Organization And Management
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Republic of the Philippines Department of Education National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila
Organization and Management
Quarter 1 Week 6 Module 6 Learning Competency: Apply appropriate planning techniques and tools in business decision-making.
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE? Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun! 1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module. 2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind. 3. Perform all the provided activities in the module. 4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card. 5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned. 6. Enjoy studying!
PARTS OF THE MODULE
•
Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons in the module.
•
Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
•
Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
•
Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
•
Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
•
Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
•
Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
•
Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module 1
LESSON 7
Planning Techniques and Tools and their Applications for Decision-Making
EXPECTATIONS As we study and immerse ourselves in “Organization and Management” in the process, it is necessary to apply appropiate planning techniques and tools in business decisionmaking. The module is subjected to discuss Module 6 – Planning Techniques and Tools and their Applications for Decision-Making. After going through the module, you are expected to: 1. Apply apropriate planning techniques and tools in business decision-making. Let us start your journey in learning thru a Pre-test.
PRETEST
Good luck!
True or False Directions: Read carefully the statements below. Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer in the space provided for before each number. __________ 1. Seven Management and Planning Tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. __________ 2. Prioritization matrices is a process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. __________ 3. Process Decision Program Char is a tool for identifying and documenting the steps required to complete a process __________ 4. Affinity Diagram is a tool use for organizing a large amount of disorganized information into groups based on their natural relationships and affinity. __________ 5. Interrelationship diagram is a systematic method to outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process.
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
As we go further, let us try to recall our lesson about the phases of economic development and its impact to business environment. ✓ Planning is the process by which managers establish goals and define the methods by which these goals are to be attained. 2
Learning Module for Organization and Management ✓ The four major aspects in nature of planning are contribution to objectives, primary among the manager’s tasks, pervasiveness, and efficiency of resulting plans. ✓ The planning is the prime managerial function is proved by the fact that all other functions such as organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling are designed to support the accomplishment of the enterprise’s objectives. ✓ Four (4) types of plan are hierarchical plans, standing plans, single-use plans, and contingency plans. Matching-type Directions: Match column A to column B. Write your answer in the space provided for before each number A
B
____ 1. Referred to as an Arrow Diagram and Used to map activities and tasks. ____ 2. Referred to as a systematic diagram and Used to break down broad categories. ____ 3. Planning is a unique and a universal function of all managers. ____ 4. Identify and display all the interrelated cause-and-effect relationship. ____ 5. Show the connection or correlation between Ideas or variables in a table format.
a. Decision Making b. Activity Network Diagram c. Matrix Diagram d. Tree Diagram e. Affinity Diagram f. Interrelationship Diagram
Enjoy reading…..
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Seven Management and Planning Tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. These tools are intended to guide you in the planning, analysis, and decision-making processes. These tools were developed independently by different people for diverse purposes. However, they were assembled as a set of methods in order to achieve efficiencies in the planning and management of operations. The Seven Management and Planning tools are: 1. The Affinity Diagram 2. The Tree Diagram 3. The Interrelationship Diagram 4. The Matrix Diagram 5. Prioritization Matrices 6. The Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) 7. The Activity Network Diagram About The Seven Management and Planning Tools The seven management and planning tools are collectively used by organizations to make better decisions and implement new solutions effectively. When used as individually, these tools provide 3
Learning Module for Organization and Management
a systematic and organized way of assessing ideas and making decisions. However, when used in combination with each other, they provide an extremely effective way to systematically solve complex issues an organization may face. The Seven Management and Planning Tools
Source: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/management-roles.htm
1. Affinity Diagram - an Affinity Diagram is a tool used for organizing a large amount of disorganized information into groups based on their natural relationships and affinity (similarity of characteristics). It is often used for solving problems with issues that seem to be very complex and difficult to manage. An Affinity Diagram is a type of brainstorming technique that allows you to generate, organize, and consolidate information concerning complex processes, issues, or problems. 2. Tree Diagram - A Tree Diagram (also referred to as a systematic diagram) is a systematic method to outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process. It is used to break down broad categories or complex processes into minute details allowing you to examine the finer details. The Tree Diagram is an orderly structure similar to an organization chart or family tree diagram. It helps in understanding a process by graphically breaking down complex processes to smaller levels of detail. 2/4 This technique encourages you to 4
