Ra57200-v_5g Link Budget

LTE FDD Link Budget

NokiaEDU 5G Link Budget

5G Radio Planning and Dimensioning for Nokia internals [5G19A] RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

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LTE FDD Link Budget

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Module Objetives • • • • • • • • • • • •

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Explain the principles of link budget calculation Relate the link budget to coverage dimensioning List key features of the Nokia 5G Link Budget tool Explain general and transmitter end parameters for the link budget, uplink and downlink Explain receiver end parameters for the Link Budget, both in DL and UL Discuss the process to obtain the minimum estimated SINR Identify different channel models supported by the tool Explain the relevance and calculation of the Interference Margin Discuss additional gains and losses when obtaining the cluttered MAPL Identify different propagation models supported by the 5G Link Budget tool Practice the cell range and site area calculations Estimate the site count, given the area to be covered

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 4

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Introduction to Link Budget (1/2) • Link Budget is the basis of the coverage based dimensioning • Its objective is to calculate UL/DL maximum allowed path loss (MAPL) for a certain type of service

• With the MAPL and a suitable propagation model, which relates the path loss (PL) with the distance between UE and BS, average cell coverage radius can be calculated • With cell coverage radius, radio network planners can easily figure up the site coverage area and site count for given area. That’s the target of coverage based dimensioning

Coverage Area Range

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© Nokia 2019

Let´s begin by refreshing about Link Budget and some other important concepts.

[1] Link budget is the basis of the coverage based dimensioning.

[2] Its objective is to calculate Uplink and Downlink maximum allowed path loss, or MAPL, for a certain type of service.

[3] With the MAPL and a suitable propagation model, which relates the path loss with the distance between the user Equipment and the base station, average cell coverage radius can be calculated.

[4] With cell coverage radius, radio network planners can easily figure up the site coverage area and site count for given area. That’s the target of coverage based dimensioning.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Introduction to Link Budget (2/2) • Target of the Link Budget calculation is to estimate the maximum allowed path loss (MAPL) on radio path from transmit antenna to receive antenna • Power that comes out from the transmit antenna is identified as “Effective Isotropic Radiated Power” or EIRP in short • On the other hand, the “Isotropic Power Required” or IPR, stands for the minimum signal level the receiver would be able to detect

𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼𝑃𝑅(𝑚𝑖𝑛) Power (DL/UL) Max EIRP

MAPL

Min IPR 6

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© Nokia 2019

[1] As anticipated in the previous slide, the target of the Link Budget calculation is to estimate the maximum allowed path loss, or MAPL, on radio path from transmit antenna to receive antenna. [2] Power that comes out from the transmit antenna is identified as “ Effective Isotropic Radiated Power”, or EIRP in short. [3] On the other hand, the “Isotropic Power Required” or IPR, stands for the minimum signal level the receive antenna would be able to detect. [4] Therefore the difference between the EIRP and the IPR would be the first approach to obtain the MAPL. [5] With the help of this simple picture, we can see the MAPL definition from a graphical point of view, where the MAPL corresponds to the gap between the EIRP and IPR.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 7

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5G Link Budget

• The 5G link budget calculations described in this document are based on a minimum throughput requirement at the cell edge • Such approach provides cell range calculation in a very easy and efficient way • LTE and 5G link budget calculations are quite similar since they share many mechanisms and procedures specified in 3GPP documentation

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© Nokia 2019

[1] The 5G link budget calculations described in this document are based on a minimum throughput requirement at the cell edge.

Such approach provides cell range calculation in a very easy and efficient way. [2]

[3] LTE and 5G link budget calculations are quite similar since they share many mechanisms and procedures specified in 3GPP documentation.

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5G Link Budget – Inputs and Steps User service characteristics

Equipment configuration • 5G NB/UE transmit power • 5G NB/UE antenna gain • 5G NB/UE antenna diversity

• • • •

Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL)

Cell-edge throughput target BLER (Block Error Ratio) target Body/in-car loss Channel model

Radio propagation parameters • Clutter type • Building Penetration Loss • Propagation model

Cell range Link Budget inputs Link Budget outputs Calculations flow

Network details • Target coverage area • Network layout (sectorization)

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Number of sites

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© Nokia 2019

On this slide we will briefly discuss the inputs and steps that the coverage based dimensioning comprises. [1] First step consists on the MAPL calculation. [2] Some of the inputs required to proceed with this calculation have to do with the equipment configuration, such as transmit power, antenna gain and antenna diversity, both for the 5G NodeB and for the 5G User Equipment. [3] An additional set of inputs are related to the selected user service, for instance: the cell-edge throughput target, the Block Error rate target, the body and car-in losses and the channel model. [4] Once the MAPL has been obtained, next step is to estimate the cell range. [5] Example of the inputs that are needed in this step are: the clutter type, the building penetration loss and a suitable propagation model. [6] In the last step of the calculation, we will obtain the estimated amount of sites to fulfill with coverage based dimensioning. From previous step the cell radius is known, and it is relatively affordable to derive the cell area. [7] Knowing the network layer configuration, in terms of number of sectors per site, the site area is calculated. Finally, dividing the target coverage area by the site area will result in the number of required

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LTE FDD Link Budget

sites.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Link Budget – The NetEng Tool

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This presentation is based on Link Budget Tool provided by Network Engineering

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Link to the tool: http://nok.it/5GLiBu

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To provide reliable and product-aligned results, 5G Link Budget Excel-based tool uses various sources of input data 3GPP NR specs

5GMax

5G physical layer aspects and channels allocation patterns

Link Level simulations showing expected radio link performance

Nokia 5G HW specs

3GPP / whitepapers

Figures showing Nokia 5G NB hardware capabilities (Tx power, band, etc.)

Definition of various propagation models relevant for 5G bands

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© Nokia 2019

[1] This presentation is based on Link Budget Tool provided by Network Engineering [2] The slide provides a link from where the tool can be downloaded [3] To provide reliable and product-aligned results, 5G Link Budget Excel-based tool uses various sources of input data: [4] 3GPP New Radio specifications: 5G physical layer aspects and channels allocation patterns [5] Link Level simulations showing expected radio link performance using 5GMax simulator [6] Nokia 5G Hardware specifications: Figures showing Nokia 5G NB hardware capabilities, such as: Tx power, band, etc. [7] 3GPP / whitepapers: Definition of various propagation models relevant for 5G bands

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NEI 5G Link Budget Tool •

To allow for efficient results reading and comparison, special color code was used within the tool Predefined setting

Input parameter

Interim result

To be adjusted by the user according to the scenario requirements

For better understanding of some assumptions and intermediate results calculation

Output value (minor)

Output value (major)

Error message

Allows to load predefined values of some input parameters

Link Budget calculations output value not used in further calculations 11

Link Budget calculations output value (final or used in further calculations)

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Indicates errors in the calculations preventing final result generation © Nokia 2019

[1] To allow for efficient results reading and comparison, special color code was used within the tool [2] Predefined settings in dark blue: Allows to load predefined values of some input parameters [3] Input parameters in white color: To be adjusted by the user according to the scenario requirements [4] Interim result in grey color: For better understanding of some assumptions and intermediate results calculation [5] Output value (minor) in ice-blue: Link Budget calculations output value not used in further calculations [6] Output value (major) in plain blue: Link Budget calculations output value (final or used in further calculations) [7] Error message in red font with yellow label: Indicates errors in the calculations preventing final result generation

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5G Link Budget Tool limitations - Disclaimer

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•

Current implementation of the 5G Link Budget tool focuses mainly on the first 5G New Radio (NR) system release based on the 3GPP specification series 38.xxx, thus some more advanced configurations or software features may not be available for modeling

•

List of predefined 5GNB radio modules available in the tool comes from Nokia R&D and is aligned with the real product availability for the latest 5G NR system releases

•

Please note that the 5G Link Budget tool will be continuously improved and extended with new features and configuration options. RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

Please find some notes on the current limitations of the 5G Link Budget tool. [1] Current implementation of the 5G Link Budget tool focuses mainly on the first 5G New Radio (NR) system release based on the “38” 3GPP specification series, thus some more advanced configurations or software features may not be available for modeling. [2] List of predefined 5GNB radio modules available in the tool comes from Nokia R&D and is aligned with the real product availability for the latest 5G NR system releases [3] Please note that the 5G Link Budget tool will be continuously improved and extended with new features and configuration options.

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5G Link Budget Tool limitations – Assumptions and Supported Options

•

Subcarrier Spacing (SCS): • 15kHz & 30 kHz (for Frequency Range 1) • 120 kHz (for Frequency Range 2)

•

MIMO modes: • DL: 2/4/8/16/32/64Tx - 2/4Rx (Rank 1/2/3/4) • UL: 1/2Tx – 2/4/8/16/32/64Rx (Rank 1/2)

• • • •

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BLER targets: 10% Number of transmissions: 1 (no HARQ) Channel models: AWGN, CDL-D, EPA, TDL-B, TDL-D Operating bands: 100 MHz to 100 GHz (available Link Level data for 3.5 GHz (FR 1) and 28 GHz (FR 2) bands)

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© Nokia 2019

This slide presents a list of assumptions and supported options implemented in the current version of the tool: [1] Subcarrier Spacing or SCS, is 15 and 30 kHz for lower Frequency band and 120 kHz for higher Frequency band [2] MIMO modes in Downlink could be 2/4/8/16/32/64 antennas at the transmitter and - 2/4 at the Receiver, allowing Ranks 1/2/3/4. In Uplink, the modes are 1 or 2 for the transmitter and 2/4/8/16/32/64 for the receiver, allowing Ranks 1 and 2. [3] The Block Error Rate, or BLER, target is 10% [3] the number of transmissions is 1 (meaning there is no HARQ and its associated gain) [4] the Channel models are: Additive White Gaussian Noise or AWGN, Clustered Delay Line – scenario D or CDL-D, Enhanced Pedestrian A or EPA, Tapped Delay Line – scenario B and D, so TDL-B and TDL-D. [5] the supported Operating bands range from 100 MHz to 100 GHz, with available Link Level data for 3.5 GHz (FR 1) and 28 GHz (FR 2) bands).

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Tool Sections Genaral Parameters Transmitting End System configuration

Receiving End Service Channel

5G Link Budget Sections

General Configuration Building Penetration Loss Vegetation Loss

Propagation

Standard Deviation Coverage Estimation Site Count RA57200-V-19A

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© Nokia 2019

Let´s take now a look into how the tool is organized. There are 2 big sections: [1] One dedicated to System Configuration on top, [2] followed by the one dedicated to propagation. The outcome of the system Configuration section is the Maximum Allowable Path Loss as such. [3] It contains the following subsections: • General Parameters • Transmitting End • Receiver End • Service • and channel Once the Maximum Allowable Path Loss or MAPL is calculated, it is used as the main input for the propagation section. The target of this section is to estimate the cell range, which is used to obtain the number of sites needed to provide coverage to a certain area. [4] The subsections for the propagation section are: • General configuration • Building Penetration loss • Vegetation loss

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• Standard deviation • Coverage Estimation • Site Count

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Slide excluded from Table of Contents LTE FDD Link Budget

Quiz

What is the right step sequence when dealing with coverage-based dimensioning? 1.- MAPL → cell area → cell range

2.- Cell range → cell area → MAPL 3.- MAPL → cell range → site count

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 16

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General Parameters

Predefined RF Module Allows to select RF Module and loads certain parameters to the tool as per selected module (i.e: frequency band, antenna gain,etc)

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We begin our analysis by identifying general parameters. [1] The option on top, ”Predefined RF Module”, allows to select RF Module and loads certain parameters to the tool as per selected module, such as frequency band and the antenna gain. [2] The drop-down menu shows RF module for different software releases. [3] Additional information about the RF modules and their associated parameters can be displayed by clicking on the Radio modules tab, second one from the left.

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Link Level simulations available for bands: ▪ 3,5 GHz ▪ 28 GHz

General Parameters Operating Band (GHz) Defines frequency band on which designed system is intended to operate

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Wavelength (mm) Tool automatically calculates it, by dividing the speed of light by the operating band

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We discuss now on the Operating band. It defines the frequency band on which designed system is intended to operate. The tool supports frequency bands from 100 MHz to 100 GHz. [1] The link level simulations are done for bands 3,5 and 28 GHz. Other frequency band can reuse this link level data, assuming certain error margin. For instance result on 28GHz, can be used for the 39 GHz band. [2] Wavelength, given in mm. The tool automatically calculates it, by dividing the speed of light by the operating band. [3] We are selecting frequency band of 3,5 GHz for our example, that corresponds to a wavelength of 85,7 millimeters.

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General Parameters Average DL/UL Subframes Ratio (TDD Only) Selector to vary the DL/UL subframe trade-off. Default value is 80/20%

Duplex Mode The tool allows to switch between FDD & TDD. FDD is introduced with 5G19A.

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There is one entry in 5G Link Budget tool which sets the Duplex Mode. [1] The tool allows to switch between FDD & TDD. FDD variant is introduced with 5G19A release. In relationship with the TDD duplex mode, there is another entry in the tool used to setup the average Downlink versus Uplink ratio. [2] This is a selector to vary the DL-to-UL subframe trade-off. Default value is 80 versus 20%. [3] For our example we select TDD as the duplex mode and we keep the default setting fir the DL-to-UL trade-off, that is, 80 to 20%.

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General Parameters

Channel bandwidth (MHz) Defines amount of resources in a frequency domain that may be used for transmission. Possible values: • 5,10, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 60, 80 & 100 MHz for FR1 • Only 50, 100, 200 & 400 MHz for FR2 Nokia 5G19A supports: • 20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 MHz for TDD FR1 • 50, 100 MHz for TDD FR2 • 5, 10, 15 & 20 MHz for FDD FR1

Subcarrier spacing (kHz) Subcarrier spacing is based on common 15 kHz base. Supported values : • 15 & 30 kHz for Frequency Range 1 (FR1) • 120 kHz for FR2 RA57200-V-19A

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© Nokia 2019

[1] Subcarrier spacing in kHz. Subcarrier spacing is based on common 15 kHz base. Supported values : •

15 & 30 kHz for Frequency Range 1 or FR1,

•

120 kHz for FR2

[2] Channel bandwidth (MHz). Defines amount of resources in a frequency domain that may be used for transmission Possible values: •

5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 40, 50, 60, 80 & 100 MHz for FR1

•

Only 50, 100, 200 & 400 MHz for FR2

Nokia 5G19A supports: •

20, 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 MHz for TDD FR1

•

50, 100 MHz for TDD FR2

•

5, 10, 15 & 20 MHz for FDD FR1

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LTE FDD Link Budget [3] Once more we take the opportunity to define the values of these two entries in our example: 30 kHz Subcarrier spacing and 80 MHz channel bandwidth.

