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40 Construction Projects

SWL

Ham Radio

RAD O-TV EXPERIME ;TER By the Editors of Science and Mechanics

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WHITE'S RADIO LOG Cover by Harold

88

R. Stluka

L. Johnson, Handbook Editor

Herb Siegel, Associate Editor, Handbooks Bill Wadkins, Assistant Art Director, for Handbooks

B.

G. DAVIS Publishe,

JOEL DAVIS Assistan- Publisher

Editorial Board

Published and Copyrighted 1960 by

DON DINWIDDIE

Editor

SCIENCE AND MECHANICS PUBLISHING COMPANY

A Subsidiary of Davis Publications, Inc. 450 East Ohio Street

Chicago 11, Illinois

Radio-TV Experimenter contains a selection of the most popular electronics projects and radio and TV maintenance articles that have appeared in Science and Mechanics Magazine, plus a number of projects and helpful articles on the same subjects appearing for the first time.

The

Science and Mechanics Handbook Annual No.

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1960-No.

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C.T.S. training covers every phase of this fascinating new subject. You get this comprehensive training starting with your first lessor. You learn Radar, Sonar, Television, Radio and Electronics in C.T.S.'s Complete course. This broader knowledge and greater understanding means more jobs and higher pay for you. Why be satisfied with less? You learn faster and better with Christy Shop- Method Home Training. It gives you all the training you need in a clear, simple, easy -to- understand way. Big pay, interesting work, immediate success, await those thoroughly trained in al' branches of electronics. And the C.T.S. Master Shop- Method Home Training Course is the only complete course in Radar, Sonar, Television, Radio and Electronics.

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Fun for the youngster or the veteran in the electronic field . A 3 -way transistorized pocket FM radio and tuner which tunes the complete FM band from 88 to 108.6 megacycles plus aircraft band from 109 to 145 megacycles. This fantastic set can be used in your car, home, or pocket, and needs no antenna or ground wires. Completely non -directional, this compact FM radio and tuner will play where all other radios have failed. Set has been demonstrated under an X -ray beam and near other electrical devices without any static or distortion. Featuring a two -stage circuit, this FM radio and tuner will produce music of top quality from stations located many miles from the receiver. Kit comes complete with easy -to -build instructions. KIT, Complete with Special HI -FI Earpiece with earmoid, cord, and plug, $29.96 postpaid. (less Earpiece, $26.95)

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CABINETS Slightly used crank style CABINETS (once used everywhere) for Home Hobby Shops. Complete with trans-

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279

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These plans are $1.50 each

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

New 7sotron,c Train ng Method'

LEARN TV REPAIR IN ONE SHORT WEEK Now, after years research -a 5

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INVENTIONS WANTED: WHEN you get an idea you think may be worth thousands of dollars -a brand -new product wanted by everybody ; a way to improve a product already in use; a lower -cost, easier method of servicing, making, or doing something-you can know exactly HOW and WHERE to cash in on it and make big profits. Our book, HOW TO FIND A BUYER FOR YOUR INVENTION, reveals hundreds and hundreds of needed inventions in every type of business. Lists 140 manufacturers who are eager to buy inventions (patented or unpatented) and pay top cash. Tells you WHO to contact and HOW to sell -helps you get the most cash or royalties for your ideas or inventions !

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RADIO TV £XP£RiMPNTF.R

Superior's New Model 70 UTILITY TESTER4

FOR REPAIRING ALL ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

and AUTOMOBILE CIRCUITS

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As an electrical trouble shooter the Model 70: Will test Toasters, Irons, Broilers, leafing Pads, Clocks,

Fans, Vacuum Cleaners, etc. Refrigerators, Lamps, Fluorescents, Switches, Thermostats, Resistances, Leakages, etc. Current, D.C. and A.C. Voltages, Measures A.C. and D.C. test is in operation. Will measure current consumption while the appliance under wKiic wm measure all Incorporates a sensitive direct -rea í3i resistance range motors, etc. resistances commonly used in elect-ical appliances, from zero ohms to 5 megohms Leakage detecting circuit will indicate continuity íT

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As an Automotive Tester the Model 70

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,

6

course in electricity. Learn by doing. This 64 -page book -practically o condensed a simOnly appliances and motors using Just read the following partial list plified troubleshooting technique. of contents: What is electricity? Model 70 comes Low Ohms of version Simplified complete with Simplified What is wattage? How to troce trouble n the elec64 page book How to measure wattage charts circuits and parrs in autotrical and test leads. voltage, current, resistance and mobiles and trucks. leakage How to test all electrical

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year pending Production of this Model was delayed a full staff of this new careful study by Superior's engineering oxJce mislead í0u= hale the tubes. lea testing latula method of units We claim Model 82A will outperform similar looking proof, we otter to ship it which sell for much more -and as on our examine before you buy policy. Model 82A comes housed in handsome,

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

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SEND NO MONEY Examine FREE For 5 Days SEND NO MONEY. Just fill out and mail this coupon and we will send the "Gem Hunter's Guide" to examine Free for 5 days at our risk. If you decide to buy the book, it may be the richest investment -in enjoyment and, perhaps, in cash returns-you ever make. So rush coupon for 5 days Free examination in your own home.

23

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

Terrific TRF

Portable

You'll find the Terrific outstanding from the standpoints of sensitivity, selectivity, tone and volume -and it costs less than $20 By FORREST

H. FRANTZ, Sr.

IF

YOU want a portable broadcast band receiver, but wish to avoid the cost and complexity of a superhet, the Terrific is the portable for you. The first transistor, Ti (see Fig. 3.) performs the dual function of RF am-

plifier and first audio amplifier. The audio signal is introduced to Ti through capacitor C4. The audio output signal The Terrific has a reflexed RF -audio stage, transformerless of T1 appears across R4 and is transloudspeaker operation, and is laid out for growth to o superhet or communications receiver. ferred to driver transistor T2 through capacitor C6. The RF signal is introduced to the base of T1 and appears across the loudspeaker directly. This stage is opL2 after amplification. The high -Q tuning erated class A, but current consumption has circuits C1A -L1 and C1B -L2 assure sharp been minimized. Current drain for the entuning and high gain. Diode D is the detec- tire set is approximately 20 ma. A 45 -ohm voice c o i l intercom tor. It rectifies the RF signal, type speaker permits TO SECURE and capacitor C7 smooths the /o CLEARANCE FOR IF BACK VIEW direct drive. Although O MAY peaks of the signal to provide WHICH TRANS. BE ADDED LATER. this arrangement rean audio signal across volume BEND TRANS. MTG. sults in a comparativeBRACKET FLANGE control R7. BACK ly low efficiency outTransistor T2 is the audio BEND UPPER EDGE put impedance match, closed The output stage driver. OF BRACKET AS it eliminates the need + TO KEEP IT FROM circuit jack between the driver 1 R BEING UNDER A ROW for a space -consuming OF CHASSIS BOARD and output stage permits headENLARGE THESE PERFORATIONS transformer or a minThe output reception. phone HOLES FOR MTG. R2 AND R7 iature transformer stage (transistor T3) drives LOUDSPEAKER MODIFICATION which would compro© A mise the frequency response and result in Ll poor tone.

_

REO.

Construction. Cut

CIA

off the shaft of on -off

switch

;

T3

Tcz RI

*

©

SEE TEXT

SCHEMATIC

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S1 at the groove nearest the switch. Cut the shaft of tuning capacitor Cl to a 13 /16 -in. length. Cut the shafts of the volume control R7 and the control R2 to 7/16 in. lengths. E n l a r g e the speaker mounting holes on the voice coil connection side of the speaker to 1/4 in. and mount R2 and R7 in these holes. Bend out-

24

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER CUT FIBER AT THESE POINTS TO REMOVE COIL FROM MTG. IIIIAIpI11111G

3

4

2

SEPARATE THE TWO WIRES THAT MAKE UP

MODIFICATIONS TO COIL

LI

THIS LEAD

SLUG ADJUSTING SCREW LEAD REMOVED FROM LUG 2 WHICH COMPLETES 3 CONNECTED TOG PIECE OF HOOK -UP WIRE WRAPPED PICK -UP LEAD. AND TWISTED AROUND COIL CUT TO 2" LENGTH AT THIS END

99-

MODIFICATION AND DETAILS L2

LOOSEN LEADS CONNECTED TO LUG 2. LEAD WHICH

COMPLETES CIRCUIT TO LUG IS RECONNECTED I

put transformer mounting flanges on the speaker up toward R2 and R7 slightly

transmission, other perforations must be blocked. A cardboard backing sheet was used to prevent front to back speaker sound interference; Fig. 6 shows the layout. Use a taper reamer to make the larger holes in the Masonite. The metal cabinet back is part of a commercially available cabinet, but you may cut and bend your own if you wish. Cut the perforated Bakelite chassis board with a hacksaw and pocket knife (see Fig. 7). (Cut -outs A, B and C mount IF transformers if the set is converted to a broadcast superhet or a communications superhet, a procedure to be described in a future issue. They may be omitted if you do not wish to have conversion capability.) Fasten the cardboard baffle to the perforated cabinet top with Duco cement. Mount the speaker, phone jack, tuning capacitor, and antenna coil as shown in Fig. 8. The side of the speaker on which the volume controls are mounted is held in place by a small metal clamp. This may be made from a strip of metal or by rebending a

small bracket. Place

enough washers between as shown in Fig. 2. 2 the tuning capacitor and LOCATE SQUARE Remove the antenna the Masonite board to obHOLE FOR loopstick coil Ll from its tain a 1/4 -in. space between JACK mounting board by cutting them. Fasten the Masonite into the fiber strip that 3Y cabinet front side to the 4 holds it on the board (Fig. tuning capacitor with a 4). Separate the two leads machine screw. Join the that are soldered together two pieces of Masonite to to form the tap on Ll. The a bracket at the other end. wire on this coil is litz Fasten the antenna coil to wire. Try not to break any the cardboard with Duco of the strands, but if you cement in the position do, apply solder further shown in Fig. 8. back on the lead ends. One small piece of perNow disconnect the two forated Bakelite should be leads connected to lug 2 fastened to the antenna of the interstage coil L2 EDGES TRIMMED DURING CONSTRUCTION coil with Duco, another (Fig. 5) and separate should be fastened above 6 them. The loose lead which the speaker clamp with a CARDBOARD BAFFLE LAYOUT makes a complete circuit nut to provide necessary to lug 1 is reconnected to lead tie -down points. Faslug 2. Connect the other lead (which makes ten the Bakelite chassis board to the speaker a continuous circuit to lug 3) to a piece of with a machine screw in one of the tapped hook -up wire twisted around the end of the holes on the back of the speaker. If the coil as shown. Cut the antenna pick -up lead output transformer mounting flange on the soldered to lug 1 of the coil to a length of speaker projects into the chassis board cut2 in. for connection to the stator of C1B outs, bend it further to allow clearance. The when the radio is assembled. Set the slug chassis screw also fastens a strip of metal adjusting screw to protrude 1/4 to 3/8 in. out 1/2 x 11/2 -in. cut from a tin can. This strip of the coil. is the common ground tie -down point. Cut Next cut out and drill the panel and cabi- gashes into the strip along all four sides so net sides. These should not be metallic since that you can crimp wires in place. complete metallic enclosure would shield the Try to make your wiring and parts placeantenna coil from radio signals. Perforated ment conform as nearly as possible to that Masonite was used for the top panel of the shown in Fig. 8 if you wish to convert the original model to simplify construction. Solid set later. Make connections on the chassis or perforated Masonite may be used for the board by passing the parts pigtails and wire sides. Although the Masonite perforations in lead ends through perforations. The tight front of the speaker are utilized for sound mechanical fit that results when two or three

i

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RADIOTV EXPERIMENTER

25

der. Regardless of the knob you use, a plastic pointer may be fastened to it. The fine black line on the pointer is made by scratching the line into the plastic with an ice pick and flowing India ink into the scratch. One of the controls, R2, to avoid passing leads is used only as a fixed through perforations so PERFORATED CHASSIS BOARD CUT OUT resistance in this circuit. situated that leads can It may be replaced with short circuit to the speaka fixed resistance of 10K if you don't intend er frame. Most of the resistors and capacitors mount to change the set to a communications super above the chassis board as viewed from the het receiver later. Or, you may use it as a back of the set. The transistors mount un- tone control of sorts by connecting a capaciderneath. Leave transistor T1 pigtails at tor of 0.1 to 1 mfd to it as shown in dotted least an inch long for easy conversion to a lines on the circuit diagram. The battery B1 consists of six large perdite superhet receiver later. Mount the interstage coil, L2, near the cells connected in series to provide 9v. To back of the tuning capacitor. The resistor fasten the six cells together, lay them side shown connected across the primary in the by side on a smooth surface and drop a quancircuit diagram should be connected only if tity of Duco cement between them. The the set oscillates after it has been placed in negative ends of the batteries should be the cabinet and aligned. It's value will be cleaned with a small file before the battery between 10K and 100K. Orient the coil ap- connections are soldered. Use as little heat proximately as shown in Fig. 8. Fasten a piece as possible to solder these connections. Drill two r/4 -in. holes in the metal cabinet of aluminum foil 1r/4 x 3 in. to the cardboard beneath the coil with Duco cement and make back adjacent to the carrying handle to proa ground connection to the ground tie -down vide access to the antenna and RF trimmers, strip from the bracket at the rear of the and drill a hole in the bottom to provide acpanel. Make battery leads about 9 in. long. cess to the RF coil -adjusting screw. A whip -type antenna (see Materials List) Three sections of the on -off switch are unused in this project. (They will be used if was used on this set. The antenna is furnished the set is expanded.) Set the on -off knob with a jack and plug. Mount the jack and pointing straight up and down when the solder the plug into it. The antenna may be switch is `off." Then, when the switch is screwed onto the plug for non -portable use. turned `on" it will point to the machine For portable use, the antenna is left fastened screw adjacent to it. Paint the head of this in the two fuse clips provided on the outside screw red to make it obvious when the set of the Masonite back as shown in Fig. 9. The clip nearest the antenna coil is used for the is "on." The shaft of the tuning capacitor specified connection. To place the radio in the cabinet, place a is slotted for a spring type push -on knob. If you wish to use a set -screw type knob, piece of thin cardboard 21 x 81 in. along build the shaft up to full round with sol- the rear of the metal cabinet and extending about '/z in. up the sides. Place the 9 -v. battery on the cardboard against the cabinet back and ends. Place a strip of wood 1/4 in. thick and about 6% in. long over the battery. Clamp the strip to the metal cabinet with a screw through the cabinet hole between the batteries. Push the battery leads back into the cabinet so that they won't interfere with the operation of the tuning capacitor. Ease the radio into the cabinet and fasten with self -tapping screws. Since the radio may be used in the "handle up" or "flat on its back" positions, provide rubber feet for both positions to avoid scratching furniture. (Fasten grommets to the cabinet with rubber-to -metal cement.) Paint or ink the tuning dial calibration on the cabinet front. Alignment. Since there's no IF alignment Part; layout of the Terrific.

parts pigtails are passed through one hole are very reliable electrically, but solder them for extra assurance. Cut excess lead lengths protruding through the bottom of the chassis board to about 1/16 in. Be careful

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28

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER MATERIALS

Desig. R11 RS

LIST- TERRIFIC

Description (%a Watt Carbon Resistors) 270 ohms 470 ohms

R3,R8

1K

R4. R10 R9

2.2 K 3.3 K

Rl

47K

R6 R2. R7 C2, C7 C5 C4, C6 C8 C3. C9 C10

68 K 10K volume control (Lafayette) VC -34) .001 mfd. subminiature capacitor (Lafayette C -609) .01 mfd. subminiature capacitor (Lafayette C -612) 4 mfd., 6v. subminiature capacitor (Lafayette CF -101) 10 mfd., 15v. electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -122) 30 mfd., 6v. subminiature capacitor (Lafayette CF -104) 100 mfd., 15v. electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF-126) 160 mfd., 15v. electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -127) 2 gang 365 mmf. variable capacitor (Lafayette MS -142) Texas Instruments 2N252 transistor Raytheon CK722 transistor Texas Instruments 2N185 transistor Sylvania IN 34A germanium diode battery, 9 volts (6 Ray -O -Vac 7R, Burgess Z or Eveready 915 penlite cells in series) miniature closed circuit phone Jack (Telex JPM -01) antenna coil -see text for modification (Miller 2001) interstage coil-see special instruction in text (Miller 2002 antenna coil) 4P, 2T switch and knob -use one section for on -off switching (Mallory 32 42J) 31/2" speaker, 45 -ohm voice coil (Quam 3A07Z45) perforated Bakelite chassis board (Lafayette MS -305) perforated Masonite board (Lafayette ML -81)

Cll C1AB T1 T2

T3 D

Bl

Ll L2 S1

SPKR 1

1 2 1

1 1

A

miniature knobs (Lafayette MS -185) knob for tuning dial metal cabinet back (Use back of ICA 29343 or make) handle for cabinet (available in hardware or variety store) whip antenna (Lafayette F -440)

or mixer tracking to worry about, alignment procedure is extremely simple. The preliminary adjustment of L2 described in the construction procedure will cause the set to be nearly in alignment at the low end of the broadcast band when construction is completed. The set should be mounted in the cabinet for final alignment. Align the high frequency end of the band by tuning in a weak station between 1400 and 1550 kilocycles and adjusting the trimmer capacitors on the side of the tuning capacitor Cl for maximum output. The antenna trimmer will

SET MAY BE USED IN EITHER

OF

POSITIONS SHOWN BY CHANGING THE ANTENNA MOUNTING ARRANGEMENT. THE ANTENNA TRIMMER SHOULD BE TUNED WITH THE ANTENNA IN THE POSITION IN WHICH IT WILL BE USED MOST FREQUENTLY

9 NON PORTABLE

seem to have the greatest effect on tuning. Adjust it till the station comes in at a point on the dial where the RF trimmer tunes the signal to maximum without being all the way in or out. Then tune the set to a weak station between 600 and 700 kilocycles and adjust the tuning slug of the interstage coil L2 for maximum output. Reset the tuning dial to the high frequency end of the broadcast band and readjust the RF trimmer for maximum output. Out of the metal cabinet the receiver may oscillate at the higher frequency tuning capacitor settings. If it doesn't oscillate when you fasten it in the cabinet and align it, this doesn't matter. But, if the set oscillates when fastened in the cabinet, you'll have to take remedial measures. First, check to be sure that the lead from L2 to the collector of Tl is as short as possible and is dressed against the speaker frame. The same applies to the lead to C1B. If the set still oscillates when it's fastened in the cabinet, connect a 100K resistor across the primary of L2 as shown in the circuit diagram. If oscillation still occurs, try 47K, 33K, and 10K, in turn till oscillation is eliminated. In the original receiver, the 100K resistor did the trick.

Iron Does Double Duty

Quite often a small file is needed to file corroded parts and wires clean before the application of solder. If you want to eliminate the necessity of hunting up such a file every time you have a soldering job to do, attach one to your iron's barrel with heavy solid wire. (You may have to break off the file's tang if it is longer than your iron's barrel.)- J.A.C.

Extending Radio Battery Life Many portable battery- operated receivers tend to cease operation long before the batteries have terminated their useful life. This is usually due to the set's oscillator shutting off because of reduced voltages on the tube elements. By increasing the signal feed-back voltage however, the oscillator will continue operation even on reduced voltages. A few extra turns of wire added to the "tickler" winding of the oscillator coil will boost the feedback enough to insure a longer battery life, and considerable saving in replacement dollars.

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27

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

SIX -METER

Amateur Band Converter If you're a Technician or General Class Amateur interested in six -meter operation, this simple low -cost converter will prove a boon to you for either fixed or mobile use By

JOE A. ROLF, K5JOK

THIS converter can be con-

Low in cost and simple in construction, the six -meter converter measures only 212x4 in. when placed in its homemade 1,32 -in. aluminum cabinet. With the tube shield in place it is less than 31/2 in. high. The cabinet is made in one piece with the exception of the removable end -plate through which the power cord passes.

structed with parts from most ham scrap- boxes, but even with new parts its cost will not run much over $5! Naturally, with only one tube, it is not as hot as many commercial multi -tube units, but it will generally hold its own with crystal- controlled converters costing much, much more. A 6158 triode -pentode is used -the pentode section as a mixer, the triode as a tunable local oscillator. Tuning is done with the receiver to which the converter is connected; as with a crystal-controlled unit. But with the local oscillator tunable from 47 Mc. to 54 Mc., a number of different intermediate frequencies can be employed. With a home broadcast or car radio, for example, the oscillator can be set at 49.4 Mc. so that 49.9 Mc. to 51 Mc. is received when the receiver is tuned across the broadcast band. With a simple screwdriver adjustment, the oscillator frequency can be changed for coverage of any desired 1-megacycle segment of the band. When used with a communications receiver, the oscillator can be set at 48 Mc. and the entire six-meter band covered by tuning from 2 Mc. to 6 Mc. This higher IF not only gives continuous tuning, but provides better image rejection than the commonly used lower IF. A 21k x 4-in. piece of 1/4 -in. Plexiglas, available at hobby shops and many radio supply houses, is used for the chassis. This material can be worked with simple hand tools and greatly simplifies construction. Construction, however, can be modified to allow the use of a mini-box or similar metal box. Details of the chassis are shown in Fig. 2. Screw holes for the tube socket and antenna

4

©

I

CHASSIS

4"

1;

(4-PLEXIGLAS)

jacks, J1 and J2, are not shown and should be positioned for the particular sized component used; 1/s x 1/4 -in. machine screws mount all parts. By using a 3/32 -in. hole, the screws will tap themselves into the soft Plexiglas. The four /8-in. holes are for mounting the chassis to its cabinet with Vs x -in. screws. The tube socket is placed in the middle of the chassis, the input and output jacks are centered at each end of the chassis, % -in. from the edge. Phono jacks are used and are mounted on top of the chassis with the solder lugs extending through a 1/4 -in. hole in the chassis. One jack is designated "Antenna Input", the other, "Converter Output." If the converter is intended primarily for mobile use, auto radio antenna jacks should be used in place of the phono jacks for direct connec1

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/

28

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

JI ANT.

RCVR. C3

J2

be about 114 -in. apart as there is no oscillator voltage injection other than by the coil coupling

tube capacity, and stray circui t capacity. Any form of direct coupling of the oscillator to the mixer R3 circuit will result in excessive 5K pulling (a change in oscillator frequency when the mixer is tuned). The oscillator has sufficient output for good conversion efficiency without direct connection to the mixer. The cabinet is a three-sided box of 1 /32 -in. aluminum (see Fig. 5). The power cord of the unit passes through the removable end of the HEATER C7 cabinet without unsoldering the R5 CONNECTIONS 47 power cord plug. As with the FOR USE WITH MMF chassis, the /8 -in. machine screws 12 V SOURCE tap themselves into 3/32 -in. holes. HEATER The converter is powered by 4 5 4 5 the receiver with which it is used. R6 SCHEMATIC Requirements are low; 100 to 12.n - -PLI 250v for the plate supply and 6.3 + (at 450 ma.) for the filament. I2V - -100 6V 100 These voltages are obtainable TO TO from most receivers with the aid 250 V 250V of their schematic. A power cord tion to the auto radio, or auto antenna. from the s hack's receiver or the auto radio Mount a three-lug terminal strip on the will also prove handy for powering other underside of the chassis between the output equipment. jack and tube socket. The ground (B- minus) The only difficulty that might be encounand B -plus leads of the power cord and R3 tered will be with a receiver having 12 -v connect to this strip. Capacitor C3 connects heaters or with an ac -dc set. In the case of a from the plate lead end of R3 to the lug on 12 -v BC receiver or auto radio, the filament the output jack. dropping resistor (R6) should be added to The oscillator and mixer coil forms are the circuit as shown. mounted midway between the tube socket If used with an ac-dc type receiver, B-plus and the antenna jack. It should be noted voltage for the converter can be taken from that two different types of slug -tuned forms were used. These were 1/4 -in. dia. scrap -box components, one from a discarded BC radio, MATERIALS LIST-6 -METER CONVERTER the other from a TV set. The form for the Desig. Description oscillator coil had a press -in type mounting Cl 20 mmf. ceramic or mica and was pressed into a 5/16 in. chassis hole C2 47 mmf. mica and secured with Duco cement. The other, a C3 250 mmf. mica C4 .001 mmf. disc ceramic plastic form, had no mounting clip and was C5 .001 mmf. disc ceramic glued to the chassis with the slug screw C6 47 mmf. ceramic or mica pointing downward. A hole in the bottom of C7 47 mmf. mica standard phono jacks J2 JI, the cabinet permits adjustment of the slug. 3 turns #28 DCC wire, close -wound next to grid end of U Two dissimilar coil forms were used to il- L1 4 turns #28 DCC wire, close -wound on 1/2" slug-tuned form L2 3 turns #22 DCC or enamel wire, close -wound on 1/4" slug lustrate the two methods which can be em- L3 tuned form (see text) ployed in mounting the coils, depending upon 3- contact power plug (Cinch -Jones P- 303-FHT & S-303PLI the forms available. In the event your scrap FHT) 2 megohm, 14 watt Rl box does not contain suitable slug-tuned 40,000 ohm, 1/2 watt forms, they can be obtained from a radio R2 5,000 ohm, %2 watt R3 service shop for only a few cents. Most serv- R4 10,000 ohm, %2 watt 47.000 ohm, 1/4 watt icemen save discarded coil forms and you'll R5 (for 124 heater source only) 12 ohm, 4 watt probably have several dozen to choose from. R6 1 6U8 tube For simplest construction, lay out the con- 1 small button 9 -pin socket, with shield 1/2 x /4" machine screws verter as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 4. However, 10 4 x 4" machine screws the only critical placement (besides keeping 1 Dc /8 1/4" Plexiglas, 21/2 x 4" leads short) is in the positioning of the RF 1 pc 1/22" (.0312) aluminum sheet, 6 x 7^ coils. The mixer and oscillator coils should 250

MMF

1

©

t

+

t

-

www.americanradiohistory.com

29

RADIOTV EXPERIMENTER An underside view of the Pleociglas chassis showing the placement of components. Three- conductor cable passes through the

chassis end -plate.

the receiver, but the ground connection of the converter's antenna coupling coil (L1) should be made with a .001 mfd.

capacitor.

Filament voltage will have to be supplied by an external 6.3 -v filament transformer, or a 6-v battery.

.

A 2 -ft. piece of 52ohm coax connects the output of the converter to the receiver antenna terminals. This lead can be any convenient length, though an excessively long lead will result in some loss of output. The input lead will depend upon the type of antenna used. Both leads should be fitted with phono plugs. Alignment of the converter is best done with the aid of a grid dip meter. Since this is a popular piece of equipment with hams, you should have no trouble borrowing one if you don't already have one. With power applied to the converter, check the oscillator output with the meter. Output should be from 47 Mc to 54 Mc, or can be adjusted over this range by changing the coil spacing. Once the oscillator is working, adjust its frequency for the desired IF. If the converter is to be used with a BC receiver, for instance, the CABINET oscillator should be set 550 Kc below 50 Mc, or at 49.45 Mc. You ALUMINUM will not be able to adjust the oscil- 32 lator to the exact frequency with the meter, but accurate adjustment can be made later. Next, adjust the mixer to about 52 Mc with the meter. With a low IF (such as 550 Kc) some pulling will be noted. This, however, is to be expected at 50 Mc. After the mixer frequency has been adjusted, readjust the oscillator frequency again. Once the converter has been roughly aligned with a grid dip meter, accurate alignment can be made with the aid of a six-meter

transmitter. While receiving a known, crystal -controlled frequency, adjust the oscillator until the sig-

i

4"

e BEND UP ALONG DOTTED LINES

I

I

I

NOTE: ALL HOLES NOT SPECIFIED, 3" DIA.

32

I

I

f I

S á

hr. 4

nal is tuned at the proper frequency by the IF receiver. A 50.1 Mc signal should be read at 650 Kc if a BC receiver is used, or at 2.1 megacycles with a 2 megacycles intermediate

frequency. With fixed operation, excellent performance has been obtained with a simple folded dipole, while the use of a two- element beam has shown that the converter has only slightly less gain and sensitivity than a multi -tube converter using a similar antenna system. For mobile operation the converter has been used with a 51 -in. BC -type antenna and has given very good performance on both ground wave and skip reception.

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30

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Two Transistor Utility Amplifier By

FORREST H. FRANTZ, Sr.

SCIENCE and electronic experimenters need an audio amplifier as a basic piece of laboratory equipment. An audio amplifier is useful for amplifying low audio signals, detecting and measuring low audio and ac voltages, signal tracing electronic equipment, and as an auxiliary amplifier to bring earphone equipment signals up to loudspeaker level. This amplifier will cost about $15 to build. It is a compact, self-contained unit that has its own batteries and loudspeaker; it needs no external power source or speaker. The input impedance is sufficiently high to permit its use with vacuum -tube circuits. Output terminals are provided for connection to an external meter so that a multimeter may be used in conjunction with the amplifier for measuring very small ac voltages and for audio signal tracing. An RF-IF probe which The utility amplifier can be used with a microphone as above extends its use for signal tracing is or as a voltmeter audio amplifier. also described. Circuit Operation. The circuit is shown in cause the amplifier to oscillate. Transistor Tl Fig. 2. The input signal is introduced at the is coupled to T2 through TR2, an impedance jack J. Capacitor Cl isolates any dc compo- matching transformer. Resistors R6 and R7 nents which may accompany the signal from set base bias for T2, and C6 bypasses audio the amplifier, but passes audio signals. The frequencies. Resistor R8 provides temperasignal is presented across 111 and R2. Re- ture stabilization for T2. sistor Rl is in the circuit to keep the input The collector of T2 is coupled to the speakimpedance high. This introduces some loss, er through output transformer TR3. This and if the amplifier is to be used with tran- transformerthe matches the relatively high colsistor circuits exclusively, Rl may be elim- lector load requirement (500 ohms) to the inated, with a direct connection from J to R2 much lower (3.2 ohms) speaker impedance. for increased gain. R2 is the volume control, Capacitor C7 carries the output signal from coupled to Tl through transformer TR1. The primary impedance of TRI is 10,000 J CI CT ohms, and the secondary imr-e RED. pedance is 2,000 ohms. Thus, BLACK the input impedance of Tl is RI GREEN T2 reflected back to the ampliBLUE R2 TI fier at 5 times its value. BLUET GREEN Resistors R3 and R4 bias the base of Tl. Capacitor C3 BLACK/ SPEAKER bypasses audio frequency \RED ó C signals. Resistor R5 biases the emitter of Tl and sta- B BOTTOM VIEW TI. \ bilizes operation over a wide E \\ range of temperature. CaINDICATES pacitor C4 bypasses audio signals. Without C4, gain would be reduced considJACK TAP LEADS SI erably. Capacitor C5 by- CENTER ON TRI,TR2,AND TR3 passes high- frequency sig- ARE NOT TO BE B npls in the collector circuit of T1 which might otherwise RF PROBE 51EMATIC

i

flt



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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

to an output terminal. An

dt3, oscilloscope may be con{ Kninal to monitor the out ot

,S

°mplifier.

& e o efi °

°

amplifier may be con-

47"

o

$ OG ,°

440` 4e ALL

HOLES

8

DIA

7' I

216

3"

_t~-

IS

18

.CUIT BOARD LAYOUT

(

15"

r81

16

TOP VIEW

)

9

o -,

.`

A4 '

"CA A

A

=A

A.

h-t

DIA HOLE

-

a

DIA

-

e

2"

-r x

'6"

4

A8

6 j

42

-

16

A

4 CORNER HOLES `X" LOCATED PANEL BOARD FRONT VIEW

I,. FOR FIT TO CASE

S

31

structed in the smallest amount of time if all parts are available when construction is begun (see Materials List), and if this work sequence is followed: 1) Prepare circuit board; 2) prepare panel board; 3) mount components on circuit board; 4) wire circuit board; 5) mount components on panel board; 6) wire panel board; 7) mount circuit board on panel board, and make interconnections. The circuit board as purchased is the right size, but eight of its perforations must be enin. (layout is shown in Fig. 3). larged to Panel board layout is shown in Fig. 4. The volume and tone of the unit will be improved if a piece of cardboard with a 2% in. dia. hole for the speaker opening is cemented to the back of the panel board. Trace dimensions from the panel board. The center for the speaker hole center is located by tracing the speaker mounting holes through the board onto the cardboard and drawing straight lines through diagonally opposite hole location 1A3

marks. Next, mount transformers TR1, TR2, and TR3 (see Fig. 5). Then, mount and wire the remaining components, making wiring connections on the bottom of the circuit board. Now mount the components on the panel board and wire as shown in Fig. 6. Cut R2's shaft to a length of %tt in. before you mount it. Fill the contact eyelets on the battery holder with solder to avoid later battery contact trouble. Note that two machine screws (Fig. 6) are 1% in. long. These are fastened to the panel board with nuts and lock- washers. One of these machine screws serves for speaker mounting, but both are provided to support the circuit board. A nut is placed on each screw with the top of the nut 7/8 in. from the

panel. The circuit board is mounted on these and fastened

with a nut on each screw. Don't turn them tight initially. You may want to loosen the circuit board to make inter - connections between circuit and panel board. Interconnections are: 1) TR3 secondary leads to loudspeaker;

2) C7 (negative) to T2 Collector; 3) S to

circuit board negative bus; 4) center terminal R2 to C2 negative; 5) battery plus to circuit board common return. Circuit board mountings.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

aa

MATERIALS LIST-UTILITY AMPLIFIER Desig.

Description 1/2 watt carbon resistors, 10% plus or minus 100 ohms 1K 4.7K 10K 47K 25K miniature volume control with switch (Lafayette

R8 R5, R7 R6 R3

Rl,

R4

R2, S1

Descriptie

Desig.

SPKR B

2%2 ",

3.2 -ohm PM speaker (La 6r battery-four RCA VS074 cells series connected miniature jack (Lafayette MS-282 binding posts (H. H. Smith 220 Ret. battery holder (Lafayette MS -170) 2yls x 3%" miniature perforated

VC -25)

C5

Cl C2 C7 C3 C4, C6 C8

TR1, TR2 TR3

Ti, T2

.01

mfd,

C

-612)

ba

MS -304)

75v

Ultraminiature

capacitor

(Lafayette

6%" miniature perforated

311 /IS x

boar.

M S -305)

.1 mfd, 400v tubular capacitor (Aerovox type P822) 4 mfd, 6v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -101) 10 mfd, 6v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -103) 30 mfd, 6v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF-104) 100 mfd, 6v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF-106) 100 mfd, 15r miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -126) 10K to 2K driver transformer (Lafayette TR -96) 500 ohm to 3.2 ohm output transformer (Lafayette TR -95) 2N321 transistor (General Electric)

3%

2 x

x 61/4" case (Lafayette MS -216)

knob (Lafayette MS -185) RF Probe Parts: R9, R10 C9

Dl

15K, %a watt carbon resistors (10 °0 100 mmfd mica capacitor (Aerovox CM -20B -101) Germanium diode (RCA or Sylvania IN34A) miniature plug -plug set (Lafayette MS -370) small plastic bottle approximately Va" diameter by long (available at drug store prescription counters) (Use Lafayette MS -281 plugs and about 2' of Belden 8411 shielded microphone cable for the input audio test lead) All components for this project may be obtained from Lafayette Radio, 165-08 Liberty Avenue, Jamaica 33, New York

300 OHM POTENTIOMETER

'

AC VOLTMETER MEASUR E2

OUTPUT IK

TERMINALS

110V

AC UNE

IRP AMPL FIER INPUT JACK

FILAMENT TRANSFORMER AMPLIFIER GAIN

I

ÉEZ

AC VOLTMETER ( MEASURE E I)

SET AMPLIFIER GAIN

FULL ON FOR CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENTS

WITH METER CONNECTED AT OUTPUT TERMINALS FOR MEASUREMENTS OF VOLTAGE TO AMPLIFIER INPUT, INPUT VOLTAGE AMP GAIN x E2 QCIRCUIT

8 The

probe fits in the small plastic tube standing behind it. Below, front panel mountings.

RF

FOR

CALIBRATION

Fasten the knob on the shaft of R2-S1 and turn on to full volume. Touch the tip contact on the phone jack. If everything's okay, you'll hear a faint hum, and you can mount the assembled amplifier in the case to complete the job. The amplifier may be used for audio signal tracing. The input probe lead is shielded with Lafayette MS -281 miniature phone plugs on each end. The sleeves supplied with the jacks should be replaced with more rugged 3/8-in. Bakelite tubing such as that used on test prods. The

IL LONG MACH, SCREWS FOR CIRCUIT BOARD MOUNTING

center lead attaches to the phone plug shell. A ground

lead about 5 in. long equipped with a Mueller Minigator clip should be connected to the shield

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4

RADIOTV EXPERIMENTER

at one of the plug ends. These plugs are used at both ends to allow easy attachment of the RF probe. The utility amplifier will drive an ac voltmeter. The red and black terminals on the front panel have been provided for connecting an external ac voltmeter. This allows the unit to be used for the measurement of small ac voltages and to check amplifier gain. To calibrate, use the circuit of Fig. 7. Set the meter to the lowest ac scale and adjust RP till the meter reads full scale. Now disconnect your meter and measure El with it. The full scale range of the amplifier-meter combination is 10% of El. Since transformer

33

coupling has been employed without feedback, the amplifier gain varies with frequency. The full scale sensitivity at 60 cycles is less than the full scale sensitivity at 1000 cycles. Be sure to calibrate at the frequency you plan to measure. The simple RF probe shown in Fig. 8 can be quickly attached to or detached from the input probe lead (described earlier) to trace RF and IF signals. The circuit for the RF probe is shown in Fig. 2. The level of the signal from the RF probe is low, so best results will be obtained if earphones are connected to the red and black terminals on the front panel of the amplifier.

SM -FP UNIT Increases Value of Receivers SM -FP unit mounted on Heathkit AR -3 receiver.

By FORREST

H. FRANTZ, Sr.

THE SM -FP ( "S" Meter -Front Phone) unit increases the utility of your receiver by providing a visual indication of relative signal strength for tuning, logging and comparison purposes. An earphone jack (regular or miniature size) on the front panel of the SM -FP unit allows you to connect earphones at the front of the receiver. No more groping around the rear of the receiver where phone jacks (and hot tubes) are frequently located. I don't know of any receivers with "S" meters which sell for less than $100. The addition of an "S" meter, therefore, adds considerable value to your inexpensive communications receiver. All of these advantages can be yours for less than $10.

The SM -FP unit "S" meter circuit connects to any receiver which has automatic volume control (AVC) without having to make any changes in the receiver circuit; simply tie the input terminals across the outer terminals of the receiver volume control. The secret of this simple universal type of connection? A transistor amplifier for the "S" meter. The unit is housed in a Bud CU-2104 Mini box, 21/4 x 21/4 x 5 in. and finished in grey hammertone. (The same size is available in natural aluminum as Bud CU- 3004.) The hole layout for the front of this box is shown in Fig. 4. A 3/8-in. dia. hole should be drilled in the center of the Minibox back and two small holes (about 1/8-in. dia.) should be drilled in one side of the back. Location of these holes is not critical; they are provided for the connecting cable and top of set mounting re-

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RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

34 R3 TI

RI TO AVG

METER)

(S

CI

(3)

+ TO COMMON

BASIC CIRCUIT

RETUR N

g" DIA (SCALE 416

ADJ.)

(SEE TEXT CONCERNING PHONE JACK CONNECTIONS)

DIA (METER)

-DIA 2

(ZERO ADJ.)

8

4

^

DIA. (BATT. HOLDER)

3 16

.40.J 3

11

©

9"

15"

16

16

I

X11,

15"

11.

16

16

3 16

REAR VIEW OF CIRCUIT BOARD

spectively. Mount the meter on the front of the Minibox. The perforated Bakelite circuit board should be prepared next. Layout for it is shown in Fig. 3. Use a hacksaw to cut out the circuit board and smooth the edges with a file. All hole centers coincide with perforations. Mount Rl, R3, and the battery holders on the circuit board. Carbon resistors, transistor, and capacitor are fastened to the board by passing the pigtail leads through the perforations. When junctions between parts occur as with R2 and the emitter of Tl-the pigtails pass through the same perforation. The common bus from the plus terminal of the battery is the long wire running the length of the circuit board in Fig. 5. This bus is returned through the connecting cable to receiver ground. The pigtails of components which return to this common bus are bent back against the board and soldered to the bus. The meter soldering lugs, the switch and the jack are connected while board wiring is in progress. The switch and jack leads should be about 2 in. long to allow positioning in the Minibox mounting holes. When circuit wiring has been completed, make up a four-lead cable of flexible wire for connection to the receiver. Keep the cable reasonably short. I used a 16-in. cable. It helps to use different colored leads. The leads connect to the plus battery bus, Rl and the phone jack. Since the phone jack shell connection returns to the plus battery bus, three of the four connections may be made to the phone jack as shown in Fig. 5 if your receiver is ac operated (has a power trans-

-

FRONT PANEL LAYOUT

former). Connections for ac -dc receivers are discussed below. The circuit board is held in place against the back of the meter by the meter connection screws. To assure a good fit and good electrical connections, place cardboard shims between the meter and circuit board as required to elevate the circuit board above the meter binding post studs. Then fasten the binding post screws in place. Fasten the jack and switch on the front panel to complete construction of the SM -FP unit. To fasten the unit to the receiver, place cardboard shims or use washers to obtain 1/s -in. clearance between the receiver top and the bottom side of the Minibox back. The front of the SM-FP unit slides onto the mounted back. Insert two of the self -tapping screws furnished with the Minibox in the appropriate holes on the top of the case to complete the assembly. The basic connection scheme for all receivers is the same, but the details obviously may differ. The Heathkit AR -3 receiver to which this unit was attached will be used as an example. The Heathkit AR -3 has an octal accessory socket on the rear of the chassis. Pin 1 of this socket is connected to receiver ground. Pins 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are unused. I connected a lead from socket pin 2 to the high side of the volume control of the AR -3. This is my detector voltage pick -up point which feeds to Rl, the "S" meter input. The volume control of the receiver is part of the diode load, and AVC voltage is taken from its upper terminal, the audio component being filtered off by a 3.3 Meg resistor and a .01 mfd capacitor. The correct connection point on practically any receiver may be found by locating the detector load and an RC filter with a 1 to 5 Meg resistor and a .01 to .1 mfd capacitor connected to the load. In most receivers, the volume control is part of the detector load and AVC is taken to the filter from this point. In any event, the detector voltage pick-off may be made without changing any wiring; you simply tap on. The earphone jack on the Heathkit AR -3 is connected across the output transformer secondary. The third terminal on the jack is connected to the speaker voice coil and feeds the output signal to the speaker. Insertion of the phone plug breaks the connection to the

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

35

Front view of perforated board.

in Fig. 7. If your receiver has an arrangement of this type, you may have to shield the AVC pick-off lead in the cable to prevent audio feedback. This feedback may occur whenever the phone jack is in a high impedance circuit. But it will rarely ever occur when the phone jack is in the low impedance output transformer secondary circuit as it is in the Heath kit AR -3. A note regarding the ground connection is in order since most

Rear view of wired SM-FP unit.

speaker. The phone jack on the SM -FP unit is simply an extension jack. I disconnected the speaker lead from the jack in the receiver and ran this lead to pin 5 on the accessory socket. I ran another lead from the high side (tip connection) of the phone jack to pin 6 of the accessory socket. These pin connections are connected through a mated plug on the connecting cable to their counterparts on the SM -FP panel jack. I used a defunct octal tube for the cable plug. Some receivers have the phone jack located between audio stages. A typical arrangement and the required change is shown PHONE JACK CHANGES WHEN JACK IS BETWEEN STAGES IN THE RECEIVER

AUDIO STAGE

B+

u

TO

(I)(3)(2)

ON SM -FP

PHONE

J

JACK SHIELD

OUT PUT STAGE

inexpensive receivers other than the Heathkit AR -3 are ac -dc operated. Chassis ground on ac -dc receivers is usually isolated from the de ground which is the common negative return of the set. If you're connecting the SM -FP unit to an ac -dc receiver, provide a fifth wire in the connecting cable. Eliminate the connection between the phone jack and "S" meter common on the SM -FP and insulate the phone jack from the Minibox. This may be done by enlarging the jack mounting hole and using fiber insulating washers. The "S" meter common connects to the dc common of the receiver which is usually connected to the negative terminal of the electrolytic filter capacitor or to the "low side" of the volume control terminal. The shell of the SM -FP phone jack connects to the shell of the phone jack on the receiver which is usually at chassis ground. The connections for the other three cable wires remain unchanged. Adjustment of the SM -FP is simple. Turn the receiver on and tune to a point on one of the short wave bands where there's no station or noise pick -up. Turn the SM-FP on and adjust R3 for zero meter reading. Then tune the receiver to the strongest station you can find. If the "S" meter circuit is working properly, the meter needle will be deflected. Adjust Rl for a meter reading just above the plus 30 db point if you're in a good signal pick -up area, or for an S -9 meter reading if you're in a relatively poor area. Now tune off station to a quiet point and readjust R3 for zero reading. You may want to readjust Rl after you get a better feel for the kind of S readings to expect. Readings are relative and are influenced by your antenna, the sensitivity of your receiver, the band and the place in the band at which stations are received. The important thing is that the S meter allows you to tune your receiver for maximum input and gives

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36

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER MATERIALS LIST -SMFP UNIT

Description

Desig. R4 R2

Ti RS

R3 R1 C1

B M S

100 ohm. /2 w carbon resistor (10 ^ ^) 470 ohm, V2 w carbon resistor (10^^) 2.2K. /z w carbon resistor (10^,) 10K miniature potentiometer (Lafayette VC -32) 1 Meg miniature potentiometer (Lafayette VC -38) .02 mfd. 200 v capacitor (CornellDubilier Cub) 2N508 transistor (GE) phone jack (Lafayette MS282 for miniature plug or Swilchcraft 11 for standard phone plug) two 1.5 v penlile cells series connected (Eveready 912) S meter. 0 -1 ma movement (Lafayette TM -11) SPST toggle switch (Arrow -Hart and Hegeman 20994 -BF) two -cell battery holder (Lafayette MS -138) Minibox case (See Text) perforated miniature Bakelite board (Lafayette MS305) knob (Lafayette MS -185)

you a better estimate of signal strength than you would otherwise have. I point this out to emphasize that critical calibration of the meter is not required. After you've experimented with the S meter and your receiver for 30 minutes or an hour, you'll be able to set Rl for satisfactory meter deflections. If the zero signal meter reading changes after the receiver has been operating for a few minutes, it's probable that heat from the receiver is causing the drift. Bend the transistor as near as possible to the center of the Minibox to minimize temperature drift. As

Eliminating Tape Recorder "Click" Does your tape recorder leave an audible "click" on the tape every time you depress the stop button while recording? Instead of clipping click from tape while editing, eliminate

an additional measure, the distance between the top of the receiver and the bottom of the Minibox may be increased to 1/4 in. Of course, you can mount R3 on the panel of the SM -FP unit if you wish, but this permits accidental displacement from the zero setting. This extreme should not be necessary. I might add that I didn't encounter noticeable zero drift with my Heathkit AR -3, but it has a wooden cabinet. I call attention to the possibility because it might occur if your receiver has a metal cabinet. The "S" meter works in this way: The detection voltage of the receiver is fed through Rl to the base of transistor Tl. Rl is an adjustable meter sensitivity control. The combination of Rl and Cl filters audio from the signal and passes only the negative dc level of the detection voltage (which depends on received signal strength) to the base of Tl. Transistor Tl is a dc amplifier. A very small change of current to the base of T1 is amplified to values as great as 1 ma to drive the S meter. Resistors R3, R4, R5 and the meter form the transistor collector load and meter zero (null) set circuit. Resistor R2 provides do stabilization for transistor Ti to minimize drift and also increases the base input circuit impedance. Signal Boosters for Portables In many portable radios there is no antenna loop of the conventional type, only a "loop stick." Signal sensitivity on such sets can be appreciably increased by winding two to three turns of insulated wire around the stick, one end of this added wire connected to an outside antenna. No ground is needed. You can also, if the set has a loop, wind a one or two-turn primary over the loop, giving a step -up in voltage. Finally, if you don't wish to incorporate either of these primaries in the set's cabinet, you can make a one -turn loop of heavier insulated or bare wire stapled to a wood block and hung upside -down over the receiver as close as possible to the set's loop and in the same plane, one end of this heavy wire loop going to an outside antenna as be-

fore.-P. it beforehand by manually rewinding an inch or so of the tape back on the supply spool before starting to record again. -JomN A. COMSTOCK.

Preventing Shorts on Breadboard To prevent short circuits on a breadboard circuit, tape the wire leads to the chassis with masking or plastic tape. This will also improve the appearance of the layout and permit casier tracing of the wires. -Joua A. COMSTOCK.

M. ARMSTRONG.

Russia Gaining "Hams" If they can crack the language barrier,

American ham radio operators may have 25,000 new correspondents by 1961 -in the USSR. Radio, a Soviet magazine published in Moscow, reports that more than 50 radio clubs in Russia now claim 100 transmitters or more. It said that a drive is in progress to reach a goal of 25,000 Russian radio amateurs by 1961. Russian amateurs will operate in the frequency ranges 3.5 to 3.65, 7 to 7.1, 28 to 29.7, 114 to 146, and 420 to 435 megacycles.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

37

Miniature Multimeter

a This multimeter fits in a coat pocket, has a special meter protection feature and you can build it for about $10

IF

.

.

A worthwhile and gratifying construction project for beginning experimenters, this miniature multimeter is also an exceedingly practical piece of test equipment.

ALLOWED only one instrument, most technicians would select a multimeter. With it, you can shoot trouble, learn how electronics equipment operates, evaluate the performance of electronic gear. You can check for shorts or opens, measure ac and dc volts and milliamperes; and measure ohms. And from these measurements you can compute power, capacitance, and inductance. This miniature multimeter is designed to measure a wide range of electrical quantities. Accuracy on the dc voltage, milliampere, and ohm ranges is good; accuracy on the ac ranges is not quite as good-unless you calibrate the ac ranges -but it's adequate for most purposes. The limitations of the meter are reasonable in view of its low cost and small size. These are its ranges: dc volts: 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 ac volts: 10, 50, 100, 500 do ma: 1, 100 ohms: 0 -50K (1.5K at meter mid-scale) 0 -100K (3K at meter mid -scale) Scale switching is accomplished with range

switch Sl, the push button switch S2, and by the input jack circuit made up of J1, J2, and J3. If you buy 1% precision resistors for Rl thru R6, the total cost will be slightly over $10. You can save close to $2 by selecting resistors Rl thru R6 from standard tolerance resistors. Use a Wheatstone Bridge to measure resistance (Wheatstone bridges are available in the science departments of most high schools and the physics departments of most colleges), or use the ohmmeter ranges on a good vacuum tube voltmeter (VTVM) such as the Heathkit V -7A. If you set the zero adjust and the ohms adjust controls carefully for zero and full -scale deflection of the meter, you can select resistors within plus or minus 2% very easily, and you can expect to get close to 1% if you're careful. This method is most accurate near meter center scale. After you have all of the parts together, drill the chassis box (Fig. 3). Next, letter the front panel with India ink. Wash the box in warm sudsy water, rinse, and dry thoroughly before marking. A piece of thin plastic or clear celluloid cut to fit over the panel markings will assure permanence. Trim the holes with a pocket knife, and while you have

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38

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

t

ACTUAL SIZE B

A

vvC

II

J

C1C

Rg

METER SCALE

S2

S2

-28.2

J2

C

500 OHMS MA

I

5

10

50 100 500

T

RB

I

K

1.5 K

5K IQK 50 K

SI

J3

RESISTANCE METER READING(MA.) 200 OHMS .87

C

IK

3K

.23 .05 .03

Ié DIA 6

8

5" 116

©

OHMMETER TABLE

MATERIALS LIST-MINIATURE MULTIMETER Description 0.67 ohm resistor (61/2 of #30 insulated wire) Rl 935 ohm resistor, %2 w, 1% R2 4,935 ohm resistor, %2 w, 1% R3 10K resistor %2 w, 1% R4 50K resistor, %2 w, 1% R5 100K resistor, 1/2 w, 1% R6 500K resistor, 1/2 w, 1% R7 1K resistor, 1/2 w, 10% R8 2.7K resistor, 1/2 w, 10% R11 58K resistor, 1/2 w, 10% R10 100K resistor, 2 w, 10% R12 1K miniature volume control (Lafayette VC -32) Cl 10 mfd, 150 v miniature electroytic capacitor (Aerovox SRE type) J1, J2, J3 miniature phone jacks (Lafayette MS -282) single pole, 10- position miniature switch (Grayhill S1 5001.10) miniature push button switch (Lafayette MS-449) 52 M 0.1 ma miniature panel meter (Lafayette TM -400) D selenium rectifier (Sarkes Tarzian 50) BI, B2 1.5 v penlile cell (Burgess #7) 1%x 2%8 x 4" aluminum chassis box (LMB -00) miniature knob (Lafayette MS -185) small standard knob (Lafayette K N -19) miniature phone plug (Lafayette MS-281) Desig. R9

43"

I

13

-S0 K

4 lu

23

.02 .86 .75 .5 .37

10

2-"1_

.5

5K

100 K

SCHEMATIC

.75 .6

Iq

16

1

LAYOUT

the rubber cement handy, cut out and fasten the meter scale (Fig. 4) on the front of the meter glass. Next, assemble resistors Rl thru R8 on the rotary switch as shown in Fig. 5. This portion of the wiring is shown inside the dotted line on the schematic, Fig. 2. The numbers indicated on the switch contacts correspond to the numbers on the back of the Grayhill rotary switch (S1). Switch position #9 is not used. Check push button switch S2 to be sure that it makes good contact in the normally "ON" position. If you can detect any resistance at all between these contacts on the low ohm scale of a VTVM, clean and bend them to provide a low resistance contact. Since this switch is in series with R9, the shunt for the 100 -milliampere meter range, contact resistance can impair accuracy. Cut the shaft of potentiometer R12 so that it extends 3/4 in. beyond the potentiometer

bushings, and mount R12, S2, J1, J3, the meter and the S1-R1 through R8 range switch assembly (see Fig. 6). Wire from the meter plus terminal to the middle terminal of R12 and from there to terminal 10 on switch Sl. Connect a wire to the upper terminal of R12 and let it hang loose for the moment. Connect a wire from the switch arm of S1 to the contact of J3 designated as "C" in the schematic. Connect a 21/2 -in. length of wire from contact `B" on J3 to the plus terminal of rectifier D. Connect the other terminal of rectifier D to terminal "C" of jack J2. Next, mount J2 on the chassis, positioning rectifier D as shown in Fig. 7. Note that the terminals are bent to avoid the possibility of a short. The connecting wires hold the rectifier in place. Run a wire from contact "B" on S2 to the minus terminal of the meter. Connect another lead from the meter minus terminal to contact "A" on J3. Now connect the minus lead of Cl to the meter minus ter-

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39

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER Step-by-step construction of

multimeter (see text).

minais, and provide tape insulation if necessary to protect against shorts. The test leads are terminated with Mueller Minigator clips at the other end. A wooden matchstick taped to the clip end of the positive lead stiffens it and allows you to use this lead as a probe. To measure dc volts or ohms, plug the test leads in the ohm -dc jack (J3) and choose the range with Sl. Use R12 to zero -set the ohmmeter with the leads shorted when you want to make the resistance measurements. You must depress S2 to get the correct reading. When S2 is not depressed, R9 shunts the meter to protect it against burnout if you should accidentally select too low a range. When you depress S2 to take a reading, the natural reaction to a pegging needle is to release the button. You're warned

minal and the plus lead of Cl to the plus terminal of rectifier D. Place the negative lead of Cl under the negative terminal screw and solder the other two leads to the negative Cl lead. Connect one end of R9 to contact "C" of S2. Resistor R9 is made by folding 61/2 ft. of #30 insulated copper wire on itself till it

1 in. long. Insulate R9 with tape, and tape it to the meter case. Next, connect R11 from A on J3 to B on J2. Connect R10 from "B" on J2 to "C" on J3. Connect the loose end of R9 to the junction of Rl thru R6 on the switch assembly (Fig. 8) Connect R7 to the terminals at the upper end of the battery holder to form a junction. Connect the loose end of the wire previously connected to the upper terminal of R12 to the remaining plus battery terminal. Connect the loose end of R8 to the remaining negative battery terminal. Then insert the batteries in the holder and fasten the holder to the chassis with a self-tapping screw. If the FA screw is long enough to threaten the batteries, use washers under its head. Completed construction is shown in Fig. 9. Putting the knobs on completes the work on the front side. The "A" terminals of jacks Jl, J2 and J3 are grounded to the chassis case and therefore connect to each other through the chassis. The test leads connect to a single jack plug. You'll have to ream out the back end of the plastic plug handle to pass the wire through it. I used #20 solid hook -up wire for my test leads. Don't strip more of the wire than you must to solder to the jack ter-

is

.

of very severe overloads

.

that could damage the meter if S2 were quickly depressed and released by higher than usual readings before S2 is depressed. To measure milliamperes, select milliamperes with Sl. The range is 100 ma if S2 is not depressed, 1 ma if it is depressed. To measure ac volts up to 100, plug the test leads into the ac low jack (J2) and use the 10, 50 or 100

volt positions of S2. Again, you must depress S2 to get the appropriate reading. You can use the 1 and 5 volt positions on S2, but they're very inaccurate on ac. To measure voltages between 100 and 500 volts, plug the leads into the high ac jack (J1) and set S1 to the 100 volt setting. Depress S2 to take the reading. Don't change jack plug-in positions with the test clips connected to a voltage! When you feel sufficiently confident that you won't be jeopardizing the meter by picking a wrong scale or overloading it in some other way, you can change the connection on terminal "C" of S2 to terminal "A." Then the meter will read properly without depressing

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40

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

S2. If this change is made, S2 is depressed

111

only when the 100 ma

range is desired.

When S2 is not de-

pressed, the

1 ma range is connected if the range switch is set to ma after the

change has been

10

made.

For current measurements, the meter is connected in series with voltage source and load as shown in Fig. 10A. For voltage measurements the meter is connected in parallel with the

A

CURRENT

LJ B

VOLTAGE

voltage source or

dropping element as shown in Fig. 10B. To determine power, measure current thru the load and voltage across the load. The power in watts is equal to volts times amperes. To determine capacitance or inductance use the arrangement of Fig. 10C. Adjust the variable resistor till the ac voltage across the capacitor or coil equals the voltage across the

8 C CAPACITANCE OR INDUCTANCE (ADJUST

UNTIL VI

measure the resistance. For a capacitor, 2650

where C is the capacitance in microfarads and R is the resistance in ohms. For a coil:

"R"

ligible. It isn't reasonable to use this scheme for coils with inductances of less than 100 millihenries. But filter chokes and audio coils may readily be measured using this method. Can the scheme be extended to take in lower inductances and lower capacitances under any circumstances? Yes, but

resistance. Then,

C-

V2)

9

L = .00265R where L is the inductance in henries and R is the resistance in ohms. This method is approximate. The accuracy is good for all types of capacitors 0.1 mfd or greater except for low- voltage electrolytics. This measurement method should not be used on electrolytic capacitors rated under 100 volts. The scheme is not as accurate for lower than 0.1 mfd capacitance because the capacitive reactance is much greater than the meter impedance. The accuracy of inductance measurements is not too good because of the resistance inherent in the coil which this method assume:, as neg-

you'd need a higher frequency source than the ac line 60 -cycle frequency and you'd need a more sensitive meter. Jacks J2 and J3 perform some of the switching requirements. Contact `B" is connected to "C" in any jack if the plug isn't inserted. If the test lead jack plug is inserted, `B" is disconnected from "C" in that jack. If the jack plug is inserted in J3, dc can pass directly into the switch arm of SI. If the jack is inserted in J2, the ac input is rectified by D, filtered by Cl and applied to the switch arm of S1 via contacts `B" and "C" on J3. For economy reasons, a half -wave selenium rectifier was employed in this miniature multimeter. This rectifier can't handle voltages much greater than ac line voltage. Therefore, the divider consisting of R10 and R11 was provided to reduce thevoltage on inputs up to 500 volts for use with the 100 volt range switch position when the jack plug is inserted in J1.- FoaftEsT H. FRANTz, Sa.

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41

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Three -Transistor Portable This receiver, in spite of its simplicity and low cost, has

high sensitivity and selectivity

By

FORREST H. FRANTZ, Sr.

HERE'S a simple receiver that will

pick up plenty of

stations with loud-

speaker volume. The circuit (Fig. 2) is novel in several respects. Transistor Tl is em-

ployed as a combination regenerative RF stage and stabilized audio amplifier, with base and collector circuit tuned to provide high RF gain and selectivity. The selectivity and gain characteristics are enhanced by capacitive feedback and the hi-Q

ferrite antenna coil. The amplified RF signal is detected by diode D, and the resulting audio signal is fed via capacitor C3 to the

than that of most small, commercial transistor receivers.

Tone of this simple portable is better

I I

T3

WIRE PICK-UP

I.

CIA

r--

B

71,72

LEAD SEE

RED DOT B E

(BOTTOM VIEWS)

base of Tl for a second trip through. Coil L2 looks like a short circuit to the amplified audio signal and the signal appears across

volume control

R5.

Transistor audio amplifier stages T2 and T3 build the signal up to loudspeaker driving

L3 Ç 10

ISIC GREEN

BROWN

level.

Construction. The

original three- transistor portable was housed in a "do -it- yourself' SCHEMATIC case constructed from a length of 1 x 4 with a perforated Masonite front and back (see Materials List). Shave the front edges of the cabinet on the left -hand side to clear for the edges of the loudspeaker and fasten a 1/2 x 1/z

x 7 in. wood strip to the bottom of the cabinet to hold the batteries. Fasten a piece of Masonite 21/4 x 83/4 in. with a 3/4 x 13/4 in. triangle cut from the front right corner (to allow

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

42

frame. The volume control and switch

(R5 -S), the phone jack

(J), the loudspeaker

TO R5

CIO TG

To

JTN CIO, R10,

S

J

(SK) and ferrite antenna loop (L1) mount on the front panel. Cement a piece of cardboard to the front panel, making holes as required for mounting parts with a pocket knife. Draw a 51/2-in. dia. circle on the cardboard with center at approximate speaker center. Punch holes in the cardboard within this circle with an ice pick, entering from the perforations on the front. Cut the shaft of R5S to a length of 3/8 in., and mount R5 -S, SK, Ll, and J. Cut a square hole,

3/a

in. on a side

into the cardboard

T3-E/

around the panel hole for J; the jack collar isn't long enough to accommodate the extra thickness of the cardboard. Mount L1 on two 11 -in. right angle brackets fastened to the front panel, and fasten the output transformer (L3) on the loudspeaker (SK) by soldering at the mounting flanges.

Connect

the transformer leads and provide a ground lead from the speaker frame to the ground terminal on the jack. Next, cut the shaft of Cl to 3/4-in. length JTN JTN J TN R6, R8, C9, T2-C D, and mount Cl on the C2, C3, R2, RI R3, R4, TI -E board with 6-32 x 4 in. machine screws. Circuit board layout, top (ubove) and bottom (below). Modify L2 by disconnecting one of the conclearance for the volume control) to the skie nections to the center -tap (unmarked) lug. of the case with a small screw and bracket, Heat the lug and shake off the solder. Then, and to the bottom of the case with a 13/4 -in. with heat applied to the lug, use needle nose screw through a scrap block to complete bat- pliers to loosen the lead with several gentle tery holder. tugs. Be careful not to damage the litz wire. The receiver proper is constructed in two This modification changes the coil from a sinbasic units: circuit board (Fig. 3); and front gle- winding tapped coil to a two -winding panel (Fig. 4). The circuit board contains coil. Fasten the coil on the small right angle most of the components and fastens to the bracket and mount on the circuit board. Profront panel with two machine screws and ceed with circuit board wiring. Determine nuts terminating on the tuning capacitor correct pairing of the windings on L2 with

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43

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

MATERIALS LIST-THREE -TRANSISTOR PORTABLE Description Watt Carbon Resistors, 20 °o Tolerance

Desig.

iz

R10 R3, R7

270 ohms 1K

R8

2.7K 6.8K 22K 47K 68K

Rl R4 R9 R2, R6

1K miniature volume control with switch (Lafayette VC -26) 365 orni. tuning capacitor (Lafayette MS -142 C2, C5, C11 .01 mid., 600 -v tubular capacitor (Cornell- Dubilier "Tiny Chief ") 6 mfd., 15-v miniature electrotytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -104) C9 30 mid.. 6 -v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette CF -104) C3, C6 C4, C8, C10 100 mid., 6 -v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette

55 -S

C1AB

2 -pang

C7

100 mid., 15 -v miniature electrolytic capacitor (Lafayette

CF-106)

Ll L2 L3

Ti T2 T3 D J

SK

8

CF -126) transistor loop antenna (Miller 2000) transistor antenna coil; see text for modification (Lafayette MS -299) 500:3.2 ohm transistor output transformer (Lafayette TR -95) 2N168A NPN RF transistor (General Electric) 2N214 NPN AF transistor (Sylvania) 2N408 PNP AF transistor (RCA or Sylvania) diode (RCA 1N54A) miniature phone jack (Lafayette MS -282) 6" PM loudspeaker. 3.2 ohm (Lafayette SK -27) six 1.5 -v flashlight batteries, series connected (RCA VS036) 311/1, x 63/4" miniature perforated wiring board (Lafayette MS-305) two 734 x 111/8" perforated Masonite boards (cut from two Lafayette ML -81 boards)

two 11 1/8" lengths from 1 x 4 two b/e" lengths from 1 x 4 miniature knob (Lafayette MS -185) tuning capacitor knob (made from standard size surplus knob and thin plastic) earphones of 500-1000 ohms impedance handle, bracket screws

an ohmmeter or a continuity checker. Fasten the wired circuit board to the front panel and complete the wiring. The antenna pickup lead is a 10-in. length of hook -up wire fastened mechanically (but not electrically) to the ferrite antenna loop (LI) mounting board. Fastening the knobs to the front panel

completes receiver construction. Set the L2 slug screw to extend about % in. beyond the end of the coil. Turn the trimmer on CIA all the way in, and then release it about 1/4 turn. The trimmer on C1B should be turned all the way in and then released 2 turns. When you feel sure everything is right, solder in the batteries (using as little heat as possible), and try the set. If the set squeals, move the lead to the stator lug of C1B away from the stator lug and associated surface of C1A. This lead provides the collector to base capacitance shown in Fig. 2. Tune to a station around 1400 kc, and adjust the C1B trimmer for maximum signal. Then tune to a station around 600 kc and adjust the slug of L2 for maximum signal. Now adjust the position of the C1B stator lead relative to the CIA stator for maximum sensitivity without oscillation. You may find it advantageous to open the

Back view of completely assembled

front panel.

C1A trimmer considerably or to add turns to Ll by winding some of the "high -end" lead on the ferrite core. The plates of CIA may be bent to improve tracking. The important things are to

be sure that you can tune the entire broadcast band, and that you have the greatest possible sensitivity over most of the band. Don't overlook the fact that this receiver is very directional! If you wish to miniaturize this set, use a Miller 2001 or 2004 for Ll, a Lafayette SK-65 (21 in.) for SK, and six penlite cells for B. Coil LI should make a right angle with L2 (but keep Ll horizontal), and these two coils should be separated as much as possible. Coil L1 should be kept away from the speaker or other metal surfaces. 41111111111b,

Looking into opened case from front.

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44

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

The Little Mute r 1

A Noise Limiter For The Ham Station

The Little Muter, simple, inexpensive und

By

ettective.

HOWARD

S. PYLE,

W7OE Photos by John

F.

Hoyt

or reducer, as you please, which required no battery or other source of power, was small and compact and could simply be inserted in the headphone or speaker leads from the receiver. I have used this device in CW traffic net message exchange for several years I would be completely snowed under without it! While I do not habitually work in the phone bands, the listening I have done there indicates that this little limiter is every bit as effective on phone signals as with CW. Were all parts for this unit to be purchased new, the total cost would be less than $5. With the possible exception of the crystal diodes, everything is readily available in your own station's scrap -box. The unit is completely contained in a Bud Minibox which measures just 21/4 x Internal view of noise limiter showing component mounting on tie points. 21/4 x 4 in. Figure 3 gives the schematic. In my own unit DISSATISFIED with the rather dubious (see Fig. 2), I mounted capacitor Cl, the two noise -limiting circuits usually built into crystal diodes Xl -X2, and the fixed resistor the average communications receiver, I Rl between two Birnbach #1388 lug terminal conducted a number of experiments with the strips (tie-points) which were in turn secured hope that they would lead to a better signal- to the inside of the Minibox at a spacing of to -noise ratio than conventional designs 1 in. Volume control R2 mounts on one end seemed to offer. I wanted a noise -reducing of the cabinet with the toggle switch S1 didevice, rather than something that took hold rectly below it. The opposite end of the Mini when the noise reached a certain level. In box mounts the "Phones" jack near the botaddition, my aim was to attempt to make such tom and, near the top center, a rubber groma circuit function as an audio noise reducer, met in a suitable hole to take the cord from with no attempt to reduce the noise pick -up the phone plug. Small decals, available at any in the antenna circuits, and to make such a radio supply store, mark the controls and add device an accessory to the receiver, requiring the professional's touch. no modifications or changes in receiver cirUse caution in wiring the two diodes. Make cuitry. sure that their polarities are in opposition I came up with an extremely simple limiter, positive to negative at each end, as shown

...

-

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45

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

CI

XI

i

in the schematic. Use care, too, in soldering to the pig -tails of the diodes since they are JI R2

HEADPHONES

TIP

(OR SPKR.) ri ria IN HLRf:

/`

TO SLEEVE INSERT THIS PLUG IN 'PHONES" JACK ON RECEIVER (OR CONNECT

MATERIALS

LIST -NOISE LIMITER Description

Desig. S1 R1

X1. X2

Cl

SCHEMATIC

TO "SPKR." TERMINALS)

SPDT toggle switch 15 megohm 2 -watt resistor Sylvania 1N34 crystal diodes

R2

.0025 mid. fixed capacitor 10 megohm volume control

J1

open

P1

phone plug

(Mallory

U -20)

circuit phone jack

Bud Minibox (CU -3003)

easily damaged by too much heat. Solder quickly, but be sure it's soldered. To install, plug the phone plug into the "Phones" jack on your receiver and plug your headphones into the jack under R2 on the Little Muter. That's it! If you prefer speaker operation, insert the Muter in the same way in the speaker leads. You'll find that Little Muter will cut your audio output, but no matter -with the excessive gain available in modern receivers, this merely means compensating for any loss of audio by running the audio gain control at a slightly higher setting. BUT, you'll find that while the signal comes up, the noise does not come with it in the same ratio! That what you want? I did, and Little Muter gave it to me! When you find conditions such that you don't need it, flip switch Si to Off and you are conventionally connected to the receiver

through your headphone or speaker.

Wave Traps Eliminate Station Interference RECEIVER ANTENNA TERMINAL

RECEIVER GROUND

TERMINAL

Broadcast band wave traps can be connected across receiver loop antenna if coil's axis is vertical. If trap is enclosed in a metal shield (tin can), orientation is not necessary.

SERIES RESONANT WAVE TRAP "SHORTS" SIGNAL AT ITS

RESONANT FREQUENCY

By FORREST

H. FRANTZ, Sr.

ASTRONG local radio station can inter fere with reception of other radio stations in several ways. One type of interference that can affect any type of receiver circuit is adjacent -channel interference. If the strong local station is on 790 kc, it may affect stations from 700 to 900 kc in TRF receivers. The interference may cover a wider spread on the receiver tuning dial in the case of a crystal detector-amplifier type receiver. Adjacent channel interference in the more selective

superhet circuit is not severe, but it can be troublesome on closely adjacent stations (for instance, 780 kc and 800 kc when the interference local is on 790 kc). Another type of local radio station interference that can affect any type of receiver circuit is harmonic interference. Although FCC regulations require radio stations to keep signal harmonics low, harmonics of strong locals can cause interference. (The second harmonic of a station on 600 kc, for

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46

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER COIL CONNECTIONS LEAVE "X" TERMINALS BLANK. ANTENNA PRIMARY WINDINGS PROVIDED ON THE COIL ARE NOT USED

BRACKETS

CLIP

MILLER 511 SW -A COIL

A.

1111 x

terminal of the receiver.

TO CAPACITOR

example, would be received at 1200 kc.) Local radio stations can produce interference in superhet receivers that is peculiar to the superhet circuit. This type of interference occurs because the superhet employs a fixed intermediate frequency. The incoming signal is mixed with the local oscillator to produce the IF (usually about 455 kc in AM receivers), and the mixing process produces a number of signal frequencies at the output of the mixer tube. The desired IF signal is the oscillator frequency minus the received signal frequency. Thus, if the receiver is tuned to receive a station on 1500 kc, the local oscillator frequency is 1500 plus 455 or 1955 kc. If the receiver is tuned to 1500- 2(455) or 590 kc, the local oscillator frequency is 1045 kc. If the 1500 kc station is a strong local, the amount of its signal that appears at the input to the mixer tube even when the receiver is tuned to 590 kc may be very large. One of the signals at the mixed tube output is the received frequency minus local oscillator frequency, in this case, 1500 -1045, or 455 kc., the IF frequency of the receiver. There is interaction between the 590 kc signal to which the receiver is tuned and the 1500 kc local signal; 590 kc. is the "image" frequency of 1400 kc. Eliminating Interference. The basic wave trap configuration shown in Fig. 2 is a series resonant wave trap. It is connected across the antenna -ground terminals of the receiver. This wave trap effectively short-circuits the signal frequency to which it is tuned, but has very little effect at other frequencies. The higher the Q of the coil, the more effective the wave trap is. This type of wave trap can be connected across a loop antenna within a broadcast receiver or across the transmission line in the case of a TV receiver. This type of wave trap is recommended for any type of receiver because it will function effectively even if the ground to the receiver is poor. A wave trap which will suppress frequencies in the broadcast band may be most easily constructed by using a commercially available coil, the Miller #6300 high -Q ferrite antenna coil. This coil has a Q of over 250 and will provide good rejection. The coil is adjustable and will tune the broadcast band

MC

B.4.0-10.0MC C.

