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PENGENALAN ETAP
PT PLN (Persero) PUSDIKLAT
18/11/2014
Simple – Inspiring – Performing - Phenomenal
1
AGENDA INTRODUCTION TO ETAP
Load Flow Analysis
Short Circuit Analysis
Optiimal Capacitor Placement
18/11/2014
2
TUJUAN PEMBELAJARAN • Setelah menyelesaikan pokok bahasan peserta mampu melaksanakan Penggunaan aplikasi ETAP untuk perencanaan jaringan distribusi • Durasi : 16 Jam Pelajaran
3
1. Introduction ETAP Electric Transient Analysis Program
JENIS PROGRAM APLIKASI PADA SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK
• • • • • • •
PSS/E EDSA MATLAB MATCAD ETAP DIGSILENT Dll.
APA ITU ETAP...? • ETAP merupakan salah satu jenis program aplikasi untuk menghitung parameter sistem tenaga listrik dengan menginputkan data ke dalam program. • Program ETAP : – – – – – – –
Versi Versi Versi Versi Versi Versi Versi
4.00 5.50 6.00 7.00 7.50 11.00 12.00
MENGAPA ETAP...? • ETAP sudah banyak digunakan oleh Unit Operasional ataupun Unit Pendukung untuk menunjang kegiatan Unit didalam menyajikan data-data teknis sistem kelistrikan, misalnya sebagai data pendukung didalam menyusun Master Plan Sistem Distribusi • ETAP mempunyai fitur yang lebih lengkap dan mudah digunakan daripada aplikasi yang lainnya
KEGUNAAN ETAP • • • • • • • • • •
Load Flow Analysis Short Circuit Analysis Harmonic Analysis Realibility Analysis Protection Analysis Motor Starting Analysis Transient Stabillity Analysis Optimal Power Flow Optimal Capacitor Placement Dll.
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS Analysis Aliran Daya bertujuan untuk : 1. Mengetahui Aliran Daya Nyata dan Daya Reaktif di setiap bus 2. Memeriksa tegangan dan pengaturan tegangan 3. Memeriksa semua peralatan ( transformator dan saluran distribusi) apakah mampu untuk mengalirkan daya yang diinginkan 4. Memperoleh kondisi awal (eksisting) untuk memperoleh studi-studi operasi ekonomis, hubung singkat, dan perencanaan pengembangan sistem
PROGRAM APLIKASI ...?
Tampilan Data di ETAP • Display Options : – Dapat dipilih data yang ingin ditampilkan pada gambar sesuai menu yg tersedia.
• Out put Report : – Dapat ditampilkan semua data perhitungan program. – Dapat dipilih data yang diperlukan saja
Manfaat ETAP dalam MPSD • Sebagai salah satu alat bantu untuk mempercepat akurasi perhitungan paramater jaringan secara teknis • Mempermudah analisa data jaringan • Mempercepat proses pengambilan keputusan • Mendukung KKO & KKF
Praktek aplikasi ETAP pada MPSD • Gambar jaringan distribusi sederhana dengan 1 atau 2 line dan beban • Gambar jaringan distribusi dengan beberapa beban trafo distribusi • Pemasangan Kapasitor • Pemasangan AVR • Menambah Jaringan Baru • Memperbesar penampang jaringan • Menaikkan / menurunkan tegangan sumber • Merubah cos phi beban
2. LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS Electric Transient Analysis Program
Power in Balanced 3-Phase I S Systems *
1
LN
S3
3
1
3
LL
I
*
Q Inductive loads have lagging Power Factors. Capacitive loads have leading Power Factors. Lagging Power Factor
Leading Power Factor
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Current and Voltage
Slide 3
Leading & Lagging Power Factors ETAP displays lagging Power Factors as positive and leading Power Factors as negative. The Power Factor is displayed in percent.
Leading Power Factor
Lagging Power Factor
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
P Q
P - jQ
P + jQ
Slide 4
3-Phase Per Unit System IB ZB
kVA B 3kV B
S
3VI
If you have two bases:
V
3ZI
2
I
SB
Then you may calculate the other two by using the relationships enclosed in brackets. The different bases are:
(kVB) MVA B
B
3V B V 2B SB
ZB
•IB
(Base Current) •ZB (Base Impedance)
•VB (Base Voltage) •SB (Base Power)
I pu Z pu
Iactual IB Zactual ZB
Vpu S pu
Vactual VB Sactual SB
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
ETAP selects for LF:
•100 MVA for SB which is fixed for the entire system.
