step index fiber. The student also know the modal noise, their causes

Summary: In this session the following points are covered :  Definition of Intermodal dispersion  Types of Intermodal dispersion  Causes of Intermodal dispersion  Intermodal dispersion in MMSI, SMSI, MMGI fiber  Definition and causes of modal noise Training learning outcome: 

In this session the learner will be able to explain intramodal and intermodal dispersion in optical fiber ,their types and causes

70

Assignment Questions: 1. Explain intramodal and intermodal dispersion in optical fiber,how dispersion affects transmission bandwidth of optical fiber? 2. Explain intramodal and intermodal dispersion in MMGI and SM fiber? 3. What is pulse dispersion? 4. Describe the mechanism of intermodal dispersion in MMSI? 5. Discuss dispersion mechanism with regard to single mode fibers indicating the dominating effects. Hence , describe how intramodal dispersion may be minimised within the single mode region 6. An 11 km optical fiber link consisting of the optimum near parabolic profile gradedindex fiber exhibits rms intermodal pulse broadening of 346 ps over its length. If the fiber has a relative refractive index of 1.5%, estimate the core axis refractive index. Hence determine the numerical aperture for the fiber

Unit-2 71

Session –VI Overall fiber dispersion: MM & SM fibers. Special use fibers: Dispersion shifted (DSF)

Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable of   

Overall fiber dispersion in multimode fiber Overall fiber dispersion in single mode fiber Dispersion shifted fiber

Teaching Learning Material • Time (min) 10

35

Board

Content Teaching Aid Recap of ineramodal and intermodal dispersion, modal noise Quiz Board and discussion

Overall fiber dispersion: MM & SM fibers

Board and discussion

Faculty Approach Introduction Explain

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competency development Knowledge Interpersonal

Explains ,

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Monitors& discusses

72

15

Special use fibers: Dispersion shifted (DSF)

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Session Inputs:  Recap of of ineramodal and intermodal dispersion, modal noise

Suggested Activity :Questioning 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What is meant by Intermodal dispersion and explain their different types ? What are the Causes of Intermodal dispersion? Why the Intermodal dispersion is maximum in multimode step index fiber? Why the Intermodal dispersion is negligible in single mode step index fiber? Define modal noise What are the Causes of modal noise How the modal-noise-free transmission may be obtained?  Overall fiber dispersion: MM & SM fibers

Suggested Activity:   

discussion

Overall fiber dispersion multimode fibers and their derivation Overall fiber dispersion single mode fibers and their derivation Problems on Overall fiber dispersion in single mode and multimode fibers

Suggested Activity : Questioning 1. What is the formula for calculating Overall fiber dispersion in single mode and multimode fibers  Dispersion shifted fiber

73

Suggested Activity:   

Discussion

Explanation of dispersion shifted fiber Material, waveguide and total dispersion characteristics for conventional and dispersion-shifted step index single-mode fibers Refractive index profiles for graded index dispersion-shifted fibers: triangular profile; depressed-cladding triangular profile; Gaussian profile

Suggested Activity: Questioning  

What is meant by dispersion shifted fiber? What is the difference between conventional and dispersion-shifted step index single-mode fibers? Unit_2_Notes_Session_VI Unit_2_PPT_Session_VI

 Conclusion: 2. We can conclude the session that the student will be capable to know difference between conventional and dispersion-shifted step index single-mode fibers and to calculate Overall fiber dispersion in single mode and multimode fibers

Summary: In this session the following points are covered : Calculation of Overall fiber dispersion in single mode and multimode fibers ,Dispersion shifted fiber and the difference between conventional and dispersion-shifted step index single-mode fibers Training learning outcome: In this session the learner will be able to explain dispersion shifted fiber and the difference between conventional and dispersion-shifted step index single-mode fibers

 Assignment Questions:  1. Describe the technique employed and the fiber structure utilised to provide Dispersion shifted SM fiber? 2. Draw and explain the refractive index profiles for graded index dispersion-shifted fiber ?

74

3. A multimode step index fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.3 and a core refractive index of 1.45. The material dispersion parameter for the fiber is 250 ps nm−1 km−l which makes material dispersion the totally dominating chromatic dispersion mech- anism. Estimate (a) the total rms pulse broadening per kilometer when the fiber is used with an LED source of rms spectral width 50 nm and (b) the corresponding bandwidth–length product for the fiber 4. A typical single-mode fiber has a zero-dispersion wavelength of 1.31 μm with a dis- persion slope of 0.09 ps nm−2 km−1. Compare the total first-order dispersion for the fiber at the wavelengths of 1.28 μm and 1.55 μm. When the material dispersion and profile dispersion at the latter wavelength are 13.5 ps nm−1 km−1 and 0.4 ps nm−1 km−1, respectively, determine the waveguide dispersion at this wavelength.

Unit-2 Session –VII NZDSF, Dispersion flattened, Polarization maintaining fibers, Fiber Nonlinearities. State of art: Fiber

75

Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable of difference between nonzero-dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF) and their application. In dispersion flattened fiber, the reduction in the dispersion slope or flattening is an important issue in the design of extended band NZ-DSFs together with the enlargement of the effective core area. The various types of PM fiber, classified in terms of their linear polarization mainten- ance

Teaching Learning Material • Time (min) 10

Board

Faculty Content Teaching Aid Approach Recap of Dispersion Introduction shifted fiber, overall dispersion in SM andExplain Quiz MM fiber Board and discussion

76

Typical Student Activity Listen & Participates

Skill/Competency development Knowledge Interpersonal

25

25

NZDSF, Dispersion flattened

Board and discussion

Explains ,

Polarization maintaining fibers, Fiber Nonlinearities. State of art: Fiber

Board and discussion

Explains & summarizes

Monitors& discusses

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Comprehension applications

Session Inputs:  Recap of Recap of Dispersion shifted fiber, overall dispersion in SM and MM fiber

Suggested Activity: Questioning 1. What is meant by dispersion shifted fiber? 2. What is Overall fiber dispersion in MM & SM fibers?  Nonzero-dispersion-shifted fibers (NZDSF), Dispersion flattened

Suggested Activity : Discussion   

Explanation of Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber Single-mode fiber dispersion characteristics, comparing the profiles for nonzero-dispersionshifted fiber (NZ-DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF) Typical refractive index profiles for nonzero-dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ- DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF)

Suggested Activity :Questioning 77

1. What is meant by Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber 2. What is the difference between Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber and (NZ-DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF) 3. What are the application Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber

 Polarization maintaining fibers, Fiber Nonlinearities. State of art: Fiber Fiber birefringence, calculation of modal birefringence BF for the fiber, definition and explanation of Polarization maintaining fibers, Time domain effect of polarization mode dispersion in a short fiber length Unit_2_Notes_Session_VII Unit_2_PPT_Session_VII

Conclusion: : We can conclude the session that the student will be capable to know the difference between Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber and (NZ-DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF) Fiber birefringence, calculation of modal birefringence BF for the fiber, definition and explanation of Polarization maintaining fibers, Time domain effect of polarization mode dispersion in a short fiber length Summary: In this session the following points are covered : Fiber birefringence, calculation of modal birefringence BF for the fiber, definition and explanation of Polarization maintaining fibers, Time domain effect of polarization mode dispersion in a short fiber length Training learning objective Training learning outcome: In this session the learner will be able to explain Fiber birefringence, definition and explanation of Polarization maintaining fibers, Time domain effect of polarization mode dispersion in a short fiber length

 Assignment Questions: 1. Explain what is meant by a) Modal birefringence b)The beat length in single mode fiber 78

2. Describe the technique employed and the fiber structure utilised to provide a) Dispersion shifted SM fiber b) Dispersion flattened SM fibers 3. Define and explain in detail polarization mode fiber 4. What is the difference between Nonzero dispersion shifted fiber and (NZ-DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF)? 5. Draw and explain typical refractive index profiles for nonzero-dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF) 6. Draw and explain Single-mode fiber dispersion characteristics, comparing the profiles for nonzero-dispersion-shifted fiber (NZ-DSF) and negative-dispersion fiber (NDF) 7. The beat length in a single-mode optical fiber is 9 cm when light from an injection laser with a spectral linewidth of 1 nm and a peak wavelength of 0.9 μm is launched into it. Determine the modal birefringence and estimate the coherence length in this situation. In addition calculate the difference between the propagation constants for the two orthogonal modes and check the result 8. Two polarization-maintaining fibers operating at a wavelength of 1.3 μm have beat lengths of 0.7 mm and 80 m. Determine the fiber birefringence in each case and comment on the results.