Short -wave trap can be mounted on chassis at rear of set U capacitor is mounted on a bracket. Ground connection for capacitor is made through the bracket. The end of the clip lead connects to the antenna

1.5-4.5

8.5- 25

A

B

C

MC

4 WAVE TRAP

with any capacitor having a maximum capacitance between 250 and 500 mmf. The wave trap shown in Fig. 1 uses the Lafayette MS-445 365 mmf. tuning capacitor. This capacitor was chosen for its small size and low cost. It was housed in a tin can. The leads to the receiver antenna and ground terminals should be as short as possible. The antenna pickup lead on the coil must be unwound and may be shortened to form one of the connecting leads. The screw adjustment on the coil may be set so that the capacitor will tune the broadcast band. Or, by setting the screw for maximum inductance, the trap can tune down to about 450 kc. when the tuning capacitor is fully closed. If the screw is set for minimum inductance, the trap will tune up to about 2.5 megacycles with the capacitor fully open. The short wave trap shown in Fig. 3 can tune the frequency range from 1.5 to approximately 25 megacycles. The coil is a Miller 511 -SW-A, three -band short-wave antenna coil. The capacitor is the Lafayette MS-445, the same as for the broadcast trap. The windings on the coil cover 1.5 to 4.5, 4.5 to 10, and 10 to 25 megacycles respectively. The coil which covers the frequency to be suppressed must be connected in the wave trap circuit. A Mueller Minigator clip permits quick selection of the required coil, but this clip can be omitted and the coil may be soldered in the circuit for a more permanent installation. The schematic (Fig. 4) shows the connections. This wave trap may be fastened directly to the back of the receiver chassis. If you wish to make this wave trap easy to get at, so that it can be used to improve receiver tuning at all frequencies, house components in a metal cabinet and provide a switch for changing connections to the coil. Save Those Dirty Radio Parts When dirty tube sockets, insulators, knobs,

tuning capacitors and other metal, bakelite or ceramic radio parts won't come clean in ordinary cleaning solutions, try this idea. Allow the parts to soak a minute or two in a pan of boiling hot water to which a capful of liquid dishwashing detergent has been added, then brush them with a vegetable brush. -J.A.C.

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47

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

Precision Stroboscope for Only $21 This accurate "motion stopper" will enable you to analyze motor operation and trouble shoot flaws in mechanisms By

W.

F.

GEPHART

Adjust the frequency control to synchronize the flashing strobe lamp with the speed of the fan. The blades will appear as though stationary.

WINKING at up to 6,000

flashes per minute, this easily built portable unit

will show you fast moving

mechanism "stopped," or in slow motion in order to spot wear, vibration or faulty design in power tools, fans, belts, motors, and reciprocating parts. A simplified version of equipment widely used in industry, this strobe circuit, uses only about $21 in parts and performs as well as commercial instruments costing over $100. The rate of flashing is adjustable between 600, and 6,000 rpm, and by doubling up, you can measure any speed above or below this range. Unlike mechanical tachometers, the stroboscope absorbs no power from a direct connection to the moving mechanism

Desg.

Rl R2

R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9

R10 R11

Cl C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

MATERIALS LIST-STROBOSCOPE Description 27 ohm 1 watt 10 °.a carbon resistor 10 °° carbon resistor watt megohm 1 1 7,000 ohm 5 watt wirewound resistor 560K y2 watt 10% carbon resistor 1 M Y2 watt 10% carbon resistor 2M potentiometer (linear taper) 10M j2 watt 10%, carbon resistor 100K /2 watt 10°/, carbon resistor 5K 5 watt wirewound 5 °/ resistor 10K 5 watt wirewound 5 % resistor 2K 5 watt wirewound 5% resistor 8 mfd 450 V electrolytic capacitor 8 mfd 150 V electrolytic capacitor 8 mfd 450 V electrolytic capacitor .05 mfd 200 V electrolytic capacitor .033 mfd 200 V paper capacitor 1 mfd. 400 V paper (Sprague 4TM -M1) 20 mfd 450 V (Ill. Cond. IHTE 2045) DPST toggle switch SPST toggle switch (for range switch) selenium rectifiers (IT &T 75 ma 130 SR2, SR3

phono turntables,

and even of dental drills. Hobbyists have used strobe lights to check the speed of model gas engines vs. various fuel mixtures. And if your model rail-

itself. How It Works. The basic principle of the stroboscope is simple. road engine is SW1 You might, for example, want to SW2 balky, your strobe at rotating blade fan a examine SRl. may quickly indiFederal # M about 300 rpm, (5 times a second) RCA 0A2 150 volt voltage regulator tubes Vl, V2 cate the trouble, in Sylvania 1D21 /SN4 Strobotron tube The blades will be in the same V3 a part that is viMisc. Bud Minibox CU-2114 (12 z 2/2 x 2%4" aluminum place every successive fifth of a box and cover) brating at certain knob, 1 socket, could 4-prong second; therefore, if you 2 ea. 7 pin miniature sockets, 1 speeds. decals, misc. hardreflector, line cord, strips, terminal blink your eyes that fast, you ware. Walsco Stroboscopic Disc X949 Building the parts. switch trigger auxiliary for drawing would see the fan as though it text and Note: See Case. The stroboof means By were standing still. scope is completethe frequency control, Fig. 1, the ly enclosed in a rate of flashing is adjusted until the stroboMount minibox. aluminum compact Adpart. moving the with it synchronizes exactly the holes drill and end, one at socket tube tron slower, or just the control to flash slightly faster, in control frequency and the switches for and you can see the movement in slow motion. 2. Make the sub chassis of Fig. in as back, of a the the action as such motions, Reciprocating mount all parts including pump, or the teeth of a high speed jig saw are scrap aluminum, and points before starting the tie and sockets, tube clearly stopped in action. shown in Fig. 1 is from a reflector The wiring. a standard, against unit your calibrate If you and can be obtained flashgun, photo Heiland used make to a tachometer you will be able to use it as the design of the Since stores. camera most in measurements of the rpm of high speed motors, .

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48

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

bracket will depend on the kind of reflector that you obtain, exact dimensions are not given. Simply bend a piece of hardened aluminum strap, 1 x % -in. to focus the center of the reflector directly behind the flashing area of the strobotron tube, which centers about 3/4 in. down from the top of the tube. Since the power supply, and the regulator tubes generate heat, drill ventilating BRACKET FOR REFLECTOR

ALUMINUM

X

6-32X2 z"

.12"

ßlá ------ `+-

32

holes near these parts in each side of the cover as in Fig. 2. Wiring the Circuit. Begin by wiring and testing the power supply, as in Fig. 3. It consists of a selenium rectifier tripler, with an output of about 430 volts, which is subsequently reduced to 300 volts for both the timing and strobe pulse circuits. Since one side of the power supply is connected directly to the a -c power line, be sure to isolate all interior circuits from the metal case, with the exception of the case HOLES ground resistor, which acts as a bleeder to discharge voltages which might otherwise remain stored in the capacitors when the unit was not in use. Make all connections to B- to a bus running through the strobe HOLE circuit. Check the output voltage of the power supply before connecting R3 to the regulator tubes. It should be ,492 9' _L/ HOLES 16 450 volts or less. If it is 16

1"FIttES ¢

é HOLE 1 z HOLE FOR SWITCH (SEE DETAIL)

4

I

9' 64 HOLE

0

06

f

ir16

I"

4 HOLES

5'

é 7

'

HOLES

18 64

HOLES

higher, increase the value of R3.

CAUTION: High voltages in the power sup ply, and charges stored in the capacitors can be hazardous. Use extreme care to avoid shock in

handling the chassis POWER SUPPLY SUB- CHASSIS

R5

ID21/SN4

\ no/ 0A2

R3 7K

R9

3

t

2-4-7 V2

115 V

1-5 I

-0-1 -W1° 115V A.G.

A.0

3

CI

15N RI

27a

'C2

"8MF

RB OO N

VOLTAGE

300V

TRIPLER

RII 2K

p V-

REGULATOR TUBES

SR2

T

R2

8 MF

150V

SN R

I

.........

MEG.

NOTE:

T'C3' 8 MF

CASE GROUND

450

V

t

1

IiiVOLTAGE

450V

St

STROB TUBE

D.C.

RECTIFIER

CHARGING CAPACITOR

f

B-

IS NOT GROUNDED

STROB CIRCUIT

VARIABLE

OPERATION

RC CIRCUIT

SCHEMATIC

REGULATES FREQUENCY

SUB- CHASSIS

V-3 SELENIUM RECTIFIERS SR-I, SR -2 a SR -3

V-I

B

V-2 POTENTIOMETER

'-RANGE SWITCH SWITCH- SW-1

SW -2

PICTORIAL

/

Ì

-f.r-4;

LINE CORD

A

V-I

04./.

REAR

SF

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D'

1

®1`

49

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

when power is on. Never touch any live parts, or non -insulated tools, clips, etc., with bare hands. Next wire the regulator tubes, and the stroboscope section as in the schematic and the pictorial view, taking care to connect the adjustable frequency control R6, so that it has minimum resistance when fully clockwise. Cover all bare wires with spaghetti tubing, and keep the leads to the larger capacitors, C6 and C7, short, so their leads will support them firmly in position. After wiring, check your work

carefully against the schematic.

Then, turn the unit on. The strobotron tube should start firing immediately, with the flashing rate increasing as R6 is turned clockwise. The low and high ranges should overlap slightly; with R6 turned all the way clockwise on low, the flashing rate should be slightly faster than with R6 fully counter clockwise on high. The strobe tube makes a slight cracking sound as it fires on low rates, and normally makes a steady buzz at higher flashing rates. The strobotron tube operates on the principle of placing a high positive potential on the plate with the cathode grounded. When the difference in voltage between the two

grids reaches approximately

100 volts, the gas between the grids ionizes, which in turn "ignites" the gas

An ordinary record turntable and stroboscopic disc are used to calibrate your strobe light. 6000

100

-. 10..-

80 70

I

III

CURVES

W

50

>

U so

W

ax Jo TIME

B

> TIME

-Y

Y

A

Lt'

CHARGING CYCLES

TIME

4800

4200 3600 3000 A

1800

1200

'D

DC

5400

40

R

X VOLTS

TYPICAL

60 Z

o

6

CHART

between the cathode and plate. Once the grid voltages "fire" the tube, the plate takes over control, and the gas 0 remains ionized, with a high current flowing between plate and cathode, until the plate voltage is lowered, even though the voltage difference on the grids is removed. In this circuit (Fig. 3) the plate resistor and capacitor are used only to prevent the tube from "firing" continually, and the timing between flashes is controlled by changing the grid voltages. The time constant of R9 and C6 is about

-wv

',,

90

IO

20

30

40

50

SCALE

DIVISIONS

60

70

80

90

600

100

.005 second, which is the duration of each flash. The grid voltage difference is controlled by a variable R -C charging circuit consisting of R4, R6, C5, SW2, and C4. When a capacitor charges through a resistor, the voltage across the capacitor increases, as shown in Fig. 4A, until it reaches the charging voltage. Notice that the voltage increases rapidly at first, and then tapers off as it approaches the charging voltage. If arrangements are made to discharge the capacitor rapidly before it reaches the full charging voltage, a sawtooth wave, as shown in Fig. 4B is formed, and if this voltage "Y" is substantially below the full charging voltage, the curve will be more linear. Repeated charging and rapid discharging gives a series of evenly- spaced peaks, Fig. 4B. Charging of the plate and grid capacitors immediately after firing places a heavy load on the power supply, which would tend to drop the supply voltage from X to Xl as in Fig. 4C if this tendency was not minimized by the voltage regulator tubes, Vl and V2.

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RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

50

1HOR,

VERT. INPUT

INPUT

PIN 2 OF V3

OUTPUT TO STROBE UNIT

I

o

MEG.

0

TO

B-

BUS

112

o o

o

8

o 0

OSCILLOSCOPE (WITH INT. SWEEPOFF) CALIBRATION SET -UP

AF OSCILLATOR

QUENCY. USE FOR

C.P.S.

The time between the peaks of the grid capacitor charging cycle is dependent on the time constant of the capacitor and the related resistor. The range switch SW2 provides additional capacity for the low frequency range, and R6 makes it possible to vary the time constant for each range. Wired as in the schematic, your strobe unit will have a low range of 10 to 40 cycles per second (600 to 2,400 rpm) while high will cover 25 to 100 cps, (1,500 to 6,000 rpm). You can change the coverage of the unit by altering the value of the grid circuit resistance and capacitance. Reducing the values increases the charging rate, which can be increased up to the maximum flashing rate of the tube, which is 240 pulses per second, (14,400 rpm). It is however impractical to use flashing rates below 15 cycles per second for eye observation, since persistence of vision, the principle which makes it possible for us to see a series of still pictures as a movie, would tend to blur the image. Complete construction by applying the decals to identify the controls, and protect them with a coat of lacquer, or plastic spray. Calibrating Your Strobe. While the stroboscope will be very useful at this point, calibration will enhance its uses in measuring exact speeds. Rather than calibrate the frequency dial on the back of the case directly, it is suggested that you make a chart (Fig. 6). Two methods of calibrating can be used; the latter requires an oscilloscope, and is somewhat more accurate. The simpler method is to use a 3313 and 78 rpm phono turntable, and a stroboscopic disc available at record stores (Fig. 5). Since the accuracy depends on the turntable, check it first, by watching the disc, with a fluorescent lamp, or neon bulb, which will flash at exactly the 60 cycle frequency of your power line. If your turntable is not equipped with a speed adjustment, you can slow it down by loading it with records. Now, plug in the stroboscope, and allow it to warm up a few minutes. Set the range switch on high, with the control turned clockwise to the maximum flashing rate. Watching the disc, as in Fig. 5, turn the control counter clockwise until the 78 rpm ring appears to stop. Mark this dial reading on your chart, as 60 cycles per second (equal to 3600 rpm) Continuing to turn the dial counter clockwise, the ring will "stop" again at five lower points on your dial corresponding to 2400, 1800, 1440, and 1200 rpm. Repeating these .

SINGLE CYCLE PATTERN, WHERE FLASHING RATE EQUALS OSCILLATOR FRE-

20 -100

DOUBLE CYCLE PATTERN, WHERE FLASHING RATE IS

TWICE OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY. USE FOR 10

OSCILLOSCOPE PATTERNS

R13

100K

-20

C.P,S.

TO ORIGINAL

ANODE CIRCUIT

W.

IMPULSE SWITCH I DO NOT

GROUND)

REST OF CIRCUIT INTACT AS SHOWN IN FIGURE 3

mAUXILIARY TRIGGER CIRCUIT

steps on low range, you will be able to obtain four calibration points representing 1200, 900, 720, and 600 rpm. With all of these points plotted on your graph, you will obtain curves indicating in -between speeds, as in the graph shown in Fig. 6. CAUTION: Avoid looking directly at the flashing strobotron for more than a few moments. The light can be harmful. The second method of calibrating requires an oscilloscope and an audio oscillator, connected according to Fig. 7, with a 1 megohm resistor input attenuator. Provided that you have constant line voltage, and warm up your equipment beforehand, it will provide more accurate results. Set the oscillator to 100 cps (equal to 6000 rpm) and adjust the strobe control to get a pattern similar to the one shown in Fig. 8. Since rpm is equal to cycles per second times 60, reduce the oscillator frequency in steps and take note of the dial settings, on your graph, required to obtain the scope pattern shown. At frequencies below 20 cps, adjust the strobe for a two -cycle pattern (Fig. 9) since most oscillators will not go below 20 cps. To calibrate the low range, start with the high end of the scale, with the oscillator set at 40 cps, and adjust the strobe dial for the two cycle pattern. The strobe is then flashing at 20 cps, or 1200 rpm. Establish your curve points downward, using the two cycle

pattern.

Accessory External Switch. If you wish to observe a motor or mechanism in stopped motion, which is changing speed, you can do it by continuously adjusting the dial, or more conveniently by means of an external switch, and the simple circuit addition shown in Fig. 10. The external switch can operate on a cam, or flattened portion of a shaft. A miniature switch with a nylon contact button which will operate at up to 9,600 rpm, without bounce is offered by Licon Division of Illinois Tool Works (Switch #16-4041). Tips On Strobe Use. Using the stroboscope, you will notice that often you can "freeze" motion

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51

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

speed of an object, the object will appear to move slowly in its true direction when the lamp is flashing too slowly, and seems to move slowly in the opposite direction when the lamp is flashing too rapidly. If a motor for example, is running at a true speed of 1800 rpm, and your strobe is set at 1801, the image will appear to be rotating slowly at 1 rpm in the direction of the motor rotation.

at several different flashing rates which are multiples of the true speed. High speeds above your top flashing rate can be measured as harmonics. Generally the true speed will produce the sharpest image. When measuring motor speeds, engrave or paint a fine line out from the center of the shaft. Harmonic speeds will cause the line to appear at several points. When adjusting the flashing rate for the true

AMATEUR RADIO PUZZLE By

JOHN A. COMSTOCK

you use in QSO's every day. See if you can fill in all the empty spaces correctly.

Do you like ham radio? Then here is an anagram puzzle on your favorite hobby. This puzzle contains

many of the words, terms and abbreviations that

(For Solution, See Page 89.) 44)

ACROSS: 1)

ham meeting. call acknowledging card.

50) A

7) A 9)

10)

17) 18)

53)

Code.

54)

Current flow.

ham radio outfit. What a (.) sounds

type of antenna named alter its inventor.

63)

One -million cycles.

64)

radio wave transmission.

14)

signal

16)

Opposite gain.

/

ll 18

Break.

36)

Call for all stations.

bunch quencies.

.. 13

If

39

of

fre-

positive -potential grid.

35 40

43

.

class of amateur operator license. An effect connected with antennas. Unit of inductance.

41) 43)

37

.

Sr

5a

S} 59

63

36

60

7

35)

37)

43)

zl 27

45)

ham license. Type of oscillator circuit having a tapped inductance. Ham radio oprators often pound one. Mid -tap (abbr.). Shall I send more slowly? Neon. It's not good for a modulator to do this. A ham license.

46) An

inductance used

to limit the flow of

30

cC. 73

47)

41

la

42

48)

49)

44

56

32)

8

26

Something you must learn to send and receive before you

can obtain your

42)

25

check equipment

for proper opera Ron.

17

45

48

6/

27) To

31)

38

35

25) Minute.

/o

32

52

Matching trans-

36) 6

16'

24

22)

amateur radio station record book.

Distress call (CW). Vacuum tube cathode current. Plate current flow. A carrier of intelligence in communications. A rig's location.

20

97

46

39) A

40) A

!S

23

22

:B

/4

20)

former.

end (wire).

5

wave that is con-

tinuous. A type of transmission line used by hams.

23) An

Safety signal (CW). An oscillator couppled by its electron stream. Double cotton coy-

.. } .

17)

.3

12

39

34)

of

These are troublesome to some amateurs. One -million cycles, ohms, etc. Di -di -di -dab, di -dah.

9

ters).

38) A

2

of

type of battery

cell.

tance.

33)

8) 12)

Medium

65) A

Mutual conduccircuit that is charged electrically. A bunch of interconnected parts. Type of tube base having eight pins and an aligning key. No connection made. Resistance is expressed in (supply missing let-

6)

61) After -all.

26) A

30)

5)

56) A

Generator of Irequencies. A ham radio conversation. vacuum tube. short -wave listener.

29)

4)

meter band used by amateurs.

22) A

28)

3)

55) A

21) A

24)

2)

Traffic (CW).

like. 15)

1)

radio amateur.

Class of ham license. Reversing current.

51)

11) A 13)

What is the correct time?

A

19) A

DOWN:

.

99

52) 57)

53

58)

57

58

61

69

www.americanradiohistory.com

`:

.

59)

60) 62)

Potentiometer. Last amplifying stage of a ham transmitter. Something current does in an inductive circuit. Di -di-di-dah, dit. Address. Continuous waves

that are interrupted. Watt -hour. Regulates voltage. Unmodulated carrier wave.

52

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER The

10 -20 is a novelty short-wave receiver that can be built by the novice. It will function up to 8 meters.

Ten -Twenty

Short -Wavy Receiver By

HOMER

L.

DAVIDSON

HERE is a small, transistorized short -wave receiver

-

that the beginning experimenter can put together -that provides good short-wave listening on the 10- and 20 -meter bands. And if you get a good specimen of a surface-barrier transistor, it will actually operate up to 8 meters.

u 6"

TAPS

20

3

LI

It

TI

S 03

I=003 7

TR2

4

o 6

o °-0 0 3E B8

TR3

9B 10 C

E

©

ANT COUPLING

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

www.americanradiohistory.com

ACTUAL SIZE

53

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

T Req

113.

Twe3xa.t

-

,.

Sw

Band P

e

hones

type of operation. Battery supply B2 furnishes voltage to the collector side of TRl and to both audio transistors. Printed Circuit Layout. Trace the printed circuit directly on the printed copper board from Fig. 2. Place a carbon paper beneath this drawing and transfer it with pencil to the board. (Wash the printed copper side with soap and water to remove any finger marks or grease that might be on it.) A sharp pocket knife will be needed to cut off the tape at the joints. A ball point pen will make coupling loop and all round connection joints. If the paint runs into another circuit, let it dry and then take the pocket knife and cut or scratch out a separation. (This can

Transistor TRI, a Philco surface- barrier type,

is the critical transistor. It is used as a super -

regenerative detector. The chassis for the transistor and parts is a printed circuit board (Fig. 2). Also on this board is coil Ll. There is nothing complicated about laying out this coil. Follow Fig. 2, laying out 346 -in. resist tape on the lines. Be sure the resist tape has a spacing of its own width between each turn of the coil (a total of 10 turns). The coupling capacitor to the antenna jack and switch is also printed on the board. It is drawn with a ball point resist paint. A homemade RF choke is wound with 35 turns of No. 28 cotton -covered wire over a 1/4-in. dowel.

The regeneration control Rl and C3 form a time constant creating another oscillation that increases the sensitivity of the small receiver. Use of diode D-1 is optional. On the 10 -meter band the fixed crystal diode seems to strengthen the signal and sharpens the regeneration point of oscillations. But on the lower, 20 -meter band there isn't too much improvement. If you have a fixed diode on hand, solder it into the circuit. Otherwise, omit it. There are two stages of audio incorporated here with a small volume control in the input circuit of TR3. The output of TR3 is fed directly into a earphone. Battery supply B1 furnishes voltage to the regenerative circuit. Regeneration is very smooth with this

a

ANT.

ROD ANTENNA

SW3

C2

COUPLING LOOP

IO

MMF

-IF-CI

35

RFC TRI ß1Ö00 S6100

S

MMF.i

R2

2700

c

sw2

SWI

L

BI 1.5 V

--11 C6

.0022 MF

R4 220K

C5 5 MF

BLUE

TR3 12

TI 4

SO3

a 0 o

PHONE JACKS

p0 /O

7

cf

BLACK

3

RED

J.

B2

4.5V

©

RECEIVER SCHEMATIC

www.americanradiohistory.com

I+

SW

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

54 9 I" 2

I

2

24 2

1

2"--61

rh I

I

3"

,\

DIA. IN CENTER OF PANEL

1'1

D I A.

9 HOLE `J,l

J

DIA.

sheets at the local hardware store. Figure 5 gives dimensions of the PC board support. Check correct battery polarity before throwing the on -off switch, plug in a pair of earphones and the unit is ready to go. Turn on the regeneration control in the earphone. Hook up the antenna and rotate SUPPORT FOR REAR CHASSIS

HOLES

± DIA. HOLE

e"

PLYWOOD

(SUPPORTS

PRINTED

CIRCUIT BOARD)

4

FRONT PANEL LAYOUT

also be done after the circuit has been etched by cutting or scratching out the jointed copper

circuits.) After the circuit has been traced on the copper board, lay down the tape resist and pen point in the rest of the circuits. Let the paint dry several hours, then pour enough etching solution into a small tray or flat dish to just cover the printed board. Rock the tray back and forth for quicker etching. It will take about an hour to complete the process. Wash the board in clear water and pour the etching solution back into its container. (The solution can be used over and over again.) Now remove the resist material. Use a small knife point to pull off the tape and scratch off the paint resist. Drill all small holes before mounting any parts. Set Operation. All of the small parts are mounted on the printed circuit board as they are wired into the circuit. Cut the front panel (Fig. 4) from Reynolds aluminum stock, available in MATERIALS LIST -10 -20 -SHORT -WAVE RECEIVER Description 35 mmfd Hammarlund variable capacitor MC 35.5 10 mmf fixed disc capacitor C2 .01 mfd 200 -V paper capacitor C3 5 mfd 25V elec. capacitor C4.C5 C6 .0022 mfd disc capacitor 10.000 -ohm variable resistors R1, R6 2700 ohm, 1/4-watt fixed resistor R2 220,000 -ohm, 1/4-watt fixed resistor R4 47.000 -ohm, 1/4-watt used resistor R5 4 position, single throw rotary switch SWl DPDT switch on rear RI SW2 SPST toggle switch SW3 1N64 or 1N34 fixed crystal Dl S -03 transformer or equivalent (standard transformer) T1 TRl 56100 Philco transistor 2N107 GE transistors TR2 -TR3 B1 1 1/2 -v penlite cells 82 three /24 penlite cells RFC 35 turn scramble wound over S," form L1 see text description Desig. C1

111

PRINTED CIRCUIT MATERIALS Kit -Technicians #5003P obtainable from Lafayette Radio, 165.08 Liberty Avenue, Jamaica 33,

Techniques N. Y.

PE -5 liquid etchant

Alternate Kit

PRLT liquid resist ball point pen PCB

XXXP copper Lam.,

1 side

4/2

PRT2 tape resist 1/16 x 320" Also obtainable from Lafayette Radio

x

6"

8 the tuning dial. Stations and whistles will be heard throughout the bands. When a station is located, turn the regeneration control down until the station is audible. This little receiver has plenty of volume for earphone operation and some strong short-wave stations can be heard with the earphones laid beside the set. Not only will this small shortwave receiver bring in the 10- and 20 -meter amateur bands but also aircraft signals and police bands.

Modified Screwdriver Lifts Tube long- stemmed

A

screwdriver with the bit bent at a 25 or 35° angle makes a handy tube lifter for extracting tight-fitting tubes. To make the bend,

heat the tip to

TUBE

a

cherry red and let it cool slowly to remove

SCREW

DRIVER

the temper. Bend,

I- . then reheat the tip and plunge it into oil. "=,___,..--..----',..--% 25 ° -35 ° BEND The modified tool also makes a handy offset screwdriver for reaching into inaccessible places on a chassis. -JOHN A. COMSTOCK.

Phono Turntable Repair Poor reproduction from a phonograph having the rim -drive type turntable mechanism is usually caused by slippage of the rubber -tired drive wheel. To renew the grip of the rubber tire, sand it lightly with sandpaper. A non -slip dial compound (such as General Cement's Non -Slip) applied to the wheel will also cure slippage.

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55

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Front -panel view of telephone switch remote control unit. Note circular vents in cabinet. Throat microphone is in foreground.

Telephone Actuated Switch For Remote Control By

W.

F.

GEPHART

ATIMER will turn on a device at some future time, but it doesn't permit a change in plans. For example, it's nice to have the air conditioner on when you get home after a summer outing, but only if it's needed. With

this telephone switch, you can be sure it turns on only when needed, because you turn it on by telephoning your home. The only requirement is that you have a dial telephone and the type of service where your telephone rings only when your number is called. Most metropolitan telephone service is of this type. Switch operation is based on the timing relationship between ringing signals, and minor circuit modifications may have to be made to fit the ringing sequence of your telephone system. The and call, Ry3 closes, shorting C4, which closes Ry4. The first ring of the second call moves circuit shown here is based on a system of one Ry2 to Position 2, which removes the voltage second rings, spaced at five- second intervals. If to the heaters of Ry3 and Ry5. Ry3 opens and your system operates on a different sequence, an understanding of the circuit is required to make the necessary, and 8 -9 minor, changes. 6 Tube V1 in Fig. 2 is an amplifier R Y6 INT. EXT. which closes relay Ryl when the SW. PWR. Nd:i R Yy W Sw3 telephone ring is picked up by the RY7 microphone plugged into jack J1. Since this "connection" to the tele- + i f1SOI P L2 phone is acoustic, it does not violate TOWAND°B° PLI ON SW1 telephone company rules against deTOA' ANCB' 4 vices attached to telephone lines "diON SWI 3 Irectly or by induction." Every time bz 00 21 Ry1 closes, the "pulse" coil (Ry2A) 5 energizes, moving the stepper relay 2 2 ,6 IRY3 arm one position. Tube V2 is a timRpBii. SW2 ii, RY2A 3 ErJ B9 for closes Ry4 a given ing circuit that __ l period of time when capacitor C4 is -, AI R2 momentarily shorted out. I v 5 RY4 7 5 To operate the switch you dial JI , RYI I 4

"1-? 1 NoiI

I

r---

113

14

-

I

t

your telephone number, let it ring just once, and hang up. You wait a few seconds, then dial your number again. Let it ring once to turn on the first device, twice to turn on a second device, etc. Ten seconds after you hang up on the second call, the device plugged into the proper outlet will come on. The ring on the first call closes Ryl momentarily and moves Ry2 to Position 1. This completes the circuit to the heaters of thermal relays Ry3 and Ry5, which require 12 and 25 seconds, respectively, to close. During the dialing time for the sec-

RI

I

I

6

Wig

8

R5

L

3B

4B

R6

R4

T

50

5A PL 5C

6A

o-l,_2"

-115 VAC

SWI

www.americanradiohistory.com

RII

6D

SCHEMATIC

56

RADIO.TV EXPERIMENTER

Ry5 starts cooling, hav ing had insufficient time to close. If you hang up after the first ring on the second call, Ry2 remains on Position 2, which completes the circuit to the heater of thermal relay Ry6. After ten seconds, this relay closes, closing control relay Ry7, which

seconds to about 25 seconds. This use of resistors provides nonstandard intervals and speeds up cooling (and therefore opening) time. A 25- second relay could be used for Ry5, but its normal opening time is about 90 seconds, as compared to the 15-20 seconds of Ry5 (as used here). Also, the octal version is used for Ry3, as it cools and opens faster than the miniature version. The timing of turns on the device the V2 circuit is set by R6, whose plugged into SOl. The adjustment will be discussed later. control relay is then held Other Calls. Let's assume anclosed by holding conother caller than yourself lets tacts. your telephone ring a number of Now the device is Switch- outlet at left replaces regular times before he hangs up. On each turned on, but the stepswitch at right (see text) when apring, Ryl closes, the first ring pliance controlled by wall switch is to per relay (Ry2) is on moving the stepper relay arm to be remote -controlled by telephone. Position 2 and Ry6 is Position 1. The second ring ocstill heated. After a time interval in the V2 circurs five seconds later, so neither Ry3 or Ry5 can cuit, Ry4 opens, removing the voltage to the heat up or close. This second ring moves the heater of Ry6 and completing the circuit to the stepper to Position 2, which closes the circuit to re -set coil (Ry2B) of the stepper relay. The the re -set coil (Ry2B) through the contacts of stepper re -sets to zero position, Ry6 cools and Ry4 (since this relay is still open), and the stepopens, but Ry7 remains closed through its holding per re-sets. The third ring moves the stepper to contacts. The unit is then back to the original Position 1, the fourth to Position 2, which resets condition, except that the first remote -controlled it, and the sequence continues. device is now turned on. When the caller finally hangs up, the stepper As shown here, the unit has two controlled will either be at zero position or Position 1. At circuits. Additional circuits for Positions 4, 5, 6, zero position, the unit is at normal position, so etc., could be incorporated for use by adding no further action is required. If ringing stops additional thermal and control relays. In such with the stepper on Position 1, Ry3 closes after case, the time interval of V2 would have to be 12 seconds, closing Ry4. Some 12 seconds later, increased. Ry5 will close, completing the circuit to re-set Proper timing is the key to successful operacoil Ry2B, and returning the stepper to zero position. The timing of the thermal relays can be tion. In another 10-12 seconds, Ry4 will open, extended somewhat by resistance in the heater and the unit will be back to normal. circuit, such as Rl and R2. Relay Ry3 is rated If, during the above, another call comes in after to close in 5 seconds, but closes at 12 seconds, due Ry4 closes, but before Ry5 can close and re -set to Rl, while R2 delays Ry5 from its rated 15 the stepper, the first ring will move the stepper arm to Position 2. Since Ry4 is closed, the circuit to Ry6 will be completed, but the next ring 10"

-- ti ..t_..0

_I-l

5"

r

.

2 Dla.

_(IPPXR _C HASaSLL

8"

IDIA.

frZ DI A. IS

44

T

LOWER

i DIA. T Back view of unit showing dual chassis construction.

©PANE

www.americanradiohistory.com

CHASSIS

fie- 1" tOts\

t+ ZDIA

2

2 DIA.

UT2;--2; -+

57

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

on this second call will move the stepper to Position 3 before Ry6 can close. The third ring will move the arm to Position 4 before Ry8 can close, and the stepper will then be re-set even if Ry4 is still closed. If your telephone rings just once (as often happens), Ry3 and Ry4 will close, but the unit will be re -set as mentioned above. If a second call comes in within the 30-odd seconds while Ry3 and Ry4 are closed, nothing will be turned on unless this second call consists of only one or two rings. Essentially, then, the unit is foolproof. Use. In Fig. 1, the first ring controlled device is plugged into the socket on the left; the second-ring controlled device is plugged in on the right-hand socket. Switches SW3 and SW4 determine whether the unit is to control the external device by furnishing it with power or simply by closing a circuit. A light or fan normally controlled by a wall switch can be handled by this unit without radically altering the house wiring. Remove the wall switch and substitute a combination switch outlet, wiring switch and outlet in parallel and connecting the regular wiring to the terminals. The light or fan can then be operated by the new wall switch (as before with the old) or by "jumpering" the outlet. The telephone switch does this "jumpering" when SW3 or SW4 are set on "External Switch" and an ordinary extension cord is connected between the "External Switch" plug on the unit and the new outlet. The old and new items involved are shown in Fig. 3, with stripes painted on the outlet to distinguish it from a power outlet. By using impulse relays instead of regular relays for Ry7 and Ry9, the unit can be used to turn things "off" or "on" or both. The impulse relays are wired the same as Ry7 and Ry9, except that holding contacts are not used. The first call throws the relay arm to one position and the second call, using the same code, throws it to the other position. The "Test" button (SW2) on the front panel parallels the contacts on Ryl and advances the stepper relay each time it is pressed. It can be used for checking the timer circuits and -when impulse relays are used-can be used to turn things "off" or "on" manually. When regular control relays are used, a device that has been turned on by a telephone call can be turned off only by unplugging it or turning the entire unit off for a moment. Filament transformer T2 provides filament voltage and with D2 and D3, approximately 3.5 volts dc for the carbon microphone. Plate voltage is provided by a voltage doubler (SRI, SR2, C6, C7 and C8) which connects directly to the power line, requiring that no connection be made

to the metal chassis or cabinet.

Construction. Figure 4 shows a back view of the unit. Dual chassis construction is used both to secure adequate room and to minimize the heating effect on the thermal relays. All heat generating items (tubes, pilot lights, etc.) are mounted on the well -ventilated upper chassis, and the thermal relays and control relays are mounted on the lower chassis. Layouts for the panel, upper and lower chassis are shown in Fig. 5, 6, and 7. The upper and lower chassis are made of scrap aluminum, attached to the panel with aluminum angle. The side sections on the upper chassis are not absolutely necessary, as the connecting bolts between

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LOWER CHASSIS LAYOUT

ii

sa

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER Dt

PIN 5N. PIN 7 TO RY3

®3 I. TO SRI + 2. TO SR2 3. TO BOTTOM CONTACTS, RY4 4. TO TERM. STRIP 7

®4

-

NOTE: TWISTED PAIR TO PINS 4

3

AND

OF V2

(SEE TEXT) TO RY4 COIL

GB

TO

TO T I

SEC.

TI PRI.

C7

8 D

UPPER CHASSIS WIRING

®

TO

TERMINAL STRIPS TO TO TO (SEE F1G.2) JI SWI SW2 SEE FIG. 10

12 SEC. TO P.L.

RII D3

TO

RY6-RY8

(FIG.12)

the two chassis (which rest on the bottom) will properly support the upper chassis. If scrap aluminum is not on hand, a 31/2 x 6 x 8 -in. "Minibox" (Bud CU -3009 or CU-2109) will provide all that is required. The flanged side of this box will make the upper chassis merely by cutting the ends of the box to make the side supports, and the other half of the box will make the lower chassis and the 2 x 2 -in. mounting for R4. After the panel and chassis sections have been drilled and punched, mount components on all three and attach the upper chassis to the panel. The upper chassis and panel must be wired before the lower chassis is attached to the panel, and the heavy lines in the schematic (Fig. 2) show this initial wiring. As it proceeds, hold the lower chassis (with components mounted) in place from time to time, to check for clearance. Figures 8, 9, 10 and 11 show wiring. In Fig. 8 a twisted pair is shown to pin 3 of V2 and terminal 4B of the terminal strip, upper right. The twisted pair leads should be shown to pins 3 and 4 of V2; the lead now going to terminal 4B should be shown to V2's pin 4. Filament and pilot light wiring is done first, followed by the carbon microphone voltage supply. The dc power supply is wired next, and then the relay wiring. In wiring between SOl, S02, PLl, PL2, SW3, SW4 and the contacts on Ry7 and Ry8, be sure to use at least #14 wire. The tube circuits are wired last. Testing. Before attaching the lower chassis, temporarily attach ac leads to SW1 and make sure that filament, microphone and plate voltages are available. The filament voltage should be 6.3 y ac, the microphone voltage about 3.5 y dc, and the plate voltage around 260 -280 y dc. Next, put V1 in its socket and adjust sensitivity control R4. This adjustment is very critical and must be

D2

TO JI

®6

set to your telephone. If your telephone has an adjustable bell, turn the bell to its loudest point to minimize the sensitivity required. Also, allow the unit to warm up 5 minutes before making adjustment. Insert a milliammeter in the B+ lead of V1 at Tie Point 3B. Using R4 to vary the plate current, ad-

just the relay spring so that the relay closes at about 5.8 ma. With this adjustment,

the relay should open at about 4.4 ma. Then set R4 so that the tube draws about (FIG. IO)

ma. To test this adjustment, place the microphone under the telephone with the two buttons resting against the bottom of the instrument as close to the ringer openings as possible, to utilize both sound and vibration. Have a friend call you and see if Ryl closes on each ring, and what current is drawn by Vl during the ring. The dc voltage across R3 during ringing ought to be about 6 y, increasing the plate current to over 6 ma. There is a fraction of a second delay in the relay closing, due to the charging of the capacitors in the V1 4

circuit, but this minimizes accidental triggering of the relay when the telephone is touched or the receiver raised. If the plate current of VI drops during the ringing, check the polarity of Dl. After this adjustment has been made, put V2 in its socket and set R6 at mid -resistance point. As V2 warms up, Ry4 will close and reopen after a short interval. This is caused by plate current flowing as C4 charges up. After Ry4 opens, set R6 to maximum resistance and moTO T,PRI. (SEE

TO®2 (SEE FIG.8)

FlG.8)-1

TO RY2A COIL (SEE FIG.8)

Pu.

TO ARM CONTACTS R

TO ARM CONTACTS R1'g

PANEL WIRING

www.americanradiohistory.com

TO

® I (SEE FIG.12)

TG

(SEE

®SD FIGS)

f1 PL(

59

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER SRI AND

SR2

(PANEL)

MOUNTED ON -32 BO LT, SRI NEAREST CHASSIS

I-6

Before attaching the lower panel, pre-wire it to the extent possible, as shown in Fig. 11 and in the light lines in the schematic, Fig. 2. Then fasten it to the panel and bolt the two chassis together with two 5 -in.

bolts and spacers. The spacers are made of 1/4-in. copper tubing, the ones between the chassis being 31BOTTOM in. long, the lower ones 11/2-in. long. CONTACT The wiring is then completed as \TOP shown by the dashed lines in Fig. CONTACT 2, running some wires from one chassis to the other along the spacers. To check final wiring and thermal relay timing, plug in both tubes and Ry3, and press the "Test" button once. The stepper relay should move to Position 1, and after about 12 seconds Ry4 should close, indicating INSET) (SEE (SEE INSET) that Ry3 has closed. This interval STEPPER CONTACTS 10 (SEE INSET) was selected as the average time reWIRING TOP OF UPPER CHASSIS quired to hang up after the first call, mentarily short Pins re -dial a seven letter -digit number, TO ARM 1 and 2 of V2. The CONTACT and get the first ring. If this time is RY4 close for relay should too long, or Ry3 doesn't close, reduce over a minute with the size of Rl, by trial and error. STEPPER R6 at full resistance. CONTACT If the interval is too short, increase DETAIL Later, R6 can be adRl. justed for the exact 07- TERMINAL STRIP Next, remove V2, re -set the step(SEE FIG.2) time interval reper manually, and plug Ry5 in. Press FOR TERMINATIONS quired. OF WIRES GOING the "Test" button once, advancing Check the ringing THROUGH GROMMETS the stepper to Position 1. After about SEE FIG.8 amplifier again when 25 seconds the stepper should re -set, RY PING TO COIL RYS Ry4 is closed (and V2 TO COIL RY213 PIN8-9 5 RY2A indicating that Ry5 has closed. If this to drawing current) timing interval is off, adjust with Ry3. ON LOWER CHASSIS make sure that Ryl For final checks, replace V2, set SW3 and SW4 will close properly on a ring when the supply to "Internal Power," and plug a table lamp (or voltage is reduced by the load of V2. night light) with the lamp switch "on" into SO1 T0® 2 and SO2. Press the "Test" button once and as soon as Ry4 closes, press it again. After 10 seconds, Ry7 should close, turning on the lamp plugged into SOl. Repeat this test, but press the button twice after Ry4 closes to see if Ry9 and the lamp plugged into SO2 goes on. To release TO RY4 TO TO control relays (Ry7 and Ry9), turn the unit off RY9 momentarily. RY3 SOCKET Before adjusting timing control R6, have a MOUNTED ZBELOW friend call you so you can time the length of the CHASSIS BY USING SPACER rings and the interval between them. The time Ry4 stays closed must be equal to the total ring interval time that it takes to move the stepper relay to the last control position (in this case, Position 3), plus 10 seconds. For example, in the unit shown (with two control positions) with a ringing pattern of one second rings spaced five R2 seconds apart, the total time for Ry4 to be closed would be: 1 second for ring that moved Ry2 to Position 2 TO PIN2 5 seconds interval between rings Y2 1 second for ring that moved Ry2 to Position 3 TOO 4.4. 10 seconds for Ry8 to close or a total of 17 seconds, plus 5 seconds leeway TO POS. 4 -21 RY2 for a total of 22 seconds TO POSIRY2 LOWER CHASSIS WIRING Set the time on Ry6 by shorting Pins 1 and 2 ARM

CONTACT

-

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6 -32

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

80 (GROUND SIDE)

3 CONO.

MATERIALS

CORD).

SO TO

7r°

230v

RYa -10 SEC THERMAL

RELAY RY

-3PST

115V

COIL

SO- 3

A

70g1

CONO. FEMALE

SOCKET

(SEE

FiG2)

R11

(SEE FIG2)

w

V CONTROL RELAY WIRING

230V- ADAFTER UNIT

To

3 COND. CORO

2ó0v

r

R7 R8

R9, R10

TO RY4

230

Desig. R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6

230 VOLT _WIRING

PPLANS

SO

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6, C7 C8

Ryl Ry2

I

2 COND. CORD,

LIST- TELEPHONE

SWITCH

Description 1200 ohm,

1

2000 ohm,

1

watt watt

.27 meg. I/2 watt 2000 ohm potentiometer 27K. 1 watt 5 meg potentiometer 3000 ohm, 1 watt

R6.

Adaptations.

12K, 1 watt 27 ohm. I/2 watt 3000 ohm. 10 watt .02 mfd, 200 e 10 mfd, 25 v 25 mfd, 25 v 50 mfd, 15 50 mid. 6 v 20 mfd, 150 v 20 mfd, 450 v SPOT, 2500 -ohm coil (Potter & Brumfield LM -5) midget 21 pos. stepping relay (Guardian MER -115)

L.

"EXT. SW"

RY

PLUG

-OPST 115 V COIL 50-3 COND. FEMALE SOCKET

This unit can be used for switching 230 -v circuits by altering either or both control relays (Ry7 and Ry9) or by building separate 230 -v adapters. Both means are shown in Fig. 12.

Ry3

5-sec. thermal relay. normally open

Ry4

4PDT,

Either alteration

Ry5

15 -sec. thermal relay, normally open

requires a power lead to a 230 -v

Ry6, Ry8

10 -sec. thermal relays, normally open

(Amperite 115N05) To

per) before Lamp 2 comes on, lengthen the time interval of the V2 circuit, by adjusting

5000 ohm coil (Guardian Series 200 coil, and Type 200M5 contacts)

(Amperite 115N015T) Ry7, Ry9

T1 T2

SW1 SW2 SW3, SW4

JI

Dl,

D2. D3

SRI, SR2

PLI, PL2

S01, 502 PL

VI. V2

(Amperite 115N010T1 4PDT, 115 -v ac coil (Guardian Series 200 coil & Type 200 -M5 contacts) microphone transformer (Merit A2929) filament transformer, 6.3 n @ 2 amp. (Merit P -2945) DPST 15 -amp. toggle switch (Carling 2FB54 -73) SPST push button DPDT toggle 15 -amp. switches (Carling 2GL-53-73) open circuit Jack 1N66 or 1N34 diodes 65 ma., 130 -v selenium rectifiers male chassis plug (Amphenol 61 -M) female chassis socket (Amphenol 61 -F) 6.3 -v pilot lamp and Jeweled socket

of V2 together repeatedly until the desired time is reached. Final tests consist of having a friend call to

check operation under actual conditions. With table lamps plugged into SOl and S02, and SW3 and SW4 on "Internal Power," have your friend call, let the phone ring once, re -dial and let ring once again. If the first ring on the second call comes in before Ry4 has closed and your friend's dialing speed is average, decrease the time for Ry3 to close. If Ry4 had closed before the first ring of the second call came in, the lamp plugged into SOl should go on about 10 seconds after the second call. Repeat this test, but let the telephone ring twice on the second call. Lamp 1 will remain on, and 10 seconds after the second ring, Lamp 2 should go on, the stepper relay re-setting shortly after. If Ry4 opens (re- setting the step-

lays (requiring

additional chassis space and heavier 7 x 8 x 10" cabinet (Bud CU -879), internal wiring) scrap aluminum (see text), two 7or external power pin miniature sockets, three 9 -pin miniature sockets, one octal socket, relays will be refour 1" vent plugs, handle, two 5" quired. In the lat6-32 bolts, tie points, miscellaneous hardware. T -30 surplus throat miter case, the excrophone (available from &G Raternal relay used dio Supply Co., 51 Vesey St., New York 7, N. Y.) to turn the device on should have a 115 -v ac coil. It would be plugged into SOl or S02. When using unit with air conditioners or other heavy -duty appliances, use a portable cord and other connected wiring from an outside relay that has adequate size to carry the current of the appliance safely. Relay contacts should also be capable of carrying the required current. Figure 13 shows the unit in operation-using the throat microphone strapped to a wall telephone -set up to turn on an automatic coffee maker. Whenever using the unit with a telephone with a separate bell, the microphone should be strapped to the bell box, near the bells. In operation, there are several points to keep in mind: 1) Let the unit warm up five minutes before using. 2) Place the microphone as near the bells as 6A U6

6CB6

G

Unit in operation. Throat mike on wall telephone will turn on coffee maker -black box, black magic, black coffee.

source. With relay modification, this lead can be brought out of the cabinet at the point normally used for SW3 or SW4. The control relays specified have 8 -amp. contacts. If additional capacity is required, either heavier re-

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Si

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

possible, and tight against the bottom (or side) of the telephone or bell box, to get both sound and vibration. Where adjustable bells are available, set to loudest setting. 3) Keep in mind that, when calling, the sound you hear is not the actual bell ringing; it is a ringing "signal" indicating that ringing current is being placed on the line. If the sound is a short, fractional part of a full ring, the bell may have merely "tinkled," and Ryl may not have closed. In such case, complete the calling procedure, and if there is any doubt in your mind, repeat it a minute later. Unless impulse relays

Compass

are used (to turn "on" and `off "), repeated calls on the same code won't hurt. 4) You can turn on the circuits in any sequence; that is, Number 2 first, followed by Number 1, or vice-versa. 5) If there is repeated difficulty in Ryl closing on rings, check your line voltage regulation. In areas of high line -voltage variation, the plate voltage to Vl may vary enough to require different settings for R4. In such case it may be necessary to put two voltage regulator tubes (an 0A2 and OB2, series -connected) in the doubler power supply circuit.

CARDBOARD FORM GLUED TO BASE

Galvanometer MANY electrical measuring instruments are based on the design of the d'Arsonval String Gal-

{

3'>\

WIND SCOTCH TAPE AROUND TO HOLD WIRES IN PLACE

-'-

-

25 TURNS *28 MAGNET WIRE

COMPASS/

WIRES FROM ENDS OF COIL

,

TERMINALS

vanometer, but substitute a needle -sus- CONNECT 2e SERIES WITH pended coil riding on jeweled bearings INA FLASHLIGHT BATfor the hanging coil employed in the TERY AND BULB. A TOY OR W original precise lab instrument. MOTOR. ETC. MOTTOR, The galvanometer is usually used to wire and fewer turns will indicate the polarity and presence of AND work, too, with a slight dropsmall currents by comparison methods. CONDUCTING SUSPENDING WIRE off in sensitivity. The d'Arsonval instrument suspends Scotch tape is wound around a small coil between the poles of a perMIRROR the finished coil to keep the manent horseshoe magnet. When a cur- FIXED CORE HANGING wire turns in place. Connect rent flows through the coil it becomes COIL rethe ends of the coil to screw an electromagnet and its like poles terminals or clips. Slip the pel the like poles of the horeshoe magcompass under the coil in a net, thus causing the coil to turn or position where its needle comes twist on the metallic string or ribbon under the coil and parallel to by which it is suspended (Fig. 2). The the coil turns. strength of the current determines the Connect the galvanometer in extent of the coil's rotation. series with a flashlight battery A small pointer attached to the movPOLES OF HORSESHOE and bulb, a buzzer or a toy ing coil registers on a curved dial, or a MAGNET motor, etc. When the circuit is tiny mirror is attached to the galvanomclosed the compass needle will eter string. A beam of concentrated be drawn so that it is at right light is aimed at the mirror, bouncing the beam angles to the coil (Fig. 1). A off to a wall screen or chart to give great magnification of tiny current changes. slow swing of the needle indicates the circuit is Making a Simple Galvanometer. A small drawing little current. A rapid swing denotes an amount of insulated magnet wire, any pocket increase in current flow. To show how sensitive this simple galvanometer compass and a 21/2 x 31 -in. scrap of plywood is what you need to make the simple galvanometer is, connect what appears to be a dead flashlight cell across the terminals, immediately breaking shown in Fig. 1. Cut a strip of cardboard 3/4 in. wide and 33/4 in. long. Score the cardboard 3/4 in. the circuit. The compass needle will spin at a from each end, with a dull knife blade and crease merry clip. The compass galvanometer's needle would be so the cardboard resembles a C or bridge shape. the horseshoe magnet in the d'Arsonval instruNow glue the cardboard to the edges of the wood base. ment. But, here we cause the magnet to turn with the coil remaining in a stationary position. Bind the cardboard with a rubber band until glue or cement dries. We wound 25 turns of ##28 However, the end result is the same no matter how the galvanometer is constructed. magnet wire around the cardboard, but heavier

y

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62

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

transistor circuit, a variable output voltage control, and regulation that will keep the output voltage from varying due to changes in line voltages or changes in equipment current demand. Cost of components for this unit is approximately $15.

Operating Principles. The common collector transistor circuit configuration (Fig. 2A) performs the regulation task in this power supply. This circuit, sometimes referred to as an "emitter follower circuit," is the transistor counterpart of the vacuum tube cathode follower. The circuit has 100% current feedback and is extremely stable under temperature variations. The voltage from emitter to ground is nearly equal to the applied voltage from base to ground. The emitter voltage remains constant in spite of relatively

One of the handiest instruments the serious transistor experimenter can own, this regulated power supply has variable voltage control from zero to 10 volts de.

?oft Tfraffadeol eetzue4-

A Regulated Variable Power Supply By FORREST

H. FRANTZ, Sr.

POWERING experimental transistor circuits with batteries is expensive and exasperating. It's difficult to keep a supply of fresh batteries on hand, and the variation of voltage requirements from one circuit to the next means frequent changes in a battery supply lash -up. Voltages that aren't multiples of single cell voltage can't be obtained from batteries without wasting some battery power, and the voltages of the cells themselves tend to drop quickly. The obvious answer is a power supply that operates from the ac line. The power supply described in this article has extremely low ripple good enough for the most crucial B CIRCUIT OF

large fluctuations in the collector voltage or variations in the emitter to ground load resistance. The emitter current is equal to the base current times the Beta of the transistor. Thus, a battery may be used to set the base potential. The circuit of the regulated variable power supply is shown in Fig. 2B. The transformer is a 12.6 v, 1 amp filament unit. A General Electric 1N1115 silicon rectifier is employed in a half -wave circuit with a 1,000 mfd filter capacitor. This basic do power supply provides collector voltage for transistors T1 and T2, and in turn, voltage at relatively high currents for the load. Base voltage for transistor Ti is supplied by a reference supply consisting of the 12 -v battery B and the 5K potentiometer Rl. Rl may be adjusted to present any voltage from 0 to 12 to the base of emitter follower Tl. Transistor T2 is another emitter follower directly coupled to Tl. The current gain of the cascaded emitter followers is so great that for reasonable power loads, the current demand on the battery (beyond the current required by Rl) is negligible (Rl draws 2.4 milliamperes from the battery). The battery switch SB and the line switch SA are ganged to

prevent battery current flow when the power supply is turned off. Resistor R2 permits adjustment of the

-

REGULATED

POWER SUPPLY

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INPUT

A

©

COMMON COLLECTOR CONFIGURATION

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

terminal voltage to zero under low- or no -load conditions. The ripple voltage with 9 y do at 200 ma to a termi-

nal load has

.2.

la" 2

3

DIA

DI

FRONT HOLE

ßA"OlA

3

BREO

I

Construction.

The power supply is housed in a Bud CU-2106 aluminum Minibox. The layout for drilling the required holes is shown in Fig. 3. Drill small pilot holes before using

w 3

a

peak to peak value of only .004 volts! At higher currents the variation from straight line do increases. The ripple increases to .04 v peak to peak when the current to the load is 1 amp.

DIA

6

DIA

HOLES 4 REO.

BOTTOM VIEW OF BOTTOM

©

DRILLING LAYOUT

Desig. R2 R1 C

Tl, D

SAB B F

two

T2

83

MATERIALS LIST-POWER SUPPLY Description 1K, 1 /2W resistor, 10% 5K, 2W wirewound potentiometer (Clarostat 43.5000) 1,000 mfd, 12 -v electrolytic capacitor (Sprague TVA -1133) 2N307 transistors, (Sylvania) 1N1115 silicon rectifier (GE) DPST toggle switch (Cutler -Hammer 8360K7) 12.6 -v filament transformer (Stancor P -8130) 12 -v battery (8 RCA VS074 cells series connected) fuse (see text) 4 -cell battery holders (Lafayette MS -170) binding posts (Grayhill 29-1 Red and 29-1 Black) 21/8 x 3 x 51/4" aluminum Minibox (Bud CU -2106)

and 1/2-in. drills for the larger ones. All components except the battery holders and batteries mount on the front of the box. Cut the shaft of Rl to a length of 1/2 in. Mount Rl, Tl, T2, SAB, the binding posts and the rectifier D (see Figs. 4 and 5). Insulate the binding posts from the box with fiber washers if the specified binding posts (which are provided with insulation "humps ") are not used. Insulate the rectifier from the box with the small mica insulators provided with it. Exercise extreme care in mounting the rectifier. Don't use additional insulating washers because the aluminum box serves as a heat sink for it. The collectors of T1 and T2 terminate on the transistor shells. Note that these connect directly to the aluminum box when they're mounted. Next, the wiring associated with transistors Ti and T2 should be completed. Then mount the transformer (cut off one of the mounting flanges) and complete the circuit wiring, including the installation of C and R2. Two leads approximately 7 in. long should be provided for connection to the battery holders. The fuse F is a 1/2 -in. length of #36 copper wire with its ends soldered to the negative binding post (or to a short piece of hook -up wire on the binding post) and the hook-up wire lead from the emitter of T2. It prevents damage to the power supply components if the output terminals are accidentally short circuited. Mount the battery holders on the back half of the aluminum box and connect the terminals in series. Fill the eyelets which will contact the batteries with solder. Insert the batteries in the holder and connect the holder to the two leads provided for this purpose. Be sure the switch is in the off position when you do this. Assemble the front and back halves of the box. Dress the leads so they won't short or pinch when the box is completely assembled. Fasten the four screws, and your power supply is ready. 3/8-

-

Side view of power

supply showing Iran. 101 sistor mounting.

Salvaging Parts for Experiments starter contains several

A fluorescent light Interior view of Minibox chassis with components in

place.

parts that can be used by radio -electronics experimenters, such as a thermal switch, small paper capacitor, and neon glow lamp.- J.A.C.

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64

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Eliminating TV Interference How simple filters can cut out annoying TVI from home appliances, neon lights, aircraft, ham broadcasts or other sources

By

W. F. GEPHART

TELEVISION interference (TVI) comes from a number of sources, and to eliminate it we must first determine the type and, if possible, the source (Figs 1, 2 and 3). For best results, the interference should be filtered out at the offending device; if that is not possible, it probably can be eliminated at your TV set. Interference is classified into two types as in Table A, (1) broad -band, where the source consists of many frequencies and harmonics; and (2) narrow -band, where the source has one fundamental frequency and normal harmonics. Most narrow -band inter-

A.C.

MOTOR

1

LINE

T MF

I FOR ELECTRIC RAZORS AND SMALL MOTORS

ICONNECT TO

A.C. LINE

f

MOTOR .I MF

T

1 T .05

MOTO^

MF

FOR SMALL METAL -CASED MOTORS

MOTOR

FOR LARGE MOTORS OR

4 1

230V. DEVICES

SIMPLE POWER LINE FILTERS

Ignition or "spark" interference is characterized by multiple bands of "hash" moving up and down the screen, displacement of picture and often a popping noise in the speaker.

small motor results in a single unmoving band of "hash."

2 A-C interference caused by

3

Diagonal lines (sometimes a herringbone or chicken. wire pattern) indicate R.F. or oscillator interference.

pi

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

A- COMMON

TABLE

85

TYPES OF TVI SOURCES

Broad -band Interference

Enters Set Thru

Remedy

Wide -band A -C line filter on set or filter on trouble causing device

(most common type)

Usually through A -C lines; sometimes thru antenna if interference is near and intense

Electric Motor noise

A -C line

Filter at motor or on set; Wide-band A -C line filter on set

A -C line

Same as electric motor

Type

Ignition & spark noise Fig. 1

Fig. 2 Non -communication electronic equipment such as neon lights, diathermy units, infra -red heat drying equipment, etc. (characterized by wide bands of curved lines across picture)

Narrow -band Interference

A -C line filter plugged into outlet, with TV set plugged into top. Other half of outlet can be

utilized.

ference is due to other

radiating electronic equipment. Many cases of broadband, a -c motor interference can be traced by noting what appliances in your home are operating when the interference is present. Cure by connecting one of the line filters detailed in Fig. 4 to the troublesome motor or device itself to eliminate the interference before it gets into your TV set through the power lines or through the antenna's picking up the radiated interference from power lines. If you can't install the filter at the trouble source, plug a line filter made as in Figs. 5 and 6 into the wall outlet, and plug the TV set into the filter. Connect the binding post on the top to a good ground such as a water pipe. Mount the male chassis -type plug in one side of the filter chassis as near the bottom as possible as in Fig. and the female socket in the top, slightly off center to allow for bind-

6,

ing post. The coils

should not touch the metal case; the wire is stiff

enough to make

(Entering through antenna) Type

Appearance

Remedy

Oscillator radiation from an-

Diagonal black lines or herringbone or chickenwire pattern across screen

Shield offending set (line cabinet with foil or screening) ground receiver (if

Diagonal

line filter filter

other TV set Fig. 3 Low frequency radio police, Hams, etc.)

(B.C.,

Medium frequency radio

black lines, lines across the screen, usually shifting and moving Same as

low frequency radio

(S.W., Hams, aircraft, etc.) High frequency radio (F.M.,

Same as low

frequency radio

aircraft, T.V., etc.)

designed for

it),

trap

Specific frequency high -pass filter, wide -band R.F. antenna filter, reorient antenna Wane

trap (stub). re- orient antenna

.

BINDING POST

wave

or wide -band R.F. antenna

-`

m

FEMALE SOCKET LOCATE ON TOP OFF CENTER

LET "L" WINDINGS DO NOT

TOUCH CASE

34 " MALE PLUG AS NEAR BOTTOM AS POSSIBLE

2

I"

\

_

i

S

ALUMINUM BOX



6

POWER LINE FILTER

-r2. 34 TURNS 41.-18 ENAMELED WIRE

COVER

CLOSE WOUND

3" 14-

MALE PLUG

FEMALE SOCKET

L SCHEMATIC

GND.

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MAKE TWO

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

66

them self-supporting. Sometimes turning (re- orienting) the antenna slightly, or moving it to another location eliminates narrowband radio frequency (R.F.) interference without affecting the signal. If moving within 20 ft. doesn't improve the signal, further moving probably won't help. Other types of R.F. interference such as FM transmissions, hams or aircraft are eliminated by simple high -pass filters in the antenna leads which allow high frequency TV signals to pass readily but tend to

13

TURNS

sí24

INSULATED

TO

ANTENNA

3-30

MMF TRIMMER

4.5-25 MMF TRIMMER

B

gil A

T0 ANTENNA

/

SET ANT TERM.

/I

SPACE TO FIT

ANTENNA TERMINALS

L2

V

rt TURNS *18 ENAM., CLOSE WOUND AND CENTER- TAPPED 12

20 MME

20 MMF

20

20 MMF

MMF

Ti

I

t

I

T 1

L3 20MMF--

MMF

L2

CENTER TAP

A

20 LI

15

-

r` ANT.

12

SCHEMATIC

Wide band R.F. filter attached to set. Wire from top clip goes to chassis.

B

MATERIALS LIST-TVI FILTERS Amt. Description A -C Line Filter (Figs. 5 and 6): 2 %y" dia. x 1a/4" long coil rods 1 .1 mf. 400 volt condenser 2 .05 mf. 400 volt condenser 1 male chassis plug (Amphenol 61 -M) female chassis socket (Amphenol 61 -F) 1 1 binding post (not insulated) x 31/4 x 21/2" aluminum box (Bud CU -2101) 1 #18 enameled wire 9' (approx.) 10-32 mc. Antenna Filter (Fig. 7A): 1 t/o" dia. x 1 %" long coil rod 4.5.25 mmf ceramic trimmer (Centralab 822-AZ) 1 Fahnestock clip 1 20" (approx.) #24 insulated wire 30-120 mc Antenna Filter (Fig. 7B): 3.30 mmf mica trimmer 1 Fahnestock clip 1 #16 bare wire 15" (approx.) Wide -band R.F. Antenna Filter (Figs. BA and B): V2" dia. js" long coil rods 2 %4" dia. i/a" long coil rod 1 20 mmf ceramic condensers 4

lei

15 mmf ceramic condensers

2 3 1.

Fahnestock pc

5' (approx.)

clips

3 x 5" plastic

#18

enameled wire

AIDE-BAND

MMF

I

LI-L3

il7.1.1

TURNS *18 ENAM., CLOSE WOUND

R.F.

IYi

21

FILTER

block out low frequency signals. If the interfering frequency is known, make a "tuned" filter (Figs. 7A or B) that will cover the signal frequency, connecting one to each antenna terminal at the set in such a way that the coils are at right angles to each other, and adjust the capacitors with an insulated screwdriver for best results. If tightening the capacitor on the filter does not eliminate interference, install the other filter shown in Figs. 7A and B. If the interfering frequency is unknown, or if several frequencies may be involved, install the wide -band R.F. filter in Fig. 8A and B. While not as efficient for any single frequency as a "tuned" filter, it does weaken all frequencies below the TV frequencies. The filter must be made the size shown so the coils are separated to prevent interaction and are at right angles to each other. While it's best to enclose the unit in a metal case, with the side of the case at least 3/4 in. from any coil, and the case grounded, you can assemble the unit on a piece of plastic as in Fig. 8A. If the frequency of the interfering signal is so

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67

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER IL

SHORTED IV"- (SOLDER ENDS)

WAVE

HALF-WAVE, SHORTED STUB

;WAVE

-

OPEN)

ADJUSTABLE HALF-WAVE STUB FOIL WRAPPED

CONNECT TO ANT. TERMINALS OF SET

AROUND SO IT CAN BE MOVED ALONG

WITH REGULAR ANT. LEAD

LINE

-0-



K,

WAVE

---1

I I

OPEN

QUARTER -WAVE OPEN STUB

2950

LENGTH= FREQ.(MC.1 (IN.) -pi

9

WAVE

CUT SOMEWHAT LONGER THAN CALC. LENGTH AND SNIP OFF UNTIL INTER FERENCE IS

ELIMINATED LENGTH-

(IN)

FREQ.(MC.)

z WAVE

TRANSMISSION LINE WAVE TRAPS

(300 -OHM

ANT.

LEAD-IN)

close to a TV channel frequency that an antenna filter might also filter out the desired signal, connect a simple filter or trap to the antenna terminals of the TV set (with the regular antenna lead). If you know the TVI frequency, make the filter of a section of 300 -ohm antenna lead -in cut to exactly 1/2 the wavelength of that signal as in Fig. 9; solder the free ends of the stub together. If you don't know the TVI frequency, cut the

lead -in somewhat longer than the calculated length (around 30 in.) and tightly wrap a 2 -in. section of aluminum foil around the end (Fig. 9) as a short. Move the foil until best results are obtained, then fasten with cellophone tape. Somewhat less efficient is the simply made la -wavelength trap. Cut the lead -in longer than needed, fasten in place and snip off sections until the interference disappears. If the TVI source is so close that even with the antenna lead filtered, wiring within the TV set picks up the signal, shield the set by lining the cabinet with aluminum foil or copper screening and connecting this shield to the chassis. Also connect the chassis to a good ground, provided the set is designed to have a grounded chassis. Where chassis is not grounded, set should be so labeled according to U.L. standards. Speaking of shielding, check all shields, such as those on tubes, within your TV set, as omission of or loosely- connected shielding can cause interference on your set or your neighbor's. Eliminating TVI is often a relatively simple matter, but there is no single remedy. Sometimes in apartments or industrial areas, complete elimination is virtually impossible though some improvement can usually be made by the right combination of antenna orientation, shielding, filtering and wave traps.

Try a Lemon or Tomato Battery HE principles of dry cell battery operation I involve the use of two dissimilar materials

such as zinc and carbon, placed in an electrolyte, usually a moist mixture of charcoal or gypsum, zinc chloride and ammonium chloride (or sal ammoniac). The electrolyte acts more strongly on the zinc, slowly consuming it in the process. The zinc is the negative side of the cell and the carbon is usually used for the positive or other material. Another action that takes place is that hydrogen is released with a load, from the action of the current on the electrolyte. The hydrogen bubbles released tend to collect around the carbon and act as an insulator, thus increasing the cell's internal resistance. This would normally cause a voltage drop were it not for another chemical element that is added, called a depolarizer, which may be powdered carbon and manganese dioxide. To demonstrate a simple cell and its action, cut a lemon or tomato in half; the half will be the cell container and its juice the electrolyte. Then break up an old flashlight cell to recover the carbon rod and a piece of the outer zinc container (Fig. 2). (Use a cell that is not decomposed to the extent that the zinc is destroyed). Wash the carbon rod and the zinc container from the battery in hot water. Then cut a 11/2 in. wide strip from the zinc container, press the carbon rod in one side of a cut lemon, and the zinc strip in the opposite side. By connecting the carbon and zinc terminals

to a high resistance voltmeter, we can then obtain about a 1.2 volt reading (Fig. 2) which is pretty good for a lemon! However, switching the meter switch to the 10 mil scale shows us that the current capacity is small, for a maximum of about .5 mils will be recorded. Now, put salt on

the lemon; the current will rise. If you put a light load on the cell, however, it will quickly polarize, since it has no depolarizer, and a second check on the voltmeter scale will show a decided drop in voltage. This will slowly rise again and come back practically to its original value.

How Does It Work?

-

of wires, one switch, two lamps Throw switch left and the left lamp turns on; throw switch right and the right lamp turns on, left lamp turns off. How does it work? The secret is revealed on page 88 together with full details on how to build the unit.

* Two cases, a pair

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68

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Car Battery Adaptor Operates

Portable Transistor Radio By

THOMAS A. BLANCHARD

YOU'LL never have to worry

items are packed in these 3/4x14x 21 -in. slide -cover containers. Drill or ream three holes in the side of the

three phone tip or banana jacks as in Figs. 1 and 2. Mount a 2 -lug tie strip to the bottom of the box with a

portable transistor radio batteries going dead when on

car outing or camping trip if a

you have this tiny car -battery adaptor tucked away in the glove compartment of your car. Simply plug the adaptor cord into your car's cigaret

6-32 x 1/4-in. screw

for securing

the

various compo-

nents. These consist of a 25 ma. instrument fuse with pigtail leads, a 600 and 300 ohm 1-

lighter or map

watt resistor and

light socket, attach the cord clips to the radio battery terminals and tune in your favorite program. In this way you save the radio batteries for times when you really need them. The adaptor will supply power to sets designed for either 6 or 9 -volt operation having NPN or PNP transistors. It can be used with 6 or 12-volt car batteries grounded positive or negative to the car chassis. The plastic box into which the adaptor was MA

radio hardware

box and install

about your

25

assembled will be familiar to many of you radio experimenters since a leading line of

FUSES

TIE STRIP

22

X

wire components. To connect the adaptor to the car in the side of the a cord and plug

Iq Xá

PLASTIC BOX

MOUNTING SCREW

300

OHM

Complete adaptor, not including extension wire, fits into 3/4 x x 21 -in. box and may be stored in car glove compartment. 1 %

IN

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM

from an inexpensive trouble light designed to plug into the dash cigaret lighter socket or a suitable length of light fixture cord and fit it with a plug made from the base of a burned -out dash or dome lamp. If you use the latter, break the glass around the lamp base and scrape the base shell clean. Solder the cord leads into the base and fill the base with sealing wax. The wax can be melted by applying a heated soldering iron until wax flows into shell. In the event that an instrument fuse is not

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69

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

readily available, get one of the midget fuses your local service station stocks for auto clock circuits. With a little care, pigtail leads can be MATERIALS LIST-CAR BATTERY ADAPTOR No. Req. 1

12 3

ft

Size and Description plastic box 3/q x 13/s o 2 %2 -in. or larger light plastic extension cord

1

phone tip or banana jack phone or banana jack

1

3 -lug

2 1 1 1

1

tie strip small test clips 300 ohm, 1 -watt composition resistor 600 ohm. 1 -watt composition resistor 25 ma. pigtail instrument fuse plug -see text

FUSE

TO

600 OHMS

I

SET

A

PLUG

300

OHM

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

soldered to the ends of any regular glass cartridge fuse with a low current rating. The output leads of the adaptor are fitted with small clips. One clip lead is fitted with either a phone tip or banana type plug for connecting to the desired output jack. Jack #1 should be used for operating either a 6 or 9 -volt transistor set from a 6 -volt car battery. Jack #2 is used when operating a 6 -volt set from a 12-volt car battery. Jack #3 is used for operating a 9 -volt set on a 12 -volt car battery. Because of the several variable factors previously mentioned, polarity indications cannot be shown in the wiring plan. To determine which lead is positive, which is negative, attach the adaptor to the dash socket and connect the clip leads into the set. If set fails to work, simply reverse the clips and the radio will play. However, do not expect to sit in the car and play the radio unless the vehicle has a fabric convertible top. As most experimenters well know, loop radios do not work in hardtop automobiles unless an external antenna is used.

Meter amplifier (front panel view shown in-

set) in use with

Heathkit

volt -ohmmeter.

Sensitive Direct Current

Meter Amplifier amplifier increases the sensitivity of a milliammeter or microammeter many times! And it can be built from parts you probably have on handThis

By FORREST H.

FRANTZ, SR.

TRANSISTORS are basically current amplifiers (in contrast to vacuum tubes which are voltage amplifiers). This characteristic of a transistor makes it a natural as a current amplifier for a meter. With a current amplifier, a low cost milliammeter can be made as sensitive as an expensive microammeter, and microammeters can be made more sensitive. Extremely small currents can be measured; and, if series resistors are employed with the transistor amplifier -meter combination, the result is a sensitive voltmeter which draws very little current from the circuit under measurement. Here is an amplifier unit which can be built from about $5 worth of parts.

RI

S2

Construction. The circuit is shown in Fig. 2. Miniature perforated board layout is shown in Fig. 3. The entire assembly is housed in a plastic case (See Fig. 4).