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Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and Channel bandwidth Number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) as a function of the SCS and the Channel Bandwidth: →For Frequency Range 1 (FR1) (<=6GHz) Channel bandwidth [MHz] SCS [kHz]

5

10

15

20

25

40

50

60

80

15

25

52

79

106

133

216

270

-

-

100 -

30

11

24

38

51

65

106

133

162

217

273

60

-

11

18

24

31

51

65

79

107

135

Current version of the tool →For Frequency Range 2 (FR2) (>6GHz) only supports : ▪ 15 & 30kHz SCS for FR1 ▪ 120kHz SCS for FR2 Channel bandwidth [MHz]

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SCS [kHz]

50

100

200

400

60

66

132

264

n/a

120

32

66

132

264

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Information on this slide presents the number of Physical Resource Blocks, or PRBs, as a function of the Sub Carrier Spacing and the Channel Bandwidth: [1] For frequency range 1 or FR1, that is, less or equal than 6 GHz. Typical subcarrier spacing is 15, 30 or up to 60 kHz, and the channel bandwidth of maximum 100MHz. [2] For frequency range 2 or FR2, which corresponds to more than 6 GHz. Typical subcarrier spacing is 60 & 120 kHz, and the channel bandwidth of maximum 400MHz. [3] The current version of the tool supports 15 & 30kHz Subcarrier spacing for frequency bands lower that 6GHz and, and 120kHz for bands beyond 6GHz. [4] We already decided to run the example on 3,5 GHz, that is the lower frequency range. The selected channel bandwidth is 80 MHz, therefore the subcarrier spacing has to be 30 kHz. Reading from the table we know that the amount of Physical resource blocks or PRBs will be 217.

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General Parameters

Number of Component Carriers Carrier aggregation feature is native in 5G.

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Effective transmission bandwidth (MHz) Provides with the total channel bandwidth, taking into account the amount of component carriers and their bandwidth. RA57200-V-19A

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[1] Number of Component Carriers. Carrier aggregation feature is native in 5G. [2] It allows to combine up to 8 carriers. [3] Effective transmission bandwidth (MHz). Provides with the total channel bandwidth, taking into account the amount of component carriers and their bandwidth. [4] During the example, the amount of component carriers is limited to 1.

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 23

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Transmitting End parameters

Total Output Power (all Carriers) [dBm] Defines total maximum power that can be radiated by a radio unit (gNB in DL/UE or CPE in UL) over whole occupied bandwidth.

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P [W]

P [dBm]

0.100

20.0

0.200

23.0

0.250

24.0

0.5

27.0

1

30.0

2

33.0

5

37.0

10

40.0

20 40 100

43.0 46.0 50.0

© Nokia 2019

We continue now by having a look into the parameters set from the transmitter end. [1] First one is the Total Output Power for all Carriers. It Defines total maximum power that can be radiated by a radio unit, which is the gNB in Downlink and the User Equipment or the Customer Premises Equipment in Uplink, over whole occupied bandwidth. Value in given in the logarithmic scale, that is, in dBm, and it is converted into the linear scale, in Watts, by the tool. [2] Displayed table on the right hand side shows different power levels, both in Watts and dBms. [3] Typical output power for User Equipment, UE in short, is a few hundreds of miliWatts, 20 to 24 dBm [4] For Customer Premises Equipment, also referred as CPE, the output power can reach up to 1 Watt, that is 30 dBm. [5] Finally, the radio modules of the gNB cover a wider range of output power, that could go up to 100 Watts, or 50 dBm.

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LTE FDD Link Budget [6] For the example we are conducting, the values to be used are: 50 dBm, that is 100 Watts for the gNB output power, and 24 dBm or 250 miliWatts for the UE output power.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Transmitting End parameters Number of TX Antenna Drop-down menu to choose Proper DL & UL TX antenna configurations. Please be aware that configuration with 8 or more antennas at the transmitter are considered as Massive MIMO by the tool

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Output power per TX Tool automatically calculates the output power per antenna as:

Output power per TX =Total Output Power – 10 log (Number of Tx Antennas

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[1] Next entry is the Number of Transmission antennas. A Drop-down menu allows to choose Proper DL & UL TX antenna configurations. Please be aware that configuration with 8 or more antennas at the transmitter are considered as Massive MIMO by the tool [2] Output power per TX. The tool automatically calculates the output power per antenna as: Total Output Power minus 10 times the logarithm of the Number of Tx Antennas. [3] For the sake of simplicity we keep the number of Tx antennas to 2, both in Downlink and Uplink.

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Transmitting End parameters Antenna Gain (incl. beamforming gain) [dBi] Depends on the antenna type and pattern and is usually indicated in the related technical data sheets

Tool assumptions: • Antenna gain includes beamforming gain • Antenna is correctly oriented towards UE/CPE, so maximum gain value is used 26

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[1] Antenna Gain. It is measured in isotropic decibels or dBi, and it depends on the antenna type and pattern. It is usually indicated in the related technical data sheets. [2] An example of antenna radiation pattern in 3D is shown in the slide, from where the antenna gain can be obtained. [3] there are a couple of comments related to the implementation of this input in the tool: → For the sake of simplicity, antenna gain in link budget calculations should also take into account beamforming gain characteristic for particular antenna system [4] → In link budget calculations, it is assumed that the base station antenna is correctly oriented towards UE/CPE and thus the maximum gain value is used. [5] Used value for the transmitter antenna gain in the calculation example will be 25.5 dBi in Downlink, and no gain in uplink.

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Transmitting End parameters Feeder Loss [dB] Defines all losses introduced into the radio path by additional cables/jumpers connecting antenna port of the RF unit and its antenna system

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Additional information: • In case of antenna systems integrated with radio units there is no feeder loss • Some losses have to be considered when the antenna systems are connected to the RF units with short jumpers (~0.4 dB) or with feeders (for example CPEs with external roof-top mounted antennas) • Exact feeder loss depends on the particular feeder specification and length

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[1] Feeder Loss in dB. Defines all losses introduced into the radio path by additional cables and jumpers connecting antenna port of the RF unit and its antenna system. [2] Additional information: → In case of antenna systems integrated with radio units, such as those implemented in Nokia radio modules with integrated antenna, there is no feeder loss that have to be assumed in the calculations [3]Some losses have to be considered when the antenna systems are connected to the RF units with short jumpers (~0.4 dB) or with feeders (for example Customer Premises equipment or CPEs with external roof-top mounted antennas) [4] Exact feeder loss depends on the particular feeder specification and length [5] Since feederless solution is considered in the example, no feeder loss is assumed.

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Transmitting End parameters

Body/in-car Loss [dB] Also known as blockage margin, defines additional losses introduced by specific terminal location near user head/in a closed hand/in a pocket (especially smartphones), in the car/bus/train, etc.

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[1] Body and in-car Loss in dB. Also known as blockage margin, it defines additional losses introduced by specific terminal location, such as: near user head, in a closed hand, in a pocket (especially smartphones), in the car/bus/train, etc. [2] For simplicity, we will consider no body loss for a data call.

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Transmitting End parameters

Total EIRP (all Carriers) [dB] EIRP stands for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power and it is defined as the power which would be radiated by the theoretical isotropic antenna to achieve the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain

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5𝐺𝑁𝐵 5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝐷𝐿 = 𝑃𝑇𝑥 −𝐿5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 +𝐺𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎

𝑈𝐸/𝐶𝑃𝐸

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝑈𝐿 = 𝑃𝑇𝑥

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𝑈𝐸/𝐶𝑃𝐸

𝑈𝐸/𝐶𝑃𝐸

− 𝐿𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 + 𝐺𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 − 𝐿𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

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[1] Total EIRP for all Carriers in dB. EIRP stands for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power and it is defined as the power which would be radiated by the theoretical isotropic antenna to achieve the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. [2] In case of Downlink, the EIRP is equal to the gNB output power for all the carriers, minus the feeder loss and plus the antenna gain. In the example we have 50 dBm as the total output power, plus 25.5 dBi as antenna gain and no feeder loss, resulting in an EIRP of 75.5 dBm [3] In case of Uplink, the EIRP is equal to the UE/CPE output power, minus the feeder loss, plus the antenna gain and minus the body or in-car loss. In the example our UE provides with up to 24dBm as the total output power, no antenna gain and no feeder loss, so the EIRP stays on 24 dBm.

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Transmitting End parameters

EIRP (per Carrier) [dB] In case Carrier Aggregation is in used, we need to know the EIRP per carrier. In the linear scale we need to divide the total EIRP in Watts by the amount of carriers.

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𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 (𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟) = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 10 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔_10(𝑛_𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟𝑠 )

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[1] EIRP per Carrier in dB. In case Carrier Aggregation is in used, we need to know the EIRP per carrier. In the linear scale we need to divide the total EIRP in Watts by the amount of carriers. [2] In the logarithmic scale, the division is converted into a subtraction. The EIRP per carrier is equal to: the total EIRP minus 10 times the logarithm of the number of carriers. This is applicable both for downlink and uplink. [3] Since we are performing the calculation with just 1 component carrier, the previously obtained EIRP values are per carrier: 75.5 dBm in downlink and 24 dBm in uplink.

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Transmitting End parameters

Maximum number of Simultaneous x-pol beams

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In our example: Only one x-pol beam is supported with 2 DL antennas configuration

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[1] Maximum number of Simultaneous cross-polarized beams. [2] In our example, only one cross-polarized beam is supported with 2 DL antennas configuration.

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Quiz

“NEI 5G Link Budget Tool has separated entries for the antenna and the beamforming gains” 1.- TRUE

2.- FALSE

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LTE FDD Link Budget

5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 33

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Recap on Link Budget Calculation • Target of the Link Budget calculation is to estimate the maximum allowed path loss (MAPL) on radio path from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna

𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃(𝑚𝑎𝑥) − 𝐼𝑃𝑅(𝑚𝑖𝑛) • In the first part of this chapter we have seen parameters and procedure to obtain the maximum EIRP.

• This second part is dedicated to the calculation of the minimum “Isotropic Power Required”. Power (DL/UL) Max EIRP (DL=75,5 dBm UL=24dBm) MAPL

Min IPR ?? 34

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[1] As we have seen already in the first part of this 5G Link Budget module, the target of the Link Budget calculation is to estimate the maximum allowed path loss, or MAPL, on radio path from transmit antenna to receive antenna. [2] MAPL can be obtained as the difference between the maximum Effective Isotropic Radiated Power or EIRP, and the minimum Isotropic Power Required or IPR. [3] In the first part of this Web Based training we have seen parameters and procedure to obtain the maximum EIRP. [4] This second part is dedicated to the calculation of the minimum “Isotropic Power Required” or IPR. [5] Let´s go on with the example we initiated. Once we got the maximum EIRP both for downlink and uplink, we need now to obtain the Isotropic Power Required on both directions too, to get the MAPL.

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Isotropic Power Required • Expression to obtain the Isotropic Power Required or IPR:

𝐼𝑃𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑅𝑋 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑅𝑥 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

• IPR calculation starts from the Receiver

IPR

Sensitivity and: • Everything which is a gain, brings down the IPR and that´s why it comes with a minus (-) • On the opposite side, the losses contribute to raise the IPR, and therefore they come with a plus (+) • Remember that we are interested on a minimum IPR which maximizes the MAPL

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Loss Rx Sensitivity

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Gain

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So we concentrate now on the calculation of the Isotropic Power Required. [1] A general expression to obtain it is: [2] Isotropic Power required is equal to: the Receiver sensitivity, minus the receiver antenna Gain, plus the receiver feeder loss, plus the body loss. [3] IPR calculation starts from the Receiver Sensitivity and: [4] Everything which is a gain, brings down the IPR and that´s why it comes with a minus (-) [5] On the opposite side, the losses contribute to raise the IPR, and therefore they come with a plus (+) [6] Remember that we are interested on a minimum IPR which maximizes the MAPL

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 36

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Receiving End parameters

Number of RX Antennas Drop-down menu to select the number of antennas at the receiver.

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We cover now the receiving end parameters. [1] Number of RX Antennas. Drop-down menu to select the number of antennas at the receiver. [2] In Downlink, there is a maximum on 8 Rx antennas implemented in the UE. [3] Whereas in Uplink we might have up to 64 antennas in the gNB. [4] The amount of Receiver antennas is 2 for both downlink and uplink in our example.

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Receiving End parameters Antenna Gain, Feeder Loss and Body Loss This entries appear in grey color, since the tool replicates the values provided in the transmitting end section. For instance, the gNB antenna gain of 25,5 dB was taking into account in downlink in the transmitter side, it is now used in Uplink direction since the gNB is the Receiver.

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[1] Antenna Gain, Feeder Loss and Body Loss. These entries appear in grey color, since the tool replicates the values provided in the “transmitting end” section. For instance, the gNB antenna gain of 25.5 dB was taking into account in downlink in the transmitter side, and it is now used in Uplink direction since the gNB is the receiver.

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Receiving End parameters

Noise Figure [dB] describes noise caused by radio signal processing in active electronic components

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Additional information: • Noise figure value depends strongly on the hardware used: electronic circuits design, components and their quality. • Due to that fact it may vary significantly between different UE vendors/models and it is not known in details by Nokia. Typical UE Noise Figure values vary in a range of 7-9 dB. • On the other hand, Noise Figure of Nokia’s 5GNB is well known and depends on the RF Module type, typical 5GNB Noise Figure value is about 3 dB for lower frequency bands. 5dB for 28 GHz.

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[1] The Noise Figure in dB. It describes noise caused by radio signal processing in active electronic components. [2] As additional information we can say that the Noise figure value depends strongly on the hardware used: electronic circuits design, components and their quality. [3] Due to that fact it may vary significantly between different UE vendors and models, and it is not known in details by Nokia, typical UE Noise Figure values vary in a range of 7 to 9 dB. [4] On the other hand, Noise Figure of Nokia’s 5GNB is well known and depends on the RF Module type. Typical 5GNB Noise Figure value is about 3 dB for lower frequency bands, where we need to consider 5dB for the 28 GHz band. [5] The Noise figure values used in the example would be 7dB for the UE, and 3dB for the gNB.

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 40

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Receiver Sensitivity • To calculate IPR, only Receiver Sensitivity is missing:

𝐼𝑃𝑅 = 𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚 − 𝑅𝑋 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑅𝑥 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 • Receiver Sensitivity → minimum signal level at receiver antenna port • Looking for an expression where the signal level is involved, we have:

SINR =

I own 𝐗

S + I oth + N

Where: • SINR: Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio • S: received signal level • Iown : internal interference • Ioth : inter cell interference • N: Noise level 41

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[1] Recalling the expression to obtain the Isotropic Power Required, we can realize that only the Receiver Sensitivity is missing. [2] Receiver Sensitivity is defined as minimum signal level at receiver antenna port. [3] Looking for an expression where the signal level is involved, we have the SINR equal to: Received signal “S”, divided by the Interference, I, both intra cell and inter cell, plus the noise “N”. [4] Where: SINR stands for Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio. [5] S represents the received useful signal level. [6] “Iown” corresponds to interference generated internally, which is neglectable in 5G because of OFDM implementation and the use of Orthogonal Subcarriers. [7] “Ioth” stands for the inter cell interference. [8] and finally N describes the Noise level.

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Receiver Sensitivity • To simplify the expression, we take following assumption: • Isolated cell → therefore no intercell interference → Ioth =0

SINR= • Taking logarithms:

𝑆 𝑁

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑆 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 𝑁(𝑑𝐵𝑚) RX level (DL/UL)

• Extracting S:

𝑆 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅(𝑑𝐵)

Smin

• Finally the Receiver Sensitivity will correspond to Smin :

Smin 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + SINRmin(𝑑𝐵)

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SINRmin

N

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[1] To simplify the expression, we take following assumption: [2] Cell is isolated and therefore there is no intercell interference, so we can get rid of the “Ioth” variable. [3] SINR is equal to just the received signal “S” divided by the Noise level “N” [4] Taking algorithms: [5] SINR in dB is equal to received signal in dBm minus the noise level in dBm [6] From this expression we extract S: [7] So the Signal level in dBm is equal to the Noise level in dBm, plus the SINR in dB [8] Finally the Receiver Sensitivity will correspond to Smin :

[9] Smin is equal to the Noise level in dBm, plus the minimum SINR in dB [10]Graphically, we can decompose the receiver sensitivity calculation into 2 calculations: the Noise level and the minimum SINR required to achieve the service.