Unit-3

Unit-3 79

Session –I Introduction to optical sources: Wavelength and Material Considerations

Session 1: Introduction to optical sources: Wavelength and Material Considerations Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to •

List optical sources.

•

Learn the concept of Direct and indirect band gap.

•

Explain light source material.

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

•

Power point presentation

Session Plan 80

Time (in Min)

Content

10

Introduction of Light sources

20

Detail study of PN junction diode

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Black board, questioning

Explains & discusses

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

Direct and indirect band gap

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

Light source material

Presentation

Explains & summarizes

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

Session Inputs:

Introduction of Light sources: Session start with questions based on concept of light source, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge related to basic concepts of light source.

Suggested Activity  Black board and questionnaires:

What is the use of light sources?



List the types of light sources?

Detail study of PN junction diode:

Suggested Activity Presentation:-

Explain the concept of PN junction diode with the help of presentation; also it will cover energy level in diode. Light emission in PN junction diode in forward bias diode. Direct and indirect band gap: 81

Suggested Activity Presentation:-

With the help of presentation explain the concept of direct and indirect band gap so it will help learner to know difference between them. Light source material:

Suggested Activity Presentation:-

 In this presentation we discussed about material used in light source and wavelengths of light. Unit_3_Notes_Session_I Unit_3_PPT_Session_I

 Conclusion: we would conclude the session with few questions 

What is use of light source?



What are the types of light source?



What is difference between Direct and indirect band gap?



Write short note on light source material?

Summary: At the end of the session student will learn 

Light emission in PN junction diode.



Concept of direct and indirect band gap.



List the material used in light source.

Topic learning outcomes: The learner will be able to described basic information regarding optical sources.

82

 Assignments: 

Draw and explain Direct and indirect band gap?



Write short note on Light source material?

83

Unit-3 Session –II LEDs: principle of working & their Characteristics

Session 2: LEDs: principle of working & their Characteristics Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to •

List and explain types of LED structure

•

Explain light emission in LED

•

Analyze LED power and Quantum efficiency.

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

•

Power point presentation

84

Session Plan Time (in Min) 20

Content

LED structure:

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Presentation

Explains & discusses

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Surface and edge Emitting LED

Skill/competency Developed

30

Quantum efficiency, LED power and numerical

Black board, Presentation

Discusses Guiding & Evaluation of student activity

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

External Quantum Efficiency

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

Session Inputs:

LED structure: This session will start with LED structures and their working with the help of presentation.

Suggested Activity Presentation and discussion:-

Described the structure and working of surface and edge emitting LED. Quantum efficiency, LED power and numerical:

Suggested Activity Presentation:

Derivation of quantum efficiency



Concept of LED power

Black board:-

Solve the numerical based on quantum efficiency and LED power. 85

External Quantum efficiency:

Suggested Activity Presentation:-



Concept of external quantum efficiency



Derivation of radiative and non-radiative recombination time.

 Solve the problem on radiative and non-radiative recombination time. Unit_3_Notes_Session_II Unit_3_PPT_Session_II

 Conclusion: At the end student will learn 

Different types of LED structure.



How to calculate and analyze Quantum efficiency and power of LED.



Analyze radiative and nonradiative recombination time, Bulk recombination life time.

Summary: At the end of the session student will learn 

Detailed study of LED and their Parameters.

Topic learning outcomes: The learner will be able to get information of LED structure. Analyze radiative and nonradiative recombination time, Bulk recombination life time.

 Assignments: 

Solve problem on radiative and non-radiative recombination time, Bulk recombination life time from university paper.



Draw and explain surface emitting LED? 86

Unit-3 87

Session –III LASERs: principle of working & their Characteristics.

Session Objectives : LASERs: principle of working & their Characteristics. At the end of session the learner will be able to •

Explain Basic information of LASER diode like Laser action, Radiation of Laser diode, and their characteristics.

•

Described Laser operation and lasing condition.

Teaching Learning Material • •

Board Power point presentation

Session Plan

88

Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

15

Introduction of Board LASER, Three Presentation main process and animation for laser action

Explain & discuses

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal, Interpersonal Application

25

Radiation of Presentation LASER diode, Laser Diode Characteristics:

Explain, Discuses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Laser Operation Black board, & Lasing Presentation Condition

Explain

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

Session Inputs:

Introduction of LASER, Three main processes for laser action: Session start with discussion on use of LASER diode, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge.

Suggested Activity Presentation:

Described the three types of laser action with the help of diagram.

1- Photon absorption 2- Spontaneous emission 3- Stimulated emission Radiation of LASER diode and their characteristics:

Suggested Activity Presentation:-

This presentation explains the radiation in LASER diode with the help of diagram and the characteristics of LASER in detail. Laser operation and Lasing condition:

89

Suggested Activity Presentation:-

Explain the lasing condition with the help of graph and mathematical equations also derive semiconductor laser rate equations. Unit_3_Notes_Session_III Unit_3_PPT_Session_III

 Conclusion: We would conclude the session with few questions  Draw and explain the laser action? 

What are the characteristics of Laser diode?



Write note on Radiation of laser diode?

Summary: At the end of the session student will learn 

Different types of laser actions.



Radiation in Laser diode.



Semiconductor laser rate equations

Topic learning outcomes: The student will able to get knowledge about LASER diode.

 Assignments: 

What are the characteristics of Laser?



Explain radiations in laser diode?



Derive semiconductor laser rate equation?

90

91

Unit-3 Session –IV Line coding, Different modulation schemes

Session Objectives: Line coding, Different modulation schemes At the end of session the learner will be able to •

Explain different types of line coding and block coding techniques.

•

Give brief overview of modulation schemes in optical system.

Teaching Learning Material 92

• •

Board Power point presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

5

Introduction of Line coding

Black board

Explains

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal Application

20

NRZ & RZ signal formats

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal Intrapersonal

15

Block coding & modulation schemes

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Conclusion and summary

Key words

List facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge

black board

Comprehension Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Session Inputs:



Introduction of Line coding: Session start with discussion on some questions arise in learner mind like,  Define and list line coding techniques?  Where and why we use line coding techniques? NRZ & RZ signal formats:

Suggested Activity: Black board and Presentation:

List different types of line coding techniques. 93



Draw and explain NRZ & RZ signal formats

Block coding & modulation schemes: Explain block coding & modulation schemes used in optical communication system.

Suggested Activity: Presentation:

Define block coding



Difference between Line and block coding



Brief overview of modulation schemes in optical communication system. Unit_3_Notes_Session_IV Unit_3_PPT_Session_IV

 Conclusion: We would conclude the session with few questions 

Define and list line coding techniques?



What are the block coding techniques?



Give overview of modulation schemes?

Summary: At the end of the session student will learn 

Line coding techniques



List out block coding techniques



Give overview of modulation schemes.