•The kV rating of reference point is used along with the transformer turn ratios are applied to determine the base voltage for different parts of the system.
Slide 5
Example 1: The diagram shows a simple radial system. ETAP converts the branch impedance values to the correct base for Load Flow calculations. The LF reports show the branch impedance values in percent. The transformer turn ratio (N1/N2) is 3.31 and the X/R = 12.14 Transformer Turn Ratio: The transformer turn ratio is used by ETAP to determine the base voltage for different parts of the system. Different turn ratios are applied starting from the utility kV rating.
kV B1
To determine base voltage use:
kV B1 kV
2 B
N1
N2
kVB2
Transformer T7: The following equations are used to find the impedance of transformer T7 in 100 MVA base.
Z pu
X pu 1
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
X R X R
R pu
x pu X R
Slide 6
0.065(12.14)
X pu
1
12.14)
2
0.06478 12.14
R pu
.06478
.005336
The transformer impedance must be converted to 100 MVA base and therefore the following relation must be used, where “n” stands for new and “o” stands for old. o
Z
n pu
o pu
%Z
VB n
VB
00
SnB S oB pu
5.33 0
1.15
0.06478)
3.8
00
3.5
5
0.1115
1.3538)
135.38
Impedance Z1: The base voltage is determined by using the transformer turn ratio. The base impedance for Z1 is determined using the base voltage at Bus5 and the MVA base.
VB
kVutility
13.5
N1 N2
3.31
.0695
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
ZB
VB2 MVA
(4.0695)2 100
.165608
Slide 7
The per-unit value of the impedance may be determined as soon as the base impedance is known. The per-unit value is multiplied by one hundred to obtain the percent impedance. This value will be the value displayed on the LF report.
Z pu
%Z
Z actual
(0.1
ZB 00
1)
0.1656 pu
0.38
0.6038
6.0382)
603.8
The LF report generated by ETAP displays the following percent impedance values in 100 MVA base
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 8
Load Flow Analysis
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 9
Load Flow Problem •
Given - Load Power Consumption at all buses - Configuration - Power Production at each generator
•
Basic Requirement - Power Flow in each line and transformer - Voltage Magnitude and Phase Angle at each bus
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 10
Load Flow Studies •
Determine Steady State Operating Conditions - Voltage Profile
- Power Flows - Current Flows - Power Factors
- Transformer LTC Settings - Voltage Drops - Generator’s Mvar Demand (Qmax & Qmin) - Total Generation & Power Demand - Steady State Stability Limits
- MW & Mvar Losses © 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 11
Size & Determine System Equipment & Parameters •
Cable / Feeder Capacity
•
Capacitor Size
•
Transformer MVA & kV Ratings (Turn Ratios)
•
Transformer Impedance & Tap Setting
•
Current Limiting Reactor Rating & Imp.
•
MCC & Switchgear Current Ratings
•
Generator Operating Mode (Isochronous / Droop)
•
Generator’s Mvar Demand
•
Transmission, Distribution & Utilization kV
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 12
Optimize Operating Conditions •
Bus Voltages are Within Acceptable Limits
•
Voltages are Within Rated Insulation Limits of Equipment
•
Power & Current Flows Do Not Exceed the Maximum Ratings
•
System MW & Mvar Losses are Determined
•
Circulating Mvar Flows are Eliminated
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 13
Calculation Process •
Non-Linear System
•
Calculated Iteratively - Assume the Load Voltage (Initial Conditions) - Calculate the Current I - Based on the Current, Calculate Voltage Drop Vd
Assume VR Calc: I = Sload / VR Calc: Vd = I * Z
Re-Calc VR = Vs - Vd
- Re-Calculate Load Voltage VR
- Re-use Load Voltage as initial condition until the results are within the specified precision. © 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 14
Load Flow Calculation Methods 1.
Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method
•
2.
Low Requirements on initial values, but slow in speed.
3.
Fast-Decoupled Method
•
Two sets of iteration equations: real power - voltage angle, reactive power - voltage magnitude.
•
Fast in speed, but low in solution precision.
•
Better for radial systems and systems with long lines.
Newton-Raphson Method
•
Fast in speed, but high requirement on initial values.