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70

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

First, prepare the circuit board. The board on the Materials List is the exact size required, the hole centers coincide with perforations. Drill a h -in. hole for each hole position (back the board with a wood block to prevent breakage). The larger holes may be made with a taper reamer or with drills of appropriate size. Place the finished circuit board against the face of the plastic case for use as a guide in making the case pilot holes. Use a heated ice pick to make pilot center holes, enlarging these to size with a taper reamer. The battery holder holes on the case must be of about %6 in. dia. since the mounting nuts are placed on the front of the circuit board. Cut the shaft of R3 to a length of % in., the shaft of R4 to a length of ll/2 in. By placing the unwanted end of the shaft in a vise and cutting to desired length with a hacksaw, you do not place any stress on the shaft bushing which could damage the control. Fasten the battery holder, potentiometers (R3 and R4), switches (Si and S2), terminals and soldering lugs (plus and minus) on the circuit board. Retaining nuts for all parts (except the battery holder) fasten from the front of the plastic case in the final assembly. Turn battery holder connection lugs to the side as required to contact adjacent lugs for connecting the cells in series and solder the appropriate lugs together. Then fill the battery contact eyelets on the holder with solder. Next make connections between the mounted components and wire Rl, R2, and R5 into the circuit. (The value of Rl depends on the meter to be used with the amplifier.) Connect the input leads and slip 11/4 in. lengths of spaghetti on the transistor leads and solder it into the circuit. Now remove the nuts which retain 113, R4, SI, S2, and the terminals (plus and minus). Place the circuit board in the plastic case and refasten the component retaining nuts on the front side of the case. Fasten the knobs on R3 and R4, and place the penlite cells in the battery. Operating Principles. The number of times a given base current change appears to be amplified in the collector circuit of a transistor is commonly called the Beta. Another way to say this is: Beta equals change in collector current divided by the change in base current that started the process. The Beta of the 2N508 transistor is better than 100. It would therefore seem that a current of 10 microamperes on the base of this transistor could cause full scale deflection of a 0 -1 milliammeter. Actually, however, the Beta of a transistor isn't constant. Generally, meter current amplifiers are operated without a base biasing resistor and the Beta is lower under these conditions than under the test conditions for which a numerical Beta is given. Another factor

DC METER AMPLIFIER

A-

Table Sensitivities and Calibration Points for Various Meter -Transistor Combinations Value of R1

Meter Range

(Megohms)

.6! 5.8

.116 1.16 1

16

1 ma. 100 µa 1 ma.

100

200 µa

Meter -Amp Sensitivity (Micro Amperes)

full scale full scale 50 full scale 20 2

5

full scale

10

full scale

Beta of

Transistor 50 or SO or 20 or 20 or 20 or

more more more more more

Calibration Point

mid -scale mid -scale full -scale full -scale mid-scale

which tends to reduce the amount of useful current amplification the transistor has in a meter amplifier application is the leakage current (Ire) which flows although the base is open. The current in the emitter circuit of a transistor is nearly equal to the collector current. The meter connects into a bridge circuit consisting of the transistor and resistors R2, R4, and R5. R4 functions as a "zero" control. With S2 depressed, R4 is adjusted for zero deflection of the meter. If a current flows through the input leads, the meter deflection is proportional to this current. The potentiometer R3 which shunts the meter is a scale adjustment; its setting determines the amount the meter will be deflected for a given base input current. It is set in the following manner: First, depress S2 and adjust R4 to zero the meter. Then Si is depressed (with S2 still depressed) and R3 is adjusted for a predetermined scale meter deflection. This calibrates the meter. The value of Rl is chosen to provide a calibration current which is equal to the meter current calibration point divided by 50. Thus, for a 1 -ma meter, if the predetermined calibration points is to be full-scale reading, the calibration current is 1 ma divided by 50, or 20 microamperes. The voltage difference from base to emitter is approximately 0.2 v. The battery voltage is 6 v. Rl will have a voltage drop of 6 minus 02, or 5.8 volts and the current through it is to be 20 microamperes. Its resistance (R = V /I) is (5.8/20) Megohms. The computed value is .29 Megohms or 290K. A 270K resistor that is high in value or a 330K resistor that is low in value can be selected from ordinary 10% or 20% tolerance carbon resistors. An alternate approach is to let the predetermined meter calibration point be mid scale. The current through Rl should then be 20/2 or 10 microamperes, and Rl = (5.8/10) Megohms = .58 Megohms; 560K is near enough to this value to use. The battery voltage can be expected to be a few tenths of a volt below 6 anyway, so that 560K should be more correct than the computed value of 580K. Table A shows the value of Rl for various basic meter ranges, the predetermined

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71

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

meter calibration point and the base current that will cause full -scale meter deflection. After the meter amplifier has been zeroed (R4) and the scale adjustment (R3) has been made, the amplifier input leads are connected into the circuit in which a measurement is to be made and S2 is depressed. The meter reading divided by 50 is the amplifier input current. The conversion may be performed mentally by multiplying the meter reading by two, taking the proper unit conversion into account. SI

MATERIALS LIST-DC METER AMPLIFIER

watt, 10% carbon resistor watt, 10°/, carbon resistor

R5

470 ohm,

R2

Rl

2.2K, 1/2 see text and Table A

R4

100 ohm wirewound potentiometer

1/2

Sl, 52

(Clarostat Series 43100) 10K dime -size potentiometer (Lafayette VC -34) 2N508 transistor (GE) -text pives information for using other transistors miniature push button switches (Lafayette MS -449)

B

4-1.5

R5 T

y

RI

METER

BATT.

TERMS.

HOLDER

4

Description

Desip.

S2

penlite cells series connected (RCA VS074)

4 -cell Battery Holder (Lafayette MS -170)

3%" miniature perforated bakelite board (Lafayette MS -304)

27/,b x

x 2% x 3%" plastic case (Lafayette MS -159) miniature knob (Lafayette MS -185) pointer knob (Lafayette KN -41) 1.

Alternatives. Suppose you want to use a transistor other than the 2N508 which you may have on hand, say a CK722 or a 2N107. They'll work, but their current gains are low and they have appreciable leakage. To use other transistors, use a single 1K pot in place of R4 and R5. The zero adjustment will be more critical since no padding resistor is provided, but you'll be able to zero the meter. Resistor Rl is computed as described earlier, but the assumptions are different. Assume the input base current to be the meter reading divided by 20. Thus for a 0 -1 ma meter, figure 1/20 ma or 50 microamperes of input current for full scale deflection. Then Rl is (5.8/50) Megohms or 116K for full -scale deflection (110K is the nearest common value). If transistors of better quality than the experimenter types are used, current amplification scale factors greater than 20 may be assumed. Even experimenter grade transistors which you might have may have Betas of 50 or more. The reduced values were assumed because Betas vary widely between transistors of a given type. Thus, although some readers may get transistors with low Betas, very few will get transistors with Betas below those assumed for the types covered in this discussion. The physical construction of the meter amplifier may be varied if you prefer different construction. The amplifier and a basic meter move-

Back view of meter amplifier unit.

ment may be incorporated in a single case, for example. Shunt multipliers may be provided at the amplifier input if several various low current ranges are desired. Voltmeter. A resistor connected in series with the input lead and the base of the transistor converts the amplifier -meter combination into a high -sensitivity voltmeter. Assume the current sensitivity of the combination is 20 microamperes for full -scale meter deflection (the case for the model described in this article when employed with a .0 -1 ma meter), and the meter is to read full -scale when the measured voltage is 50 v. Then the required series resistor is (50/20) Meg ohms or 2.5 Megohms. The nearest standard values are 2.2 and 2.7 Megohms. However, standard values of 1 and 1.5 Megohms are available. Connect these in series. Since this voltmeter arrangement only draws 20 microamperes from the circuit under test, it may be used to make measurements in most vacuum tube equipment without upsetting circuits and introducing loading error in measured values.

Nail Clipper Strips Wire A nail clipper makes an excellent tool for radio

and TV hobbyists, to use for removing insulation from small -gage wiring. First, however, remove

the pressure- handle to avoid exerting too much force and cutting right through the wire. -R. J. DECRISTOFORO.

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RAnIci.TV EXPERIMENTER

72

Transistorized Photo -Cell Control A beam of light can be

a handy workman around the home

By

THOMAS A. BLANCHARD

WHEN this photoelectric -cell switch is placed so its activating light beam shines across a doorway, hall or porch, a person passing through will break the light beam and cause a door chime to sound, a light to turn on or a burglar

alarm to ring. The switch may be wired across any existing 115 -volt switch to control lights, a bell, etc., not exceeding 2 amps., or about 130 watts. It is battery operated and therefore portable and completely independent of the house current which it controls. The entire unit is housed in a 21/4 x 21/4 x 23/4 -in. radio utility box. All components are mounted on 21/4 x 21/4 -in. perforated plastic panel. Place the components on the panel and mark and drill holes for mounting the parts as in Fig. 2. Make the battery brackets as in Fig. 3C and bolt them to the panel with 3 -48 x 1/4 -in. screws. Also drill three 5/32 -in. holes for the 6 -32 x 1 in. mounting screws. Make the tube spacers for mounting screws same length that

photocell

fiber the the the

projects

through the perforated panel. Transfer the location of these holes and holes for potentiometer and photocell to the front of the box and drill. The cadmium sulphide photocell is a Clairex CL-2 which is about the size of a small composition resistor. This tiny unit has the general characteristics of a vacuum tube photocell. It is a photo- conductive device like the phototube. It has the unique property of having a very high resistance in darkness, but as it is exposed to light the resistance drops from the megohm range to 10,000 ohms in bright

Tiny self-contained photoelsctronic control being test-actuated at close range with flashlight. Unit is sensitive enough to respond to feeble dcyaght at st.rprisingly long distances

FIBER -TUBE S

light. To actuate the control, only a small light change is required so that sufficient current passes rear views panel showing placement Parts. Front and

PCERS 6 -32

M4JNTING SC ?EWS 3 FEO.

of

of

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93

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER TRANSISTOR

P-N-P CONTACT

C

B

P- N- P TRANSISTOR 2K

C

SOLDER BATTERY SNAP FASTENERS

SWITCH

COIL

+

H

TO

CADMIUM

SULPHIDE CRYSTAL

OHM

RELAY

E

CONTACT

o

9I!I LT

SWITCH ON POT

BAC RELAY CONTACTS

PHOTOCELL L -2

C

500 500K

T

X218

SENS. CONTROL

MA

PICTURE PLAN

K

l

I

fi4

DRILL

BATTERY BRACKETS

C

MATERIALS LIST-PHOTOCELL SWITCH Size and Description No. Rep. 21/2 x 21/2 x 23b" aluminum radio utility box 1 1 Sigma sersitire relay type 4F with 200 ohm coil Clairex photocell type CL -2 1 1 21/2 s 2%2" perforated phenolic (Bakelite) (Lafayette) 1 500K miniature potentiometer with switch P -NP transistor (type 2N107, 2N34, CK722, etc.) 1 Lafayette "flea clips" 5 1 /ie x 1/2 x 3" brass for battery clips 9r transistor battery 1 3 14 I.D. x 3" long fiber tube for mounting screw spacers 6-32 x 1" rh machine screws for mounting panel 3 2 3-48 s 1/4" rh machine screws for battery clips Hookup wire and misc. hardware

through it to provide a base return negative voltage to the transistor, thus causing a large flow of current through transistor to the relay coil. The cadmium cell should not be confused with the short-lived selenium cell which is a

2 REO.

Ise

B

SCHEMATIC

PLAN

BRASS

photovoltaic device. Connect the leads from the photocell and transistor to flea clips and insert them through the holes in the perforated panel. Solder hookup wire to the flea clips on the other side of the panel as in Figs. 2 and 3. The use of a sensitive plate relay is most important. Fixed relays are set up at the factory with predetermined pick -up and drop -out relay contact specifications. Altering these adjustments is difficult and sometimes impossible. The relay employed is the fully adjustable Sigma 4F with a variable hairspring armature adjustment and screw gapped contacts. The coil resistance of the unit is 2000 ohms. In this application we adjusted armature tension and contacts so that relay picked up at 700 microamps and dropped out at 500 uA. The relay coil with photo cell in darkness draws just 200 uA and only 1.6 mil liamps in brightest light. While the life of conventional transistor batteries is limited, those desiring a battery good for 10,000 hours of service may employ the rechargeable nickel -cadmium cells now on the market. Many of these batteries are designed expressly for transistor BATTERY service and will fit nicely C LI PS into limited space. Sensitivity of the photo control can be reguVS304 lated by adjusting the miniature 500,000 ohm

linear potentiometer which is wired in series with the photo control so that the desired pickup and drop-out of relay switch contacts may be adjusted to meet existing light conditions.

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74

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

TABLE

What To Listen For

A-

SHORTWAVE BANDS, SPRING AND SUMMER, 1960 BEST

9500 9770

Short Wave,

On

11000

Spring and Summer, 1960

11700 11975

By C. M. STANBURY II

13000

14000

L R A RADIO NACIONAL

t

,adán Su atenta. Carta del 24 -58- que contenía wi informe .orrQcto de nu4.stra CranbmiAn de esa fecha.-

1.1

C,.

9690 100

PRCUNCU

-

15100 15450

-

16000

-

17000

_

17700

KW RAUDO

DE

CORREOS

O

REPUBLICA

V

E

N O

S

AIRES

ARGENTINA

QSL (verification card) from Radlodifusion Argentina al Exterior. Note that on globe map Argentina Includes the Falkland Islands (held by the British) and a large portion of Antarctica. RAE covers South American news from a different point of view. For details on this and other easily received SW broadcasts see Table B.

N international broadcast is worth the expense only if you-the listener-can receive it and -for one reason or another

-

also enjoy the program. (Admittedly, your interests as a short-wave listener and the interests of a SW broadcaster may not always coincide.) Let's look into the factors that affect reception and then analyze the programs themselves to discover which make for enjoyable listening. Shortwave signals are weak compared to local broadcasting but this is unimportant, as there is little static on the shortwaves. The serious problems for the broadcaster are finding a clear wavelength, since scores of countries are broadcasting, and choosing a wave length that will be reflected by the ionosphere, a region of ionized air 60 and more miles above the earth upon which all shortwave broadcasting depends. The broadcaster must choose a wave -length which is short enough to escape absorption characteristic of lower frequencies and yet not too short for reflection via the ionosphere. If he's going to stick within the internationally authorized shortwave bands (see Table A), this summer he will be limited to a

17900 *To convert to megacycles, divide by 1000

total of 1100 kc, a total two -thirds of that covered by the standard broadcast band. The National Bureau of Standards estimates that the average shortwave listener will tolerate four times as much interference as he will on the broadcast band. This compromise is a matter of necessity. During the summer, every summer, absorption of radio waves by the ionosphere increases, while in the top layer of the ionosphere ionization decreases. This means that the longer 49 and 40 meter waves will not escape absorption (only the Communists use the latter for North America anyway) and therefore will be unsuitable for consistent transoceanic broadcasting, and due to decreased ionization in the top layer of the ionosphere, 13 meters at the top end of the dial will be reflected only sporadically. Which leaves 16, 19, 25 and 31 meters -and of these the 16 -meter band is on the doubtful side. During the past few summers 16 meters has been "Open" (reflected) but with a dropping sunspot count (sunspots increase reflection) ; international broadcasters will be able to count on this one less and less.

1

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95

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Taking it by regions, daytime European signals will be received best on 19 meters with some on 16 meters, especially in the afternoon. Then evenings these signals will be heard on 25 and 31 meters with 19 also open several hours past sunset. Similar conditions hold for Africa except you probably won't hear any on 19 while dark. Asiatics will first appear around sunset or shortly before on 16 and 19 meters and because it is a peak listening period, such stations having North American broadcasts will transmit them during this period. However during the early am hours of darkness many Asiatic signals should be audible from 19 thru 31 meters. Pacific islands will also be heard during the am hours on 19, 25 and 31 meters. Latin American stations, with the exception of TABLE

Argentina and Chile, can be received much more easily; they will be received in the summertime all the way down to 6 megacycles (49 meters) and -when static permits -even lower. The Human Element. As international broadcasting is directed by human beings, for human motives, it is of course far from perfect. And as in any other of man's endeavors, these services range from good, such as the quality program put out by the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, to the absolute lowest as epitomized by Radio Peking. However there is always one constructive way to judge any shortwave station. Does it provide something worthwhile not readily obtainable elsewhere? In this connection there are two common practices which, in varying degrees, lessen short-

B- STATIONS

TO START WITH

TIME* COUNTRY

FREQUENCY OR WAVE- LENGTH

SWITZERLAND

11865 and 9535 Ke /s

(EASTERN STANDARD)

2030-2215 and 2315.2400

BROADCASTER AND DETAILS Swiss news (neutrality and more neutrality), commentary from Swiss newspapers (not so neutral). Swiss Broadcasting Corporation.

factual information about this, one of the world's first republics. You might say it was pro -Swiss but then the Voice of America is pro -U. S. and you really wouldn't want anything else. An interesting little touch with S.B.C.: on each broadcast they give the weather for Switzerland. Finally of note are special international features such as rates of exchange for world's currencies. Good source of

International news from a democratic West European viewpoint. Usually concludes program with a topical talk. These probably reflect quite accurately the general Dutch viewpoint. Radio Nederland.

15220 Kc /s (16 meters)

1615.1705

11730 and 9590 (97151)

2130.2210

SPAIN

9363 Kc /s

2215-2250, 2315-2350 and 0015.0050

The Voice of Spain. This one operates off regular broadcast freFeatures a reasonable quantity of quencies to avoid interference. Spanish folk and popular music. Too bad the entire program doesn't consist of same.

ISRAEL

9009 (11845) Kc /s

1530-1600

The Voice of

NETHERLANDS

Zion. Another off-band a clear Interesting source of Israeli news from Israeli folk and popular music, but not

little early for 31M but with

operation and that time is a it should get through. a Zionist point of view. Also

channel

enough.

Brazzaville (French government radio). African news from, primarily, a French point of view. Certainly better than none at all.

11725 Kc /s

2015.2100

Radio

JAPAN

17855 and 15325 Ke/s

1930 -2030

Radio Japan. News from Asia's leading democracy. folk and popular music; as usual, not enough.

ARGENTINA

9690 (15345) Kc /s

2200-2300 and 2400.0100

Radiodifusion Argentina al Exterior. South American news from a different if not unbiased point of view. Rest of program consists of Argentine popular music, more polished than most Latin American music and probably less interesting. Compare with the Voice of Spain.

GREAT BRITAIN

16 thru 31 meters

1600.2200

General Overseas Service, British Broadcasting Corporation. This is general programming intended for the entire English speaking world and not any one specific area. Time given is best for North America, but G.O.S. can usually be heard throughout the day on many frequencies. The G.O.S. is an excellent example of British programming and conservative English thought. Covers international affairs, theatre, literature and music. Also international sports but the latter would

AUSTRALIA

11810 Kc /s

0714-0845 and 1014.1145

Radio Australia. Australian news -the continent has an area of almost 3,000,000 square miles, remember. Remainder of program is mostly entertainment. These broadcasts have twice been voted most popular by the world's short-wave listeners.

CANADA

15195 (11900 or another 25 meter frequency)

2000 -2045

Radio Canada. Good source of international and Canadian news. Because of the nations proximity, the latter is of special interest to U. S. citizens.

CONGO

REPUBLIC

be

of

little interest to the

Some Japanese

average American.

Time is given on the 24 -hour clock. 1200 is 12 noon, 1300 is 1 pm, 2400 is midnight, and so on. words, for times past noon subtract 1200 to get Eastern Standard Time. 1

Frequencies listed in brackets are alternate possibilities.

If

you

first, try these.

www.americanradiohistory.com

fail to hear

a

In other

program on the channels listed

7$

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

wave's usefulness. First, many stations play classical music. Of course if the transmission is intended for an area where shortwave is the only kind of broadcasting, such a feature is certainly justified. But when beamed to North America, it is a waste of time and frequency. As explained, shortwave is anything but a hi -fi media and the classical music fan would do far better on FM, or in some areas, even on the standard broadcast band. Second, most SW broadcasters when attemptEasy Transistor Class Identification It's almost impossible to determine whether a transistor is of the NPN or PNP variety just by looking at it in a circuit. However, an easy clue to identification lies in the fact that the middle letter of the transistor class designation indicates which terminal of the battery is connected to the collector element. Thus, in the case of the PNP type, the negative terminal of the battery is connected to the collector; similarly, the positive terminal of a battery is connected to the collector element of a transistor of the NPN variety. Either by checking the polarity of the potential on the collector element, or by tracing out wires to the battery, it is a relatively simple matter to determine correctly the class of a given transistor. -Jom. A. COMSTOCK.

ing to give a view of their country, tend to overemphasize institutions and material things, passing by the real human values. While this is a fault common to most governmental undertakings, it is quite understandable here as these

values are quite intangible and obviously difficult to put into words. I have listed in Table B ten broadcasts which I think you'll find interesting. The chart tells which have been picked for all -round excellence and which for only one or two special features.

Wire Scraper from Old Blade An old piece of hacksaw blade can be used for clean-

ing wires when

soldering. It will not cut the strands as will a knife. FRANK A. JAVOR.

Transistors Wired in Tandem When building direct -coupled amplifiers using transistors, wiring can be simplified and space saved by connecting matched pairs of transistors together. Cement or tape the two transistors together back -to -back, and solder the emitter lead of one unit to the base lead of the other.

IIIINdll "This circuit has a response of 20. 20,000

-

cps- practically

I

VIII

IIIfTpRP,t,,,

X11

At Huhta

no harmonic distortion up to 25 watts

www.americanradiohistory.com

..:'

77

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

memorize morse in 20 minutes: By

Dr.

BRUNO FURST

THE International Morse Code is a language of sound used for radio -telegraphy communication. In it, short and long pulses of sound (dits and dahs) are combined to indicate the 26 letters of the alphabet, the 10 numerals, punctuation marks, and other information. Table A gives the phonic sounds of International Morse as well as the written designations of the pulses, a dot for a short pulse (dit), a dash for a long pulse (dah). Except when it is the final syllable of a character, a dit is contracted to di, the t becoming lost in the d of the following syllable. A brief depression of the telegraph key sends a dot signal; a depression three times as long, a dash. Between signals forming the same letter, there is a pause equal to one dot; the pause between two letters within a word is equal to three dots (a dash); the pause between two words is equal to seven dots. If the letter a were represented by one dot, b by two dots and so, no help in memorizing the code would be necessary. However, the distribution of dots and dashes is completely irregular (except that the most commonly used characters have the simplest signal combinations) and help is necessary. There is no uniformity in sequence. There is no pattern. Taken all in all, the code presents a confusing picture, difficult to memorize. Here then is a method which has been tested over and over again that enables everybody (even those without previous experience) to learn the International Morse Code in 15 to 20 minutes. Since the code consists of dots and dashes, the dots are replaced by vowels (a- e- i-o -u -y), the dashes by consonants. For each letter of the alphabet. a specific word which begins with the letter that it stands for is substituted. For example, the cue word Air is substituted for the letter a. The cue words (or cue word combinations) at right above represent the entire alphabet:

it

J

6 ruble

IC

A C

hina

D

ray

E

sso

F

fiery

odak L ydia M onk N ate O n top

G lobe H is essay 1

ust now

P

arty

G-Club R eno

ssue

S

usi,

T

ot

U

suai isua:

W Ith

X-rays T okels Z ombie

In order to make easier the task of remembering which word belongs to which letter, memorize this five -sentence story (in it, the cues are used in consecutive order): "A shell burst in the Air, causing a Bruise to a soldier in China, who was riding in a Dray. "The soldier, Private Esso, wrote about the Fiery Globe. His Essay is an Issue Just Now. "With his Kodak he took pictures of Lydia and a Monk writing a Note On Top of a hill. "Then he went to a Party at the Q -Club in Reno, taking Suzie and her Tot along as Usual. "At the club, Visual With X -rays were Yokels drinking a Zombie." Because of its very oddity, this story-read easy to remember. So also, beonce or twice cause of it, are the cue words, since they appear in it in alphabetical order; each cue word acts as an association for the succeeding cue word. Thus each brings the next to mind. (But if you learn the signals mechanically, by rote, and forget one, there is no way in which to recall it.) Having learned the cue words, apply the following rules: The first letter of each word is used only to indicate the letter of the alphabet being coded. (If the first letter of each word were included in the decoding, many exceptions would be necessary because the Morse Code signs for several consonants start with a dot -F, H, R, etc. -whereas the vowel O starts with a dash.) For

-is

the succeeding letters, substitute a dot for each vowel, a dash for each consonant (for example or C hina Because there are no words in the English language consisting only of four vowels (as

Air

-

- -).

for an amateur license you must demonstrate ability to send and receive the morse code. here's how you can learn the code - quickly www.americanradiohistory.com

78

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER TABLE

A- INTERNATIONAL

COOS

A

D

dl DAH DAH di di dit DAH di DAH dit DAH di dit

E

dit

F

di di DAR dit DAH DAH dit di di di dit di dit di DAH DAR DAH DAH di DAR di DAH di dit

I

C

G N J

K L

M N O

Dr. Bruno Furst teaches the art of improving the efficiency of memory. He is director of the School of Memory and Concentration in New York City (the school was 20 years old last fall), professor of law at McGeorge College and instructor at Brooklyn College, Adult Education. His system of memory training has been introduced by many business firms, at the U.S. Army Intelligence School in Washington, and at many Army and Air Force installations. Aside from his resident classes in New York and other cities in the United States. South America, Africa and Australia, he conducts a correspondence course as well as a self -study course. Readers interested in further developing their memory and powers of concentration can write to Dr. Furst in care of the School of Memory and Concentration at 365 West End Avenue, NYC 24.

DAH DAH DAH dit DAH DAR DAH di DAH DAH dit DAH DAH di DAH di DAH dit

P

a R

di di dit DAR di di DAR di di di DAR di DAH DAR DAR di di DAH DAH di DAH BAH DAH BAH dl dit

S

T U

V

w X Y

Z

NUMBER

the author

PHONIC SOUND

SIGNALS

LETTER

MOISI

SIGNALS

Remember this exception by thinking of and

Reno

as follows:

dl dl dl dl dl

BAH BAH BAH BAH dl DAN DAH DAH dl dl BAH BAH dl dl di BAH dl dl dl dit DAH dl dl di dit DAH DAH dl dl dit DAN DAN DAH dl dit DAH BAH BAH DAH dit BAH BAH BAH BAH BAH

S

6 7 $

9 O

.

The s in His is ignored because it is not at the end of the cue word combination. The o in Reno has a dot substituted for it because it is at the end of the cue word. The entire alphabet is thus transposed

PHONIC SOUND

2 3 4

-

S.O.S. For example, H is essay

et

Ir

A

I

raise Nina

C

ray

PERIOD COMMA QUESTION MARK

- --

DOUBLE DASH

WAIT END OF MESSAGE INVITATION TO

COLON

IS -

u><1e

lobe G

dl DAH dl BAH dl BAH DAH DAH di di DAH DAH di di DAH di di di di DAH di di di DAH di di DAR di

ERROR

TRANSMIT END OF WORK FRACTION BAR EXCLAMATION

F

PHONIC SOUND

DAH di dit di di di dit di DAH di dit DAH dit

is

essay

H

isual

ssue V

ith

ust now

-

-- - - --

-

di DAH di DAH di DAH di di DAH dit DAH di di DAH DAH

w

BAH DAN di dl dit

needed for H) or of three consonants (as needed for O), one exception is necessary: For the letters s and o a dot or dash is substituted only when they appear at the end of a cue word or cue word combination. In all other positions they are disregarded.

K

rays X

ydia L

okels Y

-onk

M

--

suai U

J

ot

T

odak DAH di di DAH DAH DAH

-__ Club

eno

lery SIGNALS

top

n

D

D

E

PUNCTUATION MARKS & SIGNS

0- - Party- N

ombie Z

For learning numbers in the International Morse Code, no memory help is needed. The signs follow a uniform, progressive pattern (see Table A) . The numbers from 1 to 5 start with from 1 to 5 dots; the numbers from 6 to 0 start with from 1 to 5 dashes. All are supplemented by the opposite symbol to a total of five.

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78

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

Besides the International (Continental) TABLE B- AMERICAN MORSE CODE Morse Code, there is an American Code which deviates in several instances from LITTER SIGNALS NUMBER SIGNALS LITTER SIGNALS the International Code (see Table B). Con1 siderable auditory skill is needed to read N A this code because of the irregular spacing 2 O B used within certain letters (irregular in 3 C comparison to International Morse spacing). It is therefore rarely used in radio 4 D a applications. To apply my method to the 5 E R American Code, simply change some of the of your story a construct and cue words 6 F S own. With understanding of the method 7 T G that I suggest, these changes are easily is even you construct B done, and a story that u H easier for you to remember than a story 9 V that I or someone else constructs for you. O not ,1 w will signals Of course, knowing the make you immediately proficient in sendX K ing and receiving the Code. Proficiency L T acmust grow Your ear requires practice. customed to the sound of the Code. But Z M the highest hurdle -the memorization of the Morse Code signals-need not take you learned, do not plunge immediately into parrotmore than 20 minutes. Almost everything that we have to learn like memorization. Give some thought to the and to remember in school, in college and question: Can I find a short -cut which simplifies the task and makes learning and remembering in later life can be made easier and retained longer by using more efficient methods. When- more interesting and more exciting? Invariably the answer is yes. ever you face something new that must be

Lifesaver for Components Building a compact

caPAC TOR

XTAL DIODE

transistor circuit?

You can save heat -

sensitive component

parts from being

ruined by using transistor sockets not only for transistors, but

CEMENT

also for ceramic capacitors, crystal diTRANSISTOR odes and other parts SOCKET easily damaged by too much heat from a soldering iron. Just insert the leads into the socket, then add a touch of service cement to the lead where it enters the socket.

Hi -Fi Speaker Improvement Where two separate speakers are used in a hi -fi system to reproduce the high and the low frequencies, apply one or two coats of lacquer to the cone of the larger speaker. This will stiffen the cone and improve its response to the lower frequencies. -JOHN A. COMSTOCK.

"I dont remember whether

I

made that change

or not, but I do remember making a mental note to do it."

File Used as Reamer When a rat -tail file breaks, don't throw it away -break it up into a number of 2 -in. lengths and use them in your power drill to enlarge radio chassis holes. They cut very rapidly and are ideal for enlarging tube socket holes and for similar A. C. radio work.

www.americanradiohistory.com

-J.

80

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

out for connection with the line and the switch. The resulting coil, when energized with 115 -volt alternating current, will have sufficient resistance and inductance so that only a small current will Row. If a small tool is placed in the coil opening, a light pull and vibration will be felt from the effects of the magnetic field produced. Since the current in the coil is reversing constantly through 60 cycles or 120 alternations a second, the magnetic field also is in a constant state of reverse, and this causes a complete elimination of the original magnetic polarity in the piece or neutral-

Demagnetizer for Watches and Small Tools By

HAROLD

P.

izes it to zero. Fig. 3 shows the start of

STRAND

BRADS UND GLUE AT CORNERS AND EDGES OF FRAMES

THE next time your watch starts to lose time or stops because it is magnetized, you can save yourself a trip to the jeweler's by using this demagnetizer (Fig. 1). With the 115 volt 60 cycle power turned On, the alternating current field, created by passage of current through the wound coil, quickly knocks out all magnetism by simply passing the watch movement through the coil opening. Small screw drivers or punches may also be demagnetized with this device. The hairspring of the balance wheel of a watch has a tendency to accumulate a permanent magnetism, since it is tempered spring steel. This may happen for no apparent reason, or it may occur while you are wearing the watch around electrical equipment, especially where direct current is used. Magnetized turns of the hair spring will stick together or result in an erratic action of the watch movement. Remember, when using this device, to turn on the power before placing the piece in the opening and turn off the power after its removal. Otherwise, the sudden switching off of the power while the watch or tool is in place, may result in increasing rather than removing magnetism. The demagnetizer consists of a rectangular coil, a base board, line cord and switch. To wind the coil, first make up a wooden form which is a permanent part of the unit (Fig. 2). The coil may be wound on a lathe at slow speed, or on a winding machine equipped with a turn counter, but you can handwind the coil by carefully counting the turns. Press a block into the opening of the form, and use a Y4-20 machine screw, nut and washer in a bored hole in the block to provide a stud that can be held in the chuck for turning (see Fig. 4). Solder a flexible #20 lead wire to both start and finish ends of the coil, and bring

risifuni Ake!

MEASUREKeff Epp!

-r

ENDS OF FORM

riMSNü.AO

GUM PLYWOOD

GUM IDtid Of EOM

CUT OUT OENBNB ON OG SAW

fag sr MU(E

2MOO

www.americanradiohistory.com

MAKE 2

EOM

91

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER VIEW

MATERIALS

LIST- DEMAGNETIZER

Amt. TERMINAL STRIP COVER CORO

CLAY

Req'd. 1 pc. 1 pc. 1

IRONT VIEW

T(IUIINAL

pc.

1 pc. 1 pc. 1

1

Description

Use

base maple or birch 7% x 51V2 x 3V4" inner frame for coil a/I6" birch or gum plywood. 12 x Is/14" sides of coil form s/I ¿' Masonite fiber board, 8 x 6" bracket supports I /TZ' soft aluminum or brass, 8 x 2" cover over terminal brass, 21/2 x aluminum or soft 'Via" 1/72' Jones terminal strip, #140, 2 terminal cord -type toggle switch rubber vacuum cleaner cord attachment plug cap sheet brass, 1 x ae x /7T thick (bend up to make cord clamp) #30 or #29 Formes magnet wire brads, glue, stain, shellac 9¡3" #4 rh brass wood screws

strip

winding the coil in a small lathe, with 6 ft. 1 the flexible lead wire passed through 1 pc. a small hole in the form and soldered 1 lb. to the starting end of the magnet wire. 4 A short piece of plastic tubing will be 4 Yz" #3 rh brass wood screws 1 %y" #5 rh brass wood screw slipped over the splice to insulate it. A 2 pcs. #20 flexible insulated lead wire, 6" long turn counter has been fixed up on this lathe bed, with a rubber vacuum cleaner SWITCH INSTALLATION plug cap to the other belt to drive it. Wind 2500 to 2800 turns LINE CORD end. Connect cord to the (Fig. 4) and then solder on the other terminal screws of the SWITCH TERMINALS flexible lead to the finish end. Wrap TM' terminal strip and make a turn of electrical or adhesive tape a small clamp to hold around the winding to bind it in place cord securely. Place a and then remove the form from the PLUG small cover piece over chuck and tap out the block. the live terminals of the Make the base of the demagnetizer terminal strip as protecfrom a piece of maple or birch and sand tion against accidental smooth (Fig. 5). The coil is held in shock, screwing through position by two side brackets (Fig. 2) TERMINAL holes in the cover and COVER which can be made from any soft r ALUMINUM also down through holes aluminum or brass sheet stock about OR BRASS in the terminal strip, to ass in. thick. Their width should be such hold the assembly to the as to tightly grip the sides of the coil base, taking care to form. Use two small round head screws avoid contact between cover and live terminals. to secure them to the base (Fig. 6). Finish the wood base and the coil unit as The next step is to install a cord switch about desired. A coat of mahogany stain was used in 4 in. from one end of a 6 ft. length of rubber line cord (Fig. 8). Connect a regular attachment the original, and two thin coats of shellac were then applied as final finish. Sand lightly with 6/0 garnet paper and apply one coat of satin varnish which will complete this project. I

Fi

10

SZ

Dam

for Soldering

WIRE TOBE SOLDERED TO LUG

www.americanradiohistory.com

Lug

For a neater job of soldering a wire or cable to a lug, build a dam around it with a pipe cleaner as shown. This idea is particularly good for automotive or radio jobs, where precision is necessary. -V. H. LAMOY.

82

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

High -Voltage Traveling Arc Favorite laboratory background for the movies' "mad scientist" is the Jacob's Ladder or traveling arc. Make your own for about $25 By

HAROLD

P.

STRAND

277

continuous series of flaming arcs will move up the electrodes of this device, which is similar to one shown at the Boston Mu. seum of Science. A

BACK S ¡ABORT

What causes the flaming arc to rise? You might expect the spark to remain at the bottom, where the spacing of the wires is shortest. The explanation is that the air is heated in the vicinity of the arc and, as heated air naturally rises, it pulls the arc up with it. As a 15,000 volt transformer is used in the base, an arc of considerable intensity results and you need the protection against accidental contact that is provided by the enclosure. You can amuse yourself and your friends with this high-voltage traveling arc, and it makes a good electrical display at shows and exhibits to attract attention to a particular booth. The transformer, from an obsolete Timken oil burner, was purchased secondhand from an oil burner service shop for $15. Be sure to have the transformer tested before purchasing, which can be done by arranging two well -insulated wires from the secondary terminals to form a gap for the arc ¡XIX

27f

®

REMEMBER when you saw a movie scientist working in his laboratory with the powerful crackle of an electrical arc slowly moving upward between two V- shaped rods in the background? These "Jacob's Ladders" pack a lot of drama into usually dull laboratory equipment and are sure -fire attention getters. You can build your own for experimenting and display-like the one in Fig. 1. As you switch it On, a heavy flaming arc jumps between the wires at the short gap above the insulators. Immediately it starts rising to the top getting longer as the distance between rods increases until it dies out near the top. As soon as one arc is extinguished, another one starts. The process is continuous as long as you keep the switch closed.

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83

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Attach the porcelain lnsulatcrs to the stained and she - lacked cover over 1 -in. diameter holes provided.

7t ia

ORnI SOLDER WIRE TO LUG CABLE

l.-r DETAIL OF INSULATOR AND ELECTRODE CONNECTION

Start by making the box from 1/2 3/4 in. birch plywood, cutting the and APPOR " parts about Ytd inch oversize to allow for dressing down to final size on the sanding disc. Nut Bore the required holes in the cabWASHER inet, including four 3/4 -in. ventilaty. THREAD END ing holes at the back (Fig. 8A). Ase -3E semble sides and ends with a good SOLDER grade of cabinet glue and 11/2-in. LUG brads, then screw bottom onto the end pieces. Carefully sand all sursox COVER faces by hand, slightly rounding the corners. Set the brads and fill the holes with Plastic Wood. The box can now receive its finish. Apply a coat of walnut oil stain and allow this to dry about ten minutes. Wipe off the surplus stain with a cloth, bringing out the grain. Allow the stain to dry for several hours and then apply a coat of shellac which has been thinned somewhat with denatured alcohol. After drying, lightly rub the surface with #4/0 sandpaper and apply a second coat of shellac, a bit heavier than the first, or with less alcohol. Lightly rub this coat with fine steel wool, taking care to avoid rubbing through the finish at the corners. Apply another coat or two if sufficient shellac has not been built up on the surface. Finish the cover in the same way. Equip the cabinet with rubber knobs or feet at the bottom corners and install a pilot lamp to warn that the power is on and a toggle switch to control the flow of power to the primary. However, a push- button switch can be used instead if desired for momentary operation. Shape the electrode wires from %2 or rj8 in. MATERIALS LIST 2 2

-

TRAVELING ARC

Birch Plywood x 7 z 11% ", sides, cabinet x 63/16 x 6/4", ends, cabinet

3

r 73/14 x 111/2g", top. cabinet 4 x 63/46 x 11 /a ", bottom, cabinet s x 10 x 25 ", back board, enclosure e X 6 x 10", end pieces, enclosure 4 x 1 x 271/4" (birch or maple), back

1 1 1 2 1

support, enclosure

Miscellaneous

6

2

15,000 volt, 30 milliampere oil burner ignition transformer for 115 volts 60 cycles (Timken Model A -R Spec. #638.291 or equiv.) porcelain stand -off insulators, 1 %" high, about 2" dl-

1

S.P.S.T. toggle switch, 6 amperes at 115 volts, with

1

pilot lamp assembly for 115 volts, clear lens (Dialco 4,95408.937, Allied Radio #52E507)

1

With the transformer mounted in the cabinet and the primary connections made with #18 insulated wire, the high-voltage leads of the automotive ignition cable are attached to the secondary terminals. Note that the holes under the insulators on the cover have been sealed with sealing compound.

to jump across. If the unit is in good condition, a heavy arc about 1 -in. long should be obtained. Defective windings will produce a weak and short arc, or no arc at all. (CAUTION: Take extreme care in working around such a transformer, as it packs a charge of electricity that can be dangerous or even fatal.) Other makes of oil burner transformers may be used if the rating is about the same, but the dimensions of the box or cabinet given here may have to be modified to suit the size.

ameter bases ON -OFF

1

8

ft

1 1 sheet 2

4

plate

NE -51 neon lamp or #16 rubber lamp cord for primary connections attachment plug cap

#18

rubber %e x 51/3 x 10" (rubber floor tile will do) 3/33 or Yu," dia. x 25" long hard aluminum rod for electrodes, from metal products supply company (see local phone directory). Cut to length after bending rubber knobs or cabinet feet with wood screw threaded

center studs

clear rigid vinyl plastic .030 x 174 x 25" " brass or copper solder lugs, .015 x 3/4 x solder lugs to fit transformer secondary terminals 2 high tension automotive ignition cable Misc. stain, shellac, screws, nuts, washers *The Forest Products Co., 131 Portland, Cambridge. Mass., will supply the plastic in a .030 x 20 x 25" piece for $2.75 ppd in U.S.

*1 sheet 2

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1I/

84

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER SOLDERED ANO TAPED

NIGH TENSION AUTO IGNITION

TOP AND LOWER PIECES XIOXÌ PLYWOOD FASTEN WITH 3WO D SCREWS

ANO CABLE

D.P. SWITCH

115

LINE

TRANSFORMER

15,000 V.

PILOT

IB

LAMP I15 V.

WIRE

QPICTORIAL

WIRING DIAGRAM

dia. hard aluminum rod stock so they will be about 3 in. apart at the bottom end and about 21 in. apart at the top (Figs. 2 and 4). The exact spacing will depend on the diameter of the bases of the insulators obtained, since if they are larger than those we used, greater offset will have to be put in wires to get required spacing. Cut #8 -32 to 10-32 threads on wires, depending on rod size, so nuts and washers can be used as in Fig. 4.

A view of the finished job from the back side. The author built the device in slightly more than two evenings at a cost of about $25.

Attach the porcelain insulators with the attached electrodes to the box cover (Fig. 5). Secure the transformer to the cabinet bottom, using four wood screws at its base. Complete the primary connections with two soldered and taped joints (Figs. 6 and 7). Connect the high voltage cables to the secondary terminals, using solder lugs on the cables (Fig. 4). Seal the holes in the cover through which the cables pass with a sealing compound, which can be any insulating type of hard-setting cement capable of being melted and poured in the holes (Figs. 4 and 6). Place a piece of rubber (shown on the bench, Fig. 6) on top of the transformer to prevent possible leakage of current to that metal surface. Attach the cover, using roundhead brass screws. Give the unit a preliminary test in this condition, standing 3 or 4 feet away for safety. The arc should form at the bottom and rise, but not in a proper manner as it will when the enclosure is provided. Construct the enclosure from % -in. birch plywood (Fig. 8). Make the openings in the two curved end pieces on the jigsaw and attach to the back board with glue and flathead screws. Fit the back brace to the board. Bore four 3/4in. diameter holes through the back board at the lower end to admit air. Apply walnut oil stain and finish exactly the same as the cabinet. Cut the .030-in. clear vinyl plastic front to size with sharp scissors, taking care to avoid cracking, and install to the edges of the unit in a simple manner, using small brads with heads or very small tacks along the two sides

(Figs. 8 and 8A). Apply shellac to the edges first, and allow to dry until tacky. Then place the plastic in position on one edge and secure. Bend the material around the curved end pieces, pull it tight and secure it at the other edge. Be sure to drill a small hole for each brad, since this plastic is quite brittle and may crack if you try to drive a brad through it. Avoid the use of plastic that will support combustion, such as some of the cellulose variety. Vinyl plastic will soften if given too much heat, but will not burn easily. Long testing has proved that the plastic front was sufficiently far enough away from the arc to keep out of trouble. However, if you want added fire safety, cement or tack a strip of sheet asbestos around the inside edge of the top opening, where the intensity and flame of the arc are the greatest. Drop the completed enclosure down over the wires and secure to cabinet with a single screw through the supporting brace (Figs. 3 and 8A). While the unit can probably be operated continuously for quite some time without damage, it is well to use it intermittently or for special demonstrations, since the wire electrodes become quite hot due to the moving arc stream. Print a sign or name plate on the front of the cabinet, reading "CAUTION- 15,000 volts," as a general warning to persons who may tend to get careless. If used properly, however, there should be no danger to anyone.

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

85

A Volt- Ohmmeter and Transistor Tester For The Experimenter By

C.

F.

ROCKEY

IF you do much serious

Begin by building the case and panel, a simple plywood box 4 x 6% x 13% in. Nail the sides and bottom together to form the cabinet, but leave the top loose. This will be the panel (see Figs. 3 and 5) upon which all parts will be mounted. Quarter -inch plywood scraps were used by the author for the panel, sides, and bottom. The ends are three- quarter inch pine stock. Sand the base and panel for a neat job, but do not finish until all holes have been drilled. Then give the panel a final sanding and finish as you prefer. I used some semi -gloss wall paint I had on hand, but orange shellac is acceptable, and dries much faster. Cut the meter hole squarely in the center of the panel. A hole of 23/4 in. dia. will fit most modern meters. (The old Weston, vintage of the thirties, used in the writer's

radio or electronic experimental work, you will frequently need to make voltage and resistance measurements within your circuitry. And the present intense interest in transistors makes a simple transistor tester increasingly valuable. Why deny yourself these essential measurements when you can build a unit to perform both of these functions in a single Saturday afternoon? One for which the cost will be well below that of currently available, American-made instruments of equivalent utility. Experience indicates that 99% of all routine electronic circuit tests are those of do voltage and resistance. While 00V =FRO ac voltage and do current SET scales would be occasionally OHMS useful, the added cost and job, took a 21/2 -in. hole.) If complexity involved does not .i000v you have a suitable expanjustify including them within sion bit, use this to cut the this device. hole. If not, draw a circle in The only expensive item is the right place and drill all the meter itself. Good meters Nota "black box," but a white one that is inexpensive and useful. around its circumference with cost money, poor ones are not worth the little they do cost. But the 0 -1 milli- a 1/2 -in. drill. This is the hard way, but it works. ampere meter used here is one of the most useful The rim of the meter will neatly cover any misses. Next, drill 1/2-in. holes to mount the two DPDT of instruments, and it is well worth its approximate $10 cost. (You will find plenty of future use switches. Use a switch as a template. These for it, long after you have electronically outgrown switches are available at many chain hardware this project.) Surplus 0 -1 milliammeters are avail- stores, "dime" stores, etc., throughout the counable, we understand, at something like one -half try. Drill a 3/4-in. hole for the zero-set potentinew -meter price. But be careful. It is easy for the ometer. Finish the drilling with the 1/2-in. holes beginner to get stung. Make sure that the meter for the Fahnestock clips, the mounting holes for you use is of the correct current rating, has not panel, and pushbutton lead holes. If you consider Fahnestock clips old-fashioned, been damaged by shock or mishandling, and is of the moving-coil (D'Arsonval) type. The cost of substitute pin jacks. But you'll find, as the writer did, that they'll lose their grip much sooner, the remaining parts in this project is small. This project is big; the writer does not believe despite their prettier looks. With all the holes drilled, sand and finish. in miniaturization in home projects. First, I'm not a jeweler and secondly, miniaturization is costly When finish is dry, mount all parts except the and subject to difficulties in maintenance. You meter. Then wire the circuitry according to Fig. can redesign this job to fit in a much smaller 6. Mount the voltmeter multiplier resistors bespace. But you will sacrifice ease of construction tween two tie -lugs, as shown in Fig. 5. Finally, insert and connect the meter. When the wiring is and maintenance thereby.

i

0

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

BB

completed, check it again. Why is the flashlight cell soldered into the circuit and allowed to lounge upon the bottom of the case, instead of being fitted into clips? Because of the long anticipated -life of the cell; under normal conditions it will last over a year.

MATERIAL: 3

ID.

SIDES AND PANEL 2T PLYWOOD

ENDS: TOP VIEW

6

I.

1'

PINE

CABINET DIMENSIONS FOR VOLT- OHMMETER AND TRANSIS OR TESTER

D.

Since a really effective battery clip is tricky to build, the writer did not consider it worth the trouble. (A poor clip, found, bought" instruments will cause no end of vexation. So, unless you can build a good one, solder the cell in and forget about it for a year.) Put a knob on the zero -

set potentiometer, and turn it to its counter-

-1

clockwise extremity.

FRONT VIEW SIDE VIEW Short -circuit the "ohms" and the "corn. neg." terminals (with the switch in "ohms" position) and 10K ohms adjust the pot to make the meter read exactly 5K ohms full-scale. This is the zero on the ohms scale. If 3K ohms this seems strange, remember that, by Ohm's law, 1.5K ohms maximum current flows when the resistance is 1K ohms minimum. Use this same setting for transistor 500 ohms tests. 100 ohms In normal use, one of your tests leads is connected to the "com. neg." PUSH BUTTON PUSH BUTTON WIRE HOLES EACH SIDE OF CENTER CENTER terminal, while the other is placed in the clip repreDPDT SWITCH (USE AS 1

range you wish to use. The number of volts measured is the meter reading times ten, one hundred, or one thousand, depending upon the range in use.

This makes the mental arithmetic easy, and covers voltages found in most radio and electronic projects. For obvious safety reasons, do not attempt to

measure voltages above one thousand volts with this instrument. Be sure to observe polarity when using the voltmeter, otherwise the meter will swing backwards, which may seriously damage it. Also be sure to unplug all power or remove all batteries from apparatus being

damaged through this

kind of neglect than any other. You may accurately determine any resistance from the ohm-meter reading by using the following formula:

R- (lÌ00) -1500

alas, in many "store -

senting the measuring

tested before using the "ohms" scale. Otherwise the meter may be irreparably damaged; more test equipment is probably

DRILLING TEMPLATE)

4

2

}

a

V/

9;o

o

I

-i 2 1

1'

I

á

.-

METER HOLE (TO FIT METER BODY) ABOUT 2

DPDT SWITCH (USE SWITCH TEMPLATE)

VOLT- OHMMETER AND TRANSISTOR TESTER FRONT VIEW OF PANEL SHOWING LAYOUT

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Where: R= Resistance of the unknown or measured resistance, in ohms. I =Meter reading, milliamperes. Or, if you wish to carefully place resistance calibrations upon the scale of your meter, as the writer has done, you may use the following table (K= one thousand): 0.130 milliamperes 0.23 milliamperes 0.33 milliamperes 0.50 milliamperes 0.60 milliamperes 0.75 milliamperes 0.95 milliamperes Use a sharp steel pen and black ink. Be sure to disassemble the meter carefully, and in a clean, dry place. Airborne grit is very bad for its insides. While it is quite impossible to thoroughly test a transistor, in the scientific sense, without several thousand dollars worth of

laboratory equipment and much experience, one can obtain a significant check by using this simple unit. Since the maximum applied voltage is 11/1 v, all but the most delicate and specialized transistors may be checked without fear of damaging them. This is more than one can say of some of the commercial testers on the market. Like all simple transistor testers, and many tube testers also, this device gives only a comparison test, but this is usually sufficient. It will always reveal a bad

RADIO-7V EXPERIMENTER MATERIALS LIST-VOLT -OHMMETER AND TRANSISTOR TESTER No. Req'd 1 0

Description

to 1 ma. milliammeter, son, or other good make)

2 1 9 1 set 1 1

1 1 1 1

1

1 1

1

1 1 1

2 pcs 2 pcs 2 pcs

3" size (Weston, Triplett, smp-

DPDT, plastic base knife switches push- button. flush mounting Fahnestock clips test leads, ICA 1000 ohm potentiometer, (Mallory, IRC, or any other good make) knob for potentiometer flashlight cell, large size single -point tie -lug double -point tie -lug triple -point tie lug 1 Megohm, 1 -watt carbon 5% resistor 100K. 1 -watt carbon 5% resistor 10K. 1 -watt carbon 5% resistor 1K, 1 -watt carbon resistor 47 ohm. 1 -watt carbon resistor 200K. 1 -watt carbon resistor 9.1K. 1 -watt carbon resistor 6-32 rh machine screws, 3/4" with nuts, screws, hookup wire, rosin -core solder, finish 1/4 o 6 x 13f/2" plywood %4 x 33/4 s 1%2" plywood x 3%2 x 6" pine stock

r6

x 3/4" rh wood

transistor's amplifying ability, its "dc beta." The greater the change, the more the potential amplification. One would normally consider a change in current of 0.4 milliamperes to be about the minimum to be expected of a good transistor. as sold today. For a quick check, then, the current should swing up to at least 0.6 ma. when the button is pressed if the transistor is to develop satisfactory gain in the usual circuit. Experience with this tester will reveal the great variability of characteristics found in transistors of the same type sold on the market today. Even with the tremendous strides being made in semiconductor technology, it is economically impossible to hold the tolerances within the 10% or so, one finds in vacuum tubes. This is especially so in the case of the cheaper units which most of us are economically forced to use. But with a tester like the one described here, you can pick and choose from your stock, selecting the highest -gain units In- circuit testing of resistors Is possible, but watch out for those parallel circuits and make sure circuit is dead.

transistor, but no simple test can definitely assure of a good one, since too many factors are involved. All currently- available types may be significantly checked with it, and the result will be found valid and reliable. Practically, a transistor has two properties which will determine whether it is usable or not. These are: 1. The open -base, emitter- collector leakage. 2. The grounded- emitter dc voltage gain, or "dc beta." This device gives a comparative indication of both of these properties. Place the "PNP-NPN" switch in the appropriate position for the transistor you wish to test. Connect transistor leads to correct terminals. Then throw 4 the "ohms- trans. test" switch into the "trans. test" position. The reading you now observe upon the meter is a function of the open -base, emitter -collector leakage. (This is before the test button is pressed.) The lower the meter reading under these conditions, the better the condition of the transistor. In every case, the meter reading should be less than 0.1 milliamperes, preferably closer to 0.05 milliamperes. If the reading exceeds 0.2 milliamperes it is a sure sign that the transistor has been electrically mistreated, and should be considered questionable, if not downright bad. If the transistor passes the above test, press the button. The current indication should increase sharply, at least to 0.6 milliamperes. It is the change in current observed which gives the measure of the Back view of front panel of case, showing

simple wiring.

87

la 4

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86

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

for the most critical parts of the circuit. If you do this, you will soon see the improvement in performance of the gear you build. (Incidentally, do not leave switch in "trans. test. ") You can also use this device for comparative checks of semiconductor, "crystal" diodes. Connect the diode from the "emit" to the "coil" terminals, with the meter switch in "trans. test" position. Switching the "PNP -NPN" switch back and forth slowly should reveal a current difference of at least 0.6 of a milliampere, if the diode is usable. The greater this difference, the better.

1000V I

TEST PUSH

100

K

COLL.

9.1K

MEG

100V

tl

BASE

BUTTON

10V 10K

OHM

0-1 MA

EMIL

IK POT 1.5 V

COM. AEG

T

FLASHLIGHT CELL

OHMS

TRANS. TEST

OHMS

O LEAVE UNCONNECTED

6

SCHEMATIC

Electronic Black Magic How does it work? Only two wires connect the switch to the lamps, yet throwing the switch in one direction lights one lamp, throwing it in the opposite direction turns the first lamp off, the second on By FORREST H. FRANTZ,

Sr.

FOR every lamp that is to be controlled separately by a single switch throw, two wires are required from lamp to switch -usually.

Here, however, one switch and only two wires control two lamps. Extra conductors in the two wires? Hidden wires? Hair -thin connecting wires? Those you demonstrate this device to will look for all of these possibilities. That's one reason connecting clips are used between the switch and lamp cases: to allow observers to convince themselves that the insulation over each lead covers only one wire. After the observer is convinced that no hidden wires exist, he may take a guess that wireless radio is involved. This goes out the window when you tell him that the entire outfit costs only about $2, and at that price radio isn't involved. Magnetic coupling, then? To kill this theory, separate the cases by several feet. Point out that the light bulb intensity remains constant no matter what the physical separation between units. How does it work then? Electronic black magic. Construction. Layouts for switch and lamp cases are shown in Fig. 2. The smaller holes, and pilots for the larger holes, are made with a heated ice pick. Plastic that accumulates around the sides of the holes may be trimmed off with a pocketknife after the material has cooled. Larger holes are finished with a hand taper reamer.

Black magic from white boxes. A single switch and a single pair of wires control two lamps.

Desig.

MATERIALS LIST -ELECTRONIC BLACK MAGIC Description SWITCH UNIT four 1.5 -v penlite cells. series connected (RCA VS074) DPDT toggle switch (Carling 316.25) battery holder (Lafayette MS -170)

6 S

1

01, D2

LI.

L2

x

25 /e x

358" plastic

case

(Lafayette MS -159)

LAMP UNIT 1N54A diode (RCA) miniature lamp #48 (RCA) 1 o 15/e x 2%8" plastic case (Lafayette MS -156) 2

Minigator clips (Mueller 30)

Components for this project may be obtained from Lafayette Radio, 165 -08 Liberty Avenue, Jamaica 33, New York.

When you make the holes for the lamps, work slowly and ream the holes just large enough so that the lamps fit into them tightly. When all of the holes have been made in the cases, wash them with soap and water, rinse and dry with a lintless cloth. Then paint the insides any color you wish. I used white because this encourages the observer to hold the cases up to the light to try to determine their contents. Although he'll be able to see the switch and battery, he won't be able to see enough to determine the

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

secret. Use two coats of paint if necessary. Now mount the battery holder and the switch in the switch case (see Fig. 3). Connect the battery holder terminals so that the four penlite cells will be in series.

Fill the battery contact holes on

CATCH

the holder with solder. This as-

r°N DIA

tact. Don't allow

Fig. 5.

o

--

sures reliable conthe clips to cut the paper covering on the batteries when you insert them. Complete the wiring as shown in

HING ES

ii

DA.

HOLES ON SIDE FOR

LEADS )S

w

DIA

Z

SWITCH CASE LAYOUT (FRONT)

..

16DIA

w

DIA

s

/Y

CENTER

LAMP CASE,

i

HOOLRES

FRONT

WIRES

'INGES

HALF

The inside view of the lamp case is shown in Fig. 4. Wire the lamp case, making sure you observe diode polarities. Don't apply heat to the diodes for a long period of time when you solder them into the circuit. Too much heat will damage them. With construction completed, connect the units

89

together and try your handiwork. By now you probably know the electronic black magic that's involved, but for the gadgeteer without electronic experience, an explanation is in order. A diode will conduct in one direction only. A diode connected in series with a lamp and battery as shown in Fig. 6A will conduct and allow the lamp to light. But if the battery polarity is A LAMP IS LIT reversed (Fig. 6B), the diode will not pass current, the lamp will not light. By the same token, if the battery is left as shown in Fig. 6A, but the diode is reversed as in Fig. 6C, the lamp will not light. Now, referring to Fig. 5, it is appar-

ent that throwing the switch causes the battery polarity to be reversed.

6

C

LAMP

IS OFF

Since the diodes are oppositely connected to the respective lamp bulbs, one-and only one-of the lamps will light, the position of the switch determining which one will. No black magic after all.

Crystals Like It Cool The crystal elements of microphones and phonograph pickups and crystal diodes and transistors are sensitive to high temperatures. All these crystal and semiconductor elements are enclosed in a case or shell. If exposed to strong sunlight, the temperature inside may rise far higher than that outside the case or shell, damaging the elements so they no longer work and may actually melt. To prevent damage, be sure to shade the pickup arm of a portable phono pickup or shelter a transistor radio being carried or used on a picnic during the summer. And never leave a pickup unit in its case in the window. -JAMES A. MCROBERTS.

Inside view of switch case.

Inside view of lamp case. Disconnect two cases when not in use to prevent unnecessary drain on batteries. r

r

SOLUTION TO AMATEUR RADIO PUZZLE

Page 51 LAMP CASE SWITCH CASE

©

_J

-J

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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ao

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER INSULATED BINDING POST

OUTPUT TRANSFORMER SOLDERING LUGS

/£ I

PRIMARY LEADS DO NOT DISTURB

SOLDER,

SPLICE,

VOICE -

TAPE

COIL LUGS

2

SECONDARY

LEADS SPEAKER IN

BACK PANEL OF RADIO

TABLE RADIO

PICTORIAL DIAGRAM

Four Extra Uses for Table Radios BY making a few wiring changes and adding three insulated binding posts to the back of your table radio as shown in Figs. 1 and 2 you can: 1. Use the speaker only for an experimental dynamic microphone, or speaker can be connected to a code practice set for group instruction or testing a radio you are building by connecting the latter to posts 1 and 2. If the speaker has a permanent magnet, pull out the line cord plug; if it uses a field coil, turn the set on to energize the speaker magnet. 2. Add a small extension PM speaker to the radio for use in other rooms, connecting it to posts 1 and 3 if both speakers are to operate or posts 2 and 3 if only the extension speaker is to be used. 3. Boost the radio fidelity by connecting a large PM speaker housed in a good baffle to posts 2 and 3. 4. Use the radio speaker as a "tweeter" and a large PM speaker connected, in series, to posts 1 and 3, as a "woofer." Place the radio on top of the woofer cabinet. If you want the speakers in parallel, connect the woofer to posts 1 and 2 and a wire jumper from post 1 to 3. In either case the speakers should be in phase (their cones moving in the same direction at the same time) to give the best tone quality. If they are out of phase, reverse the woofer connections for better sound. The radio still can be used as its designer intended by connecting a wire jumper to posts 1 -3.

OUTPUT TUBE

OUTPUT TRANSFORMER

SPEAKER IN TABLE RADIO

ui VOICE -COI L LUGS

THREE (INSULATED BINDING POSTS 2

SCHEMATIC

DIAGRAM

ON

BACK OF

3

RADIO

How to Wire. Fig. 1 shows the installation on an FM table radio; Figs. 2 and 3 furnish the wiring info. Do not disturb the two wire leads, usually red and blue, on the primary side of the output transformer. If you cannot find a place for the posts on the rear panel where they won't interfere with the loop antenna, if any, mount the posts on a strip of insulating material and fasten with an angle bracket to the back of the cabinet. Caution: If one side of the speaker voice -coil and one of the output transformer's secondary leads are grounded to the chassis of an ac -dc radio, remove these leads from the chassis and connect the latter directly to the voice -coil. This will by-pass a possible hot chassis, and there will be no danger when handling the binding posts. If the radio has a power transformer, there is no danger and no change need be made.-ART TRAUFFER.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

91

"Hop-Up" That Small Radio with

a

Tuned Antenna Coupler your radio, depending upon the impedance of its input circuit. Try both connections, the one giving the sharpest tuning and the greatest signal boost will be immediately evident. The connection shown in Fig. 3A is for high -impedance, 3B for low impedance inputs. Use a well -insulated outdoor antenna with a total length of 60 to 150 ft. A good cold -water pipe ground should also be used. Set the radio dial to the frequency of the weak station you wish to hear and rotate the variable capacitor knob until it peaks to maximum volume. Then readjust radio tuning for best signal quality. Clip the antenna clip on the coil tap that gives best results. -C. F. ROCKEY. TAP AT

ANTENNA

50 TURNS

TAP AT

100 TURNS ISO TURNS

COIL PICTORIAL

TOTAL

You'll be surprised at how well your small receiver performs when coupled to an outdoor antenna with a tuned antenna coupler.

Do you want to listen to that distant 250 -watt station despite a 5000 -watter blasting away nearby? Do you live so far from the nearest transmitter that even your local reception is weak and full of noise? If so, this simple gadget is for you. A long, outside

50

\

MMF

CAPACITOR

tively. Result: No more "birdies," or local station smear, and the little ones from far away stick their heads above the mud. Obtain a cardboard mailing tube, or a core from a bathroom tissue roll about 11/2 in. in diameter and at least 31/2 in. long. (The dimensions are not critical, and may vary 5/ in. either way.) Carefully close -wind on this tube 150 turns of No. 24 copper magnet wire. Cotton -covered wire is best but enamelled wire will do. Arrange for taps on this coil at 50 and 100 turns (see Fig. 2). Connect this coil in series with a variable capacitor of 360 -mmf maximum capacitance. Any variable capacitor having this capacitance will work satisfactorily. (If you use a two -gang unit, salvaged from the junkpile, use only one section.) Mount the capacitor and coil upon a 3/4 x 4 x 4 in. softwood board (sec Fig. 2), and your antenna tuner is complete. There are two ways to connect this tuner to

No. Read

i

360 REC.

LIST- ANTENNA

MATERIALS

antenna seldom proves satisfactory with the usual small broadcast receiver, since it often spoils the selectivity of the front end. A simple antenna tuner, such as this unit, used with an outside antenna, will restore this selectivity and couple the circuits more effec-

GND.

V.

MMF

CAPAcITOR

COUPLER

Description variable capacitor, 360 mmf. max. Mueller spring battery clip, miniature size knob, for variable capacitor No. 24 magnet wire, cotton -covered or enamelled 0.01 mfd., 200 w.v. paper capacitor 50 mmf., disc -type ceramic capacitor

1 1 1

1/4Ír` 1 1

OUTSIDE ANTENNA

A

OUTSIDE

ANTENNA CONNECTION

H---=C417 CONNECTION TO CHASSIS

50

360

MMF

MM=

.01 MF

OUTSIDE ANTENNA

OF RADIO

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SCHEMATIC

360 MMF

s

-

COLD WATER PIPE GROUNI1

9!

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Learn By Doodling HERE'S an easy way to test your knowledge of amateur radio circuits. The six circuits given on these two pages are some of those you'll find it essential to know about when working toward an Amateur Radio Operator's General Class license. We publish them by special permission of The American Radio Relay League, publishers of the Radio Amateur's License Manual.

The connecting wires have been removed, but all the components are shown. Cover the I. Draw a schematic diagram of a full-wave single phase power supply using a center- tapped high - voltage secondary with a filter circuit for best regulation, showing a bleeder resistor providing two different output voltages and a method of suppressing "hash" interference from the mercuryvapor rectifier tubes. Give the names of the component parts and approximate values of filter components suitable for either amateur radiotelephone or radiotelegraph operation.

By ROBERT

W. LUEBKE

outlines on these pages with onion -skin or any other translucent paper and "doodle" in the missing connecting lines. Check your doodling for errors by comparing with the complete circuit diagrams on page 94. If you find your first doodle in error, study the circuit carefully and try again. Use a new sheet of paper each time rather than doodling directly on these pages. Soon you will be able to draw the entire circuit without using the outline at all.

lIJ W

0

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D 2. Draw a simple schematic diagram of a plate neutralized final AF stage using a triode tube coupled to a Hertzian antenna, showing the antenna system and a Faraday screen to reduce harmonic radiation.

0

T

o

w

rYYY1

0

00

o

o

0iT 9. Draw a simple schematic diagram of a piezoelectric crystal- controlled oscillator using a pentode vacuum tube, indicating polarity of electrode supply voltages where externally connected.

o

3 n

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O

0

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O

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER Draw a simple schematic diagram of a half wave rectifier with a filter which will furnish pure dc at highest voltage output, showing filter capacitors of

93

4.

-

unequal

capacitance

E

con-

nected in series, with provision for equalizing the dc drop across the different capacitors.

o

WJJ

o

T

4

o

5. Draw a schematic diagram of a pentode audio power -amplifier stage with an output coupling transformer and load resistor, showing suitable instruments connected in the secondary for measurement of the audio- frequency voltage and current, and naming each component part.

o

6. Draw a simple schematic diagram of two RF amplifier stages using triode tubes, showing the neutralizing circuits, link coupling between stages and between output and antenna system, and a keying connection in the negative high -voltage lead including a key -click filter.

6 Yo

o

]E

E

E

3 O

o

A

o

www.americanradiohistory.com

o

94

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER RECT-FIL

TRANS) SWNCNG SMOOTHING CHOKE CHOKE

5-25

H

1514

Completed Circuit Diagrams

(1000 V 250 MA) +V¿

300MA 300 MA 115VAC

2 pF

500V

i

FIL

4{IF

'COIr 1500V

BLEEDER

25,000n

+5 NOTE: CI -CI AND

Lr L ARE

NV

BUFFER CONDENSERS AND CHOICES TO UPPR SS RECTIFIER

RF INPUT

-B

AC FIL SUPPLY

+5G

4

+B

SMOOTHING

+HV

-

GRID-COUPLING CON

AUDIO FREQUENCY AMMETER THERMOCOUPLE TYPE)

PENTODE

GRI

ihrCATHODE SCREEN

AF

AF VOLTMETER

TRANS

(REGT -TYPE)

1TOR

VOLTAGE-

RESISTOR

CATHODE 8Y-PASS CORD

V

AC BLEEDER

AUDIO

INPUT

115

R

F1L

CONDENSERINPUT FILTER

TRANNSSFOORRMER

R ¡VOLTAGE -DROP EQUALIZING RESISTORS

LOAD

RESISTOR SCREEN-GRID BY

-I .SS CORD

-B

+B

6

LINK

COUPLING

SHALL

CHOKE'

fB KEY- CLICK FILTER

-G

-a

www.americanradiohistory.com

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se

HV

17 TV

FRPF

:Knight Tube Checker KIT REPORT THE KNIGHT -KIT 400 tube checker is an excellent construction project -and it is the lowest priced cathode emission checker on the market. The 400 tests for filament continuity, for short -circuits and for cathode emission. The most important of these tests is the cathode emission test. In this test full line voltage is applied between the control grid of the tube and ground through the meter. The resulting electron emission from heater to grid is measured, and this is assumed to be the same as if current from heater to plate (as occurs in actual tube use) were being measured. Seven filament voltages are available on the unit, although in actual use a tube would require a specific filament voltage, of which there are at least a dozen in common use. Presumably there is no possibility of damage to the grid as the result of carrying line voltage during this test. We ordered our test kit by mail. It arrived by parcel post, in a sturdy carton. The parts were well padded with corrugated, and all of the small parts were in polyethylene bags screws in one bag, washers in another, and so on. Transformer, meter and wafer switch were individually boxed and padded. Resistors were mounted on a card, each of them

-

designated by a number, keyed to the instruction booklet. All hook -up wire was cut to the lengths required for the project. Instructions call for a certain color wire -that color is pre -cut to the right length, nine different colors, nine corresponding lengths. Panel and case of the checker were of heavy -gage steel, well constructed, neatly and accurately punched to receive the four tube sockets, meter, load resistor and 13 slide KNIGHT 400 TUBE CHECKER Checks cathode emission, shorted elements, filament continuity of 400 tube types. Has sockets for 7 -pin miniature, 9 -pin miniature, octal and loctal-base tubes.

Meter has red-green scale for diodes.

"Replace-Good" Scale, special

Slide -out metal drawer has flip -type tube charts in loose -leaf binding. For

operation from 110-125 y, 50 -60 cycle ac; has

"Hi -Lo" line -voltage compensator switch. Carrying weight: 54 lbs.; size: 21 x

8 x

91 in.

Allied Radio (100 N. Western Ave., Chicago 80) catalog

# 83Y707.

www.americanradiohistory.com

Price: $19.95.

96

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

.,

..

.. K.

C.

.y

,

, R:.

..

,

.

. .

a

.,

,. ¡. .

x

..

This underside view of the completed panel shows trim parts placement and

switches. The panel was handsomely enameled in white, grey and black; all dial markings were clear and distinct. The line cord appeared to be of good quality and plentiful solder was supplied. Of the 25 tubes that we tested for cathode emission, all but three registered perfect on the meter -so perfect that the needle banged the meter housing in most instances. The tubes tested varied in age from two to 15 years. Of the three that did not register perfect, two registered zero, and were, indeed, burned -out. For one of the tubes that was

design.

tested, an error in the flip -type tube chart data accompanying the checker caused the tube to test shorted. In testing for shorts in miniature tubes on this tester-as on all other is necessary to make each test as testers brief as possible to avoid the possibility of causing a short in the tube due to the relatively high voltage used in the test. This kit makes an enjoyable construction project, and when used in conjunction with a tube manual, provides a good introduction to some of the ailments that beset tubes and the diagnosis of those ills. -H. SIEGEL.

-it

Shield Spring

for Soldering

A spring removed from a miniature tube shield makes a handy gadget to hold parts or wires still while you solder them. By tacking the spring down to a scrap piece of wood as

shown and clamping the work between the spring's turns, it makes a welcome partner for any electronic hobbyist's bench.- J.A.C.

` _

0.100 1. 4:1e#4:1e#41('

Sq.

.

The components of the tube checker.

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97

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Loop Crystal Set Just aim the loop at the station you want, and then enjoy yourself By

ARTHUR TRAUFFER

watt stations, no con-

ventional antenna or ground is needed. The loop crystal set can be carried around

playing, and used anywhere in the

house; just aim the loop at the desired station. Interfering stations, which are at rightangles to the desired station, can be greatly reduced in volume simply by pointing the loop at the desired station with the loop broadside to the interfering station. In

IN THESE days

some cases, a loop crystal set will prove to be more selective than most crystal sets using a conventional antenna and ground, but don't expect the same sensitivity with a loop that you will get with a long outside antenna and a cold water pipe ground. A binding post on the side of the cabinet provides for an additional antenna for those living outside the range of the loop, and for those desiring to pick up more distant stations after the locals have signed off for the night. The extreme simplicity of this set is demon-

of

powerful transmitters, sensitive germanium diodes, and sensitive earphones, a loop crystal set for local stations is practical and sometimes a distinct advantage.

For example, for those living within

about 4 miles of 5,000 watt stations, and 5 or 6 miles from 50,000

BINDING DOST FOR ADDITIONAL ANT ENNA WHEN NEEDED A 355 MMFD AD ABLE ONDENSED

STIVANIA IN34 GERMANIUM DIODE

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WNNNNG

98

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

to antenna post and stator of variable condenser. The width of loop winding will be about 11/4 in. with the turns spaced the diameter of the wire apart. Connect germanium diode cartridge from another variable condenser stator lug to lefthand phone binding post (Figs. 6 and 7). Mount a pointer knob or a graduated turning dial, on

strated by the fact that the set shown (Fig. 1) was assembled and wired by a child under the supervision of the author. This set differs from other crystal sets in that the

tuning coil is

wound around the outside of a cigar box to form a loop antenna (Fig. 2), instead of on a small Bakelite or cardboard tube inside the set. Figs. 5 and 6 show the simple layout for the 365 mmfd. variable condenser, the 3 post -type binding posts, or Fahnstock clips for the earphones, and the extra antenna connections. Fasten a soldering lug under the head of each binding post screw. Wind the loop, consisting of 23 turns of #24 gage enameled or double-cotton covered magnet wire, around the outside of the cigar box (Figs. 3 and 4). To start loop winding, connect to right hand phone post (as seen from front view of set) and to variable condenser rotor and frame (Figs. 3 and 6). Then wind 23 turns clockwise around outside of box and connect the other end of loop

the variable condenser shaft, and tack or glue 4 small rubber bumpers onto the bottom of the cabinet. The set is now completed (Fig. 1). Wind a few turns of Scotch tape over the loop wires to protect the wires (Fig. 8), or brush a couple of coats of shellac over the loop wires. The writer tried shunting a small by -pass capacitor across the phone terminals, but no improvement was noted. This loop crystal set will give you slightly more volume indoors than outdoors, due to RF energy picked up by induction from the house wiring circuit. There will be some variation in signal strength in different parts of the room and different rooms in the house, due also to the house wiring circuit. Glue a disc of heavy white paper or thin white cardboard onto the panel under the pointer knob on the tuning condenser so you can log your stations. When an additional antenna is used, however, the log will shift somewhat due to the added capacity introduced into the tuning circuit by the antenna. A water pipe or gas pipe connected directly to the antenna post makes a very efficient antenna for picking lip distant stations. To obtain better results on distant stations connect a water pipe to the antenna post and use a bed spring as a counterpoise. Connect the bed spring to the right -hand phone post, which is the other side of the loop. If you use a variable condenser larger than the one specified, you may have to remove 1 or 2 turns from the loop in order to cover the entire broadcast band. If you use a smaller capacity condenser you may have to add 1 or 2 turns to the loop. It is best to use a condenser not smaller than 365 mmfd., which is a standard size for the broadcast band. A little experimenting will give the desired results.

