Politics And Governance
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Philippine Politics and Governance CHAPTER 1- The Concepts Politics and Governance
What is Politics?
• The word “politics” comes from the Greek word “polis” which means “city-state.” In the ancient world, city-states are small countries regarded as centers of culture and civilization where people interact under a unified government. What transpires in the polis is politics.
What is Politics?
• The origin of the word therefore suggests that politics is a term encompassing the totality of human activities transpiring within the citystate. • As it is applied now, it denotes everything that transpires in the state as well as among states.
Definitions of Politics • Politics denotes a social activity. It is in essence the interaction of individuals. As the Greek philosopher Aristotle explains, it is the master science through which individuals collectively set structure, purpose, and ideals in their lives. Politics, therefore, does not emerge from the activities of a single individual but from that of many.
Definitions of Politics • Politics is the science of government. As a science, it is a systematic body of knowledge (for the most part, practical) that deals with the government and regulation, maintenance and development, and defense and augmentation of the state. It also deals with the protection of the rights of its citizens, safeguarding and enhancement of morals, and harmony and peace of human relations.
Definitions of Politics • Politics as the art of government. It is an art because it involves the exercise of control or authority within the society through the creation and enforcement of consensus arrived at by the leaders. It involves the process through which the government skillfully addresses the needs of the society by carefully allocating benefits, rewards, and penalties.
Definitions of Politics
• Politics is who gets what, when, and how. The definition underscores the reality of “scarcity” in the society. While human needs and wants are so diverse and numerous, the resources are always limited. The struggle involved in allocating the scarce resources, and determining what to produce, how to distribute, and use them is said to be politics.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY -is the traditional approach in which the primary goal is to understand the essence or truth about politics -this approach aims to establish what politics ought to be -as such, it is normative or prescriptive, analytical, speculative, and essentially ethical.
POLITICAL SCIENCE -is the empirical approach in which it places little emphasis on abstract and normative questions -concentrates on a dispassionate and objective description of the realities of politics -as such, it is descriptive, empirical, objective, and it avoids ethics.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-it is normative or prescriptive because it prescribes standards or rules of conduct; it establishes what “ought to be” the nature of politics and not “what it simply is.” Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are among the proponents of this approach.
-it is descriptive because it simply establishes “what politics is” and not “what it ought to be;” it describes the political phenomenon but does not prescribe standards or rules of conduct.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
-it is analytical because the approach is to a large extent an examination and literary analysis of the various classic writings of intellectuals and philosophers such as Confucius, Lao Tzu, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Marx, to name some.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-it is empirical because it studies only observable facts, and not abstract values and concepts.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-it is speculative because it entails abstract, theoretical and not scientific explanations of the varied subjects of politics.
-it is objective because it adheres strictly to the methods of the natural sciences; it considers only the observable (quantifiable) facts that can be measured through the scientific method.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
-it is essentially ethical because the approach basically presumes that ethics is the foundation of politics
POLITICAL SCIENCE
--it avoids ethics, in that values are not within its scope; only directly observable facts are studied.
What is Political Science? -it is a social discipline that deals with systems of government and analysis of political activity and political behavior
Development of Political Science
ARISTOTLE -he wrote the first systematic work focused on political affairs known as the Politics that named him the “Father of Political Science”
Development of Political Science
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI -he wrote The Prince a handbook for rulers in the art of government that named him the “Father of Modern Political Science”
Development of Political Science
PROF. FRANCIS LIEBER -in contemporary time, he wrote Manuals of Political Ethics the first systematic treatise on political science that gives as a well thorough understanding of the discipline
Development of Political Science
In the Philippines, Department of Political Science was established in the College of Liberal Arts in 1915, University of the Philippines.
Development of Political Science
TEODORO M. KALAW -is the first Filipino student of politics and defined political science in his Manual Ciencia Politica in 1918.
Development of Political Science
According to him political science is the nature and organization of the State, the structure and functions of the high branches of government, and the theory of political and civil liberties.
What is Governance?
• The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally from the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” • Basing on its etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering or governing, or of directing and controlling, a group of people or a state.