•
First order derivative is used to speed up calculation.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 15
Load Nameplate Data
kWRated kVA Rated PF ff kVA Rated FLA 3 3 V kVARated FLA 1 kV
HP 0.7457 PF ff
Where PF and Efficiency are taken at 100 % loading conditions
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
kVA
PF I3 I1
(kW)2 kVar) kW
2
kVA kVA 000 ( 3 V) kVA 000 kV
Slide 16
Constant Power Loads • In Load Flow calculations induction, synchronous and lump loads are treated as constant power loads. • The power output remains constant even if the input voltage changes (constant kVA). • The lump load power output behaves like a constant power load for the specified % motor load.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 17
Constant Impedance Loads • In Load Flow calculations Static Loads, Lump Loads (% static), Capacitors and Harmonic Filters and Motor Operated Valves are treated as Constant Impedance Loads.
• The Input Power increases proportionally to the square of the Input Voltage.
• In Load Flow Harmonic Filters may be used as capacitive loads for Power Factor Correction.
• MOVs are modeled as constant impedance loads because of their operating characteristics.
© 1996-2008 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 18
Constant Current Loads • The current remains constant even if the voltage changes.
• DC Constant current loads are used to test Battery discharge capacity.
• AC constant current loads may be used to test UPS systems performance.
• DC Constant Current Loads may be defined in ETAP by defining Load Duty Cycles used for Battery Sizing & Discharge purposes.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 19
Constant Current Loads
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 20
Generic Loads
Exponential Load Polynomial Load Comprehensive Load
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 21
Generator Operation Modes
Feedback Voltage •AVR: Automatic Voltage Regulation •Fixed: Fixed Excitation (no AVR action)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 22
Governor Operating Modes •
Isochronous: This governor setting allows the generator’s power output to be adjusted based on the system demand.
•
Droop: This governor setting allows the generator to be Base Loaded, meaning that the MW output is fixed.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 23
Isochronous Mode
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 24
Droop Mode
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 25
Droop Mode
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 26
Droop Mode
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 27
Adjusting Steam Flow
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 28
Adjusting Excitation
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 29
In ETAP Generators and Power Grids have four operating modes that are used in Load Flow calculations. Swing Mode •Governor is operating in Isochronous mode •Automatic Voltage Regulator Voltage Control •Governor is operating in Droop Mode •Automatic Voltage Regulator Mvar Control •Governor is operating in Droop Mode •Fixed Field Excitation (no AVR action) PF Control •Governor is operating in Droop Mode •AVR Adjusts to Power Factor Setting © 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 30
• In the Swing Mode, the voltage is kept fixed. P & Q can vary based on the Power Demand • In the Voltage Control Mode, P & V are kept fixed while Q & are varied • In the Mvar Control Mode, P and Q are kept fixed while V & are varied
• If in Voltage Control Mode, the limits of P & Q are reached, the model is changed to a Load Model (P & Q are kept fixed)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 31
Generator Capability Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 32
Generator Capability Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 33
Generator Capability Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 34
Maximum & Minimum Reactive Power Machine Rating (Power Factor Point)
Field Winding Heating Limit
Steady State Stability Curve
Armature Winding Heating Limit
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 35
Generator Capability Curve Field Winding Heating Limit
Machine Rating (Power Factor Point)
Steady State Stability Curve
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 36
Generation Categories Generator/Power Grid Rating Page Load Flow Loading Page
10 Different Generation Categories for Every Generator or Power Grid in the System
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 37
Power Flow V1 V1 V2 V2 S *I Q V1*V2
X P
Q
*SIN(
)
V1*V 2 *SIN( X V1*V2
X
V1*V2 *COS( X
*COS(
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
)
V2 2 X
) )
V2 2 X Slide 38
Example: Two voltage sources designated as V1 and V2 are connected as shown. If V1= 100 /0 , V2 = 100 /30 and X = 0 +j5 determine the power flow in the system.
I
V1
2
100
0
X 0 2.68
I
86.6 j5
50)
I
V1 I * V2 I
*
|I|2 X
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
00(
0
86.6 0.35 2
2.68)
000
50) ( 0
2.68)
268 000
268
36 var
Slide 39
The following graph shows the power flow from Machine M2. This machine behaves as a generator supplying real power and absorbing reactive power from machine M1.