Learning Module for Organization and Management
direct your thinking from generalities to specifics. 3. An Interrelationship Diagram - an Interrelationship Diagram (also referred to as a relations diagram) identifies and displays all the interrelated cause-andeffect relationships among different concepts or ideas. Basically, it establishes links between ideas or concepts, and shows that they can be logically linked with more than one other idea or concept at a time. The process of creating an Interrelationship Diagram allows you to systematically identify and analyze the cause-and-effect relationships that exist among all critical issues. This process helps you understand the natural links between different aspects of a complex issue so you can better develop an effective solution. This technique encourages you to think in multiple directions (lateral thinking) rather than just thinking linearly. 4. Matrix Diagram - A Matrix Diagram is a tool that shows the connection or correlation between ideas or variables in a table format. It enables you to analyze relatively complex issues by revealing interactions and dependencies between different elements or variables. The Matrix Diagram graphically establishes relationship between two or more sets of items in such a way as to provide logical connecting points between each item. The diagram displays the strength of relationships using a grid of rows and columns. A relationship is indicated at each intersection of rows and columns as either present or absent. Thus, allowing you to identify the presence and strengths of relationships between two or more items. 5. Prioritization Matrices - Prioritization Matrix is a tool that sorts and ranks various options into an order of importance using weighted criteria. This technique helps identify which problems are the most important to work on solving first. A Prioritization Matrix graphically displays options and criteria in row and column format. Weights are assigned to each criteria. The matrix allows you to identify an item’s relative importance by deriving a numerical value for its priority. This allows you to select and prioritize some options over others. 6. Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) - a Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) is a tool for identifying and documenting the steps required to complete a process. It is intended to help you prepare contingency plans by mapping out every conceivable event that can occur when moving from a 3/4 problem to possible solutions. This technique allows you to systematically identify what might go wrong with a plan. Therefore, you can create appropriate contingency plans to limit risks. 7. Activity Network Diagram - activity Network Diagram (also referred to as an Arrow Diagram) is a tool used to map activities and tasks for a project in sequential order. Basically, it graphically depicts a project timeline. This tool displays interdependent relationships between activities, tasks, and groups as they all impact a project. Boxes and arrows are used to depict these activities 5
Learning Module for Organization and Management
and the links between them as well as chart the sequential order of the entire process.
Relation between Planning and Decision-Making Planning and decision-making are the most important managerial functions, and there are many relations between them. Planning is thinking of doing. Decisionmaking is a part of planning. Planning is the process of selecting a future course of action, where Decision-making means selecting a course of action. Planning and decision-making, organizing, leading and controlling are all interrelated. Planning and decision making is the most important step of all managerial functions. There are many relationships between decision-making and planning. Planning managerial functions where managers are required to establish goals and state the ways and means by which these goals are to be attained. Therefore planning is taken as the foundation for future activities. Or in simple terms; planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. Planning is thinking of doing. Management every time has to look for planning long-range and short-range future direction by estimating and evaluating the future behavior of the relevant environment and by determining the enterprise’s own desired role.
Source: edu-article.blogspot.com
6
Learning Module for Organization and Management
Plans have two basic components: goals and action statements. Goals represent an end state the targets and results that managers hope to achieve. Action statements represent how an organization goes ahead to attain its goals. Planning is a deliberate and conscious work using which managers determine a future course of action for attaining a specific goal. To a manager means planning is thinking about what is to be done, who is going to do it, and how and when he will do it. Planning also required thinking about past events and future opportunities and impending threats. The planning process finds organizational strengths and weaknesses. Decision-making is the process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. Decision-making is a part of planning. Decision-making is an intermediate-sized set of activities that begins with an identifying problem and ends with choice making or decision giving. Management is constantly influencing the organization’s activities and the decision-making process is central to doing it. In the decision-making process, a manager identifies a specific situation and finds the threats and opportunities that it offers. Then the manager must find the available alternatives to tackle the situation. This is where planning comes in. By planning; manager finds these alternatives by testing and measuring their effectiveness. They identify the pros and cons of each alternative. After that, the managers must use their decision-making skills for selecting one path of action. Decision making is the core of planning. Unless a decision has been made, a plan cannot be implemented in the field. So we can say that planning and decision-making, both are interrelated. Decisions can be made without planning but planning cannot be done without making decisions. Planning can be defined as the process of selecting a future course of action. Decision-making defined as the process of selecting a course of action from the alternatives. They need to be accurate for the welfare of the organization.