Auxiliary Auto Aerial An auxiliary aerial for trips, when y o u are

INSULATED

LUGGAGE CARRIER

WIRE

away from

broadcasting MATERIALS LIST-LOOP CRYSTAL SET 1 1

1

60 3

3 4

i

51/2' x 9" x 21/2" cigar box

variable condenser, single gang, any good make. The one used by the writer was made by Insuline Sylvania 1N34 germanium diode, or any other sensitive crystal ft. No. 24 or 26 enameled or double- cotton -covered magnet wire post -type binding posts or Fahnstock clips soldering lugs small rubber bumpers Bakelite knob or tuning dial for 1/4' shaft 365 mmfd.

stations, can be added to your CAR car radio if you have a luggage carrier on top of your car. String an insulated wire back and forth between carrier crossbars and attach one end to regular aerial with a small clip. -W. H. MCCLAY.

Draftsman's Tape Holds Tight Draftsman's tape makes an excellent "third hand" to hold electronic components together during assembly or soldering. Due to its high insulation, the tape can be left on permanently.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

What Every Young Man Should

99

Know-

About Printed Circuits

radio and TV industry turns more and more to the use of printed circuitry, the experimenter will eventually have to tinker with, or repair, such sets. Figure 4 shows a popular four-tube superhet table receiver using a circuit that is more or less standard with the industry. Figure 5 shows a hand -wired set which employs the identical circuit. Note the confusion the latter presents compared to the neat underside of the set with the printed circuit board. A printed circuit starts on the drawing board. First the positions and mounting holes for the individual components are determined, then a drawing resembling a modified peg board is sent to the tool and die maker who creates a punch and die set which will pierce the necessary holes in the panel of phenolic plasAS THE

As more and more manufacturers turn to high -speed production, where radios almost wire themselves, you may wonder how it's done. Or worse -how it can be redone. Despair is changed to easy repair with these tips By

THOMAS A. BLANCHARD

tic. Using a copy of the initial drawing, the draftsman next draws in a series of heavy lines connecting the various component holes. This drawing resembles a puzzle maze. Note in Fig. 4 that no paths cross each other on the underside

2 GANG

TUNING

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typical "printed" circuit four -tube superheterodyne showing top of chassis. Note set is complete except for attachment of speaker and line cord. Strap of electrolytic capacitor is secured to a speaker mounting screw in cabinet. A

Many printed sets are vertically mounted in cabinet and slide out for quick circuit repair. Note that a fine-tip pencil iron, not over 40 watts, is used to prevent wiring damage.

of the board. Where a B- lead must cross a B+ path, a small wire jumper is inserted on the top

of the board to complete the circuit. The drawing is turned over to a photographer for copying. The photographer first produces a regular negative. This film is then printed on another film or reversed in development, to get a positive transparency. This positive copy goes to

the silk screen printer. The printer mounts a piece of fine Swiss silk in a printing frame, coats the stretched silk with a photographic light sensitive emulsion and al-

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Ito

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

polish the copper image. Next the board is fluxed and protected from damage at the same of M 7 time by spraying with rosin IF TRANS. dissolved in alcohol. The printed boards may now be 000 moved on to the assembly department. The assemblers are PM sometimes human, but more PM SPEAKER often automats. 3_4 5 67 Resistors and capacitors in 00 printed circuitry are identical to those used in usual radio 00522J assembly. Items such as coils 6 MEG 470K_.* GANGED are fitted with tubular pins inTUNING CERAMIC AUDIO COUPLATC CAP. .02 stead of the spade type soldert 3- SECTION,150V_ MFD 2K ELECTROLYTIC ing lugs. Tubular pins replace 20 20 FILTER CAP.' ED MFD MFD lugs on IF transformers, tube sockets, etc. Since the wiring PRINTED CKT board has been punched, asSCHEMATIC 120V semblers simply push each AC-DC SUPERHET 35 W4 component into its proper poHALF- WAVE RECTIFIER sition on the "peg board" layLINE SWITCH ON VOLUME CONTROLS out. With all components in place, lows the silk to dry in the board is dipped into a tray the dark. Next the posi(soldering pot) of molten soltive film is placed in conder consisting of 60% tin and tact with the sensitized 40% lead. It is removed immesilk and exposure made diately and given a momentary in a bright light, then blast with a CO. (liquid carthe silk is developed just bon dioxide) gun which inthe same as a photostantly sets the solder. In one graph. fell swoop all parts have been Development creates rigidly secured to the wiring the printed wiring image board and all connections and on the silk screen. The conductive paths completed. emulsion has washed out There now remains only the of the silk where maze matter of sliding the printed lines appeared, the backchassis into the cabinet, attachground has filled in solid. ing knobs, and hand soldering The silk screen is now the output transformer which mounted in a suitable is mounted on the speaker press and a phenolic wirA single dipping into molten solder secures frame. Because of uniformity ing board is placed unall components to wiring board and estabof design, tuning capacitor, osderneath. A squeegee lishes the printed wiring paths which recillator coil and IF transformnow passes over the silk maze. a puzzle semble ers are often prealigned so that screen forcing a special conductive paint through the tiny weave openings the receiver is immediately ready for shipment in the silk. When the silk screen is lifted the to the dealer. Servicing a printed circuit is easier than workplastic panel bears an exact reproduction of the ing on the old metal chassis construction. Hidden draftsman's original drawing. The conductive paint is graphite in a suitable breaks in hookup wire have been eliminated. All vehicle. Experimenters can purchase this paint wiring is in clear sight, moreover many circuit in any radio parts house under the trademark boards have voltage measurement points and "Tube Koat" (General Cement Div., Textron, other identifying data printed along with the circuit. Cold circuit joints are practically unheard Inc., Rockford, Ill.) When the phenolic board has dried, it is trans- of. Failure of the set will be in an easily accessiferred to a copper electroplating bath. Here a ble component located on top of the board. In regular wiring, wafer sockets carrying rectithin film of metal is deposited on the graphite paint, while the rest of the board remains blank. fier and output tubes often char because of the (In some instances the vapor vacuum plating intense heat such tubes produce. The printed technique is employed to deposit the copper, but circuits employ wafer sockets fitted with eight supporting pillars. Because the sockets provided the end result is the same.) The printed circuit is now finished. The plate for hot tubes such as the 35W4 and 5005 are a may be buffed or blast -tumbled with sawdust to fiberglass laminate, socket charring is eliminated. 12

BE6

P ENTAGRID CONVERTER

AV6 DETECTOR, AVC, 12

VOLTAGE AMP.

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AUDIO

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

101

These pillars serve a dual function, since measurements can be made from the top of the socket without removing the tube from the set (see Fig. 2). Most printed circuit receivers contain printed circuits within printed circuits. For example the complete resistance/ capacitor network for the audio amplifier is contained in a small ceramic plate fitted with seven pigtail leads or soldering pins. A breakdown of a component in such a couplate or audet does not always require replacement of the entire unit unless the trouble is a short circuit. Locating the open capacitor or resistor, you need only jump it with a disc capacitor or small composition resistor as the case may be. Dotted area of schematic Fig. 3 shows the tiny couplate and its built -in components. Underside of a four -tube set with hand -wired components and conventional To replace a defective part metal chassis. Its circuit is identical to that of the printed set, but note the on the circuit board, here is a "jungle" of parts. simple and sure method: If a disc capacitor or composition resistor is involved such as Kester's "Resin- Five" or Alpha's "Triclip the pigtail leads as close to the component Core." The iron should have a fine tip. body as possible. Small diagonal wire cutters are Since solder carries most of the current load in the best tool for this. Because circuit boards may a typical printed radio circuit, you want to melt contain unused holes, and since some components only the center of the circuit path. When a new contain more than two leads, apply a drop of nail part is being installed, hold the iron steady, allowpolish or model plane dope to the wiring board ing the solder to form a molten puddle at the prior to cutting out the defective part, to identify joint. At this point, merely lift the iron away the holes from which the bad part is being re- from the connection and allow the joint to cool moved. A toothpick makes a good applicator. while avoiding any jiggle of the component which With the defective components removed, apply could result in a "cold" bond. a pencil type soldering iron to the underside of Most printed circuits feature interlock cord sets the circuit board and pull out the clipped pigtail such as are found on TV sets. This is to insure from the top of the board with flat or needle -nose safety since all ground returns may be live except pliers. With all pigtails removed, the next step for the tuning capacitor and volume control is to open the clogged solder holes in the printed shafts which are kept at a safe potential through circuit. a capacitor /resistor ground return. With so much For this you'll need a metal probe to which exposed wiring, plus a direct ground on the IF radio solder will not adhere. One such metal is transformer cans and detector tube shield, never stainless steel. Now, while you can buy a probe work on line- powered sets on a metal table, or in for $1 from any parts supplier, you can get six rooms with concrete floors, since dangerous or probes for a dime at your local hardware or dime fatal shock could result through carelessness. store. These bargain probes are "Fowl Lacers" When chassis is connected to line, be sure the used to keep the stuffing in the Thanksgiving bench or table is clear of small tools, wire, or turkey. solder. Such items shorting on the printed circuit Again applying the pencil soldering iron to the can result in its utter ruin before the power line underside of the board, insert one of the stainfuse has a chance to blow. less steel pins into the clogged hole and twist as the solder softens. Remove the iron and slowly Removing Lock -In Tubes remove the pin. A neat open hole is the result. To remove a "Lock -In" or loctal tube with With all holes cleared in this manner, you need ease, push against the side of the tube with a only insert the new component and resolder the thumb while pulling gently upward, so as to ununderside of the circuit. board. Here a word of snap the locking arrangement. Sockets for these caution is in order. Do not use dime store solder, tubes have spring catches which prevent tubes nor use a soldering gun, nor any other heavy - from falling out during shipping or rough use duty iron. You need a 60 tin-40 lead solder alloy in portable receivers.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

102

.k

e

Tune in on

the World By

C. M. STANBURY II

THE development of radio has given us a wonderful medium for vicarious travel. However, the average listener hears only what his local AM, FM and TV stations care to broadcast. Only when you make full use of your equipment and ears does the magic dimension of radio come into play. Such application of ears and equipment is known as DXing- distant reception. Via DX you can move throughout the country learning about people and happenings. The only price is patience and a reasonable amount of equipment and know -how. Your table radio will do for a start; once you decide what you want you may purchase or build more. There is an element of skill in DXing. In 1920 the reception of KDKA Pittsburgh in New York was a feat. A few years later the same listener was shooting for the Pacific Coast and beyond. He didn't stop until the globe was circled, and today this same pioneer is tuning for the moon. There are as many challenges as there are bands. Colombia on the standard broadcast band is DX. On the short-wave band it's routine. If you saw it on your TV, you'd be one tremendous DXer. Table B shows all the bands of the radio spectrum. However, most of the dividing lines are purely arbitrary, one band shading into the next. Major exceptions are the medium -wave broadcast band and the FM and TV broadcast bands. Like conventional means of travel, each band has its own advantages. And for every individual

personality, taste and temperament, there is at least one that is "right." Early Broadcasting. Radio broadcasting became possible when De Forest invented the vacuum tube, although earlier there had been the dots and dashes of spark -gap transmitters. It was just one step from the vacuum tube to voice transmissions, broadcasting and KDKA. Both KDKA in Pittsburgh and WWJ Detroit claim the first broadcast, but KDKA was first licensed. With the licensing of these stations in 1920, the dash into broadcasting was on and radio's golden era had begun. The twenties were an era of newness for the sake of newness, and radio was of a piece with the era. It caught the public's fancy, and its continual expansion kept its fans enthusiastic, even rabid. Every radio listener was a DXer-even those with local stations to listen to hunted distant calls. Stations took on the character of their locale. Those like WEAF New York acquired sophistication, while rural broadcasters took on a neighborly air. A famous rural broadcaster was Henry Field's KFNF Shen-

endoah, Iowa. Field, realizing the great selling power of his battery -operated pioneer, transformed it into a general store of the air. "I don't know if they're any good but you try them out and let me know," he would say, and whether the product was dried prune or automobile tires, the entire shipment would be sold within 48 hours. The DXer was soon able to shoot for the West Coast, for in 1920 California boasted of KNX and KGER; Seattle, of KTW. Like everything else in the Jazz Age, radio was wild. The Federal Radio Commission licensed, but the stations chose their own frequencies. Many stations tried several channels before settling on one, only to find that some nearby competitor was camping on the same wave -length. Station WHT in Chicago used two channels, switching from one to the other at 9 p.m. Adding to the complexity and confusion of the game were outlaw stations which were hard to trace. In 1928 the chaos was complete as the FRC was declared null and void. During that year every station did as it pleased. Despite the anarchy, many stations were on the air to stay. In California, KNX, KFI, KGO, KLX, KYA, KMJ, KXO and KFSD; in Washington, KTW, KHQ, KJR and KGY; in Iowa, KFNF. Some of the eastern pioneers were Baltimore's WCBM, WGY Schenectady, WOR New York, WNAC Boston and WSM Nashville. Also founded in 1927 was the Newark News Radio Club, sponsored by the Newark Evening News. In 1928, Irving Potts, president then, as now, of the NNRC, TABLE A -RADIO CLUBS

American Ionospheric Propagation Association, 360 Zimmerman Blvd., Kenmore 17, N. Y., Covers TV only. National Radio Club, 325 Shirley Ave., Buffalo 15, N. Y. Covers standard broadcast band only. Publishes DX News which is issued weekly during fall, winter and early spring. Annual dues are $4. Newark News Radio Club, 215 Market St., Newark 1, N. J. Monthly bulletin contains sections on all branches of DXing. Annual dues are $4. Universal Radio DX Club, 109 Mesa St., Vallejo, California. Devoted primarily to short-wave. Annual dues are $4. Publishes Universalife, which includes experimental space section.

inaugurated a series of DX programs over WOR attracting widespread attention to the club. The party was over in 1930. The nation had a king -sized hangover. The effect on radio should have been catastrophic, but it wasn't. Despite the fact that numerous stations went broke, radio hung on. For with a twist of the dial, a man could become top dog, champion. For a few hours the depression ceased to exist. DXers competed in trying to log the most stations. Of the many radio clubs organized during this period only two remain: the National Radio Club and the Universal Radio DX Club. Normally, standard broadcast band (BCB) stations are not heard at a great distance, but on a morning in 1932 scores of night -owls heard a cricket match. Some logged it as Poste Parisien while others claimed it to be Rockhampton, Australia.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER 3

2 HIGH

O

VHF 7 6 TV 4

0 UHF

FM OBC 8 8 8 VHF

1

7 0 NATIONAL AND 0

1

I

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Verifications were received from both stations at first Poste Parisien had been heard carrying a wire broadcast of the match. Later when the European station had faded out, Australia was heard with an on- the -spot description of the same match. When verification of reception established the validity of both sides' claims, the practice of collecting verification cards and letters became almost universal -the cards evidenced the listener's accomplishments and provided the souvenirs that every "tourist" collects. Completing the winter of 1932 -33, DX's greatest season, the NNRC scheduled its second historic DX broadcast, a test from LR5 in Buenos Aires. It was a great success -every listener who tried heard LR5. The Broadcast Band Today. DX permits you to escape the limits of your local stations. If you're a sports fan, the number of baseball, football and basketball broadcasts available to you will be tripled via DX. Those interested in American folk music will be trying for such stations as WAOK in Atlanta, Georgia. Most of the music played by WAOK is the folk or popular music of the southern Negro, sometimes referred to as rhythm and blues. Similarly, many stations such as WVOK Birmingham specialize in hillbilly tunes. When disasters occur, stations in the disaster area reflect the emergency. DXers are able to listen in. Examples of broadcast band DX, and others, may be heard on an ordinary radio. Some BCB DX may be had around sunset and during the evening. The first period will produce brief reception from a large number of stations. This is accomplished by tuning to a channel used primarily by daytime stations and catching them as they sign off. Such a procedure will boost total of stations heard and verified, but it doesn't provide very interesting listening. For best results you should listen between 1 and 6 a.m. Most stations are off during this period leaving four excellent sources of DX: 1) a number of stations operating all night and, because of the comparatively clear channels, easily heard at a distance; 2) stations further west which sign off later; 3) stations conducting equipment tests and frequency checks; 4) and stations which sign on before others of their channel. A greater challenge is offered by attempting reception of foreign stations on the broadcastband. BCBers have battled static, interference from U. S. and Canadian stations and ridiculously weak signals, to come up with such faraway locations as French West Africa, Russia and Aus-

6

0 HIGH

0

5

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TABLE

B

THE RADIO SPECTRUM

This chart shows the frequencies allocated to all the commercial broadcasting media. From right to left,

these allocations are: Standard Broadcast, 535 -1605 kc.; National and Regional Shortwave, 3000-7000 ke.; International Shortwave, 7000 kc. to 30 megacycles; Very High Frequency Television, 54 -88 me. and 174216 mc.; Frequency Modulation (FM), 88 -108 me. The Ultra High Frequency Television band begins at 473 me., off the left side of the chart. Amateur band fre-

quencies are also shown.

tralia. Best listening periods here are the early evening and after midnight. Ordinary receivers will usually not do-a communications type set is needed for best results. International Broadcasting. Like the pioneer international wireless telegraphy, the first international broadcast stations used long -wave. The first was at Daventry, England on 187 kc. This station might compete with KDKA and WWJ as first broadcaster (however regular transmissions were not scheduled until 1922). The British Broadcasting Corporation attempted a North American service with the Daventry transmitter but reception was unsatisfactory. Short -wave was known in the twenties but was not considered of practical use. In India and the islands which now comprise Indonesia, frequencies just above 3000 kc were used for local broadcasting. In this part of the world, static renders the broadcast band almost useless. Shortwave was carried on by experimental stations and culminated in a regular service by the BBC. Enhanced by the broadcasts of King George V, interest grew rapidly, enough to make it an unqualified success. Today, stimulated by World War II and world tensions, international shortwave broadcasting has greatly increased in scope. For more on this, see page 74. International broadcasting plays a part in improving understanding among peoples. However, many short-wave services are carried on for political, religious or economic (sometimes an appeal to the tourist trade) reasons and are thus necessarily limited in depth and frankness. Similar to commercial broadcasting, there are both far -sighted and narrow -minded sponsors. As on the broadcast -band, you may use comparison but there are never two contrasting stations within the same country to compare. Thus, you can TABLE C -BEST SEASONS FOR THE BANDS Long Wave: Late fall and winter Medium Wave: Fall, Winter and early spring Short Wave: All year round Very High Frequency (VHF) and Ultra High Frequency (UHF): Late spring, summer and fall

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

104

TABLE

D-VERIFICATIONS

In order for a station to verify your reception, you must give enough broadcast details so that your report can be checked. In reporting to broadcast stations, there must be a complete general description of the program heard. Much better than the general description, however, is the definite item system. Commercials, program name and announcer's name would all be definite items. Song titles will usually not do, however, since many stations keep no record of them. In verifying TV stations, visual descriptions are, of course, important. Always enclose return postage. In reporting to utility stations you may not repeat specific details of communications heard. Instead, list date /time, frequency, station contacted or called and, in the case of a mobile facility, position if known. Many utility stations require the DXer to submit a prepared card for them to sign and mail back to him.

obtain a general picture of Europe or Asia but only a comparatively stilted view of individual countries and their people. You can get closer to a country by tuning in on programs intended for home consumption (usually below 7000 kc) or for nationals abroad. Unless you have command of a second language, however, you'll be limited to English- speaking countries. Another way of penetrating the gloss is by concentrating on programs featuring folk music. The imperfections of short -wave are countered by its availability-you can hear stations at any hour of the 24. Police and Other Utilities. Broadcasting stations occupy only a tenth of the short -wave bands and only two -fifths of the medium-waves. With the exception of a few narrow amateur bands, the rest of the bands are assigned to utility radio services -ships, aircraft, airports, police and coast guard. This is the most potentially revealing of all radio listening. The authentic bits of life you overhear come straight. These are men going about the business of living, and you are a completely invisible observer. The aeronautical channels are a source of rare countries-8845 kc will produce such places as Kuwait and Bahrain, Arabia. Other faraway countries can be heard via aircraft passing over them. VHF and UHF. Distant reception on medium wave and short -wave is made comparatively consistent by the ionosphere, a layer of gases extending from 50 to 250 miles above the earth which are affected by ultra-violet radiation from the sun. The ionosphere reflects and refracts medium and short-waves back to earth thus making distant communications possible. As frequencies above 30 me aren't normally reflected by the ionosphere, reception over 30 me does not extend much beyond the horizon. Occasionally, however, DX is made possible via an upward extension of ionospheric effects, or special conditions in the troposphere. The long periods of nothingness punctuated by bursts of exciting reception give this brand of listening a flavor all it's own. For high- frequency DX you need the proper antenna should be the right length, directional, and mounted on a rotor. To find the proper length

-it

for FM antennas see the article on page 136. America's pioneer FM station, in Alpine, N. J., went on the air in 1938. The first commercial FM station on the air was WSM -FM in 1941, now off the air. Cultural offerings are standard on FM. FM, a high fidelity sound system, is ideal for the reproduction of classical music and this music is widely broadcast on FM. Because of the audience it attracts, other intellectual features such as literary reviews are made commercially feasible. During a DX opening you will have your choice of many stations. Television. Almost simultaneous with the discovery of radio itself, men became fascinated by the prospect of transmitting pictures to distant points. The first commercial VHF TV station WNBT (now WRCA -TV) opened in 1941. Because of high production costs, most broadcasters

ge

TABLE

E- RECEIVERS

For best results on any band, a communications type receiver should be used. These are priced from 575 up. The major manufacturers selling to the general public are os follows:

Hollicraftors Company, Illinois

4401

West 5th Ave.,

Hammarlund Manufacturing Co., 460 W. York 1, N. Y.

Chicago 24,

34th St.,

New

National Company Inc., Molden 48, Massachusetts These companies will furnish information upon request. When purchasing a receiver, these features should be considered: Frequencies covered and in how many bands (the more the better), sensitivity and selectivity, including crystal selectivity. (The latter is essential in foreign BCB DXing.(

stick closely to established program formula, as gambling or experimenting is too expensive. A few misses and the broadcaster would be out of business. Thus 95% of American TV stations have similar programming. The polish possessed by the BCB outlet does not compare to that of his video cousin. The DX results of this are unmistakable: In comparison with the other broadcasting forms, the number of DX viewers is small, only FM attracts less. The largest TV DX club has 100 members. While most DXers have at one time or another tried for a distant TV station, usually their interest has been only a passing one. The European TV scene is in startling contrast to the North American. With numerous different nationalities and national customs in close proximity, DX is very popular and the number of such viewers far exceeds those on this side of the Atlantic. This is surprising when you consider not only the language barrier, but that four different TV systems are used in Europe-which means a DX viewer has to make numerous modifications in his set. Despite it's present inadequacies, TV's potentialities are obvious. The possible uses and human benefits are endless. DX -wise, the future holds unlimited promise. As technological advances multiply, such potentialities will convert an increasing number of DX listeners to DX viewers.

www.americanradiohistory.com

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

105 Most commercially produced toys are either entertaining or educational, rarely both. Here's a toy you can make that is both, and inexpensive to boot.

1) Set On -Off switch to the Off

position. 2) Set two color switches to

the On position. 3) Set the On -Off switch to On. If the proper colors

have been selected, the mixed color lamp will light. How to Build. In a piece of 1/4-in. plywood, or other suitable material, bore all the holes necessary to mount the indicator lamp sockets and the toggle switches. Using the Fig. 3 layout as a guide for hole positioning, bore seven 1 -in. holes to accommodate the toggle switches, and six 1116-in. holes for the indicator lamp sockets. Mount the indicator lamp in the 11/16-in. holes so sockets By D. X. FENTEN and J. SCHACHNER that all the terminals are aligned horizontally (see Fig. THE Electronic Color Wheel is entertaining, 4) to facilitate wiring. Mount the SPST switch educational, inexpensive, and easily built. To in the middle row between the two lamps, the light a lamp, two correct switches must be remaining switches in the six remaining holes on thrown. The lighted lamp is the color that would the bottom row. Reading from right to left, as in result if the colors indicated on the switches were Fig. 2, the switches mount in this order: mixed. If, for example, the red and yellow HOLE COLOR switches were thrown, the orange lamp would Red 2 Yellow light. However, if two color switches are thrown 3 Black that have no definite color combination, (red and 4 White 5 Blue green) nothing happens. 6 Orange Single- and double -pole, double -throw WHITE BLUE YELLOW ORANGE toggle switches are used to build the color IC 20 wheel circuit. The second throw on each V switch is used to prevent improper read- BLACK RED BLUE WHITE PINK IC 2C 20 ings in the event that more than two V switches are closed. However, despite the BLUE YELLOW PURPLE fact that the DPDT switches are incorpo20 IC rated to prevent incorrect readings, they V are not infallible. Errors can occur. By RED BLUE YELLOW GREEN 2C IO OQ.. closing a few select special combinations of o V three switches, for example, a lamp can be ORANGE WHITE GREY lit. YELLOW RED BLACK( Consider the situation when the red, yelV 2C le 20 low, and blue switches are closed. NormalORANGE WHITE BROWN IO ly, no lamp should light. However, when the red switch is closed, its "lo" contacts ON - OFF close, (see Fig. 2), applying ground to both wiper arms on the blue switch. In effect, LEVER CONTACTS 22.5 le this jumps out the red 2c contacts. If the to VOLTS blue and yellow switches are now closed, DPDT the green lamp will light. In this manner, SWITCH DETAIL an erroneous indication is given. The pos2C CONTACTS 20 CONTACTS sibility of an erroneous indication can be LEVER CONTACT overcome in either of two ways- expeno o o sive, complex circuitry, or following a simTERMINAL MARKING CONVENTION ple set of rules of play. As: SCHEMATIC

Electronic

GI

z

Wt

1

IC

e

IC

,.a_tllllII

I

©

www.americanradiohistory.com

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

106

method, so a holder which is most

12

installed should be used, or a Teasily home -made, improvised version de3'

4s

LJ PINK

ORANGE

DIA. Its

PURPLE GREY

3'

U /NU v

GREEN

IZ

VRED

11

-.

16 DIA.

I2

v v

YELLOW

BLACK

le

-OFF BROWN

I2 WHITE

+ BLUE

12

-I

correct terminal of the color

2 ORANGE

LAYOUT OF MOUNTING HOLES

BACK VIEW OF BOARD

The switches, unlike the lamp sockets, mount vertically. This will place the "o" terminals on the top and the "c" terminals on the bottom, the "1" switch on the left, and the "2" switch on the right. Now mount the battery on the lamp board. The mount will vary according to the size and type of battery used. Each of the many standard size battery holders has its own mounting

signed and used. The battery shown in Fig. 4 is a standard 22.5 -v hearing aid battery. Simply mounted with two #6-32 x 3/4 -in. screws and a strip of friction tape, it is easily replaced if necessary, and the mount is inexpensive and easily fabricated. Solder the negative side of the battery to the On -Off switch and wire the 2c terminals of the red, yellow and black switches to the other side of the On -Off switch. Solder the common side of all the lamps to the positive side of the battery. The other terminal of each lamp is wired to the switches. When this has been completed, the control circuit -the switch terminals -is wired, completing the assembly. Nothing remains but to turn a youngster loose on the wheel. Wiring in the switches.

MATERIALS LIST-COLOR WHEEL Description No. Reqd. 1 Vs" xlxl'plywood 6 DPDT toggle switches, without center position

OR

1

SPST toggle switch

7

indicator lamp sockets and lamps

6

indicator lamp Jewels of the following colors: orange, pink, green, purple, grey, brown.

1

battery (can be either of several normally available, but battery voltage and the required lamp voltage must be the same; 6 -v. lamps and a 6 -v. battery, 22.5 -v. lamps and a 22.5 battery, etc.)

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RADIO-I'V ÉXPERIMENIER

107

Amateur Radiotelephone Station

The VHF amateur radiotelephone station in action. The operator is listening for an answer to a two meter CQ.

By

C.

F.

ROCKEY,

W9SCH SELF- CONTAINED in a single chassis-except, of course, for antenna, microphone and headphones -this Very High Frequency transmitter- receiver operates in the 144 megacycle. two-meter amateur band. Probably as straightforward -and simple to construct-as a VHF station can be, its cost runs under $60, less than one-fourth the cost of comparable, commercially made equipment. The receiver, tube for tube, develops maximum gain, has maximum sensitivity. It will easily receive signals from within and beyond the range of the transmitter; also, its efficiently engineered R.F. stage greatly reduces signal- radiation interference during reception. And, since all three stages of the transmitter are tuned to a different frequency, selfoscillation of a transmitter stage (with attendant off -frequency operation) is virtually impossible. No tricky `overtone" oscillator circuit, requiring hand -picked crystals, is used; no neutralization is necessary; there is no spurious signal output from the push -push final amplifier. Construction of Power Supply and Receiver. On the 4 x 10 x 17 -in. chassis, punch socket holes (Figs. 1 and 2) with 1Ytt in. dia. and 3/4 -in. dia. socket punches (obtainable at electronics supply store) and mount the power trans-

former, rectifier tube socket, filter capacitors, filter choke coil, terminal strip, and volume control -power switch. (Mounting holes for the transformer are drilled from the data supplied by the manufacturer; tube sockets, filter choke and other station circuit components, except where otherwise indicated, are fastened to the chassis with 6-32 x 3/8 -in. machine screws and nuts.) Wiring for the power supply is shown in Fig. 3. (Figure 6 gives a pictorial wiring diagram for both receiver and transmitter sections.) Solder all connections with rosin core solder, checking connections at each step. When the wiring has been double-checked, connect a line cord to the proper terminals on the terminal strip (Fig. 1), insert the 5Z3 rectifier tube in its socket, plug the line cord into a power outlet and turn on the power switch. Now connect a d -c voltmeter from B+ to chassis; it should read between 300 and 400 volts. If it doesn't, check for faulty wiring or a defective tube and remedy or replace. With the power supply working, mount and wire the send -receive switch (mount according to manufacturer's instructions; see Fig. 4 for wiring), the receiver's 6AG5 and 12AT7 sockets (with rh 4 -36 x 1/4 -in. screws) and the sockets for the receiver section's two 6SN7's. Then mount and wire the receiver's main tuning capacitor's

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

108 LME CORD

POWER TRANSFORMER

CAUTION: Although anyone may use the VHF receiver, the transmitter cannot be used without an

ANTrn:A ERMINAL STRP

e IST

TRIPIER

573

TRANS.

2N0 TRIPLER

FINAL

ANT TUNING

RF AMP

1207

`c7 OET B

OSC

REECVR

AMP

AUDIO

TRAF.

GAGS RECVR.

e

A

RE.;Á

V/

AMP DOUBLER

CAPACITOR

AJDO AYRS,

FILTER CAPACITORS

%f> e

e 128H7

1207 TRANS

PECVR

RECTIFIER

1N3CI.CR

TUNING

6',%1 /

6 MIXER

RECVP OSC.

\

COL

'l,`ECV

AOPNOVE

TUN NG

SEND E

SWTCH

MIMLELTiAEM

,DYNE CORM.

-POWER SWITCH

r

R

.I.

-9

+0

I

POWER

TRANS.

amateur's license issued by the FCC. Failure fo obtain a valid license from the FCC exposes the offender to a maximum penalty of $10,000 and /or two years imprisonment.

*

TRANS. CRYSTAL OSC

STRIP .

ing of each audio amplifier stage is completed, test it by plugging a pair of magnetic headphones into the headphone jack and-with power on and send -receive switch in receive position touching a screw01 A PIA' driver to the grid of the section under test.

-

J

'

I

2 DIA.

0+ C

+t

+

11

7



DIA.

C

1

2Z

r 3"-{

vernier tuning dial (according to manufacturer's instructions) and the headphone jack. Wire the audio amplifier sections of the 6SN7's (see Fig. 5) starting with the stage which feeds the headphone jack (all tubes get B-- via the B-Isection of the send -receive switch). As the wir-

+C 11:44.-

+A

é44

+C

TO P

".1+r

54 '3D

I

3'

8

34

-

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-

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48 "

í

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24

i

17"

i' ,r--;

FRONT

RECVR-'.

+-2_e-i-o

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-+ A

A

2-lof.---

q

21"

-1\----1.1

\

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CHASSIS

ond detector coil

-71 4 ,

...._1+1

AMILLIAMMETeR

/

I

i

2 2

I

`,:_ _

©

SEND RCV. SW.

FILTER CHOKE COIL

TRANSFORMER PRIMARY

(TO SEND -RECEIVE SW)

.01 MF

400

TO ONE SIDE OF

WV

ILAMENTS 115

VOLTS

63

ON

EXCEPT

5Z 3 REGT

Z

r.

16 M F

.-

FILTER CAPACTORS

5Z3

V WINDING

POWER SWITCH (CN

VOL CONTROL)

control turned about halfway up, a loud, clean hiss should be heard in the phones; backing the control down should cause the hiss to die away smoothly. If no hiss is present in the phones, recheck wiring and circuit components.

High Frequency Section of the Re-

ceiver. When wiring the VHF stages of the

TERMINAL

STRIP

(Fig. 7), mount it, and wire the 6SN7 second-detector section into the receiver circuit. Test the second detector by applying power, plugging in the phones, and turning up the volume

control. With the

LAYOUT

POWER

60-

brought into contact with a grid, a hum should be heard in the phones. If a stage does not operate, the difficulty is incorrect wiring, a solder-blob short, or a defective component. Next, wind the sec-

+D

D

+.l «+

screwdriver is +e

+0

4

B+

-441

1

Grasp the metal shaft of the screwdriver; touch nothing else. When the end of the

SCHEMATIC-POWER SUPPLY

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receiver (or transmit-

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER THIS SIDE TOWARD TOP OF CHASSIS

109

grid circuit consists of three turns of #14 tinned copper wire. Wind this coil on a 1/2 -in. dia. form (we SUPPLY used a /2 -in. drill shank) and then TO TRANSMITTER remove the form, leaving an "air B+ TO ANTENNA COIL IN RECEIVER wound, air -spaced" coil. To properly adjust this coil, a grid -dip meter is needed. (With it, also align second TO ANTENNA COIL detector to 29 megacycles.) IN TRANSMITTER With the 6AG5 and the meter in the circuit (instructions for the use of the grid -dip meter are supplied SEND by the manufacturer), spread apart or squeeze together the three turns of the coil until the meter indicates TO ANTENNA TERMINALS ON that the circuit is resonant to about TERMINAL STRIP 146 megacycles. For our receiver, this condition occurred when the coil 4 SEND - RECEIVE SWITCH (END VIEW) was about 1/2 in. long. ter), keep all leads as short and direct as posWind and adjust the coil in the grid circuit sible. A lead 1 in. long is considered short enough of the 12AT7 mixer in the same manner, but for ordinary broadcast and shortwave equip- with both the 6AG5 and the 12AT7 in their ment, but at 144 megacycles it is far too long. sockets and all other connections properly made. Also, use a minimum amount of solder; use The small, home -made capacitor, labelled ceramic bypass and coupling capacitors; and "Gimmick" in Fig. 5, consists of two pieces of establish one ground point for each stage, re- ordinary hook -up wire (insulation left on) twistturning all chassis grounds for the stage to that ed together three times. It couples the signal point. from the oscillator to the mixer. In Fig. 5, RFC1 designates an Ohmite Z -144 The oscillator coil consists of five turns of VHF R.F. choke, the plate load of the 6AG5 #14 wire wound as were the three -turn grid R.F. amplifier. The tuning coil in the 6AG5's coils. The cathode lead from the oscillator secTO RECEIVER

B+

FROM B+ IN POWER

1

-1

ANTENNA TERMINALS

50M MF GAGS

RFAMP

SONO

ANTENNA COIL

MOB

220 COUPLED TO 1

GROUND END

TO

_-

y

n

1000 MMF

22K

3

1000

11 -

MMF

8+

22K 1000 R

50F MM

5 TURNS

'14 WIRE TAPPED I TURN FROM

1

y

"GIMMICK" )oa (SEE TEXT)

IW

FOR I TRANS

GROUND

END

8+

MIXER

IMO

MMF

7

2TURNS-

12 AT7

3 TURNS "14 WIRE

1000

I

3 TURNS 414 WIRE

I

RFC' (SEE TEXT) .

u

TO TRANS

12AT7 OSC MAIN RCVR TUNING CAPACITOR 15 MMF

22K

FOR RECEIVER

B+ FROM POWER SUPPLY

L

J

100K

SEND -RECEIVE SWITCH SEE FIG 4

5000 MMF MICA

VOLUME CONTROL 50K POT

22K

47K

IW

IW

.5 MF PAPER

100K

5000MMF 47K

330

T5000

K

I'

1000 MMF

6SN7

2ND0

MMF

6SN7

4

AUD AMP

2ND DET COIL

'

HEAD PHONE

JACK

.

220011 6SN7 AUD AMPS

330K

(SEE SCHEMATIC RECEIVER

www.americanradiohistory.com

FIG7)

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

110

r10

11111

i.

A- IOMMF B- SOMMF C-IOOOMMF

LEGEND D-5000MMF G- 47K K-330K H- 100K L-1MEG. E- 2.2K J-220K F- 22K

PHONE JACK

2RD

FILTER

DET. COIL

CAPACITORS

MI TF

\1 CENTER TAP 110V. PRIMARY LEADS

H.V.

HIGH VOLTAGE\ LEADS

6SN7 I

6.3V. LEADS 10

tion of the 12AT7 is soldered to the coil one turn from the ground end. When the R.F. amplifier, mixer and oscillator circuits are completed, apply power and throw the send-receive switch to the receive position. The tuning range for the oscillator, as indicated by a grid -dip meter, should be from within about 115 to about 132 megacycles. If the oscillator is not oscillating, look for shorts between tube pins or try a dif-

MF ELEC.

ferent 12AT7. If the oscillator's tuning range is incorrect, squeeze or spread the oscillator coil turns slightly until the correct range is obtained. When the oscillator is working correctly, plug the headphones into their jack, adjust the volume control for a good, strong hiss, set the grid -dip meter for 145 megacycles and place it about 10 ft. from the set. Now tune the main tuning dial on

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

111

NOTE! MAKE ALL WI RE LEADS AS SHORT AS POSSIBLE. LEADS SHOWN HAVE BEEN MADE LONGER TO CLARIFY WIRING INSTRUCTIONS.

RECEIVER

MAIN TUNING

AT7

1

MIXER COI

OICA TRIMM EF

12ÁT7 I:II TRIPLER

FINAL

TUNING CAP. 110V POWER LEADS TO TERMINAL STRIP

BUTTERFLY CAP.

MIKE LEADS

2MF TRIPLER COIL

AMP.

2SMMF FINAL AMP.

COIL

TUNING

ANTENNA LEADS TO TERMINAL STRIP

the receiver throughout its range. At some point on the dial the hiss should disappear. Turning the grid -dip meter off should cause it to reappear. If it does, the receiver is operative. If it doesn't, you'll need to recheck the wiring in the mixer and R.F. amplifier circuits only; the osciLator has been checked. For test purposes, couple a dipole antenna (see Fig. 8) to the 6AG5 R.F. amplifier grid coil

e by means of one turn of wire inserted between the two turns at the ground end of the grid coil. With the volume turned up, tune the main receiver tuning dial through its range. If there

are radio-equipped taxicabs, mobile radio telephones, or other 144- megacycle amateurs operating within range of you, you should hear them. Note that when a signal is tuned in, the hiss from the receiver tends to disappear and the

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

112 TURN SLUG ALL

THE WAY IN

To GROUND TO CATHODE (PIN No.3,

65N7) 10 TURNS No 22 INSULATED WIRE

SOLDER TO LUG

NATIONAL XR -62 IRON CORE COI L FORM

SOLDER TO WG

SCRAPE, TAP AND SOLDER 2 TURNS FROM GROUND END

TO GRID

.-65N7)

el

(PIN No.

1,

THRU SOMMF

SECOND DETECTOR COIL

(WHEN WOUND, COAT WITH POLYSTYRENE CEMENT)

voice signal takes its place. The stronger the signal, the more completely the hiss will disappear. Slight readjustment of the volume control and slight retuning will often do wonders to clear up a weak signal. Finish work on the receiver section by connecting the antenna coil leads of the 6AG5 directly to the appropriate connections of the send receive switch (Fig. 4). Then run a short length of 300 ohm "twin- lead" TV lead -in line from the proper switch connections to the antenna terminals on the Jones terminal strip and connect antenna lead -ins to these terminals. Construction of the Transmitter. Fasten tube sockets for the 12AT7's, 12BH7 and crystal (use 6 -32 screws for the crystal socket, 4-36 for tube sockets) and mount the 50 mmf first -tripler tuning capacitor, the "butterfly" second -tripler tuning capacitor, and the 25 mmf final amplifier tuning and antenna tuning capacitors. Be sure that the 50 mmf and the 25 mmf capacitors are mounted with shafts insulated from the chassis. (Drill the shaft hole large enough to give the shaft ample clearance.) First wire the crystal oscillator (see Figs. 6 and 9), wiring to any two alternate pins desired on the crystal socket. In the oscillator's plate circuit, RFC2 (Fig. 9) designates a National R -100 21 mh R.F. choke. Choose your crystal frequency according to the class of amateur license you hold. If you hold a general class license, any crystal frequency between 8.000 and 8.210 megacycles will do. If you are a novice, choose a crystal frequency between 8.032 and 8.132 megacycles. When the crystal oscillator circuit wiring is completed, plug the crystal into the socket pins that are connected to the oscillator circuit. Apply power and throw the send-receive switch into the send position. Now, holding it by its glass envelope, touch the base of a 2 -watt neon bulb to the plate connection (pin #1) of the 12AT7 oscillator tube. A faint but definite bluish -red glow of the neon bulb indicates satisfactory operation of the oscillator circuit. If no glow is observed, recheck the wiring or substitute a differ-

ent crystal. Next, wire the first tripler circuit. The first tripler coil is wound as shown in Fig. 10. With the first tripler wired, apply power and

set grid -dip meter to about 24 megacycles. Hold the grid -dip meter coil near the tripler coil and adjust the 50 mmf capacitor until maximum output from the tripler is observed on the meter. This adjustment must be made with an insulated screwdriver to avoid shocks and to insure accurate tuning. When a good, strong indication is secured on the grid -dip meter, insert the loop of the transmitter tuning lamp (see Fig. 11) into the first tripler coil with the loop of the lamp parallel to the turns of the coil. When the lamp is inserted all the way into the coil, and the 50 mmf capacitor is readjusted for maximum tripler output, a noticeable glow of the lamp filament should be observed. Now, wire the second-tripler 12AT7. The second- tripler coil consists of 12 turns of #14 tinned copper wire wound on a 1/2-in. dia. form. Space the turns carefully to make the entire coil about 13/4 -in. long, then remove the form. Connect this ANTENNAS

8

B

"FOLDED DIPOLE" ANTENNA

AWMINUM

ROO

V4 DIA.

{

`1

300 n "TWIN - LEAD" TV LEAD-IN WIRE

DIMENSIONS

A" ANYTHING LESS THAN 2" B" 39"

C.

TERMINAL STRIP

A

WIDTH OF TV LEAD-IN WIRE AT TWO WIRES TWISTED TOGETHER AND SOLDERED

LEAD -IN WIRE BROKEN IN CENTER; EACH HALF SOLDERED 10

TRANSMISSION LINE

30011'TWIN -LEAD" TV

LEAD-1N WIRE 39"LONG TO TERMINAL STRIP

A is superior for outdoor B

installations.

is suitable for indoor or temporary use.

RULES FOR ERECTING ANTENNA

Keep it horizontal. (2) Keep it broadside to the directions you wish most to work. (3) Erect it as high above ground as possible. (1)

coil between the two stationary sets of plates of the "butterfly" capacitor. Keep leads as short as possible. The R.F. choke (RFC3) connected to the center tap of the second-tripler coil is made by scramble winding 100 turns of magnet wire equal to or smaller than # 22 around a 1 megolun, 1 watt carbon resistor. Solder the ends of the coil to the resistor leads, dope liberally with polystyrene cement, and solder RFC3 into the circuit. Insert the 12AT7 in its socket and apply power. Tune the grid-dip meter to about 72 megacycles

and adjust the "butterfly" capacitor for maximum second-tripler output. Then insert the loop of the tuning lamp between the middle turns of the second -tripler coil and readjust the "butterfly" capacitor for maximum second- tripler output. Then, using an insulated screwdriver, read-

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER FIRST TRIPLER TUNE TO ABOUT 24 MC

`

12A17

[*1

3 TURNS 7I4 WIRE

414 WIRE 12AT7

50 MMF VARIABLE

128H7 100K

50 MMF .67

!1 JOnO

50

_R

111

SOMME MICA TRIMMER 15 MME MAX

\1000

RFC2 (SEE

COIL.] TURN

MOF

2SMMF VARIABLE

"BUTTERFLY" CAPACITOR

MMF

50 MMF

1000,1 MAT

RFC3

RFC'

(SEE TEXT)

TEXT)

Uf

ANT COUPLING

7

47K

ou

MMF

TUNE TO ABOUT 144 MC

12 TURNS,CENTER- TAPPED,

SEE FIG.10

00

113 FINAL AMP DOUBLER

SECOND TRIPLER TUNE TO ABOUT 72 MC

12AT7 OSC

(SEE TEXT)

1000 MME

RF TUNING METER

8 + ON SEND RECEIVE SWITCH

TO SENO RECEIVE SWITCH

5000

MMF MICA

I00K

XTAL

6V6 MODULATOR 3

47K

MMF MICA

330K

aFr

-II

t5

6

9 SCHEMATICTRANSMITTER

(SEE FIG 12)

5000

SOMME

330K

6SN7 AUD AMP

CARBON ,MICROPHONE TERMINALS

.

K

zoon

22001)

5W

HENRY CHOKE COIL 15

10MP,,I 50 WV ELEC1ROLYTIC

just the first -tripler 50 mmf tuning capacitor until the tuning lamp (still in the second- tripler circuit) glows brightly. Now, adjust the first-tripler 15 minf mica trimmer capacitor and the first-tripler 50 mmf tuning capacitor alternately, until the tuning lamp glows at nearly full brilliance. The final stage of the transmitter's R.F. section

to be wired is the push -push doubler final amplifier. It operates at the output frequency of 144 megacycles, so make every lead as short as possible. The final- amplifier tank coil consists of three turns of #14 tinned copper wire 1 -in. in diameter. Space out the turns until the length of the entire coil is about one in., remove the form, and connect the coil across the final amplifier tuning capacitor. Keep leads to minimum length. When the final amplifier is completed, tune the grid -dip meter to about 144 megacycles, insert the 12BH7 tube in its socket and, after the tube has heated, apply B+ by throwing the send-receive switch to send. Using the insulated screwdriver, adjust the 25 mmf final- tuning capacitor for maximum indication on the grid -dip meter and readjust the "butterfly" capacitor for mum output at the final amplifier. Then maxiinsert the turing lamp between the turns of the amplifier coil. It should gleam brilliantly. final Finally, wire the audio amplifier and modulator. (RFC1 designates an Ohmite Z -144 VHF R.F. choke.) To test the audio amplifier -modu-

lator system, temporarily replace the 15 henry choke coil in the modulator plate circuit with the primary of any loudspeaker output transformer and loudspeaker. With the microphone connected and the send -receive switch in the send position, speaking into the microphone should produce a loud, clear signal from the loudspeaker. Now insert a single -turn antenna coupling coil into the final-amplifier tuning coil at the end farthest from the 12BH7 socket. Push it well down into the final- amplifier coil to obtain tight coupling and run its leads directly to the 25 mmf antenna tuning capacitor. From there, run leads directly to the proper terminals of the send-receive switch (see Fig. 4). Give the entire transmitter a final test by connecting a #48 dial lamp bulb directly across the antenna terminals on the terminal strip. With every component in the circuit and with the WIRE SECURED AT EACH END

11/:DIA. PLUG -IN COIL FORM

sr'SEWING'SEvERAL TMES THRU

Two ADJACENT HoLEs

SIX TURNS

of

ti,2 -S6

MACHINE SCREW THRU FORM FOR CENTER -TAP CONNECT ION

No 22 WIRE CAREFULLY

SCRAPE COL AT CENTER TURN AND SOLDER ON CENTER -TAP CONNECTION

NOTE! DISTRIBUTE WINDING

EVENLY ACROSS ENTIRE LENGTH OF COL FORM A3 SHOWN

hi i;.l

10

FIRSTTRIPLER COIL

www.americanradiohistory.com

(I,

1FV

SAN PINS OFF FLUSH WITH eoTTOM OF COIL FORM

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

114

send-receive switch in send position, the lamp should glow brightly. Touch-up the various tuning adjustments for maximum brilliance of the lamp and then speak clearly and directly into the microphone. The lamp should flicker noticeably, indicating that modulation is taking place. MATERIALS

LIST- AMATEUR

RADIOTELEPHONE

STATION

Receiver and Power Supply

Req'd.

10 x 17 x 4" aluminum chassis knob, /4' shaft

1 1

terminal strip. 6 terminal (Jones barrier 6-140) S -prone sockets (Amphenol type MIP) 9 -prong sockets (Amphenol, 59.410) 7 -prong miniature socket (Amphenol. 147-505) equivalent) power transformer ( Stancor type PC -8410 or filter choke coil (Stancor type C -1001 or equivalent) w.v. 450 M FD 16 can type electrolytic capacitors. (Cornell- Dubilier, Type KR -516A or equivalent)

1

6 4 1

1

1 2

single circuit phone Jack

1

Vernier dial. 0.100.0 scale (National type 8M) 4PDT anti -capacity switch (Federal #1424) 50K linear taper potentiometer, with switch (50.000 ohms) equiv.) pair 2000 ohm headphones (Trimm "Dependable' or

1

1 1 1 1 5 1

The R.F. output meter (Fig. 12) assures proper tuning of the transmitter under all conditions. Fasten the 1N34 crystal diode, the RFC1 choke (an Ohmite Z -144) and the 1000 mmf capacitor to a two -lug tiepoint strip mounted near the transmitter antenna tuning capacitor. The 1%-in. pickup lead should be brought within about 1 in. of the transmitter 25 N0.48 DIAL mmf antenna tuning caLAMP pacitor and a twisted SOLDER TO BASE pair of wires run to the SOLDER TO 0 -to -1 milliammeter on BASE the front of the chassis. BUTTON Apply power, and throw No. 22 WIRE /LOOP SMALL send -receive switch to TOTAL ENGT 31/2" send. If the meter reads backwards, reverse the leads to it. Position the mTRANSMITTER TUNING LAMP pickup lead so that when ,

phone plug

ft. power line cord with plug

1

1.

8 8 1 1

7 1 3 2 2 5 3 1

I

1 1

6 1 1 1

2 1 1

25'

15 mmf midget variable capacitor (Hammarlund type HF15 or equivalent) 5Z3 tube 6SN7GTB tubes 12AT7 tube 6AG5 tube #14 tinned copper wire hook -up wire, solder tube polystyrene cement

tiepoints screws

miscellaneous hardware

10" 12"

300 ohm twin lead TV antenna lead -in wire

2 1

knobs, 1/4" shaft choke coil (Stancor type

#22 insulated magnet wire antenna materials, as desired

Transmitter

C

-1002 or equivalent)

1

0.1 milliammeter (Triplett)

1 1 2 1

0.5 mf, 200

v. paper capacitor (Sprague or equivalent) 10 mf, 50 v. electrolytic capacitor (Sprague or equivalent) Ohmite type Z -144 VHF RF chokes

21/2 mh RF choke

1 3

1 1 1 1 1

1 2 1

1 2 1

1 1

(National

OF WIRE

TRANSMITTER ANTENNA LEAD

1000 ohm. 1/2 watt composition resistor 220 ohm, % watt composition resistor 100K ohm, 1/2 watt composition resistors (100.000 ohms) 47K ohm. 1 watt composition resistor (47.000 ohms) 47K. 1/2 watt composition resistors (47.000 ohms) 22K. 1/2 watt composition resistors (22.000 ohms) resistors 22K. 1V2 watt composition 2200, /z 2200 ohm. V2 watt carbon resistors 100 ohm, 1/2 watt carbon resistor 1 meo_. 1 watt carbon resistor 0.5 mf paper capacitor 5000 mmf mica capacitors. "postage stamp" type ceramic, iron core coil form (National type XR -62)

1

2

BROUGHT NEAR

.01 mf, 400 volt paper capacitor Ohmite Z -144 R.F. choke 1000 mmf disk type ceramic capacitors 50 mmf disk type ceramic capacitors 10 mmf disk type ceramic capacitors

R -100)

11/4" ribbed plastic coil form (ICA) 25 mmf midget variable capacitor (Hammarlund type APC 25 or equivalent) 50 mmf midget variable capacitor ( Hammarlund type APC 50 or equivalent) "Butterfly" type midget variable capacitor, 10 mmf per section (Johnson 11MB11) 11/2-15 mmf mica trimmer capacitor 1N34 crystal diode quartz transmitting crystal, about 8 megacycles, see text (Petersen radio "PR" type Z2 or Bliley type AX -2) 6SN7GTB tube 12AT7 tubes 12BH7 tube 6V6GT tube #48: 2 v.. 60 MA dial lamps 2 watt neon bulb single- button, telephone -type microphone 2 -lug tiepoint

RFC, (SEE TEXT.)

®

OTOI

MA

MILL IAMETER

TWIST THESE LEADS TOGETHER

RF TUNING METER

the transmitter is operating and the antenna is properly loaded the meter reads about mid -scale. The transmitter may now be easily adjusted by tuning for the greatest meter reading. Connect the transmitter to one of the antennas shown 'in Fig. 8, put the antenna as high and in the clear as possible and you're ready to go on the air. With a dipole antenna 25 ft. high, your range of communication will be around 10 miles; with a dipole antenna 50 ft. high, it will be about 15 miles; 100 ft. high will get you out 20 miles. With a high -gain directional antenna system, you can get out in excess of 100 miles under special atmospheric conditions. Weatherproofing TV's Lightning Arrestor Does your TV pic- LIGHTNING ARRESTOR ture get snowy nearly every time it rains? If your TV's lightning

/

arrestor is located

outdoors where it is exposed to the elements, signal loss may result when the arrestor becomes cov- PLASTIC BOX Ih ered with rain. To prevent this, install arrestor in a plastic box with a tight- fitting lid. Cut holes in the side of the box to accept the lead -in wire; drill holes in the bottom to fit the arrestor's mounting screws. -Jol1N A. CoMsTOCK.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER x

MATERIALS LIST -CODE PRACTICE OSCILLATOR No. Rend. 1 1 1 1 pc. 1

4 1

key, and the signal plays through the radio speaker. When plug connecting accessory oscillator is removed (not shown in photo) radio functions normally. Prays ;he

Loudspeaker Code Practice Oscillator

/--ft 5O Stealing power from a superhet radio, and playing through the speaker, this

unit will also double as

a

tone generator

ONLY two main parts, a neon lamp and a resistor, plus the key and plug, are all that you need to build this oscillator. Not only is it handy for code practice, it also provides two full octaves of tone, for testing and experimental purposes. The oscillator's operation is based on the neon glow relaxation circuit, principle 47 of which is shown in Fig. 2. Such a circuit, while it has been popuSELENIUM lar for years, requires many RECTI FIER more parts, and provides only earphone volume and tone. Our IS circuit (Fig. 3) actually drives a VOLTS 4 MF loudspeaker with lusty volume. The minimum 90 volt d -c current required to excite the neon glow lamp in the oscillator cir-

cuit is obtained from the plate lug of the output tube of any small ac -dc radio. The other lead of the oscillator is connected to the first diode of the radio's detector tube. Since this diode is also the input of the voltage amplifier, the weak oscillator signal is therefore automatically amplified by the set's two audio stages and reproduced by the speaker. The wiring plan (Fig. 3) shows how to make the connections to the tube sockets of most popular radio sets. If you want to use an

115

©SCHEMATIC

RELAXATION

Description

NE -2 Neon Lamp 220.000 ohm %4 or I2 -watt composition resistor 358" long, 3/4" wide, deep plastic box spring brass, steel, etc.

3i"

7/s" dia. plastic garment button 3.48 x 3i" long rh machine screws and nuts subminiature phone plug & lack (Lafayette MS -281 & 282)

earlier model receiver, simply check the respective diode and plate pins of the input and output tubes on a tube chart, and connect according to the tube base outlines. The miniature phone plug and jack allow the oscillator to be connected to the radio set at will. When the plug is removed from the jack, the set again functions in normal fashion. Leads from the tube sockets to this jack should be as short as possible, and the jack must be fully insulated from the metal chassis of the radio, or a short circuit will result. On some sets, you may fmd that the hardboard back, to which the loop antenna is attached, is a convenient place for the jack, or drill a hole in plastic cabinet. As a novelty, the code practice oscillator shown in Fig. 3, was built into a small plastic box, such as is used to package emery boards. The key was homemade of spring brass. The serious radio amateur practicing code for license examinations is advised to use a conventional type of sending key, since the "feel" of a solid key under the hand is important in learning speed. Drill a hole in the plastic just large enough to pass the NE -2 neon glo.v lamp, cementing it in place with Duco cement. Shape the key by bending a strip of spring brass according to the plan. The knob is a 7/8 -in. dia. gar001 3 MEG ment button. The tone of the oscillator is determined by the setting of the receiver's volume control. If the key is held down, and the volume control rocked back and forth, an electronic siren effect will result. If, instead, you alternately close the key, and vary the volume control setting, a musical DIAGRAM (TYPICAL tune will result, much in the OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT) manner of the "Uke- Atron." This is an electronic musical instrument, described in S&M Radio -TV Experimenter, Volume 3 ( #538 -50 cents). And ._E., it demonstrates the basic o,Ys principle of electronic organs.

Another interesting feature of the relaxation oscillator is +

,

5Tt,'4E

JA,

y.ApEJxK

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that it not only provides an audible signal, but also a visual signal. Every time the key is pressed, the lamp fires with a bright orange glow. THOMAS A. BLANCHARD

-

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

116

soun'own By BERNARD

DICKMAN

and

ALFRED LUCAS

Micro- switch mounted at back of phone cradle controls sound dimmer on either version one (A) or two (B) of sound -

down unit.

Below, parts placement in Version One.

HERE'S a device which will automatically turn down the sound on your television or radio set when you lift the telephone receiver. There are two versions, one of which can be built for less than $10, the other for less than $15. The first version (Fig. 1A), while it is the

less expensive of the two, draws current from the battery all the time the telephone is in use. The second version (Fig. 1B), will draw current only the moment the telephone is lifted from or returned to its cradle. Part layouts for the two versions are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The value of the potentiometer is not critical; almost any good junk -box unit will do. Schematics are shown in Figs. 4 and 5. Note particularly the wiring of the micro -switch (S2). In both schematics it is shown with the phone in use. Switch SI, on the schematic for the second version (Fig. 5) is shown in position for use in turning the TV or radio completely off. After the unit has been wired, connect the micro -switch (Fig. 6) to the telephone. Press it tightly into position under the lip of the handhold of the telephone as is shown in Fig. 1. Pull www.americanradiohistory.com

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

117

Parts placement in Version Two.

the radio turned on, adjust potentiometer Rl to the desired difference in sound from the TV or radio set. Then, when the telephone receiver is returned to its cradle, the sound will automatically return to normal listening volume. If either unit is plugged into the wall socket with the TV or radio line plug inserted into the ac chassis socket on the unit, the radio or TV will be turned off when the telephone receiver is off the cradle. The first version, in other words, can control a radio and a television set simultaneously; the second version can only be used for one function at a time. The first version controls in these two ways: 1) with several RI ac chassis sockets added, several sets can be turned on and off; 2) with one set connected so that sound will be JI turned down and one set so that sound will be turned off, both radio and TV can be con S01

4

VERSION ONE SCHEMATIC

©

trolled simultaneously. PLI (TO JI FIG.

117 VAC

4

OR

5)

VERSION TWO SCHEMATIC

cotter pins tight while holding switch in position. Bend the leaf of the micro-switch around the arm rest. Test to see if switch makes and breaks contact when telephone receiver is lifted from and returned to cradle, then cut cotter pins to suitable length. To connect either of the versions so that they turn down the sound on a radio or TV, connect the phone plug in series with one of the speaker terminals of the set. The second version must never be plugged into the 117-v wall socket when it is being used with the phone plug. After turning switch S1 on, insert the phone plug into the jack on the unit. With the phone off its cradle and

FA LEADS FROM OUTPUT TRANSFORMER CONNECTION OF PLUG SPEAKER TO SPEAKER (TV OR RADIO)

Deals. B1 J1

Pll R1 RY2

MATERIALS LIST-VERSION ONE Description 6 -v lantern battery standard phone jack standard phone plug

0.100 ohm linear potentiometer (see text)

6 -v dc, DPDT relay (Advance GHA /2C /6VD; Allied Radio 76 P 461)

S2

leaf actuated micro -switch

301

ac chassis socket aluminum case 3 x

Allied Radio 35

Allied Radio 80

B

P

030)

4x5" 365)

(Acre 2CMD1.2AXX -A24;

(Bud Minibox CU -3005;

screws, grommet, line cord and plug, cotter pins,

B1

J1 PL1

Rl RYl

nuts (for cotter pins) VERSION TWO 6 -v lantern battery standard phone Jack standard phone plug 0-100 ohm linear potentiometer (see text) 6 -v dc, DPDT ratchet relay (Potter and Brumfield

API1D; Allied Radio 76

Microawitch with cotter pins and nuts ready for mounting on phone.

P

585)

S1 SO1

Single pole, single throw slide switch

52

leaf actuated micro -switch Allied Radio 35 B 030)

ac chassis socket

(Acro 2CMD1- 2AXX -A24;

aluminum case 3 x 5 x 7" (Bud Minibox CU -3008; Allied Radio 80 P 368) screws, grommet, line cord and plug, cotter pins, nuts (for cotter pins)

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

118

brator to measure exact amplitude of the wave-

o

halfOseillogram pattern of a full-wave, battery charger rectifier showing lower it is cycle, (lost in Fig. 4) inverted and above horizontal centerline, indicating being used.

Using an

form appearing on the screen, by the flick of a switch. The sweep covers from 15 cycles to 150 kilocycles. These specifications are usually adequate for most general use. The vertical amplifier has a sensitivity of .025 volts (r.m.$) per inch and the input impedance is 3.3 megohms shunted by 45 mmfd. The horizontal amplifier has a sensitivity of .07 volts per inch and an impedance of 2.2 megohms shunted by 30 mmfd. The kit is supplied by Allied Radio, 100 -A N. Western Ave., Chicago 80, Ill., under Cat. No. 83YÚ146, $44.95 complete. Laced cables, printed circuit board

and pre-cut hook-up

OSCILLOSCOPE

For diagnosing troubles in electronic circuits, the oscilloscope is as useful to the experi-

wires all trimmed, plus easy -to- follow assembly instructions make its construction simple for

anyone having some

electronic experience. The wiring of the printed circuit board of By HAROLD P. STRAND this kit especially simplifies its construction. Those of you who have never used this marvel THE oscilloscope is probably the most useful of circuitry, will be pleasantly surprised at the of all test apparatus commonly employed by time saved over conventional wiring. The comelectronic technicians and engineers. It can is plex part of the circuit will be already wired for what of picture actually give you a moving and going on in a circuit by means of waveforms you; it is only necessary to insert the sockets in punched holes leads and capacitor resistor the tube. ray a cathode of face the on traces and silvered copIt can be used for many varieties of test, teaching and solder them on the back to the the board is per foil pattern. The top side of and research work, such as signal tracing, peak lettered and marked to help in quickly identifyto -peak measurements, frequency measurements, and servicing radio and television receivers. One ing the parts to be installed. Soldering to the printed circuit is not difficult interesting application is for testing and watching amount of the operation of microphones. The voice produces if care is taken to apply just the right For use is eliminated. solder excess all heat and with in step scope the on -form wave a varying wire is the intensity and type of sounds delivered to the on the connections where small diameter involved, an Ungar soldering pencil was found microphone. other terIt is commonly believed that an oscilloscope is to be very satisfactory. For use at the as with such is found, wire larger where minals, experimenter for an difficult too complex, and too the 1 and 2 watt resistors and large capacitors, to construct himself. Actually, however, kits are you have completed available from electronic supply houses that belie you use a 60 -watt iron. When can begin your experitests, you and assembly experiments the for used scope The this belief. ments. made was discussed in this article, for instance, The first should be the production of a 60-cycle from an Allied Radio kit with printed circuit wave on the screen. A 6.3 -volt filament sine a good, of building job the makes that board, mounted on a small piece of board, transformer simple. quite general -purpose oscilloscope with insulated line terminals and a terminal strip This scope is designed for viewing waveforms leads, is made up to 1.5 megacycles. It has built -in regulated cali- for the low-voltage secondary

menter

as

the X -ray machine

is

to

a

physician

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

II9

for quick connections to the scope with either 6.3 volts or 3.15 volts. You can obtain

either voltage by using the two outside or the center and one outside terminal and many experiments can be conducted at a safe, low voltage. This test unit is shown in Fig. 3, connected to the vertical input terminals of the scope. Set the V. Input Atten. to .1, the Sync Selector to +INT and the Sweep Selector between 15 and 150. Turn on the power to both the scope and the transformer and after the former warms up a few minutes, you should get a sine waveform on the screen by adjusting the V. Gain, H. Gain and the Sweep

Vernier controls. The latter is a vernier on the sweep Testing the completed oscilloscope with a small step -down filament transselector and a point will be former. The sine wave shown in the above photograph is one cycle or two found where a single cycle alternations of the 60 cycle current. wave will appear and the Sync Lock control will hold the trace stationary. which is usually obtainable from the standard The sine wave is adjusted on the screen so as to 60 -cycle line. It shows the rise and fall of the be equally divided and below the center hori- alternating current from 0 to positive maximum, zontal line. This represents a good wave -form then back to 0 to reach a maximum amplitude in PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT

PEAK TO PEAK, 2.82 X RMS

/LOWER HALFWAVES CUT sOFF BY BLOCK'ING ACTION OF `RECTIFIER AND LOST.

\ SINE WAVE VOLTAGE VALUES

Tools needed to assemble the kit.

Oscilloscope pattern quickly identifies a

half -wav

rectifier.

Note that lower half wave has been cut otf and lost.

B

HALF -WAVE RECTIFIER PEAK TO PEAK VALUE IS THE WAVEFORM TOTAL AMPLITUDE FROM POSITIVE MAXIMUM TO NEGATIVE MAXIMUM. RMS (ROOT MEAN SQUARE) VALUE IS ORDINARILY READ BY VOLTMETERS. / PULSATING LOWER HALF-WAVE'' , DIRECT OF TYPE SHOWN CURRENT ABOVE IS INVERTED`i AND USED

FULL -WAVE RECTIFIER WAVEFORM

PLASTIC SCREEN RULED 10 UNES PER INCH

SINE WAVE FROM 18 VOLTS RMS (KNOWN VOLTAGE)

t

P

VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS

www.americanradiohistory.com

!

SINE WAVE OF AMPLITUDE 9 VOLTS RMS 2

el COMPARISON

WITH KNOWN VOLTAGE

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

120

i

FILTERED DC

%

I

I

I I

%

1

i I

I

iI

7----7-7 I 1

I

I

1

It

1

1 1

II le

it 1

1

.

SHOWING THE EFFECT OF FILTERING A FULL -WAVE RECTIFIER OUTPUT

5V.

CHOKE

-

FULL -WAVE E

350

:335

POWER

V.

RECTIFIER

,

TUBE

5OO1V. 1

TRANSFORMER

6

FILTERED _,_¡PO4èoo

DC

s`/i 1

FILTER CAPACITORS

FILTERED POWER SUPPLY

a negative direction, from where it returns to O. This is one cycle or two Oscilloscope is connected across alternations. This sine wave is shown choke of a phonograph amplifier how filtering smooths in Fig. 5A for further study and the to show pulsating current of a out the relation of peak voltage to r.m.s. rectifier. (root-mean -square) voltage as ordinarily measured by voltmeters, is indicated. The oscilloscope can be used to measure voltage by comparison of the amplitude of the waveform from a known voltage with an unknown voltage. A plastic screen ruled with 10 lines to the inch (Fig. 5C) and applied to the face of the tube is a convenient method of calibration. The waveform from the known voltage An example of an interesting can be adjusted between a certain pattern provided by a micronumber of lines and without touchphone. ing the vertical gain control, the unknown voltage is applied, using the same vertical input terminals of the scope. If the trace has a peak to peak amplitude from the unknown voltage that is twice as great as that from the known voltage, the voltage is twice as great. Knowing the value of one signal applied, is is quite easy to calculate other voltages. To get familiar with the scope controls, turn the Sync Selector to the -INT position and it will be found that the trace is shifted 180 electrical degrees, indicating that synchronization is being effected through the use of the nega- fiers arc used in battery chargers, radio and teletive half -cycles. If moved to the EXT position, the vision power supplies and many other types of trace will start to drift, as in this position it re- electrical apparatus. For the demonstration of half -wave rectificaquires the use of an external synchronizing source to be connected to the Ext. Sync. terminal. tion (Fig. 4) a selenium stack has been conFurther experiments with the controls should nected in series with one side of the secondary include the V. Input Atten. When on the .01 posi- of the 6.3 volt test transformer and a dummy tion, the signal voltage connected to the V. Input resistance load connected across the resulting terminals is divided by a factor of 100 and the line, with leads to the V. Input scope terminals. trace will be considerably reduced in vertical A half -wave vacuum tube would show approxigain from that shown when the switch is on the mately the same waveform. A half -wave rectifier uses but one of the half 1 position. The .1 marker divides the input signal by 10. This allows some control over the waves of the 60 cycle sine wave shown in Fig. 5A, the other half being lost or wasted. The value of the input voltage to the scope and by therefore, when applying an unknown voltage half -wave that has been cut off is indicated action the represents and (Fig. 5B) dotted lines the place high, always quite to be or one known attenuator on the .01 position first, advancing the of the blocking effect of the rectifier, so that D.C. pulsating current is produced from an alternating switch later to the other positions if required. either current source. An oscillogram of a half -wave for indicating useful is The oscilloscope rectirectifier, showing two half -waves above the cenSuch half-wave or full-wave rectification.

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RADIO-TV £XPEP.IMENT:R

0

B

A

RATIO 2'1

RATIO 1'1

D

E RATIO

RATIO 2 3

60 CYCLES APPLIED VARIOUS

TO HORIZONTAL TO VERTCAL

NUMBER OF LOOPS TO A HORIZONTAL NUMBER OF LOOPS TD A VERTICAL

RATIO 3:1

CHANNEL CHANNEL

H

RATIO 3 :2

rz

F

6.1

FREQUENCIES

G

RATIO

121

words, it now takes the peaks of the waves only with just a slight dip between. Such an oscillogram allows the designer to check the effect of more or less inductance and capacitance so as to result in as little ripple as possible. (Care should be taken while working around apparatus employing high voltage, such as power supplies, since such voltage can deliver dangerous shocks if the worker gets careless and comes in contact with live terminals.) An interesting demonstration of voice modulation on the oscilloscope is possible with a crystal microphone. Connect the microphone leads to the vertical input terminals, attaching the insulated center wire of the shielded cable to the red terminal (V. Input) and the braid to the ground terminal. When connecting any apparatus always connect the lead from the ground to the GND. terminal where one of the leads does represent

J

RATIO 5 :2

RATIO 5:3

TANGENT

LINE TANGENT

=

RATIO OF FREQUENCY

LINE

9

VARIOUS LISSAJOUS FIGURES FOR DETERMINING

FREQUENCY

ter line with a space between is shown in Fig.

In full-wave rectifiers, both half -waves are used for better efficiency, the lost half -wave of the first case being inverted and used to pass unidirectional current. Rectifiers may be either of the dry disc or vacuum tube types. An example of full-wave rectification in a battery charger is shown in Fig. 1. A dummy resistance load, of a value to show a small amount of current on the meter, has been connected across the spring clips, with leads connecting to the scope. It will be seen that the half -wave lost in the first subject has now been inverted to the space between the half -waves above the line and we have a full -wave rectifier. The pattern has been adjusted by the Vertical Position control so its lower points are on the horizontal line of the screen to get the correct picture. Full wave is obtained from either a bridge type rectifier stack or two half -wave stacks in a circuit with a center -tapped transformer. A full -wave vacuum tube rectifier also delivers this type of current. The rectifiers illustrated produce pulsating direct current which is unidirectional but is not steady enough for some applications such as electronic power supplies. To smooth out the ripple to an extent as required for the purpose, a filter is added. This usually consists of a choke and two electrolytic capacitors (Fig. 6). An example of a filtered power supply (Fig. 7) shows the scope connected across the choke in a phonograph amplifier. While the trace on the screen is not exactly a straight line, it has far less ripple than would be the case with the unfiltered rectifier shown in Fig. 1 or in other 4.

