Passenger Ship Safety

The NIBB MARS DEBATES Raising Awareness by Understanding Problems & Consequenes Of...

...Passenger ship safety

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...is safe

Passenger ship safety Agenda • What is a passenger ship • Cruise industry – Facts & figures • Cruise industry – General informaton • Learning form accidents (improvements) • “Costa Concordia” • Aspects to consider (free debate) • Quiz

Passenger ship safety

1/ What is a passenger ship?

Passenger ship safety • Cruise ship • Ocean liner • Ro-Pax • Ferry • Fast Ferry • River cruises

Passenger ship safety Cruise ship: • Passenger ship used for pleasure voyages. • Voyage itself + ship's amenities + different destinations. • Transportation is not the prime purpose

Ocean liner (passenger ship):

• Transport of passengers (some freight, mail,...) from A to B • Built to higher standard • High freeboard • Large capacities for fuel/provisions/consumables...

Passenger ship safety > 12 passengers • When int’l trading: compliance SOLAS, ICLL, IMO regs

Passenger ship ≠ cruise ship: • Passenger ship: • High fuel consumption (speed) • Deep draught • Enclosed decks • Cabins to maximize passenger numbers • Lower comfort (windowless suites)

• Cruise ships: • Amenities more important than speed • Balcony-laden floating condominiums

Passenger ship safety

2/ Cruise industry (2011): Facts & Figures

Passenger ship safety In 2011: • 30 billions US$ industry • 19 millions passengers • Booming industry • Ship size: 270 – 360 m > 100,000 GT (Oasis of the Seas: 225,000 GT) • Number of passengers/ship: 3000-4000 (average) to 6300 (max) • Mariner of the Seas consume 20,000 pounds (9,000 kg) of beef, 28,000 eggs, 8,000 gallons (30,000 L) of ice cream, and 18,000 slices of pizza in a week. • 50% of energy = Catering dept. • Passenger ship in decline (aviation industrty) • Cruise industry gaining popularity

Passenger ship safety

Passenger ship safety

3/ Cruise industry: General information

Passenger ship safety • Tailor made formulas: Speciality range of products: • Passenger age • Tall ships/sailing vessels • Size of vessels • Expedition • ... • Companies: • Carnival • Royal Caribbean Cruises • Star cruises • Norwegian Cruise Line • MSC Cruises • Louis Cruise Lines

Passenger ship safety Organisation: Normal ship + • Ship’s crew + hospitality staff =/> passengers • Restaurants (Dining & buffet style) • Shows/performances • 50% of energy = Catering dept. • Excursions • Tax free shops • Casinos/events Other uses: • Troop transport & hospital ships (ocean liners) • Hotel ships (Athens olympics) • Emergency accommodation for evacuees (Katrina)

Passenger ship safety Amenities: • Casino — Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws • Spa • Fitness center • Shops — Only open when ship is at sea to avoid merchandising licensing and local taxes • Library • Theatre with Broadway style shows • Cinema • Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool • Hot tub • Buffet restaurant • Lounges • Gym • Clubs • Some ships have bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts, chain restaurants and/or ropes obstacle courses.

Passenger ship safety 4/ Learning from incidents Improvements (following incidents):

Passenger ship safety Improvements over last years (following incidents): • Escape routes/Fire protetion for large atrium cruise ships, LSA. • ISM • STCW (crew training requirements, crowd management) • MARPOL (waste) The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) at its 82nd session in NovemberDecember 2006 adopted a package of amendments to SOLAS: • Prevention from accidents occuring • Improved survivability

Passenger ship safety The amendments also provide regulatory flexibility so that ship designers can meet any safety challenges the future may bring. The amendments include: • Alternative designs and arrangements; • Safe areas and the essential systems to be maintained while a ship proceeds to port after a casualty, which will require redundancy of propulsion and other essential systems; • On-board safety centers, from where safety systems can be controlled, operated and monitored; • Fixed fire detection and alarm systems, including requirements for fire detectors and manually operated call points to be capable of being remotely and individually identified; • Fire prevention, including amendments aimed at enhancing the fire safety of atriums, the means of escape in case of fire and ventilation systems; and • Time for orderly evacuation and abandonment, including requirements for the essential systems that must remain operational in case any one main vertical zone is unserviceable due to fire.