1
(VE) X
S
0
in
(VE) cos X
Power Flow
1
V2 X 1
2 0
Real Power Flow Reactive Power Flow © 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 40
Bus Voltage ETAP displays bus voltage values in two ways •kV value •Percent of Nominal Bus kV
For Bus4:
kVCalculated V%
3.5 kVNo min al
kV Calculated kV No min al
00
3.8
7.83%
For Bus5:
kVCalculated .03 kV Calculated V% kV No min al © 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
kVNo min al
00
.16
6.85%
Slide 41
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 42
Lump Load Negative Loading
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 43
Load Flow Adjustments •
Transformer Impedance - Adjust transformer impedance based on possible length variation tolerance
•
Reactor Impedance - Adjust reactor impedance based on specified tolerance
•
Overload Heater - Adjust Overload Heater resistance based on specified tolerance
•
Transmission Line Length - Adjust Transmission Line Impedance based on possible length variation tolerance
•
Cable Length - Adjust Cable Impedance based on possible length variation tolerance
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 44
Load Flow Study Case Adjustment Page Adjustments applied •Individual •Global
Temperature Correction • Cable Resistance • Transmission Line Resistance
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 45
Allowable Voltage Drop NEC and ANSI C84.1
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 46
Load Flow Example 1 Part 1
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 47
Load Flow Example 1 Part 2
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 48
Load Flow Alerts
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 49
Equipment Overload Alerts Bus Alerts
Monitor Continuous Amps
Cable
Monitor Continuous Amps
Reactor
Monitor Continuous Amps
Line
Monitor Line Ampacity
Transformer
Monitor Maximum MVA Output
UPS/Panel
Monitor Panel Continuous Amps
Generator
Monitor Generator Rated MW
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 50
Protective Device Alerts Protective Devices
Monitored parameters %
Condition reported
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
Continuous rated Current
OverLoad
High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Continuous rated Current
OverLoad
Fuses
Rated Current
OverLoad
Contactors
Continuous rated Current
OverLoad
SPDT / SPST switches
Continuous rated Current
OverLoad
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 51
If the Auto Display feature is active, the Alert View Window will appear as soon as the Load Flow calculation has finished.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 52
Advanced LF Topics Load Flow Convergence Voltage Control Mvar Control
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 53
Load Flow Convergence •
Negative Impedance
•
Zero or Very Small Impedance
•
Widely Different Branch Impedance Values
•
Long Radial System Configurations
•
Bad Bus Voltage Initial Values
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 54
Voltage Control •
Under/Over Voltage Conditions must be fixed for proper equipment operation and insulation ratings be met.
•
Methods of Improving Voltage Conditions: - Transformer Replacement - Capacitor Addition - Transformer Tap Adjustment
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 55
Under-Voltage Example •
Create Under Voltage Condition
Method 2 - Shunt Capacitor
- Change Syn2 Quantity to 6. (Info Page, Quantity Field)
- Add Shunt Capacitor to Bus8
- Run LF
- Voltage is improved
- Bus8 Turns Magenta (Under Voltage Condition) •
•
Method 1 - Change Xfmr
- 300 kvar 3 Banks •
Method 3 - Change Tap - Place LTC on Primary of T6 - Select Bus8 for Control Bus
- Change T4 from 3 MVA to 8 MVA, will notice slight improvement on the Bus8 kV
- Select Update LTC in the Study Case
- Too Expensive and time consuming
- Bus Voltage Comes within specified limits
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
- Run LF
Slide 56
Mvar Control •
•
Vars from Utility
•
Method 2 - Add Capacitor
- Add Switch to CAP1
- Close Switch
- Open Switch
- Run Load Flow
- Run LF
- Var Contribution from the Utility reduces
Method 1 - Generator - Change Generator from Voltage Control to Mvar Control - Set Mvar Design Setting to 5 Mvars
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
•
Method 3 - Xfmr MVA - Change T1 Mva to 40 MVA - Will notice decrease in the contribution from the Utility
Slide 57
Panel Systems
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 58
Panel Boards They are a collection of branch circuits feeding system loads •
Panel System is used for representing power and lighting panels in electrical systems •
Click to drop once on OLV Double-Click to drop multiple panels
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 59
Representation A panel branch circuit load can be modeled as an internal or external load Advantages: 1. Easier Data Entry 2. Concise System Representation
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 60
Pin Assignment Pin 0 is the top pin of the panel ETAP allows up to 24 external load connections
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 61
Assumptions •
Vrated (internal load) = Vrated (Panel Voltage)