Frequency measurements are made with 60 cycles applied to the horizontal channel, by placing the Sweep Selector on this point and applying the unknown frequency to the vertical channel. Here an audio oscillator is being used to obtain a pattern of 120 cycles.

ground such as with microphones and many radio and TV test connections. Also, use shielded leads to prevent stray pick -up. Various sounded words and letters, as well as whistling will produce a wide variety of interesting patterns one of which is shown in Fig. 8. Musical notes sounded are especially effective. By this means, a good test for the condition or quality of a microphone is provided. A good unit in sensitive condition will respond to very low tones, while a cheap unit or one in bad condition will usually require loud signals in order to get comparable traces or the same gain on the screen. A dead microphone can be quickly identified, since it will have no response. For use with a crystal microphone, the oscilloscope controls should be set somewhat generally as follows. The V. Input Atten is on 1, the Vertical Gain about 3/4 advanced clockwise, the Horizontal Gain about f/2 advanced clockwise, the Sweep Selector between 15 and 150, Sync. Selector on +INT. The controls are further adjusted as required in a test. Frequency measurements are another possi-

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

122 A wave pattern obtained

from a radio receiver circuit with connections for peaking the I.F. trans forming.

bility open to the owner of an oscilloscope. It is often necessary to determine the frequency of some power source and this can be done quite easily by what are known as Lissajous figures. By this method a known frequency is applied to the horizontal channel and the unknown to the vertical channel to produce a variety of patterns that can be interpreted to indicate the frequency of the unknown signal. Fig. 9 shows some of the Lissajous patterns obtained. The Sweep Selector is set to the 60 cycle position which allows a portion of the 60 cycle line to be applied for the horizontal sweep. For demonstration of various frequencies, which can be taken as the unknown frequency source, an audio oscillator is connected to the vertical input terminals of the scope as in Fig. 10. By adjusting a knob and a range switch, frequencies from 20 to 20,000 cycles are possible; 120 cycles are being delivered to the scope and the pattern shown has two top loops and one side loop. The Sweep Vernier has been adjusted to get the figure shown in Fig. 10. The calculation for frequency of the unknown signal is made by considering the ratio of the loops at the top of the pattern, which represents the unknown frequency, to the loop or loops at the side. In this case the ratio is 2:1. The actual frequency is determined by dividing the loops tangent to an imaginary horizontal line by those tangent to a vertical line or in this case 2/1=2 and multiplying this ratio by that of the standardizing frequency or 60 cycles to get 120 cycles. If the unknown frequency source happened to be 30 cycles, for another example, there would be one loop at the top to two at the side, as indicated in Fig. 9C. It will be noted that there is but one loop at the top, with two at the side or a ratio of 1:2. Therefore, 1/2 =.5 or the frequency would be Y2 that of 60 cycles or 30 cycles. This can be carried out for a great variety of unknown frequency measurements up to a point where it will be difficult to count the number of loops or perhaps up to ratios of 8:1 maximum. In many cases the figures will not remain very stationary due to phase differences in the two signals, but in other cases where they are exactly in phase, the patterns will be quite stationary.

Radio and television service men often use an oscilloscope to get wave patterns in various parts of circuits and also for lining up the I.F. transformers in a superheterodyne radio receiver. For locating trouble in the audio stage the oscilloscope is often connected across the speaker output leads. Where oscillograms are desired in some parts of the I.F. or R.F. sections, an extra accessory is required, called a demodulator probe. In Fig. 1.1 the Allied oscilloscope is being employed for peaking the I.F. transformers. A signal generator, shown at the left, produces the necessary 456 kc signal to the grid of the mixer tube through a .001 capacitor. The scope is connected across the detector load resistor. The controls on the scope are adjusted to get a pattern showing the frequency response curve of single peaked I.F. transformers. This output waveform can be used in combination with the tone from the signal generator to make the adjustments at the I.F. transformers. It is usually necessary to shunt out the oscillator section of the variable tuning condenser to accomplish this work. There are so many possible applications of the oscilloscope in electronics and industry that it would be impossible to try aìld describe them here. In general the operator should have some background knowledge of electricity and electronics in order to handle the instrument properly. There are several good books on the subject which are suggested for study, among them being the following Modern Oscilloscopes and Their Use by Jacob H. Ruiter, Jr., Rinehart & Company, 232 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. Obtaining and Interpreting Test Scope Traces by John F. Rider, John F. Rider Publisher, Inc., 480 Canal St., New York 13, N. Y. The Oscilloscope by George Zwick, Gernsback Publications, Inc., 25 West Broadway, New York 7, N. Y.

-

-C

Cleaning Fuse Clips When tubular fuseholding clips in elec- CROCUS CLOTH trical equipment become corroded, contact resistance increases and the fuse FUSE and its holder effectively become a "resistor," thus impairing the fuse's origFUSE HOLDER inal purpose. To prevent this, place the fuse in the center of a strip of crocus cloth, with the abrasive side out, and force this into the fuse clip holder. Move the fuse and cloth back and forth several times to burnish the overall insides of the clips and expose fresh metal. This will assure a positive contact when the fuse is replaced. If this process tends to make the fuse fit loosely in the clips, pinch them together slightly, then replace the fuse. -JoifN A. COMSTOCK.

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RADIOTV EXPERIMENTER

123

for or the thermostat will regulate poorly. Now, snip out the

thermostat armature blades, one of tin -can steel, the other of brass shim stock (Fig. 4A). Scribe the location of all holes on each blade, centerpunch and drill. Deburr blades, flatten them and rivet them together

with 316 -in. diameter eyelet rivets only at

-

Thermostatically controlled stand regulates heat of iron through three levels saves on electric billsl

Thermostatically Controlled Soldering Iran Stand

.'

approaching the bracket

W. McCORMICK

HERE'S a thermostatically controlled soldering iron stand you can make, mostly of junk, that will control any iron from 80 to

watts. The temperature sensing element is a bi -metal thermostat. When two strips of metal having different. expansion co- efficients, such as steel and brass, are fastened together and heated, the compound strip will bend, with the more expansive metal, the brass, on the convex side. If one end of the strip is held fast, a swinging motion occurs at the free end. This motion can open and close electrical contacts. To use this principle to control soldering iron temperature, first make the sheet asbestos thermostat base, Fig. 2. Next, make the brackets shown in Figs. 3A and 3B, and the indicator bracket, Fig. 3C, and indicator dial, Fig. 3D, and cement the dial to the face of the bracket. Do not use material heavier than called

11/4q

flat. Now set one of the brackets (Fig. 3A) before you with its foot behind it and its t/2 -in. dimension in the vertical plane. Place the brass side of the armature against the back side of the vertical bracket leg,

A thermostatically controlled soldering iron stand prolongs element life, prevents "frozen" tips and provides the right iron temperature for a variety of jobs. It is one of the few appliances that saves current while working instead of consuming it By

holes "C" and "D." Ream hole "E" and force -fit a -in. x 2 -56 rh machine screw into it with the screw head on the armature's brass side. Run a hex nut on the screw, tighten it and snip off the excess screw shank. File screw shank flush with the nut, make sure nut is still tight, and file the screw head

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

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steel sweated together %a" O.D. x %8" eyelet rivet 1/ia" O.D. x 1/8" eyelet rivet 2 -56 x 1/4 rh machine screw and hex nut 4.40 x ?/an fh machine screw and hex nut 6.32 x I/4 fh machine screw and hex nut #4 x 1/2" rh wood screws #6 x II/2" fh wood screws #6 x 1/2" rh wood screws rubber grommet Vie" mtg. hole (Walsco 7023F) cable clamp %4 to le" cable (Walsco 7505F) assort. comp. spring 1/12 x 11/2" (Walsco 7440F) instrument knob 1/4" shaft (Burstein Applebee 124122) alignment tool (General Cement #8247) Amphenol 61F receptacle (outlet) Amphenol 2315 receptacle shell electric iron cord, asbestos wrapped heavy duty soldering lugs (Walsco 7150F) compression spring. IY22" I. D. x 1%2" approx. (from old ball point pen or Walsco 7440F) 2 x 2" piece white -faced cardboard

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should face the flat IRON SHANK screw head in the C REST armature. Center up the contact leaf's boss with the screw head in the armature, leaving about 1/22 -in. between the boss and screw head. Spring the armature a little if necessary. Tighten all the bracket mounting screws. Now mount the adjustment bracket (Fig. 3B) with its tapped hole facing the back side of the contact leaf's boss, and in alignment with the armature's screw -head contact. (Foot of bracket toward you.) Snip the red tip off the fiber aligning tool, and cut the fiber shaft, leaving the tool 3 in. long, overall. Thread 1/2 in. of the fiber shaft with a 6 -32 thread. (The bracket hole thread will do this if the fiber shaft is made slightly pointed.) Slip the compression spring on the threaded end of the alignment tool and screw the threaded shaft into the tapered bracket hole one or two turns -not enough to force the contact leaf boss against the screw head in the armature. Put a soldering lug and nut on the screwend nearest the upright of both the armature bracket and the contact leaf bracket. Tighten nuts. Next, make the thermostat cover and iron pan (Fig. 5). Cut both ends out of a #303 tin can and snip cylinder lengthwise into two half -round sections. Form and drill. Rivet finished pieces together with 1/2-in. diameter eyelets and blue over a flame. Form the iron-shank rest (Fig. 4C) from a 6 -in. length of coat hanger wire. Now, chamfer the top edges of the hardwood base 1/4 in., and give it a coat of thinned black enamel. Drill a %o -in. hole in the shell of the 110 -v outlet and insert the grommet. Then place all the completed parts on the wood base and make a trial layout. The thermostat assembly mounts with #6 x 1/2 -in. fh wood screws. The

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thermostat base, and set the eyelets and mount this assembly on the thermostat base with 1/4 -in. x 4 -40 f h machine

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No. Req'd. Description 1 pc sheet asbestos, %a x 11/2 x 41/2" (linen -base Bakelite can be used for irons under 200 watts) x y8 x 5" 1 pc cold rolled steel, 1 pc phosphor bronze, spring steel, spring brass or beryllium copper, 1/2 x 21/a x I/o to 1/12" 1 pc brass shim stock, S44 X %2 x 3" 1 pc cold rolled steel, Ih2 o 11/4 x 1%8" or two thicknesses tin can

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with the brass side of the armature from behind, and rivet the armature and bracket lightly together with 1/2-in. diameter eyelets. Mount the armature assembly on the thermostat base with Adjust the 1/4 -in. x 4-40 fh machine screws. armature blades paralled with the armature base, and set the eyelets. Next, make the contact leaf shown in Fig. 4B. Place the second bracket with its foot toward you and its 1/2 -in. dimension in the vertical plane. Rivet the contact leaf lightly to the far side of the vertical leg, with the leaf's boss facing from you. Use 1/2-in. diameter eyelets. Check the contact leaf for parallelism with the MATERIALS

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PHOSPHOR

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PLUG SOLDERING IRON IN HERE

125

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

indicator bracket, 110-v outlet and the iron-shank bracket mount with #4 x 1/4-in. rh wood screws. The cord clamp takes a #6 x 1, in. rh screw. Wire as shown in Fig. 6. Wrap solder lugs around the connections to the thermostat, and crush lug loops on the wires. Trim wire ends, and tape the appliance cord where it passes under the cable clamp. Mount the thermostat cover and iron pan assembly over the thermostat. To calibrate unit, plug a lamp into the solder-

Unique Circuit Simplifier

ing iron outlet and plug the iron stand cord into a 110 /115-v outlet. Turn the aligning tool clockwise until the bulb just lights without flickering. Put the adjusting knob on the 1/4 -in. diameter end of the aligning tool, set it to point to "LOW" on the indicator dial and tighten its set screw. The unit is now fully calibrated and will read "MEDIUM" and "HOT" temperatures correctly. Unplug the lamp, plug in your soldering iron in its place.

the Tunnel Diode

this paper clip -with a tunnel diode, one of last year's most startling electronics developments. If an FM receiver were reb lilt using one of the new diodes, all the conventional components shown at the right could be omitted. Nestled inside room to spare

-is

THE tunnel diode -newest baby in the fast- growing family of semiconductors-may soon be giving its first cousin, the transistor, an inferiority complex. So small that a radio transmitter the size of a 50Ç piece has been built with it, the fantastic tunnel diode can perform almost all the functions of a standard low -power transistor and could lead to enormous savings in cost and complexity of electronic circuits. A few of its features that have electronics engineers most intrigued are: An amplification noise figure of about one decibel, power requirements as low as one millionth of a watt and operation frequencies as high as 10,000 megacycles. In some instances, the new diode may replace conventional components. In others, it might be used to improve their performance by working with them.

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in an extremely simplified diagram -is how the tunnel diode operates. Drawing represents a structure similar to a Chinese checkerboard, with one side slightly raised. Holes on the left side (which represents an n -type semiconductor) are filled with marbles, with a few left over and sitting on top. Right side (representing a p -type semiconductor) has a few holes vacant. The slope represents the potential barrier. A marble (or electron) from the left, can-after being given a push -enter a hole on the right by rolling up the slope and dropping in. Or, without the push, it can miraculously "tunnel" through the board and appeir in a hole. The former process is used in conventional diodes and transistors. The latter represents what happens in tunnel diodes.

Here-

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

126

Photo compares transmitter with S0C piece. It consists of one variable and two fixed ceramic capacitors, tuning cou and the diode itself-inside can in center of

transmitter.

The tunnel diode was first reported by a Japanese scientist-Dr. Leo Esaki -in 1958, and although its construction is very similar to an ordinary rectifying diode's, it works on an en-

tirely different principle. It takes its name from the phenomenon that makes its operation possible: quantum- mechanical tunneling. As with transistors, it depends on the transfer of an electrical charge across a p -n junction. This is the region between a p -type semiconductor, which has an excess of positive carriers or "holes" (empty electron states), and an n -type, which has an excess of free electrons. The opposite sides of this junction take on a charge which resists the movement of the "holes" and electrons across it. In the transistor, a charge carrier must be emitted into a region where its energy can be boosted by an outside voltage. It is then collected on an output electrode. The speed of this process is limited by the time it takes the charge carrier -having left the emitter -to traverse the control region and appear on the collector. This time limits the frequency at which the device can function and is quite long compared to, say, the time needed for a signal to travel an equivalent distance along a copper wire. The reason: in the wire, each electron moves only a microscopic distance, and those coming out the other end aren't the same ones that went in as a signal. The quantum -mechanical theory says there is another way in which the particles can pass the barrier: an electron has a small, but definite, probability of disappearing from one side of the potential barrier and re- appearing simultaneously on the other-even though it does not have enough energy to surmount the barrier. It is as though the particles "tunnel" under the barrier, setting up almost instantaneous surges of current. Thus, in the tunnel diode, the signal moves with the same speed as it would in a copper wire -the speed of light. The construction of the amazing device gives it some other interesting characteristics. Its p -n junction is made of materials more heavily loaded-or doped -with impurities than

conventional diodes (semiconductor materials are doped to form either p -types or n- types), and made so that the barrier between p and n sections is extremely thin, less than a millionth of an inch thick. So long as no outside voltage is applied across the p -n junction, there is no net current-since the electrons tunnel back and forth easily through the barrier in both directions. Apply a small voltage, however, and current appears. Add still more voltage, and current decreases. Add more, and current increases again. In the range where an increase in voltage results in a fall -off of current, the tunnel diode is said to have "negative" resistance- making it suited for use as an amplifier or oscillator. This negative resistance quality, combined with speed -of-light operation, makes possible a very high frequency response. Oscillation frequencies higher than 2000 megacycles have already been obtained -matching advanced transistor performance -and engineers confidently expect frequencies of more than 10,000 megacycles in the near future. Some other outstanding features: It is smaller than a transistor and, because of its simplicity, ultimately will be just a fraction of its present size. It is affected very little by environment. The tunnel diode can operate at the near- absolute zero temperature of liquid helium or-at the other end of the thermometer -at temperatures up to 650 °F, while conventional silicon diodes won't operate above 400 °F. It has a low noise level, only parametric amplifiers and masers competing closely with it. And of these, only the tunnel diode can operate directly from a battery. Because it is less dependent on the structural perfection of its crystal than is the transistor, the tunnel diode is less affected by the damage that nuclear radiation can do to such crystal structures.

Soldering Flux Can Carries Vise Attach a test -clip to the lid of a can of soldering flux to use as a handy vise for holding small

parts while applying solder. Enlarge hole in clip slightly with a drill and attach to can with a small .pelf- tapping metal screw.-Joux A. COMSTOCK.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

127

Less bulky than conventional units,

complete tachometer clamps to steering column for handy visibility. Instrtment can also be installed on dash or used as portable test device.

THE Speed of an engine is the key to its performance. A standard item on the dash panels of many sports cars, the "tach" makes it possible to select the best engine speeds for gas economy. Also it advises the driver when the engine is turning over at just the right speed for shifting-thus cutting down unnecessary clutch and transmission gear wear. And it is essential in making proper carburetor and distributor tune -up adjustments in the garage. This tachometer is designed to operate on either 6 or 12 volt ignition systems, positive or negative ground. Provided that you change one part, which depends on the number of cylinders, you can use this tachometer on any kind of engine from a "one lung" 2 stroke outboard motor up to an 8 cylinder 4 stroke engine. The photo shows the dial calibrated 0 -5000, which is sufficient for most purposes. but it can also be arranged Dependable transistor circuit counts ignition to read the range, 0- 10,000 rpm. With an accessory switch, it can pulses. Readings indicate proper speeds for opeven be used to measure the erating and tuneup of cars, outboards, truck, speeds of rotating shafts in appliances and power tools. And unlike marine and stationary engines conventional tachometers which are bulky and difficult to install, By JAMES E. PUGH JR. it is compact, and hooks up with6 -32 out costly special cables and switch assemblies. machine screws in6 -32 lY stead. Either way, Cost for all parts should be under $25. BINDING l Construction. The meter, Ml, shown in Fig. 1, drill the holes careB is inexpensive, but has an accurate 50 micro- fully for a tight fit. í?ampere movement. With the attached circuitry Fasten solder lugs WASHER the entire assembly extends only 23/8 in. deep to the bottom of #36C behind the panel. Begin construction by cutting disc A for mount1129 D. 6 -32 TAP ing and making conDiscs A and B (Fig. 2), of :Y12-in. sheet bakelite with either a jig saw or circle cutter. If you use nections to the meter. Drill two )46-in. a circle cutter, drill the center hole for a #6 screw, and reverse the cutter blade so that the holes in this disc cutting edge is inside. Rotate the cutter counter- for the meter termiclockwise, and work through from both sides of nal screws. A 6 -32 the bakelite sheet to obtain neat discs. Make screw fastens disc the spacer, C, from a piece of 1/4-in. brass bar A to the threaded spacer later and also stock, and thread it through with a 6 -32 tap. Parts layout is not critical, but it is necessary connects the posito be careful to avoid crowding the wiring in tive solder lug at some spots. Cut out the two templates (Fig. 3), the center (Fig. 8), and fasten them to the bakelite sheets with tape and thus brings the or rubber cement. Turret type terminal lugs can positive terminal be used for easier and neater construction, how- through to the back ever if you prefer, you may choose to use 4 -40 of disc B.

Electronic Tachometer

/I

--

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

128

+ +

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CAL

GND

TOP VIEW DISC B

TOP VIEW DISC A

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ACTUAL SIZE DRILLING LAYOUT Use a 4 -40 screw for the calibration switch around the form. Bend over the end tabs, and Si (Fig. 3). When all parts are assembled, this drill the four holes to fit the meter mounting switch operates by turning the screw in and out screws. Make the two dust gaskets of cardboard or sheet rubber, and use sheet metal screws to of its threaded hole in Disc B, and it contacts the fasten the two halves of the bottom together. C4 -V1 terminal. Mount potentiometer R7 with its adjustment Drill the holes for fastening the rear cover to fit screw near the disc edge for ease of adjustment. sheet metal screws, and install the grommet. Saw and sand the curve on the two wood Note that the wiring will be connected to termiblocks, Fig. 5, to fit the diameter of the steering nals 1 and 2 on this control, so that clockwise adpost of your car, and shape the two mounting justment of the screw will increase reading. straps to fit. Fasten to car steering post with Making the Case. The case and brackets four 6 -32 x 11/4 -in. rh machine screws as in Fig. 1. (Fig. 5), are made of utility sheet aluminum, Wiring. Since the tachometer is designed to with the corners rounded by means of a wooden forming block. Make the block as in Fig. 4 from operate on any kind of engine, and can also be two pieces of 2 x 4 glued together. Cut the sheet set up for various speeds you may want later to metal to size, and notch out the slots. Clamp the change part C4, the capacitor which determines bottom portion to the block, and use a rubber the range of the instrument. Select the value of hammer, or soft wood block to shape the metal C4, which corresponds to your engine (Table A),

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and connect it to the D2 -D3 feed through terminal with a fine wire link, as in Fig. 8. This will reduce the danger of damaging the diodes when soldering C4. Similar links are used at the D2D4 to meter plus, and D3D5 to meter minus connections. Another very important precaution is to hold the terminal wires of the diodes, the transistor, and capacitor C3 with long nosed pliers, between the part and the solder point, to avoid damage from overheating. How It Works. This tachometer circuit consists of three main sections; a low pass filter, a clipper and pulse amplifier, and a counting circuit. A low voltage pulse is picked up at the distributor breaker points (see Figs. 9 and 10 for connections to engine) and is fed to the input of the low pass filter circuit, as shown on the schematic. This resistance capacitance filter circuit is de-

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

129

TABLE A. Calibration data for tachometer using 0-50 meter scale. 5000 rpm at full scale reading. Number of cylinders

2- stroke

Pulses per

60 cps

4- stroke

second

calibration

C4

1

417

36+

.20 uf. .10 uf. .068 uf. .04 uf. .03 uf.

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2

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36 18 12 9

250 333

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optimum

at 30 cps

and shaped into a square pulse, and amplified. The Zener diode, (Dl) is next in the circuit lineMETAL JIG SAWAND up, and it keeps the pulses at a constant level, SCREWS SAND TO FIT regardless of changes in battery voltage. It makes STEERING it possible to use the tachometer on either 6 or 12 COLUMN volt systems, without changing any parts, and with only a minor calibration adjustment. Next in the counting circuit, the capacitor C4 with the resistive part of the rectifier and meter circuit, convert the square pulses into negative 3 FOLD and positive spikes. The electronic enthusiast B OVER may enjoy observing these wave shapes on an BEND TO STEERING oscilloscope. I16R COLUMN Finally, the diodes D2, D3, D4 and D5, wired CLAMP DETAIL as a full wave bridge rectifier, change all the spikes to one polarity to produce a meter current that is directly proportional to the number of pulses coming from the engine. CALIBRATION signed to pass the Calibration. When you have finished the wir6 SWITCH (SI) maximum number of ing of your tachometer, connect the flexible pulses from an 8 -cyl- ground link to correspond to whether your car 4-40 RHS DISC. inder engine operatis wired negative (Fig. 9), or positive ground B SPRING LUG ing at 10,000 rpm. (Fig. 10) . Connect the tachometer to the car batFrequencies above tery, or to one of corresponding voltage. Next, this range and other connect an audio signal generator to the tachom"hash" elements are eter ground and input terminals, and set it to 60 eliminated by the filcycles per second (or to 30 cps for a 1 cylinder 4 ter, to eliminate the stroke engine). LUG AND SWITCH possibility of error in Adjust potentiometer R7 to give the meter CONTACT VARIABLE POT the meter readings. reading listed in Table A for your kind of enThen the output of the filter circuit is fed to gine. Note that if you set the audio signal generatransistor Vl, where the wave shape is clipped tor to multiples of 60 cps, the meter reading will increase proportionately, for example for calibrating a 6- cylinder INPUT FROM CLIPPER 4- stroke engine, the reading at 60 LOW PASS DISTRIBUTOR PULSE -_.._` COUNTING METER FILTER CIRCUIT BREAKER POINTS cps will be 12; at 120 cps it will M PLIFIER NEG be 24; at 180 cps, 36, etc. 3I CALIBRATE SWITCH If you have no signal generator, ,1560 25 IN35 OR you may be able to borrow one R VI R4 2,IN34AS from a radio ham, or use one at 2N217 C3 R2 RI INPUT _ a radio service shop. Otherwise FROM 1535 OR you can calibrate without it, by 3900 DISTRIBUTOR 1800 50 MF 2,IN34AS BREAKER using the output from a 6 or 12 POINTS volt filament transformer. Connect the transformer to the taVALUE DEPENDS chometer ground and input termiON MAXIMUM PULSE RATE nals, and adjust the meter readR7 ing, by means of trimmer pot R7, 1000 1000 POS. 60R I2 VOLTS 3 CALIBRATE to the desired point as listed in ELECTRONIC TACHOMETER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ADJUSTMENT Table A. SHEET -

-

AAND

0

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RADIOTV EXPERIMENTER

130

your tachometer to read 0 to 10,000 max-

MATERIALS LIST-ELECTRON IC TACHOMETER Ml 0.50 DC Microammeter (Lafayette Radio Co., 165 Liberty Ave., Jamaica 33, N. Y. Cat. #TM -70) D1 4.5 volt voltage regulator Zener Diode (Texas Instrument 651 CO) 02, D3, D4, D5-Two 1H35 diodes (paired type) or four IN34A single diodes Sylvania crystal diodes V1 2N217 Transistor, RCA

Cl

imum, simply double the PPS value, and divide the C4 value and 60 cycle calibration point by two. The formula for calibrating the tachometer for use on any engine is: PPS = C x R, in

CAPACITORS .25 mfd. 200 volt metallized -paper tubular capacitor, AeroP 82Z .1 mfd. 200 volt metallized -paper tubular capacitor, Aerovox P 821 50 mfd. 25 -volt ultra miniature electrolytic capacitor, Barco P25.50 (Lafayette Radio) 100 volt capacitor Elmenco tubular, Type DP (See table A for value) vox

C2

C3

C4

R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

HARDWARE



inch x 1/2 6-32 Turret terminals, Keystone Electronics Corp. Type 1532 single end; Type 1522 double end (Allied Radio)

Threaded bushing,

give a convenient reading near the top of the scale. The value of this resistor, will of course, vary for

different tachometers. In the one illustrated in this article, a 47,000 ohm resistor gives a reading of 48. Solder the resistor in place and write the meter reading, with Si switch closed, on a small piece of white tape. By means of this switch, you can easily check the calibration after the tachometer is installed, simply by closing the switch (with the ignition on, but engine off)

.

Table A lists the pulses per second that are obtained from various engines at 5,000. To calibrate

TOP VIEW

DISC

-B

BOTTOM VIE

DISC -A

TOP VIEW D-2

D

PICTORIAL IGNITION SWITCH

9

TACHOMETER REAR -VIEW

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BREAKER POINT

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MEG

TERMINAL

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NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF BATTERY GROUNDED

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CONNECTION FOR MOTORS, DRILL PRESSES, LATHES. ETC.

WHERE PULSE IS SUPPLIED BY SHAFT - ACTUATED SWITCH,

3.

TERMINAL

POSITIVE TERMINAL OF BATTERY GROUNDED

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SWITCH ACTUATED BY MOTOR

SHAFT

8

Installation. Use small diameter test prod wires for connecting to the engine, and be sure to follow the following precautions to avoid damaging the meter and transistor: 1. Make sure that the flexible ground link is connected to the correct ground position for your car, as shown in Figs. 9 or 10. 2. Be sure that the tachom-

IGNITION SWITCH BATTERY

-A

BOTTOM VIEW METER

your meter readings should be linear with .5% at 70° F.

DISTRIBUTOR

BATTERY

-5

DISC

tachometer circuit is excellent, and

M ISCELLANEOUS terminals, screws, nuts, decals, plastic spray, or varnish, M6 soft aluminum sheet metal

Next, disconnect the signal generator, close Sl, and select a resistor for R5 that will

3-1

60xN

1800 ohm 1/2 watt 10% Carbon resistor 3900 ohm 1/2 watt 10% Carbon resistor 4700 ohm 1/2 watt 10% Carbon resistor 560 ohm 1/2 watt 10% Carbon resistor See Table A 1/2 watt 10% Carbon resistor 1000 ohm 1/2 watt 10% Carbon resistor 1000 ohm miniature trimmer potentiometer Bourns Wire wound Trimit 273

1 1 dz. ea.

CALIBRATE

DISC -B

which PPS is the number of pulses per second; C is the number of cylinders, R is the revolutions per minute, and N is the number of revolutions per each cylinder firing. The value of N will be 1 for a 2 stroke cycle, and 2 for a 4stroke cycle engine. The stability of the

RESISTORS

Rl

2

nected to the correct battery terminals, with the "hot" tachometer terminal connected to the coil side of the ignition switch. Never start the engine with the calibrate switch (Sl)

on. Your Tachometer. The tachometer, installed on your car, will not only add to driving pleasure, but will save you money as well. For example, gas consumption is higher at both low and Using

high rpm, therefore, shift and drive with the engine operating in the middle range as much as possible for maximum gas mileage.

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When piston speed exceeds 2500 feet per minute, ring and cylinder wear go up fast. Calculate the engine speed, at which the piston speed is about 2500 fpm, and use your tachometer as a reminder to operate below this range, to minimize wear. Best gear shifting is obtained when the teeth of the driving and driven transmission gears are moving at about the same speed. Synchromesh transmissions in standard cars reduce some of the strain when the speeds are unequal, but with your tachometer you can practically eliminate this wear. And on trucks etc., which have no synchromesh, the tach is even more useful. Driving and driven gear speeds can easily be calculated. Synchronize your gears, simply by adjusting your motor speed to the best speed while in neutral and then shift. If you own a sports car, or one of the smaller foreign cars, never start, pull a heavy load, or travel uphill at low rpm. To do so causes heavy wear on the connecting rod and main bearings. The tachometer will remind the driver to avoid such abuse. Since maximum torque is developed over a narrow band of engine speeds, the tachometer will help you to select the best rpm for fast passing and pulling heavy loads. Tuneup With Tachometer. To adjust your carburetor, set the low speed adjustment (air to gas ratio) for maximum tachometer reading at idle speed. Then set the idle adjustment to the recommended value, usually between 400 and 600 rpm.

131

Adjust your distributor setting for maximum rpm, and then back it off slightly to compensate for the grade of gas being used. It should be adjusted for highest rpm without ping. Generally, the adjustment that yields the highest rpm gives the highest economy, power and speed. Checking Tool Speeds. You can use the tool to measure speeds in checking performance and servicing of electric motors, drill presses, etc. Often, the rpm especially of metal working machines, is the guide to selecting or grinding tools that will cut at the proper rate of feed. Figure 11 shows the circuit needed to hook up your tachometer, with a switch to supply the pulses, and a dry cell battery. An old distributor will work fine as a switch, or you can use a snap action leaf switch, equipped with a roller. Make a cam for the shaft, or simply file a flat spot, and use a 6 volt dry cell, or low voltage rectifier for a power supply. Using the switch as in Fig. 11, will result in the same readings as for a 1 cylinder, 2 stroke engine, since one pulse will be obtained for each revolution. It should be noted that if you install an ordinary contact switch, as in Fig. 11, for continuous service on a rotating machine, that the life of the switch will be limited. Many makes of roller, leaf and snap switches are available; however, Switch #11 -104, offered by Licon Division of Illinois Tool Works, will operate for many hours at up to 3500 rpm, and is available through distributors.

Compass Making AMAGNETIZED sewing needle, a cork or round wood disc and a small bowl of water form this simple magnetic compass. Take a fair-sized steer sewing needle and magnetize it by stroking it along its length with the South pole of a small permanent magnet, either horseshoe or bar type as in Fig. 2. You use the South pole of the magnet because a piece receiving induced magnetism from contact with a permanent magnet will assume the opposite polarity when separated. Thus a South pole will leave a North pole at the point of the needle and this end will point towards the North, provided that you end your magnet-rubbing strokes in the direction of the point. Some permanent magnets are marked N and S for identification. If not, use an ordinary pocket compass to test it; the end which attracts the North pole of the pocket compass will be the South pole of the magnet (unlike poles attract), and you can mark this end with an S. The float for the needle is a 3/a in. long piece cut off from a hardwood 3/4 in. diameter dowel. For the water container, use a small plastic, glass or china dish or saucer. Do not use metal. After magnetizing the sewing needle, place it on the

float and melt a drop of wax over it in the approximate center. Checking the complete magnetic compass with a standard pocket compass (Fig. 1) shows that the needle is pointing due North. The closer you move the two compasses together, the more you will notice a slight interference between the two magnetized needles. Of course, compasses should be kept away from any iron or steel objects which might cause stray magnetic fields and result in an error. You can arrange a cardboard ring on the top of the dish with N, S, E and W markings. H.P.S.

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RAD1OTV EXPERIMENTER

132

Voltmeter accuracy may be checked within reason by dry cell giving 1.5 volt readings.

ing. We are here dealing only with moving coil meters inasmuch as

Repair That Old Meter! Simple repairs on meters can easily be made by the home craftsman in his own workshop By J. B. DEVEREAUX

BECAUSE of the delicacy of such instruments, many home shop mechanics, electrical and radio experimenters hesitate to attempt repairs of any sort on electric meters. Such timidity is perhaps justified in many cases where major repairs are required and where extensive dismantling would impose problems that would finally wind up in brushing the parts off the bench and into the waste can. On the other hand, there are many simple ailments that can be remedied with a little patience and care and many otherwise good meters may often be restored to serviceable condition with a half -hour's tinkerUse only very small screw drivers in taking meter out of case.

they are by far the most common type in use today for direct current. For A.C. we have the moving iron meter which is also relatively simple and can be easily repaired in many instances. Where major damage has been done, and this is evident by examination, then the owner of the meter had best give up the job or send the meter back to its maker for rehabilitation. The simple ailments that may be cured at home are frictional retardation, bad balance, overthrow and sticky needles. All other troubles are usually hopelessly beyond home tinkering without the knowledge of design and the special assembly tools and skill available to the manufacturer of the meter only. The meter that requires tapping with the fingers to bring full reading has frictional trouble of some sort. The needles of such meters move to a certain point depending upon the current and there they stop. Thereafter if agitated by tapping, the needle will move forward for another scale unit or two. Such meters are usually troubled with dull

METAL CHIPS FOUND ON POLE FACES

COIL

o

SPRING SEWEL

ADJUSTER

LOCK NUT

VITAL PARTS

OF MOVING COIL VOLT METERS AND AMMETERS

140W TO 9ALANCE METER POINTER,

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pivots, cracked jewels, dirty points or lint. Cracked jewels may result from dropping or other rough handling and the manufacturer only can remedy such ailments. That also goes for dull pivots. Lint may be removed by the aid of a toothpick or a piece of sharp -pointed wood smeared with a bit of light adhesive material. One must be careful, however, to see that the wood is clean and that he does not deposit more in the meter than is carried away. Workers on meters of any kind must provide a scrupulously clean bench covered with a piece of glazed cardboard. This should be wiped clean with a moist cloth before the meter case is opened. Linty clothes on the worker should also be avoided, it being best to roll up the sleeves. Such precautions may sound a bit silly to amateurs until it is recalled that the barest piece of foreign matter in a milliammeter or milli-volt meter can produce readings inaccurate by as much as 50%. The meter should be uncased using the right sized miniature screw driver so that the screw slots will not be ruined. If a shunt is present, it should be left soldered in place. Removal may interfere with readings. Should the repairman find that the moving coil has been burned out by heavy current, he will know that so far as the home repair is concerned, the meter is beyond recall. The same holds true if the pivots are found to be dull. Special machinery would be required to sharpen them and a manufacturer would prefer to replace them with new ones. If the coil, spring, pivots and jewels appear sound then the meter is simply troubled with friction. Should an examination under a magnifier reveal lint, then the stick moistened with the light adhesive may be tried. Inasmuch as these meters have powerful magnets, they often accuPIVOT BARING mulate bits of iron or steel and these often DOUGHNUT introduce frictional / COIL factors. Their removal may usually be effected with the sharpened end of a tfNfE paper clip. One must make sure, however, .tit. .ar that all metal filings PIVOT r/eEARING METER are removed from the TERMINALS end of the paper clip MOVING IRON TYPE INCLINED COIL AMMETER wire before it is in*ivaCj¡r

,

O

troduced into the meter to pry off any metal chips that may already be there adhered to the magnet. Great care should be exercised in the use of this simple tool to make sure that one does not touch the coil cf the sensitive spring. If the pointer is found to be touching the dial, often the case with rough usage or dropping, then the pointer may be straightened with a small pair of tweezers but here a very steady hand will be required.

133

Pointing to pivot bearings, which, it broken, makes factory repair imperative.

An ammeter removed from case.

Oftentimes, especially in the case of the cheaper meters, frictional losses are introduced by tight pivots. In such a case, the jewel screw may be given a half turn or so. The meter is given a final examination before being replaced in the case. One watches especially for a hair which may have dropped in. With a really sensitive meter, this is like introducing a telegraph pole into the works. An unbalanced meter is brought into balance by means of the simple steps, 1, 2, and 3 shown in drawing number 2. First the pointer or needle is set on zero by means of the zero adjustment screw while the meter is held in a normal or horizontal position. Then the position of the meter is shifted to that shown at B. The tail weight is then adjusted until meter pointer rests on zero. The side weight is then adjusted until pointer is on zero while holding meter in vertical position. This operation is a very delicate one and the meter may be very easily damaged, especially the pointer, if a steady hand is not used. Overthrow is often due to a bent pointer, that is, bent to the right. Sometimes in the cheaper meters a flexible tail weight is used and this must be bent one way or another to restore balance. Daubs of shellac are used at times. Old meters that have been used near heavy transformers will usually have badly weakened magnets and these are always factors in inaccu-

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

134

racy. The only hope here is for re-magnetization or replacement with a new magnet. A.C. meters with moving iron are treated in much the same manner. In the case of a vane moving in a close fitting chamber, lint or tiny particles of iron may cause great trouble, making the meter practically useless at times. With such meters, the soft iron vane should not be bent since all meters of this type depend upon proper relationship here for accuracy. Any change in the position of the coil around the vanes will also result in inaccuracy. The accuracy of small meters runs plus or minus 2% of the full scale deflection. In the case of a small voltmeter of a few volts range, simple tests for ordinary accuracy may be run

by connecting to two or more (depending upon voltage of meter) new dry cells in series, each cell adding 11/2 volts. A potentiometer may also be used so that the pointer of the meter may be run up and down the scale. A multimeter such as is used by radio repairmen may be used to calibrate such meters inasmuch as extreme accuracy can never be had with inexpensive instruments. The multimeter type of check will be quite sufficient. If the repairman does not have such an instrument then he may be asked for assistance. Calibration may be only a matter of a few minutes. In such cases, the multimeter is used with a potentiometer, the former serving as the standard for determining the calibration.

Why Wait 304 ,VOt Saetey 2rr.oy i9irpa 66

rrr

ar r r

rKr. 1216

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DECCA NAVIGATOR SYSTEMS IN

EUROPE

62

66

60

62

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5e

17;!n.f6t îeciwu is r

6iEO: lMl

56 s.

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52

56

60

5r

6

50

s

,6

66

66

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60 M60610

r6.

6

2

'Jf¡ll111:1«Y

26

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4094 10

12 16 16

IS

U. S. doing anything to improve air safety? Is Washington taking steps to alleviate air traffic congestion? Yes. If you've read any of the magazines in the radio field, you're already familiar with numerous research projects in this field, including radar which, in the future, could increase the effective air space as much as 60 times. But why wait when the world already has a well established navigational system, a system which in many ways is more effective than even the most advanced radar? This system is DECCA. DECCA vs. Radar. In the future radar could increase effective air space 60 times. It would do this by dividing the present 10 -mile-wide airway

IS THE

By

C. M. STANBURY

in three, cutting the required vertical separation in half, and reducing the distance between high speed aircraft flying the same course from 100 to 10 miles. It could do all this in the future. DECCA cuts the width of the airlane by only half; vertical separation remains unchanged. But separation between aircraft flying the same course is, within 60 miles of the terminal, cut to a mere two miles. The effective airspace is multiplied 100 times. As the distance increases from the terminal, the Master DECCA station and the

congested area around them, the system gradually becomes less effective. But at the same time, the air traffic density and danger of air collisions is also diminished. So DECCA is usually as accurate as radar will be. More important, DECCA is ready now. It has done all these things in Europe for several years and is now doing them in Eastern Canada which is the western terminus for all major North Atlantic routes. VOR and DME Systems. The Federal Aviation Agency is not, of course, sitting on its hands waiting for this advanced radar to become operational. The FAA is spending millions of dollars for the construction of these comparatively new VHF and UHF navigation devices. A VOR (VHF Omni Range) automatically indicates the aircraft's bearing in relation to the VOR station. It is accurate to within 4 degrees. DME measures the distance from the plane to the facility. A system such as VORTAC which combines VOR and DME, can indicate for the aircraft its position so long as it is within range. Sounds like a match for DECCA, but let's look beneath the surface. At a distance of 30 miles, VORTAC has a potential accuracy of 1 mile which would permit a minimum separation between aircraft of 2 miles. That's just what DECCA has already obtained at twice that distance. Further we haven't told you about DECCA's potential accuracy, 10 yards within 50 miles.

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135

ICAO Turns Its Back on DECCA At

special meeting in Montreal, the International Civil Aviation Organization voted to adopt DDIE as a standard short range navigational aid to go along with VOR. The action, spearheaded by the FAA, was bitterly opposed by Great Britain, Canada (previously neutral) and Australia. After the resolution had been pushed through, the head of the British delegation indicated that his country would continue to use and develop DECCA. He elaborated: "Our belief is that the need a

However, let's be generous and assume both systems to be equally accurate. DECCA can serve any number of aircraft simultaneously, DME only 50. When this number is exceeded, the system automatically accepts the 50 strongest and rejects the rest. How would you like to be riding in the 51st? Worst of all, VOR and DME systems, because they utilize VHF and UHF frequencies, are limited to line-of -sight reception. DECCA is not. Nor for practical aeronautical purposes is DECCA affected by natural barriers such as hills or mountains. The new U. S. system is. In one month in 1958, some 40 VOR /DME navigation facilities were either inoperative, partially out of order, or in some way operating imperfectly. And this figure does not include those being relocated or re-

L.FL ID.._

I

D,E

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D

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L

A.

CC A.

T

A B

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o.

c

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f+ISTANCE

Om

8

PU

A.p L. TE

L.3 T E

C

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A control system incorporating DECCA-RAILS (Remote Area Instrument Landing System). Although tho accuracy of this system is still being evaluated, chances are good it will enhance DECCA's overall superiority. At present it's only commercial use is in conjunction with the Bell helicopter service in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.

constructed. What hope has this system in such mountainous regions as the Rockies or the Alleghenies? The Handwriting on the Sky. I have no desire to sell radar short. The radar of today, although it does not equal DECCA as a navigational aid, is already an important navigational device. In the future it will be on a par with DECCA. Most probably, they will complement each other. Radar, under those circumstances, would be an airborne system providing data on other nearby aircraft. DECCA would act as the overall, stable ground -based system. They would continually provide a cross -check on each other. But why wait? Why fool around with VOR and DME which, considering DECCA's obvious superiority, are no better than interim measures when no interim measures are necessary. DECCA is here now.

more quickly than many here today believe. Before long

we will have to get together and adopt such a system."

But probably the most telling objection was that of Australia, which has used DME since the war: On the basis of their unequaled length of experience, they concluded that DME, especially DME allied with VOR, could not meet the needs of the jet age. Time will tell who is right.

Every moment wasted on VOR and DME systems, when the U. S. should be building DECCA chains, costs us money and lives. In 1958 the Electra disaster brought this out with sickening emphasis. LaGuardia Field is equipped with the newest VOR /DME system -VORTAC -but Flight 320 still wound up in the East River. Nor was tracking via radar enough. Speaking conservatively, if there'd been DEC CA it might not have happened. The American manufacturer of DECCA, Bendix Aviation, has developed RAILS (Remote Area Instrument Landing System) which can be used where conventional ILS is inadequate. By combining DEC CA, the aircraft's own absolute altimeter and a computer, the pilot is furnished with glide path guidance, distance to touch down and ground speed. Maybe Flight 320 was destined to miss the runway and no amount of technology could have saved her. But DECCA could have made her chances for survival better, while VORTAC was powerless. And there'll be more 320's. How many? That depends upon how much time we waste with VOR /DME, how long we ignore DECCA. How DECCA Works

M.

8 BEARING VIA DECCA

for a high accuracy, hyperbolic system will arise much

A DECCA chain normally consists of 4 stations, a master and 3 slave stations designated red, green and purple. By measuring the phase difference between radio waves from the master station and any two of the slaves, a navigation fix is obtained and automatically plotted on a gridded chart. Because it utilizes lightweight receiving equipment and is extremely simple to operate, DECCA is suited to all types of aircraft, big or small, commercial or private.

Tape Tube Handle Pulling miniature a n d sub -miniature tubes from their sockets in crowded electronics hookups will be much easier if you provide each tube with a handle. Use a strip of masking or Mystik tape looped over the top of the tube and secured around the bottom with another strip of tape. Don't use tape on tubes that heat up excessively, because of the possible danger of fire due to tape igniting. Never use plastic tape for this purpose as it ignites easily. -J. A. Comsxocx.

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

136

your attic, if you have a non metallic roof. When carefully directed toward the desired TV or FM station transmitter, these Yagi, high -gain type aerials will give the best single (or dual) channel reception possible with any conventional antenna and -' are especially useful in the socalled dead or fringe areas. Though usually used to fill in the weak spots in commercial "all- channel" aerials, these antennas may be used alone or in ....._. stacks. First, calculate the materials needed and the dimensions of the components from the information given in Fig. 2 and Tables A (for TV aerials) and B (for FM aerials). While there are six cross pieces called for in construction of the aerials in the tables, as many as 10 could be used to improve signal strength. For extreme fringe areas, try adding two to four more directors, cut to the same length and Completed aerials are turned toward their respective transmitters. These spaced the same distance as the aerial; could bave been mounted on the same pole as the commercial last director (L.) in the table. sseMl la the background. If two close TV channels are available locally (other than 6 and 7, since the FM band lies between these channels), an aerial cut for one of these channels usually will work well for the other. One of these aerials, successfully bringing in channels 7 and 9, was dimenBy R. W. MONTAGUE sioned for TV channel 8, unused in the Seattle area where ESPECIALLY tailored to receive tough -to -get the antenna is located. It will be noted from Table A that aerials for channels, one or several of these antennas, channels 2, 3 and 4 would be quite large, and it cut for the needed channels, can be stacked may be that another type of aerial might be more on your present television mast or mounted in .

Custom -Build Your

TV and FM Aerials

TABLE A -TV AERIALS Total

Spacing Between Cross Pieces

Band

Channel

SI

S,

S,

(Inches) 96%

871/,

83%

83135,

81'lú

80+35,

220%,

79

75'/,

751/i

73,Y.

73

3231, 2835,

46v, 4023,

45'36

72'/6

59

581/2

31%

2856

37' Mo

37%,

164152

64y,

58'1,

69 60'352 58

69

40

2011%, 176%

87 791/, 69%,

56

5423y

14

13'1,

1556

12"r%,

17'356

81M,

31

28j1,

2635s

26

14'/,

1252

17352

78'5,

2921.

27/n

26215, 26

262152

13

1831, 17'52.

26

25'%2

14m,

11%

17

162%

76'/6

29

26'35,

25522

241%2

24'35,

1325,

16'/,

16%,

24'5,

232%,

16

152352

2323,

23

23y,,

122 %n

1023,

15'x,

15% 14'l56

7121, 69' 3k

28lú 27%

24' Yu

133,

113/4 11

73%

253,

253.

12'15,

23

23

22'3,

22,352

1091s 9'916

10Sí6

Band

34'/,

38'/,

(54 to 88

5

332'Yn

mc)

6

3035, 28

7 8 9 10 11

1123.

12 13

111/2 11356

14 15 18

L,

243'/,

42h,

Partial UHF Band

L,

50

46'ín

371Y,

mc)

L4

55'3,

41'ik

3 4

(174 to 216

L,

L,

L,

51

2

High VHF Band

Length

S4-4'

(Inches)

Low VHF

Length of Cross Pieces

Spar S,

S4

12/

5S, 425,

4'3,

12%

3829., 35%,

10'3,

56'

3S,

153,

8'y.

6%

4'S56

823y 61 MO

8'yn

61/,

4S/ 41yn

621,

613,

61,

6335,

261/,

26'lú 24'356 2431,

67%

2623.

23'

32'3S,

11'152

10156

32356

11316 11316

1013.

32ì,

352

103.

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923,

60%

y

9156 93352

87'ly

2221,

221/2 21'356

22n 21'íy

923,

923,

923,

9%

91

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER 4

STATION

rl43"

HOLES

TRANSMITTER

g

HOLE LESS SPAR THAN DIA. OF ROD

S2

137

v

'HOLES

REFLECTOR DIPOLE 9 X

A

4 DIRECTORS

L6

3i

GALV.

CARRIAGE BOLTS

DIA. WEIGHT-REDUCING

HOLE

2" 54 =SPACE (SEE TABLE) LX LENGTH (SEE TABLE)

SPAR

CROSSPIECE HOLES

TUBING

DRILL é HOLE

I!,-*ALUMINUM NAILS

IN

WIRE. OR

TUBING OPEN

éTUBE

TO

FLANGE

RECEIVE

ENDS

DIPOLE WIRE

DIPOLE

ENOS,

ASSEMBLY

C

DETAIL

/

ÿ

ATTACH LEAD-IN

Ie"

WIRES HERE

AND

BDIRECTOR REFLECTOR

-

FLATTEN WIRE ENDS, DRILL FOR

DETAIL

ír4

X 1" RH SCREWS

It also may be possible to select a frequency in the middle of the FM band and get good recep-

TABLE B -FM AERIALS Calculate FM aerial dimensions as follows: 1. Learn the frequency of the particular FM station desired. 2. Calculate wave length in in. (WO.), using the following formula: 11,070

Wr"

3.

Prepare

a

frequency (mc) table for the aerial desired, similar to those in TV aerial Table A:

SI Sa S, S. So .215W1..240W1, .20Ws. .290W1..285W1.

LI L: La .495Wr. .450Wr. .430Wr,

le

Lr.

La

.430W1. .420Wr, .415W1,

EXAMPLE A station operating on a frequency of 98 mc would have a Wr. of: 11,070 2 or 112.9 Following the formula above would produce these specifications 98 for an

(112/s:).

antenna: _____

Sr

Srs

S,

Sr

Ss

L1

24.2"

Ls

27.1

La

22.6

32.7

32.1

55.8"

50.7

48.5

desirable. However, the information is included in the table (which covers all VHF channels in the U. S. and Canada and some UHF) because in extremely bad signal areas this type of aerial would give the highest gain and may have to be used. Mounted in the attic these aerials would not be so conspicuous. UHF television channels higher than those given in the table are best received by other types of aerials; an extremely small Yagi would be difficult to build. MATERIALS LIST-AERIALS Description *1% x 13/4" fir, pine or oak pc pcs *38" O.D. alum. tubing or rod (copper can be substituted) pc "I;8" ( #10) copper or aluminum wire or tubing pc 1% x 16/8 x 4" fir, pine or oak 1 /4" aluminum nails 3I/ galv. carriage bolts, washers and nuts 1/4 #4 x 1" rh screws and washers varnish or paint misc. installation hardware and lead -in wire to match individual installation (see text) Length determined by specifications of desired aerial.

Amt. J.

6 1

1

6 2

2

*

8

L4

Ls

Le

48.5

47.4

46.8

tion for the whole band with a single aeri il. This depends on individual location problems and must be decided by the wearisome method of trial and error. Start construction by

cutting the 13/s x 1% -in. wood spar to the length determined as explained above. Drill the % -in.

cross piece holes as in Fig. 2A, spacing as in Table A or B. Also drill a number of 3/4 in. holes as in Fig. 2A to reduce the aerial's weight without loss of strength. Cut cross pieces to length from % -in. O.D. aluminum tubing, the size used in commercial TV aerials, and available from aluminum supply houses or salvage yards (occasionally it is obtainable free from TV repair shops). If using salvaged tubing, first clean off with fine sandpaper. If the tubing is not available, substitute % -in. O.D. copper tubing or the heavier % -in. aluminum rod (available from Sears, Roebuck and Co.). Insert cross pieces, except the dipole, in the proper holes as in Fig. 2. Use paraffin to ease the metal through the tightly- fitting holes. Center the tubes and from the top of the spar, through the tubing, drill a hole for a 11/4-in. aluminum nail as in Fig. 2B and fasten securely. Complete and assemble the dipole parts as in Fig. 2C, and check for fit. Remove one 11/8 -in. wire section and insert the dipole into its spar hole. Complete the assembly, then flange the ends of the wires where they pass through the tube. In-

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

138

sert #4 x 1 -in. rh screws with washers through holes drilled in the flattened end of the % -in. tubing. These screws must be the same distance apart as the distance between the upper and lower dipole tubes. Lead -in wires will be attached to these screws. At the center of your aerial, located by measuring and balancing, clamp a 1% x 1% x 4 -in. piece of wood stock. Center a /4-in. hole 3/4 in. from each end of the block (Fig. 2D), insert 1/4 x 31i2-in. galvanized carriage bolts, washers and nuts, and draw up tightly. Center a hole in the top of this assembly, sizing it 1/8 in. under the diameter of the roof or attic aerial mast (usually a 11/4 -in. dia. pole) and drilling with an expansive bit or hole saw. Apply at least three coats of spar varnish or marine quality paint to the now -finished antenna, allowing plenty of drying time between coats. Install the aerial as in Fig. 2A, with the directors closest to the transmitter of the station desired. Where two stations will be brought in by the aerial, the latter will probably be best directed between the two transmitters. Try it before fastening permanently in place. There are so many variables involved in aerial installations that it is impossible to describe one lead -in hookup that will work well in each case. 1

Roll -Up Aerial Stronger and clearer radio signals from greater distances are possible with an aerial made from a roll-up steel rule. To mount the rule cut a hole in the top of the radio cabinet and bolt a fiber washer to the hole so that the rule will not ground against the cabinet. Insulate rule housing from the set with friction tape, and fasten the housing to the cabinet with a strip of metal bolted to the cabinet. Solder one end of a length of insulated wire to the rule housing, and connect the other end to the aerial terminal of the set as shown in photo below. Range and volume increase as the rule is pulled out and are reduced as the rule is pushed in. -M. A. Tmn.

The trial and error method must usually be resorted to in the end. It sometimes is possible to just tie lead -in wiring for the new aerial almost any place into the existing lead -in wire to the set (using standard 300 ohm double- strand television wire) if the new aerial is being used to supplement another aerial. If this doesn't give a good picture or interferes with other channels received, a hi -lo coupler may be needed. Low -band channels (2 through 6) will probably have to be led in through a coupler if high band channels (7 through 13) are also received. As a last resort, a completely separate lead -in wire may be used by coupling into an antenna switch (available from TV supply stores, Allied Radio, Dept. SM, 100 N. Western Ave., Chicago 80, Illinois or Sears, Roebuck & Co., Chicago) at the back of the television set. However a 40C double -throw knife switch available in hardware stores would serve, though less conveniently. When the aerial is installed and hooked up, make fine direction adjustments by turning the aerial slightly in each direction until the best picture is obtained. These aerials can be stacked on one roof pole about a foot apart, if desired, although aerials pointing in the same general direction should be two feet or more apart, if possible.

Soldering -Iron Switch Install a feed -through tumbler switch with "on" and "off" markings on it on the cord of your electric soldering iron close to the handle, as

shown in the photo. The iron can be kept plugged in while in use and simply turned on or off as needed.-ARTHUR TRAUMA.

tr3Iac:rÍll

(A) Steel rule, (B) fiber washer, (C) bolts, (D) friction tape, (E) metal strip, (F) solder wire to case, (G) aerial terminal.

Thank goodness, you're here! My husband Is sick in the bedroom -and Jack Paar's all blurry!

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER Experimenting with a one -stage audio amplifier.

THERE are two possible approaches to follow in obtaining a radio lab kit. One is to acquire the parts yourself and make up your own kit. The second approach, and the approach that I consider best for beginners, is to buy a commercial kit. I tried both approaches. The home -rolled version was built on a miniature perforated bakelite board. The board layout, component placement and preliminary wiring are shown in Fig. 2 (front) and Fig. 3 (back). Lay out and drill the board first. Shorten the volume control shafts to 3/4 in. length with a hacksaw. Solder leads about 11/2 in. long on the transistor sockets. Mount the parts and complete the wiring to the interconnection lugs (called "flea clips "). Fill the portions of the flea clips that protrude from the front of the board with solder for increased rigidity. The transistor sockets are held in place with Duco cement. Bend the leads tightly against the board as an added precaution. A separate battery board cut from a piece of perforated Masonite (see Fig. 4) was provided, the batteries held in place with rubber bands. Brackets provided with machine screws make terminal contact. A third bracket provided with a metal spring cut from a tin can makes the connection between the two rows of batteries. The experimental board may be mounted on the battery board with brackets, or it may be used unattached as shown in Fig. 4. The hook -up of Fig. 4 is the simple one -

transistor audio amplifier shown schematically in Fig. 5A. A number of additional, but by no means all of the circuits that can be built with the home -rolled lab kit are also shown in Fig. 5. The resistors and all of the capacitors aren't mounted on the

139

D

Learning Electronics

board. They were originally connected by plugging them into the flea clips. However, this wasn't too satisfactory and mini -gator clip leads were adopted for all connections. The audio one -transistor amplifier of Fig. 5A has very low volume. If another transistor amplifier is connected in front of this amplifier, the two -transistor amplifier of Figure 5B results, with much greater volume. The transistor configuration used is known as the common emitter circuit because the emitters of the transistors are both connected to an input terminal and the common battery terminal. The capacitors between collector of T2 and between the base of T1 and volume control center terminal and base of T2 are provided to allow all audio signals to pass, but to prevent transistor bias voltages from being upset. A capacitor has low impedance for ac voltages, but it has (ideally) infinite impedance

By Experimenting "Breadboard" experimentation is a logical way for a beginner to learn electronics, and the approach has considerable merit for the old- timer, too, because it allows him to try his ideas quickly with comparatively conventional parts By FORREST

H. FRANTZ, Sr.

for dc voltages. The resistors in the circuit establish the dc bias voltages on the transistor elements that are required to make the transistors function. It is apparent then that there are two basic groups of voltages that you are concerned with in any piece of electronic equipment. One is the voltage required to make the transistors or tubes function at all -the dc bias voltages. The other is the signal voltage which is the voltage of interest. The dc bias voltages are somewhat like the gasoline requirement in an automobile and might be thought of as fuel supplied at the right place in the proper amount. The input signal voltage corresponds to the driver's demands of the automobile which he injects at the input in the form of throttle and steering commands. The

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

140

the wheels. The twotransistor amplifier may be used with the microphone (as shown) or with a phono pick -up, or with a radio tuner. If the amplifier output is connected to the amplifier input as shown in Fig. 5C, an audio oscillator is created. An oscillator is a device that converts dc operating voltage into an ac signal. It may be thought of as an ac generator driven by a do voltage. The adFOR MgJNTI'.G üRA!:KE vantage of an electronic v'-.Ppárdi:P generator (oscillator) is that the frequency may -10 :at, I'it circuit board. ni of I,.. t,.e F r on be varied and controlled very readily. The frequency of the oscillator of Fig. 5C may be varied by adjusting the control that functioned previously as a volume control for the amplifier. The principle of the oscillator's operation is that a part of the signal at the output is fed back into the input and is continually recirculated. The amplifier action of the basic unit builds the signal at the input back up to the proper level for the output signal continuously. Back view of home -made lab kit circuit board. How do you start it? input signal is handled by the electronic equip- Well, all electronic equipment has an amount of noise associated with it. Although this noise is ment as required (in this case it's amplified) for very low, the amplifier will build it up to a point electrical, the desired output. The mechanical, where the transistor characteristics, part values, and pneumatic systems of an automobile operate and dc operating voltage in the circuit limit the on the driver's input signals in an analogous way at output signal size. But at this point, the output direction and to provide the required energy signal is high enough to be useful. A key connected in one of the leads from the battery to the amplifier as shown in Fig. 5D would permit quick turn -on and turn -off of the oscillator, and the unit could be used as a code practice set. Figure 5E is a crystal detector tuner which may be added to the amplifier of Figure 5B to produce a broadcast receiver. The coil- capacitor combination builds up the radio frequency (RF) voltage received from the antenna at a particular frequency determined by the tuning capacitor setting. The tap on the coil permits the signal to be fed to the crystal diode without disturbing the tuning. The crystal diode is a unidirectional device; that is, it passes a signal readily when the anode side is plus, but impedes the signal when it's minus. The waveforms show: A, an RF signal which is the carrier and has the freOne -stage audio amplifier hook -up. T

,

f

t

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER EARPHONE JACK

MIKE

9 VOLTS

At-TRANSISTOR AUDIO AMPLIFIER

tI

f--

L

C

2-TRANSISTOR AUDIO AMPLIFIER

o--I

C2

I

B

I

.1.-1

I

..1

WITH MIKE DISCONNECTED FROM CIRCUIT 5B AND FEEDBACK CONNECTION SHOWN, YOU'VE CREATED AN AUDIO OSCILLATOR

D

.

KEY IN SERIES WITH BATTERY LEAD CONVERTS UNIT OF 5C TO CODE

PRACTICE OSCILLATOR TUNING CAFACITOR

ANTENNA COIL

WAVE FORMS

/CRYSTAL DIODE

A -_B

t

A B

SIMPLE TUNER CONNECTED IN PLACE OF MIKE IN 5B CONVERTS UNIT TO SIMPLE RADIO

C

WITH BY -PASS CAPACITOR FILL-IN

The Knight

10

-in -1

Transistor Lab Kit with the Electronic Switch Circuit set up.

Parts and instructions furnished with Knight 10 -in -1 Transistor Lab Kit.

www.americanradiohistory.com

141

quency of the capacitor -coil tuned combination modulated in height (amplitude) by an audio signal which is the desired signal information; B, the signal rectified (negative excursions chopped off) by the diode as it would appear between the crystal diode cathode and common if no capacitance appeared across these terminals; and C, the audio signal that appears at these terminals due to alternate charging and discharging of a capacitor connected across these terminals. In the case of the simple receiver consisting of this detector and the amplifier of Figure 5B, this fill -in is provided by the capacitance of C2 through the base to emitter circuit of T2 and the stray wiring capacitance of the circuit. The Commercial Kit. This kit (Knight 10- Circuit Transistor Lab Kit, Allied Radio Catalog No. 83Y299, $15.75) costs a little more than the basic, home -rolled version just described, but with it you can perform twice as many experiments. Figure 6 shows the parts and instructions furnished with the kit. There's a preliminary wiring manual which describes the basic assembly in step -by -step and pictorially illustrated detail, and a folder with general soldering and construction information. A set of cards showing how to make plug -in connections between the various parts for each of the 10 circuits is included with the kit. The card for a given circuit fits on the board as shown in Fig. 7, and connections are made with plug leads. There is also a manual of experiments provided in the kit. This manual shows a pictorial and a schematic diagram for each circuit and provides

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

142

a low impedance to the loudspeaker. The same

111 HEATHKIT MM -1 METER SET TO 1.5V A.C.RANGE

8

BASIC ARRANGEMENT

text explaining how to adjust and use it, how it works, and how to apply the circuit. In addition to this specific information for each circuit, the manual has sections on how radio works, transistors, capacitors and resistor color codes, and electronic symbols. The 10 circuits which may be built with the Knight Kit are: a two -stage broadcast radio; a photoelectronic relay; a wireless broadcaster; a code practice oscillator; an electronic switch; a two -stage audio amplifier; a capacity operated relay, an electronic timer; a voice operated relay; and an electronic flasher. The Knight Kit may also be used for additional experiments and hook -ups, the only limit being the ingenuity of the builder. For example, with an external multimeter, you can measure voltages across various circuit elements. You're cautioned to use a 20,000 ohm -per -volt meter or vacuum tube voltmeter (VTVM), however, since lower sensitivity meters will upset the circuit seriously and may even damage components. Currents may be measured by replacing connecting leads with a meter. And the number of experiments that can be performed can be increased by using components external to the Lab Kit board. Thus, a supplementary board with two transformers, two transistor sockets, a few resistors and capacitors, and a loudspeaker would allow you to add several kinds of amplifiers to the basic audio amplifier, broadcast receiver, or code practice oscillator. The extra parts and board would permit you to add a one -transistor transformer -coupled Class A output stage, a one transistor- resistance coupled output stage, a two transistor Class A transistor -coupled output amplifier, a two- transistor Class A resistancecoupled output amplifier, a two -transistor Class B transformer-coupled output stage, and a two transistor complimentary symmetry output stage. Thus a parts investment of from $10 to $15 adds six circuits-probably more for the ingenious experimenter-and would provide a comparatively thorough lab course in audio amplifier circuits. Transformer Principles. Since, in amplifiers, the plate load impedance of an output tube is always much greater than the low impedance of the loudspeaker voice coil which it drives, a voltage step -down transformer from output tube to speaker is necessary to make the speaker look like a high impedance to the tube, and the tube

a

technique may be used to increase the input impedance, and hence the ohms -per-volt sensitivity of an ac voltmeter. The advantage of using a transformer to increase meter impedance is that no tubes, transistors or operating power are required. The chief advantage of a high input impedance ac meter is that circuit loading is reduced and circuit measurements for which 1,000 ohms -pervolt or even 5,000 ohms -per -volt ac meter sensitivities would be inadequate are brought within reach. Another advantage is that ac voltmeters employing the higher quality (better frequency response) miniature transformers to increase input impedance are extremely portable, wide frequency instruments. This is particularly true if germanium diodes are used for rectification in the meter. TABLE A- SIMPLIFIED IRON CORE TRANSFORMER THEORY I = Current amperes) = Power watts Z = Impedance (ohms) V = Volts Subscripts: p = Primary s - Secondary apFor an Iron Core Transformer correctly terminated, efficiency proaches 100%. Then, resistive) assumed (f) Pp = Ps (Zp and Zs are P

(2) (a) Ip2Zp

= Is2Zs

(b) Zs

x

=

(3)

(a) Zp

A)

(a) Ip2

(5) (a) Ip

1a2

=

=

Est Zp

ZS

(b) Ep2 = Es2 Zs

Zp

Is

Zp

(b) Zp = Zs

Zs Ipr

1I Zs

(b) Ep = Es

NriP

V Zp

Zs

To get a feel for what you can do with transformers in this application, let's take a quick look at some examples. Table A summarizes the applicable formulae and theory used in the exam-

ples.

A Heathkit MM -1 Volt -Ohm Milliammeter has an ac sensitivity of 5,000 ohms -per -volt. The lowest ac range is 1.5 v. The meter input impedance for this range is 5,000 x 1.5 or 7,500 ohms. The meter will be set to the 1.5 ac y range for all measurements, and series resistances in the transformer primary circuit (Fig. 8) will be used to increase range. To increase the input impedance from 7,500 ohms by a factor of 100 to 750,000 ohms would require a transformer with a 750,000 ohm primary and a 7,500 ohm secondary. But, in changing the meter impedance with the transformer, the input voltage required for full fe-V2 1T

R.IK V3

VI

INPUT

4 AUDIO SIGNAL

9

GENERATOR

Basic ac meter, consisting of germanium diode bridge and de milli- or microammeter, plus instrumentation for determining input impedance and sensitivity (see

Table

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B,

next page).

RADIOTV EXPERIMENTER

scale meter deflection will be changed. The transformer primary voltage for full scale meter deflection is calculated with equation 5b on Table A:

750,000_

Ep

7,500

V

Ep = 15 volts The new sensitivity of the meter is 750,000 ohms -per -15 volts or 50,000 ohms- per -volt! For ranges other than 15 -v full scale, the multiplier series resistance will be 50,000 times (Voltage Range minus 15). Thus, for the 50 -v scale, the multiplier resistance is 50 x (50 -15) kilohms, or 1.75 megohms. This can be improved, however, and approached more practically. The lowest range (15 v) has a low dc resistance in spite of its high ac impedance. This might interfere with circuit opTABLE

Then: V3

I))

I

C)

= VI -V7

R

Z,=

Foe

R=

-

V3

example 2, measured values are:

IK, Thon,

V1

=.79V,

V2

b)

Va= .75- .15 =.6v _ .15MA I =

e)

Zip

a)

-.15V.

1000

6.15

x8001

= 4,000

and - /V sensitivity = 4000

- 6,650

V

eration. A capacitor (0.1 mfd or larger) in series with the primary will eliminate this possible source of trouble. A transformer that has the correct impedance used might be difficult to find at a reasonable price. A considerable reduction in transformer impedance can be tolerated if the impedance ratio is unchanged without changing the final ohms- per -volt sensitivity. For this example an impedance ratio of 50,000 ohms to 500 ohms will be satisfactory if the transformer can handle the input signal level linearly. If the lowest range of the basic meter in our first example had been 5 v, the new lowest ac range would have been 50 v. This would have

c'h AUDIO

SIGNAL GENERATOR

brackets

six batteries (Burgess

I

MF

been objectionable. Here's an approach that can be applied to a multimeter or even a basic dc meter movement which overcomes this objection. The Heathkit MM -1 meter cited in example 1 has a 150 microampere lowest current range on the selector switch. Set the meter to this range and connect it to a rectifier bridge consisting of 4 Raytheon 1N66 diodes (see Fig. 9). Instrument the circuit as shown in Table B. The input ir pedance of the rectifier -meter combination 4,000 ohms for full scale meter deflection. The sensitivity was 6,650 ohms -per -volt. Next, the meter- bridge combination was connected in the circuit shown in Fig. 10. The transformer, a Microtran M8, was connected for 15,000 ohms primary impedance (red and blue leads), and 600 ohms secondary impedance matching (brown and violet leads). The impedance ratio is 25, and the square root of this ratio is 5. The transformer primary impedance predicted by the theory is 25 x 4,000 or 100,000 ohms, and the sensitivity is predicted as 5 x 6,650 or 33,200 ohms per -volt. The voltage input to the transformer primary for full scale deflection should be 100,000 ohms divided by the sensitivity, 33,200 ohms -pervolt. The predicted primary voltage is 3 v. The actual voltages measured in the circuit are given in the caption for Fig. 10. Using the method shown in Table B, these voltages yield the same results as those predicted above within a reasonable percentage of error. The linearity of the instrument can be improved by setting 50 the meter pointer WITH MECÑANICAL ZERO OFFSET about 3% to 5% up scale from zero. The

m

#1)

Not used in any of the circuits presented in text, but handy to have for experimental work.

B

In Fig. 9, signal generator output is adjusted for full of meter "M" at 1,000 cycles, V1 and V2 are measuredscale deflection with an audio voltmeter such as the Heathkit AV -2. a)

143

MATERIALS LIST-HOME -MADE TRANSISTOR LAB KIT Desig. Description R2 10K, 1/2w resistor Rl, R3 220K, %?w resistor 10K miniature volume control with switch (Lafayette R4 VC28) R5* 50K miniature volume control (Lafayette VC -36) Cl, C2 10 mfd., 15v. miniature electrolytic capacitors (Lafayette CF -122) tuning capacitor (Lafayette MS -215) antenna coil (Lafayette MS -299) Tl, T2 transistor (Raytheon CK722 or GE 2N107) D diode (GE 1N64) three transistor sockets (Lafayette MS -149) flea clips (Lafayette MS -263) miniature perforated board (Lafayette MS -305) two miniature knobs (Lafayette MS -185) one pointer knob (Allied 55H074) miniature phone jack (Lafayette MS -282) minigator clips for connecting leads (Mueller perforated Masonite board (Lafayette ML-81) 30)

MICROTRAN M -8 TRANSFORMER (SEE TEXT FOR CONNECTIONS)

Method used for experimental verification of calculations: VI = 5 volts; R (60,000 ohms) adjusted for full scale deflection of M. V2 was 1.9 volts. Calculated value of Z -in is 103 K ohms, sensitivity is 33,400 ohms per volt using the measured values.

linearity

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)';/

I

of

a

transformer-diode-rectifier-meter type ac voltmeter can be improved by off -setting the meter needle from zero and calculating series resistance for exact St at full scale.

IDEAL RESPONSE

II/

/

-RESPONSE RESPONSE

2

3

INPUT A.C. VOLTS

4

5

RADO -TV EXPERIMENTER

144

example provided a lower bottom ac voltage range than the first method. This improvement resulted from the increased sensitivity of the rectifier -meter combination and the lower impedance ratio of the transformer windings. The decrease in transformer impedance ratio reduced the sensitivity.

Use the mechanical zero set with zero voltage input to do this. Do it before the measurements shown in Fig. 9 are made. This automatically accounts for the upscale dial position in calculations and adjusts the full scale point. The results of the technique are shown in Fig. 11. It is apparent that the method of the second

ELECTRONICS ANAGRAM not fill in the wrong word or abbreviation, read each clue very carefully. Many are designed to intentionally mislead. -JOHN A. COMSTOCK

your Here is an anagram puzzle that will challenge knowledge of electronics. To be absolutely sure you do

(For the solution, see page 154.) ture signal is put on a carrier wave

ACROSS:

in this manner

point of maximum current or voltage in a stationary wave sys tern. Form of phono turntable drive. Done with an insuA

1)

3)

5)

8)

10)

35) 36)

41)

42)

peres. Carries electrons in

17)

19)

Capacitors block it. A type of frequency meter. The rms value of an alternating current

22)

radiator

23) Done

24)

25)

to

improve

operating char-

28)

18) To

19)

1.-5

of

power.

20)

Fleming invented into space.

5

9

'

.o

26)

I!

7 lZ

15

33)

.

meaning as down.

Same as

.20

across. Plays recordings.

Voltage drop measured across a resistor (letters symbol).

device that finds directions. A tube that utilizes an electron gun (abbr.).

34) A 13

38)

2c

19

40)

Temporary connector.

2r

22

25

24 Z8

32

33

23

meter that meas ures volts, ohms,

I

43) A

and 36

40

Might blow a fuse.

46)

Emits sound waves

48) 46

48

47

5Z

5/ 49

handles power

57

5e

50

i3

I

50

www.americanradiohistory.com

(abbr)

47) A

45

44

43

45)

42

4/

amperes

(abbr.).

31

30

2?

38

37

27

26

35

39

acteristics of electronic components. An amplifier that

(abbr.). 29) A TV station's pic-

eliminate audio

Same

An electro- acoustic

3) To

/6

test instrument

widely used (abbr.). Potential placed on a certain vacuum tube element (letters symbol).

positive ion.