Topic learning outcomes: Learner will able to list and explain different coding techniques and modulation schemes.

 Assignments: 

Draw and explain different types of line coding techniques?



Write short note on? 1. Block coding techniques? 94

2. Modulation schemes in optical fiber communication system?

95

Unit-3 Session –V LED drive circuits for digital and analog transmission

Session Objectives: LED drive circuits for digital and analog transmission At the end of session the learner will be able to •

List the difference and limitations of LED and LASER diode.

•

Described different types of LED drive circuits for analog and digital transmission. 96

Teaching Learning Material • •

Board Power point presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min) 15

20

Content

Source limitations

LED drive circuits for analog transmission

Learning Aid /Methodology

Black board

Presentation

Faculty Approach

Explains & discusses

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Listen , Participates, List

Knowledge Intrapersonal

Explains , Discusses

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Interpersonal

15

LED drive circuits for Digital transmission

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion and summary

Key words

List facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge Comprehension Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Session Inputs:

Source Limitations: Before starting the discussion on transmitter circuits we will discuss on difference and limitations of LED and LASER diode.

 Suggested Activity: 97

Black board:-

There are certain parameters on the basis of which we can discuss the limitations of optical source in details with the help of graph.

LED drive circuits for analog transmission: With basic knowledge of Optical communication system, LED drive circuits also play a very important role in optical communication system.

 Suggested Activity Presentation:-

This presentation explain the different types of LED drive circuits for analog transmission, 

CE configuration drives circuit.



Darlington transistor drives circuit.



A differential amplifier drives circuit.

LED drive circuits for digital transmission:

 Suggested Activity: Presentation:-

Explain different types of LED drive circuits for digital transmission



Low impedance drives circuits



Common logic interface drives circuits

Conclusion and summary:

Suggested Activity Discussion: 

Recap of difference and limitations of LED and LASER.



List the different types of LED drive circuits for analog and digital transmission. Unit_3_Notes_Session_V Unit_3_PPT_Session_V

 Conclusion: We would conclude the session with few questions

98



What is difference between LED and ILD?



Draw and explain Darlington transistor drives circuit?



List the LED drive circuits for digital transmission?

Summary: At the end of the session student will learn 

Difference and limitation of LED and ILD.



Different types of LED drive circuits for analog and digital transmission.

Topic learning outcomes: Learner will able to design different LED drive circuits.

 Assignments: 

Write the limitations of LED and LASER diode?



Draw and explain Darlington transistor drives circuit?



List the different types of LED drive circuits for analog transmission?

99

Unit-3 Session –VI Power launching: Fiber optic slices

Session Objectives : Power launching: Fiber optic slices At the end of session the learner will be able to

100

•

List types of slicing techniques

•

Explain losses in power launching techniques.

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

•

Power point presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

10

Introduction

Black board

Explains & discusses

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

35

Fiber slicing and Losses

Presentation

Explains , Discusses, facilitates

Listen , List, Participates, Identify

Knowledge Interpersonal

Discusses

Listen , List

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

Summery

Key words

applications

Intrapersonal

Session Inputs:

Introduction of Light sources: Session start with brief overview of this session, Suggested Activity Black board:

Different types of power launching techniques.



List out the optical slicing techniques.

Fiber slicing and Losses: Explain in details types of optical slicing techniques Suggested Activity: 101

Presentation:

Definition and need of optical slicing.



Two types of slicing techniques, Mechanical and fusion slicing.



Detail study of, types of Mechanical slicing.



Detail study of, types of Fusion slicing.

Summary:

Suggested Activity: 

Difference between Mechanical and fusion slicing.



Brief overview of slicing losses.

Topic learning outcomes: Student will able to list out and described slicing techniques.

Unit_3_Notes_Session_VI Unit_3_PPT_Session_VI

 Conclusion: At the end of the session student will learn 

Definition of slicing.



Need of slicing in OFC system.



Details of mechanical slicing.



Details of Fusion slicing.

 Assignments: 

What is need of slicing?



List and explain mechanical slicing techniques?



Write difference between mechanical and fusion slicing?

102



Write short note on slicing loss?

Unit-3 Session –VII Power launching: Fiber optic coupler and connectors, State of art: LED and LASER

103

Session Objectives : Power launching: Fiber optic coupler and connectors, State of art: LED and LASER At the end of session the learner will be able to •

Learn the concept of optic coupler.

•

Explain different types of connectors.

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

•

Power point presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

25

Fiber optic couplers

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen , Participates, list

Knowledge Interpersonal

25

Fiber connectors

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen, list

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

State of art: LED and LASER

Key words

facilitates

identify

Knowledge Interpersonal

Session Inputs:

Fiber optic coupler:

Session start basic concept of coupler it will be help learner to increase

interest in this topic.

 Suggested Activity 104

Presentation:

Use of couplers in optical system.



Different types of optic coupler.

Fiber optic connectors:

Suggested Activity Presentation:

Different types of optical connectors.



Use of connectors in optical system.

State of art: LED and LASER Session end with state of art topic in this we distribute a topic to learner and they have to collect the information like, where the given topic used in practical application or what are the different types available in market etc. Unit_3_Notes_Session_VII Unit_3_PPT_Session_VII

 Conclusion: We would conclude the session with few questions 

List the different types of optic couplers?



Draw and explain types of optic couplers?



Write note on optic connectors?

Summary: At the end of the session student will learn 

Need of optic couplers.



Types of optic couplers.



Explain optic connectors.

Topic learning outcomes: Student will able to list out and described optic couplers and connectors. 105

 Assignments: 

What are the different types of optic coupler?



Write note on optic connectors?

Unit-4 Session –I 106

Introduction to optical detectors and Material Considerations

107

Session 1: Introduction to optical detectors and Material Considerations Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Examine material consideration in optical detector

• •

Discus the requirement of optical detector Identify the optical detector for optical receiver.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach Explain & discuss

Skill/competency Developed Intrapersonal

Listen & Participates

Interpersonal

Presentation

Explain , Discuss

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal Intrapersonal

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

05 Prerequisite

Typical Student activity

Chalk & talk

10

Requirements of optical detector

20

Details about materials used for various optical Detector

Presentation

Explains , List

15

Comparative study of material used for optical detector w.r.t performance

Presentation

Explains & List

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion

Presentation

Explain

Answer

Knowledge Interpersonal Intrapersonal

108

Session Inputs:  Requirements of Optical Detector

 Suggested Activity: Presentation 

Before starting the session on Optical fiber communication system, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about general communication system & component used within Communication system. The learners will be able to explain following points 7. What is the concept of Detectors? 8. What is the concept of optical Detectors? 9. How optical detectors are useful in optical communication system 10. Basic requirement of optical detector.

 Details about materials used for various optical Detector

 Suggested Activity:

Presentation

 A presentation is given, which describes the different material used in optical detector. The learners will be able to explain following point. 1. Material selection criteria for optical detector?  Comparative study of material used for optical detector w.r.t performance

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given on the comparative study of material used for optical detector with respect to performance, characteristics, avaibility, cost etc. The learners will be able to explain following points

1. Comparative study of material used for optical detector. 2. Performance characteristics of optical material. Unit_4_Notes_Session_I Unit_4_PPT_Session_I

Conclusion:



We can conclude the session with some questions. 109



What is the concept of Detectors?



Requirement of the optical detector

 Characteristics of the diffent optical material? Summary: In this session following points are covered 

Concept of optical detector.



Basic requirement of optical detector.



Material used in different optical detector.

Topic Learning Outcome:

The learner will able to decide the requirement of optical receivers, material consideration in optical

detector and identify the optical detector for optical receiver

.