Definitions of Governance • Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the wellbeing of their country’s citizens or subjects.
Definitions of Governance • It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society wield power, and enact and promulgate public policies which directly affect human and institutional interactions, and economic and social development.
Definitions of Governance • The power exercised by the participating sectors of the society is always for the common good, as it is essential for demanding respect and cooperation from the citizens and the state. As such, a great deal about governance is the proper and effective utilization of resources.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Governance is essentially related to politics, in that politics is often defined as the art of governance.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Just as politics talks about governments, institutions, power, order, and the ideals of justice, governance also deals with the public sector, power structures, equity, and ideals of public administration.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance Nevertheless, they are distinct from each other in the sense that politics is broader than governance. Traditionally, the study of politics entails the concept of the “good life” and the “ideal society,” which are so broad they include a web of subjects and every possible form of government.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Traditionally, the study of politics entails the concept of the “good life” and the “ideal society,” which are so broad they include a web of subjects and every possible form of government.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
The study of governance, on the contrary, is generally attuned to the concept of democracy, and on how the government and the civil society arrive at a decision in meeting their needs.
Government ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Governance is traditionally associated with government. In literatures, they are often used interchangeably. But in the 1980s, political scientists broadened the meaning of governance as including, not just government actors, but also civil-society actors.
Government ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Today, governance includes three sectors: the public sector (state actors and institutions), the private sector (households and companies), and the civil society (non-governmental organizations). These three sectors are said to work hand in hand in the process of governance.
Government ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
This new use of the term focuses on the role of “networks” in the achievement of the common good, whether these networks are intergovernmental, transnational, or international. In other words governance is broader than government in that other sectors are included in it.
What is Good Governance? • Is understood through its eight indicators or characteristics: 1. participatory, 2. rule of law, 3. effective and efficient, 4. transparent, 5. responsive, 6. equitable and inclusive, 7. consensus oriented, and accountability.
What is Politics?
• The word “politics” comes from the Greek word “polis” which means “city-state.” In the ancient world, city-states are small countries regarded as centers of culture and civilization where people interact under a unified government. What transpires in the polis is politics.
What is Politics?
• The origin of the word therefore suggests that politics is a term encompassing the totality of human activities transpiring within the citystate. • As it is applied now, it denotes everything that transpires in the state as well as among states.
Definitions of Politics • Politics denotes a social activity. It is in essence the interaction of individuals. As the Greek philosopher Aristotle explains, it is the master science through which individuals collectively set structure, purpose, and ideals in their lives. Politics, therefore, does not emerge from the activities of a single individual but from that of many.
Definitions of Politics • Politics is the science of government. As a science, it is a systematic body of knowledge (for the most part, practical) that deals with the government and regulation, maintenance and development, and defense and augmentation of the state. It also deals with the protection of the rights of its citizens, safeguarding and enhancement of morals, and harmony and peace of human relations.
Definitions of Politics • Politics as the art of government. It is an art because it involves the exercise of control or authority within the society through the creation and enforcement of consensus arrived at by the leaders. It involves the process through which the government skillfully addresses the needs of the society by carefully allocating benefits, rewards, and penalties.
Definitions of Politics
• Politics is who gets what, when, and how. The definition underscores the reality of “scarcity” in the society. While human needs and wants are so diverse and numerous, the resources are always limited. The struggle involved in allocating the scarce resources, and determining what to produce, how to distribute, and use them is said to be politics.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY -is the traditional approach in which the primary goal is to understand the essence or truth about politics -this approach aims to establish what politics ought to be -as such, it is normative or prescriptive, analytical, speculative, and essentially ethical.
POLITICAL SCIENCE -is the empirical approach in which it places little emphasis on abstract and normative questions -concentrates on a dispassionate and objective description of the realities of politics -as such, it is descriptive, empirical, objective, and it avoids ethics.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-it is normative or prescriptive because it prescribes standards or rules of conduct; it establishes what “ought to be” the nature of politics and not “what it simply is.” Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are among the proponents of this approach.