7
Learning Module for Organization and Management
ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Independent Activity Directions: In the box below, choose the appropriate words to complete the affinity diagram. Write your answer in the space provided. Low price
Quick delivery
High return on investment
Small, lightweight designs Innovative features
Courteous order entry
Personal employee growth
Motivated employees
Teamwork
Constant innovation
Satisfied employees
Responsive technical Support
High quality
Low products maintenance Growth in shareholder value
Unique products
Customer Value
Return of Investment
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
3. __________________
3. __________________
Work Environment
Technology
1.___________________ 1.___________________ 1.
2. __________________ 1. 3. __________________ 4. __________________
8
Learning Module for Organization and Management Customer Service
Production Innovation
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
3. __________________
3. __________________
Figure1: Affinity Diagram for Microtech
Activity 2: Independent Activity Directions: Read the question and write your answer in the space provided. 1. Cite your opinion in 4-6 sentences, why are seven management and planning tools useful in an organization? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
REMEMBER •
•
•
9
Seven Management and Planning tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. These tools are intended to guide you in the planning, analysis, and decision-making processes. The Seven Management and Planning tools are 1) The affinity Diagram, 2) The Tree Diagram, 3) The interrelationship Diagram, 4) The Matrix Diagram, 5) Prioritization Matrices, 6) The Process Decision Program Chart, and 7) The Activity Network Diagram. Decision-making is the process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. It is part of planning. It is an intermediate-sized set of activities that begins with an identifying problem and ends with choice making or decision giving. 9
Learning Module for Organization and Management
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Identification Directions: Read carefully the statements below and write the correct word/phrase that is being referred to in the space provided before each number. ___________________ 1. It is the process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. ___________________ 2. It is a tool and technique used to help managers effectively to plan and manage various types of business operations. ___________________ 3. It is a tool used to map activities and tasks for a project in sequential order. ___________________ 4. It is a tool that sorts and ranks various options into an order of importance using weighted criteria. ____________________ 5. It is a systematic method to outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process.
POST-TEST MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer in the space provided before each number. ____1. Which of the following process is used to identify a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them? a. Plans b. Decision-making c. Affinity diagram d. Controlling ____2. What tool will show the connection or correlation between ideas or variables in a table format? a. Interrelationship diagram b. Matrix diagram c. Prioritization Matrices d. Tree diagram ____3. What tool is used to identify and document the steps required to complete a process? a. Matrix diagram b. Prioritization matrices c. Process decision program chart (PDPC) d. Activity network diagram
10
Learning Module for Organization and Management ____4. In which of the following will outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process? a. Interrelationship diagram b. Matrix diagram c. Prioritization matrices d. Tree diagram ____5. What tool is used to map activities and tasks for a project in sequential order. Basically, it graphically depicts a project timeline? a. Activitiy network diagram b. Interrelationship diagram c. Matrix diagram d. Prioritization matrices ____6. Which among the following is a set of tools and techniques used to help managers effectively to plan and manage various types of business operations? a. Plan tools b. Seven Management and Planning Tools c. Eight Management and Planning Tools d. All of the above ____7. Which of the following is not PART of Seven Management and Planning Tools? a. Activity Diagram b. Tree Diagram c. Both A and B d. None of the above ____8. Which of the following does not belong to the Seven Management and Planning Tools that is used to guide an organization? a. Planning b. Analysis c. Conclusion d. None of the above ____9. Which of the following is referred to as a SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM? a. Interrelationship diagram b. Tree diagram c. Activity Network diagram d. Matrix diagram ____10. Which of the following is often used for solving problems with issues that seem to be very complex and difficult to manage? a. Activity Network Diagram b. Tree Diagram c. Interrelationship Diagram d. Affinity diagram
11
Learning Module for Organization and Management
REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEETS Reflective Question: As a student, how will you help the government fight the COVID – 19 Pandemic? Draw a diagram to show the steps/procedures on how you will implement this. You may choose one from the seven (7) management and planning tools to plot your answer. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES Books Darr, Kurt, Chapter 2, Introduction to Management and Leadership Concepts, Principles and Practices, Jones and Bartlett Learning, https://www.google.com.et, Accessed on October 1, 2013. Mintzberg, Henry (1989) MINTZBERG ON MANAGEMENT by Henry Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Robbins, Stephen, Robbins, Stephen P. and Coulter, Mary — 11th ed. (2012) Management, Pearson, www.pearsonhighered.com Websites https://www.iedunote.com/planning-nature-importance-types https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/principles-of-management-andorganisational-behaviour-tutorial-366/evolution-of-management-thought12679.html https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/management-roles.htm https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/development-series/tool-box/sevenmanagement-planning-tools/ https://www.iedunote.com/planning-decision-making-relation 12
Learning Module for Organization and Management https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/young-people-are-engaged-drawing-upbusiness-plan-concept-modern-technology-3d-isometric-landing-page-concepts-webdesign_5435963.htm#page=1&query=business planning&position=13 https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/office-workers-analyzing-researchingbusiness-data_6974920.htm#page=1&query=business planning&position=7 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/purpose-contingency-planning-24864.html https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/524880531569364101/ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-principlesofmanagement/chapter/readingtypes-of-plans-and-common-planning-tools/ https://webpages.uidaho.edu/~metlen/bus456/Quality%20Fall%2009Hisotory/The %20Seven%20Management%20and%20Planning%20Tools[1].pdf https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/397973/as-a-manager-what-are-themost-important-management-planning-tools/
13
Learning Module for Organization and Management
Acknowledgements Development Team of the Module Writers:
Mamerto T. Goneda, MSIT Jupiter Q. Whiteside, MBA
Editor:
Isabel A. Gumaru, DBA
Evaluator:
Ellaine I. Dela Cruz, DBA
Evaluators & Reviewers: Remylinda T. Soriano, EPS, Math Angelita Z. Modesto, PSDS George G. Borromeo, PSDS Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim – Schools Division Superintendent – Manila Aida H. Rondilla – Chief Education Supervisor Lucky S. Carpio – EPS in Charge of LRMS Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II - LRMS
14
Learning Module for Organization and Management
ANSWER KEY PRETEST TRUE or FALSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
MATCHING –TYPE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
B E D F C
Activities Activity 1: Independent Activity
Customer Value 1. Low price 2. Low1. product maintenance 3. High quality
Work Environment 1. Motivated employees 1. 2. Teamwork 3. Personal employee growth 4. Satisfied employees
Return of Investment 1. High return on investment 1. 2. Low production costs 3. Growth in shareholder value
Technology 1. Constant innovation
Learning Module for Organization and Management Customer Service
Customer Value
15
1. Unique products 2. Small, 1. lightweight designs 3. Innovative features
1. Responsive technical support 1. 2. Quick delivery 3. Courteous orders entry
Activity 2: Independent Activity Seven Management and Planning Tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. These tools are intended to guide you in the planning, analysis, and decision making processes. These tools were developed independently by different people for diverse purposes. However, they were assembled as a set of methods in order to achieve efficiencies in the planning and management of operations. The seven management and planning tools are collectively used by organizations to make better decisions and implement new solutions effectively. When used as individually, these tools provide a systematic and organized way of assessing ideas and making decisions. However, when used in combination with each other, they provide an extremely effective way to systematically solve complex issues an organization may face. RUBRICS 4 Expert – Piece is extraordinary, and very informative and well organized 3 Accomplished – Piece has an interesting style, and somewhat informative and organized. 2 Capable – Piece has little style, gives some new information but poorly organized. 1 Beginner - Piece has no style and, and gives no new information and very poorly organized Check your Understanding Fill in the Blank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Decision-making Seven management and planning tools Activity network diagram Prioritization matrices Tree diagram
16
Learning Module for Organization and Management
Post-test . 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
17
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila
Organization and Management
Quarter 1 Week 6 Module 6 Learning Competency: Apply appropriate planning techniques and tools in business decision-making.
HOW TO USE THIS MODULE? Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun! 1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module. 2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances learning, that is important to develop and keep in mind. 3. Perform all the provided activities in the module. 4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card. 5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned. 6. Enjoy studying!