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Noise Level (N) 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑑𝐵) • Noise Figure was earlier presented as a Receiver End parameter: • 7dB for the UE Noise Figure • 3dB for the gNB Noise Figure N

• Thermal Noise: Noise Figure

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 𝑘𝐵 𝑥 𝑇 𝑥 𝐵 Where: •

kB = Boltzmann’s constant, 1.38 E-23 Ws/K

•

T = Receiver temperature, 293 K (20ºC)

•

B = Bandwidth

Thermal Noise

• Taking logarithms and simplifying:

Thermal Noise 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −173,93 (𝑑𝐵𝑚/𝐻𝑧) + 10 log (subcarrier spacing ∗12 ∗ PRB) 43

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Let´s now proceed with the calculation of the Noise Level. [1] The Noise, in dBm, is equal to the Thermal Noise in dBm, plus the Noise Figure in dB. The graphical approach to this calculation is shown on the left hand side. [2] Noise Figure was earlier presented as a Receiver End parameter. Typical values for the Noise figure are 7dB for the UE and 3 dB for the gNB. [3] We continue with the calculation of the Thermal noise. In this case the Boltzman´s constant multiplies the Temperature, in Kelvin degrees, and the channel bandwidth. To get rid of one of the 2 variables, we assume a constant temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, or 293 Kelvin degrees. [4] Taking logarithms and simplifying, the thermal noise is equal to: -173,93 dBm per Hertz, plus 10 logarithm of the observed channel bandwidth, expressed as the subcarrier spacing times 12 subcarriers per PRB times the amount of PRBs.

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Noise Level (N) in the DL - Example • In DL we have to consider the entire channel bandwidth • In our example we have selected: • 30 kHz subcarrier spacing • 80MHz channel bandwidth • Frequency Range 1 (3,5 GHz)

Thermal Noise 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −173,93 (𝑑𝐵𝑚/𝐻𝑧) + 10 log (30 kHz ∗12 ∗ 217)= -95 dBm 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑑𝐵)

N -88 dBm Noise Figure 7dB

𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −95 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 7(𝑑𝐵)= -88 dBm • Please unhide raw 154 in NEI Link Budget Tool to access to this intermediate result in cell D154. 44

Thermal Noise -95 dBm

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Noise Level (N) in the UL – Example • 5G will finally support two waveforms in the UL: • CP-OFDM without Transform Precoding, as in 5G and LTE DL • DFT-s-OFDM with Transform Precoding, as in LTE UL (SC-FDMA) • Current product implementation supports only CP-OFDM in the UL (For transform Precoding setting, unhide row 85)

• Independently of the used waveform, thermal noise calculation has to considered allocated amount of UL PRBs

Thermal Noise 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −173,93 (𝑑𝐵𝑚/𝐻𝑧) + 10 log (30 kHz ∗12 ∗ PRBsUL ) 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑑𝐵) Since the amount of PRBS for UL will be calculated later on, the Noise level calculation in UL will be postponed

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Quiz

The SINR expression is reduced to SINR=

𝑆 because...: 𝑁

1.- Interference is zero as we assume that cell is isolated

2.- Interference is zero as system uses OFDM 3.- Interference is decoupled into Internal Interference and external interference. Internal interference is zero because of OFDM and external interference is zero because we assume isolated cell scenario 4.- SINR calculation never includes interference

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SINR Estimation Smin 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + SINRmin(𝑑𝐵) • Complex process that requires: • Additional inputs • Several intermediate calculations

Service This link budget section gathers most important parameters for the celledge user service definition, required for SINR Estimation

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Once we have calculated the noise level, the next step to get the receiver sensitivity is to obtain the minimum SINR. [1] SINR Estimation is a complex process that requires: • Additional inputs • Several intermediate calculations [2] The Service section of the link budget tool gathers most important parameters for the cell-edge user service definition, required for SINR Estimation.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Cell Edge User Throughput Requirement Cell-edge user Throughput Requirements [Mbps] The target user throughput is one of the most important input values for the link budget calculation It is defined as the minimum acceptable net throughput for one single user to be experienced at the cell edge

For our example we will consider: • 7 Mbps in Downlink • 2 Mbps in Uplink As the cell-edge throughput requirements

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So we begin with the Cell-edge user throughput requirement. [1] The target user throughput is one of the most important input values for the link budget calculation. It is defined as the minimum acceptable net throughput for one single user to be experienced at the cell edge [2] For our example we will consider: •

7 Mbps in Downlink

•

2 Mbps in Uplink

As the cell-edge throughput requirements

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LTE FDD Link Budget

MIMO Mode MIMO Mode Partially determined by the DL & UL Antenna configuration already made. Options currently available: • In Downlink: 2x2, 4x2 and 4x4 • In Uplink: SIMO (1x2) or 2x2

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Block Error Rate (BLER) Target Residual Block Error Rate (BLER) Target [%] The BLER target represents a requirement for the radio interface quality that is to be interpreted as the retransmission ratio; in other words, the probability that a transmitted block is not correctly received and cannot be correctly decoded at the receiving end

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For our example we will consider: • 10% As the Block error Rate target

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Another important parameter is the Block Error Rate target. [1] Formally know as the Residual Block Error Rate Target and given in percentage, the BLER target represents a requirement for the radio interface quality that is to be interpreted as the retransmission ratio; in other words, the probability that a transmitted block is not correctly received and cannot be correctly decoded at the receiving end. [2] For our example we will consider 10% as the Block error Rate target.

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DL-to-UL Ratio in TDD transmission Mode Due to the fact that the resources are used for transmission on each direction only for a portion of time, they need to carry higher amount of data to fulfill the average throughput requirement

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Average DL/UL Ratio Selector to vary the DL/UL subframe trade-off. Default value is 80/20%

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Although the DL-to-UL Ratio parameter was already presented in the previous module of this Web Based training when dealing with General parameters, it is worth to recall on it now. [1] Average DL/UL Ratio. It is a selector to vary the DL/UL subframe trade-off. In our example we will use the Default value of 80-to-20% [2] Due to the fact that the resources are used for transmission on each direction only for a portion of time, they need to carry higher amount of data to fulfill the average throughput requirement.

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DL-to-UL Ratio in TDD transmission Mode – DL Example

10000 [bits/slot] * 2000 [slots/s] = 20 [Mbps]

10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000 10000

To Achieve 20 Mbps → we need to send 10000 bits in every slot (0.5 ms for 30 kHz SCS) during 100% of time (FDD duplex mode):

bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits bits

FDD System

bits bits bits bits

bits bits bits bits

bits bits bits bits

10000 10000 10000 10000

10000 10000 10000 10000

10000 10000 10000 10000

10000 bits 10000 bits 10000 bits 10000 bits

bits bits bits bits

bits bits bits bits

bits bits bits bits

bits bits bits bits

12500 12500 12500 12500

12500 12500 12500 12500

12500 12500 12500 12500

12500 12500 12500 12500

10000 bits 10000 bits 10000 bits

bits bits bits bits 10000 10000 10000 10000 bits bits bits bits

But if we send 10000 bits during 80% of time (TDD duplex mode with DL-to-UL ratio of 4:1) gives average user throughput of:

12500 12500 12500 12500

TDD equivalent (4:1 DL-to-UL ratio, 80%-20%)

To keep the same average throughput of 20 Mbps, transmitting 80% of the time , with 2000 slot/sec, the required amount of bits per slot is: 20 [Mbps] / 80% / 2000 [slots/s] = 12500 [bits/slot]

12500 bits 12500 bits 12500 bits

10000 [bits/slot] * 2000 [slots/s] * 80% = 16 [Mbps]

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Let´s analyze the impact of the DL-to-UL ratio using an example: [1] In case of FDD system, where transmission happens constantly in one direction, to achieve 20Mbps of average throughput, we need to send 10000 bits in every slot at 2000 slots/second. Amount of slots per second is determined by the subcarrier spacing, 30kHz, that sets an slot duration of 0.5 msec, and therefore 2000 slots in a second.

[2] But in case of an TDD System, with an 80%-to-20% DL-to-UL ratio, if we send 10000 bits during 80% of time (DLto-UL ratio of 4:1) it gives average user throughput of: 10000 [bits/slot] * 2000 [slots/s] * 80% = 16 [Mbps]

[3] which is clearly not enough.

[4] To keep the same average throughput of 20 Mbps, transmitting 80% of the time , with 2000 slot/sec, the required amount of bits per slot is: 20 [Mbps] / 80% / 2000 [slots/s] = 12500 [bits/slot]

[5] This amount of bits per slot under above conditions will lead to desired throughput

[6] Please notice that for simplification purposes, BLER has been consider as 0% in this calculations

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System Overhead • To be taken into account when calculating gross throughput • Unhide rows 57 – 78 to display System Overhead Section in the tool

System Overhead section with detailed calculations will be added in a future tool release

Fixed System Overhead value: • 20% in DL • 15% in UL

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System Overhead [1] It has to be taken into account when calculating the gross throughput. [2] Please unhide rows 57 through 78 to display System Overhead Section in the tool [3] System Overhead section with detailed calculations will be added in a future tool release [4] So far, we will consider a fixed System Overhead value: •

Of 20% in Downlink

•

And 15% in Uplink

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Minimum TBS determination for required cell edge user throughput Chosen resource allocation have to be capable of serving instantaneous user throughput that takes into consideration BLER, DL/UL link ratio and System Overhead:

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 = 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡

- Instantaneous throughput to be provided to assure requested average user throughput

𝑇𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 - Required average user throughput

𝑇𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 1 1 ∙ ∙ 1 − 𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑅 𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 (1 − 𝑂𝐻 )

𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑅 - Block Error Ratio

OH - System Overhead

𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 - Ratio of the time used for particular link

Final Transport Block Size have to assure serving of the instantaneous throughput (Tinst):

𝑇𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 ∙ 106 1 𝑇𝑇𝐼/𝑠 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡_𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑇𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 - Minimum TBS size assuring instantaneous throughput (Tinst) serving 54

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Based on previous considerations, let´s see how to obtain the instantaneous throughput and the minimum Transport Block Size, or TBS, for the required cell-Edge user throughput. [1] Chosen resource allocation have to be capable of serving instantaneous user throughput, that takes into consideration BLER, DL/UL link ratio and System Overhead: [2] The instantaneous throughput is equal to the average throughput, divided by 1 minus the BLER, then divided by the percentage of time used in particular direction, DL or UL, and finally divided by 1 minus the system Overhead. [3] Final Transport Block Size have to assure serving of the instantaneous throughput (Tinst): [4] the minimum TBS is equal to: the round-up of the instantaneous throughput in bit per second, divided by the amount of slots per seconds, that is 1 divided by the slot duration. Result is given in bits per slot, or bits per Transmission Time Interval, also known as TTI.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Minimum TBS determination - Example 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡

𝑇𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 1 1 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 = ∙ ∙ 1 − 𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑅 𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 (1 − 𝑂𝐻 )

𝑇𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 =

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 ∙ 106 1 𝑇𝑇𝐼/𝑠 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑡_𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑩𝑳𝑬𝑹 (%)

𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘

𝑂𝐻(%)

7

10 (0.1)

0.8

20 (0.2)

12,153

0.5 msec

𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒔 𝑇𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑻𝑻𝑰 6076

2

10 (0.1)

0.2

15 (0.15)

13,072

0.5 msec

6536

𝑇𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠

𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒕_𝒅𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

Calculated value should in line with results shown by the tool in row 110 :

55

RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

Using the formulas in previous slide, let´s determine the Instantaneous throughput and the minimum TBS for the cell-edge throughput requirements set in our example, that is 7 Mbps in DL and 2 Mbps in UL. [1] The instantaneous throughput for downlink goes to more than 12 Mbps and the minimum TBS emerges as 6076 bits per TTI. [2] In case of Uplink, the instantaneous throughput is roughly 13 Mbps and the minimum TBS is 6536 bits per TTI. [3] Results for the example should be in line with those presented in the tool in row 94

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LTE FDD Link Budget

256QAM Modulation 256QAM Modulation • This modulation allows the transmission on 8 bits per symbol • Option to activate it in Downlink, but not in Uplink • Activation of the 256QAM brings changes into the MCS table

56

• 256QAM modulation is already supported in the Nokia solution. • For the example, we keep it Enabled

RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

Another option the tool offers is to enable the 256QAM Modulation [1] This modulation allows the transmission on 8 bits per symbol. The possibility to activate it only appears for Downlink, but not in Uplink. The activation of the 256QAM modulation brings changes into the MCS table. [2] 256QAM modulation is supported in the Nokia solution. [3] For the example, we keep it ENABLED.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Resource Allocation

Combination of MCS, number of allocated PRBs and number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot is used to determine Transport Block Size (TBS)

Average Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS)

Average number of allocated PRBs

Transport Block Size (TBS) defines number of user data bits that can be sent within single slot

Average number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot

57

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© Nokia 2019

We arrive now into the entries in the tool that will determine the resource allocation, which are: [1] The average Modulation and Coding Scheme or MCS. [2] The average number of allocated Physical Resource Blocks or PRBs. [3] And the average number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot. [4] Combination of MCS, number of allocated PRBs and number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot is used to determine Transport Block Size or TBS. [5] Transport Block Size (TBS) defines number of user data bits that can be sent within single slot.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Important Notice on Resource allocation

58

•

In real system, resources are allocated to the users by advanced scheduler algorithms that take into account the need of sharing them among multiple subscribers, their traffic needs (including quality requirements) and radio conditions that impact decisions made by the Link Adaptation processes

•

In simple link budget calculations there is no possibility to model that behavior and the resource allocation process is simplified

•

Due to the fact that the coverage dimensioning focuses on estimating the maximum possible cell range, the planner should choose the most robust resource allocation providing the best coverage and fulfilling a certain cell-edge throughput requirement

•

In the 5G Link Budget tool, resource allocation is modeled by the choice of proper Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) and number of allocated PRBs that need to assure assumed user throughput requirements

RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

Important Notice on Resource Allocation when calculating the Link Budget: [1] In real system, resources are allocated to the users by advanced scheduler algorithms that take into account the need of sharing them among multiple subscribers, their traffic needs (including quality requirements) and radio conditions that impact decisions made by the Link Adaptation processes. [2] In simple link budget calculations there is no possibility to model that behavior and the resource allocation process is simplified [3] Due to the fact that the coverage dimensioning focuses on estimating the maximum possible cell range, the planner should choose the most robust resource allocation providing the best coverage and fulfilling a certain cell-edge throughput requirement [4] In the 5G Link Budget tool, resource allocation is modeled by the choice of proper Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) and number of allocated PRBs that need to assure assumed user throughput requirements

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LTE FDD Link Budget

MCS Mapping Table – 64QAM •

Standardized by 3GPP

MCS Index • 32 values (5 bits)