•
Note that if a 1-Phase load is connected to a 3Phase panel circuit, the rated voltage of the panel circuit is (1/√3) times the rated panel voltage
•
The voltage of L1 or L2 phase in a 1-Phase 3-Wire panel is (1/2) times the rated voltage of the panel
•
There are no losses in the feeders connecting a load to the panel
Static loads are calculated based on their rated voltage •
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 62
Line-Line Connections Load Connected Between Two Phases of a 3-Phase System A
A
B C
B C IB = IBC
IBC
IC = -IBC
Load LoadB
Angle by which load current IBC lags the load voltage = θ Therefore, for load connected between phases B and C:
For load connected to phase B
SBC = VBC.IBC PBC = VBC.IBC.cos θ QBC = VBC.IBC.sin θ
SB = VB.IB PB = VB.IB.cos (θ - 30) QB = VB.IB.sin (θ - 30)
And, for load connected to phase C SC = VC.IC PC = VC.IC.cos (θ + 30) QC = VC.IC.sin (θ + 30)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 63
Info Page
NEC Selection A, B, C from top to bottom or left to right from the front of the panel Phase B shall be the highest voltage (LG) on a 3-phase, 4wire delta connected system (midpoint grounded)
3-Phase 4-Wire Panel 3-Phase 3-Wire Panel 1-Phase 3-Wire Panel 1-Phase 2-Wire Panel
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 64
Rating Page Intelligent kV Calculation If a 1-Phase panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus having a nominal voltage equal to 0.48 kV, the default rated kV of the panel is set to (0.48/1.732 =) 0.277 kV For IEC, Enclosure Type is Ingress Protection (IPxy), where IP00 means no protection or shielding on the panel
Select ANSI or IEC Breakers or Fuses from Main Device Library
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 65
Schedule Page
Circuit Numbers with Standard Layout
Circuit Numbers with Column Layout
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 66
Description Tab First 14 load items in the list are based on NEC 1999 Last 10 load types in the Panel Code Factor Table are user-defined Load Type is used to determine the Code Factors used in calculating the total panel load External loads are classified as motor load or static load according to the element type For External links the load status is determined from the connected load’s demand factor status
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 67
Rating Tab
Enter per phase VA, W, or Amperes for this load. For example, if total Watts for a 3-phase load are 1200, enter W as 400 (=1200/3)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 68
Loading Tab For internal loads, enter the % loading for the selected loading category
For both internal and external loads, Amp values are calculated based on terminal bus nominal kV
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 69
Protective Device Tab Library Quick Pick LV Circuit Breaker (Molded Case, with Thermal Magnetic Trip Device) or
Library Quick Pick Fuse will appear depending on the Type of protective device selected.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 70
Feeder Tab
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 71
Action Buttons Copy the content of the selected row to clipboard. Circuit number, Phase, Pole, Load Name, Link and State are not copied.
Paste the entire content (of the copied row) in the selected row. This will work when the Link Type is other than space or unusable, and only for fields which are not blocked.
Blank out the contents of the entire selected row.
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 72
Summary Page Continuous Load - Per Phase and Total Non-Continuous Load - Per Phase and Total Connected Load - Per Phase and Total (Continuous + Non-Continuous Load)
Code Demand - Per Phase and Total
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 73
Output Report
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 74
Panel Code Factors The first fourteen have fixed formats per NEC 1999 Code demand load depends on Panel Code Factors Code demand load calculation for internal loads are done for each types of load separately and then summed up
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis
Slide 75
3. SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS Electric Transient Analysis Program
Purpose of Short-Circuit Studies •
A Short-Circuit Study can be used to determine any or all of the following: - Verify protective device close and latch capability - Verify protective device interrupting capability - Protect equipment from large mechanical forces (maximum fault kA) - I2t protection for equipment (thermal stress) - Selecting ratings or settings for relay coordination
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 2
Types of Short-Circuit Faults
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 3
Types of Short-Circuit Faults Types of SC Faults •Three-Phase Ungrounded Fault •Three-Phase Grounded Fault •Phase to Phase Ungrounded Fault •Phase to Phase Grounded Fault •Phase to Ground Fault
Fault Current •IL-G can range in utility systems from a few percent to
possibly 115 % ( if Xo < X1 ) of I3-phase (85% of all faults). •In industrial systems the situation IL-G > I3-phase is rare.