PARTS OF THE MODULE
•
Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the lessons in the module.
•
Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered throughout the lesson.
•
Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
•
Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
•
Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
•
Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the lessons.
•
Check your Understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
•
Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module 1
LESSON 7
Planning Techniques and Tools and their Applications for Decision-Making
EXPECTATIONS As we study and immerse ourselves in “Organization and Management” in the process, it is necessary to apply appropiate planning techniques and tools in business decisionmaking. The module is subjected to discuss Module 6 – Planning Techniques and Tools and their Applications for Decision-Making. After going through the module, you are expected to: 1. Apply apropriate planning techniques and tools in business decision-making. Let us start your journey in learning thru a Pre-test.
PRETEST
Good luck!
True or False Directions: Read carefully the statements below. Write TRUE if the statement is correct or FALSE if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer in the space provided for before each number. __________ 1. Seven Management and Planning Tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. __________ 2. Prioritization matrices is a process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. __________ 3. Process Decision Program Char is a tool for identifying and documenting the steps required to complete a process __________ 4. Affinity Diagram is a tool use for organizing a large amount of disorganized information into groups based on their natural relationships and affinity. __________ 5. Interrelationship diagram is a systematic method to outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process.
LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
As we go further, let us try to recall our lesson about the phases of economic development and its impact to business environment. ✓ Planning is the process by which managers establish goals and define the methods by which these goals are to be attained. 2
Learning Module for Organization and Management ✓ The four major aspects in nature of planning are contribution to objectives, primary among the manager’s tasks, pervasiveness, and efficiency of resulting plans. ✓ The planning is the prime managerial function is proved by the fact that all other functions such as organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling are designed to support the accomplishment of the enterprise’s objectives. ✓ Four (4) types of plan are hierarchical plans, standing plans, single-use plans, and contingency plans. Matching-type Directions: Match column A to column B. Write your answer in the space provided for before each number A
B
____ 1. Referred to as an Arrow Diagram and Used to map activities and tasks. ____ 2. Referred to as a systematic diagram and Used to break down broad categories. ____ 3. Planning is a unique and a universal function of all managers. ____ 4. Identify and display all the interrelated cause-and-effect relationship. ____ 5. Show the connection or correlation between Ideas or variables in a table format.
a. Decision Making b. Activity Network Diagram c. Matrix Diagram d. Tree Diagram e. Affinity Diagram f. Interrelationship Diagram
Enjoy reading…..
BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Seven Management and Planning Tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. These tools are intended to guide you in the planning, analysis, and decision-making processes. These tools were developed independently by different people for diverse purposes. However, they were assembled as a set of methods in order to achieve efficiencies in the planning and management of operations. The Seven Management and Planning tools are: 1. The Affinity Diagram 2. The Tree Diagram 3. The Interrelationship Diagram 4. The Matrix Diagram 5. Prioritization Matrices 6. The Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) 7. The Activity Network Diagram About The Seven Management and Planning Tools The seven management and planning tools are collectively used by organizations to make better decisions and implement new solutions effectively. When used as individually, these tools provide 3
Learning Module for Organization and Management
a systematic and organized way of assessing ideas and making decisions. However, when used in combination with each other, they provide an extremely effective way to systematically solve complex issues an organization may face. The Seven Management and Planning Tools
Source: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/management-roles.htm
1. Affinity Diagram - an Affinity Diagram is a tool used for organizing a large amount of disorganized information into groups based on their natural relationships and affinity (similarity of characteristics). It is often used for solving problems with issues that seem to be very complex and difficult to manage. An Affinity Diagram is a type of brainstorming technique that allows you to generate, organize, and consolidate information concerning complex processes, issues, or problems. 2. Tree Diagram - A Tree Diagram (also referred to as a systematic diagram) is a systematic method to outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process. It is used to break down broad categories or complex processes into minute details allowing you to examine the finer details. The Tree Diagram is an orderly structure similar to an organization chart or family tree diagram. It helps in understanding a process by graphically breaking down complex processes to smaller levels of detail. 2/4 This technique encourages you to 4
Learning Module for Organization and Management