 Assignment Question: 1. Explain the concept of optical detector? 2. Explain the basic requirement of optical detector? 3. List the different material used in optical detector with characteristics.

110

Unit-4 Session –II Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of PN, P-i-N,

111

Session 2: Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of PN, P-i-N photo diode.

Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain the working & characteristics PN photo diode.

•

Explain the working & characteristics P-i-N photo diode

•

Merits & demerits of PN & P-i-N photo diode.

•

Examine the spectral response for different material used in P-i-N photo diode

•

Examine the comparison of responsivity & quantum efficiency with respect to wavelength for PIN photo-diodes of different materials

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min)

Content

10

Recap: Concept & requirement optical detector.

15

Working & characteristics PN photo diode.

15

10

Learning Aid Faculty /Methodolog Approach y

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Presentation

Explain &, Discuss

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Working & characteristics P-iN photo diode

Presentation

Explain & Discusses

Listen , Participates

Comprehension applications

Comparison of responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t wavelength for PIN photo-

Presentation

Explain

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

chalk & talk

112

diodes of different materials Merits & demerits of PN & P-i-N photo diode

10

Presentation

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge interpersonal & intrapersonal.

Session Inputs:  Recap: Before starting the session type of photo detector, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge related to basic concepts of photo diode & basic requirement.

 Suggested Activity:

Discussion In this session review has taken about the topics covered in last session, concept of detector,



optical detector and requirement of optical detector. The learners will be able to explain following points 1.

What is the concept of Detectors?

2.

What is the concept of optical Detectors?

3.

Basic requirement of optical detector.

 Working & characteristics PN photo diode.



Suggested Activity: Presentation

 A presentation is given, the working, characteristics and material used for PN photo diode. The learners will be able to explain following points 1. Examine the working of PN photo diode. 2. Examine the characteristics of PN photo Diode  Working & characteristics P-i-N photo diode

 Suggested Activity:

Presentation

 A presentation is given, the working, characteristics and material used for P-i-N photo diode. The learners will be able to explain following points 1.

Examine the working of P-i-N photo diode.

2.

Examine the characteristics of P-i-N photo Diode

 Comparison of responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t wavelength for PIN photo-diodes of different materials

 Suggested Activity:

Presentation 113



A presentation is given the Comparison of responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t Wavelength for PIN photo-diodes of different materials. The learners will be able to explain Following points. 1. Compare the responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t. wavelength for PIN photo diodes of different materials (Si, Ge & InGaAs) 2. Comparative study of spectral response of PIN photo diode for different material, different wavelength.

 Merits & demerits of PN & P-i-N photo diode



Suggested Activity: Presentation

A presentation is given the merits and demerits of PN and P-I-N photo diode. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of PN photo diode?

2.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of PIN photo diode? Unit_4_Notes_Session_II Unit_4_PPT_Session_II

Conclusion:

 We can conclude the session with some questions. •

Explain the working and characteristics of PN photo diode?

•

Explain the working and characteristics of PN photo diode?

•

Compare the responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t. wavelength for PIN photo diodes of Different materials (Si, Ge & InGaAs) •

What are the advantages & disadvantages of PN photo diode?

•

What are the advantages & disadvantages of PIN photo diode?

Summary: In this session following points are covered • •

Working and characteristics of PN & PIN photo diode. Comparison of responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t wavelength for PIN photo-diodes of Different materials

•

Merits & demerits of PN & P-i-N photo diode 114

Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will able to explain the working, characteristics, merits & demerits of PN and P-I-N Photo Diode.

 Assignment Question: 1.

Explain Working and characteristics of PN photo diode.?

2.

Explain Working and characteristics of PIN photo diode.?

3.

Write the Merits & demerits of PN photo diode

4.

Write the Merits & demerits of P-i-N photo diode

5.

Compare the responsivity & quantum efficiency w.r.t. wavelength for PIN photo diodes of Different materials (Si, Ge & InGaAs)

115

Unit-4 Session –III Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of Avalanche photodiodes & photo Transistor

116

Session 3: Principle of working & characteristics and relative merits and demerits of Avalanche photodiodes & photo Transistor Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain the working & characteristics Avalanche photo diode.

•

Explain the working & characteristics photo transistor.

•

Merits & demerits of Avalanche photo diode.

•

Merits & demerits of photo transistor.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan

Content

Learning Aid Faculty /Methodolog Approach y

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

10

Recap: Drawback of PN & PIN photo diode

Quiz & presentation

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

working & characteristics Avalanche photo diode

Presentation

Explain &, Discuss

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

working & characteristics photo transistor

Presentation

Explain & Discusses

Listen , Participates

Comprehension applications

10

Merits & demerits of Avalanche Presentation photo diode &photo transistor

Explain

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

05

Conclusion

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge interpersonal &

Time (in Min)

Presentation

117

intrapersonal.

Session Inputs:  Recap: Before starting the session, discus on drawback of PN & PIN photo diode.

Suggested Activity: Quiz 

In this session for better understanding of Avalanche photo diode & photo transistor, first discus on drawback of PN & PIN photo diode.

1. What are the drawbacks of PN photo diode? 2. What are the drawbacks of PIN photo diode?  Working & characteristics Avalanche photo diode

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given, the working, characteristics and material used for Avalanche photo

diode. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. Examine the construction & working of Avalanche photo diode. 2. Examine the characteristics of Avalanche photo Diode 3. Comparison of Avalanche photo diode parameter for different materials

 Working & characteristics photo transistor



Suggested Activity: Presentation

 A presentation is given, the working, characteristics and material used for Photo transistor. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1.

Examine the construction & working of Photo transistor.

2.

Examine the characteristics of Photo transistor

3.

Comparison of Photo transistor parameter for different materials

 Merits & demerits of Avalanche photo diode &photo transistor.  Suggested Activity: Presentation 

A presentation is given, the advantages & disadvantages of Avalanche photo diode and Photo transistor. The learners will be able to explain following points. 118

1.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Avalanche photo diode?

2.

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Photo Transistor? Unit_4_Notes_Session_III Unit_4_PPT_Session_III

Conclusion:



We can conclude the session with some questions.

•

Explain the working and characteristics of Avalanche photo diode?

•

Explain the working and characteristics of Photo transistor?

•

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Avalanche photo diode? •

What are the advantages & disadvantages of Photo Transistor?

Summary: In this session following points are covered •

Construction, Working and characteristics of Avalanche photo diode

•

Construction, Working and characteristics of Photo Transistor.

•

Merits & demerits of Avalanche Photo diode & Photo Transistor.

Topic Learning Objective: The learner will able to describe the working, characteristics, merits & demerits of Avalanche Photo Diode and Photo transistor.

 Assignment Question: 1. Explain the working and characteristics of Avalanche photo diode? 2. Explain the working and characteristics of Photo transistor? 3. What are the advantages & disadvantages of Avalanche photo diode? 4. What are the advantages & disadvantages of Photo Transistor?

119

Unit-4 Session –IV Receiver Noise and Noise consideration in PN Photo Diode

120

Session 4: Receiver Noise and Noise consideration in PN Photo Diode Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Examine the different noise in Analog & Digital receiver system.

•

Examine the diffent noise sources in optical receiver.

•

Examine the noise consideration in PN photo Diode

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid Faculty /Methodolog Approach y

10

Recap: Brief review of Avalanche photo diode & photo transistor

presentation

15

Different noise in Analog & Digital receiver system

15 15

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Presentation

Explain &, Discuss

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Diffent noise sources in optical receiver

Presentation

Explain & Discusses

Listen , Participates

Comprehension applications

Noise consideration in PN

Presentation

Explain

Listen

Knowledge

121

Interpersonal

photo Diode 05

Conclusion

Presentation

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge interpersonal & intrapersonal.