16) A

the first one. send radio waves

unit.

34

17

Captures certain frequencies and disposes of them.

of two or more ver-

unit

Capacitance (letters

i4

13)

DOWN: 1)

sym-

8

kind of signal

echoes.

2)

2

-

rupted. Number of interconnected stations. ordinarily superimposed on a carrier wave (abbr.).

tical radiators.

symbol). /

odically inter

12) The

(abbr.). inert gas (abbr.) What a ham calls his radio outfit. Controlled by radio (abbr.). An antenna system

a

microphonic tube. A particular type of

27) Done to

58)

Transformer, trim-

43) EMF

7)

Main oscillator

Figure of merit (letters symbol).

of elec-

locate

57)

that opposes RF currents. Connection not

IO

tromagnetic waves. Inductive opposition to ac (abbr.).

56)

gain, or tone con-

an

ampere. 21) A

What a volume,

(letters

connected

54) An

bol).

wave. 20) One- millionth of

51)

Unit of conduc-

mer

44)

Term

with 'scopes.

made (abbr.).

motion. 15)

50)

primary color

37) A coil 39)

6)

frequency modulation (abbr.).

trol is.

of

51

to

tance.

Ill Volts times am14)

49)

particular type of transducer. The electron catch er of a vacuum tube. Code that is peri-

4) A

-

used in color TV.

these .,rill burn the screen of a cathode -ray tube. Unit of loudness. number

Matching trans-

32) A

concentrated

A

31)

46)

former.

lated tool to avoid detuning effects of body capacitance. Volt- ampere (abbr.).

9)

30)

(abbr.). A circuit that can bite.

side band (abbr.). A noise made by electrons in vac um tubes. Modulation similar

Single

45)

meter rating. of transistor

Type

(abbr)

52) A

gain compensat-

ing circuit (abbr.).

53)

Output power. (letters sym-

55) C -bias

bol).

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

145

Portable Earphone Plug Box You can quickly connect various sizes and types of earphone jacks to your radio, Hi -Fi, recorder or TV set with this versatile "Jack in the Box"

_.C SEC PRI

SPEAKER IN RADIO, RECORD- PL AY ER, OR TV SET

G

OUTPUT TRANSFORMER

B

ABC

CLOSED CIRCUI PHONE JACK (CAN BE STANDARD OR MINIATURE)

-1 ¡ l

HERE'S an easy project for you Hi -Fi fans and experimenters who are so often annoyed by the fact that earphones as well as radios, record players, recorders, etc. come with non -interchangeable plugs and jacks. If you want to plug in earphones that fit one piece of equipment, into another, you may have to either cut the wire and put on a new plug, or make a special adapter -by then, the program you wanted to hear is over. Here is an unusual answer to the problem; a plug box (Fig. 1) that aecepT-s every common kind of plug. Also, it can be used to connect several earphones, or speakers at once, and will come in handy for test work and

hi -fi experimenting. Figure 1 shows a 3 x 2 x 11/4" deep hinged plastic box. In its lid are mounted two binding posts, a pair of standard phone tip jacks, and three other commonly used phone jacks. You don't need a blueprint giving sizes and locations of holes. In fact, you may want to modify the layout to fit the special needs of your equipment. Just mount the parts where you please, making sure they are not too crowded. All the holes are quickly made by reaming up to size with the small pointed end of a pen -knife blade. Wire all the plugs in parallel (Fig. 2), with 20 gage solid copper wire soldered at each connection. If the spring prongs on the large phone jack are too long, bend the ends over to fit. Solder a length of light twin lead, or twisted lead wire to the prongs of the phone jack, and bring it out through a hole in the box side. The phone box is connected to the radio, record player, or TV speaker through a circuit MATERIALS LIST-PHONE PLUG BOX Size and Description 3" long x 2" wide x plastic box with deep-hinged cover (available in 10 -cent stores, etc.) Standard single phone jack, Switchcraft .1:12B (Allied 41M-632) Miniature phone jacks of the type needed to fit your plugs

No. Req. 1

1 2

we

Standard phone tip jacks Standard binding posts, with soldering lugs to fit Shert length lightweight insulated twin -lead, or twisted -lead wire Misc. Machine screws, nuts, washers as required 2 2 1

El

SCHEMATIC

Built in less than an hour, this "Jack Box" accommodates five kinds of non -interchangeable earphone and speaker connections, permitting instant hookup of many combinations. LAFAYETTE

MS2B4 STANDARD PHONE TIP JACKS

RADIO

TINY JACK"

MINIATURE PHONE JACK

Two ORDINARY BINDING POSTS. SOLDERING LUGS UNDER NUTS

LIGHT-WEIGHT INSULSTED TWiN-LEAD,FOR CONNECTIONS TO RADIO

l

DOSAGE BARE SOLID COPPER HOOK -UP WIRE

3K2 %lá. HINGED -COVER PLASTIC BOX

Holes in plastic box lid for mounting parts are reamed up to size with small knife blade. The jacks are wired in parallel, with solid copper hook-up wire.

opening jack. When the phone box is plugged in, the speaker is off; remove the plug, and the speaker is automatically reconnected. Some ac -dc table radios ground one side of the output transformer, and of the speaker coil, directly to the chassis. If there is a wire leading from one side of the speaker coil directly to the metal chassis, your set is this type. With such a set, your earphones would be "hot" when the power plug of the radio is inserted one way into the power outlet. Eliminate the hazard simply by unsoldering the two chassis connections and wiring them directly together without electrically contacting the chassis. Before touching any chassis parts, especially of TV sets, pull the power plug, and discharge the high -voltage capacitors, which can cause fatal shock. If you are a stereo fan, you will easily be able to adapt the plug box to a "twin channel" design. A larger plastic box will provide space for mounting two sets of jacks, and the unit will make it easy to experiment. -ART TRAUFFER

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146

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Save Over $90

- Build Your Own

ELECTRIC GUITAR By J. EVANS KNAPP

Craft Print Project No. 277

Perfect formula for serenading a lovely lady: one electric guitar, playing through the phonograph connection of a table -model radio.

VERY few instruments have enjoyed the meteoric rise in popularity the guitar has in recent years. Long established as an ideal portable instrument for accompanying ballads, country and western singers, the guitar of not so many years ago still had its limitations. One was that its music was too soft to be used in orchestras (or at noisy

parties). That's not true today, thanks to the magic of electronics. For, when you hook up an amplifier to a guitar, you automatically give it the same stature as a piano -and far more versatility. You get, not only a full range of volume, but a complete control of tone -everything from throbbing base for rhythm chords to pure, treble melody notes to lead or back up the singer. You find, suddenly that guitars can "talk" sweet or sassy, soft or sharp, boogie beat or ballad strum. A good guitar deserves a good carrying case. Make the box dimensioned in Fig. 20A, using glue and 3/4 in. nails at all joints. Then, mark a line on the ends and sides 2 in. from the top and saw the box in two parts, making a top and bottom section. Sand all edges, rounding them

Electric guitar hooked up to a commercial music ampliSer. Looks as if this fellow enjoys his rock -billy crooning.

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147

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

place your guitar on top of the blocks. Mark slightly and cover the outside of both top and bottom sections with leatherette. Use waterproof around the guitar forming a pattern or outline glue or cement and wrap the leatherette around of the instrument on the balsa blocks. Allow about 1/16 in. clearance all around for the plush on the inside surface about 1/2 in. fabric covering. Remove the blocks, cut to shape Next, place 21/2 in. thick blocks of balsa along the sides and ends of the bottom section and and replace for testing. Also make up the neck block and latch, and the compart3: BRACE "A" 2 REQ. 31h' ment sides. With all of the blocks LL l cut to size, place them in the bot IIA 3- tom section together with the gui BRACE 'B' 2 REO ©" tar to see that everything fits Make any adjustments N" 3d ll a cut a 1 /16 x 3/8 rabbet re 2 1. BRACE "C" 2 REO. é along the upper edges of the 3. blocks that contact the box sides. 2r -IT3- i SAW KERF Then glue the blocks to case bot.s tom and sides. AiWhen covering the blocks with the plush fabric, cement the fabric to the tops first. Allowing i NEC h enough material to fold over the __BEADING inside edge about 1/2 in. and force the other edge down into the rabbet with a dull knife (Sec. A -A, Fig. 20). Then cement a strip WALNUT 11 TRIM around the vertical sides of the -11 blocks, allowing about 1/2 in. of BRACE 'C' ?material to fold flat against the ° bottom and turn in at the top I. SQUARES where it is sewed to the top covering. For the bottom, cut a piece of cardboard the shape of the recess, cover with fabric wrapped BACK PATTERN around the edges and cement to REVERSE PATTERN FOR TOP the bottom of the case. To line the 3inside of the top or cover, cut , BRACE 'A'\ A pieces of cardboard to cover the sides and underside of top, cover with fabric and cement (Fig. 20). Fasten the top of the case to the bottom with 1 in. brass butt i hinges, install a pair of suitcase catches and suitcase handle to the BRACE -B other side. Electric guitars are not only é more versatile, but they are far easier to play than non-electrics. But What Will It Cost? The 11111114 MR111 price of guitars ranges from $15 to $25 for a second-hand, low cost, non -electric one, up to $500 or better for a few of the electrics HOLE FOR JACK some professionals use. One ex-

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cellent commercial model electric with four volume and tone controls and about the same size as the one shown in Figure 1, costs around $136 new, with its case. In contrast, this guitar with its case will cost you about $40 to $45 for materials. You can, of course, use it with a special musical amplifier such as that shown in Fig. 3. But such amplifiers are costly, and a better

148

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

solution for the budget- minded, is to play the guitar through a radio (Fig. 1) or an old tape recorder (Fig. 11). Start construction by making a full -size drawing of the guitar body (Fig. 4), on single weight illustration board. (Because it is impossible to show these parts full size on the magazine page, full -size drawings are available. See box at end MATERIALS No.

LIST- ELECTRIC

21/4 x 10

2 pc 2 pc 2 pc

3/4 x 3/a z

x

24" pine or hemlock

form

2 pc

1/4X5x13" poplar

4 pc

1/8 x 8 x

1 pr

1" butt hinges

20" pine

or poplar

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1 BENDING FORM

6

STEAM

BOX

SEVERAL PIECES OF 24

THICK STOCK, GLUED TOGETHER TO MAKE ONE PIECE

SET-UP

case

sub-top and back case case case

suitcase catches

1

suitcase handle paste wood filler, natural transparent clear gloss varnish The above can be purchased from Craftsman Wood Service, 2729 So. Mary St.. Chicago 8, III.. or from Albert Constantine & Son Inc., 2058 Eastchester Road, New York 61, N. Y. 12 1/4 x 11/4" Alnico magnets Magnets can be purchased from Ronald Eyrich. 12720 Robin Lane, %2

HERE

Use

424x24"

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PIECE

1

side bending

55/8" six foot pine steam box 3" six foot pine steam box I/ x 16 o 20" plywood gluing clamp 1 pc 178 x 21 x 31/2" pine or hemlock neck -block 1 pc 11/e x 17/8 x 23/4" pine tailblock 2 Pc 3/I6 x 131/2 x 39" plywood case The above can be purchased from your local lumber yard. 1 pc 34 x 178 o 60" maple sides 1 pc maple overlay 1 pc 3/4 x 4 x 24" walnut overlay 1 pc 3/4 x 4 x 24" mahogany overlay 1 pc 21/2 x 43/4 x 30" maple neck 2 pc I/4 x 5 x 39" poplar case

1

CENTER SECTION

GUITAR

Size and Description

2 pc

BAR CLAMPS

Pt

1 pt

Brookfield, Wisconsin. (12 for $3.00, postpaid.) #40 Nylclad magnet wire pickup coils %2 lb 6 ft #20 single strand shielded grid wire hookups 6 ft varnished spaghetti hookup 2 1 Meg type 11.137 volume controls hookups 2 500K type 13-133 tone controls hookups 4 3/4" walnut knobs hookups 1 type 11 Little-Jars phone Jack hookups 1 type 1452 2 pole 3 pos. shorting type lever action switch hookups 2 .001 600 stock 305 Olson capacitors hookup 1 roll Scotch #33 plastic backed electrical tape The above can be purchased from Allied Radio Co., 100 N. Western Ave., Chicago 80, III. 1 pr #2140W patent or machine heads 1 2158 rosewood adjustable bridge 1 #2172 bone fingerboard nut 1 #2179 rosewood oval 251/4" scale fingerboard 1 2160 trapeze tailpiece

# #

1 set #3044 LektroMaonetic strings for the electric Spanish guitar The above numbered parts are from catalog of Continental Music, 717 Chicago Ave.. Evanston, Ill., and Atlanta, Ga., (distributors). Purchase from your local music store, or from Carvin Co., Box 287. Covina, Calif.

1

4 x 251/2" tooling leather 5/8" keeper 5g" watch band buckle No. 3202 swivel lanyard hook

1 1 pt

Lignum Vitae circle (Edgeslicker) Neat -Lac

1 pc 1

1

beeswax

lanyard lanyard lanyard lanyard lanyard lanyard lanyard

The above can be purchased from Tandy Leather Co., Box 791, Fort Worth, Texas.

1 pc 1 pc 1 pc

0/16 x 11/2 x 41/2" white opaque plastic 1/4 x 3 z 41/2" white opaque plastic I

/,6 x 61/2

x

pickup pickup pickup and pick guard be purchased from Cadillac Plastic

12" white opaque plastic

The above plastics can Co., 727 W. Lake St.. Chicago. 2 yds 36" width upholstery fabric case 3 yds 36" width Duron plastic case 28 1/4 x 4" carriage bolts gluing clamp 28 gluing clamp 1/4" thumb or wing nuts 1 box #18 3/4" wire brads case The above can be bought from your local Montgomery Ward Co.

STEAM BOX

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4- CARRIAGE BOLTS WITH WING NUTS

SECTION A -A

of

this article.)

Follow the line marked pattern line because this represents the inside surface of the body sides and is the size to which you will have to make the center portion of the bending form. With a knife, carefully cut out the drawing. Draw in the neck and tail blocks, but do not cut them out at this time. The bending form (Fig. 5) consists of five sections; one center section, and four outside sections surrounding the center section. Make the form from any soft wood you may have on hand by gluing up 21/4 in. thick pieces to make up a block 161/2 x 20 in. Use Weldwood or Elmer's Waterproof glue because the part to be bent will be moist from being steamed. Mark a centerline on the block dividing the 161/2 in. width and fasten the pattern on the center of the block with two thumbtacks. With a sharply pointed pencil, draw around the pattern and then, using a compass as a marking

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149

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

gage, draw a second line around the pattern 3';2 in. from the first line. Starting at the top of the body design as indicated in Fig. 5, saw the five bending form pieces to shape on a bandsaw or jigsaw. The material between the two lines is waste, so make your saw cuts in this waste ma-

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TOP OF

BODY 1

BACK OF BODY

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clearance for the 3/8 X % in. beading. Then saw the outside form into four sections. Make the steam box Fig. 6 next. Set it up on a low bench or box and prop up one end with some house bricks or block of wood. To generate the steam, place a tea kettle on a hot plate and attach a short length of hose over the kettle spout. Insert the other end of the hose into the steam box and stuff some rags around the hose to held it in place. You are now ready to start the actual construction of the guitar by steam bending and forming the body sides. For this you will need a ?g2 x 17,1B x 60 in. piece of maple. Since this thickness cannot be purchased, rip ain in. thick strip with a circular saw from the 3/4 x 21/4 x 60 in. piece of stock called for in the materials list. Dress this strip down on a thickness planer to s/30 in. If you do not have a planer, you can use a jointer by backing the strip with a length of scrap stock to support it

while pushing it

through the jointer. A belt sander could also be used. However, in this case rip the stock 1/2 in. thick in. and sand to

Place the finished piece on edge in the steam box and stuff the top of the box with rags. When the water in the kettle begins to boil steam will fill the box and satu-

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VOLUME AND TONE CONTROLS

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BASS- TREBLE BLEND SWITCH

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terial leaving just a trace of the penciled lines on the center and outside form sections. Two saw cuts will be required. With the center portion cut out, rou. out a 1/2 x 1/2 in. rabbet around the top corner as shown in sec. A -A of Fig. 4, to provide

1'

150

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

rate the maple strip. By the time the water in the kettle has boiled down to within 1/2 in. of the bottom the strip should be flexible enough to bend around the form. Holding the middle of the strip against the center section of the form at the bottom where the tail block will be, bend the strip around the form and clamp the #1 and #2 outside form sections in place with a bar clamp. Then continue bending the strip around the center orm and cut the ends off where they join (Fig. 4). Clamp the #3 and #4 outside form sections in place with a bar clamp. Now, carefully turn the entire form over and clamp with two more bar clamps positioned at right angles to the first bar clamps as in Fig. 5. Set the form aside for a day to dry away from artificial heat, as it might cause the strip to check and crack. In the meantime make the gluing clamp (Fig.

/

7), form two pieces of x 16 x 201/4 in. plywood. Again using the full -size pattern of the guitar body, center it on the plywood and, with a compass, draw a line around the pattern 2 in. out from the edge of the pattern. Tack the two pieces of plywood together and saw them out. With the pieces still tacked together, lay out and drill 5/16 in. holes for the 1/4 x 4 in. carriage bolts (Fig. 7).

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4

The sub -top and sub-back (Fig. 4) are next on the agenda. Although the original guitar has the inlaid cubic design on both the top and the back, you may wish to inlay the top only, in which case you need not make a sub -back. Instead, substitute the sub -back with inlay, with a single piece of I/8 in. thick maple plywood. To make the sub -top, and sub -back if you intend to inlay the bottom, glue two pieces of 1/8 x 8 x 18 in. pine or spruce together edge to edge to form a 16 x 18 in. piece. Then sand the glued -up pieces to I/IG in. thickness with a belt sander. Using the full -size pattern and a compass set at 1/8 in. lay out the body outline on the sub -top so that it will be 1/s in. oversize all around. Tack the top and back pieces together and cut to shape with a jigsaw. Then separate the pieces and, on mark the locations of braces A, B, and C in Fig. 4. Make the % x 3/8 in. braces as detailed in Fig. 4 and glue to the undersides of the back of each,

the sub -top and back.

Next, lay out the neck and tail blocks (Fig. 4) on 1% in. pine and saw them to shape. Then place the blocks in their respective positions on top the center bending form section and mark around them for cutting, cut out form, place the blocks in position and glue them to the bent side strip. Now, with the side strip and blocks in the I,r bending form, make up the 3/8 DIAMOND SHAPED MAPLE AND x 3/8 in. beading strips by cutWALNUT PIECES MAHOGANY PIECES ting 1/4 in. deep saw kerfs 1/4 CUTOUT FOR BASS PICK-UP in.

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apart as detailed in Fig.

4.

Coat the uncut side of the beading with glue and place them in the rabbet cut in the center bending form so that the glued sides contact the guitar body sides. Be sure the beading is flush with the top edges of the guitar sides and use small wedges between the beading and the rabbet sides to keep the beading in contact

with the guitar sides until the glue dries. Do not install beading on the bottom edge of the sides now. While the glue is drying, make up the guitar neck (Fig. 9) from a solid block of maple. Be sure that the maple you use for the neck is thoroughly dry because green wood will warp and shorten the life of the instrument. The edge grain should be the side of the neck

and the flat grain the top. First make full -size, cut out patterns of the neck side, top and templates, from the neck sections (Fig. 9). Be sure to make the dovetail slightly larger than the cutout for it in neck block so that the neck can be snugly

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

151

and sand edges flush with body sides. Glue the sub -bottom on later. Your next step is to overlay the top with contrasting woods as in Figs. 8 and 10. First lay out the centerline from the neck block to the tail block on the sub -top. The three pieces of hardwood (maple or holly, walnut and mahogany) that the overlays are cut from should all be exactly the same width (3/4 in.). Using a planer blade in the circular saw, rip the hardwood into 3,t2 x 3/4 in. strips. Set the miter gage at 45° and saw 150 diamond- shaped pieces (Fig. 10) from the walnut strips. Then reset the miter gage to 221/2° and cut 150 pieces each from the maple and mahogany strips. Find length A of these pieces (Fig. 10) by measuring length A on the diamond shaped pieces. Here a small tape recorder (purchased second -hand for 540) not only After cutting six or eight of these serves cs an amplifier for the guitar, but also will record what you pieces make a test assembly with play if you want to hear it later -an invaluable method for improving your playing. And, an extension speaker plugged into that Jack diamond -shaped pieces to make some on the front of the recorder will give you some stereophonic effects. sure they fit perfectly. After all the pieces are cut, start the overlay fitted to the body later. Transfer the shape of the by gluing a line of diamond -shaped walnut pieces side patterns to the maple stock first and saw from the end of the head to the butt curve at the on the centerline of the sub -top as in Fig. 10. dovetail end of the neck. Do not cut the scrap Ignore the cutouts for the pickups at this time since these openings will be cut later. Continue piece off, but back out the saw. Then make the gluing the other pieces in position, working from the head. of other cut, which is the top surface center to edges. After the glue dries, trim edges Now, using the top pattern of the neck, transfer its shape to the top of tl.e maple stock. Be- and sand flush with sides. Sand the top. To install the walnut trim around the outside ginning at the dovetail, saw to the location of the nut on both sides, back out the saw on each top edge (Fig. 4), first rout all around the top the cut. Then make cuts at right angles to the long edge %2 in. deep and to a depth 1,,j6 in. below sub -top (Sec. A -A Fig. 4). Rip saw a strip of 1/s x cuts you just made at the location of the nut, 1/4 in. walnut and place it in the steam box. removing the scrap side pieces. Also cut off the When flexible, bend it around the routed body bottom scrap piece. To make the cuts on the sides of the head square with the top surface of and secure with masking tape. After the strip the head, turn the neck bottom -side up and has dried, remove the tape and strip, apply glue transfer the shape of the head on the underside to the routed edges and again tape the walnut strip in place. When the glue dries, remove the of the neck. When sawing the neck sides, tilt the neck up so that the top surface of the head tape and sand the walnut trim strip flush with the top and sides. is flat against the jigsaw table. File the underMake cutouts in the top for pickups and mixer, side of the neck with a coarse wood rasp to the and drill the holes for the tone controls. First shape of the templates and sand. lay out the cutouts and hole locations as in Fig. Set the neck aside for the moment and remove 10 and then saw out with a deep- throat coping body the center bending form from the guitar but leave the outside bending form pieces around saw. Use a % in. machine drill for the holes. Now, set this part aside and take up the previthe body. Then glue the bottom 3/8 x 3/8 in. made neck piece. On the top side of the ously Use sides. of the body lower edge beading to the out the 7/32 in. holes and the three dialay head, masking tape to hold the beading in place. When mond- shaped walnut inlay pieces (Fig. 14). Drill the glue dries remove the body from the form the holes and rout or chisel out the head to a and carefully sand the edges of the sides and depth of 1 /16 in. for the walnut inlays. Glue the sub -top Place the beadings square and flush. inlays in place and sand flush. on the body arranging it so the edges of the top Fasten the neck to the body so that the cenproject about ?he in. beyond the sides all around. Since the braces on the underside of the sub - terline of the neck and the centerline of the body are in perfect alignment. This is very important top rest against the beading, mark and file the because a slight discrepancy will throw the beading to provide clearance for the braces. The underside of sub -top must fit flat against the strings completely out of alignment and the beading. Glue the sub-top to the body and clamp strings will not come over the fingerboard where they belong. Use a combination coarse and fine in gluing clamp (Fig. 7) by tightening all thumb rasp to fit the dovetail on the neck to dovetail nuts down snug. Remove from clamp when dry

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152

RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER (HOLE

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1/4 in. dia. magnets 11/4 in. long by inserting the magnets through the 1,/4 in. holes. Cement magnets in place with household cement. Now, wrap one turn of Scotch #33 electrical tape around all six magnets forming a core on which to wind a coil. Thread an 8 in. length of #20 shielded grid wire through one of the 1/16 in. holes in piece B and solder the end of a spool of #40 Nylclad heavy magnet wire to the #20 wire. Wind the #40 wire around all of the magnets at once in even layers to form a coil. It will take about 3,500 ft. of magnet wire, or about 6,500 turns on the coil which should test approximately 3,700 ohms on an ohmmeter. If you do not have an ohmmeter, have the coil tested at your local radio repair shop. Complete the coil by soldering the end of the coil to another 8 in. length of #20 shielded grid wire, threaded through the other 1/16 in. hole, and wrap four turns of #33 electrical tape around the entire coil. Make the top piece (C in Fig. 12) from 1/16 in. thick plastic, cut out the center and tightly fit a piece of stainless steel into the opening. Ce-

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in the body. The top surface of 14 the neck should be a HEAD PIECE INLAY slight angle with the AND PATENT HEAD WALNUT INLAYS top surface of the body LAYOUT when tested with a I2ñ straightedge as in Fig. 15. If you file away too much stock, use wooden shims to fill in BODY NECK STRAIGHT EDGE where needed. When you are satisfied with a ALIGNING GUITAR NECK TO BODY good fit, glue the neck to the body with Weldwood glue and let dry. ment in place if necessary. Also make up piece Before fastening the back of the body in place, D in Fig. 12 and place over the coil under piece make and install the electrical parts that go inA. Place piece C on top of piece A and tape the side the body. Starting with the treble pickup, three pieces together. Then drill the 1/4 in. holes make piece A from 1/4 in. plastic and piece B for the #5 x 3/4 in. rh screws. from 1/4 in. plastic according to dimensions given The bass or chord pickup (Fig. 13) is similar in Fig. 16. When drilling the 1/4 in. holes for the to the treble pickup with the exception that the Alnico magnets, center piece B on top of piece magnets project 1/4 in. below the bottom piece B A, tape together and drill through both pieces and no riser piece is used. Wind the coil with at once. Assemble both pieces at opposite ends 6,900 turns of #40 Nylclad magnet wire. The IÉ

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.-,. RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

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coil should test at about 4,000 ohms. Next sand the top with #8 wet or dry sandpaper using it dry. Then

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and mount the phone jack. Although switch is set into the opening cut in 6 is actually fastened to the pick guard. 2 POLE pick guard of 1/16 in. thick white 3PO5110N SPORTENG opaque plastic as detailed in Fig. 16A. Fasten the STIPE LEVER ACTION SaITCH mixer switch to the guard and fasten the guard to the body top with three screws. With all of the electrical parts in place, hook them up with soldered connections using #20 single- strand, shielded grid wire in varnished JACKS spaghetti according to the wiring diagram as shown in Fig. 17. Fitting the back of the body in place is your next step. Use a pad r of old blankets to lay the instrument on while you are working NECK-BLOCK on the back. If you do not intend to inlay the back as you did the top, make the back of ?/B in. maple plywood. If you do intend to inlay the back use the previously cut \ BEADING 1/16 in. thick subback. Lay out the hand hole opening (Fig. 18) BRACE "C ".,\ on the back piece and saw it out with a fine jeweler's saw blade in a coping saw. This opening will 18 provide access to the electrical FOR HAND HOLE_ wiring in the event servicing is i LAYOUT ON BACK OF BODY / required. Fit braces A, B and C in Fig. 18, trimming the 3's x 3/$ in. beading where needed as you BRACE "A ` did for the top of the body. Be sure to install the % x % in. vertical braces between the top and bottom center braces on each side BASS PICK UP CONTROL of the pickup hole cut in the body top as in Sec. A-A, Fig. 4. 4ND HOLE Now, glue the back piece to the COVER body and clamp with the gluing clamp as you did when gluing the TREBLE PICK UP top. The inside of one piece of CONTROL the gluing clamp will have to be BRACE" B" cut out to clear the pickups and switches protruding on the top of zs2XéFH SCREWS the body. Tape the piece you cut (4 PLACES) out for the hand hole in place and glue the inlay pieces in position as you did on the top. When you TAIL-BLOCK come to the edges of the hand in Fig. 4) the mixer the top, it Make the

1

transoarent paste

dry, again sand with #8 sandpaper and apply a coat of clear gloss varnish. Only varnish the top at this time, being careful that the varnish does not run down the sides. After the varnish dries, sand with #8 wet or dry sandpaper, using it we-_ Now, mount the pickups, tone and volume controls and mixer switch to the top in their proper places as shown in Fig. 10. Then drill a 3/8 in. hole through the lower, right hand side (shown

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RADIO-TV EXPERIMENTER

154

hole, cut the pieces of inlay to conform to the opening and glue in place. Place a piece of paper between the cut edges of the inlay pieces so that the hand -hole cover will not become glued shut. When finished, fasten cover to body with four #2x1 in. fh screws, countersunk. Trim and sand the edges of the back flush with the sides and sand the inlaid surface flat and smooth. Then rout out the edge for the walnut binding and install the binding as you did around the top. The fingerboard and bone nut which are purchased parts need only be trimmed to fit as is shown in Fig. 9. The 12th fret should be 12% in. from the bone nut. Glue in place on the neck. When dry, sand and finish the back, sides and neck as you did the top. Use paste wood filler on the inlay surface only and do not apply any type of finish on the fingerboard or nut. When the first coat of varnish has dried, wet sand the

entire instrument, except the fingerboard and nut, and apply two more coats of varnish, sanding between coats. The final coat of varnish can be rubbed down with 2/0 pumice and rottenstone. WRAP LEATHERETTE OUTSIDE -

-

You can make the tail piece or purchase one at your local music store. To make one, draw the one shown in Fig. 16B full -size on paper and transfer to 12 gage stainless steel. Saw this out with a metal- cutting blade on a scroll saw. Drill the holes and bend to shape. Also make the tail-piece loop (Fig. 16B). Then mount the tail piece and loop to the guitar body so that the center of the six drilled holes for the strings is exactly in line with the body centerline. The leather lanyard can also be purchased or you can make your own according to the dimensions given in Fig. 19. Next, install the purchased patent or machine heads to the underside of the neck head as in Fig. 13. To string up your instrument, use LektroMagnetic strings for the electric Spanish guitar. After stringing, set the rosewood adjustable bridge in place. Since this instrument is made on the 25 -1/4 in. scale, the bridge will be 12% in. from the 12th fret on the fingerboard. You are now ready to tune your guitar.

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Craft Print No. 277 in enlarged size for building the Electric Guitar is available at $2. Order by print number. To avoid possible loss of coin or currency in the mails. we suggest you remit by check or money order (no C.O.D.'s or stamps) to Craft Print Dept. 226, SCIENCE AND MECHANICS, 450 East Ohio Street, Chicago 11, Illinois. Please allow three to four weeks for delivery. To obtain our Craft Print Catalog -which contains descriptions of 196 different plans -send us 2O (includes 1O for postage and handling).

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155

RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

Why Does the tamp Light? For an interesting electrical ex-

25 WATT OR SMALLER

115V periment, take a paper capacitor of LAMP 2 7nfd or larger 2 MFD from your junk OR LARGER 115V AC PAPER box. Do not use POWER OUTLET CAPACI TOR an electrolytic capacitor in this setup as it may explode. Paper capacitors were extensively used in the power units of early radios and are still extensively used in modern amateur transmitters, so such a paper capacitor should not be hard to find. Test the capacitor by connecting an ohmmeter across its terminals. If the capacitor is good, the ohmmeter will indicate (after a quick "kick ") an open circuit through the unit. Now connect your capacitor in series with a cleat lamp socket and screw in a 25 -watt, or smaller, bulb. When you connect the series combination to the ac power line, you will note that the bulb lights up, although not at full brilliance. Since the ohmmeter had just shown us that the capacitor is an open circuit, how, then, can the lamp light? A capacitor is made of two separate conducting sheets with a good insulating substance (such as TO

oiled paper) between them. Practically, no electrons can move through the paper to complete the circuit between the plates, yet an ac current passes. Although the ohmmeter indicated an open circuit through the capacitor, the needle did "kick" when the test leads were first applied. This kick is the clue to our apparent paradox; it represents electrical energy flowing in to charge the capacitor. A good capacitor may thus retain a stored charge for hours. The electrical energy in this charge may he nearly completely recovered from the capacitor. The voltage across the ac power line periodically reverses itself 60 (50 in some parts of the country) times per second. Now, when a capacitor is connected across such a line it is forced to charge and discharge twice during each complete reversal, or 120 times each second. Each time it charges or discharges, electrons move through its connecting wires. Since our lamp is connected in one of these wires, this charge- discharge current causes it to light. This principle is universally applied to separate ac from do (unchanging) currents throughout vacuum-tube and transistor circuits. -C. F. RocxuY.

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RADIO -TV EXPERIMENTER

25 Years Ago in Radio AQUARTER of a century ago, White's Radio Log was 12 years old and commercial broadcasting itself was not much older. Yet as these pages reproduced from the March 1934 issue of White's show, broadcasting was even then a healthy medium of entertainment. Some of the programs popular in 1934 are still on the air (and most of 1934's sponsors are still going

strong) Indeed, the programming of the Thirties may seem to many to have been radio's golden age, flawed possibly by immaturity, but lusty and vital all the same. Here -for those of you old enough to remember -is what you were listening to 25 years ago. And here-for those of you who missed it -is what your fathers heard, and grow nostalgic about today. .

NETWORK RADIO PROGRAMS OF MARCH 1934 C.. CBS Network Stations. N.F., WEAF: N.Z., WJZ -both NBC Networks. Eastern Stand-

ard Time used exclusively. Sponsors' names appear in parentheses.

Monday, 9:00 p.m., N.F. & P Gypsies (Great A & P Tea Co.) Friday, 9:00 p.m., N.F. Abe Lyman's Orch.: Frank Munn (Sterling Products) Shooters Straight his Ralston (Ralston Purina Co.), Mix and of Tom Adventures Mon. -Wed. -Fri., 5:30 p.m., also Wed. -Fri., 6:30 p.m., N.F. Sunday, 4:00 p.m., N.Z. Albert Payson Terhume (Spratts Ptd., Ltd.) Wednesday, 8:30 p.m., C. Albert Spalding (Fletcher's Castoria) Sunday, 9:30 p.m., N.F. American Album of Familiar Music (Bayer Co., Inc.) Sunday, 7:00 p.m., C. American Revue (American Oil Co. ) Daily except Sat. do Sun., 7 p.m., also western, 11:00 p.m., N.Z. Amos 'n' Andy (Pepsodent Co.) Sunday, 8:00 p.m., C. An Evening in Paris (Bourjois Sales Corp.) Friday, 9:30 p.m., N.Z. Armour Program, featuring Phil Baker (Armour Co.) Sunday, 12:15 p.m., N.Z. Baby Rose Marie (Tasty Yeast, Inc.) Sunday, 2:00 p.m., N.Z. Bar X Days and Nights (Health Products Co.) Orchestra (Premier -Pabst Sales 9 Co.), Tues., p.m., 12 midnight, N.F. Ben Bernie's Blue Ribbon Review (Plough, Wednesday, Inc.) Meroff'a 10 p.m., N.Z. Benny Daily except Sat. & Sun., 4:00 p.m., N.Z. Betty and Bob (General Mills, Inc.) Wednesday, 11:30 a.m., N.F. Betty Moore, Interior Decorator (Benjamin Moore & Co.) Sunday, 5:00 p.m., N.F. Big Ben Dream Drama (Western Clock Co.) Sunday, 2:30 p.m., C. Big Hollywood Show (Phillips Dental Magnesia) Monday, 9:30 p.m., C. Big Show (Ex -Lax Co.) Co.). Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 10:15 a.m., C. Bill and Ginger (C. F. Mueller A

.

Daily except Saturday, 7:15 p.m., N.F. Billy Bachelor (Wheatena Corp.) Monday, 8:30 p.m., C. Bing Crosby, Gus Anaheim's Orch., Mills Bros. (John Woodbury Co.) Daily except Sat. & Sun., 7:45 p.m., C. Boake Carter (Philco Radio & Television Corp.) Bobby Benson and Sunny Jim (Hecker H -O Co.) Daily except Sat. & Sun., 6:15 & 8:15 p.m., C. Broadway Melodies (American Home Products Corp.) Sunday, 2:00 p.m., C. Mon., Tues., Wed., Thurs., 8:00 & 7:30 p.m., C. Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (Cocomalt) Motor (Buick Co.) Presenta Monday Buick & Thursday, 9:15 p.m., C. Byrd Expedition Broadcast (General Foods Corp.) Saturday, 10:00 p.m., C. Cadillac Concert (Cadillac Motor Car Co.) Sunday, 6:00 p.m., N.Z. Tuesday & Thursday, 10:00 p.m., C: Camel Caravan (R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.) Thursday, 9:00 p.m., N.F. Capt. Henry's Maxwell House Show Boat (General Foods Corp.) .. Carborundum Band (Carborundum Co.) Saturday, 9:30 p.m., C. (Lavons Co.) Tuesday & Thursday, 11:15 a.m., C. Charm Secrets Sunday, 8:00 p.m., N.F. Chase & Sanborn Hour (Standard Brands, Inc.) Chevrolet Program (Chevrolet Motor Co.) Sunday, 10:00 p.m., N.F. .. Friday, 8:00 p.m., N.F. Cities Service Program (Cities Service Co.) Daily except Sat. & Sun., 10:15 a.m., N.Z. Clara. Lu 'n' Em (Colgate- Palmolive -Peet Co.) Tuesday & Thursday, 11:30 a.m., N.F. Climalene Carnival (The Climalene Co.) Wednesday, 10:30 p.m., N.Z. Conoco Travel Adventures (Continental Oil Co.) Program (Carnation Milk) Monday, 10:00 p.m., N.F. Contented Sunday, 2:30 p.m., N.F. Cook Travelogues (Thomas Cook & Son) Monday, Wednesday, Friday, 11:00 a.m., C. Cooking Close -Ups (Pillsbury Flour Mills Wednesday, 10 p.m., N.F. Corn Cob Pipe Club of Virginia (Larus & Brothers Co.).... Cruise of the Seth Parker (Frigidaire Corp.) Tuesday, 10:00 p.m., N.F. Wednesday and Friday, 8:30 p.m., N.Z. Dangerous Paradise (John H. Woodbury Co.) Thursday, 9:00 p.m., N.Z. Death Valley Days (Pacific Coast Borax Co.) (California Joy Packing Corp.) Ship of Monte Monday, 9:30 p.m., N.F. Del Monday, 8:30 p.m., N.Z. Djer Kiss Recital (Vadsco Sales Corp.) Thurs., Fri., Sat., 7:15 p.m., N.Z. Don Quixote Dramatization (Jeddo- Highland Coal Co.) Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, 1:30 p.m., C. Easy Aces (Wyeth Chemical Co.) Tues., Thurs., Sat., 9:30 p.m., N.Z. Eddie Duchin and his Orchestra (Pepsodent Co.) Daily except Saturday & Sunday, 8:15 & 11:30 p.m., C. Edwin C. Hill (Barbasol Co.) S. Ritchie Tuesday at Wednesday, 8 p.m., N.Z. $ Co.) Eno Crime Clues (Harold Friday, 10:00 p.m., N.F. First Nighter (Campana Corp.) W. Fitch Co.) Sunday, 7:45 p.m., N.F. (F. Program Fitch .

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157

Thursday, 8:00 p.m., N.F. Fleischmann Hour (Standard Brands, Inc.) Forty -five Minutes in Hollywood (Borden Co.) Saturday, 8:00 p.m., C. J. Inc.) Fox, Fox Fur Trappers (I. Tuesday, 7:30 p.m., N.P. m and Julia Sanderson (General Baking Co.) Sunday, 5:30 p.m., C. Frank Crumit Wednesday, 9:30 p.m., N.F. Fred Allen's Sal Hepatica Revue (Bristol -Myers Co.) Sunday, 8:30 p.m., Thursday, 9:30 p.m., C. Fred Waring's Pennsylvanians (Ford Motor Co-) Tues., Thurs. & Sat., 11:00 a.m., N.F. Galaxy of Stars (Red Star Yeast & Products Co.) Sunday, 10:30 a.m., N.F. Garden of Tomorrow (Tennessee Corp.) Sun., 2:45 p.m., N.F., Wed., 7:15 p.m., N.Z. Gems of Melody (Carleton & Hovey Co.) Gene Arnold and the Commodores (Crazy Crystals Water Co.), Sun., Wed., Fri., 2:00 p.m., N.F., Mon. do Thurs., 12 noon, N.Z. Daily except Saturday & Sunday, 7:45 p.m., N.F. Goldbergs (Pepsodent Co.) Sunday, 6:30 p.m., N.Z. Grat.d Hotel (Campana Corp.) Sunday, 9:00 p.m., N.Z. Gulf Headliners (Gulf Refining Co.) Sunday, 10:30 p.m., N.F. Hall of Fame (Lehn & Fink Products Co.) Monday, Wednesday & Friday, 8:00 p.m., C. Happy Bakers (Continental Baking Co.) Sunday, 4:30 p.m., N.F. Hoover Sentinels Concert (The Hoover Co.) Horlick's Adventures in Health (Horlick Malted Milk Co.), Tuesday & Thursday, 8:30 p.m., Tuesday, 11:45 p.m., N.Z. Tuesday, 9:00 p.m., N.Z. Household Musical Memories (Household Finance Corp.) Wednesday, 9:00 p.m., N.F. Ipana Troubadours (Bristol -Myers Co.) Sun., 3:15 p.m., Wed., 7:45 p.m., N.Z. Irene Bich in Hollywood (Welch Grape Juice Co.) Jack Armstrong, All American Boy (General Mills, Inc.) Daily except Sun., 6:30 & 6:30 p.m. C. Jack Frost's Melody Moments (National Sugar Refining Co.) Monday, 9:30 p.m., N.Z. Jane Ellison 's Magic Recipes (The Borden Sales Co.) Wednesday, 11:45 a.m., C. Jack Pearl (Standard Brands, Inc.) Wednesday, 8:00 p.m., N.F. Joan Marrow (J. W. Marrow Mfg. Co.) Tuesday & Thursday, 1:15 p.m., C. Jergens Program (Andrew Jergens Co.) Sunday, 9:30 do 11:15 p.m., N.Z. Josephine Gibson Hostess Council (H. J. Heinz Co.) Mon., Wed., Fri., 10:00 a.m., N.Z. Judy and Jane (J. A. Folger & Co.) Daily except Saturday & Sunday, 2:30 p.m., N.F. Just Plain Bill (Kolynos Sales Co.) Daily except Saturday d: Sunday, 2:00 & 7:16 p.m. C. Lady Esther Serenade (Lady Esther Co.) Sun., 3:00 p.m., Tues. & Wed., 8:30 p.m., Ñ.F. Sunday, 1:30 p.m. C. Lazy Dan, the Minstrel Man (American Home Products Corp.) Tuesday, 8:00 p.m., N.F. Leo Reisman's Orch. with Phil Duey (Philip Morris do Co.) Friday, 9:00 p.m., N.Z. Let's Listen to Harris (Northam Warren Corp.) Sunday, 1:00 p.m., N.F. Little Miss Bab-O's Surprise Party (B. T. Babbitt Co., Inc.) Little Italy (Delaware, Lack. & Western Coal Co.) Tuesday & Thursday, 6:45 p.m. C. Little Orphan Annie (Wander Co.) Daily except Sunday, 5:46 p.m., 6:45 p.m., Ñ.Z. Lowell Thomas (Sun Oil Co.) Daily except Saturday & Sunday, 6:45 p.m., N.Z. Tuesday, 10:30 p.m., N.F. Madam Sylvia of Hollywood (Ralston Purina Co.) Sunday, 1:30 p.m., N.F. Maltex Program (Malted Cereals Co.) Sunday, 9:00 p.m., N.F. Manhattan Merry -Go -Round (R. L. Watkins Co.) Marie the Little French Princess (Affiliated Prod., Inc.), Tues., Wed., Thurs., Fri., 1:00 p.m., O. Friday, 8:30 p.m., C. March of Time (Remington Rand, Inc.) Metropolitan Opera Broadcast (American Tobacco Co.) Saturday, 1:45 p.m., N.F. & N.Z. Tuesday, 9:30 p.m., O. Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra (General Household Utility Co-) Molle Show (The Molle Co.) Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, 7:30 p.m., N.F. Music by Gershwin (Health Products Corp.) Monday & Friday 7:30 p.m., N.Z. Music on the Air with Jimmy Kemper (Tide Water Oil Sales Co.), Mon., Wed., Fri., 7:30 p.m., O. Myrt & Marge (Wm. Wrigley, Jr., Co.) Daily except Sat. & Sun. 7:00 & 10:45 p.m. O. Mystery Chef (B.. B. Davis Co.) Tues. & Thurs., 9:45 a.m., C.; Wed. & Fri., 9:00 a.m., Ñ.Z. Sunday, 9:45 p.m., N.L. Nat Shilkret and his Salon Orchestra (Smith Bros.) Saturday, 11:00 p.m., N.L. National Barn Dance (Dr. Miles Laboratories) Friday, 8:00 p.m., N.Z. Nestle's Chocolate (Lamont- Corlise & Co.) Wednesday, 10:00 p.m., C. Old Gold Program (P. Lorillard Co.) Oldsmobile Presents (Old'e Motor Works) Tuesday do Friday, 9:15 p.m., C. 0:01 Feature (J. L. Prescott Co.) Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, 5:45 p.m., O. Oxyd.ol's Own Ma Perkins (Procter & Gamble Co.), Daily except Saturday & Sunday, 3:00 & 4:30 p.m., N.P. Sunday, 10:00 p.m., O. Patri's Dramas of Childhood (Cream of Wheat Corp.) Thursday, 10 p.m., N.F. Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra (Kraft Phenix Cheese Corp.) Pet Milky Way (Pet Milk Sales Corp.) Tuesday & Thursday, 11:00 a.m., O. Daily except Sunday, 9:00 p.m., C. Philadelphia Orchestra (Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co.) Co. -Pepto Mangan) Sunday, 10:45 a.m., C. Playboys (M. J. Breiten-Bach Wednesday, 10:00 p.m., N.Z. Plough's Musical Cruiser (Plough, Inc.) Friday, 9:30 p.m., N.Y. Pond's Program (Lamont- Corllss & Co.) .. Saturday, 9:30 p.m., C. Pontiac Presents (Buick -Oldsmobile- Pontiac Sales Co.) Sunday, 4:30 p.m., Monday, 10:30 p.m., N.L. Princess Pat Players (Princess Pat, Ltd.) Saturday, 9:00 p.m., N.L. Pure 011 Program (Pure Oil Co.) Sunday, 7:00 p.m., N.Z. Real Silk Show (Real Silk Hosiery Mills) Sketch (Beech -nut Packing Co.) Mon., Wed. & Fri., 8:45 p.m., N.Z. Red Davis, Dramatic Marvelous Friday, 9:30 p.m., O. Melodies Presents (Hudnut Co., Inc.) Sales Richard Hudnut Sunday, 7:45 p.m., O. Rin Tin Tin Thriller (Chappel Bros. Inc.-Bien -L- Ration) Sunday, 2:30 p.m., N.Z. Rings of Melody (Perfect Circle Co.)' Daily except Sat. & dun., 2:15 p.m., C. Romance of Helen Trent (Edna Wallace Hopper Inc.) Sunday, 5:00 p.m., C. Boses and Drums (Union Central Life Ins. Co.) Saturday, 10:00 p.m., N.F. Saturday Night Terraplane Party (Hudson Motor Car Co.) (Sealed Power Corp.) Monday, 8:00 p.m. & 12 midnight, N.Y. Sealed Power Side Show Sunday, 9:00 p.m., C. Seven Star Revue (Corn Products Refining Co.) Corp.) Dust (Gold Tuesday, Thursday k Saturday, 7:50 p.m., C. Silver Dust _

.

..

_

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RAPIO TV

EY.

-'"'`: 7:723

Sinclair Greater Minstrels (Sinclair Refining Co.) Monday, 9:00 p.m., N.L. Singing Lady (Kellogg Co.) Daily except Saturday & Sunday, 5:30 p.m., 6:30 p.m., N.L. Skippy (Phillips Dental Magnesia) Daily except Satur>ay & Sunday at 6:00 & 8:00 p.m., O. Smiling Ed McConnell (Acme White Lead & Color Works), Sunday, 8:30 p.m., Wednesday & Friday, 12:30 p.m., C. Soconyland Sketch (Standard Oil Co. of N. Y.) Monday, 800 80 p.m., N.F. Songs Your Mother Used to Sing (Wyeth Chen foal Co.) 8 p.m., O. Stamp Adventurer's Club (Louden Packing Co.) Thursday, 5:45 & 6:45 p.m., O. Sweetheart Melodies (Manhattan Soap Co.) Thursday, 11:30 a.m., N.P. Swift Garden Program (Swift & Co.) Sunday, 3:30 p.m., N.F. Swift Review (Swift & Co.) Friday, 10 p.m., O. Talkie Picture Time (Luxor, Ltd.) Sunday, 5:30 p.m., N.P. Texaco Fire Chief Band; Ed Wynn (Texas Co.) Tuesday, 9:30 p.m., N.P. Tito Guizar's Mid -day Serenade ( Brillo Mfg. Co.) Sunday, 12:30 p.m., O. Today's Children (Pillsbury Flour Mills Co.) Daily except Sat. & Sun., 10:30 a.m., N.L. Tony Wons with Keenan & Philips (S. C. Johnson & Son) Tues. & Thurs., 11:30 a.m., C. Tower Health Exercises (Metropolitan Life Ina. Co.) Daily except Sun., 6:45 to 8:00 a.m., N.P. Trade & Mark (Smith Brothers, Inc.) Saturday, 8:45 p.m. C. True Story Court of Human Relations (True Story Pub. Co.) Sunday, 7:00 p.m., Ñ.F. Voice of Firestone (Firestone Tire & Rubber Co.) Monday, 8:30 & 11:30 p.m., N.F. Voice of Romance (Rieser Co., Inc.) Saturday 6:15 p.m., C. Warden Lawes in "20,000 Years in Sing Sing" (Wm. R. Warner Co.) Wed., 9 p.m., N.Z. Ward's Family Theatre (Ward Baking Co.) Sunday, 6:45 & 7:30 p.m., O. Waves of Romance (Rieser & Co.) Sunday, 5:15 p.m., N.F. Wayne King's Orchestra (Lady Esther Co.) Monday, 10:00 p.m., C. White Owl Program (General Cigar Co.) Wednesday, 9:30 p.m., C. Wildroot Institute (Wildroot Co.) Sunday, 4:15 p.m., N.F. Will Osborne and His Orchestra (Corn Products Refining Co.) Mon., Wed., Fri., 10:45 a.m., C. Wizard of Oz (General Food Corp.) Monday, Wednesday & Friday, 5:45 p.m., N.F. Vince Program with John McCormack (Wm. R. Warner Co.) Wednesday, 9:30 p.m., N.L. Voice of Experience (Wasey Products, Inc.), Daily except Sun., 12 noon; also Tues., 8:30 & 11:45 p.m., Thurs., 8:30 p.m., C. Yeast Foamers (Northwestern Yeast Co.) Sunday, 3:30 p.m., N.Z. Ye Happy Minstrel and Tiny Band (Wheatena Corp.), Mon., Wed., Sat., 6:45 p.m.; Tues. & Thurs., 4:45 p.m., C. Zoel Parentesu's Orchestra (Worcester Salt Co.) Friday, 6:45 p.m., C. .

_

Mir

For some auditors, listening to a favorite program was a ritual. At 7:00, for example, everyone stopped everything and the country lis-

tened to Amos 'n' Andy. Here are the programs of a typical 1934 weeknight (Wednesday in this instance), and the times you tuned them in.

6:45 to 8:00 a.m. Tower Health Exercises N.F. 9:00 a.m. The Mystery Chef N.Z. 10:00 a.m. Josephine Gibson Hostess Council, N.Z. 10:15 a.m. Bill and Ginger C. 10:15 a.m. Clara, Lu 'n' Em _ N.Z. 10:30 a.m. Today's Children N.Z. 10:45 a.m. Will Osborne and his Orch. C. 11:00 a.m. Cooking Close -Ups C. 11:30 a.m. Betty Moore, Interior Decorator N.F. 11:45 a.m. Jane Ellison's Magic Recipes C. 12:00 noon. Gene Arnold and the Commodores, N.F. 12:00 noon. The Voice of Experience C. 12:30 p.m. Smiling Ed McConnell C. 1:00 p.m. Marie, the Little French Princess C. 1:30 p.m. Easy Aces C. 2:00 p.m. Just Plain Bill C. 2:15 p.m. Romance of Helen Trent C. 2:30 p.m. Judy and Jane N.F. 3:00 p.m. Oxydol's Program N.F. 4:00 p.m. Betty and Bob N.Z. 4:30 p.m. Oxydol's Program N.F. 5:00 p.m. Skippy C. 5:30 p.m. Adventures of Tom Mix N.F. 5:30 p.m. Jack Armstrong, All American Boy, C. 5:30 p.m. Singing Lady N.Z. 5:45 p.m. Little Orphan Annie N.Z. 5:45 p.m. The Oxol Feature C. 5:45 p.m. Wizard of Oz N.F. 6:00 p.m. Buck Rogers in the 25th Century C. 6:00 p.m. Skippy C. 6:15 p.m. Bobby Benson and Sunny Jim C. 6:30 p.m. Adventures of Tom Mix N.F. 6:30 p.m. Household Music Box C. 6:30 p.m. Jack Armstrong, All American Boy, C. 6:30 p.m. Singing Lady N.Z. 6:45 p.m. Little Orphan Annie N.Z. 6:45 p.m. Lowell Thomas N.Z. 6:45 p.m. Ye Happy Minstrel & Tiny Band C. 7:00 p.m. Amos 'n' Andy N.Z.

7:00 p.m. Myrt and Marge C. 7:15 p.m. Billy Batchelor N.F. 7:15 p.m. Gems of Melody N.Z. 7:15 p.m. Just Plain Bill C. 7:30 p.m. Buck Rogers in the 25th Century C. 7:30 p.m. The Molle Show N.F. 7:30 p.m. Music on the Air with Jimmy Kemper C. 7:45 p.m. Boake Carter C. 7:45 p.m. Goldberg's N.F. 7:45 p.m. Irene Rich in Hollywood N.Z. 8:00 p.m. Eno Crime Clues N.Z. 8:00 p.m. Happy Bakers C. 8:00 p.m. Royal Gelatin Review with Jack Pearl N.F. 8:15 p.m. Bobby Benson and Sunny Jim C. 8:15 p.m. Edwin C. Hill, "The Human Side of the News" C. 8:30 p.m. Albert Spalding C. 8:30 p.m. Dangerous Paradise N.Z. 8:30 p.m. Lady Esther Serenade N.F. 8:45 p.m. "Red Davis" Dramatic Sketch N.Z. 9:00 p.m. Ipana Troubadours N.F. 2:00 p.m. Philadelphia Orchestra C. 9:00 p.m. Warden Lawes in "20,000 Years in Sing Sing" N.Z. 9:30 p.m. Fred Allen's Revue N.F. 9:30 p.m. Vince Program with John McCormack N.Z. 9:30 p.m. White Owl Program C. 10:00 p.m. Plough's Musical Cruiser N.Z. 10:00 p.m. Corn Cob Pipe Club _ N.F. 10:00 p.m. Old Gold Program C. 10:30 p.m. Conoco Adventures N.Z. 10:45 p.m. Myrt and Marge C. 11:00 p.m. Amos 'n' Andy N.Z. 11:30 p.m. Edwin C. Hill, "The Human Side of the News" C.

.

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toot

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MARA

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159

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Kinks like this

on-

Salvaging Flashlights Since a flashlight switch is riveted to the case, and the interior of the case is hard to get at for repairs, it is simpler to ignore the original switch entirely when it is broken or badly worn and install a simple substitute switch. Do this by BRASS NUT

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/BRASS

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REFLECTOR

drilling a hole in the case close to the reflector, soldering a square or hexagon nut over the hole, and twisting a roundhead machine screw into the nut. To light the lamp, simply turn the screw clockwise until the end of the screw contacts the reflector. This provides the necessary connection from the case to the reflector, as the reflector is usually in contact with the lamp base but not the case. To turn off the lamp, back up the screw. If you do it yourself around the home, you'll want a copy of the 1960 edition of 1001 How -to Ideas (Vol. 2, No. 564). Compiled by the editors of Science and Mechanics Magazine -The Magazine That Shows You How-1001 How -to Ideas contains tested tips and shortcuts that will save you

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WHITE'S RADIO LOG

/

,

An up -to -date broadcasting directory AM, FM, TV and Short -Wave Stations

I Vol. 37

No.1

Every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of the information listed in this publication, but absolute accuracy is not guaranteed and, of course, only information available up to press-time could be included. Copyright 1960 by Science and Mechanics Publishing Co., o subsidiary of Davis Publications, Inc., 450 East Ohio St., Chicago 11,111.

QUICK REFERENCE INDEX U.S.

and Canadian AM Stations by Frequency

161

Canadian AM Stations by Location U.S. and Canadian AM Stations by Call Letters Canadian Short -Wave Stations World -Wide Short -Wave Stations United States FM Stations Canadian FM Stations United States Television Stations Canadian Television Stations U.S. and

U. S. and Canadian AM Stations U.S. stations listed Wave Length

Wave Length 560 -535.4

W.P. Kc.

540 -555.5 CBK Retina, Sask.

VIP Ridding. Calif, - "FMB San Diego, Calif. K

Wt1TO Cypress Gardens.

WDAK Columbus.

50000 I000d 5000

Florida 50000d

Ga.

5000

BRV Soda Springs. Idaho 500d KWMT Ft. Dodge. Iowa I000d WDVM Pocomnke City, Md. 500d K

WCNG Canonsburg. Pa. WDXN Clarksville. Tenn, WRIC Richlands, Va.

250d 250d I000d

550 -545.1 CFNB Fredericton, N.B. CFBR Sudbury, Ont. CH LN Tt ree

Rivers. Que. CKPG Piinne George. B.C.

KENI Anchorage. Alaska hoenix,

Ari,.

;411.P Bnkersfleld,

Calif.

KRAI Craig, Calo, WGGA Gainesville, Ga. KMVI Wailuku. Hawaii KFRM Concordia, Kansas WCBI Co umbus, ss,

HSD St. Louis. Mn. KOPR Bitte, Mont. WGR Buffalo. N.Y. WORM Statesville. N.C.

KFYR Bismarck. N.Dak. WKRC Cincinnati. Ohio KOAC Co callus, Orrg. W

H

LM Bloomsburg,

Pa,

WPAB Pence, P.R. WPAW Pawtucket. R.I,

KCRS Mi !land. Tex. KTSA Sar: Antonio, Tex.

WDEV Waterbury, Vt. WSVA Harrisonburg, Va. WSAU Wausau, WIS,

178 185

186 188 190 190 191

by Frequency

alphabetically by states within groups, Canadian stations precede

Abbreviations: Kc., frequency in kilocycles; W.P., watt power; Kc.

170

50000 1000

5000 250 5000 5000 1000 1000

5000 non I

5000d

d- operates daytime

W.P. Kc.

Wave Length

W.P.

KBN Youngstown. Ohio 50 00 WNAX Yankton. S.Dak. 5000 CF RA Ottawa, Ont. 5000 WFAA Dallas, Tex. 50 00 C1 KL Kirkland Lake, Ont. 5000 WBAP Ft. Worth. Tex. 50 00 CFOS Owen Sound. Ont. 1000 KLUB Salt Lake City. Utah 50 00 WOOF Dnthan, Ala. Stood KVI Seattle, Wash, 50 00 KYUM Yuma, Ariz, 1000 WMAM Marinette, Wis. 2 50 KSFO San Fran., Calif. 5000 KLZ Denver. Coln. 5000 580 WQAM Miami, Fla. 1000 5000 CFCL Timmins. Ont. WIND Chicago. Ill, 5000 5000 CJFX Antignnish. N.S. WMIK Middlesboro, Ky. 5000 500d CKEY Toronto. Ont. 5000 WGAN Portland. Maine 5000 CKPR Ft. William. Ont. 1000 WHYN Springfield, Mass. 1000 CKUA Edmonton, Alta. 5000 WMIC Monroe, Mich. 500d CKY Winnipeg. Man. SOOd WEBC Duluth. Minn. 5000 WART Tuskegee Ala. 5000 KWTO Springfield. Mo. 5000 KTAN Tucson. Ariz. KM1 Fresno. Calif. 5000 K MON Great Falls. Mont. 5000 Montrose, Colo. 5000 WGAI Elizabeth City, N.C. 1000 soon W FIL Philadelphia, Pa. 5000 WDBO Orlando, Fla. 5000 WIS Columbia. S.C. 5000 WGAC Augusta, Ga. WHBQ Memphis. Tenn. 5000 5000 KFXD Nampa, Idaho Snood KFDM Beaumont. Tex. 5000 WILL Urbana. Ill. W

-516.9

t:

KSAC Manhattan. Kans.

KPQ Wenatchee, Wash. W1LS Beckley, W.Va.

5000 5000

570 -526.0

WTAG Worcester, Mass. WELD Tupelo, Miss. 1000 WAGR Lumberton, N.C.

1000 C K

E

K Cranbrnok.

B.C.

5000 CKCQ Quesnel. B.C.

1000 CJEM Edmundston. N.B. 5000: WCAS Gadsden, Ala. snood' KCNO Alturas, Calif. 50001 KLAG Los Angeles, Calif. 5000 Washington, D.C. 5000 WACL Waycross, Ga. 500 WKYB Paducah, Ky. 50001 WVMI Biloxi, Miss. 1000d:

115

50001 KGRT Las Cruces, N.Mex. 5000 WMCA New York, N.Y. 5000 W SYR Syracuse, N.Y. 5000 WWNC Asheville, N.C. 5000 WSHE Raleigh. N.C.

1000 1000 5000d 1000 5000 50000 500 100 ú 1000 d 1000 d 500 0 500 0 5000

500d

WIBW Topeka. Kans. KALB Alexandria, La.

WHP Harrisburg, Pa. WKAQ San Juan, P.R. WRKH Rockwnod, Tenn, KDAV Lubbock. Tex. WCHS Charleston, W.Va. WKTY LaCrosse, Wis,

590 -508.2

CFAR FlinFlon. Man. CKAR Huntsville, Ont. CK RS Jonquiere, Que.

5000 5000 5000 5000 1000

500d 5000 500n IOond 5001

Kc.

Wave Length

KCS1 Pueblo, Colo. WDLP Panama City. Fla.

WPLO Atlanta. Ga. (GMB Honolulu, Hawaii KID Idaho Falls. Idaho WVLK Lexington, Ky, WEEI Boston. Mass, W KZO Kalamazoo, Mich. WOW Omaha. Nebr. WROW Albany, N.Y. WGTM Wilson. N.C. KUGN Eugene. Oreg. WARM Scranton. Pa. WMBS Uniontown, Pa.

KTBC Austin. Tex. K Cedar City, Utah Lynchburg. Va. KHQ Spokane, Wash.

W.P. 1000 1000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000

5000 5000 1000 5000 1000 1000

5000

600 -499.7 CFCF Montreal. Que. CFCH Nnrth Bay. Ont. CFOC Saskatoon, Sask. CJOR Vancouver. B.C.

CKCL Truro. N.S. WIRB Enterprise, Ala, KCLS Flagstaff. Ariz. KVpgCpV Redding, Calif. San Diego. Calif. F Bridgeport. Conn. WPDQ Jacksonville, Fla. WMT Cedar Rapids, Iowa

5000 1000 5000 5000 1000 1000 5000 1000

5000 1000 5000 5000 1000d 5000d 5000

WY FE New Orleans. La. WFST Caribou. Maine WCAO Baltimore. Md. WLST Escanaba. Mich. I000á WTAC Flint, Mich. 10°0 100 0 KGEZ Kalispell. Mont, 2000 100 0 I000d 100 0 WCVP Murphy, N.C. 5000 10000 WSJS WinstonSalem. N.C. 50 00 50 00

VOCM St. Johns, N.F. WRAG Carrollton, Ala. 1000d KBHS Hot Springs, Ark. 50001 KFXM San Bernardino, Cal. 1000

www.americanradiohistory.com

U.S.

only. Wave length is given in meters

WHITE'S RADIO LOG

161

Ke. Wave Length KSJB Jamestown, N.D. WFRM Coudersport, Pa. WAEL Mayaguez, P.R. WREC Memphis, Tenn. KROD El Paso, Tex. KERB Kermit. Tex. KTBB Tyler, Tex.

610 -491.5 CH NC New Carlisle. Que. CMAT Trail, B.C.

CI
Mont.

WGIR Manchester. N.H.

Albuquerque. N.Mex. WAYS Charlotte, N.C. WTVN Columbus. Ohio KGGM

WIP Philadelphia. Pa. KILT Houston, Tex. KVNU Logan. Utah

WSLS Roanoke, Va. 1<EPR Kennewick. Wash.

620 -483.6

Wave Length W.P.IKc. 5000 670 -447.5 1000d 1000

WMAQ Chicago.

5000 5000

680-440.9

Ill.

I000d CHFA Edmonton, Alta. 1000 CHLO St. Thomas, Ont. CJOB Winnipeg, Man. CKGB Timmins, Ont. 50 00

10 00

Kqp San Fran.. Calif. WPÌN St. Petersburg. Fla.

000 WCTT Corbin, Ky. 5000 WCBM Baltimore. Md. 5000 WNAC Lawrence, Mass. WDBC Escanaba. Mich. I 000 50 00 50 00

50 Od 50 00 50 00 10 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 50 00 5000 5000 1000

I
Syracuse, N.Y.

Durham, N.C. Portland, Oreg.

WHJB Greensburg, Pa. WCAY Cayce, S.C. WATE Knoxville. Tenn. KWFT Wichita Falls. Tex. WCAX Burlington, Vt. WWNR Beckley, W.Va. WTMJ Milwaukee, Wis.

5000 KEVT Tucson. Ariz. 5000 KBBA Benton, Ark. KAPI Pueblo. Colo. WADS Ansonia. Conn.

WAPE Jacksonville, Fla.

1000 1000

KH EY El Paso. Tex. KPET Lamesa, Tex. KZEY Tyler. Tex. WCYB Bristol. Va. WNNT Warsaw, Va. WELD Fisher, W.Va.

500d 5000 5000

5000 5000 5000 5000

700 -428.3 WLW Cincinnati, Ohio

1000

500d 5000 5000 710 5000 CJSP Leamington, Ont.

-422.3

CFRG Gravelbourg, Sask.

1000

CKVM Ville Marie, Que. W KRG Mobile. Ala. KMPC Los Angeles, Calif. KICN Denver. Colo. WGBS Miami, Fla.

5000

630 -475.9 1000 CFCO Chatham. Ont. CH LT Sherbrooke, Que. 5000 CFCY Charlottetown. P.E.I. 5000 CJET Smith Falls, Ont. 1000 CI
CI
WLAP Lexington. Ky.

KTIB Thibodaux, La. WJMS Ironwood, Mich. I
KOH Reno, Nev.

KLEA Lovington, N.Mex, WIRC Hickory. N.C. WMFD Wilmington, N.C. WEIL Scranton. Pa. WPRO Providence. R.I. KGFX Pierre, S.Dak. KMAC San Antonio Tex. 1


640-468.5 ' RN St. John's. N.F. uei Los Angeles, Calif.

5000 5000

1000

650 -461.3

660 -454.3 KFAR Fairbanks, Alaska KOWH Omaha. Nebr. WRCA New York, N.Y. WESC Greenville, S.C. KSKY Dallas, Tex.

162

WHITE'S RADIO

10000 1000d 10000 5000 1000d

I000d 250d 250d 1000d 1000d 1000d

50000

250d 5000d

i

KGU Honolulu, Hawaii WIR Detroit. Mich.

WCPS Tarboro, N.C.

I000d 1000d

25000

-365.6

WAIT Chicago. Ill. WIKY Evansville, Ind.

5000d 250d 5000d 250 50000 50000

WOSU Columbus. Ohio 10000

50000 1000

770-389.4

KIKI Honolulu.Hawaii

W FAA Dallas. Tex.

WBAP Ft. Worth, Tex.

KUOM Minneapolis, Minn.

830 -361.2

5000d 5000d I000d

50000 1000d 1000d

-356.9

1000d 1000d 50000

250d

790 -379.5

vvrruF Gainesville. Fla.

50000 10000

IOOOd WRAP Norfolk. Va. 5000 KTAC Tacoma. Wash.

1000

10000 250

KXXX Colby. Kans. WAKY Louisville, I
250d WGRA Cairo. Ga. 50000 5000

WLIL Lenoir, Tenn. It KSN Grand Prairie, Tex.

500d 000d 500d

W RUM Rumford, Me.

WSGW Saginaw. Mich. I< OH L Billings. Mont.

WWNY Watertown, N.Y. WLSV Wellsville, N.Y. WTNC Thomasville, N.C. W KLM Wilmington. N.C. KXGO Fargo, N.Dak. K W I L Albany. Oreg. WAEB Allentown. Pa. WPIC Sharon. Pa, WEAN Providence, R.I.

BD Bamberg. S.C. City, Tenn. WMC Memphis, Tenn. KTHT Houston, Tex. KFYO Lubbock. Tex. WSIG Mount Jackson. Va. WTAR Norfolk. Va. KVOS Bellingham. Wash. KNEW Spokane. Wash. WW

W ETB Johnson

EAII Eau Claire, Wis. WEAU Washington, Wis.

W

Ond CKOK Penticton, B.C. CFOB Ft. Frances, Ont.

000d 000d 250d 000d 000d 000d 000d

Belleville, Ont. CKLW Windsor. Ont. C113Q

CH RC Quebec, Que. CiAD Montreal. Que.

VOWR St. Johns, N.F. WHOS Decatur, Ala, WMGY Montgomery, Ala. 500d KINY Juneau, Alaska 000d KAGH Crossett, Ark. 000d KVOM Morrilton. Ark. 000d K I K I< Bakersfield, Calif. 000d

250 sonoo 2000nd

1000 1000

5000 1000 500011

5000 5000

I000d 50004 5000 1000d 1000

5000 1000

I000d 1000d 5011d

5000 1000 500 10004 50 00

1000d 1000d 5000

5000 5000 1000d 5000 1000 5000

5000 5000

800 -374.8 CH AB Moose Jaw, Sask.

KHIL Brighton, Colo. LAD Danbury, Conn. WMBM Miami Beach, Fla. W

WSUZ Palatka. Fla. WIAT Swainsboro. Ga.

KXIC Iowa Oily, Iowa WRUS Russellville, Ky.

www.americanradiohistory.com

1000 10000

10000 10000 1000 1000

50000 10000 10000 1000 1000d 1000d 5000

250d 250d 250d 500d 250d 1000d 1000d 1Ú00d 100011

1000n

50000 5000

W EAT W. Palm Beach, Fla.

50011 100011

WLBE Leesburg, Fla. WPFA Pensacola, Fla. WQXI Atlanta, Ga.

50000

Denver, Colo.

CBY Corner Brook, N.F. CKMR Newcastle, N.B. 50000 CKSO Sudbury, Ont. Ala. 5000 WTUG Tuscaloosa. 50000 KCEE Tucson. Ariz. 1000d KOSY Texarkana, Ark. ROAN Eureka, Calif. 101100 10000 KABC Los Angeles. Calif.

Ú00d

CBXA Edmontnn. Alta. CBL Toronto. Ont. W BA M Montgomery, Ata,

10000 1000d

760 -394.5

1000 1000

740 -405.2

50UOd 1000

KXL Portland, Oreg. WPDX Clarksburg. W.Va.

100011

-352.7

O00á

KSVN Ogden, Utan WPIK Alexandria, Va. 10000 WMNA Gretna, Va. 500d KULE Ephrata, Wash.

1000d

50000 250d 50000 50000

-384.4

WACE Chicopee, Mass. KWRE Warrenton, Mn. KWOA Worthington. Minn. KURL Billings, Mont. WOOS Oneonta, N.Y. WFMC Goldsboro, N.C. WOHS Shelby. N.C. WHRW Bowling Green, Ohio KBOY Medford, Oreg. W NAK Nanticoke, Pa.

WPIT Pittsburgh, Pa. WPAL Charleston. S.C.

10000

50000 250d

L OG

I000d 250d

WCCO Minneapolis, Minn. K BOA Kennett, Mo. WCAL Northfield, Minn. WNYC New York, N.Y. WEW St. Louis. Mo. r B_ Albuquerque. N. Mex. 50000 840 ABC New York. N.Y. 50000 250d 1000 W KAB Mobile, Ala. KXA Seattle. Wash. 10000d WKNB New Britain, Conn. 250d 780 WHAS Louisville, Ky. 500d WBBM Chicago, III. 50000 WVPO Stroudsburg. Pa. 1000 WJAG Norfolk. Neb. 1000d 850 WCKB Dunn. N.C. 50000 WBBO Forest City. N.C. 1000d CKVL Verdun, Que. 250d CKRD Red Deer, Alta. KSPI Stillwater. Okla. 1000d WYDE Birmingham, Ala. WARL Arlington, Va. IOOed 1000d 10000 250

720 -416.4

tono I000d

KPOA Honolulu, Hawaii WSM Nashville, Tenn. K RC T Baytown, Texas

250d 250d 250d 500d 25000d

-410.7

WNAD Norman, Okla.

250d 1000d 1000d 10000

-399.8

5000 50 000 5000 WGN Chicago, III, 5000 500 730 1000 CJNR Blind River. Ont. I 000 5000 CKAC Montreal, Que. 50 000 5000 CKDM Dauphin, Man. I 000 101)0d CKLG No. Vancouver, B.C. 0000 5000 KFQD Anchorage, Alaska 0000 500 WJMW Athens. Ala. 000d I000d KNBY Newport. Ark. 000d 1000 WKTG Thomasville, Ga. 000d 500d KBLR Gaodland, Kans. 000d 5000 WFMW Madisonville, Ky. 250d 250 WMTC Vancleve, Ky. 000d 5000 KTRY Bastrop, La. 250d 1000d WARB Covington, La. 250d 500d WMMS Bath, Maine 500d

WO1 Ames, Iowa

WHKK Akron. Ohio

WROM Rome, Ga. KEEL Shreveport, La.

WHB Kansas City. Mo. WOR New York. N.Y. DZRH Manila. P.I. 1000 W KJB Mayaguez. P. Rico I000d WTPR Paris. Tenn. 1000d KGNC Amarillo. Tex. 1000 KURV Edinburg. Tex. I000d KIRO Seattle, Wash. 1000 WDSM Superior, Wis.