Modulation Order • Amount of bits transmitted per symbol

Target Code rate x 1024 • Amount of user data bits out of 1024 transmitted bits

59

MCS Index

Modulation Order

Target code rate x 1024

0_QPSK 1_QPSK 2_QPSK 3_QPSK 4_QPSK 5_QPSK 6_QPSK 7_QPSK 8_QPSK 9_QPSK 10_16QAM 11_16QAM 12_16QAM 13_16QAM 14_16QAM 15_16QAM 16_16QAM 17_64QAM 18_64QAM 19_64QAM 20_64QAM 21_64QAM 22_64QAM 23_64QAM 24_64QAM 25_64QAM 26_64QAM 27_64QAM 28_64QAM 29_QPSK 30_16QAM 31_64QAM

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 6

120 157 193 251 308 379 449 526 602 679 340 378 434 490 553 616 658 438 466 517 567 616 666 719 772 822 873 910 948

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Efficiency [bits/RE]

0,2344 0,3066 0,3770 0,4902 0,6016 0,7402 0,8770 1,0273 1,1758 1,3262 1,3281 1,4766 1,6953 1,9141 2,1602 2,4063 2,5703 2,5664 2,7305 3,0293 3,3223 3,6094 3,9023 4,2129 4,5234 4,8164 5,1152 5,3320 5,5547 reserved reserved reserved

Efficiency [bits/RE] • Amount of user data bits per symbol • Result of dividing target code rate by 1024 and multiply by the modulation order. • Example for 15_16QAM: 616/1024 * 4= 2,4063 Bits/symbol • Efficiency in %: Target code rate/1024 * 100 • Example for 15_16QAM 616/1024 *100= 60,16%

© Nokia 2019

Let´s take a look into the MCS mapping table for 64QAM Modulation. [1] These MCS tables are standardized by the 3GPP. [2] In the first column we get the MCS index. There are 32 possible values, meaning that 5 bits are required to identify it. [3] Second column stands for the modulation order, and provides with amount of bits transmitted per symbol, or Resource element, to be more precise. [4] Next column gives the target code rate, that is the amount of user data bits which are sent out of a total of 1024 transmitted bits. [5] Finally on the last column we get the efficiency in terms of bits per symbol. It is the result of dividing target code rate by 1024 and multiply by the modulation order. [6] In the example for MCS 15, which uses 16QAM modulation, the efficiency is calculated as the target code rate, 616 bits divided by 1024 and multiply by the modulation order, 4, resulting in 2,4 bits per symbol. The efficiency could be given also in percentage, in this case the calculation corresponds to

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59

LTE FDD Link Budget the target code rate divided by 1024 times 100. For MCS 15, the efficiency would be approximately 60%.

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‹#›

LTE FDD Link Budget

Additional MCS Mapping Tables 256QAM MCS mapping Table

Please Note Although the 256QAM Modulation is supported, the range for the MCS index stays in 32. New MCSs using 256QAM modulation shorten the list for QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM MCSs.

MCS Index 0_QPSK 1_QPSK 2_QPSK 3_QPSK 4_QPSK 5_16QAM 6_16QAM 7_16QAM 8_16QAM 9_16QAM 10_16QAM 11_64QAM 12_64QAM 13_64QAM 14_64QAM 15_64QAM 16_64QAM 17_64QAM 18_64QAM 19_64QAM 20_256QAM 21_256QAM 22_256QAM 23_256QAM 24_256QAM 25_256QAM 26_256QAM 27_256QAM 28_QPSK 29_16QAM 30_64QAM 31_256QAM

Modulation Order 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 4 6 8

Target code Efficiency rate x 1024 [bits/RE] 120 0,2344 193 0,3770 308 0,6016 449 0,8770 602 1,1758 378 1,4766 434 1,6953 490 1,9141 553 2,1602 616 2,4063 658 2,5703 466 2,7305 517 3,0293 567 3,3223 616 3,6094 666 3,9023 719 4,2129 772 4,5234 822 4,8164 873 5,1152 683 5,3320 711 5,5547 754 5,8906 797 6,2266 841 6,5703 885 6,9141 917 7,1602 948 7,4063 reserved reserved reserved reserved

64QAM MCS Mapping Table (with Transform Precoding)

Please Note • Introduces BPSK modulation • Only available in Uplink • It is not supported in Nokia 5G19A even if the tool allows to enable it

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MCS Index

Modulation Order

Target code rate x 1024

0_BPSK 1_BPSK 2_QPSK 3_QPSK 4_QPSK 5_QPSK 6_QPSK 7_QPSK 8_QPSK 9_QPSK 10_16QAM 11_16QAM 12_16QAM 13_16QAM 14_16QAM 15_16QAM 16_16QAM 17_64QAM 18_64QAM 19_64QAM 20_64QAM 21_64QAM 22_64QAM 23_64QAM 24_64QAM 25_64QAM 26_64QAM 27_64QAM 28_BPSK 29_QPSK 30_16QAM 31_64QAM

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 2 4 6

240 314 193 251 308 379 449 526 602 679 340 378 434 490 553 616 658 466 517 567 616 666 719 772 822 873 910 948

Efficiency [bits/RE]

0,2344 0,3066 0,3770 0,4902 0,6016 0,7402 0,8770 1,0273 1,1758 1,3262 1,3281 1,4766 1,6953 1,9141 2,1602 2,4063 2,5703 2,7305 3,0293 3,3223 3,6094 3,9023 4,2129 4,5234 4,8164 5,1152 5,3320 5,5547 reserved reserved reserved reserved

© Nokia 2019

We briefly take a glance at MCS Mapping tables other than the 64QAM in previous slide. [1] If the 256QAM modulation is enabled, the MCS tabled is modified as shown. [2] Please Note that although the 256QAM Modulation is supported, the range for the MCS index stays in 32. New MCSs using 256QAM modulation shorten the list of Modulation and Coding Schemes using QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM modulations. [3] An additional modulation table is used with Transform precoding. [4] Please Note that: •

It introduces BPSK modulation

•

It is only available in Uplink

•

It is not supported in Nokia 5G19 even if the tool allows to enable it

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) and Channel bandwidth Number of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) as a function of the SCS and the Channel Bandwidth: →For Frequency Range 1 (FR1) (<=6GHz) Channel bandwidth [MHz] SCS [kHz]

5

10

15

20

25

40

50

60

80

15

25

52

79

106

133

216

270

-

-

100 -

30

11

24

38

51

65

106

133

162

217

273

60

-

11

18

24

31

51

65

79

107

135

Current version of the tool →For Frequency Range 2 (FR2) (>6GHz) only supports : ▪ 15 & 30kHz SCS for FR1 ▪ 120kHz SCS for FR2 Channel bandwidth [MHz]

61

SCS [kHz]

50

100

200

400

60

66

132

264

n/a

120

32

66

132

264

RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

Information on this slide presents the number of Physical Resource Blocks, or PRBs, as a function of the Sub Carrier Spacing and the Channel Bandwidth: [1] For frequency range 1 or FR1, that is, less or equal than 6 GHz. Typical subcarrier spacing is 15, 30 or up to 60 kHz, and the channel bandwidth of maximum 100MHz. [2] For frequency range 2 or FR2, which corresponds to more than 6 GHz. Typical subcarrier spacing is 60 & 120 kHz, and the channel bandwidth of maximum 400MHz. [3] The current version of the tool supports 15 & 30kHz Subcarrier spacing for frequency bands lower that 6GHz and, and 120kHz for bands beyond 6GHz. [4] We already decided to run the example on 3,5 GHz, that is the lower frequency range. The selected channel bandwidth is 80 MHz, therefore the subcarrier spacing has to be 30 kHz. Reading from the table we know that the amount of Physical resource blocks or PRBs will be 217.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Average number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot for PDSCH/PUSCH Although 5G19 & 5G19A releases introduce new frame types, still the originally supported one are assumed: format 28 for downlink data transmission and format 34 for uplink data transmission PDSCH (11 Symbols)

basic downlink frame PDCCH

PUCCH PUSCH (11 Symbols) basic uplink frame

Downlink symbol

Uplink symbol

DL to UL switching

(Row 93) 62

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© Nokia 2019

We analyze now the third factor involved in the TBS calculation: the number of OFDM symbols per slot available for PDSCH & PUSCH. [1] Although 5G19 & 5G19A releases introduce new frame types, still the originally supported one are assumed: format 28 for downlink data transmission and format 34 for uplink data transmission. Format 28 contains 12 DL symbols, one “DL to UL switching” symbol and one UL symbol, whereas format 34 contains 1 DL Symbol, the switching one and 12 UL symbols. [2] 1 out of these 12 symbols will be used for signaling, PDCCH or PUCCH respectively, reducing the amount of PDSCH or PUCCH to just 11 symbols. [3] This match with the setting included in the link budget tool, as seen in the screenshot. Please refer to row 93 in the excel-based link budget tool. The tool gives 2 option for this entry: either 11 as in the example, or 10, when we increase PDCCH or PUCCH to 2 symbols per slot.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Amount of PDSCH/PUSCH symbols per PRB

𝑆𝑃𝑅𝐵 = 𝑆𝑃𝑥𝑆𝐶𝐻/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 ∗ 12 − 𝑆𝐷𝑀𝑅𝑆/𝑃𝑅𝐵

63

𝑆𝑃𝑥𝑆𝐶𝐻/𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟

𝑆𝐷𝑀𝑅𝑆/𝑃𝑅𝐵

𝑆𝑃𝑅𝐵

DL

11

12

120

UL

11

4

128

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If you unhide row 101 in the excel Link Budget Tool, values should match with those in cell D101 and E101 respectively

© Nokia 2019

The amount of PDCCH/PUCCH symbols per PRB is equal to the amount of symbols for PDCCH/PUCCH per slot per subcarrier we obtained from previous slide, times the number of subcarrier per PRB, that is 12, minus the amount of symbols used as Demodulation Reference Symbols or DMRS. [1] The table shows the calculation using defaults values. For downlink the amount of DMRS is 12 per PRB, that gives a total of 120 symbols per PRB. In case of Uplink amount of DMRS is just 4 per PRB, so the amount of symbols per PRB goes up to 128. [2] If you unhide row 101 in the excel Link Budget Tool, values in this table should match with those in cells D101 and E101 respectively.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Transport block Size calculation •

Contrary to the approach known from the legacy LTE, there is no TBS mapping table defined by 3GPP in case of 5G NR system

•

TBS size is calculated using certain set of formulas taking into account:

•

64

-

MCS (including Code Rate and efficiency as defined in MCS mapping tables)

-

number of allocated PRBs

-

number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot (frame format)

-

number of DMRS & PDCCH or PUCCH symbols per slot

For detailed formulas for the TBS size calculation, please refer to the 3GPP TS 38.214 specification (chapter 5.1.3 for DL and 6.1.4 for UL)

RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

This slide presents some hints on Transport Block size calculation. [1] Contrary to the approach known from the legacy LTE, there is no TBS mapping table defined by 3GPP in case of 5G NR system.

[2] TBS size is calculated using certain set of formulas taking into account: [3] MCS (including Code Rate and efficiency as defined in MCS mapping tables), [4] number of allocated PRBs, [5] number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot, that is the frame format, [6] and the number of DMRS & PDCCH or PUCCH symbols per slot, [7] For detailed formulas for the TBS size calculation, please refer to the 3GPP TS 38.214 specification (chapter 5.1.3 for DL and 6.1.4 for UL)

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LTE FDD Link Budget

MCS versus number of PRBs # Data Symbols per PRB MCS Index

65

0_QPSK 1_QPSK 2_QPSK 3_QPSK 4_QPSK 5_16QAM 6_16QAM 7_16QAM 8_16QAM 9_16QAM 10_16QAM 11_64QAM 12_64QAM 13_64QAM 14_64QAM 15_64QAM 16_64QAM 17_64QAM 18_64QAM 19_64QAM 20_256QAM 21_256QAM 22_256QAM 23_256QAM 24_256QAM 25_256QAM 26_256QAM 27_256QAM 28_QPSK 29_16QAM 30_64QAM 31_256QAM

Modulation Order 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 4 6 8

x

Target code Efficiency rate x 1024 [bits/RE] 120 0,2344 193 0,3770 308 0,6016 449 0,8770 602 1,1758 378 1,4766 434 1,6953 490 1,9141 553 2,1602 616 2,4063 658 2,5703 466 2,7305 517 3,0293 567 3,3223 616 3,6094 666 3,9023 719 4,2129 772 4,5234 822 4,8164 873 5,1152 683 5,3320 711 5,5547 754 5,8906 797 6,2266 841 6,5703 885 6,9141 917 7,1602 948 7,4063 reserved reserved reserved reserved

x

# PRBs

Known Figure

# PRBs

# MCS efficiency (bits/Symbol)

>=

TBSmin

Variable

TBSmin

= round up

# Symbols per PRB

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x

# MCS efficiency (bits/Symbol)

© Nokia 2019

Arriving at this point, the following expression much be fulfilled: [1] The amount of symbols per PRB, as already calculated, [2] Times the amount of PRBs, [3] times the MCS efficiency in terms of bits per symbols, [4] Must be higher or equal than the minimum Transport Block size, that was already calculated a while ago. [5] Figures in grey boxes are already known, while those in blue boxes are variables. Therefore we have an expression with 2 variables. To make it resolvable, we need to fix one of them. [6] We assumed a certain MCS to be used. [7] From the moment the MCS is known, the efficiency is known too, as per the MCS mapping table. [8] To get the amount of PRBs [9] we just do the round up [10] of the minimum transport Block Size [11] divided by [12] the product of the symbols per PRB, times the MCS efficiency. We need to check that the

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LTE FDD Link Budget

obtained amount of PRBS does not exceed the available amount of PRBs.