Session Inputs:  Recap: Before starting the session, discus on Avalanche photo Diode & Photo transistor.

Suggested Activity: Quiz 

In this session, brief review of last session i.e. construction, working, characteristics Advantages & disadvantages of Avalanche photo diode and Photo transistor. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. What is the working principle of avalanche photo diode? 2. What are the advantages & disadvantages of avalanche photo diode? 3. Explain the optical gain in Photo transistor.

 Different noise in Analog & Digital receiver system

Suggested Activity:

Presentation

 A presentation is given, the different noise in analog & digital receiver system. Signal to Noise ratio, Bit error rate. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. Examine the different noise in analog receiver system. 2. Examine the different noise in digital receiver system 3. Explain the signal to noise ratio and bit error rate in optical receiver.  Diffent noise sources in optical receiver

 Suggested Activity:

Presentation

122

 A presentation is given, the different noise sources in optical receiver. Different noise sources in optical receiver are short noise, thermal noise, dark current noise excess noise etc. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1.

Examine the different noise sources in optical receiver.

2.

Explain the short and thermal noise in optical receiver.

3.

Explain the dark current and excess noise in optical receiver.

 Noise consideration in PN photo Diode

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given, the different noise consideration in PN photo diode. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. Explain the different noise in PN photo diode receiver?

Unit_4_Notes_Session_IV Unit_4_PPT_Session_IV Conclusion:



We can conclude the session with some questions.

1.

Examine the different noise in analog receiver system.

2.

Examine the different noise in digital receiver system

3.

Explain the signal to noise ratio and bit error rate in optical receiver.

4.

Explain the different noise in PN photo diode receiver?

Summary: In this session following points are covered •

Different noise in analog and digital optical Receiver.

•

Diffent noise sources in optical receiver.

•

Different noise in PN photo diode receiver.

Topic Learning Objective: The learner will able to classify and explain the different noise and noise sources in optical receiver. 123

 Assignment Question: 1.

List the different noise in analog and digital optical receiver system.

2.

List the different noise sources in optical receiver system

3.

Explain the signal to noise ratio and bit error rate in optical receiver.

4.

Write a short Note on shot noise, thermal noise & dark current noise in optical receiver.

Unit-4 Session –V Noise consideration in P-i-N and Avalanche Photo Diode

124

Session 5: Noise consideration in P-i-N and Avalanche Photo Diode Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Examine the different noise in P-i-N photo diode.

•

Examine the diffent noise in Avalanche photo Diode.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid Faculty /Methodolog Approach y

10

Recap: Brief review of noise sources in Optical receiver system

Quiz

20

Different noise in P-i-N photo diode

20

Diffent noise in Avalanche photo Diode

10

Conclusion

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Presentation

Explain &, Discuss

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Presentation

Explain & Discusses

Listen , Participates

Comprehension applications

Presentation

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge interpersonal & intrapersonal.

125

Session Inputs:  Recap: Before starting the session, discus on of noise sources and different noise in optical receiver.

 Suggested Activity: Quiz 

In this session, brief review of last session, i.e. discus on of noise sources and different noise

in optical receiver. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. Different noise in analog and digital optical receiver system. 2. Different noise sources in optical receiver system.  Different noise in P-i-N photo diode

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given, the different noise in P-i-N photo diode. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. Examine the Different noise in P-i-N Photo diode. 2. Explain the thermal and shot noise in P-i-N photo diode 3. Explain the dark current & excess noise in P-I-N photo Diode.

 Diffent noise in Avalanche photo Diode



Suggested Activity: Presentation



A presentation is given, the different noise in Avalanche photo diode. The learners will be able to explain following points.

1.

Examine the different noise Avalanche photo diode in Avalanche photo diode.

2.

Explain the short and thermal noise Avalanche photo diode.

3.

Explain the dark current and excess noise Avalanche photo diode.

Unit_4_Notes_Session_V Unit_4_PPT_Session_V Conclusion:



We can conclude the session with some questions.

1.

Examine the different noise in P-I-N photo diode.

2.

Examine the different noise in Avalanche Photo diode.

126

Summary: In this session following points are covered •

Different noise in in P-I-N photo diode.

•

Diffent noise sources in Avalanche Photo diode.

Topic Learning Objective: The learner will able to recognize the different noise present in P-I-N and avalanche photo diode.

 Assignment Question: 1.

List the different noise in P-I-N photo diode..

2.

List the different noise in Avalanche Photo diode

3.

Explain the dark current & thermal noise in P-I-N photo diode.

4.

Explain the shot noise and excess noise in Avalanche photo diode.

127

Unit-4 Session –VI Receiver structures, State of art: Optical detectors & detection scheme

128

Session 4: Receiver structures. State of art: Optical detectors Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Examine the different receiver structure in optical fiber communication system.

•

Block diagram of Optical Detector.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

Session Plan

Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid Typical Faculty /Methodolog Student Approach y activity

10

Recap: Brief review of noise in P-I-N and Avalanche Photo Diode

Quiz

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Different receiver structure in optical fiber communication system.

Presentation

Explain &, Discuss

Listen , Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

State of art: Optical Detector

Presentation

Explain & Discusses

Listen , Participates

Comprehension applications

10

Conclusion

Presentation

Explain

Listen

Knowledge Interpersonal

129

Skill/competency Developed

Session Inputs:  Recap: Before starting the session, discus on different noise in P-I-N and avalanche photo Diode.

Suggested Activity: Quiz 

In this session, brief review of last session i.e. different noise in P-I-N and avalanche Photo Diode. The learners will be able to explain following points. 1. Which is the different noise present in P-I-N Photo Diode? 2. Which is the different noise present in Avalanche Photo Diode??

 Different receiver structure in optical fiber communication system.

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given, the different receiver structure in fiber optical communication System. Different receiver type: High impedance, low impedance, Transimpedance. The Learners will be able to explain following points. . 1. Which are the different receiver structures in fiber optical communication system? 2. Explain the High impedance, low impedance and transimpedance type optical receiver.

 State of art: Optical Detector

 Suggested Activity: 

Presentation

A presentation is given, the block diagram of Optical Detector with optical filter, channel Filter, quantization and error correction method. The learners will be able to explain following points.

1. Examine the Block diagram of Optical Detector? 2. Explain the different error correction method in optical receiver.

Unit_4_Notes_Session_VI Unit_4_PPT_Session_VI

130

Conclusion:

 We can conclude the session with some questions. 1.

Different type of receiver structure.

2.

Equivalent circuit diagram of receiver structure.

3.

Different error correction method in optical receiver.

Summary: In this session following points are covered •

Different receiver structure in optical fiber communication system.

•

Block diagram of Optical Detector.

•

Different error correction method in optical receiver.

Topic Learning Objective: The learner will able to memorize the different receiver structure & block diagram of optical receiver communication system.

 Assignment Question: 1.

Explain the Block Diagram of optical Detector.

2.

Explain the equivalent Circuit diagram of optical receiver.

3.

Explain the different error correction method in optical detector.

131

Unit-5 Session –I Overview of Design Consideration in Optical Communication

132

Session 1: Overview of Design Consideration in Optical Communication Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable to: 

Define basic considerations while designing any optical communication system



Categorize any optical communication system

Teaching Learning Material •

Board

•

Power point presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

15

Recap of optical communication system.

Presentation

Explains & discusses

Listen & Participates Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Introduction to basic components of optical communication system

Board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Design consideration for each module in OFC system

Board and discussion

Explains , facilitates, List

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

133

05

Conclusion & Summery

Keywords

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge comprehension, interpersonal & intrapersonal.