direct your thinking from generalities to specifics. 3. An Interrelationship Diagram - an Interrelationship Diagram (also referred to as a relations diagram) identifies and displays all the interrelated cause-andeffect relationships among different concepts or ideas. Basically, it establishes links between ideas or concepts, and shows that they can be logically linked with more than one other idea or concept at a time. The process of creating an Interrelationship Diagram allows you to systematically identify and analyze the cause-and-effect relationships that exist among all critical issues. This process helps you understand the natural links between different aspects of a complex issue so you can better develop an effective solution. This technique encourages you to think in multiple directions (lateral thinking) rather than just thinking linearly. 4. Matrix Diagram - A Matrix Diagram is a tool that shows the connection or correlation between ideas or variables in a table format. It enables you to analyze relatively complex issues by revealing interactions and dependencies between different elements or variables. The Matrix Diagram graphically establishes relationship between two or more sets of items in such a way as to provide logical connecting points between each item. The diagram displays the strength of relationships using a grid of rows and columns. A relationship is indicated at each intersection of rows and columns as either present or absent. Thus, allowing you to identify the presence and strengths of relationships between two or more items. 5. Prioritization Matrices - Prioritization Matrix is a tool that sorts and ranks various options into an order of importance using weighted criteria. This technique helps identify which problems are the most important to work on solving first. A Prioritization Matrix graphically displays options and criteria in row and column format. Weights are assigned to each criteria. The matrix allows you to identify an item’s relative importance by deriving a numerical value for its priority. This allows you to select and prioritize some options over others. 6. Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) - a Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC) is a tool for identifying and documenting the steps required to complete a process. It is intended to help you prepare contingency plans by mapping out every conceivable event that can occur when moving from a 3/4 problem to possible solutions. This technique allows you to systematically identify what might go wrong with a plan. Therefore, you can create appropriate contingency plans to limit risks. 7. Activity Network Diagram - activity Network Diagram (also referred to as an Arrow Diagram) is a tool used to map activities and tasks for a project in sequential order. Basically, it graphically depicts a project timeline. This tool displays interdependent relationships between activities, tasks, and groups as they all impact a project. Boxes and arrows are used to depict these activities 5
Learning Module for Organization and Management
and the links between them as well as chart the sequential order of the entire process.
Relation between Planning and Decision-Making Planning and decision-making are the most important managerial functions, and there are many relations between them. Planning is thinking of doing. Decisionmaking is a part of planning. Planning is the process of selecting a future course of action, where Decision-making means selecting a course of action. Planning and decision-making, organizing, leading and controlling are all interrelated. Planning and decision making is the most important step of all managerial functions. There are many relationships between decision-making and planning. Planning managerial functions where managers are required to establish goals and state the ways and means by which these goals are to be attained. Therefore planning is taken as the foundation for future activities. Or in simple terms; planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. Planning is thinking of doing. Management every time has to look for planning long-range and short-range future direction by estimating and evaluating the future behavior of the relevant environment and by determining the enterprise’s own desired role.
Source: edu-article.blogspot.com
6
Learning Module for Organization and Management
Plans have two basic components: goals and action statements. Goals represent an end state the targets and results that managers hope to achieve. Action statements represent how an organization goes ahead to attain its goals. Planning is a deliberate and conscious work using which managers determine a future course of action for attaining a specific goal. To a manager means planning is thinking about what is to be done, who is going to do it, and how and when he will do it. Planning also required thinking about past events and future opportunities and impending threats. The planning process finds organizational strengths and weaknesses. Decision-making is the process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. Decision-making is a part of planning. Decision-making is an intermediate-sized set of activities that begins with an identifying problem and ends with choice making or decision giving. Management is constantly influencing the organization’s activities and the decision-making process is central to doing it. In the decision-making process, a manager identifies a specific situation and finds the threats and opportunities that it offers. Then the manager must find the available alternatives to tackle the situation. This is where planning comes in. By planning; manager finds these alternatives by testing and measuring their effectiveness. They identify the pros and cons of each alternative. After that, the managers must use their decision-making skills for selecting one path of action. Decision making is the core of planning. Unless a decision has been made, a plan cannot be implemented in the field. So we can say that planning and decision-making, both are interrelated. Decisions can be made without planning but planning cannot be done without making decisions. Planning can be defined as the process of selecting a future course of action. Decision-making defined as the process of selecting a course of action from the alternatives. They need to be accurate for the welfare of the organization.