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‹#›

LTE FDD Link Budget

Amount of PRBs in DL – Calculation example #𝑃𝑅𝐵𝑠 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝

𝑇𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠 ∗ 𝑀𝐶𝑆_𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑅𝐵 DL

TBSmin TBSmin (bits/slot) (bits/slot) MCS MCS

66

6076 6076 0_QPSK 0_QPSK

MCS Efficiency (bits/Symbol)

0,2344

Symbols/PRB

120

#PRBs

216

256QAM MCS mapping Table

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MCS Index 0_QPSK 1_QPSK 2_QPSK 3_QPSK 4_QPSK 5_16QAM 6_16QAM 7_16QAM 8_16QAM 9_16QAM 10_16QAM 11_64QAM 12_64QAM 13_64QAM 14_64QAM 15_64QAM 16_64QAM 17_64QAM 18_64QAM 19_64QAM 20_256QAM 21_256QAM 22_256QAM 23_256QAM 24_256QAM 25_256QAM 26_256QAM 27_256QAM 28_QPSK 29_16QAM 30_64QAM 31_256QAM

Modulation Order 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 2 4 6 8

Target code Efficiency rate x 1024 [bits/RE] 120 0,2344 193 0,3770 308 0,6016 449 0,8770 602 1,1758 378 1,4766 434 1,6953 490 1,9141 553 2,1602 616 2,4063 658 2,5703 466 2,7305 517 3,0293 567 3,3223 616 3,6094 666 3,9023 719 4,2129 772 4,5234 822 4,8164 873 5,1152 683 5,3320 711 5,5547 754 5,8906 797 6,2266 841 6,5703 885 6,9141 917 7,1602 948 7,4063 reserved reserved reserved reserved

© Nokia 2019

We resume the example we have been using, to get the amount of required PRBs, first in DL then in UL, using the formula from previous slide: [1] We start with the DL calculation. In DL we need to achieve 6076 bits per slot as minimum TBS. Selected MCS is 0_QPSK from the 256QAM MCS mapping table. [2] We display again the MCS mapping table [3] and we point to proper row to get the efficiency associated with MCS 4, which is 0,2344 bits per symbol. [4] Replacing in the formula above, it gives us that 216 PRBs are required, out of 217 PRBs available. Please note that the selected MCS is the lowest for which enough resources were available in the cell. The target has been to maximize the cell range at the cost of the cell capacity.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Amount of PRBs in UL – Calculation example #𝑃𝑅𝐵𝑠 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝

𝑇𝐵𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑠 ∗ 𝑀𝐶𝑆_𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑅𝐵 UL

67

TBSmin (bits/slot)

6536

MCS

0_QPSK 1_QPSK

MCS Efficiency (bits/Symbol)

0,3066

Symbols/PRB

128

#PRBs

167

64QAM MCS mapping Table

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MCS Index

Modulation Order

Target code rate x 1024

Efficiency [bits/RE]

0_QPSK 1_QPSK 2_QPSK 3_QPSK 4_QPSK 5_QPSK 6_QPSK 7_QPSK 8_QPSK 9_QPSK 10_16QAM 11_16QAM 12_16QAM 13_16QAM 14_16QAM 15_16QAM 16_16QAM 17_64QAM 18_64QAM 19_64QAM 20_64QAM 21_64QAM 22_64QAM 23_64QAM 24_64QAM 25_64QAM 26_64QAM 27_64QAM 28_64QAM 29_QPSK 30_16QAM 31_64QAM

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 6

120 157 193 251 308 379 449 526 602 679 340 378 434 490 553 616 658 438 466 517 567 616 666 719 772 822 873 910 948

0,2344 0,3066 0,3770 0,4902 0,6016 0,7402 0,8770 1,0273 1,1758 1,3262 1,3281 1,4766 1,6953 1,9141 2,1602 2,4063 2,5703 2,5664 2,7305 3,0293 3,3223 3,6094 3,9023 4,2129 4,5234 4,8164 5,1152 5,3320 5,5547 reserved reserved reserved

© Nokia 2019

We proceed now to get amount of required PRBs in UL: [1] Our target TBS was 6536 bits per slot. Selected MCS is 1_QPSK. The reason is that with MCS 0-QPSK the number of required PRBs exceeds the amount of available PRBS, 217. [2] Looking into the 64QAM MCS table, [3] efficiency for 1_QPSK is 0,3066 bits per symbol. [4] In this case the amount of required PRBs is 167. Again, in case of Uplink the selected MCS is the lowest one for which enough PRBs are available in the cell. The selected MCS and the amount of PRBs are the output of this service section, and will become key inputs for the upcoming channel section and the MAPL calculation.

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LTE FDD Link Budget

Amount of PRBs – Calculation example DL

UL

TBSmin (bits/slot)

6076

6536

MCS

0_QPSK*

1_QPSK

#PRBs

216

167

These values should be in line with those in the service section of the tool.

* Using 256QAM MCS Modulation Table

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This table summarizes the key values obtained so far: minimum TBS, Modulation and Coding Scheme index and amount of Physical resource blocks, for both Downlink and Uplink. [1] These values should be in line with those inserted and displayed in the Service section of the tool.

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Noise Level (N) in the UL – Example • Once the amount of PRBs in UL is available, we can resume the Noise level calculation in this direction:

Thermal Noise 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −173,93 (𝑑𝐵𝑚/𝐻𝑧) + 10 log (30 kHz ∗12 ∗ PRBsUL ) Thermal Noise 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −173,93 (𝑑𝐵𝑚/𝐻𝑧) + 10 log (30 kHz ∗12 ∗ 167)= -96,145 dBm 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑑𝐵) 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = −96,14 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 3(𝑑𝐵)= -93,14 dBm

N -93,14 dBm Noise Figure 3dB

• Please unhide raw 154 in NEI Link Budget Tool to access to this intermediate result in cell E154.

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Thermal Noise -96,14 dBm

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Note on MCS/#PRB optimization

70

•

As the primary target of link budget calculations is to find the highest possible distance on which the requested service will be still provided with assumed quality, it is important to select such MCS/#PRBs combination that will meet that requirement

•

In the 5G Link Budget tool the resources allocation (MCS and number of PRBs) is chosen manually by the user causing that the selected combination may not be optimal from the coverage point of view

•

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Please have a look on below note on MCS versus amount of PRBs optimization: [1] As the primary target of link budget calculations is to find the highest possible distance on which the requested service will be still provided with assumed quality, it is important to select such MCS versus amount of Physical Resource Blocks combination that will meet that requirement. [2] In the 5G Link Budget tool the resources allocation, that is MCS and number of PRBs, are chosen manually by the user, causing that the selected combination may not be optimal from the coverage point of view. [3] The tool gives the possibility to run automated resources optimization function, that will adjust MCS and number of PRBs to the values that result in the highest possible cell range.

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Quiz

What is the UL instantaneous throughput in Mbps, required under following conditions? •

Target throughput on the cell edge: 4Mbps

•

Target BLER: 10%

• •

DL-UL trade-off: 70%-30% UL System Overhead= 15% 1.- 5.35

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 =

2.- 9.81

𝑇𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 1 1 ∙ ∙ 1 − 𝐵𝐿𝐸𝑅 𝑅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 (1 − 𝑂𝐻 )

3.- 12.24 4.- 17.43

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 72

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Channel Model

Channel model Defines the set of Link Level data valid for certain radio channel model to be used • •

Validated link level data obtained from dedicated simulators, such as 5GMax, must be used in any link budget calculation in order to get reliable results Channel models to be used in 5G Link Budget tool: - AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) • recommended for CPE deployments (stationary terminals under LOS conditions)

-

EPA3 (Enhanced Pedestrian A 3 Hz) • used as a 3GPP pedestrian scenario

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CDL-D (Clustered Delay Line – scenario D) TDL-B (Tapped Delay Line – scenario B) TDL-D (Tapped Delay Line – scenario D) RA57200-V-19A

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The first of the channel settings we will discuss is the channel model. [1] The channel model defines the set of link Level data, valid for certain radio channel model to be used. [2] Validated link level data obtained from dedicated simulators, such as 5GMax, must be used in any link budget calculation in order to get reliable results. [3] Channel models to be used in 5G Link Budget tool are: [4] Additive White Gaussian Noise or AWGN. It is recommended for Customer Premises Equipment deployments. These are stationary terminals under Line-Of-Sight conditions. [5] Enhanced Pedestrian A 3 Hz, also known as EPA3. it is used as a 3GPP pedestrian scenario. [6] Clustered Delay Line – scenario D, or CDL-D. [7] Tapped Delay Line – scenario B, or TDL-B

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[8] Tapped Delay Line – scenario D, or TDL-D

[1] The instantaneous throughput for downlink goes to more than 27 Mbps and the minimum TBS goe sto 13889 bits per TTI. In case of Uplink, the instantaneous throughput is 11,12 Mbps and the minimum TBS is 5556 bits per TTI.

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Channel Model Proper channel model to be selected depends on the particular dimensioning scenario and assumed propagation environment:

Terminal movement

Dominating conditions LOS

NLOS

stationary

AWGN

-

moving

TDL-D

CDL-D, TDL-B, EPA3

More details on the channel modeling in the 5GMax link level simulator can be found in 3GPP TS36.804 and TS38.901 specifications

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Channel model

AWGN

EPA3

TDL-B

TDL-D

CDL-D

UE speed

0 km/h

3 km/h

3 km/h

3 km/h

3 km/h

Fading included

no

yes

yes

yes

yes

Propagation paths

1

7

23

13

13

Channel model group

-

Tapped Delay Line

Tapped Delay Line

Tapped Delay Line

Clustered Delay Line / SCM

Time delay dimension model

-

1Dim

1Dim

1Dim

3Dim (azimuth and zenith)

Delay scaling

-

10ns

10ns

10ns

10ns

Strong Line Of Sight component

pure LOS

no

no

yes

no

-

3GPP 36.101/104

3GPP 38.901

3GPP 38.901

3GPP 38.901

Specification

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[1] Proper channel model to be selected depends on the particular dimensioning scenario and assumed propagation environment: [2] We need to consider stationary and moving terminal on one hand, and Line-of-Sight or LOS and Non-LOS as dominating conditions. For stationary and LOS, best suited channel model is the AWGN. While for moving and LOS is the TDL-D. For the movingNLOS combination, CDL-D, TDL-B and EPA3 could be indicated. [3] A short comparison of the various channel models used in 5GMax Link Level simulations is displayed on the right-hand side table. [4] More details on the channel modeling in the 5GMax link level simulator can be found in 3GPP TS36.804 and TS38.901 specifications.

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SINR Look-Up Tables • •

• •

Link level simulation results depict demodulation SINR thresholds for various combinations of MCS and number of allocated PRBs Separate SINR look-up tables for different links, operating bands, SCS settings, channel models, transmission ranks, maximum modulation orders, BLER targets and allocated OFDM symbols are available Separate tables for DL & UL Tables are hidden in the 5G Link Budget tool.

Home → Format → Visibility →Hide & Unhide →Unhide sheet •

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And select 5G NR LL Data

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With all the information collected so far, we can retrieve the estimated SINR from simulation tables. [1] Link level simulation results depict demodulation SINR thresholds for various combinations of MCS and number of allocated PRBs. [2] Separate SINR look-up tables for different links, operating bands, Subcarrier Spacing settings, channel models, transmission ranks, maximum modulation orders, BLER targets and allocated OFDM symbols are available. [3] There are separate tables for DL & UL. [4] Tables are hidden in the 5G Link Budget tool. [5] To Unhide them, take following steps as shown in the picture on the right hand side: go to Home, Format, Visibility, Hide & Unhide, Unhide sheet [6] Finally select “5G NR LL Data” and click OK.

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SINR Look-Up Tables

Given SINR figures present pure link level performance without antenna or beamforming gain included

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This screenshot shows how the 5G NR LL Data worksheet from the Link Budget tool looks like. [1] Please note that all link level data used in the 5G Link Budget tool are strictly internal, and must not be shared with the customers under any circumstances without prior consultation with Product Management and local sales team. [2] Given SINR figures present pure link level performance, without antenna or beamforming gain included.

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SINR Look-Up Table Selection - Example Selection Settings • Direction • Frequency band • Subcarrier Spacing (SCS) • Channel Model • Antenna Configuration • Transmission Rank • Highest Modulation • BLER • Amount of PDSCH symbols per slot

Example Downlink 3,5 GHz 30kHz EPA 2Tx-2Rx 1 256QAM 10% 11 (only simulations for 10 symbols per slot are done for EPA channel model) SINR look-up table for Downlink, 3.5 GHz band, 30 kHz SCS, EPA, 3 kph, 2Tx2Rx, Rank 1, 256QAM, 10% BLER target, 10 OFDM symbols

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Proper SINR Look-up table has to be selected according to following setting: [1] Direction, downlink or Uplink [2] Frequency Band [3] Subcarrier Spacing or SCS [4] Channel model [5] Antenna configuration [6] Transmission rank [7] Highest Modulation, that could be 64QAM or 256QAM [8] Block Error Rate or BLER [9] And amount of PDSCH symbol per slot, that is related with the frame Format [10] Let´s select the proper SINR table for the example we are carrying on. In this case the direction is Downlink, the frequency band is 3.5GHz, the SCS is 30 kHz, channel model is Enhanced Pedestrian A or EPA, antenna configuration is 2Tx-2Rx, 1 rank, 256QAM modulation, 10% BLER and 11 symbols per slot. To notice that only simulations for 10 symbols per slot are done for EPA channel model) .

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[11] the table is just shown on the right hand side of the slide.

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SINR Estimation from Look-Up Table – DL Example DL MCS

0_QPSK

#PRBs

216

Column with 216 PRBs not in the table → Interpolation

SINRmin = −4,40 𝑑𝐵

SINR look-up table for Downlink, 3.5 GHz band, 30 kHz SCS, AWGN, 2Tx-2Rx, Rank 1, 256QAM, 10% BLER target, 11 OFDM symbols 78

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Now that we have selected the proper SINR look-up table, it gives the SINR value as a function of the MCS and the amount of allocated PRBs. [1] We need to retrieve previously obtained MCS and PRB amount values: to achieve the 7 Mbps transmission in downlink we decided to use MCS 0 and the resulting amount of PRBs was 216. [2] Therefore we focus on the row for MCS 0. [3] Since the amount of PRBs, that is 216, does not match with any of the columns in the table, we need to interpolate the value using the 2 closest columns, in this case are 128 and 256. [4] The result is that we need a minimum SINR of approximately -4,40 dB for successful data demodulation under given conditions.

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SINR Estimation from Look-Up Table – UL Example UL MCS

1_QPSK

#PRBs

167

Column with 167 PRBs not in the table → interpolation

SINRmin = −4,55 𝑑𝐵

SINR look-up table for Uplink, 3.5 GHz band, 30 kHz SCS, EPA, 3 kph, 2Tx2Rx, Rank 1, 64QAM, 10% BLER target, 10 OFDM symbols 79

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Let´s proceed now with the counterpart exercise in Uplink. Firstly, the correct table is selected according to our setting [1] In Uplink our goal was to reach 2Mbps. Using MCS1, 167 PRBs were required. [2] Following the row for MCS 1. [3] Since the amount of PRBs, that is 167, does not match with any of the columns in the table, we need to interpolate the value using the 2 closest columns, in this case are 128 and 256. [4] The result is that we need a minimum SINR of approximately -4,55 dB for successful data demodulation under given conditions.

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Implementation Margin •

Implementation Margin (1 dB) copes with potential simulation and real product performance misalignments.

•

It works as an additional loss

•

Please unhide row 125 to display this entry:

•

Corrected minimum SINR would be: DL

UL

Initial Minimum SINR (dB)

-4,40

-4,55

Implementation Margin

1

1

Corrected Minimum SINR

-3,40

-3,55

• These value should match with cells D129 and E129 respectively in the channel section, assuming there is no HARQ gain.

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On top of the link level data obtained from the simulations, the tool applies a so-called “implementation margin” of 1 dB that copes with potential simulation and real product performance misalignments. [1] It works as an additional loss. [2] Please unhide row 125 in the tool to see this entry. [3] For the corrected Minimum SINR we have to add the implementation margin to previously obtained value, resulting in -3,40 dB for Downlink and -3.55 dB in Uplink. [4] These value should match with cells D129 and E129 respectively, assuming there is no HARQ gain.

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Interference Margin

Isolated Cell Scenario

Interference Margin Zero in this case. To be discussed in the next module of the link budget presentation

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From the beginning of the calculation, one of the adopted assumptions was to consider the isolated cell scenario. [1] That´s why the Interference Margin is zero in this case. This topic will be discussed in the next module of the link budget presentation.