Session Inputs:  Recap of optical communication system

 Suggested Activity: Presentation  Details of optical communication system are discussed in this as a pre-requisite to optical communication system.  Introduction to basic components of optical communication system

 Suggested Activity:

Board and discussion

 This session gives the detail information about different components of basic components of fiber optic communication system.  Design consideration for each module in OFC system

 Suggested Activity:

Presentation

 This session gives the detail information about Different design considerations required for fiber optic communication system. Unit_5_Notes_Session_I Unit_5_PPT_Session_I  Conclusion: We can conclude the session with some questions 

What are the basic parameters that are consider while designing optical fiber communication system?



What are the basic modules of an optical fiber communication system?

SummaryIn this session learners are able to: 134

1. Understand basic modules required to design any optical communication system. 2. Get knowledge about parameters of optical fiber communication system.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The learner will able to Design fiber optic communication system.

 Assignments: 1. What is optical communication system? 2. What are the main components of an optical fiber communication system? 3. What are criteria for choosing fiber?

135

Unit-5 Session –II Point-to-point links

136

Session 2: Point-to-point links At the end of session the learner will be capable to: 1. Identify the types of links used in optical fiber communication system. 2.

List basic functions of a fiber link

Teaching Learning Material • •

Board Power point presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min) 05

Content

Recap of design

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

consideration in optical communication system 10

Introduction to different types of links in optical communication system.

Black board and discussion

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Point-to-point links in optical system

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

137

20

System consideration for Point-to-point links

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

5

Conclusion & Summery

Keywords

List & facilitates

Identifies

Knowledge comprehension, interpersonal & intrapersonal.

Session Inputs:  Recap of design consideration in optical communication system  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 Details of design consideration optical communication system is discussed in this as a pre-requisite to optical communication system.

 Introduction to different types of links in optical communication system.  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion

 In this session the Teacher will give a black board presentation regarding, analog & digital links. Applications of these links are also discussed.  Point-to-point links in optical system Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:

 Describes point to point communication in fiber optic communication.  System consideration for Point-to-point links  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:



This session gives the design considerations required for the point to point links in fiber optic communication system. Unit_5_Notes_Session_II Unit_5_PPT_Session_II

138

Conclusion-

 We can conclude the session with some questions 1. What are the different types of links used in optical fiber communication system? 2. What are the real time applications of links SummaryIn this session learners are able to 1. Understand basic modules required to design any optical communication system. 2. Identify types of links used in optical fiber communication system.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The learner will able to understand point to point communication & analysis of point to point communication.

 Assignment Questions: 1. What are the different types of links used in optical fiber communication system? 2. What are the real time applications of links

139

Unit-5 Session –III Link power budget analysis

140

Session 3: Link power budget analysis. Session objectivesAt the end of session the learner will be capable to: 1.

Explain optimal power loss model

2.

To calculate optical power budget

Teaching Learning Material • •

Board Power point presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min) 10

Content

Recap of point-

Learning Aid /Methodology

Concepts of Link power budget analysis

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

to-point links in optical communication system 20

Faculty Approach

141

20

Problems on

Link power budget analysis

10

Conclusion & Summery

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Intrapersonal

Session Inputs:  Recap of point-to-point links in optical communication system

 Suggested Activity: Discussion

 Details of design consideration point to point links for optical communication system is discussed.  Concepts of Link power budget analysis  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion The concept of link power budget analysis is discussed with help of black board presentation.

 Problems on Link power budget analysis  Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:

 In this session different types of problems on link power budget are discussed & solved. Unit_5_Notes_Session_III Unit_5_PPT_Session_III ConclusionWe can conclude the session with some questions 1. What is need of link power budget analysis? 2. How link power budget analysis can find out faults in links?

142

SummaryIn this session learners are able to: 1. Get knowledge about link power budget analysis. 2. Explain purpose to use link power budget analysis .

Topic Learning Outcomes: The learner will able to analyze the link power budget.

 Assignment Questions: 1. What is need of link power budget analysis? 2. How link power budget analysis can find out faults in links?

Unit-5 Session –IV 143

Basics of Analog links

Session 4: Basics of Analog links Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable to 

Explain analog links in optical fiber communication system



Application of analog links

Teaching Learning Material • •

Board Power point presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min) 10

Content

Recap of link

Learning Aid /Methodology

Discussion

Faculty Approach

Discuss

power budget analysis

144

Typical Student activity Listen

Skill/competency Developed

Knowledge Interpersonal

40

Concepts of Black board analog links and its applications

Explains , and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion & Summery

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Intrapersonal

Discussion

Interpersonal

Session Inputs:  Recap of link power budget analysis  Suggested Activity: Discussion:



In this session a brief review of link power budget analysis & related concepts are taken.

 Concepts of analog links and its applications

 Suggested Activity: Black board In this session we will study 

Basic elements of analog links system



System function using analog links

Unit_5_Notes_Session_IV Unit_5_PPT_Session_IV

 ConclusionWe can conclude the session with some questions 1. What is analog links? 2. What are the basic building blocks in analog links? SummaryIn this session learners are able to: 1. Define what is analog links. 2. Explain about elements of analog links.

145

Topic Learning Outcomes: The student will able to solve different problems based on analog link.

 Assignment Questions: 1. How to calculate optical power budget?

2. Why to use link power budget analysis?

Unit-5 Session –V 146

Rise time budget analysis

Session 5: Rise time budget analysis Session objectivesAt the end of session the learner will be capable to 1. Explain what is rise time budget analysis? 2. Step to calculate dispersion limitation of an optical fiber link. Teaching Learning Material • •

Board Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min) 10

Content

Recap on analog links

Learning Aid /Methodology

Discussion

Faculty Approach

Revise &

147

Typical Student activity Listen &

Skill/competency Developed

Knowledge Interpersonal &

Discuss

Participates

Intrapersonal

20

Concepts of rise time analysis

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Problems on rise

Black board

Explains , and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal

time budget analysis 10

Conclusion & Summery

Interpersonal

Session Inputs:  Recap on analog links  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 A detailed review of analog links, its advantages and applications is taken.  Concepts of rise time analysis  Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion

 In this session we will discuss basic concept of rise time budget analysis.  Problems on rise time budget analysis Suggested Activity: Black board

 In this session we will calculate rise time of system using rise time budget analysis. Unit_5_Notes_Session_V Unit_5_PPT_Session_V

148

ConclusionWe can conclude the session with some questions 1. What is rise time? 2. What are steps of rise time budget analysis? 3. What are the rise-time budget analysis components? SummaryIn this session learners are able to: 1. Get knowledge about rise time budget analysis. 2. Explain purpose to use rise time budget analysis. 3. Solve different numerical on rise-time budget analysis components.

Topic Learning Outcomes: The student will able to solve the numerical based on rise time.

 Assignment Questions: 1. What is rise time? 2. What are steps of rise time budget analysis?

149

Unit-5 Session –VI CNR-carrier to noise ratio, Multichannel Transmission Techniques

Session 6: CNR-carrier to noise ratio, Multichannel Transmission Techniques. Session objectives At the end of session the learner will be capable to: 1. Define CNR 2. Calculate CNR in digital system and analog system 3. List out different Multichannel Transmission Techniques. Teaching Learning Material • Board • Presentation Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

150

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

05

Recap of rise time budget analysis

Discussion

Revise & Discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal & Intrapersonal

25

Concepts of CNR

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Multichannel transmission techniques.

Presentation and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Conclusion & Summery

Discussion

Explains & summarizes

Listen Participates

Knowledge Intrapersonal Interpersonal

Session Inputs:  Recap of rise time budget analysis  Suggested Activity: Discussion

 Steps of calculating rise time of system using time budget analysis are discussed.  Concepts of CNR  Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion

 In this session learner will study about carrier to noise ratio and CNR for analog and digital system in OFC.