50000 S000d

I000d I000d

1000 10000

-434.5

5000 KULA Honolulu, Hawaii 5000 KBLI Blackfoot. Idaho 1000 Coffeyville. Kans. I000d KGGF New Orleans, La. KSTR Grand Junction. Colo. 5000d WTIX St. Louis. Mo. WSUN St. Petersburg, Ha. 5000 KSTL KRCO Prineville. Oreg. WTRP LaGrange, Ga. I000d KUSD Vermillion, S.Dak.

Bangor, Maine Jackson. Miss. Newark, N.J.

1000d 1000d 1000d

810-370.2

50 Od I 000

CI
WLBZ WJDX WVNJ WHEN WDNC

W.P.

I000d KDDD Dumas, Tex. KPBM Carlsbad. N.Mex. 1000d KBUH Brigham City. Utah 50000 WGSM Huntington. N.Y. WMBL Morehead City, N.C. I000d WSVS Crewe, Va. 1000 I0000d Mount Airy, N.C. WKEE Huntington, W.Va. KFEQ St. Joseph. Mo. 5000 WPAQ Tulsa, Okla. 50000 WDUX Waupaca, Wis. WINR Binghamton, N.Y. 1000 KRMG 1000d 250d WVCH Chester, Pa. WRVM Rochester, N.Y. I0000d P.Rieo WPTF Raleigh. N.C. 50000 WIBS Santurce, 500d 250d WBAW Barnwell. S.C. WISR Butler. Pa. 250d CFAX Saanich, B.C. Tenn. WAPA San Juan, P,Rico. 10000 WIR1 Humbolt, 250d KGO San Francisco. Calif. Tullahoma, Tenn. 10000 WJIG WMPS Memphis, Tenn. 50000 WABW Annapolis. Md, 50000 KTRH Houston, Tex. KENS San Antonio, Tex. KCMO Kansas City. Mo. I000d KOMW Omak. Wash. WGY Schenectady, N.Y. 750 W 1
I

,.KTAR Phoenix, Ariz. KNCIS Hanford, Calif. KWSD Mt. Shasta. Calif. KWAL Wallace, Idaho KMNS Sioux City. Iowa WTMT Louisville, Ky.

Kc. Wave Length W. P. Kc. Wave Length KUEQ Phoenix, Ariz. 1000d W BOK New Orleans, La. 11S1G. Avalon, Calif. 10000d WCCM Lawrence, Mass. 50000 BS San Francisco, Calif. 50000 KREI Farmington, Mo. SSS Colo. Springs, Colo. 250d KDBM Dillon, Mont, I000d WKDN Camden, N.J. KVFC Cortez, Colo. 5000 KTOW Okla. City. Okla. W KIS Orlando, Fla, 5000 KYME Boise, Idaho 500d KPDQ Portland, Oreg. 1000 WVLN Ill. 250d WCHA Chambersburg, Pa. Olney. 10000 250d DZPI Manila, P,I, KBOE Oskaloosa, Iowa 5000 I000d WDSC Dillon, S.C. WNOP Newport, Ky. 50000 Frostburg. Md. 250d WEAB Greer, S.C. WFRB I000d 250d WDEH Sweetwater. Tenn. WTAO Cambridge, Mass.

W.P.

KIMO Hilo, Hawaii

W H D H Boston, Mass. W KBZ Muskegon, Mich.

KFUO St. Louis, Mo.

WKIX Raleigh, N.C.

WJW Cleveland, Ohio WEEU Reading, Pa. WABA Aguadilla, P.R.

1000 1000

50000 1000

5000d 10000

5000 1000 250

5000 1000

860 -348.6 CJBC Toronto, Ont. WHRT Hartselle, Ala.

WAMI Opp, Ala. KIFN Phoenix, Ariz. KOSE Osceola, Ark. KWRF Warren, Ark. KTRB Modesto. Calif. WKKO Cocoa. Fla. W E R D Atlanta. Ga. WDMG Douglas, Ga. WMRI Marion. Ind.

50000 250d 1000d

I000d 1000d

250d 10000 1000d

I000d 5000d 250d

250d KWPC Muscatine. Iowa 10000 KOAM Pittsburg. Kans. 500d WSON Henderson, Ky. 500d WAYE Dundalk. Md. WSBS Gt. Barrington. Mass. 250d 1000d KNU1 New Ulm. Minn. 500d WMAG Forest. Miss. 1000d WFMO Fairmont. N.C. 250d WAMO Homestead. Pa.

WTEL Philadelphia. Pa. WLBG Laurens, S.C. WIVK Knoxville, Tenn, WMTS Murfreesboro. Tenn. KFST Ft. Stockton, Tex. KPAN Hereford. Ten. KSFA Nacogdoches, Tex. KONO San Antonio. Tex. KWHO Salt Lake City. Utah WEVA Emporia. Va. WOAY Oak Hill, W.Va. WFOX Milwaukee, Wis.

250d

1000d 1000d 2511d

250d 250d 1000d 50000 100011

1000d 10000d 250d

870 -344.6 KIEV Glendale. Calif. KAIM Kaimuki, Hawaii New Orleans, La.

W ,

Lansing. Mich. WHCU Ithaca. N.Y. WGTL Kannapolis, N.C. Kl IM Ft. Worth. Tex. WFLO Farmville, Va. R

E.

2504 1000

50000 5000á 1000a

I000d 2511d

1000d

880 -340.7 WCRS Now York, N.Y,

50000

Wave Length

Ife.

WRRZ Clinton, N.C. WRFO Worthington, Ohio

W.P. Kr. IOnod 5000d

890 -336.9 WLS Chicago. Ill. WHNG Henderson. N.C. K BYE Okla. City, Okla.

50000

I000d 100rad

900 -333.1 CKTS Sherbrooke, Que. CHML Hamilton, Ont. CHNO Sudbury. Ont. CJBR Rimouski, Que.

CKJL St. Jerome, Que. CJVI Victoria. B.C. CKBI Prince Albert, Sask CJGX Yorkton, Sask.

WATV W(.OK WOZK KPRB

Birmingham. Ala, Mobile, Ala.

Fairbanks, Alaska KHOZ Harrison, Ark. KBIF Centerville, Calif. Del.

WSWN Belle Glade, Fla, WMOP Ocala, Fla.

WCGA Calhoun, (.a. WCRY Macon. Ga. WJIV Savannah, Ga. <SIR Wichita, Kan. WKYW Louisville, Ky. WLSI Pikeville, Ky. KREH Oakdale, La. WCM E Brunswick. Maine

R

KARK Little

KTOC Jane-shorn, La.

WPIX WMPL KOHL I000d KWAD 1000d

Ozark. Ala.

W J W L Georgetown,

loon 5000 10000 10000 1000 10000 10000 10000

W.P. Kc. W.P. Wave Length Russellville, Ala, I000d WAGM Presque Isle, Maine 5000 5000 WORL Boston, Mass, Rock. Ark. 5000d KDES Palm Springs, Calif. 1000d WWI Detroit. Mich. 5000 HVEC San Luis Obispo. Cal. 1000 K RSI St. Louis Park, Minn. í000d KIUP Durango, Colo. 5000 WBKH Hattiesburg, Miss. 5000d K REX Grd. Junction. Colo. 5000 KLIK Jefferson City. Mo. 5000d KLMR Lamar, Colo. 1000 WBBF Rochester. N.Y. 1000 WMEG Eau Gallie, Fla, IOOOd W IRX Utica. N.Y. 5000 WGST Atlanta, Ga. 5000 WPET Greensboro, N.C. 500d KANU Waiphau. Hawaii 1000 WNCC Barnesborn, Pa. 500d W MOK Metropolis. Ill. I000d WPEN Philadelphia, Pa, 5000 WBAA W. Lafayette, Ind. 5000 WSPA Spartanburg, S.C. 5000 KFNF Shenandoah, Iowa 1000 KWAT Watertown, S.Dak, 1000 WTCW Whitesburg, Ky, 1000d WAGG Franklin, Tenn, 1000d WBOX Bngalusa, La, 500 I000d KDSX Denison. Tex. Wave Length

WWW

I000d

Lexington Pk.. Md, Hancock. Mich.

Faribault, Minn.

Wadena, Minn, KRAM Las Vegas, Nev,

KOLO Reno. Nev. 101100 I000d KQEO Albuquerque, N.MeX.

WTTM Trenton, N.J. WKRT Cortland, N.Y. WGHQ Saugerties, N.Y. WBBB Burlington, N.C. IOOOd I000d WMN1 Columbus, Ohio 250d KGAL Lebanon, Oreg. 1000d

I000d

1000d

I000d WKVA Lewistown, Pa. WJAR Providence, R.I. 250 WIND Orangeburg, S.C. 1000d KEZU Rapid City, S.Dak. 11100d WLIV Livingston, Tenn, 250d KELP El Paso. Tex. 500d KECK Odessa, Tex. 000d 000d KTLW Texas City, Tex. KITN Wash. 000d KXLY Olympia. Wash. Spokane. 000d

500d KPRC Houston, Tex. 500d KSEL Lubbock, Tex. I000d WXGI Richmond, Va, 000 KIR Seattle, Wash. 000 W KAZ Charleston, W.Va. 000 W KTL Sheboygan, Wis. 000 000 960 000 000 CFAC Calgary. Alta.

-312.3

I000d CHNS Halifax. N.S. CKWS Kingston, Ont. 5000d WBRC Birmingham, Ala, 500 1000 10011d

I000d WGRO Lake City, Fla. 1000 WJCM Sebring, Fla1000

WATC Gaylord, Mich. 1000d KTIS Minneapolis, Minn. I000d WDOT Greenville, Miss. 5000 KFAL Fulton. Mo. WMMN Fairmont, W.Va. 5000 KJSK Columbus. Nebr. OOOd WOKY Milwaukee, Wis. 1000 WOTW Nashau, N.H. onod WBRV Boonville, N.Y. 000d WSPN Saratoga Sprgs., N Y. 250d 930 WAYN Rockingham, N.C. 000d CFBC Saint John, N.B. 5000 WIAM Williamston, N.C. 000d CICA Edmonton. Alta. 10000 KFNW Fargo. N.Dak. 000d CJON St. John's, N.F. 10000 WAND Canton. Ohio 500d WETO Gadsden, Ala. I000d WFRO Fremont, Ohio 500d KTKN Ketchikan. Alaska 1000 WCPA Clearfield. Pa. I000d KAPR Douglas, Ariz, I000d WFLN Philadelphia, Pa. I000d KHJ Los Angeles, Calif, 5000 WKXV Knoxville. Tenn. 1000d .lÇTO, Durango, Colo. 5000 WCOR Lebanon. Tenn. 500d W KSB Milford, Del. 500d KALT Atlanta, Tex. IOOOd WJAX Jacksonville, Fla, 5000 KMCO Conroe. Tex. 5000 WKXY Sarasota, Fla. 1000 KFLD Floydada, Tex, 250d WMGR Bainbridge, Ga, 5000d KCLW Hamilton, Tex. 250d KSEI Pocatello, Idaho 5000 WAFC Staunton. Va. IOOOd WTAD Quincy, Ill. 5000 I< UEN Wenatchee. Wash. 500 WKCT Bowling Green, Ky. 1000 WATK Antipo, Wis. 250d WFMD Frederick, Md. 1000 W REB Holyoke. Mass. 500d 910 WBCK Battle Creek, Mich. 1000 WSLI Jackson, Miss. 5000 C JDV Drumheller. Alta. 1000 KWOC Poplar Bluff, Mo. 1000 KLY Lindsay. Ont. 1000 KOFI Kalispell, Mont, 5000d C BO Ottawa, Ont. 5000 KOGA Ogallala, Nebr. 500d C FJC Kamloops. B.C. 10000 WWNH Rochester, N.H. 5000d C HRL Roberval, Que. 1000 WPAT Paterson, N.J. 5000 CP11D_ Phoenix. Ariz. 5000 WBEN Buffalo, N.Y. 5000 N Blytheville, Ark. 5000d WIST Charlotte, N.C. 5000 KAMD Camden. Ark. 1000 WRRF Washington, N.C. 5000 KDEO El Cajon. Calif. 1000 WEOL Elyria, Ohio 1000 KEWB Oakland, Calif. 5000 KOXR Oxnard, Calif. 1000d WRY Oklahoma City, Okla, 5000 KALI Grants Pass, Dreg, 1000 KPOF nr. Denver. Colo. 5000 WCNR Bloomsburg. Pa. 1000d WHAY New Britain, Conn, 5000 Aberdeen. S.D. 1000 WPLA Plant City. Fla, I000d KSDN WSEV Sevierville, Tenn. 5000d WGAF Valdosta, Ga. 5000 t000d WA KO Lawrenceville, Ill, 500d KD ET Center, Tex. WSU I Iowa City, Iowa 5000 K ENY Bellingham- Ferndale

-322.4

-329.5

WMOZ Mobile, Ala. KOOL Phoenix Ariz. KAVR Apple Valley,

Calif. 5000 KNEZ Lompoc, Calif. 1000d KABL Oakland, Calif. 1000d WELT New Haven, Conn, WRFC Athens, Ga. KSRA Salmon, Idaho WSBT South Bend, Ind. KMA Shenandoah. Iowa WPRT Prestonsburg, Ky, KROF Abbeville, La. WBOC Salisbury. Md. WFGM Fitchburg, Mass,

Kc. Wove Length W.P. KEAP Fresno, Calif. 500d Los Angeles, Callf. 5000 N GlenwoodSpres.,Colo,l000d WSUB Groton, Cnnn. 1000 WRC Washington, D.C. 5000 WOVH Gainesville, Fla. 5000d WTOT Marianna, Fla, WBOP Pensacola, Fla.

10000 500d W LOD Pompano Beach, Fia. IOOOd WKLY Hartwell, Ga. 1000d WBBN Perry. Ga. 500d WRIP Rossville. Ga. 500d

KUPI Idaho Falls, Idaho I000d WITY Danville, Ill. 1000 KOKA Shreveport, La. 5000d 5000 WCAP Lowell, Mass. 1000d 1000 WPBC Minneapolis, Minn. I000d 1000d WAPF McComb. Miss. I000d 5000 KMBC Kansas City. Mo. 5000 5000 KSGM Ste. Genevieve, Mn. 500d KVER Clovis, N.Mex. KMIN Grants, N. Mex,

10000 10000 5000 5000 1000

5000 5000d 500 1000

5000 500d 1000d 5000 1000d 5000

5000

500 1000

I000d 5000 5000d WAAA Win.Salem, N.C. I000d WONE Dayton, Ohio 5000 WILK Wilkes- Barre, Pa. 5000 K OSl Deadwood, S.Oak, 1000 WSIX Nashville, Tenn. 5000 KFRD Rosenberg, Tex. I000d KSVC Richfield, Utah 5000 WFHG Bristol, Va, 5000 WMEK Chase City, Va. 500d KUTI Yakima, Wash. 5000d WHAW Weston. W.Va. I000d

WIRY Trey, N.Y. WKLM Wilmington, N.C.

WCUB Manitowoc, Wis, 1000d WPR E Prairie du Chien, Wis. 500d

990 -302.8

I000d CBW Winnipeg, Man. 50000 1000d CBT Grand Falls, N.F. 1000 5000 W WW F Fayette, Ala, I000d 1000 WTCB Flomaton, Ala, 500d WHAK Rogers City, Mich. 5000d KT KT Tucson, Ariz. 10000d KLTF Little Falls, Minn, 500d K K IS Pittsburg, Calif. 5000 WABG Greenwood, Miss, 1000 KLI R Denver, Colo, 000d KFVS Cape Girardeau, Mo, 1000 WBZY Torrington, Conn. 000d KNEB Scottsbluff, Nebr, 1000 WHOO Orlando, Fla. 0000 KWYK Farmington, N.Mex. I000d WOW() Dawson, Ga. 000d WEAV Plattsburg, N.Y. 5000 WCAZ Carthage, Ill. 000d WFTC Kinston, N.C. 5000 WITZ Jasper, Ind. 000d WWST Wooster, Ohio I000d KAYL Storm Lake, Iowa 250d KGWA Enid. Okla. 1000 K RSL Kans. 250d KLAD Klamath Falls, Oreg. 5000d WJMR Russell, New Orleans, La. 250d WHYL Carlisle. Pa, 5000d KCLP Rayville, La, 250d WADP Kane, Pa. I000d WABO Waynesboro, Miss, 250d WATS Sayre, Pa. I000d KRMO Monett, Mo. 250d WBEU Beaufort. S.C. I000d RSVP Artesia, N.Mex. 1000 WBMC McMinnville, Tenn. 500d WEEB Southern Pines, KIMP Mt. Pleasant, Tex, I000d WJEH Gallipoli,, Ohio N.C. 1000d I000d KGKL San Angelo, Tex, 5000 WTIG Massillon, Ohio 250d KOVO Provo. Utah 5000 KABY Albany, Dreg. 250d WDBJ Roanoke, Va. 5000 W IBG Philadelphia, Pa. 50000 KALE Richland, Wash. 1000 WVSC Somerset, Pa. 250d WICH Shawano, Wis. 1000 WPRA Mayaguez. P.R. 10000

970 -309.1

CKCH Hull. Que, WERH Hamilton, Ala. WTBF Troy, Ala.

KNEA Jonesboro. Ark. 10110d KBIS Bakersfield, Call ?, 1000 K CH V Coachella, Calif. 1000d KREE Modesto, Calif. 1000 KFEL Pueblo, Coln. 1000d WFLA Tampa, Fla. 5000 W IIN Atlanta, Ga. 5000d WVOP Vidalia, Ga. 5000d Wash. IOOOd KHBC Hilo. Hawaii 1000 W LCS Baton Rouge, La. 1000 5000 KAYT Rupert, Idaho I000d WABI Bangor, Maine 5000 WSAZ Huntington, W.Va, 1000 WFDF Flint. Mich. 5000d WMAY Springfield. Ill. 5000 WLBL Auburndale, Wis. WAVE Louisville, Ky, 5000 WCOC Meridian, Miss. 5000 KSYL Alexandria, La. 1000 KOYN Billings, Mont, I000d 940 WCSH Portland. Maine 5000 KYSS Missoula, Mont. I000d CBM Montreal, Que. 50000 WA MD Aberdeen, Md. 500d KRIM Roswell, N.Mex. 5000d CIGX Yorkton, Sask, 10000 WESO Southbridge, Mass. I000d WLAS Jacksonville. N.C. I000d CJIB Vernon. B.C. 1000 WJAN Ishpeming, Mich. 5000d KCJR Minnt, N.Dak. 1000 K FRE Fresno, Calif. 50000 W K H M Jackson, Mich. 1000 WPFB Middletown, Ohlo 1000 WINZ Miami, Fla. 50000 KOOK Billings. Mont. 5000 KGLC Miami, Okla. 1000 WMAZ Macon. Ga. 50000 KILT No. Platte. Nebr, 5000d KURY Brookings, Oreg. 500 WMIX Mt. Vernon, III, 1000 WNTA Newark. N.J. 5000 WAVL Apollo. Pa. I000d KIOA Des Moines, Iowa 10000 WERR Buffalo, N.Y. 5000 WGB1 Scranton, Pa. 1000 WYLD New Orleans. La. 1000 WCHN Norwich. N.Y. SOOd WSBA York. Pa. 1000 WESA Charleroi, Pa. 250 WRCS Ahoskie, N.C. moo WPRP Ponce, P.R. 5000 WIPR San Juan. P.R. 10000 WWIT Canton, N.C. 11100d WORD Spartanburg, S.C. 1000 KIXZ Amarillo. Tex. 1000 WDAY Fargo, N.Dak. 5000 WJHL Johnson City, Tenn. 5000 WICA Ashtabula. Ohio 5000 WEPG S. Pittsburgh, Tenn, SOOd 950 WATH Athens. Ohio 1000d KRIO McAllen, Tex. 1000 1000 It R R V Sherman, Tex. 10011 KAKC Tulsa, Okla. 1000 CKNB Campbeilton, N.B. KOIN Portland. Oreg. 5000 KALL Salt Lake City, Utah 1000 CKBB Barrie. Ont, 5000 5000 WRMA Montgomery, Ala. WW RJ White River Junction, I000d WWSW Pittsburgh, Pa. 5000 Vermont I000á K /OK Forrest City, Ark, 5000d WJMX Florence. S.C. I000d WRNL Richmond, Va. 1000 KNOK Ft. Worth. Tex. 5000 KFSA Ft. Smith, Ark. 5000 WHYE Roanoke, Va. 1000d K REM Spokane. Wash. I000d KAHI Auburn, Calif. 1M10d KORD Paseo, Wash, 1000d KIMN Denver, Colo. 5000 WWYO Pineville, W.Va, 5000d KODE Renton, Wash. IOn0 WFRS Ft. Walton Bch Fla. 10000 WH A Madison, Wis. K ISM Vancouver. Wash. 5000 1000 WLOF Orlando. Fla. 980 WHSM Hayward. Wis. Summerville, WGTA Ga, I000d 1000d WDOR Sturgeon Bay. Wis. 500d WGOV Valdosta, Ga. 5000 CKNW New Westminster, KBOI Boise, Idaho 5000 Brit. Columbia 5000 KLER Ornfino, Idaho 500d CFPL London, Ont. 920 10000 WAAF Chicago, Ill. 1000d CBV Quebec. Que. 5000 CJCH Halifax. N.S. 100011 WXLW Indianapolis, Ind. 5000d CH EX Peterboro, Ont. 5000 CJC1 Woodstock, N.B. 1000 KOEL Oelwein, Iowa 1000 CKRM Regina, Sask. 5000 CKNX Wingham, Ont. 2500 KJRG Newton, Kans, 500d WKLF Clanton. Ala. 1000d WCTA Adalusla, Ala, 5000 WBVL Barbourville, Ky, 1000d KINS Eureka, Calif. 5000

-319.0

-315.6

-305.9

-325.9

www.americanradiohistory.com

WARN Aiken, S.C. WNOX Knoxville, Tenn,

5000 KWAM Memphis, Tenn. 5000d KTRM Beaumont, Tex. 5000 KAML Kenedy, Tex.

KSYD KTUT WNRV WANT W K 1.1

Wichita Falls, Tex. Tooele, Utah

Narrows, Va. Richmond, Va. Sparta, Wis.

1000d 10000 IOOOd

1000 250 10000 1000d 1000d

I000d 250

1000 -299.8 CKBW Bridgewater, N.S. WCFL Chicago, III. KTOK Okla, City. Okla, KSTA Coleman, Tex. KJAT Henderson, Tex, WHWB Rutland, Vt. 1S9 MQ Seattle. Wash.

1000

50000 5000 250d 250d 1000d

50000

1010 -296.9 CBX Edmonton, Alta, CF RB Toronto, Ont. KVNC Winslow, Ariz.

50000 50000

WCNU Crestview, Fla.

I000d

1000

KLRA Little Rock. Ark. 10000 KCHJ Delano, Calif. 5000 KCMJ Palm Sprgs., Calif. 1000 KSAY San Fran., Calif, 100000

WZRO Jacksonville Beach.

WGUN Decatur, Ga.

Florida mood

WCSI Columbus, Ind,

KSMN Mason City. Iowa

KIND KDLA WSID KCHI

Independence, Kans, DeRidder, La. Baltimore. Md. Chillicothe, Mo. KJCF Festuc, Mo.

KRVN WINS WABZ WELS WITT WHIN

Lexington, Nebr,

New York. N.Y.

Alhermarle. N.C. Kinston, N.C. Lewisburg, Pa.

Gallatin, Tenn.

WORM Savannah, Tenn.

KBUY Amarillo, Tex.

WHITE'S RADIO LOG

50000d 5000 I000d 250d

I000d I000d 250d 250d 25000d 50000 I000d

I000d 250d 1000d 250d

5000

163

Kc, I(MLW WELK WMEV

Wave Length

W.P. KC.

Marlin. Tex. 250d Charlottesville, Va. 1000d Marion, Va, I000d WCST BerkeleySprgs.,W.Va. 250d WSPT Stevens Pt., Wis. I000d

1020 -293.9 I(POP Los Angeles, Calif. WCIL Carbondale, Ill. WPEO Peoria, Ill. 1711ki Pittsburgh. Pa.

I000d 50000

SA

Mass. Springfield. Mass.

WRNO Orangeburg, S.C. WTYC Flock Hill. S.C. WSNW Seneca Township, South Carolina I000d WAPO Chattanooga, Tenn. 1000d WCRK Morristown, Tenn. 10000 WTAW Bryan, Tex. I000d KCCT Corpus Christi, Tex. 1000

50000 5000 250d

1000

Alla,

St. Jean.

KTHS Little

I(H VH Honolulu, Hawaii Des Moines, Iowa Dallas. Tex. WIVI Christiansted. V.I.

WHO T'ñ[

5000 50000 I000d 250

Que. Rock, Ark.

I000d

1160 -258.5

50000

WJJD Chicago, III.

Calif. I<WSO Wasco, Calif. I(LMO Longmont, Colo,

WJSB Crestview, Fla. WIVY Jacksonville, Fla. WHBO Tampa, Fla. W RMF Titusville, Fla, WJAZ Albany, Ga. WAUG Augusta. Ga.

WBIE Marietta, Ga. I(ZIN Coeur D'Alene, Idaho WDZ Decatur,

Ill.

25

KSTT Davenport, Iowa KV00 Tulsa. Okla. WLEO Ponce. P.R. I(PUG Bellingham, Wash,

WWVA Wheeling. W.Va.

1000

5000d 50000 50000 5000 500d 250

KTM Mayfleld. Ky. 1000d 1(LPL Lake Providence, La. 250d 1130 KCIJ Shreveport, La. 250d CKWX Vancouver, B.C. WGAY Silver Sprg., Md. 1000d KSDO San Diego. Calif. WPAG Ann Arbor, Mich. 1000d KWKH Shreveport, La. KLOH Pipestone, Minn. 1000d WCAR Detroit, Mich. WACR Columbus, Miss. 1000d WOGY Minneapolis. Minn. ISIS Sedalia, Mo. 100011 WNEW New York. N.Y.

LDS Jacksonville, III. WHAM Rochester, N.Y. W

KNBA Vallejo. Calif. WOWO Ft. Wayne. Ind.

WANN Annapolis, Md.

250d 50000

W KOX Fram'gham, Mass. W LID New York. N.Y.

I000d 250d

KEX

1
-265.3


50000

-263.0

1

Butler, Pa. Williamsport, Pa.

Sparta, Tcnn. Killern. Tex. WGAT Gate City, Va. WBRG Lynchburg, Va. WCMS Norfnik, Va. KNBX Kirkland. Wash. WCEF Parkersburg, W.Va WECL Eau Claire, Wis. WLIP Kenosha, Wis, ICWIV Douglas, Wyo.

1060 -282.8 CFCN Calgary. Alta. Cl LR Quebec, Que. KPAY Chico, Calif. WNOE New Orleans. La. WHFB Benton Harbor,

256d

1000(1

1150 -260.7

1000d CKSA

Llnydminster.

Alta.

250d CHS1 Saint John. N.B. 250d CKOC Hamilton. Ont.

1000d 1000d 1000d

I000d 1000d

250d 250d

CKX Brandon. Man. CKTR Three Rivers. Que. Wi3CA Bay Minette. Ala. WGEA Geneva. Ala. WIRD Tuscaloosa, Ala. KCKY Coolidge, Ariz. ICXLR No, Little Rock. Ark. KFSG Los Angeles. Calif. KRKD Los Angeles. Calif. KJAX Santa Rosa, Calif.

1000

-277.6

WCNT Centralia,

Ill.

WKNX Saginaw. Mich, WADE Wadesboro, N.C. WAVI Dayton, Ohio WCAU Philadelphia, Pa.

1000

50000

1000d

50000

250d 50000 1000d 1000d

I000d 50000 50000 1000

50000

I000d 1000d

I000d 250d 50000

1220 -245.8 Lethbridge, Alta, CKDA Victoria, B.C. CJRL Kenora, Ont. CKEC New Glasgow. N.S. CKCW Moncton, N.B. CJSS Cornwall, Ont.

100 00 10 000 10 00

WEDR Birmingham. Ala.

100011

CJOC

CKSM Shawinigan. Quebec

WTTT W KBX 5000 WFEC 1000 5000 WCLR

10000 KGMC Engl.woud, Colo. 50011 5000 WCNX Middletown, Conn. 5000 10000 WDEL Wilmington. Del. 50000 WNDB Daytona Bch.. Fla. 1000 5000d WIMP Tampa. Fla.

1000

50000 250

210 -247.8

100011

1000d Mich. 10004 WFPM Fort Valley, Ga. 100011 25011 WI E M Valdosta, Ga. WMAP Mnnrne, N.C. 1000 I000á KANI Oahu, Hawaii WCMW Canton, Ohm 5000d WGGH Marion. Ill. WRCV Philadelphia, Pa. 50000 loon KWKY Des Moines, Iowa 51100 KSAL Salina. Kans. 1070 500d WMST Mt. Sterling, Ky. IOOOd 500 en WLOC Mumfordville, Ky. CPA Sackville, N.B. 5000 CHOK Sarnia. Ont. 50 00 W1B0 Baton Rouge. La. 5000d WAI'I Birmingham. Ala. 500 00 WGHM Skowhegan, Maine 5000 Los Angeles, Calif. 500 00 WCOP Boston. Mass. 15.111X 1000 Mich. Mt. Pleasant, WVCG Coral Gables, Fla. 100 Od WCEN 500d WIBC Indianapolis. Ind, 500 00 KASM Albany, Minn. I000d KFBI Wichita. Kans. IOU UU KRMS Usage Beach, Mo. 1000 5u Oil KSEN Shelby, Mont. KHMO Hannibal, Ma. WHPE High Point, N.C. lull Od KDEF Albuquerque. N.Mex. 1000d 5000 WOIA Memphis, Tenn. 500 00 WRUN Utica, N.Y. I000d KOPY Alice. Tex. 10 00 WFNS Burlington, N.C. 5000 W KO W Madison, Wis. 100 00 WGBR Goldsboro. N.C. I000d WCUE Akron. Ohio 1000 WIMA Lima, Ohio 1080 1000 KNED McAlester. Okla. 10000 KOGO 1
-280.2

WOAI San Antonin, Tex. 1

5000 WPRN Ruttier, Ala. 5000 KVSA McGehee, Ark. 5000 Palo Alto, Calif. 5000 (IRE IC FSC Denver. Colo. 1000d

2500 5000 5000 I000á

1000

10000 50000 10000 250d

1200 -249.9

50Ou

I

WBUT WLYC WSMT I
Portland, Oreg. Dallas, Tex.

WDTV St. John. V.I.

WBNC Conway, N.H. lúóóá 1140 WSEN Baldwinsville, N.Y. 25011 CKXL Calgary. Alta. 10000 WSTS Massena, N.Y. 100011 Stockton. Calif. 5000 WMGM New York, N.Y. 50000 KRAK 10000 WMIE Miami, Fla. WBTL Farmvllle, N.C. 200d 10001 KGEM Boise, Idaho WFSC Franklin, N.C. 500d WSIV Pekin, Ill. 100Úd WLON Lincnlnton. N.C. OOOd KLPR Oklahoma City. Okla. 1000d WWGP Sanford, N.C. 101102 500 WITA San Juan, P.R. 25011 KCCO Lawton. Okla. KS00 Sioux Falls. S.Dak. 10000 I(FM1 Tulsa. Okla. I000d KORC Mineral Wells, Tex. 250 1
5000

1190 -252.0

I000d

50000 50000 50000 50000

1000d 1150 500d 1000d 5000

1180 -254.1

-267.7

W

I000d I000d

50000

CFNS Saskatoon, Sask. WCOV Montgomery, Ala.

I0000d

500d 250d WUST Bethesda, Md. IOOOd KMOX St. Louis, Mo.

5000 1000 1000d

Utah 50000

0CK$!}San Diego. Calif 'R'COK San Jose. Calif. WLBH Mattoon. III.

250 10000

I000d WMBI Chicago. Ill. I000d KFAB Omaha, Nebr, 250d WBT Charlotte. N.C. 100011 KBND Bend. Oreg. IOOOd WNAR Norristown, Pa. 250d WVJP Caguas, P.R. 500d WHIM Providence. R.I. I000d I000d 1120

Lake City,

WPLK

Arlington, Fla.

Kissimmee, Fla, Miami, Fla. Camilla. Ga. Rockmart, Ga. Thomaston, Ga. LaSalle, Ill. Waukegan, Ill. Salem, Ind,

WSFT WLPO WKRS WSLM KJAN Atlantic, Iowa

Wave Length

2

5g

100 00 10 00 1000 IOOOd

I000d 1000d

I000d 250d 250d 250d 1000d 250d 250d

I000d I000d I000d 250d

1230 -243.8 CFCW Camrose, Alta,

CH FC Churchill. Man. CFKL Schefferville, Que. CFGR Gravelbourg, Sask. CFYT Dawson City, Yukon T.

C1BQ Belleville, Ont. CFPA Port Arthur, Ont. CKEC New Glasgow, N.S.

CKLD Thetford Mines. Que. CKMP Midland, Ont. VOAR St. John's, Nfld. CKVD Val D'Or, Que. WAUD Auburn. Ala.

1000 250

250 250 100 250 1000 1000

250 250 100

250 250 WJBB Haleyville, Ala. 250 WBHP Huntsville, Ala. 250 WNUZ Talledega, Ala. 250 250 WTBC Tuscaloosa, Ala. KIFW Sitka, Alaska 250 KSUN Bisbee, Ariz. 250 Kingman, Ariz. 250 KAAA KRIZ Phoenix, Ariz. 250 KCON Conway, Ark. 250 KFPW Ft. Smith, Ark. 250 KBTM Jonesboro, Ark. 250 250 KGEE Bakersfield. Calif. KWTC Barstow, Calif. 250 KIBS Bishop. Calif. 250 250 KXO El Centro, Calif. KDAC Ft. Bragg, Calif. 250 250 KGFJ Los Angeles, Calif. "APTE Paso Robles, Calif. 250 KROG Redding, Calif. 250 (WO Stockton. Calif. 250 KEXO Grand June Colo. 250 KLVC Lcadville, Colo. 250 250 KDZA Pueblo, Colo. KGEK Sterling, Colo. 250 W I N F Manchester, Conn. 250 250 WGGG Gainesville, Fla. 250 WOHN Lakeland, Fla. WMAF Madison. Fla. 250 WSBB New Smyrna Bch., Fla. 250 250 WNVY Pensacola. Fla. 250 WCNH Quincy, Fla. WINO W. Palm Beach, Fla. 250 250 WBIA Augusta, Ga. WBLJ Dalton. Ga. 250 250 WFOM Marietta, Ga. 250 WSOK Savannah, Ga. 250 WAYX Waycross. Ga. (BAR Burley. Idaho 250 250 KORT Grangeville, Idaho KRXK Rexburg. Idaho 250 %I/IBC Bloomington. Ill. 250 250 WQUA Moline, Ill. 250 WHCO Sparta, Ill. 250 WJOB Hammond, Ind. 250 WSAL Logansport, Ind. 250 W TCl Tell City, Ind. 250 WBOW Terre Haute, Ind. 250 K FJB Marshalltown, Iowa 250 WHIR Danville. Ky. 250 WHOP Hopkinsville, Ky. 250 WMLF Pineville. Ky. 250 Monroe, La. KLIC 250 WJBW New Orleans. La. 250 KSLO Opelousas, La. 250 WQDY Calais. Maine 250 WITH Baltimore, Md, 250 WCUM Cumberland. Md. 250 WMNB Nn. Adams. Mass, 250 WESX Salem, Mass. 250 WNEB Worcester. Mass. 250 WJEF Grand Rapids, Mich. 250 WIKB Iron River. Mich. 250 W M PC Lapeer, Mich. WS00 Sit, Ste. Marie, Mich. 250 250 WSTR Sturgis, Mich. Minn. 250 WKLK Cloquet. 250 KYSM Mankato. Minn. KTRF Thief Riv. Flls.,Minn. 250 250 KWNO Winona. Minn, 250 WCMA Corinth. Miss. 250 WHSY Hattiesburg. Miss. 250 WSSO Starkville, Miss.

KOFO Ottawa. Kans. 25011 WFKN Franklin, Ky. 250d 250d K BCL Bossier City, La. WLRI Denham Springs, La. 250d WAZF Yazoo City. Miss. I000d KODE Joplin. Mo. WSME Sanford, Maine KLWT Lebanon. Mn. 250d WBCH Hastings, Mich. KNCM Moberly. Mn. WAVN Stillwater, Minn. 1000d KANA Anaconda, Mont. WMDC. Hazlehurst, Miss, 251111 KBMN Bozeman, Mont. IO0nd KRHM Branson. Mn. KXLO Lewiston, Mont. KGMO Cape Girardeau, Mo. 250d KOLL Libby. Mont, 250d KTNC Falls City, Nebr, KLPW Union. Mo. I000d KHAS Hastings. Nebr. WKBK Keene, N.H. I000d KELY Ely. Nev. WGNY Newburgh, N.Y. 1000d KLAS Las Vegas, Nev. W J M K N. Syracuse, N. Y. WKMT Kings Mtn., N.C. 1000d KDOT Reno. Nev. 250d WKCB Berlin. N.H. WREV Reidsville, N.C. 1000d WTSV Claremont. N.H. WENC Whiteville, N.C. 1000d WCMC Wildwood, N.J. K E Y D Oakes, N.Dak. 50000 KALG Alamogordo, N.Mex. WGAR Cleveland, Ohio WERT Van Wert, Ohio 250d KOTS Deming. N.Mex. KCYN Guymon. Okla, 10000 KYVA Gallup. N.Mex. 250d KFUN Las Vegas. N.Mex. WJUN Mexico, Pa, 100011 W RIB Providence. R.I. KSWS Roswell. N.Mex. 1000d WNIA Cheektowaga, N.Y. WALD Walterboro. S.C. 250 WENY Elmira. N.Y. W F W L Camden. Tenn. I000d WHUC. Hudson. N.Y. WCPH Etowah, Tenn. 250 WLFH Little Falls. N.Y. WHEY Millington, Tenn. 250d WFAS White Plains. N.Y. KLBS Livingston, Tex.

www.americanradiohistory.com

W.P.

KZEE Weatherford, Tex. 250d WLSD Big Stone Gap, Va. 1000d WFAX Falls Church. Va. 1000d I000d KASY Auburn. Wash. 250d 5000

1000d

1170 -256.3

I000d 250d

I(NCO Garden City. Kans. I000d WWOL Buffalo. N.Y. WZIP Covington, Ky. I000d KCLE Cleburne, Tex.

I

116Salt

1000 Od

-270.1

San Mateo.

WISN Milwaukee, Wis.

1000d

5000

W.P. Kc.

Pullman. Wash. Seattle, Wash. I000d Vancouver, Wash. 1000d Welch. W.Va. WA XX Chippewa Falls. W is.5000d

50000 250d I000d 50000

1100 -272.6 (lBS San Francisco. Calif.

CFGP Grande Prairie. Alla. 10000 KYW Cleveland, Ohio CKSB St. Boniface, Man. 10000 WGPA Bethlehem, Pa, CJIC Sault Ste. Marie. Ont. 250 CHUM Toronto, Ont. 5000 1110 WRFS Alexander City, Ala. IOOUd CFTJ Galt, Ont. WCRI Scottsboro, Ala. 25011 Pasadena, Calif. I(VWM Show Low, Ariz. 250d LT Tampa, Fla. I(VLC Little Rock, Ark. 100011 KIPA Hilo. Hawaii I(OFY

KOFE KAYO KKEY WELC

1000

WILD Boston, Mass. WMUS Muskegon, Mich. KING Seattle. Wash.

WLBB Carrollton, (ia. WHLI Hempstead. N.Y.

1050 -285.5

KOLI Quanah. Tex.

5000 250

KOB Albuquerque, N.Mex. 10000 WCRA Effingham. III. KCTA Corpus Christi, Tex. 50000d KNWS Waterloo, Iowa WBAL Baltimore, Md.

1040-288.3

KOYE El Paso, Tex. KJBC Midland, Tex. KPNG Port Neches, Tex.

50000

CHIC Brampton. Ont. 50000 CH RS

Wave Length

W.P. Kc.

1090 -275.1 CH EC. Lethbridge,

1030-291.1 AlgiBoston.

Wave Length

KSCO Santa Cruz. Calif.

WTIC Hartford, Conn. WKLO Louisville, Ky. WOAP Owosso. Mich. WINE Kenmore, N.Y. WEWO Laurinburg, N.C. KWJJ Portland, Oreg. WEEP Pittsburgh. Pa, 5000 KRLD Dallas, Tex, I000d

250 250 250

250 250 250 250 250 100

250 250 250 250 250 250 100

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

Wave Length Ks. WSKY Asheville N.C. WFAI Fayetteville, N.C. WMFR High Point. N.G. WISP Kinston. N.C.

W.P. Ae.

WNNC Newton. N.G. WCBT Roanoke Rap.. N.C. KD1X Dickinson. N.Dak. WCPO Cincinnati. Ohio WCOL Columbus. Ohio WIRO Ironton. Ohio WTOL Toledo, Ohio KADA N. of Ada. Okla. WBBZ Ponca City, Okla. KVAS Astoria. Oreg. RNS Burns. Oreg. KOOS Cens Bay. Oreg. KGB() Gresham, Oreg. KYJC Medford, Oreg. KM K Lakeview, Oreg. WBVP Beaver Falls. Pa. WEE X Easton. Pa. W KBO Harrisburg. Pa. WCRO Johnstown. Pa. K

WBPZ Lock Haven. Pa. W NIK Areeiho. P.R.

WERI Westerly. R.I. WAIM Anderson, S.C. WNOK Columbia. S.C.

WOLS Florence. S.C. KISD Sioux Falls, S.Dak.

McMinnville. Tenn. SIX Corpus Christi, Tex. KDLK Del Rio. Tex.

W M MT K K

Houston. Tex.

NUZ

KERV Kerrville, Tex. KLVT Levelland. Tex. I(EEE Nacogdoches, Tex. Odessa. Tex.

KOSA

KHHH Pampa. Tex.

KSEY Seymour. Tex. KCMG Texarkana, Tex, KSST Sulphur Seres.. Tex. KWTX Waco, Tex. K MUR Murray, Utah KOAL Price. Utah WJOY Burlington. Vt. WBBI Abingdon. Va. WCFV Clifton Forge, Va. W F VA Fredericksburg. Va. WNOR Norfolk. Va. KQTY Everett. Wash. K LY K

Wash. KREW Sunnyside, Wash. WLOG Logan. W.Va. Spokane.

WTAP Parkersburg, W.Va. W HBY Appleton, Wis. WCLO Janesville, Wis. WHVF Wausau. Wis. KVOC Casper. Wyo.

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

1240 -241.8 1000 CFLM La Tuque. Que. CFNW Norman Wells. Northwest Tarr. 100 CFPR Prince Rupert. B.C. 250 250 CFWH Whitehorse, Y.T. 250 CJAV Port Alberni. B.C. 250 CJCS Stratford, Ont.

Wave Length

KOEC Decorah, Iowa

KWLC Decorah, Iowa KBIZ Ottumwa, Iowa KICO Spencer. Iowa KIUL Garden City, Kans.

KAKE WINN WFTM WPKE

Wichita

Rans. Louisville, Ky. Maysville, Ky,

Pikeville. Ky.

WSFC Somerset, Ky. K ASO Minden, La. KANE New Iberia, La,

WCOU Lewiston. Maine WCEM Cambridge, Md. WJEJ Hagerstown. Md. WHAI Greenfield, Mass. WOCR W. Yarmouth. Mass. WATT Cadillac, Mich. WCBY Cheboygan, Mich. WJPD Ishpeming. Mich. WJIM Lansing, Mich. WMFG Hibbing. Minn. WJON St. Cloud. Minn. WMPA Aberdeen. Miss. WGRM Greenwood. Miss. WGCM Gulfport. Miss. WMOX Meridian. Miss. WM IS Natchez. Miss.

KFMO Flat River. Mo. KWOS Jefferson City, Mo. KNEM Nevada, Mo.

KBMY Billings. Mont. KLTZ Glasgow, Mont. KXLJ Helena, Mont.

KFOR Lincoln, Nebr. KODY North Platte, Nebr.

KELK Elko.

Nev.

KPRB K RXL W RTA WLEM WHUM W KOK WBAX WALO WWON WKDK WBEJ WEKR WBIR WKDA WENK KVLF KEAN

Redmond. Oreg. Roseburg, Oreg. Altoona. Pa. Emporium, Pa. Reading. Pa. Sunbury, Pa. Pa. WilkesBarre, 250 CJRW Summerside, P.E.U. Humacao. P.R. 250 CKBS St. Hyacinthe, Que. Woonsocket. R.I. 250 CKLS LaSarre, Que. Newberry. S.C. WEB) Brewton. Ala. 250 Elizabethton, Tenn. 250 WULA Eufaula, Ala. Fayetteville. Tenn. 250 WOWL Florence. Ala. Knoxville, Tenn. 250 WARF Jasper, Ala. Nashville. Tenn. K WJB So. of Globe. Ariz. 250 Union City, Tenn. 250 KOFA Yuma, Ariz. Alpine, Tex. 250 KVRC Arkadelphia, Ark. Brnwnwood, Tex. K A.G H Crossett, Ark. 250 250 KORA Bryan. Tex. KHOZ Harrison, Ark. 250 KOCA Kilgore, Tex. K W A K Stuttgart, Ark. 250 KSOX Raymondville, Tex. KPLV Crescent City. Calif. Tex. K RDU Dinuba, Calif. 250 KXOX Sweetwater, Vt. WSK I Montpelier, KMBY Monterey. Calif. 250 Petersburg, Va. 100 WSSV K PPC Pasadena, Calif. Va. 250 WROV Roanoke, Va. HER'S' Ridgecrest, Calif. WTON Staunton. K ROY Sacramento, Calif. 250 Ellenshurgh, Wash. KRNO San Bernardino. Calif. 250 KXLE KGY Olympia. Wash. KSON San Diego. Calif. 250 WKOY Bluefield, W.Va. I(SMA Santa Maria, Calif. 250 WTIP Charleston. W.Va.

KSUE Susanville, Calif. KRDO Colo. Sprgs., Colo.

KOGO Durango. Colo. KSLV Monte Vista. Colo. KCRT Trinidad. Colo. WWCO Waterbury, Conn.

WBGC Chipley, Fla. W LCO Eustis, Fla. WINK Fort Myers. Fla. WMMB Melbourne. Fla. WE 0Y SI. Augustine, Fla.

WBHB WDUN WLAG WBML

Fitzgerald, Ga. Gainesville, Ga.

LaGrange, Ga. Macon, Ga.

WWNS Statesboro, Ga. WPAX Thomasville. Ga. WTWA Thomson. Ga. le ANI Kailua, Hawaii KVNI Coeur d'Alene. Idaho KWIK Pocatello, Idaho WCRW Chicago, III. WEDC Chicago, Ill. WSBC Chicago, III. W EBQ Harrisburg, Ill.

WTAX Springfield. Ill. WSW! Sterling, Ill. WHBU Andanon, Ind.

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

WDNE Elkins. W.Va. WOMT Manitowoc. Wis. WIBU Poynrtte. Wis. WORT Rhinelander, Wis. WJMC Rire Lake. Wis. KF BC Cheyenne. Wyo. KLUK Evanston. Wyn, KAS. Newcastle. Wyo. KRAL Rawlins, Wvo.

KTHE Thermopolis. Wyo

22550 0

250 250 1000 250 250

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 100 2511

250

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 2511

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

1250 -239.9 CK RB

Ville SI.

1000

5000 Georges, Que. 5000

1000 CKSB St. Boniface, Man. I000d WZOB Ft. Payne. Ala. WETU Wetumpka, Ala. 5000d 500d K F AY Fayetteville, Ark. 1000 100 KAJI Little Rock, Ark. 250 KHOT Madera, Calif. 500(1 250 Santa Barbara. Calif. 1000

250 250

Golden, Colo.

WNER Live Oak, Fla. !00 WRIM Pahokee, Fla. 250 WDAE Tampa, Fla.

1000d

I000d 500d 5000

I000d 500d 1000

I000d 5000 5000 500d 5000d 1000 1000d 1000

I000d 5000 1000(1 1000(1 lOOOd

bead 500d

I000d 5000 1000d 5000

I000d

500,1

5000 500d 1000(1

I000d 5000 1000d 10011(1

5000 1000

5000

-238.0

RYA-San Francisco, Calif. WWDC Washington. D.C. WFTW Fort Walton Beach, Florida WMMA Miami, Fla. WWPF Palatka, Fla. WHAB Baxley, Ga. WTJH East Point. Ga. KIFI Idaho Falls. Idaho KWEI Weiser. Ida.

WIBV Belleville, Ill. WFBM Indianapolis. Ind. KFGQ Boone, Iowa KWHK Hutchinson.

Kans. W XO K Baton Rouge, La. WEZE Boston, Mass.

WALM Albion, Mich. WJBL Holland. Mich,

10000 1000

5000d 1000d 500d 500d 1000

5000 5000

I000d 5000d 1000

5000d 5000d 5000 1000d

250d

1000 1000d

5000

I000d 500d

I000d I000d I000d

KIMB Kimball, Nebr.

I000d

KGBX Springfield. Mo.

1000

5000

WBUD Trenton. N.J. KVSF Santa Fe. N.Mex. WNDR Syracuse. N.Y. W G W R Asheboro, N.C.

5000 1000

5000

I000d I000d WCDJ Edenton, N.C. W DOK Cleveland. Ohio 5000 5000 WNXT Portsmouth. Ohio KWSH Wewoka- Seminole. Oklahoma 1000 K MCM McMinnville, Oreg. 1000 WERC Erie, Pa. 5000 WPHB Philipsburg, Pa. I000d

WISO Ponce. P.R. W MUU Greenville, S.C. WJOT Lake City. S.C. KWYR Winner, S.Dak. W M FS Chattanooga. Tenn. WMCH Church Hill. Tenn. W D K N Dickson. Tenn. WCLC Jamestown. Tenn.

KSPL Diboll, Tex. KBLP Fallurrias, Tex. KWFR San Angelo, Tex. KTUE Tutia, Tex. KTAE Taylor, Tex. WCHV Charlottesville, Va. WBCR Christiansburg, Va. K WIQ

Moses Lake. Wash,

WVVW Grafton. W.Va. WWIS Black River Falls. WEKZ Monroe, Wis,

Wis.

Powell. Wye.

1000 1000d 1000d 5000d

000d 000d 000d 000d 000d 500d OOOd

KBYR Anchorage, Alaska KOJI Holbrook, Arie. KPAP Redding. Calif. KCOK Tulare, Calif. WNOG Naples, Fla. WHIY Orlando, Fla.

www.americanradiohistory.com

5000 5000d I000d 5000 1000d 5000 500 1000 1000d

I000d 1000d

I000d 1000d 1000 5000 500d

I000d I000d 5000 500d

I000d 5000d

I000d 1000 1000d 1000

I000d 500d

I000d 1000 1000d

WYUO Newport News, Va.

KCVL Colville, Wash. KBAM Longview. Wash. WKYR Keyser, W.Va.

1000d

IOOOd

I000d 5000d

1280 -234.2 CJMS Montreal,

Que.

5000 5000 1000d 5000

CKCV Quebec. Que. WPID Piedmont, Ala. WNPT Tuscaloosa, Ala. K H EP Phoenix, Ariz. KFOX Long Beach. Calif.

I000d 1000 1000

1ClQTStockton, Calif. KTLN Denver, Colo.

5000 1000d

W SU X

5000d 5000d

W I B B Macon, Ga. W MRO Aurora, Ill.

WGBF KCOB KSOK WCPM WDSU KWCL

I000d 100Od

250d

5000 Evansville, Ind. 1000d Newton, Iowa Arkansas City, Kans. 1000 1000d Cumberland. Ky.

New Orleans. La. Oak Grove. La.

WEIM Fitchburg, Masa. WFYC Alma, Mich.

Minneapolis. Minn. KVOX Moorhead. Minn. WSJC Magee. Miss. KDKD Clinton. Mo. KY RO Potosi,Mo. KCNI Broken Bow, Nebr. WTCN

5000 500d 5000

I000d 5000 1000 500d 1000d 500d

I000d 5000d KTOO Henderson. Nev. 2500 WHBI Newark. N.J. KZU M Farmington. N.Mex. 5000d KHOB Hobbs, N.Mex. I000d

WADO New York, N.Y. 5000 W V ET Rochester, N.Y. 5000d WRSA Saratoga Svgs., N.Y. 1000 1000 WSAT Salisbury, N.C. 500 WONW Devance. Ohio 1000d WLMJ Jackson. Ohio K LCO

Poteau, Okla.

KERG Eugene, Oreg. Berwick. Pa. Hanover. Pa.

WBRX WHVR WKST WCMN WANS WJAY

New Castle. Pa.

Arecibo. P.R.

Anderson, S.C.

Mullins, S.C.

WJGD Columbia. Tenn. WONT Dayton, Tenn. KNIT Abilene. Tex. K W H I Brenham, Tex. OOOd 000d KLUE Longview, Tex. 500d KNA K Salt Lake City. Utah

WYVE Wytheville, Va, KIT Yakima, Wash. l0n0d WMNF Riehwood, W.Va. 5000 WHAM Neenah. WIe. 1000d

I000d 5000 5110d

5000 5000 1000 1000

I000d I000d I000d 500,1 IOOOd

1000d 5000

I000d 5000 1000d 1000

1290 -232.4 CFAM CKSL WTH G WMLS KEOS 1000d KCUB 1000d KDMS 1000 KUOA 1000

I0n00 CH W K Chilliwaek, B.C. CJCB Sydney, N.S. 5000 CFGT St. Joseph d'Alma, Quebec 1000

WGSV Guntersville, Ala. WAIP Prichard, Ala.

W.P.

KI HO Sioux Falls. S.Dak. 1000 5000d W LI K Newport, Tenn. 1000 KIOX Bay City. Tex. I000d KHEM Big Spring, Tex. I000d KEPS Eagle Pass, Tex. 5000 K FJZ Fort Worth. Tex.

000d 000d 5000

1270 -236.1 CHAT Medicine Hat. Alta.

Kc. Wove Length WTAL Tallahassee. Fla. WGBA Columbus, Ga. WJJC Commerce, Ga. KTFI Twin Falla. Idaho W EIC Charleston. Ill. WHBF Rock Island. Ill. WCMR Elkhart, Ind. WWCA Gary, Ind. WORX Madison, Ind. KSCB Liberal, Kans. WAIN Columbia, Ky. WF UL Fulton. KY. KVCL Winnfield, La. WSPR Springfield. Mass. WXYZ Detroit, Mieh. KWER Rochester, Minn. WLSM Louisville, Miss. KUSN St. Joseph, Mn. WTSN Dover. N.H. WDVL Vineland, N.J. KRAC Alamogordo, N.Mex. WH LD Niagara Falls, N.Y. WDLA Walton. N.Y. WCGC Belmont. N.C. WMPM Smithfield, N.C. KBOM Mandan. N.Dak. WILE Cambridge. Ohio KWPR Claremore, Okla. KAJO Grants Pass. Oreg. WLBR Lebanon. Pa. WBHC Hampton, S.C.

Seaford, Del. WDSP DeFuniak Springs, Florida I000d WQIK Jacksonville, Fla. 5000 WIPC Lake Wales, Fla.

KROX Crookston, Minn. KDUZ Hutchinson, Minn. WGVM Greenville. Miss. WNSL Laurel. Miss.

KPOW

CHWO Oakville, Ont. Mutane. Que.

CKBL

W.P.

250 WYTH Madison. Ga. 250 W IZZ Streator, III. 250 WGL Ft. Wayne. Ind. 250 WRAY Princeton, Ind. 250 KF KU Lawrence, Kans. 250 WREN Topeka. Kans. 250 WLCK Scottsville, Ky. 250 WGUV Bangor, Maine 250 WARE Ware. Mass. 250 W W BC Ray City. Mich. 250 KOTE Fergus Falls. Minn. 250 KCUE Red Wing. Minn. 250 WHNY McComb, Miss. 250 KVLV Fallon, Nev, 250 WMTR Morristown, N.J. 250 WIPS Ticonderoga. N.Y. 250 WBRM Marion, N.C. 250 WCHO Washington Court 250 House, Ohio 250 WPEL Montrose, Pa. 250 WCAE Pittsburgh. Pa. 250 WNOW York, Pa. 250 WTMA Charleston, S.C. 250 WKBL Covington, Tenn. 250 KFTV Paris. Tex. 250 KPAC Port Arthur. Tex. 250 KU KA San Antonio, Tex. 250 KSML Seminole, Tex. 250 KVEL Vernal. Utah 250 WDVA Danville. Va. 250 WYSR Franklin. Va. 250 WNRG Grundy. Va. 250 KWSG Pullman. Wash. 250 KTW Seattle. Wash. 250 WEMP Milwaukee. Wis. 250 250 250 1260 250 CFRN Edmonton, Alta. 250 DYBU Cebu. P.I. 250 WCRT Birmingham, Ala. 250 KPIN Casa Grande, Ariz. 250 KCCB Corning. Ark. 250 KBHC Nashville. Ark. 250 KGII San Fernando, Calif.

KBR Manchester, N.H. WSNJ Bridgeton. N.J. KAVE Carlsbad. N.Mex. KCLV Clovis, N.Mex. WGBB Freeport. N.Y. WGVA Geneva. N.Y. WJTN Jamestown. N.Y. WVOS Liberty. N.Y. 250 W N BZ Saranac Lake, N.Y. 250 WSNY Schenectady, N.Y. 250 WATN Watertown. N.Y. 250 WPNF Brevard, N.C. 250 WSOC Charlotte. N.C. WCNC Elizabeth City. N.C. 250 250 WJNC Jacksonville. N.C. 250 WRAL Raleigh. N.C. KDLR Devils Lake, N.Dak. 250 250 WBBW Youngstown, Ohio 250 WHIZ Zanesville, Ohio 250 KVSO Ardmore. Okla. 250 KBEK Elk City. Okla. 250 K BEL Idabel. Okla. 250 KOKL Okmulgee, Okla. 1000d KFLY Corvallis, Oreg. K KID Pendleton, Oreg. W

Wev. Lenglh

W.F. Ks.

I000d 1000d 1000 500d

5000d

Altona. Man. London. Ont. Jackson, Ala. Sylacauga, Ala. Flagstaff, Ariz.

Tucson. Ariz. El Dorado, Ark.

Siloam Sprgs., Ark.

KHSL Chien. Calif. KPER Gilroy, Calif.

WHITE'S RADIO LOG

5000 5000 1000d 1000d 1000 1000 5000d 5000d 5000 1000d

165

Kc.

Wave Length

Wave Length

W.P. Kc.

W.P. Kc.

KITO San Bernardino, Calif. 5000 K01(X Keokuk, Iowa 500d WTTL Madisonville, Ky.

500d

I000d WDOC Prestonsburg, Ky. 5000 KI KS Sulphur. La. KUZN W. Monroe, La. Florida 500d WLOB Portland. Maine WIRK W. Palm Bch., Fla. 5000 WORC Worcester, Mass. WDEC Americus. Ga. 1000d WI(MH Dearborn, Mich. WCHK Canton, Ga. I000d K RBI St. Peter, Minn. WTOC Savannah, Ga. 5000 WXXX Hattiesburg. Miss. KYTE Pocatello, Idaho IOOOd KFSB Joplin. Mo. WIRL Peoria, Ill. 5000 KFBB Great Falls, Mont. IOOOd WJLIC Asbury Park, N.J. WCBL Benton. Ky. KJEF Jennings. La. I000d WCAM Camden, N.J. WHGR Houghton Lake. WVIP Mt. Kisco, N.Y.

Michigan

WNIL Niles, Mich, WOIA KBMO WBLE KALM KGVO

Salino, Mich. Benson. Minn. Batesville, Miss. Thayer, Mo. Missoula, Mont. I(OIL Omaha, Ncbr,

WKNE Keene. N.H. I(SRC Socorro, N.M. WGLI Babylon, N.Y. WNBF Binghamton, N.Y. WHKY Hickory, N.C. W EYE Sanford, N.C.

WOMP Bellaire, Ohio

WHIO Dayton. Ohio

ICUMA Pendleton, Oreg. ICLIQ Portland, Oreg. WTRN Tyrone, Pa. WICE Providence, R.I. W FIG Sumter, S.C. WATO Oak Ridge, Tenn. I(BLT Big Lake, lee. I(IVY Crockett, Tex.

Io00d 5000 5000

I000d I000d 5000 5000 250 250

I000d

5000d WTLB 500d WISE 500d W I(TC 500d WTIK

I000d IOOOd

Utica, N.Y. 1000 Asheville. N.C. 5000 1000 Charlotte, N.C. Durham, N.C. 1000 ICNOX Grand Forks, N.Dak , 5000 WFAH Alliance, Ohio 1000d I(NPT Newport, Oreg. 5000 WBFD Bedford, Pa. I000d WGSA Ephrata, Pa. 1000d WNAE Warren, Pa. 5000d WDKD Kingstree, S.C. 5000d

5000 5000 5000 1000d 1000 5000 WDOD Chattanooga, Tenn. 5000 W DXI Jackson. Tenn. IOOUd

I000d 5000 5000

I000d I000d SOOd

1000 1000

I000d

`000 5000

I000d

W CO W

1000d

Sliarta, Wis.

1300 -230.6 Moncton, N.B. WT LS Tallasses, Ala. I(WCB Searcy, Ark. !CROP Brawley, Calif. ICYNO Fresno, Calif. I(W KW Pasadena, Calif. ICVOR Colo. Sores.. Colo. WAVZ New Haven. Conn. W R ICI Cocoa Beach, Fla.

CBAF

500d 5000

1000d 5000

-227.1

WSOL Tampa, Fla. WhITM Moultrie, Ga. WIh10 Winder. Ga. ICOZE Lewiston, Idaho WTAQ LaGrange, Ill. WFRX W. Frankfort, Ill. W H LT Huntington, Ind. Wh1FT Terre Haute, Ind. KGLO Mason City. Iowa WBLG Lexington, Ky.

WIBR Baton Rouge, La. K LUE Shreveport, La. WFBR Baltimore, Md. WJDA Quincy, Mass.

WOOD Grand Rapids, Mich. WRBC Jackson. Miss. ICMMO Marshall, Mn. I( ARC McCook. Nebr. I(PTL Carson City, Nev.

WAAT Trenton, N.1. WOSC Fulton. N.Y.

Goldsboro, N.C. Mt. Airy, N.C. Cleveland. Ohio Mt. Vernon, Ohio (COME Tulsa. Okla. I(DOV Medford, Oreg. ICACI The Dalles, Oreg. WTIL Mayaguez, P.R. WCI<1 (freer, S.C. I
WMTN Morristown, Tenn. W MAK Nashville, Tenn. IC VET Austin, Tex. KTFY Brownfield. Tex, 1(01. Seattle. Wash. WCLG Morgantown, W.Va. WKLC St, Albans. W.Va,

5000

I000d

1CVHL Homer. La.

IOOOd

WI LS Lansing, Mich.

WAUC Wauchula. Fla. WBRO Waynesboro. Ga. WBMIC West Point. Ga. ICLIX Twin Falls. Idaho W ISH Indianapolis. Ind.

166

5000 10000

I000d I000d 500d 500d

I000d 1000d 1000d 10000 1000

I000d WCOG Greensboro, N.C. 5000 5000 10000

I000d

I000d 5000 250d 1000d 1000,1

5000 5000 500 5000

50000 I000d 1000 1000d 1000d 5000d 5000 1000

KQDY Minot, N.Dak. WHOK Lancaster. Ohio KWOE Clinton. Okla. W ICAP Allentown, Pa. WAMP Pittsburgh, Pa. WSCR Scranton. Pa. WRIO Rio Piedras, P.R. WMSC Columbia, S.C. KELO Sioux Falls, S.Dak. W KIN Kingsport, Tenn. WMSR Manchester. Tenn. KVMC Colo. City, Tex. KXYZ Houston, Tex. KCPX Salt Lake City, Utah

WLLY Richmond, Va.

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1000 1000 1000 W N EG Toccoa, Ga. 1000 W KAN Kankakee, Ill. 1000 IC MAQ Maquoketa, Iowa

1310-228.9 CKOY Ottawa, Ont.

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WFIN Findlay, Ohio W1(0V Wellston, Ohio

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    KCKN Kansas City. Kans. KSEK Pittsburg. Kans. WW CMI Ashl N BSI ht array, KyK. WEKY Richmond, Ky. KGAN Bastrop, La. KRMD Shreveport, La. WFAU Augusta, Maine WHOU Houlton, Maine WGAW Gardner, Mass. WNBH New Bedford. Mass. WBRK Pittsfield, Mass, WLEW Bad Axe, Mich. Rap.. Mich. WLAV Grand WCSR Hillsdale, Mich. Mich. WMTE Manistee, Menominee. Mich. WAIN Petoskey. Mich, WMBN Mich. Royal Oak. WEXL KDLM Detroit Lakes. Minn. Evrleth, Minn. WEVE KROC Rochester, Minn. KWLM Willmar, Minn. Miss. WJMB Brookhaven. Laurel. Miss. WAML KXEO Mexico, Mo.

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    KORK Las Vegas, Nev.

    KBET Renn. Ncv.

    WDCR Hanover, N.H.

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    www.americanradiohistory.com

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    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

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    KRBA Lufkin, Tex.

    KV KM Monahans, Tex. KPDN Pampa, Tex. KOLE Port Arthur, Tex. KTXL San Angelo. Tex. KVIC N. of Victoria, Tex. WTWN St. Johnsbury, Vt.

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    1350 -222.1

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    WCBA Corning. N.Y. WHIP Mooresville. N.C. KQDI Bismarck. N.D. WADC Akrnn, Ohio WCHI Chillicothe. Ohio KRHD Duncan. Okla. KTLQ Tahlequah. Okla.

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    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    WSTA Charlotte Amalie, V.I. 250 250 WKEY Covington, Va. 250 WHAP Hopewell. Va. 250 WJMA Orange, Va. 250 Wash, KAGT Anacortes, 250 KPKW Pasco, Wash. 250 KAPA Raymond. Wash.

    250 250 KMEL Wenatchee. Wash. 250 WHAR Clarksburg, W.Va, 250 W EPM Marti nshurg, W.Va. 250 WMON Montgomery, W.Va. 250 WOVE Welch, W.Va, 250 WLDY Ladysmith. Wis. 250 WRIT Milwaukee. Wis. 250 WFHR Wis. Rapids. Wis. 250 KOWB Laramie. Wyo. 250 KWOR Worland. Wyo. 250 250 250 250

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

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    -215.7

    100011 WHIG Matawan, W.Va. 1390 WMOV Ravenswood, W.Va. I000d WBAY Green Bay, Wis. 5000 CKLN Nelson, B.C. WHMA Anniston, Ala. Wis. 500d WISV Virouqua. 1000d KDON DeQueen, Ark, W MN E Menomonie. Wis. 1000 KAMO Rogers. Ark. KVRS Rock Springs, Wyo. KGER Long Beach. Calif. KTUR Turlock, Calif. 1370

    -218.8

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    5000 5000d 1000d 1000d WKIK Lennardtown. Md. WGHN Grand Haven. Mich. 500d

    Canton. Miss.

    Boonville, Mo. Caruthersvilie, Mo. KXLF Butte. Mont. RAWL York, Nebr. WF EA Manchester, N.H. WALK Patchogue, N.Y. WSAY Rochester, N.Y. WLTC Gastonia. N.C. WTAB Tabor City, N.C. KFJM Grand Forks, N.D. WSPD Toledo, Ohio K AST Astoria Oreg. W OT R Corry, Pa. WPAZ Pottstown. Pa. WK MC Roaring Saris., Pa. WIVV Vieques. P.R. WDEF Chattanooga, Tenn. WDXE Lawrenceburg, Tenn, WRGS Rogersville, Tenn, 5010E Austin, Tex, KF RO Longview, Tex. KUKO Post, Tex.

    Ill.

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    Wave Length

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    I000d CKRN Rouyn. Que.

    CKSW Swift Current, Sask. I000d WMSL Decatur. Ala. 1000d WXAL Demopolis, Ala, 1000d WFPA Ft. Payne. Ala. 500d

    1000d 5000d 1000

    1380 -217.3 CFDA Vlctoriaville, Que. CKPC Brantford, Ont. CKLC Kingston, Ont. WGYV Greenville, Ala, KDXE N. Little Rock, Ark. KBVM Lancaster, Calif. KGMS Sacramento, Calif. KSBW Salinas, Calif. KFL1 Walsenburg. Colo, WAMS Wilmington, Del. WLIZ Lake Worth, Fla. WQXQ Ormond Bch., Fla, W LCY St. Petersburg, Fla. WAOK Atlanta, Ga. WRWH Cleveland, Ga. KPOI Honolulu, Hawaii WKJG Ft. Wayne. Ind. KCIM Carroll, Iowa WMTA Central City, Ky, WWKY Winchester. Ky,

    Waynesboro, Pa. 1000 WNRI Woonsocket, R.I. 1000 WAGS Bishopville, S.C. 1000d Rapid City. S.Dak. I000d KOTA KJET Beaumont. Tex. I000d KBWD Brownwood, Tex. 50011 KCRN Crane, Tex, K ACT Andrews, Tex. I000d KTSM EI Paso, Tex. 1000 KMUL Muleshoe, Tex. K W BA Baytown. Tex. 1000 KBOP Pleasanton, Tex. K RYS Corpus Christi. Tex.

    KXOL Ft. Worth, Tex. WBOB Galax, Va. WHBG Harrisonburg, Va.

    W.P. Kc.

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    WILD Homewood, Ala, WINO Opelika. Ala. KSEW Sitka. Alaska KCLF Clifton. Ariz. KONI Phoenix, Ariz. KTUC Tucson, Ariz. KVOY Yuma. Ault. KELD EI Dorado. Ark. KCLA Pine Bluff. Ark,

    WGTN Georgetown, S.C. WTHE Spartanburg. S.C. WJZM Clarksville, Tenn. o WHUB Cookeville. Tenn. 25 25 0 WLSB Copper HIII, Tenn. 25 0 W KPT Kingsport, Tenn. 250 WGAP Maryville, Tenn. 2 WH AL Shelbyville. Tenn. 25 KRUN Ballinger, Tex. 250 KBYG Big Spring. Tex, 250 KUNO Corpus Christi. Tex.

    KWYN Wynne, Ark. I000d KRE Berkeley, Calif.

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    Indio, Calif. Redding. Calif. Santa Marie, Calif. Santa Paula, Calif. Ukiah. Calif. Visalia. Calif. Canon City, Colo. Delta, Colo.

    5000 KFTM Ft. Morgan. Colo. 5000 KBZZ La Junta. Colo. 50011 WSTC Stamford. Conn. 5000 WILT Willimantic. Conn. 5000 WFTL Ft. Lauderdale, Fla, 1000

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    KBMI Henderson. Nev. KWNA Winnemucca, Nev. WTSL Hanover. N.H. 1000d KGFL Roswell. N. Men.

    5000d 5000

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    1000d 50011 100011

    -214.2

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Wave Length

    Kc.

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    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

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    250 WH LF So. Boston. Va. 250 WING Winchester. Va. 250 KWLK Longview. Wash, 250 K RSC Othello. Wash. 250 KTNT Tacoma, Wash. 250 WBOY Clarkesburg, W.Va, 250 WRON Ronceverte. W.Va. 250 WKWK Wheeling, W.Va. 250 WBTH Williamson. W.Va. 250 WATW Ashland. Wis. 250 WBIZ Eau Claire. Wis. 250 WDUZ Green Bay, Wis. 250 WRJN Racine, Wis. 250 WRDB Reedshurg, Wis. 250 WRIG Wausau, Wis. 250 KATI Caspar, Wyo. 250 KODI Cody, Wyn. 250 250 250 1410 250 CFUN Vancouver, B.C.

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    250 250 250 250 250 100

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

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    WALA Mobile. Ala. KTCS Fnrt Smith, Ark. KERN Bakersfield. Calif. KTEE Carmel. Calif. K MYC Marysville. Calif. KCAL Redlands. Calif.

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    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 2 50 2 50

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    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50 2 50

    250 250 250 250 500 250

    WDAX McRae. Ga. WLAQ Rome. Ga. WRMN Elgin. Ill. WTI M Taylorville. Ill. KGRN Grinnell, Iowa KLEM LeMars, Iowa

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    KLFD Litchfield. Minn. WDSK Cleveland. Miss. WBKN Newton, Miss,

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    ton0 5000 5000d

    I000d IOOOd

    1000 500d

    1000 WBRD Bradenton. Fla. 500d WDBF Delray Beach. Fla. WSTN St. Augustine. Fla. IOOOd WAVO Avondale Estates, Ga. 500d 500n WRBL Columbus. Ga. 5000d WLET Toccoa, Ga. 500á WIN1 Murphysboro, Ill. WIMS Michigan City. Ind. 1000

    WOC Davenport. Iowa KICK Junction City, Kans.

    WTCR Ashland. Ky. WHBN Harrodsburg. Ky,

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    5000

    1000d

    5000d

    I000d

    167

    Wove Length wvJS Owensbnrn, Ky. KPEL Lafayette, La. Kc.

    W.P. 1000 1000 1000 1000 500

    WBSM New Bedford. Mass. WBEC Pittsfield. Mass. WAMM Flint. Mich. I(TOE Mankato. Minn. 5000 WSUH Oxford, Miss. I000d WQBC Vicksburg, Miss. 1000 K BTN Neosho, Mo. 500d

    K000

    Omaha, Nebr.

    WALY Herkimer, N.Y. WACK Newark. N.Y. WLNA Peekskill, N.Y, WMYN Mayodan, N.G. WGAS S. Gastonia. N.C. WVOT Wilson. N.C. W H K Cleveland. Ohio

    KTlS Hobart, Okla.

    KYNG WCOI WCED WEUC WCRE

    Coos Bay. Oreg.

    Coatesville. Pa. DuBois, Pa. Ponce, P.R.