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Receiver Sensitivity & IPR Smin 𝑑𝐵𝑚 = 𝑁 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + SINRmin(𝑑𝐵) DL

UL

Noise level (dBm)

-88

-93,14

Corrected Minimum SINR

-3,40

-3,55

Receiver Sensitivity –Smin (dBm)

-91.40

-96.69

Should match with values on raw 167

𝐼𝑃𝑅 = 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑅𝑋 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑅𝑥 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐵𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠

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DL

UL

Receiver Sensitivity –Smin (dBm)

-91,40

-96.69

Rx Antenna Gain (dB)

0

25.5

Rx Feeder Loss (dB)

0

0

Body Loss (dB)

0

-

IPR (dBm)

-91,40

-122.19

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After the long process to obtain the minimum required SINR estimation, we can resume the calculation of the receiver sensitivity. [1] We recall that the receiver sensitivity, or Smin, was equal to the noise level plus the minimum required SINR. [2] We collect Noise level and minimum SINR for our DL & UL example, to get -91.40 and -96.69 dBm as the respective downlink and uplink receiver sensitivity [3] These values should match with values on raw 167 Next step will the calculation of the Isotropic power required or IPR [4] The calculate the IPR we start from the receiver sensitivity and we subtract the receiver antenna gain and add the feeder and body losses. [4] In case of downlink all these contributors are null, leaving the IPR in the same value as the receiver sensitivity, that is, -91.40 dBm. In case of Uplink we have to need to compute the important antenna gain at the base station: 25.5dBi, that improves the IPR

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down to -122.19 dBm.

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Effective 5GNB transmission power per user • Downlink EIRP value reflects maximum 5GNB power that can be transmitted towards served UE/CPE • Nevertheless, according to the latest product implementation, final power transmitted towards single user depends also on the currently used MIMO Rank, which also must be considered in the further DL coverage estimation steps 5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝑃𝑇𝑥_𝑈𝐸 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝐷𝐿 + 10 ∙ log10

𝑈𝐸 𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂

In our example:

83

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝐷𝐿 =75,5 dBm (cell D50 in the tool)

5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝑃𝑇𝑥_𝑈𝐸

- final transmission power per UE/CPE [dBm]

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃𝐷𝐿

- DL Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power [dBm]

𝑈𝐸 𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂

- currently used transmission rank

𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂

- maximum transmission rank of configured MIMO mode

𝑈𝐸 𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂 =1 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝑀𝐼𝑀𝑂 =2 (Hidden cell D83 in the tool, Max Rank)

5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝑃𝑇𝑥_𝑈𝐸 = 75,5 + 10 ∙ log10

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MAPL UL Power

DL Power 5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝑃𝑇𝑥_𝑈𝐸

72.5 dBm MAPL= 163,90 dB Min IPR -91.40 dBm

Max EIRP 24 dBm MAPL= 146.19 dB Min IPR - 122.19 dBm

To continue with cell range calculation→ take shortest value (typically uplink)

Values should match with cells D168 and E168 84

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In the final step, we proceed to get the maximum allowable path loss or MAPL. [1] In the downlink case the the effective 5GNB transmitted power was 72.5 dBm minus -91,40 dBm of the Isotropic Power Required, results in 163,90 dB of maximum path loss. [2] In the uplink case the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power was 24 dBm, whereas the Isotropic Power Required was -122.19 dBm, providing 145.19 dB as maximum path loss. [3] The value to be used in the cell range calculation is the shortest one, which is typically the Uplink one, as in the example. [4] Obtained values should match with those in cells D168 and E168 respectively.

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Quiz

What is the magnitude order for the “implementation margin” that corrects the simulated SINR coming from the look-up tables? 1.- 0.1 dB

2.- 1 dB 3.- 10 dB

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 86

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Interference Margin •

Safety margin used in link budget calculation to compensate interference signals coming from neighboring cells under assumed traffic load.

•

The higher the traffic load in the neighboring cells → the higher the interfering margin

Isolated Cell Scenario

Contiguous Coverage Scenario Interference Margin Zero in case of isolated cell scenario. 87

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Let´s begin by recalling about the interference Margin concept. [1] Interference margin could be understood as a safety margin used in link budget calculation to compensate interference signals coming from neighboring cells under assumed traffic load. It is a figure that quantifies the impact of the inter cell interference. [2] As a general rule, the higher the traffic load in the neighboring cells, the more subcarriers are used there and, consequently, the higher the interfering margin will be. [3] In the initial link budget calculation, we assumed our cell was isolated and therefore it did not suffer from interference coming from neighbor cells. [4] Under this assumption, the Interference Margin was zero. [5] We change now into the “Continuous Coverage Scenario” where our cell will start to receive interference from neighbor cells. This section will focus on the calculation of the Interference Margin under this new assumption, and on the analysis of how this Interference Margin will negatively affect the original MAPL.

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Interference Margin – Formula versus User defined value

Method for Interference Margin Tool allows us to choose between the “formula” or the “user defined” value when introducing the Interference Margin

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Cells to insert “user defined” Interference Margin

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Method for Interference Margin. [1] The Tool allows us to choose between “formula” or the “user defined” value when introducing the Interference Margin. [2] If the option selected is “User defined”, please refer to cells D147 & E147 to manually insert the Interference Margins in DL & UL respectively. [3] The approach we will describe is the one based on formulas.

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Interference Margin Estimation - Downlink •

Complex procedure

•

The most important input for DL IM estimation is the Geometry factor

•

Geometry is the ratio between the total power received from the serving NB and the total power received from all adjacent NBs at a certain location (e.g. cell edge) with the assumption that all NBs are transmitting with the same power

𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝐵

𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 =

𝑃𝑅𝑥

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𝑃𝑅𝑥

𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝐵 σ𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑃𝑅𝑥

- Received power from serving/neighboring NBs

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Firstly we will work on the Interference Margin estimation in downlink: [1] Downlink Interference Margin estimation is quite complex procedure, that requires several interim calculations to be performed. [2] The most important input for Downlink Interference Margin estimation is the Geometry factor. [3] Geometry is the ratio between the total power received from the serving gNB and the total power received from all adjacent gNBs at a certain location (e.g. cell edge), with the assumption that all gNBs are transmitting with the same power.

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Geometry Factor in the 5G Link Budget Tool •

• •

Geometry factor used in the link budget calculations can be taken from the SINR CDF (Cumulative Distribution Function) curves obtained from system level simulations Those curves are included in the parameters sheet of the 5G Link Budget Tool Parameters sheet is initially hidden. To unhide it:

Home → Format → Visibility →Hide & Unhide →Unhide sheet •

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And select parameters

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Interference Margin Estimation - Downlink •

Geometry factor is obtained for defined percentile (5%) of SINR CDF curve that corresponds to the given location probability for UE/CPE located at the cell edge.

•

For the 5G non mMIMO Omni SINR CDF curve, the G-factor= -1,61dB (refer to hidden cell D134 in the tool) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% Nokia LTE fALU LTE 5G non-mMIMO Omni UE 5G non-mMIMO 10dBi UE 5G non-mMIMO 13dBi UE 5G non-mMIMO 17dBi UE 5G non-mMIMO 7dBi UE 5G mMIMO Omni UE 5G mMIMO 7dBi UE 5G mMIMO 10dBi UE 5G mMIMO 13dBi UE 5G mMIMO 17dBi UE

50%

5%

40% 30% 20%

5%

10% 0% -10

0

10

91

20

30

40

50

SINR [dB]

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[1] Geometry factor is obtained for defined percentile of SINR CDF curve that corresponds to the given location probability for UE or CPE located at the cell edge. In the link budget calculation we assumed 5% of the SINR Cumulative Distribution Function curve. [2] For the 5G non mMIMO Omni SINR CDF curve, the G-factor= -1,61dB (refer to hidden cell D134 in the tool)

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Interference Margin Estimation – Downlink 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑃𝑅𝑥

= 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 +𝐼𝑀𝐷𝐿 +𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅

𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑃𝑅𝑥

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅

𝐼𝑀𝐷𝐿 - Downlink Interference Margin [dB] 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑅𝑥 - Target Rx power per Resource Element [dBm] 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 - Signal to Interference Noise Ratio [dB] 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 - Noise Power per subcarrier [dBm]

𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝐼𝑀𝐷𝐿 = 𝑃𝑅𝑥

𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐

− 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 − 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐

SINR Obtained from simulation table and corrected with implementation margin In our example: minimum required SINR in Downlink was -3,40 dB

𝐼𝑀𝐷𝐿

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 = 𝑁𝑇𝐻𝐸𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 + 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒(𝑁𝐹)

𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 = −173,93 𝑑𝐵𝑚/𝐻𝑧 + 10 ∙ log10 𝐵𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 + 𝑁𝐹 In our example: 𝐵𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 =30 kHz and NF=7dB (UE as receiver) 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 = -122.16 dBm

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Here we are a formula where the Interference Margin, or IM, is involved. In this case the Target Received power per Resource Element is equal to the Noise power per subcarrier, plus the IM, plus the minimum required SINR. [1] The calculation is graphically shown on the right hand side. [2] From there we can get the Interference Margin as the target Rx power per RE, minus the SINR, minus the Noise power per subcarrier. [3] The SINR was Obtained from simulation table, and corrected with implementation margin. This was already discussed in the previous module. In our example the minimum required SINR in Downlink was -3,40 dB. [4] The way to calculate Noise power was to combine thermal noise and the Noise figure. [5] Just replacing the thermal noise term by its formula, seen in the previous chapter.

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[6] In our example, the subcarrier bandwidth is 30 kHz, and the Noise figure for the UE is 7 dB, so replacing in the above formula with these value, we get a noise power per subcarrier of -122.16 dBm. [7] Only the target Rx power per RE is missed to get the Interference Margin.

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Interference Margin Estimation – Downlink 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑃𝑅𝑥

= 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 − 10 ∙ log10

1

1 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 − 𝑆𝐼𝑅 10 10 10 10

𝑆𝐼𝑅 - Signal to Interference Ratio [dB]

Missing information: SIR 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝑛 𝑇𝑥

𝑆𝐼𝑅 = 10

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 ∙ log10 𝑛 𝑇𝑥

− 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

- Number of transmission paths (e.g. 2 for 2x2 MIMO)

𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 - Relative interference level [dB]

Where:

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 10 ∙ log10

𝜌 ∙ 𝑛 𝑇𝑥 𝐺

+ 𝐿𝑁𝐹𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅

1010

93

𝜌

- Average neighboring cells load (average PRB utilization) [%]

𝐺

- Geometry factor [dB]

𝐿𝑁𝐹𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 - SINR shadowing margin [dB]

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We need now an expression that provides the Target Received Power per Resource Element. [1] We have this one, that gives the value as a function of the noise power per subcarrier, SINR and Signal to Interference Ratio or SIR. [2] Only thing which is missing is the Signal to Interference Ratio. It could be obtained 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 with following formula, where 𝑛 𝑇𝑥 stands for the number of transmission paths, and Irelative is the relative interference level. [3] Irelative is given by below formula, that besides the number of transmission paths, it involves also: the average neighbor cell load, the Geometry factor and the Shadowing Margin.

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Interference Margin Estimation – Downlink Average Neighbor Cell Load (%) Control allows to set neighbor cell load in percentage independently for DL & UL with Granularity of 1% Default value is 50%

SINR Shadowing Margin • The value will be discussed later • For now, let´s take it as given value • Refer to hidden cell D135 to get it from the tool • In the example we use value of 2.20 dB 94

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The tool has a control that allows to set the neighbor cell load in percentage, independently for DL & UL with Granularity of 1%. Default value is 50%. [1] SINR Shadowing Margin For now, let´s take it as given value. Please refer to hidden cell D135 to see the value in the tool. In the example we use value of 2.20 dB.

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Interference Margin Estimation – Downlink Example 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠

2

𝜌 (neighbor cell load relative to 1)

0,5

𝑛 𝑇𝑥

𝐿𝑁𝐹𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅

2,20

G (Geometry Factor)

-1,61

𝑰𝒓𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆

3,81

𝑺𝑰𝑹

-0,81

SINR

-3,40

𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐

-122,16

𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝑹𝒙

-122,08

𝑰𝑴𝑫𝑳 (dB)

3,48

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 10 ∙ log10

𝜌 ∙ 𝑛 𝑇𝑥

+ 𝐿𝑁𝐹𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅

𝐺

1010

𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝑆𝐼𝑅 = 10 ∙ log10 𝑛 𝑇𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝑃𝑅𝑥

− 𝐼𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

= 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐 − 10 ∙ log10 𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑡

𝐼𝑀𝐷𝐿 = 𝑃𝑅𝑥

1 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 10 10

1

−

𝑆𝐼𝑅

10 10

− 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 − 𝑁 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑐

Intermediate calculation values visible in the tool by unhiding rows 134 to 144 95

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Using the formulas and values from previous slides, let´s proceed to obtain the estimated Interference Margin for our example. [1] Using the number of transmission paths, which is 2, the neighbor cell load of 50 % normalized to 1, that is 0.5, the shadowing margin of 2.20 dB and the Geometry factor of -1,61dB, we obtain the relative interference, equal to 3,81. [2] Then we continue with the SIR calculation, to get -0,81 dB [3] With the just obtained SIR, together with the SINR and the Noise Power per subcarrier, the Target Received level per Resource Element comes up. Resulting in (minus) -122,08 dBm. [4] Finally, combining the Received Target level per Resource Element, the SINR and the Noise Level per subcarrier, we get the Interference Margin of 3,48 dB. [5] Please note that intermediate calculation values can be made visible in the tool by unhiding rows 134 to 144.

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Interference Margin Estimation - downlink •

•

96

In scenarios with relatively high cell edge user throughput requirements (that enforces usage of high MCS leading to the high SINR demodulation threshold requirement) it may happen that the calculation of the target Rx power per RE will not be possible In such a case, it has to be assumed that the interference level on the cell edge will degrade signal quality and in turn will not allow to provide required throughput - There are several possibilities to mitigate that issue: • Decrease downlink cell edge user throughput requirement to lower needed MCS (and in turn required SINR level) • Increase bandwidth by using more Component Carriers – it will cause that the required throughput will be divided among CCs lowering per carrier throughput demand (lower MCS and SINR level needed) • Choose more advanced antenna configuration and MIMO mode that will lower required SINR demodulation level • Consider (if possible) using subscriber terminals with directional antennas – it will increase estimated G-factor that will lead finally to the lower expected interference level at the cell edge • Assume lower neighboring cells loading

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[1] In scenarios with relatively high cell edge user throughput requirements (that enforces usage of high MCS leading to the high SINR demodulation threshold requirement) it may happen that the calculation of the target Rx power per RE will not be possible [2] In such a case, it has to be assumed that the interference level on the cell edge will degrade signal quality and in turn will not allow to provide required throughput [3] There are several possibilities to mitigate that issue: [4] Decrease downlink cell edge user throughput requirement to lower needed MCS (and in turn required SINR level) [5] Increase bandwidth by using more Component Carriers – it will cause that the required throughput will be divided among CCs lowering per carrier throughput demand (lower MCS and SINR level needed) [6] Choose more advanced antenna configuration and MIMO mode that will lower required SINR demodulation level [7] Consider (if possible) using subscriber terminals with directional antennas – it will increase estimated G-factor that will lead finally to the lower expected interference level at the cell edge

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[8] Assume lower neighboring cells loading

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Interference Margin Estimation – Uplink •

Uplink interference margin depends mainly on the location of the interfering UEs in the neighboring cells

•

Simplified model allowing for Interference Margin estimation for different load conditions can be proposed:

𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐿 = 10 ∙ log10 𝜌 ∙

𝐼𝑀𝑈𝐿 𝜌

100% 10𝐼𝑜𝑇𝑈𝐿 /10

−1 +1

- Uplink Interference Margin [dB]

- Average neighboring cells load (average PRB utilization) [%]

Uplink Interference Margin [dB]

4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00

2.55 dB

2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50

100% 𝐼𝑜𝑇𝑈𝐿

97

- Uplink Interference over Thermal for 100% neighboring cells load [dB] (4,2 dB)

𝑰𝒐𝑻𝟏𝟎𝟎% = 𝟒, 𝟐 𝒅𝑩 𝑼𝑳

0.00

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Average neighboring cells load

© Nokia 2019

Let´s take now the counterpart Interference Margin estimation for the Uplink. [1] Uplink interference margin depends mainly on the location of the interfering UEs in the neighboring cells. [2] However simplified model allowing for Interference Margin estimation for different load conditions can be proposed as follows: [3] The expression provides the Uplink interference Margin as a function of the average neighbor cell load, and the uplink interference over thermal for 100% neighbor cell load. To make the equation manageable, the second variable, the interference over thermal, or IoT, is set to 4.2 dB. [4] Since it is still not easy to play with this mathematical expression, we plot it. Hence, obtaining the Uplink Interference Margin becomes a graphical exercise. [5] For typical Uplink neighbor cell load of 50%, the Uplink Interference Margin would be roughly 2.55 dB.