 Multichannel transmission techniques. Suggested Activity: Presentation and discussion

 In this session learner will study different multichannel transmission techniques. 151

Unit_5_Notes_Session_VI Unit_5_PPT_Session_VI ConclusionWe can conclude the session with some questions 1. What are the different multichannel techniques used in fiber optic communication? 2. What is carrier to noise ratio? SummaryIn this session learners are able to: 

Understand the concept of carrier to noise ratio.



List and explain different multichannel techniques.

Topic Learning Outcomes: Student will able to explain CNR & different multichannel techniques

 Assignment Questions: 1. What is carrier to noise ratio(CNR)? 2. How to estimate CNR for analog and digital system? 3. Which are the different multichannel techniques used in fiber optic communication?

152

Unit-6 Session –I Overview of WDM

153

Session 1: Overview of WDM Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain wavelength multiplexing concepts.

•

Recognize the difference between frequency and wavelength which is why wavelength has been used in place of frequency in optical fiber communication.

•

Advantages of optical fiber system over conventional system.

Teaching Learning Material •

Presentation

•

Chalk & talk

Session Plan

Time (in Min) 10

20

20

10

Content

Introduction

Principles of WDM

WDM standards

Explanation of Block-diagram

Learning Aid /Methodology

Presentation

Questionnaires

Presentation

Presentation and discussion

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

Explains & discusses

Listen & Participates Identifies

Intrapersonal

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

Explains , facilitates, List

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

Explains & List

Listen & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

154

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Intrapersonal

Session Inputs:  Introduction of WDM

Suggested Activity: Presentation

Before starting the session on WDM, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about general multiplexing.  Principles of WDM.



Suggested Activity: Questionnaires

11. What are different ways of multiplexing? 12. What are different blocks of WDM system? 13. What are advantages & limitations of WDM system? The learner will be able to identify the ways of Multiplexing and the concept of WDM with the help of its advantages and disadvantages.

 WDM standards.



Suggested Activity: Presentation A presentation describes the different multiplexing for different wavelength in optical fiber communication. Similarly the students will understand the basics of WDM standards which will be useful while using the WDM in OCS.  Explanation of WDM Block-diagram



Suggested Activity: Presentation

Block diagram of WDM is described with the help of PPT presentation. Unit_6_Notes_Session_I Unit_6_PPT_Session_I

Conclusion:



 

We can conclude the session with some questions. What are the different blocks of WDM? List advantages of WDM system?

Introduction of WDM Principles of WDM. WDM standards. Explanation of WDM Block-diagram

155

Summary: In this session we learn to:  Elements of WDM.  

Describe different wavelength used for WDM. List out advantages of WDM system.

Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will be able to classify and explain the different WDM concepts in optical Fiber Communication and identify offers boost in fiber transmission capacity.



Assignment/ Questions: 3) The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has designated the spectral bands for use in WDM. State and explain. 4) Explain advantages of WDM system. Draw neat block diagram of WDM system. Explain each block in detail

156

Unit-6 Session –II Optical Amplifiers: Classification of OAs, Principle of operation (SOA)

157

Session 2: Optical Amplifiers: Classification of OAs, Principle of operation of SOA. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain the use of Optical Amplifiers based on Raman Scattering mechanism.

•

Describe the principle of operation of OAs like SOA, DFA and Raman Amplifiers.

Teaching Learning Material •

Chalk & talk

•

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

10

Recap: About WDM concept

Black board and discussion

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Introduction of OAs along with block-diagrams

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

Types of OAs

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

10

Principle of operation of SOA

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Participates

Knowledge comprehension, interpersonal & intrapersonal.

158

5

Conclusion

Presentation

Questions

Answer

Knowledge

Session Inputs:  Recap: About WDM concept. Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:-

Before starting the session on Optical Amplifiers, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about WDM concepts.  Introduction of Optical Amplifiers along with block-diagrams.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion: By making block-diagram, explained of Optical Amplifiers. How in the optical domain to boost the power levels of multiple lightwave signals over spectral bands of 30nm and more.

 Types of Optical Amplifiers.



Suggested Activity: Presentation Detail discussion about various optical amplifier structures and their operating regions.  Principle of operation of SOA.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion. Explain in detail how it belongs to the travelling-wave (TW) amplifier category . Unit_6_Notes_Session_II Unit_6_PPT_Session_II

Conclusion:



 

We can conclude the session with some questions. What is the specific difference between Optical Amplifier and Semiconductor Optical Amplifier? What are the different applications of Optical amplifiers?

Summary: In this session we learn to:  Describe the various kind of Optical Amplifiers. 

Define the Principle of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers.

Introduction of OAs along with block-diagrams. Types of OAs

Principle of operation of SOA

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Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will be able to explain uses of Optical Amplifiers that operates several wavelengths simultaneously.



Assignment Questions: 3) What are the different blocks have been used to describe the Optical Amplifiers? 4) Describe the typical gain versus wavelength characteristics of OAs and SOAs.

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Unit-6 Session –III Gain calculations of Fabry Perot Amplifiers (FPA). SOA applications: advantages and drawbacks,

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Session 3: Gain calculations of Fabry Perot Amplifiers (FPA). SOA applications: advantages and drawbacks. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain the general equation for the cavity gain G of an SOA as a function of signal freq. f.

•

Describe how its advantage like most of the applications of the SOA use it as a basic optical gain block like active cavity gain, G, which is defined as the ratio of output signal power to input signal power from the cavity

•

Define the drawbacks is that how it works in the linear region for small signal gain while it goes into the nonlinear region gain for high signal .

Teaching Learning Material •

Chalk & talk

•

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

10

Recap: About Optical Amplifiers

Black board and discussion

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Describe the gain calculation of FPA.

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Describe the SOA applications

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

15

Presentation and Explanation discussion about advantages and drawbacks of

Explains , Discusses and

Listen & Participates

Knowledge comprehension, interpersonal &

162

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

facilitates

SOA 5

Conclusion

Presentation

Questions

intrapersonal.

Answer

Knowledge

Session Inputs: 

Recap: About Optical Amplifiers.

Suggested Activity:

Black-board and discussion:-

Before starting the session on FPA, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about Optical Amplifiers.  Describe the gain calculation of FPA.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion: Describe the general equation for the cavity gain G of an SOA as a function of signal frequency f and based on this solved one numerical.  Describe the SOA applications.



Suggested Activity: Presentation Detail discussion about various applications of SOAs.  Explanation about advantages and drawbacks of SOA.  Suggested Activity: Black- board and discussion. Describe how its advantage like most of the applications of the SOA use it as a basic optical gain block like active cavity gain, G, which is defined as the ratio of output signal power to input signal power from the cavity and the drawback is that how it works in the linear region for small signal gain while it goes into the nonlinear region gain for high signal. Unit_6_Notes_Session_III Unit_6_PPT_Session_III



Conclusion:

We can conclude the session with some questions.  How to calculate the gain of SOA?  What are the different applications of SOAs?  What are the advantages and drawbacks of SOA.

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Summary: In this session we learn to:  Describe the gain and applications of SOA.  Define the advantages and drawbacks of SOA. Describe the gain calculation of FPA.

Describe the SOA applications. Advantages and drawbacks of SOA.

Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will be able to explain how it works in the linear region for small signal gain while it goes into the nonlinear region gain for high signal.



Assignment Questions: 1) How an SOA is known as an angled facet–flared waveguide Amplifier? 2) Describe the Linear and nonlinear property of of SOAs.