Typically IL-G
.87 * I3-phase
•In an industrial system, the three-phase fault condition
is frequently the only one considered, since this type of fault generally results in Maximum current. ©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 4
Short-Circuit Phenomenon
i(t)
v(t)
v(t)
m in(
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
)
Slide 5
v(t)
i(t)
di v(t) Ri Vm in( (1) dt Solving equation 1 yields the following expression i(t)
Vm Z
in(
-
Vm
in( -
-
R L
t
Z Steady State
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Transient (DC Off set)
Slide 6
AC Current (Symmetrical) with No AC Decay
DC Current
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 7
AC Fault Current Including the DC Offset (No AC Decay)
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 8
Machine Reactance ( λ = L I )
AC Decay Current
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 9
Fault Current Including AC & DC Decay
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 10
IEC Short-Circuit Calculation (IEC 909) •
Initial Symmetrical Short-Circuit Current (I"k)
•
Peak Short-Circuit Current (ip)
•
Symmetrical Short-Circuit Breaking Current (Ib)
•
Steady-State Short-Circuit Current (Ik)
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 11
IEC Short-Circuit Calculation Method •
Ik” = Equivalent V @ fault location divided by equivalent Z
Equivalent V is based bus nominal kV and c factor •
XFMR and machine Z adjusted based on cmax, component Z & operating conditions •
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 12
Transformer Z Adjustment •
KT -- Network XFMR
KS,KSO - Unit XFMR for faults on system side •
KT,S,KT,SO - Unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary system, not between Gen & XFMR •
K=1 - Unit XFMR for faults between Gen & XFMR •
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 13
Syn Machine Z Adjustment •
KG - Synchronous machine w/o unit XFMR
KS,KSO - With unit XFMR for faults on system side •
•
KG,S,KG,SO - With unit XFMR for faults in auxiliary system, including points between Gen & XFMR
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 14
Types of Short-Circuits •
Near-To-Generator Short-Circuit - This is a short-circuit condition to which at least one synchronous machine contributes a prospective initial short-circuit current which is more than twice the generator’s rated current, or a short-circuit condition to which synchronous and asynchronous motors contribute more than 5% of the initial symmetrical short-circuit current ( I"k) without motors.
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 15
Near-To-Generator Short-Circu
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 16
Types of Short-Circuits •
Far-From-Generator Short-Circuit - This is a short-circuit condition during which the magnitude of the symmetrical ac component of available short-circuit current remains essentially constant.
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 17
Far-From-Generator Short-Cir
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 18
Factors Used in If Calc •
κ-calc ip based on Ik”
•
μ-calc ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network
q-calc induction machine ib for near-to-gen & not meshed network •
•
•
Equation (75) of Std 60909-0, adjusting Ik for near-to-gen & meshed network λmin & λmax - calc ik
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 19
IEC Short-Circuit Study Case
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 20
Types of Short-Circuits When these options are selected •
Maximum voltage factor is used
Minimum impedance is used (all negative tolerances are applied and minimum •
resistance temperature is considered) ©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 21
Types of Short-Circuits When this option is selected •
Minimum voltage factor is used
Maximum impedance is used (all positive tolerances are applied and maximum •
resistance temperature is considered) ©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 22
Voltage Factor (c) •
Ratio between equivalent voltage & nominal voltage
•
Required to account for: •
Variations due to time & place
•
Transformer taps
•
Static loads & capacitances
•
Generator & motor subtransient behavior
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 23
Calculation Method
•
Breaking kA is more conservative if the option No Motor Decay is selected
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 24
IEC SC 909 Calculation
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 25
Device Duty Comparison
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 26
Mesh & Non-Mesh If •
ETAP automatically determines mesh & nonmeshed contributions according to individual contributions
IEC Short Circuit Mesh Determination Method - 0, 1, or 2 (default) •
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 27
L-G Faults
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 28
L-G Faults Symmetrical Components
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 29
Sequence Networks
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 30
L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections
If If
a0
3 Z1
Prefault 2
0
if Zg
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 31
L-L Fault Sequence Network Connections
Ia 2
If
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
1
3 Z1
Prefault 2
Slide 32
L-L-G Fault Sequence Network Connections Ia 2
If
a
1
a0
a
V Prefault Z0Z 2 Z1 Z0 2
if Z g
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 33
Transformer Zero Sequence Connections
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 34
Solid Grounded Devices and L-G Faults Generally a 3 - phase fault is the
most severe case. L - G faults can be greater if : Z1
Z2 & Z0
Z1
If this conditions are true then : I f3
If1
This may be the case if Generators or Y/
onnected transform er are solidly
grounded.