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Interference Margin Estimation versus value in the Tool

Intermediate calculation values visible in the tool by unhiding rows 134 to 145

IM (dB) 98

DL

UL

3,48

2,55 RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

We proceed now to compare the Interference Margin values obtained manually with those given by the tool. [1] We can have a look at Interference Margin intermediate calculations by unhiding rows 134 to 145 in the tool. [2] The tool provides with 3,46 and 2.59 as the Interference Margin values for downlink and uplink respectively. [3] Which are pretty much on line with values calculated in the previous slides.

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MAPL Correction with Interference Margin 𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿 = 𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 − 𝐼𝑀 MAPL – Isolated Cell (dB)

DL

UL

163,9

146.19

Interference Margin (dB)

3,48

2.55

MAPL

160,42

143.64

UL Power

DL Power Max EIRP 24dBm

5𝐺𝑁𝐵 𝑃𝑇𝑥_𝑈𝐸 72.5 dBm

MAPL= 160,42 dB MAPL= 143.64 dB Min IPR -91,40 dBm

99

IM= 3,48 dB Min IPR -122.19 dBm RA57200-V-19A

IM= 2.55 dB

© Nokia 2019

Finally we use the Interference Margins values calculated in this module to correct the Maximum Allowed Path Loss values from previous one. [1] To the MAPL calculated on an isolated cell scenario, we need to subtract now the Interference Margin. [2] Therefore the DL Path Loss is shortened by 3,48 dB, resulting in 160,42 dB [3] whereas the UL MAPL gets reduced by 2.55, ending in 143.64 dB The Interference margin clearly operates as a loss towards the initially calculated MAPL. What the Interference Margin does not modify is that fact that we are still limited by the shortest result, which is the one in the uplink direction. [4] Finally showing the similarity with the results in the tool.

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Slide excluded from Table of Contents LTE FDD Link Budget

Quiz

What is the default Neighbor Cell Load, in percentage, used in the Interference Margin calculation?

1.- 0%

2.- 50% 3.- 80% 4.- 100%

10 0

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 10 1

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Average Penetration Loss Selector to choose the ratio between wall area and windows area

Penetration loss Models additional signal attenuation introduced by the external building walls

Wall material type can be chose between: concrete and wood 10 2

Window material type can be chose between: standard multi-pane glass and IRR glass RA57200-V-19A

Tool returns the average penetration loss according to 3GPP TS38.901 and previous settings. See next slide for details. © Nokia 2019

First of these environmental factors to be analyzed is the Average Penetration Loss. [1] The Average Penetration Loss is also known as Building Penetration Loss, and represents additional signal attenuation introduced by the external building walls. We need to take it into account in scenarios where indoor coverage from outdoor 5GNB has to be provided. [2] The tool allows us to choose between a “user defined” value or something that comes from the “3GPP Technical Specification 38.901”. [3] There is a sliding Selector to choose the ratio between wall area and windows area. [4] Wall material type can be chosen between: concrete and wood. [5] Window material type can be chosen between: standard multi-pane glass and Infrared Reflecting glass, or IRR glass. [6] Tool returns the average penetration loss according to 3GPP 38.901

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Average Penetration Loss - Calculation •

For the estimation of the average penetration loss, propagation model defined in 3GPP TS 38.901 is used 𝑃𝐿𝑡𝑤

−𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 10

𝑃𝐿𝑡𝑤 = 5 − 10 ∙ log10 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 ∙ 10

−𝐿𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 10

+ 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∙ 10

- Path loss through external wall [dB]

𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 - Percentage of the windows area within external building wall - Percentage of the wall area within external building wall

𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 - Penetration loss of the windows - Penetration loss of the wall

5.00

10 3

95%

Total windows area within the external wall

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100%

90%

85%

80%

75%

70%

65%

60%

55%

50%

f - operating frequency [GHz]

45%

0.00

40%

𝐿𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑 = 4.85 + 0.12𝑓

0%

Wood

10.00

35%

𝐿𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 5 + 4𝑓

30%

Concrete

15.00

25%

𝐿𝐼𝑅𝑅𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 23 + 0.3𝑓

20%

IRR glass

20.00

15%

𝐿𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 2 + 0.2𝑓

25.00

5%

Standard multi-pane glass

Penetration loss [dB]

10%

Material

Average penetration loss [dB]

𝐿𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

© Nokia 2019

[1] For the estimation of the Average Penetration Loss, propagation model defined 3GPP TS 38.901 is used. [2] The formula used in the tool takes into account percentage of the windows area and wall area within external building wall, expressed as 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 and 𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 respectively. Additionally it considers penetration loss of the windows and the wall based on the material, 𝐿𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤 and 𝐿𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 respectively. [3] Information on how this material-dependent losses are obtained is shown in the table, as a function of the frequency, in GHz. [4] Finally in the plot on the right-hand side we can see how the average penetration loss decreases as the percentage of windows area increases.

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Vegetation Loss Vegetation loss To be considered: • In scenarios where trees or other plants are on the propagation way • For frequency bands higher than 6GHz

For certain model, leaf state (in leaf, out-of-leaf) to be declared

Please note error message when frequency band is lower than 6GHz.

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Tool returns the vegetation loss according to selected model. See next slide for details

© Nokia 2019

Another extra loss is the one caused by the vegetation or foliage. [1] This loss has to be considered: • in scenarios where trees or other plants are on the propagation way • For frequency bands higher than 6GHz [2] The tool supports several models to calculate the vegetation loss: • ITU-R • FITU-R • MED • COST-235 • Seville [3] For certain models, leaf state, that is: “in leaf” or “out-of-leaf”, has to be declared [4] Tool returns the vegetation loss according to selected model. Please refer to next slide for details on this calculation. [5] Please note error message when frequency band is lower than 6GHz.

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Vegetation Loss - Calculation • It can be calculated using below formula: 𝐿 ⅆ𝐵 = 𝑥𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑓𝑧 where:

f - operating frequency [MHz] df – vegetation (foliage) depth [m] x, y, z – factors depending on the model

ITU-R

MED (d < 14m)

MED (d >= 14m)

COST 235 (out-of-leaf)

COST 235 (in-leaf)

FITU-R (out-of-leaf)

FITU-R (in-leaf)

Seville

x

0.2

0.450

1.330

26.6

15.600

0.37

0.39

0.37

y

0.3

0.284

0.284

-0.2

-0.009

0.18

0.39

0.30

z

0.6

1.000

0.588

0.5

0.260

0.59

0.25

0.38

ITU-R

Weissberger (MED)

COST 235 (out-of-leaf)

COST 235 (in-leaf)

FITU-R (out-of-leaf)

FITU-R (in-leaf)

Example:

Seville 60.00

Model: Seville

Vegetation loss [dB]

50.00

df = 3 meters

40.00

L(dB)= 12.12dB

f = 28000 MHz

30.00 20.00 10.00

Frequency band 28 GHz

0.00 5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Vegetation depth [m]

10 5

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[1] The vegetation loss can be calculated using this formula, that involves the frequency, f, the vegetation depth or df, and 3 factors, x, y and z, that depend on the selected model. [2] Values for these 3 factors are shown on the table. Each column contains x, y and z values for the 5 models supported in the tool. (Recording tip: Leave 5-10 sec for participant to take a look at the table) [3] The plot bellow shows the evolution of the vegetation loss for different models as the vegetation depth increases, considering the frequency band of 28 GHz. (Recording tip: Leave 10 sec for participant to read by itself) [4] Let´s perform a calculation example: selecting Seville as the model, and assuming a foliage depth of 3 meters. We stick on the 28GHz frequency used in the plot, but remember it enters the calculation in MHz. Applying the formula, it throws a result of 12.12 dB of vegetation loss.

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Slow Fading Margin (SFM) or Shadowing Margin - Slow Fading is caused by signal shadowing

max. pathloss from link budget

max: pathloss from link budget

due to obstructions on the radio path - A cell with a range predicted from maximum

- Slow Fading Margin SFM

pathloss, without Slow Fading Margin, will have a Cell Area Coverage Probability of about 75 %

Pathloss prediction model

• Cell plenty of coverage holes due to

Pathloss prediction model

shadowing Cell Range

- SFM is required in order to achieve higher

Cell Range

coverage quality, better coverage probability • Smaller cell, less coverage holes over cell area.

10 6

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Cell Area Coverage probability > 75 %, i.e. less coverage holes, Better coverage quality; but: smaller cells

© Nokia 2019

The next factor to be analyzed in the Slow Fading Margin or SFM, also known as Shadowing Margin. [1] Slow Fading is caused by signal shadowing due to obstructions on the radio path. [2] A cell with a range predicted from maximum pathloss, without Slow Fading Margin, will have a Cell Area Coverage Probability of about 75 %. Cell would be plenty of coverage holes due to shadowing. [3] Slow Fading Margin is required in order to achieve higher coverage quality, and therefore better coverage probability. It will result in smaller cell with less coverage holes over the cell area. [4] If we used the originally obtained path loss, we put it into a prediction or propagation model, we will get a cell range and cell area on which the coverage probability is poor, typically around 75%. [5] If we subtract the slow fading margin to the original path loss, it will result in a shorter cell range and area, but with improved coverage probability.

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Standard Deviation (σ)

10 7

Clutter Type

Standard Deviation (σ)

DU

9 dB

U

8 dB

SU

8 dB

R

7 dB

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Let´s investigate which are the required inputs in the link Budget tool to get the Shadowing Margin. We start with the standard deviation, also known as “sigma”. [1] Firstly we need to decide if the “standard deviation” is taken from a “model specific” or it is directly inserted by the user. [2] The table shows typical value for the standard deviation for different clutter types. [3] The clutter type we consider in our example is urban, and according to the table the standard deviation will be 8 dB in this case.

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Location Probability Defined as the probability for the average received field strength to be better than the minimum required received signal strength in order to access to the cell • Cell Area Probability: coverage probability over the whole cell area; • Cell Edge Probability: location probability at the cell edge. The Jake’s formula can be used to convert the Cell Area into a Cell Edge Probability.

Cell Edge probability [ % ] 50 75 84 87 90 95

Cell Area probability [ % ] 75 90 94 95 97 99

Cell edge Location Probability Selector

Cell area Location calculated by the tool using Jake´s formula 10 8

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The second entry involved in Shadowing Margin calculation is the Location Probability. [1] It is defined as the probability for the average received field strength to be better than the minimum required received signal strength in order to access to the cell. [2] We need to distinguish between: the cell area probability, which is the coverage probability over the whole cell area [3] and the cell Edge probability or location probability at the cell edge. [4] The Jake’s formula can be used to convert the Cell Area into a Cell Edge Probability. [5] But rather than the formula, a table can be used to establish the relationship between both probabilities. [6] Coming back to the tool, [7] A sliding selector allows us to choose the cell edge location probability [8] And using the Jake´s formula, the tool will convert into a cell area probability [9] For our example we consider a cell area probability of 95%, that roughly corresponds to a cell edge probability of 87%.

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Shadowing Margin - Calculation

Clutter Type

Standard Deviation (σ)

DU

9 dB

U

8 dB

SU

8 dB

R

7 dB

SFM =  x F SFM = 8 x 1,098 = 8,78 dB

10 9

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Cell edge probability in %

Factor F for calculation of SFM

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 87 90 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 99 99

0.000 0.126 0.253 0.385 0.524 0.674 0.842 1.036 1.282 1,098 1.282 1.645 1.645 1.751 1.751 1.881 1.881 2.054 2.054 2.326 2.326

© Nokia 2019

Now that we have identified the inputs, we can proceed with actual calculation of the Shadowing or Slow Fading Margin. [1] The formula is pretty simple: sigma times F. [2] Sigma is the standard deviation. 8 dB for the Urban clutter. [3] While F stands for a factor that depends on the location probability. The table shows different values for F, depending on the Cell Edge Probability. [4] The Shadowing Margin in our example will be 8 times 1.098, which is the F value for a cell edge probability of 87%, resulting in 8,78 dB. [5] This value should match with the one obtained by the tool.

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Gain Against Shadowing • Gain Against Shadowing is considered at the cell edge • Also called multi server gain (because of multi-cell coverage probability) • Principle: if there are several cells providing coverage in an area, then the probability of having enough field strength increases • The Gain Against Shadowing reflects the possibility of switching to another cell available at a certain position which provides with better coverage. Example: • Assume that there are 2 cells providing coverage and both cells are providing at the cell edge 50% location probability (A = B =50% are the location probabilities for the 2 cells) • If the assumption is that the signals from the cells are uncorrelated then a joint probability could be calculated: P = (A+B) – (A*B) = (50%+50%) – (50%*50%) = 75%

• The tool calculates the Gain Against Shadowing based on the approach described in IEEE document: Calculation of soft handover gain for UMTS. • Gain Against Shadowing=2,51 dB in our example 11 0

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There is an extra factor to be discussed, which rather than a loss, it´s a gain: the “gain against shadowing”. [1] Gain Against Shadowing is considered at the cell edge. [2] It is also called multi server gain, because of multi-cell coverage probability. [3] The principle behind this gain is that, if there are several cells providing coverage in an area, then the probability of having enough field strength increases. [4] The Gain Against Shadowing reflects the possibility of switching to another cell available at a certain position, which provides with better coverage. [5] Example: let´s assume that there are 2 cells offering enough coverage and both cells are providing with 50% location probability at the cell edge. A & B stand for the location probabilities for the 2 cells, and both are equal to 50%. If the assumption is that the signals from the cells are uncorrelated, then a joint probability could be calculated as : P = (A+B) – (A*B) = (50%+50%) – (50%*50%) = 75% The result shows that the combined probability is higher that the individual cell edge probability, and this should be reflected as a gain. [6] The tool calculates this gain based on the approach described in IEEE document: Calculation of soft handover gain for UMTS. [7] We assume a “Gain Against Shadowing” of 2,51 dB in our example.