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Unit-6 Session –IV Principle of operation of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA), Gain and Noise in an EDFA

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Session 4: Principle of operation of Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFA), Gain and Noise in an EDFA Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: • Explain the use of optical pumping for energy transitions and photon emission in EDFA. • Describe the gain behavior of an EDFA as a function of output signal power for various pump levels. • Define the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in EDFA. Teaching Learning Material •

Chalk & talk

•

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

10

Recap: About SOA

Black board and discussion

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Introduction of EDFA and its amplification mechanism &architecture

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

10

Amplifier noise

Presentation

Explains , Discusses

Listen & Participates

Knowledge comprehension,

166

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

and facilitates 5

Conclusion

Presentation

Questions

interpersonal & intrapersonal. Answer

Knowledge

Session Inputs:  Recap: Prerequisites of SOA. Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion.

Before starting the session on EDFA, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about prerequisites of SOA .

 Introduction of EDFA and its amplification mechanism &architecture.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:

Explanation about the operating regions of this device depend on the host material and the doping elements. What are the various amplification mechanism have been used for energy transition and photon emission.

 EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:

Detail discussion about how population inversion affects the amplifier gain hence it starts to saturate as the magnitude of the output signal from an EDFA increases.  Amplifier noise.



Suggested Activity: Presentation.

Explain in detail about optical noise to represent the pump spectrum and ASE noise. Unit_6_Notes_Session_IV Unit_6_PPT_Session_IV



Conclusion:

We can conclude the session with some questions.  What are the different possible configurations to achieve the amplification in an EDFA?  Describe the gain behavior of an EDFA as a function of output signal power for various pump levels?

167

Summary: In this session we learn to: 

Describe the use of optical pumping for energy transitions and photon emission in EDFA architecture.



Describe the gain behavior of an EDFA as a function of output signal power for various pump levels. Define the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in EDFA



Introduction of EDFA and its amplification mechanism &architecture. EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain.

Amplifier noise

Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will be able to explain how EDFA operates in C, S, & L spectral bands for creating wideband optical amplifiers.



Assignment Questions: 3) What are the different conditions to be followed for amplification in EDFA? 4) Describe the typical gain versus wavelength characteristics of EDFA?

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Unit-6 Session –V WDM Couplers/ Splitters: Excess loss, Insertion loss Coupling ratio,

169

Session 5: WDM Couplers/ Splitters: Excess loss, Insertion loss coupling ratio. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: • •

Explain the use of Optical passive devices in the optical domain to split and combine light streams like Star Coupler and Fused Fiber Coupler, Waveguide Coupler, Isolators and Circulators . Describe some parameters like Coupling Coefficient, Splitting Ratio, Excess Loss, Insertion Loss and Return Loss.

Teaching Learning Material •

Chalk & talk

•

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min) 10

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Recap: About EDFA

Black board and discussion

Faculty Approach

Explain & discuss

170

Typical Student activity Listen & Participates

Skill/competency Developed

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Introduction and Presentation Description of Optical Couplers/Splitters

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

10

Scattering Matrix Representation

Black board and discussion

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

Derive different Black board and parameters of discussion Optical Couplers/Splitters

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

5

Conclusion

Questions

Answer

Knowledge

Presentation

Session Inputs:  Recap: About EDFA. Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:-

Before starting the session on WDM Couplers/Splitters, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about EDFA concepts.  Introduction and Description of Optical Couplers/Splitters.

Suggested Activity: Presentation: Explain the use of Optical passive devices in the optical domain to split and combine light streams like Star Coupler and Fused Fiber Coupler, Waveguide Coupler, Isolators and Circulators.  Scattering Matrix Representation.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion

Describe the scattering matrix or propagation matrix for all integrated optics devices .  Derive different parameters of Optical Couplers/Splitters.



Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion. Describe the parameters like Coupling Coefficient, Splitting Ratio, Excess Loss, Insertion Loss and Return Loss in Optical Couplers/Splitters.

171

Unit_6_Notes_Session_V Unit_6_PPT_Session_V



Conclusion:

We can conclude the session with some questions.  What are the different applications of index optical devices for Couplers/Splitters?  Define the wavelength response of different Couplers/Splitters?

Summary: In this session we learn to:  

Describe the various kind of Optical Couplers/Splitters. Define all the parameters of Optical Couplers/Splitters.

Introduction and Description of Optical Couplers/Splitters. Scattering Matrix Representation Derive different parameters of Optical Couplers/Splitters

Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will able to explain the use of Optical passive devices in the optical domain to split and combine light.



Assignment Questions: 1. How coupled power distribution takes place in Optical Couplers/Splitters as a function of the guide length? 2. Describe the wavelength response of different Optical Couplers/Splitters?

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173

Unit-6 Session –VI Isolation and Uniformity properties. State of art: WDM components.

174

Session 6: Isolation and Uniformity properties. State of art: WDM components. Session Objectives At the end of session the learner will be able to: •

Explain grating element in WDM system for combining and separating individual wavelengths.

•

Describe the Dielectric Thin Film Filters which is used as a band pass filter to allow a particular very narrow wavelength band to pass and reflects others.

•

Describe State of art: WDM components.

Teaching Learning Material •

Chalk & talk

•

Presentation

Session Plan Time (in Min)

Content

Learning Aid /Methodology

Faculty Approach

Typical Student activity

Skill/competency Developed

10

Recap: About Black board and Optical discussion Couplers/Splitters

Explain & discuss

Listen & Participates

Knowledge Interpersonal

20

Introduction of fiber gratings

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen , Participates & Identifies

Knowledge Interpersonal

15

Explanation of Dielectric Thin Film Filters

Presentation

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Identifies

Comprehension applications

10

Description about PhasedArray Based devices

Black board and discussion

Explains , Discusses and facilitates

Listen & Participates

Knowledge comprehension, interpersonal & intrapersonal.

175

5

Conclusion

Presentation

Questions

Answer

Knowledge

Session Inputs:  Recap: About Optical Couplers/Splitters. Suggested Activity: Black board and discussion:Before starting the session on Isolation and Uniformity properties, it would be a good practice to refresh learner‟s knowledge about WDM concepts.  Introduction of fiber gratings.

Suggested Activity: Presentation Explain grating element in WDM system for combining and separating individual wavelengths.  Explanation of Dielectric Thin Film Filters.

 Suggested Activity: Presentation Describe the Dielectric Thin Film Filters which is used as a bandpass filter to allow a particular very narrow wavelength band to pass and reflects others.  Description about Phased-Array Based devices.



Suggested Activity: Presentation. This device can function as a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a drop-and-insert element or a wavelength router . Unit_6_Notes_Session_VI Unit_6_PPT_Session_VI



Conclusion:

We can conclude the session with some questions.  How the gratings can be categorized as either transmitting or reflecting gratings?  What are the different FBG applications?

Summary: In this session we learn to: •

Explain grating element in WDM system for combining and separating individual wavelengths.

•

Describe the Dielectric Thin Film Filters which is used as a band pass filter to allow a particular very narrow wavelength band to pass and reflects others. 176

•

Describe State of art: WDM components.

Introduction Of Fiber Gratings. Explanation of Dielectric Thin Film Filters. Description about Phased-Array Based devices.

Topic Learning Outcome: The learner will be able to describe the DTF Filters which is used as a band pass filter to allow a particular very narrow wavelength band to pass and reflects others in optical fiber



Assignment Questions: 1. Describe the multiplexing of four wavelengths using three FBG devices and three circulators? 2. Describe the two common optical-filter pass band shapes?

177

References: 1. Gerd Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications, Tata McGraw Hill, Fourth Edition. 2. John M. Senior, Optical Fiber Communications-Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall of India, second Edition 3. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L.Scheiner, “Fiber Optic Communications Technology”, Pearson Education 4. Govind P.Agrawal, “Fiber Optic Communication Systems”, WILEY INDIA, Third Edition

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