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 35
Zero Sequence Model •
Branch susceptances and static loads including capacitors will be considered when this option is checked
•
Recommended by IEC for systems with isolated neutral, resonant earthed neutrals & earthed neutrals with earth fault factor > 1.4
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 36
Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports Complete reports that include individual branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults •L-L-G Faults •L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents
•Phase Voltages ©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 37
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363) Total Fault Current Waveform
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 38
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363) Percent DC Current Waveform
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 39
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363) AC Component of Fault Current Waveform
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 40
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363) Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 41
Transient Fault Current Calculation (IEC 61363) Top Envelope of Fault Current Waveform
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 42
IEC Transient Fault Current Calculation
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 43
Unbalanced Faults Display & Reports Complete reports that include individual branch contributions for:
•L-G Faults •L-L-G Faults •L-L Faults
One-line diagram displayed results that include:
•L-G/L-L-G/L-L fault current contributions
•Sequence voltage and currents •Phase Voltages ©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 44
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 45
©1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Short-Circuit IEC
Slide 46
4. OPTIMAL CAPACITOR PLACEMENT Electric Transient Analysis Program
Problem of Var Flow in Power Systems •
Loads and delivery apparatus (e.g., lines and transformers) are inductive in nature
•
Most power systems operate at a lagging power factor
•
Resulting system capacity reduced, system loss increased and system voltage decreased
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 2
Purposes of Shunt Capacitor Applications •
Var support - Primary benefit for transmission systems and secondary benefit for distribution systems
Voltage control - Primary benefit for both transmission and distribution systems •
•
System capacity increase - Secondary benefit for transmission systems and primary benefit for distribution systems
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 3
Purposes of Shunt Capacitor Applications •
System power loss reduction - Secondary benefit for transmission systems and primary benefit for distribution systems
•
Billing charge reduction - Not applied to transmission systems but a primary benefit for distribution systems
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 4
General Process for Placing Shunt Capacitors •
Determine bank size in kvar
•
Determine connection location
•
Determine a control method
•
Determine a connection type (wye or delta)
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 5
General Methods for Capacitor Placement •
Rules of Thumb
•
Power Flow Based
•
Optimal
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 6
Optimal Capacitor Placement in ETAP •
Genetic Algorithm - Use Genetic method to find optimal (sub optimal) solution
Expert System Initialization- Use power system knowledge to find a good initial solution •
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 7
Genetic Algorithm An optimization technique based on the theory of nature selection •
•
An iterative procedure that maintains a constant-size population of candidate solutions
•
Coding, initialization, fitness evaluation, selection, crossover, mutation
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 8
ETAP OCP Capabilities •
Find capacitor’s best location and bank size
•
Minimize the total cost of installation and operation
•
Handle radial or meshed balanced networks (PS 5.0)
•
User selectable capacitor placement purpose
•
Global or individual constraints
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 9
ETAP OCP Capabilities •
Analysis capacitor control method and review capacitor impact on the system with load duration setting
•
Speed and precision ratio control by users
•
Determine available capacitor installation locations by users
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 10
ETAP OCP Capabilities •
Determine maximum capacitor size using maximum load and determine switchblade capacitor size using minimum load
•
Use average or source energy cost
Focus on saving during the whole planning period •
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 11
Display Results •
LF results for maximum loads
•
New capacitor locations and sizes
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 12
Plot Results •
Loss reduction savings during the planning period
•
Capacitor operation cost during the planning period
•
Profit during the planning period
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 13
Report Results •
Load Flow related reports
•
Capacitor locations and sizes
•
Load flow results for maximum, average and minimum loads
•
Branch capacity release
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 14
Example •
Run NR Load Flow and look at bus voltages (critical under voltage is set to 95% and marginal under voltage is set to 98%)
•
Switch to OCP mode and look at the study case settings
Run OCP and look at the voltage improvements •
© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Optimal Capacitor Placement
Slide 15
SIMPLE INSPIRING PERFORMING PHENOMENAL
TERIMA KASIH 18/11/2014
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