7
Learning Module for Organization and Management
ACTIVITIES Activity 1: Independent Activity Directions: In the box below, choose the appropriate words to complete the affinity diagram. Write your answer in the space provided. Low price
Quick delivery
High return on investment
Small, lightweight designs Innovative features
Courteous order entry
Personal employee growth
Motivated employees
Teamwork
Constant innovation
Satisfied employees
Responsive technical Support
High quality
Low products maintenance Growth in shareholder value
Unique products
Customer Value
Return of Investment
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
3. __________________
3. __________________
Work Environment
Technology
1.___________________ 1.___________________ 1.
2. __________________ 1. 3. __________________ 4. __________________
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Learning Module for Organization and Management Customer Service
Production Innovation
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
1.___________________ 1. 2. __________________
3. __________________
3. __________________
Figure1: Affinity Diagram for Microtech
Activity 2: Independent Activity Directions: Read the question and write your answer in the space provided. 1. Cite your opinion in 4-6 sentences, why are seven management and planning tools useful in an organization? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________
REMEMBER •
•
•
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Seven Management and Planning tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. These tools are intended to guide you in the planning, analysis, and decision-making processes. The Seven Management and Planning tools are 1) The affinity Diagram, 2) The Tree Diagram, 3) The interrelationship Diagram, 4) The Matrix Diagram, 5) Prioritization Matrices, 6) The Process Decision Program Chart, and 7) The Activity Network Diagram. Decision-making is the process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. It is part of planning. It is an intermediate-sized set of activities that begins with an identifying problem and ends with choice making or decision giving. 9
Learning Module for Organization and Management
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Identification Directions: Read carefully the statements below and write the correct word/phrase that is being referred to in the space provided before each number. ___________________ 1. It is the process of identifying a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them. ___________________ 2. It is a tool and technique used to help managers effectively to plan and manage various types of business operations. ___________________ 3. It is a tool used to map activities and tasks for a project in sequential order. ___________________ 4. It is a tool that sorts and ranks various options into an order of importance using weighted criteria. ____________________ 5. It is a systematic method to outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process.
POST-TEST MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer in the space provided before each number. ____1. Which of the following process is used to identify a set of feasible alternatives and choosing a course of action from them? a. Plans b. Decision-making c. Affinity diagram d. Controlling ____2. What tool will show the connection or correlation between ideas or variables in a table format? a. Interrelationship diagram b. Matrix diagram c. Prioritization Matrices d. Tree diagram ____3. What tool is used to identify and document the steps required to complete a process? a. Matrix diagram b. Prioritization matrices c. Process decision program chart (PDPC) d. Activity network diagram
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Learning Module for Organization and Management ____4. In which of the following will outline all the details needed to complete a given objective or process? a. Interrelationship diagram b. Matrix diagram c. Prioritization matrices d. Tree diagram ____5. What tool is used to map activities and tasks for a project in sequential order. Basically, it graphically depicts a project timeline? a. Activitiy network diagram b. Interrelationship diagram c. Matrix diagram d. Prioritization matrices ____6. Which among the following is a set of tools and techniques used to help managers effectively to plan and manage various types of business operations? a. Plan tools b. Seven Management and Planning Tools c. Eight Management and Planning Tools d. All of the above ____7. Which of the following is not PART of Seven Management and Planning Tools? a. Activity Diagram b. Tree Diagram c. Both A and B d. None of the above ____8. Which of the following does not belong to the Seven Management and Planning Tools that is used to guide an organization? a. Planning b. Analysis c. Conclusion d. None of the above ____9. Which of the following is referred to as a SYSTEMATIC DIAGRAM? a. Interrelationship diagram b. Tree diagram c. Activity Network diagram d. Matrix diagram ____10. Which of the following is often used for solving problems with issues that seem to be very complex and difficult to manage? a. Activity Network Diagram b. Tree Diagram c. Interrelationship Diagram d. Affinity diagram
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Learning Module for Organization and Management
REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEETS Reflective Question: As a student, how will you help the government fight the COVID – 19 Pandemic? Draw a diagram to show the steps/procedures on how you will implement this. You may choose one from the seven (7) management and planning tools to plot your answer. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES Books Darr, Kurt, Chapter 2, Introduction to Management and Leadership Concepts, Principles and Practices, Jones and Bartlett Learning, https://www.google.com.et, Accessed on October 1, 2013. Mintzberg, Henry (1989) MINTZBERG ON MANAGEMENT by Henry Mintzberg. Reprinted by permission of Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Robbins, Stephen, Robbins, Stephen P. and Coulter, Mary — 11th ed. (2012) Management, Pearson, www.pearsonhighered.com Websites https://www.iedunote.com/planning-nature-importance-types https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/principles-of-management-andorganisational-behaviour-tutorial-366/evolution-of-management-thought12679.html https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/management-roles.htm https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/development-series/tool-box/sevenmanagement-planning-tools/ https://www.iedunote.com/planning-decision-making-relation 12
Learning Module for Organization and Management https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/young-people-are-engaged-drawing-upbusiness-plan-concept-modern-technology-3d-isometric-landing-page-concepts-webdesign_5435963.htm#page=1&query=business planning&position=13 https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/office-workers-analyzing-researchingbusiness-data_6974920.htm#page=1&query=business planning&position=7 https://smallbusiness.chron.com/purpose-contingency-planning-24864.html https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/524880531569364101/ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-principlesofmanagement/chapter/readingtypes-of-plans-and-common-planning-tools/ https://webpages.uidaho.edu/~metlen/bus456/Quality%20Fall%2009Hisotory/The %20Seven%20Management%20and%20Planning%20Tools[1].pdf https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/397973/as-a-manager-what-are-themost-important-management-planning-tools/
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Learning Module for Organization and Management
Acknowledgements Development Team of the Module Writers:
Mamerto T. Goneda, MSIT Jupiter Q. Whiteside, MBA
Editor:
Isabel A. Gumaru, DBA
Evaluator:
Ellaine I. Dela Cruz, DBA
Evaluators & Reviewers: Remylinda T. Soriano, EPS, Math Angelita Z. Modesto, PSDS George G. Borromeo, PSDS Management Team: Maria Magdalena M. Lim – Schools Division Superintendent – Manila Aida H. Rondilla – Chief Education Supervisor Lucky S. Carpio – EPS in Charge of LRMS Lady Hannah C. Gillo, Librarian II - LRMS
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Learning Module for Organization and Management
ANSWER KEY PRETEST TRUE or FALSE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE
MATCHING –TYPE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
B E D F C
Activities Activity 1: Independent Activity
Customer Value 1. Low price 2. Low1. product maintenance 3. High quality
Work Environment 1. Motivated employees 1. 2. Teamwork 3. Personal employee growth 4. Satisfied employees
Return of Investment 1. High return on investment 1. 2. Low production costs 3. Growth in shareholder value
Technology 1. Constant innovation
Learning Module for Organization and Management Customer Service
Customer Value
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1. Unique products 2. Small, 1. lightweight designs 3. Innovative features
1. Responsive technical support 1. 2. Quick delivery 3. Courteous orders entry
Activity 2: Independent Activity Seven Management and Planning Tools are a set of tools and techniques used to help effectively plan and manage various types of business operations. These tools are intended to guide you in the planning, analysis, and decision making processes. These tools were developed independently by different people for diverse purposes. However, they were assembled as a set of methods in order to achieve efficiencies in the planning and management of operations. The seven management and planning tools are collectively used by organizations to make better decisions and implement new solutions effectively. When used as individually, these tools provide a systematic and organized way of assessing ideas and making decisions. However, when used in combination with each other, they provide an extremely effective way to systematically solve complex issues an organization may face. RUBRICS 4 Expert – Piece is extraordinary, and very informative and well organized 3 Accomplished – Piece has an interesting style, and somewhat informative and organized. 2 Capable – Piece has little style, gives some new information but poorly organized. 1 Beginner - Piece has no style and, and gives no new information and very poorly organized Check your Understanding Fill in the Blank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Decision-making Seven management and planning tools Activity network diagram Prioritization matrices Tree diagram
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Learning Module for Organization and Management
Post-test . 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. D
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