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Maximum Allowable Path Loss (clutter considered) •

Calculated from the initial MAPL, clutter not considered, we applied on top of it additional gains, losses and certain margins related to the modeled propagation environment

𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑆𝐹𝑀 + 𝐺𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 - Penetration and foliage losses [dB] 𝑆𝐹𝑀 - Slow fading Margin / Shadowing margin [dB] 𝐺𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑 - Gain Against Shadowing [dB]

𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 - MAPL (clutter considered) [dB] 𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 - MAPL (clutter not considered) – only system gains and losses [dB]

•

11 1

MAPL (no Clutter)

Penetration Loss

Vegetation Loss

SFM

Gshad

MAPL(Clutter)

DL

160,42

8,6

0

8,78

2,51

145,55

UL

143,64

8,6

0

8,78

2,51

128,77

Shortest MAPL (clutter considered) value is then used as an input for the propagation model. RA57200-V-19A

© Nokia 2019

It is now time to obtain the Maximum allowable Path loss, with clutter considered. [1] It will be calculated from the initial Maximum Allowable Path Loss, clutter not considered, we applied on top of it additional gains, losses and certain margins related to the modeled propagation environment. [2] To the initial MAPL, we subtract the penetration and foliage losses, also the slow fading margin, SFM or shadowing margin and we add the gain against shadowing. [3] We put this calculation in practice for the example we are conducting. Please note that the vegetation loss does not apply in our case, since the operating frequency is below 6GHz. After applying extra losses and gains, the original MAPL is now reduced to 145,55 dB in DL. [4] And in case of UL, the maximum path loss shrinks to 128,77 dB. [5] Calculated values are pretty close to those given by the tool.

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Slide excluded from Table of Contents LTE FDD Link Budget

Quiz

If the Shadowing Margin is not considered, the cell area coverage probability would be of around..: 1.- 50%

2.- 60% 3.- 75%

11 2

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Tool Sections Genaral Parameters Transmitting End System configuration

Receiving End Service Channel

5G Link Budget Sections

General Configuration Building Penetration Loss Vegetation Loss

Propagation

Standard Deviation Coverage Estimation Site Count RA57200-V-19A

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© Nokia 2019

We recall at this point how the tool is organized into 2 major sections: [1] One dedicated to System Configuration on top [2] Followed by the one dedicated to propagation. [3] In the previous modules we reviewed the system Configuration subsections, including: •

General Parameters

•

Transmitting End

•

Receiver End

•

Service and channel

[4] From the propagation section we already discussed on some of the topics in the previous module, such as: •

Building Penetration loss

•

Vegetation loss

•

Standard deviation

At this stage we rely on Maximum Allowable Path Loss, cluttered considered, to proceed to estimate the cell range. It will be later used to obtain the number of sites needed to provide coverage to a certain area. Subsections that will be presented now are: •

General configuration

•

Coverage Estimation

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•

Site Count

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 11 4

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General Configuration

Environment Defines general propagation environment characteristics

11 5

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General configuration parameters. [1] The first set of parameters are related with the environment, which defines the propagation characteristics. [2] Among these parameters we need to select the propagation environment, either outdoor or indoor. Then we define the 5GNB and UE/CPE antenna height, followed by the average street width and building height. [3] The values we use in our example are: outdoor propagation environment, 15 meters base station antenna height, 1.5 meter UE antenna height, 20 meters street width and 8 meters as the average building height.

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General Configuration Propagation model Defines propagation model and related parameters to be used for cell range estimation

11 6

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[1] Next set of parameters are related with the propagation model to be used for cell range estimation. [2] The first parameter in fact is the selection of the propagation model itself.

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Propagation Models • As 5G system is intended to work in higher frequency bands, particular mechanisms related to the radio wave propagation will start to play more significant role than in case of lower bands, used commonly by legacy 4G LTE system • Propagation models used extensively for LTE coverage estimations (such as COST231-Hata) are no longer applicable as they were designed for frequency ranges mainly up to 2 GHz • New models are required to properly model environment impact on the 5G radio wave propagation

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© Nokia 2019

Propagation Models. [1] As 5G system is intended to work in higher frequency bands, particular mechanisms related to the radio wave propagation will start to play more significant role than in case of lower bands, used commonly by legacy 4G LTE system. [2] Propagation models used extensively for LTE coverage estimations, such as COST231-Hata, are no longer applicable, as they were designed for frequency ranges mainly up to 2 GHz. [3] Therefore, new models are required to properly model environment impact on the 5G radio wave propagation. [4] The 3 propagation models supported by the tool are: - Nokia Internal Model - CI/CIF that stands for Close-in and Close-in Frequency-dependent propagation models - Propagation model based on 3GPP Technical Specification 38.901

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Nokia Internal Model • This model, widely used in the Atoll and Asset planning tools, is based on the empirical formula from Okumura-Hata model and certain set of parameters that can be tuned according to the actual propagation conditions:

𝑃𝐿𝑁𝐼𝑀 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 ∙ log10 𝑑 + 𝐾3 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 + 𝐾5 ∙ log10 𝑑 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 𝑃𝐿𝑁𝐼𝑀 – path loss (dB) according to Nokia Internal Model d – distance [m] hBS – 5GNB antenna height [m]

• Values of the K-factors of Nokia Internal propagation model depend on the frequency band, environment clutter type and Macro/Micro deployment: - Macro deployment – 5G NB antenna is placed above the rooftop level of surrounding buildings (hBS > hbuilding) - Micro (Small Cell) deployment – 5G NB antenna is placed below or on the rooftop level of surrounding buildings (hBS <= hbuilding)

11 8

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On this presentation we concentrate on the Nokia Internal Model. [1] This model, widely used in the Atoll and Asset planning tools, is based on the empirical formula from Okumura-Hata model and certain set of parameters that can be tuned according to the actual propagation conditions: [2] The model provides with the path loss as a function of the distance and the base station height, using several coefficients or K-factors. [3] Values of the K-factors of Nokia Internal propagation model depend on the frequency band, environment clutter type and Macro/Micro deployment: [4] Remember that in case of Macro deployment, the 5G NB antenna is placed above the rooftop level of surrounding buildings. That is, the Base Station antenna height is higher than the average building height. [5] Whereas in case of Micro deployment or small cells, 5G NB antenna is placed below or on the rooftop level of surrounding buildings. In this case the Base Station antenna height is lower or equal than the average building height.

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Clutter Type

K-Factor values to be used can be Predefined or User Defined

K-factor values used in 5G LiBu tool were obtained based on the field measurements performed by Nokia for different clutter types and frequency bands

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© Nokia 2019

After selection of the propagation model, “clutter type”, also known as “Deployment”, has to be selected. [1] There are four options available in the tool: • Dense urban • Urban • Suburban • Rural [2] K-Factor values to be used can be Predefined or User Defined. [2] K-factor values used in 5G Link Budget tool were obtained based on the field measurements performed by Nokia for different clutter types and frequency bands. [3] In our case, we will use the k-factors corresponding to Macro Urban clutter type at 3.5 GHz frequency band.

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Slide excluded from Table of Contents LTE FDD Link Budget

Quiz

Which propagation model is not supported by the NEI 5G Link Budget Tool? 1.- Nokia Internal Model 2.- Close-in and Close-in Frequency (CI/CIF) 3.- COST231-HATA 4.- Propagation model based on 3GPP Technical Specification 38.901

12 0

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5G Link Budget ➢Introduction to Link Budget ➢NEI 5G Link Budget tool ➢General Parameters ➢Transmitting End ➢Isotropic Power Required ➢Receiving End ➢Service ➢Channel ➢Interference Margin ➢Additional Losses & Gains ➢Propagation General Configuration ➢Coverage Estimation 12 1

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Cell Range Calculation • Propagation models are intended to return the path loss value for a certain distance from transmitter to receiver • Propagation model can be presented also using more generic formula:

𝐿 𝑑 = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 ∙ log10 𝑑 + 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝐿 𝑑

- Path Loss - distance from 5GNB / cell range

• Such generic formula can be easily transformed to allow for cell range calculations, or maximum distance, in dependency on MAPL value estimated in earlier steps:

𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10

12 2

𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 −𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

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[1] All the propagation models are, by design, intended to return the path loss value for a certain distance from transmitter to receiver. [2] Fortunately, each propagation model can be presented also using more generic formula, where the path loss is equal to the “slope” constant that multiplies the logarithm of the distance and then, another constant, called the “intercept” term is added. [3] Such generic formula can be easily transformed to allow for cell range calculation, in dependency on maximum allowed path loss value estimated in earlier steps: [4] So the cell range or 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 is equal to: 10 to the power of the MAPL – the intercept term, divided by the slope.

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Cell Range Calculation 𝑃𝐿𝑁𝐼𝑀 = 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 ∙ log10 𝑑 + 𝐾3 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 + 𝐾5 ∙ log10 𝑑 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆

𝑃𝐿𝑁𝐼𝑀 = (𝐾2 + 𝐾5 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 ) ∙ log10 𝑑 + (𝐾1 + 𝐾3 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 ) Intercept

Slope 𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 −𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10

12 3

= 10

𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 −(𝐾1 +𝐾3 ∙log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 ) 𝐾2 +𝐾5 ∙log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆

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Let´s investigate how we can transform the Nokia Internal Propagation Model formula into something similar to what was presented in previous slide. [1] First we operate the expression to get the same layout as shown previously. (recording tip: leave 10 sec for the participants to familiarize with the mathematical expression) [2] Trying to identify the “slope” factor, that multiplies the logarithm of distance. [3] and the “intercept” term. [4] Finally we replace the intercept and the slope terms is the formula that provides us with the cell range. (recording tip: leave 10 sec for the participants to familiarize with the mathematical expression)

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Cell Range Calculation - Example DL

12 4

UL

𝐾1

24.50

𝐾2

43.50

𝐾3

10.00

𝐾5

-6.93

ℎ𝐵𝑆 (m)

15

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡

36.26

𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

35.35

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = (𝐾2 + 𝐾5 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 )

MAPL (Clutter)

145,55 dB

128,77 dB

Cell Range (m)

1235

414

= (𝐾1 + 𝐾3 ∙ log10 ℎ𝐵𝑆 )

𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = 𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 =

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𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 −𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 10

© Nokia 2019

Using formulas from previous slide, we proceed to obtain the cell range for our example. [1] First, we collect inputs needed in the formula: K1, K2, K3, K5 and the base station antenna height. [2] Using this expression, we obtain the intercept point. [3] Then we calculate the slope. [4] Finally, with the previous formula, and the values for MAPL, clutter considered, we can obtain the cell range, both in DL & UL. We need to stick on the shortest one, which is the 413,97 meters for Uplink. [5] Values should match with those presented in the link budget tool, rows 246, 249 and 252 from the tool.

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Coverage Estimation of Control Channels (CCH) •

Apart of the detailed coverage calculations for DL and UL data channels (PDSCH and PUSCH), 5G Link Budget tool provides also possibility of estimation of the coverage of certain DL and UL control channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PRACH and PUCCH

•

MAPL values (and finally estimated cell ranges) calculated for DL and UL control channels allow to compare its coverage with PDSCH and PUSCH data channels, providing information on the potential limitations coming from the signaling point of view Control channels required a minimum configuration (please refer to rows 157 through 167)

•

Note: Current tool version supports CCH coverage calculations for both CDL-D and EPA channel models 12 5

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Coverage estimation of control channels [1] Apart of the detailed coverage calculations for DL and UL data channels (PDSCH and PUSCH), 5G Link Budget tool provides also possibility of estimation of the coverage of certain DL and UL control channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PRACH and PUCCH. [2] MAPL values (and finally estimated cell ranges) calculated for DL and UL control channels allow to compare its coverage with PDSCH and PUSCH data channels, providing information on the potential limitations coming from the signaling point of view [3] Control channels required a minimum configuration (please refer to rows 147 through 157): • For the PDCCH we need to define the aggregation level • For the PRACH, the format • And for the PUCCH, besides the PUCCH, we define the number of allocated OFDM symbols per slot and the number of allocated PRBs.

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[4] Please note that current tool version supports coverage calculations for control channels for both CDL-D and EPA channel models.

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Coverage Estimation of Control Channels (CCH) •

In most of the cases, signaling will not become a limiting factor, nevertheless, for relatively low cell-edge user throughput requirements and not correctly chosen control channels configuration (for example PRACH preamble format), it might become coverage limitation

In most of the scenarios control channels will not be a coverage limiting factor

Effective cell coverage limited by PUSCH 12 6

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[1] In most of the cases, signaling will not become a limiting factor. Nevertheless, for relatively low cell-edge user throughput requirements and not correctly chosen control channels configuration (for example PRACH preamble format), it might become coverage limitation [2] In most of the scenarios control channels will not be the coverage limiting factor, as we can see in the plot: The channel with shortest coverage and therefore the one setting up the cell range is still the data channel in UL, the PUSCH.

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Site Area

Omni

3 sectors

3 sectors 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =

3 3 2 ∙𝑑 2

𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 3 ∙ 𝑑

𝑑

3 3 2 = ∙𝑑 8

𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙

𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 1,5 ∙ 𝑑

- cell range

𝐴

- area of cell/site/region

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6 sectors

(rhomboidal)

(hexagonal)

3 2 = ∙𝑑 2

𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 3 ∙ 𝑑

𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =

3 2 ∙𝑑 4

𝐼𝑆𝐷 = 3 ∙ 𝑑

𝐼𝑆𝐷 - Inter Site Distance © Nokia 2019

We continue with the calculation now of the site area. [1] For this calculation, besides the cell range, we will require information about the sectorization of the site, that is, the site layout. [2] Supported layouts by the tool are: [3] Omni, [4] 3-sector, with hexagonal shape for each sector or cell, [5] 3-sector, with rhomboidal shape for each sector or cell, [6] 6-sector configuration. [7] What is presented now are the formulas that provide with the cell area and the Inter-site distance as a function of the cell range, or “d” in the expressions. Once the cell area is known, we just need to multiple it by the amount of cells per site, to get

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the site area.

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Site Area - Example 3 sectors (hexagonal)

Cell Range (m)

Cell Area (km2)

Site Area (km2)

ISD (m)

414

0.111

0.333

621

𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 =

12 8

3 3 2 ∙ 𝑑 𝐴𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 3 ∙ 𝐴𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 8

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© Nokia 2019

Let´s practice on this by calculating the Cell area, Site area and Inter-Site distance for the example we are carrying out. [1] We assume a 3-sector layout for out site, with hexagonal shape for the cells. [2] We start from the cell range or dmax, obtained under an uplink limited scenario. [3] Using the proper formula from previous slide, we calculate the cell area. Result is 0.111 squared-Km. [4] The site area is just 3 times the cell area. [5] And for the 3 sector with hexagonal cell shape, the ISD is calculated as 1.5 times the cell range. [6] Once again we can see how close our results are to those provided by the tool.

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Coverage Based Dimensioning - Example Site Count (N)? 𝐴𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

𝑁= Site

𝐴𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

Area

Site Area (km2)

Deployment Area (km2)

Site Count

0.333

4

12

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So finally we execute the coverage based dimensioning, that is to estimate how many sites are needed to provide coverage to a certain area. [1] We already got the site area. [2] We need to know the size of the area over which we want to deploy the coverage. [3] so we will get the amount of sites needed [4] The actual calculation in this case is pretty straight-forward. We just need to round up the result of dividing the area we want to cover by the site area. [5] In our example the site area was 0.333 squared-km. [6] If we want to cover an small city of 4 squared-km. [7] We will need 12 sites. [8] The site count result appears on the last row of the link budget tool (row 293) and

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This module has shown the last part of the calculation, on which, starting from the maximum path loss and using a suitable propagation model, we got the cell range. With the cell range and the site layout, the site area was obtained. Knowing the area to be covered, is pretty straight forward to get an estimation of the amount of sites required, which is the outcome of the coverage based dimensioning and leads to the end of the procedure. We hope you have found it interesting and useful. Thank you and goodbye.

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