-it is descriptive because it simply establishes “what politics is” and not “what it ought to be;” it describes the political phenomenon but does not prescribe standards or rules of conduct.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
-it is analytical because the approach is to a large extent an examination and literary analysis of the various classic writings of intellectuals and philosophers such as Confucius, Lao Tzu, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Marx, to name some.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-it is empirical because it studies only observable facts, and not abstract values and concepts.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
POLITICAL SCIENCE
-it is speculative because it entails abstract, theoretical and not scientific explanations of the varied subjects of politics.
-it is objective because it adheres strictly to the methods of the natural sciences; it considers only the observable (quantifiable) facts that can be measured through the scientific method.
Approaches to the Study of Politics POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
-it is essentially ethical because the approach basically presumes that ethics is the foundation of politics
POLITICAL SCIENCE
--it avoids ethics, in that values are not within its scope; only directly observable facts are studied.
What is Political Science? -it is a social discipline that deals with systems of government and analysis of political activity and political behavior
Development of Political Science
ARISTOTLE -he wrote the first systematic work focused on political affairs known as the Politics that named him the “Father of Political Science”
Development of Political Science
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI -he wrote The Prince a handbook for rulers in the art of government that named him the “Father of Modern Political Science”
Development of Political Science
PROF. FRANCIS LIEBER -in contemporary time, he wrote Manuals of Political Ethics the first systematic treatise on political science that gives as a well thorough understanding of the discipline
Development of Political Science
In the Philippines, Department of Political Science was established in the College of Liberal Arts in 1915, University of the Philippines.
Development of Political Science
TEODORO M. KALAW -is the first Filipino student of politics and defined political science in his Manual Ciencia Politica in 1918.
Development of Political Science
According to him political science is the nature and organization of the State, the structure and functions of the high branches of government, and the theory of political and civil liberties.
What is Governance?
• The word “governance” came from the Latin verb “gubernare,” or more originally from the Greek word “kubernaein,” which means “to steer.” • Basing on its etymology, governance refers to the manner of steering or governing, or of directing and controlling, a group of people or a state.
Definitions of Governance • Governance is commonly defined as the exercise of power or authority by political leaders for the wellbeing of their country’s citizens or subjects.
Definitions of Governance • It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the society wield power, and enact and promulgate public policies which directly affect human and institutional interactions, and economic and social development.
Definitions of Governance • The power exercised by the participating sectors of the society is always for the common good, as it is essential for demanding respect and cooperation from the citizens and the state. As such, a great deal about governance is the proper and effective utilization of resources.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Governance is essentially related to politics, in that politics is often defined as the art of governance.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Just as politics talks about governments, institutions, power, order, and the ideals of justice, governance also deals with the public sector, power structures, equity, and ideals of public administration.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance Nevertheless, they are distinct from each other in the sense that politics is broader than governance. Traditionally, the study of politics entails the concept of the “good life” and the “ideal society,” which are so broad they include a web of subjects and every possible form of government.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Traditionally, the study of politics entails the concept of the “good life” and the “ideal society,” which are so broad they include a web of subjects and every possible form of government.
Politics ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
The study of governance, on the contrary, is generally attuned to the concept of democracy, and on how the government and the civil society arrive at a decision in meeting their needs.
Government ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Governance is traditionally associated with government. In literatures, they are often used interchangeably. But in the 1980s, political scientists broadened the meaning of governance as including, not just government actors, but also civil-society actors.
Government ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
Today, governance includes three sectors: the public sector (state actors and institutions), the private sector (households and companies), and the civil society (non-governmental organizations). These three sectors are said to work hand in hand in the process of governance.
Government ‘vis-a-vis’ Governance
This new use of the term focuses on the role of “networks” in the achievement of the common good, whether these networks are intergovernmental, transnational, or international. In other words governance is broader than government in that other sectors are included in it.
What is Good Governance? • Is understood through its eight indicators or characteristics: 1. participatory, 2. rule of law, 3. effective and efficient, 4. transparent, 5. responsive, 6. equitable and inclusive, 7. consensus oriented, and accountability.
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