Passenger ship safety Following submissions made by Italy and other interested parties (cruise industry) on 01/06/2012 the IMO Maritime Safety Committee adopted Recommended Interim Measures for Passenger Ship Companies to enhance the Safety of Passenger Ships (Circular 1446). These interim measures cover following : • Provision of additional lifejackets in public spaces, at muster stations or in lifeboats to avoid passengers having to return to their cabins in case the ship needs to be abandoned. • Ensure that communication and emergency instructions to passengers are duly understood, taking into account potential language barriers (not all passengers understand English). • For voyages exceeding 24 hours there should be a lifeboat drill for all new passengers before departure. • When the vessel is sailing in congested waters or where navigation requires increased vigilance (e.g. in poor visibility), access to the bridge should be restricted to operational personnel only i.e. no passengers. • Ensure that passage plans duly take Guidelines for voyage planning (in remote areas as applicable) into account and clearly specify/limit the circumstances in which the master can deviate from the passage plan, other than for safety or security reasons, as well as the procedures to follow in such cases.

Passenger ship safety The IMO urges member states to recommend passenger ship owners to: • Ensure that their current safety procedures and best management practices are fully and effectively implemented • Conduct a review of their existing operational safety procedures (SMS) and if necessary adapt them taking into account the above recommended interim measures.

Passenger ship safety

5/ “COSTA CONCORDIA” http://www.kizoa.com/slideshow-maker/d2197002k3297031o1/costa-concordia

Passenger ship safety

6/ Passenger ships: Aspects to consider:

Passenger ship safety • Structural integrity • Management • Crew • Accommodation • Fire • Life Saving Appliances • Navigation • Machinery • Cargo = Passengers (safety & wellbeing) • Security

Passenger ship safety Structural integrity • Stability • Passenger → cruise ships: • Passenger cabins from inside to outside (higher price) • Increase in overall height – top heavy - stability? • CoG – rather low (large open spaces – light weight material & heavy components (M/E, fuel, propellers in lower parts) • Wide ships > initial stability > metacentric height • Stabilizers = comfort, no added benefit from stability point of view

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Passenger ship safety Management • Crewing (1500-2000 crew, ≠ nationalities) • Training • Remote ports (supplies, assistance) • Insurance

Passenger ship safety Crew • Under-industrialized countries • Ship crew – entertainment crew (performers) & hospitality • Different nationalities • MLC • Living conditions(shared cabins) • 3 – 11 month contracts • 77 hour workweeks – 10 months/2 months holidays • Facilities for crew separate from passengers

Passenger ship safety Accommodation • Passenger accommodation & amenities • Crew accommodation & facilities • Safety (signage,..) •

Passenger ship safety Safety: • 2005 – 2012: 100,000,000 passengers

– 16 fatalities

• Fire safety & LSA • Various systems • Maintenance & inspection • Testing • Number & types of LSA • Drills & training • Inspections (remote ports, replacement equipment,...)

Passenger ship safety Pollution: • Huge waste streams: • • • • • • •

Sewage Grey water Hazardous waste Oily bilge water Ballast water Solid waste Air polluants (A/C)

• Garbage management • IAPP/SEEMP

Passenger ship safety Navigation • Remote ports (drafts,...) • Passage planning • Passengers on bridge •

Passenger ship safety Machinery: • Noise/vibration • Maintenance • Electricity • Passenger related machinery & equipment

Passenger ship safety Cargo = Passengers (safety & wellbeing) • Old people – disabled people – sight disabled people • Communication/Language • SAR initiatives • Excursion/tender safety • Personal preferences of passengers • Passenger health & hygiene: • Huge number of people • Rapid spreading of diseases • Close monitoring of hygiene & health to prevent diseases • Exposure to claims/compiling evidence

Passenger ship safety Security: • Cabin security • Boarding security • Registration/signing on •

Passenger ship safety

Passenger ship safety

Q&A