    500d IUOOd

    500

    I000d

    Kc. Wave Length WBAB Babylon, N.Y. WJJL Niagara Falls, N.Y. WBLA Elizabethtown. N.C. WBUY Lexington, N.C. KILO Grand Forks. N.D. WHHH Warren, Ohio KMED Medford, Dreg. KODL The Dalles, Oreg. WCOL Carbondale. Pa. WGCB Red Lion. Pa.

    KFDA Amarillo, Tex. KEYS Corpus Christi, Tex. 1000 KDNT Denton. Tex. 5000 KETX Livingston, Tex. I000d WKLV Blackstone, Va, IOOOd WH IS Bluefield, W.Va. 500 500d

    5000 WAJR Morgantown, W.Va. 5000 WJPG Green Bay, Wis. 1000 1000d

    Cheraw, S.C.

    500d 1000d IOOOd

    5000d 1000 5000 5000 1000

    5000d

    I000d

    WQOK Greenville, S.C.

    WZYX Cowan. Tenn. WH DM McKenzie, Tenn.

    5000 1000d 500d 5000 1000 1000 1000d 5000d 5000 5000 5000

    KABR Abredeen, S.D. I000d 1450 -206.8 WEMB Erwin, lens. 1000d 250 WKSR Pulaski. Tenn. 1000 CBG Gander, Nfld. 250 KFYN Bonham, Tex. 250d CFAB Windsor, N.S. 1000 KTRE Lufkin, Tex. 1000 CFJR Brockville, Ont. 1000 KGNB New Braunfels, Tex. IOOOd CHEF Granby, P.Q. 250 KPEP San Angelo. Tex. I000d CJOY Guelph, Ont. 250 WWSR St. Albans. Vt. I000d W DNG Anniston, Ala. 250 W DDY Gloucester. Va. I000d WEZB Bessemer, Ala. WDIG Dothan, Ala. 250 W KTF Warrenton, Va. 5000d 250 KITI Chehalis, Wash. I000d WFUN Huntsville, Ala. I(UJ Walla Walla, Wash. 5000 W LAY Muscle Shoals City, Ala. 250 250 WPLY Plymouth, Wis. 500d I
    W

    IOOUd

    I000d

    WIRE Indianapolis, Ind. KASI Ames, Iowa I(MRC Morgan City, La. WNAV Annapolis, Md,

    WHIL Medford,

    Mass.

    5000d 500d 5000

    I000d 500d 1000

    5000d

    KG I W Alamosa, Colo.

    KYOU Greeley, Colo.

    WNAB Bridgeport, Conn. WILM Wilmington, Del. WOL Washington, D.C. WWJB Brooksville, Fla. W M FJ Daytona Beach,Fla. WSKP Miami, Fla. WBSR Pensacola, Fla. WSPB Sarasota, Fla, WSTU Stuart. Fla. WTNT Tallahassee, Fla. WGPC Albany, Ga. WBHF Cartersville. Ga. WCON Cornelia, Ga. WKEU Griffin, Ga. W M VG Milledgeville, Ga. WCCP Savannah. Ga. WVLD Valdosta, Ga.

    WION Ionia, Mich. 500d WBRB Mt. Clemens, Mich. 500d W LAU Laurel, Miss. 5000d WIL St. Louis, Mo. 5000 I(RGI Grand Island, Nebr. 1000 WNJR Newark. N.J. 5000 W ENE Endicott, N.Y. 5000 WMNC Morganton, N.C. SllOdd WRXO Roxboro. N.C. I000d WFOB Fostoria, Ohio 1000 500d K EOK Payette, Idaho WCLT Newark. Ohio KEEP Twin Falls, Idaho KALV Alva, Okla. 500 W HFC Cicero. III. I(TUL Tulsa, Okla. 5000 WKEI Kewanee. Ill. I(GAY Salem, Oreg. 5000d WCVS Springfield. III. WVAM Altoona. Pa, 1000 WANE Ft. Wayne, Ind. WF RA Franklin. Pa. 500d WASK Lafayette. Ind. WBLR Batesburg. S.C. 51.100d WAOV Vincennes, Ind. WATP Marion, S.C. 1000d KPIG Cedar Rapids, laws KBRK Brookings. S.Dak, 500d KWBW Hutchinson. Kans. WENO Madison, Tenn. 5000d WTCO Campbellsville. Ky. WH ER Memphis, Tenn. 1000 W W X L Manchester, Ky. KSTB Breckenridge, Tex. IOOOd WPAD Paducah, Ky. I000d KSIG Crowley. La. KSIJ Gladewafer, Tex. I000d KNOC Natchitoches, La. KCOH Houston, Tex, KLO Ogden. Utah 5000 WNPS New Orleans, La. 5000 WRI(D Rockland, Maine KBRC Mt. Vernon, Wash. W El R Weirton, W.Va. 1000 WleTQ South Paris. Maine Dam. Wis. I000d WBEV Beaver WTBO Cumberland, Md. W MAS Springfield. Mass. WATZ Alpena Township. Mich. WHTC Holland, Mich. 1440 -208.2 WMIQ Iron Mtn., Mich. 1000 CFCP Courtenay, B.C. WIBM Jackson, Mich. 5000 WKLA Ludington, Mich, WHHY Montgomery, Ala. 5000d WH LS Port Huron, Mich. KPOK Scottsdale, Ariz. Little Reek. Ark. KOKY Sd00d KATE Albert Lea. Minn. KVON Napa, Calif. 500 KBUN Bemidji. Minn. KPRO Riverside. Calif. 1000 KBMW Breckenridge, Minn.

    WBIS Bristol, Conn. WABR Winter Park. Fla. WWCC Bremen. Ga. WGIG Brunswick. Ga. WRA1 Anna, III. WPRS Paris, III. WGEM Quincy. III. WROK Rockford, III. WPGW Portland, Ind. KCHE Cherokee. Iowa KJAY Topeka, Kass, WKLX Paris, Ky. WEZJ Williamsburg. Ky. I(MLB Monroe. La. WAAB Worcester. class. WBCM Bay City, Mich.

    WCHB Inkster. Mich. K EVE Golden Valley. WMVB Millville, N.J. 168

    M

    inn.

    5110d

    5000

    KFAM SL Cloud. Minn. I000d WROX Clarksdale. Miss. 5000 WCJU Columbia. Miss. 500d WJXN Jackson. Miss. 500d WOK K Meridian. Miss, 1000 1000

    WNAT Natchez. Miss. WROB West Point, Miss. 500d WMBH Joplin, Mo.

    500d 5000 :doUd 500d 5000 5000 1000

    I000d 5000

    I000d

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    KIRX Kirksville,

    Mo.

    KOKO Warrensburg, Mu. KWI'M West Plains, Mu. KXXL Bozeman. Mont. KUDI Great Falls, Mont. KXLL Missoula. Mont. KVCK Wolf Point. Mont. KWBE Beatrice, Nebr. KCSR Chadron. Nebr. KONE Reno, Nev. WK XL Concord. N. H, WFPG Atlantic City. N.J. WCTC New Brunswick, N.J.

    Wave Length

    W.P. Kc.

    W.P.

    Wave Length

    W.P.

    KLOS Albuquerque, N.Mex. KLMX Clayton, N.Mex. KOBE Las Cruces, N.Mex. KENM Portales. N.Mex. WHDL Allegany. N.Y. WCLI Corning, N.Y. WWSC Glen Falls. N.Y. WHDL Olean, N.Y.

    250 250 250 250

    WJAK Jackson, Tenn. WEEN Lafayette. Tenn. KBRZ Freeport, Tex.

    1000d 1000d

    WACO Waco, Tex.

    WATA Boone, N.C. WGNC Gastonia, N.G. WHVH Henderson, N.C. WH KP Hendersonville, N.C. WHIT New Bern, N.C. WJER Dover. Ohio WMOH Hamilton. Ohio WLEC Sandusky, Ohio KWHW Allus, Okla, KGFF Shawnee. Okla. I(SIW Woodward. Okla. KWRO Coquille, Dreg. KOBE Eugene, Oreg. l(FLW Klamath Falls, Oreg. KLBM La Grande, Oreg. KBPS Portland, Oreg. WLEU Erie, Pa. WGET Gettysburg, Pa. WDAD Indiana. Pa, WPAM Pottsville, Pa, WMPT So. Williamsport, l'a. WMAJ State College, l'a. WJPA Washington, Pa. WNEL Caguas. P.R. WWRI W. Warwick, R.I.

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    WKIP Poughkeepsie, N.Y. WKAL Rome. N.Y.

    WQSN Charleston. S.C. WCRS Greenwood, S.C.

    WMYB Myrtle Beach. S.C. WHSC Hartsville, S.C. KBFS Belle Fourche. S.Dak. KYNT Yankton, S.Dak. WLAR Athens, Tenn. WOGA Chattanooga, Tenn. WDSG Dyersburg. Tenn. WLAF LaFollette, Tenn. WGNS Murfreesboro, Tenn. KBIC Beaumont, Tex. KBEN Carrizo Sores.. Tex.

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 1000

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 100

    KURA KEYY KDXU WTSA WFTR WREL WMVA WLPM KBKW 250 KCLX

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    WPAR Parkersburg, W.Va, KFIZ Fond du Lac, Wis. WDLB Marshfield, Wis, 100 WPFP Park Falls, Wis. 250 WRCO Richland Center, Wis, 250 KBBS Buffalo. Wyn, 250 KWRL Riverton, Wyo.

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    KCTI

    Gonzales,

    Tex.

    KMBL Junction, Tex.

    KCYL Lampasas. Tex. KMHT Marshall, Tex. KCMR McCamey, Tex, KNET Palestine, Tex.

    Snyder. Tex. Moab. Utah Provo, Utah St. George, Utah Brattleboro. Vt. Front Royal. Va. Lexington, Va. Martinsville, Va. Suffolk, Va, Aberdeen, Wash. Colfax. Wash, 250 KRSC Othello, Wash, 250 KONP Port Angeles. Wash, 250 KAYE Puyallup, Wash. KSN

    Y

    250 250 250

    250 250 250 250 250

    Kc.

    KLLL Lubbock, Tex.

    WPHW Manassas, Va. WRAD Radford, Va. I(I M A Yakima, Wash. WRAC Racine, Wis.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    500d

    I000d 10001

    500d 1000d 1000 IOOOd

    5000d 5000d

    I000d 10001 1000 5000 5000

    I000d

    5000

    I000d 1000 10001

    KPLC Lake Charles, La, 5000 WLAM Lewiston, Maine 5000 WJDY Salisbury, hid. 5000d WTTR Westminster, Md. I000d WSRO Marlborough, Mass. IOOOd WNBe Newburyport, Mass. 500d WI(MF Flint, Mich. 1000 W KLZ Kalamazoo, Mich. 500d I(ANO Anoka, Minn. I000d WCH1 Brookhaven, Miss. WNAU New Albany, Miss.

    KGHM Brookfield, Mo. KTCB Malden, Mo. WTKO Ithaca, N.Y. WPDM Potsdam, N.Y. WBIG Greensboro, N.C. WPNC Plymouth, N.C. WIDE Spruce Pine. N.C. WOHO Toledo, Ohio I(VLH Pauls Valley, Okla. I(VIN Visita, Okla, WSAN Allentown, Pa. WFAR Farrell, Pa. WOIC Columbia, S.C. WEAG Alcoa, Tenn. WH

    E Ft

    Memphis. Tenn.

    WVOL Nashville, Tenn. KRBC Abilene, Tex.

    KW RD Henderson, Tex. KCNY San Marcos, Tex. KELA Centralia, Wash. KSEM Moses Lake, Wash.

    1000d 500d

    500d 10001

    I000d I000d 5000

    I000d I000d 1000

    250d 500d 5000 I000d 5000d 1000d

    I000d 1000d 5000 5011d

    250d 5000 5000 5000d 500d 5000

    1480 -202.6 WABB Mobile, Ala. K HAT Phoenix, Ariz. KGLU Safford. Ariz. KTCN Berryville, Ark, KIEM Eureka, Calif. I
    WAPG Arcadia. Fla. Cl NB N. Battleford, Sask. 10000 WEZY Cocoa, Fla, 5000d WTHR Panama Beach, Fla. WFMH Cullman, Ala. 250 WPNX Phenix City, Ala, 5000 WYZE Atlanta, Ga. 250 KCCL Paris, Ark. 500d WRDW Augusta, Ga. 250 KTYM Inglewood, Calif. I000d WTHI Terre Haute, Ind. 250 KDON Salinas. Calif. 5000 WRSW Warsaw, Ind. 250 *YSTTColo. Sprgs Colo. 1000 I(LEE Ottumwa, Iowa 250 WBAR Bartow, Fla. I000d KBKC Mission, Kans. 250 WZEP DeFuniak Springs. KLEO Wichita, Kans. 250 Florida I000d W KOA Hopkinsville, Ky. 250 WMBR Jacksonville, Fla. 5000 W N KY Neon, Ky. 250 WDh1F Buford, Ga, 1000d WTLO Somerset. Ky. 250 WROY Carmi, Ill. I000d KJOE Shreveport, La. 250 WKAM Goshen. Ind. I000d WSAR Fall River, Mass. 250 WOCH North Vernon, Ind. 500d WMAX Grand Rapids. 250 KSO Des Moines, Iowa 5000 250 KCRB Chanute, Kans. I000d 250 Mt. Vernon. Ky, 500d 250 WRVK 5000 250 WAIL Raton Rouge. La. 1000d 250 KRSF Springhill. La. 1000 250 WBET Brockton. Mass. IOOOd 250 WBRN Big Rapids, Mich, 500 250 WPON Pontiac. Mich. 1000 250 KDMA Montevideo, Minn. 11100d 250 WELZ Belzoni, Miss, 5000d 250 KADY St. Charles, Mo, 5000d 250 KRNY Kearney, Nebr. 1000 250 KENO Las Vegas. Nev. 5000 250 WOKO Albany, N.Y. 51ffid 25.1 WVOX New Rochelle. N.Y. 5000 250 WH EC Rochester, N.Y. 250 WFVG Fuquay Sings.. N.C. bliaud 500d 250 WMMH Marshall, N.C. 5000 250 WBNS Columbus, Ohio 500d 250 WPVL Painesville, Ohio I000d 250 KPLK Dallas, Orcg, 500d 250 WMBA Ambridge. Pa. 5000 250 WCMB Harrisburg. Pa. 1000 250 WBCU Union. S.C. 500d 2S0 WGOG Walhalla, S.C.

    1000

    500d 5000 5000 500d

    1470 -204.0 CHOW Welland. Ontario W BLO Evergreen, Ala. KBLO Hot Springs, Ark. KBMX Coalinga, Calif. KUTY Palmdale, Calif. KXOA Sacramento, Calif. Wh1111W Meriden, Conn. WPOM Pompano Beach, Fla, WDCL Tarpon Sprgs, Fla. WAAG Adel, Ga. WDOL Athens, Ga. WCLA Claxton, Ga. WRGA Rome, (la. WMBD Peoria, Ill. WCBC Anderson, Ind. KTRI Sioux City, Iowa KWVY Waverly, Iowa KARE Atchison, Kans. WSAC Fort Knox, Ky.

    WPLH Huntington, W.Va. 100 W B K V West Bend, Wis. 250 KTWO Casper, Wyo.

    1460 -205.4

    SUUd

    I000d

    Michigan WIGS Tawas City, Mich.

    KAUS Austin, Minn.

    KGCX Sidney, Mont. KLMS Lincoln, Nebr, KWEW Hobbs, N. Met,

    WLEA WHOM WREM WWOK WYRN

    Hornell. N.Y. New York, N.Y. Remsen. N.Y. Charlotte, N.C. Louisburg, N.C.

    W MSJ Sylva, N.C.

    WHBC WCIN WTRA WDAS

    Canton, Ohio

    Cincinnati, Ohio Latrobe, Pa,

    Philadelphia, Pa.

    WISL Shamokin,

    Pa.

    5000 500 1000 1000

    5000 5000 1000 1000d 1000d

    500d 5000d 5000 1000 500 500d 100(Id 5000

    I000d I000d I000d 1000d

    5000

    I000d I000d 1000

    5000 1000 51100

    10001 5000

    I000d IOOOd

    500d 5000d 5000

    I000d 500d SO0O

    1000

    LOK Memphis, Tenn. KBOX Dallas. Tex.

    5000d 5000

    WCFR Springfield, Vt, WBBL Richmond, Va, WLEE Richmond, Va. WBLU Salem, Va.

    1000 1000d 5000 5000 5000d

    W

    KLVL Pasadena, Tex.

    KPVA Camas, Wash.

    IUUUd

    Wave Length

    Ke,

    KF HA I akewood, Warn. W ISM Mao. oli. Wis.

    W.P. Ke. I000d 1000

    1490-201.2 CFRC Kingston. Ont. CKCH Kitchener, Ont. CI(BM Montaquy, Que.

    WANA Anniston, Ala. WAIF Decatur. Ala. WRLD Lanett. Ala. WHBB Selma. Ala. KYCA Prescott, AriZ. KAIR Tucson, Ariz. KXAR Hope, Ark. (TLO Mtn. Home. Ark. (DHS Paragould. Ark. (OTN Pine Bluff, Ark. (XRJ Russellville, Ark. (MAP Bakersfield, Calif. (PAS Banning. Calif. Aiititfj Burbank. Calif. Calexico. Calif. !COWL Lake Tahoe, Calif. KAFP Petaluma. Calif. KBLF Red Bluff. Calif. KDB Santa Barbara, Calif. KSYC Yreka, Calif. I(BOL Boulder, Colo. I(CMS Manitou Spry., Calo. KOLO Sterling. Colo. WNLC New London. Conn. WTOR Torrington, Conn. WTRL Bradenton, Fla. WJBS DeLand. Fla.

    WMET Miami Beach, Fla. WSRA Milton, Fla. WRGH Starke. Fla. WTTII Vero Beach, Fla. WSIR Winter Haven. Fla. WMOG Brunswick, Ga. W MJM Cordele,

    Ga.

    WMRE Monroe, Ga. WSF Fl Quitman, Ga. WSNT Sandersville. Ga. WSYL Sylvania. Ga. l(TOH Lihue. Hawaii I(CID Caldwell, Idaho WKRO Cairo. Ill. WDAN Danville, III, WAMV East St. Louis, 111, WOP4 Oak Park. Ill.

    WKBV Richmond. Ind. WNDU South Bend. Ind. (BUR Burlington. Iowa WDBQ Dubuque, Iowa KIM: Mason City. Iowa K TOI' Topeka, 1(ans. W F KY Frankfort. Ky.

    WI(AY Glasgow.

    100

    Wave Length

    250 250 250 250 250 W11M Lewisburg, Tenn. 250 WDXL Lexington, Tenn. 250 KNOW Austin. Tex. 250 KIBL Beeville, Tex. 250 KBST Big Spring. Tex. 250 KHUZ Borger, Tex. 250 KNEL Brady, Tex. 250 KSAM Huntsville, Tex. 250 KVOZ Laredo. Tex. 250 KUCO Littlefield, Tex. 250 KPLT Paris, Tex. 250 I(GKB Tyler, Tex. 250 KVWC Vernon. Tex. 250 KVOG Ogden. Utah 250 WI KE Newport, Vt. 250 WCVA Culpeper. Va. 250 WVEC Hampton. Va. 250 WAYB Waynesboro, Va. 250 1(BRO Bremerton, Wash. 100

    250 250 250 250 250

    250 250

    KLOG

    Kelso. Wash.

    KENE Toppenish. Wash. KTEL Walla Walla. Wash. WHMS Charleston. W.Va. WTCS Fairmont, W.Va. WLOH Princeton, W.Va. WGEZ Beloit. Wis. WLCX LaCrosse. Wis. WIGM Medford, Wis. WOSH Oshkosh. Wis.

    250 250 250 KIML Gillette, Wyo. 250 KRTR Thermopolis. Wyo. 250 KGOS Torrington, Wyo. 250 250 250 1500 250 250 CHOC Port Hope, Ont. 250 KXRX San Jose, Calif. 250 WTOP Washington. D.C. 250 WKIZ Key West. Fla, 250 WJBK Detroit. Mich. 250 KSTP St. Paul, Minn. 250 KTXO Sherman, Tex, 250 250 1510 250

    W

    MFC

    WTXL WAR)

    WCBQ

    WMDN KXRA KOZY KLGR WLOX WCLD WHOC WTUP WVI M 1(0410

    I(TTR I(ORO '(BOW I(RON WLOB

    250 250 250

    KY.

    C

    KOT Tillsonburg, Ont.

    KASK Ontario. Calif. KTI M San Rafael. Calif. 'RUDY Littleton, Colo.

    250 WI(Al Macomb. Ill. 250 WMEX Boston. Mass. 250 KANS Independence, Mo. 250 WLAC Nashville. Tenn. 250 KCTX Childress. Tex. 250 KSTV Stephenville. Tex. Portland. Maine 250 KGA Spokane. Wash. Waterville. Maine 250 WAUX Waukesha, Wis. Hagerstown. Md. 250 Haverhill. Mass. 250 Milford. Mass. 250 1520 W. Springfield, Mass. 250 KACY Port Hueneme, Calif. Adrian. Mich. 250 WHOW Clinton. Ill. Fremont, Mich. 250 (SIB Creston. Iowa Midland, Mich. 250 WKBW Buffalo. N.Y. Alexandria. Minn. 250 WFYI Mineola. N.Y. Grand Rapids. Minn. 250 JKDMA Okla. City. Okla. Redwd. Falls, Minn. 100 (CON Oregon City. Oreg. Biloxi. Miss. 250 W W W W Rio Piedras. P.R. Cleveland. Miss. 250 Philadelphia, Miss. 250 1530 Tupelo. Miss. 250 Vicksburg. Miss. 250 KFBK Sacramento, Calif. Carthage, Mo. 250 WCKY Cincinnati, Ohio Rolla. Mo. 250 KGBT Harlingen, Tex. Sedalia. Mo. 250 Butte. Mont. 25n Omaha. Nebr. 250 1540 Atlantic City, N.J. 250 ZNS Nassau. B.W.I. Los Alamos. N.Mex. 250 Pr Los Angeles, Calif.

    KRSN BRIN Raton. N.Mex. WCSS Amsterdam. N.Y. WBTA Batavia. N.Y. WKNY Kingston. N.Y, WICY Malone. N.Y. WDLC Port Jervis. N.Y. WOLF Syracuse. N.Y. WSSB Durham, N.C. WFLB Fayetteville. N.C. WLOE Leaksville. N.C. WRNB New Bern, N.C. WRMT Rocky Mount, N.C. WSTP Salisbury, N.C.

    HW Guthrie, Okla.

    KBIX Muskogee. Okla. KBKR Baker, Ores.

    KHNR Roseburg. Oreg. 1(132V Salem, Oreg. W ESB Bradford, Pa.

    WALL Hazleton, Pa. WARD Johnstown, l'a.

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    1000

    -196.1

    -195.0

    25

    100

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250

    Ke.

    Wave Length

    W.P. Ke.

    1560-192.3 CFRS Simcue, Ont. Bakersfield, Calif.

    Canton, Ill. KSWI Council Bluffs, Iowa WDXR Paducah. Ky. WQXR New York. N.Y. WINS Coshocton. Ohio WTOD Toledo. Ohio KWCO Chickasha, Okla. WENA Bayamon. P.R. KHBR Hillsboro, Tex.

    WSYS

    250d 10000 250d 500d 1000 50000 10004 10004 1000 250

    250d

    1570 -191.1 10000 CHUB Nanaimo. B.C. CFRY Portage la Prairie, Manitoba 250d

    CFOR

    Orillia, Ont.

    WCRL Oneonta, Ala. WRW1 Selma, Ala. KBJT Fordyce. Ark. KRKC King City. Calif. I(CVR Lodi, Calif. KACE Riverside, Calif. KLOV Loveland. Colo. WTWB Auburndale. Fla. WPAP Fernandina Beach.

    Wave Length

    10000' 50000 250

    I000d 1000

    I000d 1000

    250d 5000 1000d 50000

    250d 250d 50000 250d

    250

    I000d I000d

    W.P.

    Bradbury Hits., vid. 10000d 250d WOWE Allegan, Mich. 250d KDOM Windom, Minn. WAMY Amory, Miss. 50004 250d WGLC Centreville, Miss. 1000 WESY Leland. Miss. 1000d WPMP Pascagoula, Miss. 250d KBIA Columbia, Mo. W PGC

    10000 250d

    I000d

    KNIM Maryville. Mo.

    WCRV Washington. N.J. KHAM Albuquerque, N.Mex. WPAC Patchogue, N.Y. KZKY Albemarle, N.C. WTYN Tryon. N.C. WVKO Columbus. Ohio KLTR Blackwell. Okla. WCOY Columbia, Pa. WANG Waynesburg. Pa. WBPD Orangeburg, S.C. WYCL York, S.C. KGAF Gainesville. TeX. KIRT Mission, Tex.

    KTLU Rusk, TeX. KWED Seguin, Tex. 1000d KEVA Shamrock. TeX. I000d WILA Danville, Va, 250d WPUV Pulaski, Va. 1000d WTTN Watertown, Wit. 250d 250d

    250d SOOd

    1000d

    5000d 250d 2501)

    1000d

    250d 5U0d

    250d 1000d 250d 250d

    I000d 500d 1000d 250d 1000d 5000d

    250d

    Florida I000d 250d 1590 WJOE Ward Ridge. Fla. 1000d WCPK College Park, Ga. 5000d 250d WATM Atmore. Ala. WGSR Millen, Ga. 51)00d Iollod WVNA Tuscumbia, Ala. WOKZ Alton, III. I000d I000d I(PBA Pine Bluff. Ark. W F R L Freeport. III. 1000 I000d KS10 San Jose, Calif. WBEE Harvey. Ill. 1000 KUDU Ventura, Calif. 250d WTAY Robinson, Ill. 5000 Conn. Waterbury, WBRY 250d W ILO Frankfort. Ind. Beach. 250d WILZ St. Petersburg WAWK Kendallville. Ind, 1000d Florida I000d WOW! New Albany, Ind, Daytona Bch., 250d WELE S. KMCD Fairfield. Iowa Fla. 1000d 250d WALB Albany. Ga. KJFI Webster City, Iowa 1000 250d WLFA Lafayette, Ga. KNDY Marysville. Kans. 5000d 250d WN MP Evanston, Ill. KWSK Pratt. Kans. 1000d

    -188.7

    WK KS Vanceburg, Ky.

    250d WAIK Galesburg. Ill. 500d WGEE Indianapolis. Ind. 250d WPCO Mt. Vernon. Ind. 500d KWBG Boone, Iowa I000d KVGB Great Bend, Kans. WAQE Towson. Md. 10004 Mass. Taunton. WLBN Lebanon. Ky. WPEP I000d KEVL White Castle, La. WDEW Westfield. Mass. I000d WTVB Coldwater, Mich. WMRP Flint. Mich. WFUR Grand Rapids, W DOG Marine City. Mich. Michigan 1000d WOK1 Jackson, Miss. 10004 KDEX Dexter. Mo. KMRS Morris. Minn. 1000d WONA Winona. Miss. KPRS Kansas City. Mo. 250d KMAM Tularosa. N.Mex. KLEX Lexington. Mo. 1Ú00d WFLR Dundee. N.Y. WEHH Elmira Heights 250d WBUZ Fredonia. N.Y. Horseheads. N.Y. 10004 WNYS Salamanca. N.Y. WNCA Siler City. N.C. 250d WGTC Greenville, N.C. WHOT Campbell. Ohio 250d WNOS High Point. N.C. WCLW Mansfield. Ohio 250d WAKR Akron, Ohio WPTW Piqua, Ohio 250d WSRW Hillsboro. Ohio KTAT Frederick. Okla. 000d KH EN Henryetta. Okla. KOLS Pryor. Okla. 000000dd KTIL Tillamook. Oreg. KGGG Forest Grove. Oreg. WXRF Guayama, P.R. KOHU Hermiston. Oreg. 000d WCBG Chambersburg. Pa. WBUX Doylestown. Pa. 000d WEEZ Chester. Pa. WAKU Latrobe, Pa. 000d WYNG Warwick, R.I. WMLP Milton. Pa. 250d WABV Abbeville. S.C. S.C. WFGN Gaffney, WACA Camden, S.C. O OOd WLSC Loris. S.C.

    WABL Amite. La. KLLA Leesville. La. 50000 250 KMAR Winnsboro, La. 1000

    -197.4

    250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 I(NUC Hettinger. N.Dak. 250 KOVC Valley City. N.Dak. 250 WBEX Chillicothe. Ohio 250 WIMO Cleveland Fights.. Ohio 250 WOHI E. Liverpool. Ohio 250 WMOA Marietta, Ohio 250 WMRN Marion, Ohio 250 KW

    250

    -199.1

    WIKC Bogalusa. La. KEUN Eunice. La. KCIL Houma. La. I(RUS Ruston. La. WTVL WARK WHAV

    250

    -199.9

    WOMI Owensboro. Ky. WSIF' Paintsville, Ky.

    WPOR

    W.P.

    WGAL Lancaster. Pa. WBCB Levittown, Pa. WMRF Lewiston, Pa. WMGW Meadville, Pa. WNBT Wellsboru, Pa. WMDD Fajardo, P.R. WGCD Chester, S.C. W MRB Greenville. S.C. KORN Mitchell, S.Dak. WOPI Bristol. Tenn. WDXB Chattanooga, Tenn.

    50000 WHLP Centerville. Tenn. 250d WCLE Cleveland. Tenn. 50000 WTRB Ripley. Tenn. 10000 KVLG La Grange. Tex. 250 KZOL Muleshoe. Tex.

    KTER Terrell. Tex. WKIC Salt Lake City. Utah

    OOOd

    000d OOOd

    250d 250d 250d 500d

    Gap, Va. 10004 50000 WSWV Pennington 1000d Va. 50000 WYTI Rocky Mount. 500d W.Va. WEER Warrenton, 50000 I000d

    WAPL Apuleton, Wis.

    -189.2

    KCCR Pierre, S.Dak. WJSO Jonesboro. Tenn. WDBL Springfield. Tenn. KGAS Carthage, Tex. KERC Eastland. Tex. KINT El Paso, Tex. KYOK Houston, Tex. KCRD Lubbock. Tex. KBUS Mexia. Tex. KTOD Sinton, Tex. WEIL Richmond, Va. KT1X Seattle. Wash. WSWW Platteville, Wis. WTRW Two Rivers. Wis. KCHY Cheyenne, Wyo.

    5000d 5000d 500d

    1000 5000 1000d

    I000d 5000

    I000d 5000d I000d 1000d 1000d

    500d

    I000d 5000d 1000d 5000 500d 500d 250 1000 5000d 1000 1000d

    I000d 1000d 1000d

    5000d 1000d 1000d 500d 1000d 5001) 1000

    500d 1000d 5000d 5000d

    I000d

    1000d 1580 I000d 5000 10000 Chicoutimi. Que. 10000 CBJ 11100d Ala. Talladega, WJHB Litchfield. 111. 1000d 250d 1600 Tree, Ark. W BNL Boonville. Ind. 250d KPCA Marked 1000d Ark. WL01 LaPorte. Ind. 250d KFDF Van Buren, 5000 500d CHVC Niagara Falls. Ont. Merced. Calif. KXEL Waterloo, Iowa 50000 KWIP W EUP Huntsville, Ala. 1000d 50000d Santa Monica. Cal. KNEX McPherson. Kans. 250d 1000 Sprgs.. Colo. 5000d WAPX Montgomery, Ala. Colorado I(LI(C Parsons. Kans, 250d 1000d Fla. 1000 KGST Fresno. Calif. 250d WWIL Ft. Lauderdale. WDON Wheaton, Md. 1000 (WOW Pomona. Calif. WGRC Green Cove Springs, WPTR Albany. N.Y. 50000 1000 Florida 5OOd K U BA_ Yuba City. Calif. WIFM Elkin. N.C. 250d 1000 I000d KLAK Lakewood, Colo. Fla. Dora, WIOK Mount WABQ Cleveland, Ohio I000d W RFB Tallahassee, Fla. W KEN Dover, Del. 500d 5000d WJMJ Philadelphia, Pa. 50000d WKTX Atlantic Beach. I000d Fla. 10004 Ga. Columbus. WCLS WPTS Pittston, Pa. I000d 500 5000d WKWF Key West. Fla. Ga. WPME Punxsutawney, Pa. I000d W LBA Gainesville. 2504 WHEW Riviera Beach, Fla. 1000d DuQuoin, Ill. WADK Newport. R.I. 1000d WDQN 250d WOKB Winter Carden. Fla. 1000d III. Pittsfield. WBBA KCUL Ft. Worth. Tex. W G K A Atlanta, Ga. I000d 10000 250d WMCW K ti BC Galveston, Tex. 1000 WKID Urbana. Ill. Harvard. Ill. 500d 250d WBTO Linton, Ind. 500d WTKM Hartford, Wis. 500d WC N B Connersville. Ind. I000d WARU Peru. Ind. WIVA South Bend, Ind. 1000d 250d KLGA Algona, Iowa WAMW Washington. Ind. 5000d 1550 500d KCRG Cedar Rapids, Iowa KCHA Charles City. Iowa 5000 501.1d KMDO Ft. Scott. Kans. 500d CBE Windsor, Ont. 10000 WFMA Davenport. Iowa Shod WNES Central City. Ky. 500d WAAY Huntsville. Ala. 5000 KOSN Denison. Iowa 250d WSTL Eminence. Ky. 500d KOBY San Fran., Calif. 10000 WCOR Georgetown, Ky. 2504 (ENV Ferriday. La. 11100d KENT Shreveport, La. 1000 WMTL Leitchfield, Ky. 250d KHES St. Joseph. Mo. 5000 WPKY Princeton, Ky. 250d WLOA Braddock. Pa. I000d KLUV Haynesville, La. 169 101)0 WHITE'S RADIO LOG WBSC Bennetsville, S.C. 10000 KLOU Lake Charles. La.

    -187.5

    -193.5

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    KLFT Golden Meadow, La. KLV1 Vivian, La, WINX Rockville, Md.

    1000d 5004 1000 5000

    Mass.

    5000d

    WBOS Brookline, Mass. WTYM East Longmeadow,

    WHRV Ann Arbor, Mich. WTRU Muskegon, Mich. WKDL Clarksdale, Miss.

    1000

    5000 1000d

    U. S.

    KATZ St. Louis, Mo. NUN Trenton. Mo. WONG Oneida. N.Y. WWRL Woodside, N.Y. W GI V Charlotte. N.C. WIDU Fayetteville. N.C. W F RC Reidsville. N.C. WKSK W. Jefferson, N.C. WKLY Springfield, Ohio

    5000 5004 10004 5000

    KUSH KASH WHOL WEZN

    I000d

    WFIS

    IOOOd

    W GUS

    1000 100Ud 1000d

    WHBT W K B1

    KBBB

    Cushing, Okla. Eugene, Dreg.

    Allentown, Pa. Elizabethtown, Pa. Fountain Inn, S.C. N. Augusta, S.C. Harriman, Tenn, Milan, Tenn. Borger, Tex.

    10004 1000 500d 500d

    KBOR Brownsville

    KWEL Midland,

    Tex.

    1000 1000

    Tex.

    KCFH Cuero, Tex.

    KMAE McKinney. Tex.

    KOGT Orange, Tex. KBBC Centerville. Utah 5000d WBOF Virginia Bch., Va. 1000d WHLL Wheeling. W.Va. 500d WCWC Ripon, Wis. I000d 500

    500d

    I000d 1000 1000d 1000d 5000d 5000d

    and Canadian AM Stations by Location

    Abbreviations: C.L., call letters; Kc., frequency in kilocycles; N.A., network affiliation -A: American Broadcasting Co., C: Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.; M: Mutual Broadcasting System; N: National Broadcasting Co., Inc. C.L. Kc. N.A. C.L. Kc. N.A. Location C.L. Kc. N.A. Location Location C.L. Kc. N.A. Location Abbeville. La. Abbeville, S.C.

    KROF

    WABV

    Anchorage, Alaska KBYR 1270

    960 1590

    KFQD 730

    Md. WAMD 970 Miss. WMPA 1240 S.Dak. KABR 1220

    Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Aberdeen,

    Andalusia, Ala. Anderson, Ind.

    Abilene, Tex. Abingdon, Va. Ada, Okla.

    Adel, Ga. Adrian, Mich. Agana. Guam

    Aguadilla, P.R. Ahuskie, N.C.

    Aiken, S.C. Akron, Ohio

    Alamogordo, N.M. Alamosa.Colo.

    Albany, (la.

    Albany, Ky. Albany, Minn. Albany, N.Y.

    Albany, Oreg.

    WBBI KADA

    WAAG

    WABI

    KUAM WABA

    WGRF WRCS

    13411

    Alcoa, Tenn.

    M

    Anoka, Minn. Ansonia, Conn. Antigo, Wis.

    970

    WAKN WAKR WADC

    995 1590 1350 WCUE 1150 WHKK 640 KALG 1230 K RAC 1270 (G1W 1450 WALB 1590 WGPC 1450

    WJAZ I055

    A

    Artesia, N.M. Antigonish, N.S. Apollo, Pa. Apple Valley. Cal. Appleton, Wis.

    C

    M M M

    A Arcadia,

    Fla, Arcata, Calif. Ardmore, Okla. Arecibo, P.H.

    C

    WANY KASM WABY

    1390 1150 1400 WOKO 1460 M WPTR 1540 A WROW 590 C KW IL 795 M

    990 1010 1580 1450 630 1260 1350 1150 KGGM 610 KOB 1090 KQEO 920 K

    LOS 1450

    KHAM WEAL

    1580 1470

    Asheboro, N.C. Asheville, N.C.

    A

    Alliance, Nebr. Alliance, Ohio

    WFAH

    Algona. Man. Altoona, Pa.

    Alturas, Calif. Altus, Okla. Alva, Okla.

    Amarillo,.Tex,

    KVLF WOKZ CFAM WFBG WRTA WVAM

    1310

    KCNO

    Iowa

    Amherst, N.S.

    Amite, La.

    Amory, Miss. Amos,

    Amsterdam. N.Y. .

    Anaconda, Mont. Anacortes, Wash.

    W01

    WARL WABL WAMY CHAD

    WCSS

    KANA

    (AGT

    1570 1235 M 1480 1340 1245 A 1280 1070 1230 1240 M 1280 1220 780 1390 990 M 1310 1260 1310

    Babylon, N.Y.

    WBAB 1440 WGLI 1290 WLEW 1340 WMGR 930 Bainbridge, Ga. WAZA 1360 Baker, Oreg. KBKR 1490 Bakersfield, Calif. KAFY 550 KBIS 970 KERN 1410 KGEE 1230 Bad Axe, Mich.

    KIKK

    KLYD KMAP KPMC

    C

    C

    57U

    M

    1360 1310 1460 1290 1430

    Baxley, Ga. Bay City. Mich,

    ]0

    1140

    Augusta, A:.,ine

    1570 1570 1580 1490 1490 1230 1340

    Aurora. Colo. Aurora, III.

    Austin, Minn, Auslrn. Tex.

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG Avalon, .

    C .111,

    KW.

    A C

    N M

    M A C

    M

    Bethesda, Md.

    W UST

    1120

    Billings, Mont.

    WVMI KBMY KOHL

    570 1240 M 790 N 970 C

    Bethlehem, Pa. WGPA 1100 Biddeford. Maine WIDE 1400 M KBLT 1290 Big Lake, Tea. Big Rapids, Mich. WBRN 1460 KBST 1490 A Big Sprg., Tex. KHEM 1270 KBYG 1400 M Big Stone Gap, Va. WLSD 1220 I«OW L 1490 Bijou. Calif. W LOX 1490 At Biloxi. Miss.

    KOOK

    WABI

    Bloomington, Ind, WELL 1400 A Bloomsburg. Pa.

    WHAB WBCM

    Bay City, Tex. KIOX Bay Minette, Ala. WBCA Bayamon, P.R. WENA Baytown, Tex. KRCT

    Beatrice, Nebr. Beaufort, N.C. Beaufort, S.C. 920 A Beaumont, Tex,

    M N

    C

    WITH 1230 WSID 1010 WWIN 1400A -M

    WBTN 1370 Bennington, Vt. Benson, Minn. KBMO 1295 KBBA 690 Benton, Ark. WCBL 1290 Benton, Ky. 1060 Atieh.WHFB Harbor, Benton KRE 1400 Berkeley, Calif. Berkeley Springs, W.Va. WCST 1010 WKCB 1230 Berlin, N.H. KTCN 1480 Berryville, Ark. Berwick, Pa. WBRX 1280 WEZB 1450 Bessemer, Ala.

    KOYN W W BD 790 KURL 910 A -M WGUY 1250 C Binghamton, N.Y. WINR W LBZ 620 N WKOP Banning, Calif. WNBF KPAS 1490 Barboursville, Ky. WBVL 950 Birmingham, Ala. WAPI WBRC Bardstown, Ky. WBRT 1320 Barnesburs. Pa. WNCC 950 WCRT WEDR Barnwell, S.C. WBAW 740 WATV Barrie, Ont. CKBB 950 WSGN Barstow, Calif. KWTC 1230 A WYDE Bartlesville, Okla. KWON 1400 M W VO K Bartow. Fla. WBAR 1460 Bisbee, Ariz. KSUN Bastrop. La. (THY 730 Bishop, Calif. KIRS KLAN 1340 WAGS Batavia, N.Y. W BTA 1490 M Bishopville, S.C. Bismarck, N.Dak. KFYR Batesburg, S.C. WBLR 1430 (ODI Batesville, Ark. KBTA 1940 BismarckMandan, N.Dak. Batesville, Miss. W BLE 1290 KBOM Bath, Maine WMMS 730 Black Hiver Falls. Wis. Bathurst, N.B. CKBC 1450 WW IS WAIL 1460 M Baton Reuse, La. Blackfoot, Idaho KBLI WYNK 1380 Blackstone, Va, WKLV WIBR 1900 KLTR WJBU 1155 N Blackwell, Okla. Blind River. Ont. CJNR WLCS 910 Bloomington, Ill. WJBC WXOK 1260 Bamberg, S.C. Bangor, Maine

    1340

    1340 W WBIA BB(i 13 W 230 WROW 1580 WRDO 1400 WFAU 1340 KOSI 1430 WMRO 1280 KAUS 1480 KNOW 1490 KTBC 590 ((IKE 1370 KVET 1300 740

    C

    800

    WCBM 680 WFBR 1300

    W W BC

    M

    M

    1350 1490 1560 A Baldwinsville, N.Y. WSEN 1050 Ballinger, Tex. K RUN 1400 Baltimore, Md. WBAL 1090 N WBMD 750 WCAO 600

    Battle Creek, Mic11.WBCK

    WSB 755 N WYZE 1480 M Atlanta, Tex. I(ALT 900 Atlantic, Iowa KJAN 1220 Atlantic Beach, Fla. W KTX 1600 Atlantic City, N.J. WFPG 1450 C WLDB 1490 M WMID 1340 A Atmore. Ala. WAIM 1590 Attleboro, Mass. WARA 1320 Auburn. Ala. WAUD 1230 A KAHI 950 Auburn. Calif. Auburn. N.Y. WMBO 1340 M KASY 1220 Auburn, Wash. Auburndale, Fla. WTW B 1570 Augmla, Ga. WAUG 1050

    DA 1440 A KGNC 710 N K1X2 940 C

    KRAY KZIP WMBA WDEC KSAI

    WAKE

    WIIN

    K F

    Ambridge, Pa. Americus, Ga.

    190

    810 430 600 A 050 440 495 450 A 390 470 695 900 990 M 560 910 900

    KVAS 1230 KARE 1470 WJMW 730 WGAU 1340 WDOL 1470 WRFC 960 WATH 970 WOUB 1940 WLAR 1450 KBUD 1410 WPLO 590

    WGST

    1240 M 1570 1290 1340 N 1240 A 1430 C

    KWHW 1450 KALV 1435 KBUY 1010

    WGWR

    280 M 360

    Avon Park, Fla. WAVP 1390 Avondale Estates, Ga. WAVO 1420 Aztec, N. Mex. KNDE 1340

    WAOK 1380 WERD 865 WC KA 1600

    C

    Alma, Ga. WCOS 1400 Alma, Mich. WFYC 1280 Alpena Township. Mich. WATZ 1450

    Alpine, Tex. Alton, Ill.

    KVSO WCMN

    1240 C 1230 C

    WISE WLOS 1380 NMA WSKY 1230 WWNC 570 C WCMI 1340 C C Ashland, KY. WTCR 1420 N WNCO 1340 M Ashland, Ohio (WIN 1400 M Ashland, Oreg. WATW 1400 A Ashland, Wis. Ashtabula, Ohio WICA 970 Astoria, Oreg. KAST 1370 M

    1320

    WSAN 1470 KCOW 1400

    KANO WADS WATK KSVP C1 FX WAVL KAVR WAPL WHEY WAPL KENL

    WMIA WNIK Arkadelphia, Ark. (VFW Arkan. City, Kans. K50K Arlington, Fla. WTTT Arlington, Va. WARL WEAM Artesia, N.M. KSVP Asbury Park, N.J. WJLK

    Alexander City, Ala. WRFS 1050 Alexandria, La, KALB 580 A Atchison, Kans. Athens, Ala. KDBS 1410 KSYL 97U N Athens, Ga. Alexandria, Minn. KXRA 1490 A Alexandria, Va. WPIK 790 M Athens, Ohlo Algona, Iowa KLGA 1600 Alice, Tex. KOPY 1070 Athens, Tenn. Allegan, Mich. WOWE 1580 Athens, Tex. Allentown, Pa. WHOL 1600 Atlanta, La. WAEB 795

    WKAP

    (ACT

    WANN WABW WNAV

    1230 1230 A Ann Arbor. Mich. WH RV WPAG 1470 WRAJ 1490 A Anna, Ill. WANA 610 N Anniston, Ala. WONG 855 WHMA 1340

    KABY WABZ WZKY Albert Lea, Minn. KATE Albertville. Ala. WAVU Albion. Mich. WALM Albuquerque, N.M. KABQ KDEF Albemarle, N.C.

    170

    WCBC 1470 M

    930 A Anderson, S.C. KBKW 1450 KXRO 1320 M KRBC 1470 A Andrews, Tex. Annapolis, Md. KNIT 1280

    KW KC

    CA

    A -M -N WCTA 920 550

    WHBU WAIM WRNS

    KSDN

    Aberdeen, Wash.

    Ames,

    KENI

    KWBA

    930

    1260 1440 A 1250 1270 M 1150 1560

    850

    13b0 K W BE 1450 WBMA 1400

    WBEU

    KFDAM

    (JET

    KRIC KTRM

    Beaver Dam, Wis. WBEV Beaver Falls, Pa. WBVP Beckley, W. Va. WJLS W W NR

    900 560 A 1380 1450 990 1430 1230 500 C 620

    Bedford, Ind. WBIW 1340 Bedford, Pa. WBFD 1310 Bedford. Va. WBLT 1350 Beeville, Tex. KIBL 1490 Belgrade, Mont, KGVW 630 Bellaire. Ohio WOMP 1290 M Bellefontaine, Ohio WOHP 13911 Bellefonte, Pa. WOLF 1330 Bell Fourche. S.Dak. KBFS 1450 Belle Glade, Fla. WSWN 900 Belleville. Lint. CJBQ 800

    WITS

    910 735 680

    N

    1360 M 1290 C

    1070 N 960 C 1260 A 1220 900 610 850 690 1230 A 1230 A 1980 550 N 1350

    1270 1260

    690 1440 1580

    730 1230 1970

    A A

    WCNR 930

    WHLM WHIS

    550 1440 N 1240 M Blythe, Calif, (TOR 1450 A Blytheville, Ark, KLCN 910 Bugalusa, La. WI KC 1490 N W BOX 920 Boise, Idaho KBOl 950 C KGEM 1140 M KIDO 630 N KYME 740 Bonham, Tex. KFYN 1420 Boone, Iowa KFGQ 1260 K W B G 1590 Boone, N.C. WATA 1450 Boonville, Ind. W BNL 1540 Boonville, Mu. KWRT 1370 WBIP 1400 A Booneville, Miss. Boonville, N.Y. WBRV 900 Borger, Tex. KMUZ 1490 M KBBB 1600 Bossier City, La. KBCL 1220 Boston, Mass. WBZ 1090 WCOP 1150 WILD 1090 WNAC 680 MN WEZE 1260 N WEEI 590 C WHOM 850 WMEX 1510

    Bluefield. W.Va.

    WKOY

    WORL 950 WIBV 1260 Boulder, Culo, KBOL 1490 W ash. KF KF 1335 KBAN 1410 Bellingham, Wash. (PUG 1170 M Bowie. Tex. KVOS 790 A Bowling Green. Ky. W KCT 930 A WLBJ 1410 M Bellingham - Ferndale. Wash. Bowl. Green. Ohio WHRW 730 KENY 930 KXXL 1450 N Belmont, N.C. WCGC 1270 M -A Bozeman, Mont. KBMN 1230 Beloit, Wis. WBEL 1380 WGEZ 1490 M Bradbury Hats., A1d. WPGC 1580 Braddock, Pa. WLOA 1550 Belton, S.C. WHPB 1390 Bradenton, Fla. WTRL 1490 W ELZ 1460 Belzoni, Miss. WBRD 1420 KBUN 1450 M Bradford, Pa. Bemidji, Minn. WESB 1490 td KBND 1110 A Brady, Tex, Bend, Oreg. KNEL 1490 Bennetsville, S.C. WBSC 1550 M Brainerd, Mien. (LIZ 1380

    Belleville. Ill. Bellevue,

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Location

    Bridgeport. Conn,

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    C.L. Ke. N.A. Location

    CRIC 1600 Brampton, Ont, CKX 1150 Brandon. Man. KBHM 1220 Branson. Mo. WTSA 1450 Brattleboro, Vt. KROP 1300 A Brawley, Calif. Breckenridge, Minn. KBMW 1450 Breckenridge, Tex. KSTB 1430 Bremen, Ga. WWCC 1440 Bremerton, Wash, KBRO 1490 KW HI 1280 Brenham. Tex. 8revard, N.C. WPNF 1240 MN W EB1 1240 M Brewton, Ala. W ICC

    600 M

    WNAB

    1450 A Bridgeton, N.J. WSNJ 1240 Bridgewater, N.S. CKBW 1000

    Brigham City.Utah KBUH 800 KHIL 800 Brighton. Culo.

    WBHF 1450 WCAZ 990 KDMO 1490 WRKM 1350

    Cartersville. Ga. Carthage, Ill. Carthage, Mo. Cartilage, Tenn.

    M

    KGAS 1590

    Carthage. Tex. Casa Grande,

    Ariz.

    Casper, Wyo.

    I(PIN

    1260 KTWO 1470 C KATI 1400 KVOC 1230 A -M

    WCAY 620 Cayce, S.C. KSUB 590 C Cedar City, Utah Cedar Rapids, Iowa KCRG 1600 M

    KPIG 1450 WMT 600 WGAA 1340 KDET 930

    Cedartown, Ga. Center, Tex.

    Brookings, Oreg. Brookings, S.Dak. Brookline, Mass. Brooklyn, N.Y. Brooksville. Fla. Brownfield, Tex. Brownsville, Tex. Brownwood, Tex.

    Brunswick, Ga.

    KCSR Chadron, Nebr. 1340 M Chambersburg, Pa. WCHA WCBG 510 WDWS 1430 Champaign, III. KCRB 1600 Chanute, I(ans, 1330 Chapel Hill, N.C. WCH L 1450 W ESA Charleroi. Pa. 1300 Charles City, Iowa KCHA 1600 A Charleston. Ill. WEIC KCHR 1380 M Charleston, Mo. WCSC 1240 Charleston, S.C.

    WCH1 1470

    WJMB KURY K BR K

    WBOS WPOW WWJB

    KTFY KBOR KBWD KEAN

    C

    M

    Charleston. W.Va.

    C M

    WGR 550

    I(B W 1520 N WWOL 1120 A KBBS 1450 Buffalo, Wyo. WDMF 1460 Rufo A, Ga. KBLA 1490 Burbank. Calif. KBAR 1230 A -M Burley. Idaho KBUR 1490 A Burl. nglon, Iowa Burl ngton, N.C. WBBB 920 M WFNS 1150 WCAX 620 C Burlington, Vt. WDOT 1400 WJOY 1230 A KRNS 1290 Burns, Oreg. WPRN 1220 Butlrr, Ala. WBUT 1050 Butler, Pa. WISR 680 Butte. Mont. 1(00W 1490 C I(OPR 550 M W

    1360

    Clarksdale, Miss.

    Clarksville, Ark. Clarksville, Tenn. Clarksville. Tex. Claxton. Ga. Clayton. Mo. Clayton. N.Mex. Clearfield. Pa. Clearwater. Fla. Cleburne. Tex. Cleveland, Ga. Cleveland, Miss. Cleveland. Ohio

    1450

    WHAR 1340 WPDX 750 WROX 1450

    WKDL

    N

    M M

    16011

    K LY R 1360 WJZM 1400 M WDXN 540 I(CAR 1350 WCLA 1470 KXLW 1320

    KFUO 850

    KLMX

    WTAN KCLE

    W BW H

    112U 1381) 1490 1410

    WCLD DSK KYW 1100 WDOK 1260 WERE 1300 WGAR 1220 W

    WHK

    Charlotte, Mich. Charlotte, N.C.

    800

    M C

    WABQ

    WTMA 1250 WCAW 1400

    N

    580 1490

    C

    WCHS

    WHMS WKAZ WTIP WCER WBT WAYS WGIV WKTC WIST

    A

    950

    N

    1240 1390 1110 610 1600 1310 930 WSOC 1240 W W 0 I( 1480

    M C

    A

    Clinton, N.C. Clinton. Okla. Clinton, S.C. Cloquet, Minn, Clovis, N.Mex.

    Coachella, Calif. Coalinga. Calif. Coatesville, Pa. Cocoa,

    M N

    Cocoa CodY.

    WRRZ 880 A KWOE 1320 WPCC 1400

    WI(LK

    I(CLV KVER KCHV KBMX WC01

    WKKO WEZY Beach, Fla. WRKT Fla.

    Wyo.

    1(001

    Coeur d'Alene, Ida. KVNI KZIN Charlotte Amalie. V.I. Coffeyville, Kans. (GUI WSTA 1340 I(XXX Colby, Kans. Charlottesville, Va. WCHV 1260 A Coldwater. Mich. WTVB KSTA Coleman. Tex. WELK 1010 KCLX WINA 1400 M Colfax. Wash. College Park. Ga. WCPK Charlottetown, P. E. I. CFCY 630 Colonial Heights, Va. WMEK 980 Chase City. Va.

    CFCO 630 Chatham, Ont. Chattanooga, Tenn. WOGA 1450

    WPVA

    1230 1240

    980 970 1470 1420 860 1480 1300 1400 A 1240 M 1050 690 A 790 590 000 450 570 290

    (BUG 1370 Corona, Calif. Carpus Christi, Tex. ICCTA 1030 M KCCT 1150

    KEYS KRYS

    1440 1360 N 1230 A -C KUNO 1400 WOTR 1370 I(AND 1340 I(VFC 740 WKRT 92U KOAC 550 KFLY 1240 KLOO 1340 WINS 1500

    I(SIX

    Cortland, N.Y. Corvallis. Oreg.

    1340

    C.L. Kc. N.A.

    WCRR 1330 WCON 1450 Cornelia, Ca. Corner Brook, Nfld. CBY 790 KCCB 1200 Corning, Ark. WCBA 1350 Corning. N.Y. WCLI 1450 A CJSS 1220 Cornwall, Ont.

    Corry, Pa. Corsicana, Tex. Cortez. Colo.

    1450

    WCPA 900

    1420 1540 1590 WJW 050 N 1400 C WBAC 13411 M Cleveland. Tenn. 1460 WCLE 1570 1360 KVLB 1410 Cleveland, Tex. 940 Cleve. Hgts., Ohio WJM0 1490 A 1580 1(CLF 1400 A Clifton, Ariz. 1270 1230 Va. WCFV Clifton Forge, 1350 WHOW 1520 1390 C Clinton, III. KCLN 1390 WOKE 1340 A -M Clinton, Iowa KROS 1340 M WPAL 730 KDKD 1280 Clinton. Mo. WQSN 1450

    W GIG 1440 A W h10G 1490

    Brunswick, Maine WCM E 900 KURA 1240 Bryan. Tex. WTAW 1150 WBEN 99U Buffalo, N.Y. WBNY 1400 WEBR 970

    WSAI

    Caruthersville, Mo. KCRV 1370

    KCOG 1400 Centerville. Iowa Centerville, Tenn. WHLP 1570 WBIS 1440 Bristol, Conn. KBBC 1600 WOPI 1490 N Centerville. Utah Bristol, Tenn. WNES 1600 WCYB 690 A Central City, Ky, Bristol, Va. WMTA 13180 WFHG 980 M WCNT 1210 W BET 1460 Brockton, Mass, Centralia, Ill. CFJR 1450 Centralia & Chehalis, Brockville, Ont. I(ELA 1470 Wash. KCNI 1280 Broken Bow, Nebr. KG H M 1470 Centreville, Miss. WGLC 1580 Brookfield. Mo.

    Brookhaven, Miss.

    C.L. Ke. N.A. Location

    W KLF 980 Clanton, Ala. KWPR 1270 Claremore. Okla. WTSV 123U Claremont. N.M. Clarksburg, W.Va. WBOY 1400

    Coshocton, Ohio Cottage Grove, Oreg.

    KOMB

    1400

    Coudersport, Pa, WFRM Council Bluffs, Iowa

    600

    KSW

    Caurtenay, B.C. Covington, Ga. Covington. Ky. Covington. La. Covington, Tenn, Covington, Va,

    1

    1560

    MA

    CFCP 1440

    WGFS WZIP WARB

    1430 1050 hl 730 WKBL 1250 W KEY 1340 A WZYX 1440 Cowan, Tenn. KRAI 550 Craig. Colo. CKEK 570 Cranbrook, B.C. KCRN 1380 Crane, Tex. Crescent City. Calif. KPLY 1240 KSIB 1520 Creston. Iowa WCNU 1010 Crestview, Fla. WJSB 1050 WSVS 800 Crewe. Va. KIVY 1290 Crockett. Tex. I(BOX 1260 Crookston, Minn. KAGH 800 Crossett, Ark. Crossville, Tenn. WAEW 1330 KSIG 1450 M Crowley. La. KCFH 1600 Cuero. Tex.

    Cullman, Ala.

    WFKUL11340 WCVA 1490 M WCPM 1280 WCUM 1230 C WTBO 1450 KUSH 1600 Cushing, Okla. Cypress Gardens, Fla.WGTO 540 WCYN 1400 Cynthiana, Ky. WDCF 1350 Dade City, Fla. I(XIT 1410 Dalhart. Tex. ICP LI( 1460 Dallas, Oreg. KRLD 1080 C Dallas, Tex. Culpeper, Va. Cumberland. Ky. Cumberland, Md.

    I(IXL

    1040

    I(SKY 660 M Colorado City. Tex. KVMC 1320 KLIF 1190 WAPO 1150 A Colo. Sprgs., Colo. I(RDO 240 KPIK 580 M W FAA 570 A Cadillac. Mich. WDEF 1370 N 300 KVOR C WFAA 820 N Caguas, P.R. WDOD 1310 C KSSS 740 KBOX 1480 WDXB 1490 KYSN 460 M WRR 1310 M WMFS 1260 WAIN 270 Columbia, Ky. KACI 1300 WGRA 790 The Dalles, Oreg. Cairo, Ga. Cheboygan, Mich. WCBY 1240 WCJU 450 M Columbia, Miss. KODL 1440 A W KRO 1490 Cairo, Ill. Cheektowaga, N.Y. W NIA 1230 I(FRU 400 A Dalton, Ga. Columbia. Mo. WBLJ 1230 M WGDY 1230 Calais, Maine KITI 1420 Chehalis. Wash. KBIA 500 WRCD 1430 KCID 1490 Caldwell, Idaho KOZI 1220 Chelan. Wash. WCOY 1580 Columbia. Pa. Danbury. Conn. WLAD 800 WBYE 1370 Calera. Ala. WCRE 1420 Cheraw. S.C. WCOS 400 A Danville, Ill. Columbia. S.C. WDAN 1490 C I(ICO 1490 Calexico, Calif. I(CHE 1440 Cherokee, Iowa WIS 560 N WITY 980 CFAC 960 WEEZ 1590 Calgary, Alta. Chester, Pa. W MSC 320 C WHIR 1230 M Danville, Ky. CFCN 1060 WVCH 740 230 WNOK WBTM 1330 A Danville, Va. CKXL 1140 WGOD 1490 Chester, S.C. WOIC 470 WDVA 1250 M WCGA 900 Calhoun. Ca. KFBC 1240 A Cheyenne, Wyo, WJGD 280 Columbia. Tenn. WILA 1580 KPVA 1480 Camas, Wash. KCHY 1590 WKRM 340 WDAR 1350 WCEM 1240 Darlington. S.C. Cambridge. Md. K V W 0 1370 M WDAI( 540 N Dauphin. Man. Columbus, Ga. CKDM 1050 Cambridge. Mass. WTAO 740 A Chicago. III. WAAF 950 WRBL 420 C Davenport, Iowa WOG 1420 N WILE 1270 Cambridge. Ohio WAIT 820 WGBA 270 M KFMA 1580 Camden, Ark. KAMD 910 WBBM 780 C WCLS Soil 1(STT 1170 M Camden, N.J. WCAM 1310 WCFL 1000 WOKS 340 W I( ON 800 W D W D 990 Dawson, Ga. WCRW 1240 010 Columbus. Ind. WCSI CFYT 1230 WACA 1590 Dawson, Yukon T. Camden, S. C. WEDC 1240 WACR 050 Columbus. Miss, Camden, Tenn. WFWL 1220 Dawson Creek. B.C. CJDC 1350 WGES 1390 WCBI 550 M WHIO 1290 C KMIL 1330 Cameron, Tex. WGN 720 M Ohio Dayton, KISK 900 Columbus, Nebr. WING 1410 Camilla. Ga. WCLB 1220 WIND 560 WRNS 1400 C Columbus. Ohio WONE 980 WHOT 1570 WAD 1160 Campbell, Ohio WCOL 1230 A WAVI 1210 WLS 890 A Campbellsville. Ky. WTCO 1450 W h1 N I 920 Dayton. Tenn. WDNT 1280 WMAQ 670 N Camobellton, N.R. CKNB 950 W OSLI 820 CFCW 1230 WMBI 1110 Daytona Beach. Fla. Camrose, Alta. WTVN 610 WNDB 1150 M -A Canon City. Colo. l(RLN 1400 M WSBC 1240 W V I(O 1580 WMF1 1450 Canonsburg, Pa. WCNG 540 KW CO 1560 Chickasha. Okla. KCVL 1270 W ROD 1340 WCH I( 1290 KHSL 1290 C Colville, Wash. Canton, Ga. Chico, Calif. WJJC 1270 Commerce, Ga. I(DSJ 980 Deadwood. S.Dak. Cantan. Ill. WHYS 1560 KPAY 1060 1450 C N.H. WKXL Concord. Dearborn. Mich. WKMH 1310 WDOB 1370 WACE 730 Canton, Miss. Chicopee. Mass. Concord, N.C. WEGO 1410 800 W HOS Decatur, Ala, WW IT 970 CBJ 1580 Canton. N.C. Chicoutimi, Que. Concordia. Kans. KNCK 1390 WAIF 1490 CJMT 1420 WAND 900 Canton, Ohio KFRM 550 A WMSL 1400 M I(CTX 1510 Childress. Tex. WCMW 1060 1340 WCVI Connellsville, Pa. WGUN 1010 Decatur. Ga. KCHI 1010 W H BC 1480 A Chillicothe, Mo. 1580 Decatur, Ill. WDZ 1050 WBEX 1490 A Connersville, Ind. WCNB Chillicothe, Ohio Cape Girardeau, Mo. KFVS 900 KMCO 900 Conroe. Tex. WSOY 1340 C WCHI 1350 KGMO 1220 Ark. KCON 1230 Conway. (DEC 1240 Decorah, Iowa Chilliwack, B.C. CHWK 1270 WCIL 1020 Carbondale, Ill, WBNC I050 Conway, N.H. KWLC 1240 WBGC 1240 Chipley, Fla. Carbondale, Pa, WCDL 1440 WLAT 1330 M Defiance, Ohio Conway, S.C. WONW 1280 Chippewa Falls, Wis. Carr aou, Maine WFST 600 Cookeville. Tenn. WH UB 1400 C De Funiak Spring:. Fla. WAXX 1150 Carlisle, Pa. WHYL 960 KCKY 1150 C Coolidge. Ariz. WDSP 1280 Christiansburg, Va. W BCR 1260 KOOS 1230 M Carlsbad, N.Mex. KAVE 1240 C Christiansted.V.t. Coos Bay, Oreg. WZEP 1460 WIVI 1040 KPRM 740 KYNG 1420 De Kalb, III. WLBK 1360 Church Hill, Tenn. WMCH 1260 1400 Carmel, Calif. KTEE 1410 Copper Tenn. WLSB Hill, CHFC 1230 De Land, Fla, WJBS 1490 Churchill. Man. KWRO 1450 Coquille, Oreg. Carml, Ill. W ROY 1460 W000 1310 Cicero, Ill. WHFC 1450 Coral Gables, Fla. WVCG 1070 Carrizo Springs, Tex. KBFN 1450 Cincinnati, Ohio Delano, Calif. KCHI 1010 WCKY 1530 680 M Delray, Bch., Fla. WOOF 1420 Ky. WCTT Corbin, KCIM 1380 Carroll. Iowa WCIN 1480 Wh11M 1490 M Cordele. Ga. Carrollton, Ala. W HAG 59U WCPO 1230 ((LAM 1450 Carrollton. Ga. WLBB 1100 W KRC 550 C Cordova, Alaska WHITE'S RADIO LOG 171 WCMA 1230 KPTL 1300 WLW 700 N -A Corinth, Miss. Carson City. Nev.

    KXLF' 1370 WATT 1240 WNEL 1450 WRDL 1450 WVJP 1110

    N

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Location

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    Del Rio, Tex. Delta, Colo.

    KDLK

    1230 1400 1230 1400 M 1220 1580

    KOTA

    Deming, N.Mex. KOTS Demopolis. Ala. WXAL Denham Sprgs., La. WLBI Denison, Iowa KDSN Denison, Tex. KOSX 950 Denton, Tex. KONT 1440 Denver, Colo. KDEN 1940

    KFML

    KHOW

    KIMN KLIR

    KLZ KICN

    De Queen.

    DeRidder.

    Ark. La,

    Des Moines, Iowa

    WJBK WJLB

    W.111

    WWJ

    WXYZ Detroit Lakes. Minn. KOLM Devils Leke,N.Dak. KDLR Dexter, Mo. KDEX Diboll, Tex. KSPL Dickinson, N.Dak. KDIX Dickson. Tenn. WDKN Dillon. Mont. 1600M Dillon, B.C. WDSC Dinuba, Calif. K RDU Dodge City. Kans. KCNO Dothan, Ala. WAGF WDIG Douglas, Ariz. Douglas, Ga. Douglas, Wyo. Dover, Del. Dover. N.H. Dover, Ohio

    Doylestown, Pa.

    1150

    WHO 1040 WCAR 1130

    WOOF

    KAWT

    KAPR WDMG

    KWIV

    WDOV

    WKEN WTSN

    WIER WBUX

    Dubuque, lava

    Duluth, Minn. Dumas. Tex. Duncan, Okla. Dundalk, Md. Dundee. N.Y.

    Dunkirk, N.Y.

    Dunn. N.C. Du Quoin, Ill. Durango, Colo.

    Durant, Okla. Uurharn, N.C.

    WXLI

    W GA

    Elkin, N.C. Elkins, W.Va, Elmira, N.Y.

    Nev.

    A

    El

    Paso, Tex.

    Ely. Minn. Ely, Nev. Elyria, Ohio Eminence, Ky. A Emporia, Kans. Emporia, Va. M Emporium, Pa.

    Endicott, N.Y.

    Englewood. Colo.

    Enid, Okla.

    Enterprise, Ala. Ephrata. Pa. Ephrata, Wash. Erie, Pa.

    1050 1410 1600 1270 1450 1570

    KIUP

    KDGO KSFO WDNC WSHC WSSB

    1590 M 600 C 920

    690 1590

    WELY 1450 M KELY 1230 WEOL 930 WSTL 16110 KVOE 1400 WEVA 860 WLEM 1250 WENE 1430 A KG MC

    KCRC KGWA

    WIRB

    150 1390 A 960 M 1

    600

    WGSA 1310

    KULF

    730 WERC 1260 A WICU 1930 N

    WJET 1400

    Erwin, Tenn. Escanaba, Mich. Escondido, Calif. Estherville, Iowa Etowah, Tenn.

    1440

    KDAL 610 WEBC 560 WREX 1060 KDDD 800 KRHD 1350 WAVE 868 WEBB 1360 WFLR 1570 WDOE 1410 WCKB 780

    WEHH KROD KELP

    KOYE 1150 I(SET 1340 M KTSM 1380 N

    M

    M

    M

    C

    M

    1580 930 1240 750 620 C 1410 1490 1310 A 1450 1330 1270 1360

    Eunice, La. Eureka, Calif.

    Eustis. Fla. Evanston, Ill. Evanston, Wyo.

    Evansville, Ind.

    Eveleth. Minn, Everett, Wash.

    Gaffney, 1240 M

    KOTE 1250 M Fernandina Beach, Fla. WPAP 1570 Ferriday, La, KFNV 1600 Fesim, Mo. KXEN 1010 Findlay, Ohio WFIN 1930 Fisher, W.Va. WELD 690 A Fitchburg, Mass. WEIM 1280 M WFGM 960

    Flat River, Mo.

    Flin Flon, Man. Flint, Mich.

    Flomaton, Ala.

    WBHII

    1240

    KCLS 600 KVNA 690 KEOS 1290

    KFMO

    1240 590 WFDF 910 WTRX 1330 WAMM 1420 WMRP 1570 WKMF 1470 WTAC 600 WTCB 990 W101 1940 WOWL 1240

    CFAR

    WIMX 8/u

    M

    N

    A M N

    A

    WLEU 1450 WEMB 1420 WDBC 680

    M

    KLIL

    1340

    WCPH 1220 KOBE KASH KERG KUGN NEUN

    KINS

    NDAN

    KIEM

    1240 1450 1600 1280

    M M

    590 1490 980 790 1480

    N

    Forrest City. Ark. Ft. Bragg, Calif. F t. Collins. Colo. Ft. Dodge, Iowa

    A M A A

    Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft. Ft.

    Ft.

    C

    Ft. Wayne, Ind.

    M

    WEAW WNMP

    C

    N

    A M

    Gainesville, Tex, Galax, Va. Galesburg,

    Ill.

    Gallatin, Tenn. Gallipolis, Ohio Gallup, N. Mex. Galt, Ont. Galveston, Tea.

    860

    WDUN

    1240 1580 1580 1360 M WGIL 1400 WAIK 1590 WHIN 1010 WJEH 990 KGAK 1330 A KYVA 1230 CKGR 1110 KILE 1400 KGBC 1540 CBG 1450 W LOA

    KGAF WBOR

    Gander, Nfld. Garden City. Kans. KNCU loso

    Gastonia, N.C. Gate City, Va.

    Ala. N.Y.

    1240

    M

    W LTC 1370

    WGAT WATC WGEA WGVA Del, WJWL

    Gaylord, Mich,

    Geneva, Geneva,

    KIUL

    WGAW 1340 WWCA 1270 WGRY 1370 WGNC 1450 A

    Georgetown, Georgetown, Ky. Georgetown. S.C.

    Gettysburg. Pa.

    1050 900 1150 1240 A 900 WGOR 1580 WGTN 1400 M WOET 1450 KIML 1490 KPER 1290 KSIJ 1430 WKAY 1490 KLTZ 1240 KRUX 1960

    Gillette. Wyo. Gilroy, Calif.

    KX116

    Glasgow. Ky. Glasgow, Mont. Glendale. Ariz. Glendale, Calif. KIEV 870 Glendive, Mont. KXGN 1400 Glen Falls, N.Y. WWSC 1450 A Glenwood Sprgs., Colo.

    KDAC KCOL KVFD KWMT CFOB

    WFBS WFTW WGL WOWO

    Ft. William, Ont. Ft. Worth, Tax.

    Gainesville, Ga.

    WFGN 1570 WDVH 980 WGGG 1230 A WRUF 850 M WGGA 550 M

    780 1320 KGGG 1570

    Ft. Ft. Ft. Walton Beach. Fla.

    M C

    900 1310 1450 M 1570

    KJ1M

    KXOL W F0B

    M

    A

    KGLN 980 M KWJB 1240 A WDDY 1420 Gloversville -Johnston, N.Y. WENT 1340 C Globe, Ariz. Gloucester, Va. C

    Goldsboro. N.C. C

    A M

    C

    N

    870 1540 1270

    970 570 A 820 N

    1960 1430 1600 1190 1570 WFKY 1490 M WFKN 1220 WFSC 1050 WFRA 500

    Fostoria, Ohio Fountain Inn, S.C. WF IS Framingham, Mass, W KOX Frankfurt, Ind. WILO

    Golden, Colo. XXXI 1250 Golden Meadow, La. KLFT 1600 Golden Valley, Minn.

    Gonzales, Tex. Goodland, Kans. Goose Bay, Ntld. Goshen, Ind.

    KEVE

    WF MC

    WGBR WGOL KCTI

    1440 M

    730

    1150 A 1300 1450 KBLR 730 M CFGB 1340 WKAM 1460 KGPC 1340 W V V W 1260 KSWA 1330 CHEF 1450

    Grafton, N.D. Grafton, W.Va. Graham, Tex. Granby. Que, 950 Grand Falls. Nfld. CBT 990 1260 1250 A Grand Forks. N.Dak. Grand Coulee, Wash. KFDR 1360 1190

    WANE 1450 WICK( 1380 CKPR 580 KCUL KFJZ NNOK WBAP WBAP

    Gladewater, Tex.

    950

    1290 1410 1400 540 Frances, Ont. 800 Knox, Ky. WSAC 1470 Lauderdale, Fla. WFTL 1400 WWII. 1500 Lupton, Colo. KHIL 800 Madison, Iowa KXGI 1360 Morgan, Colo. KFTM 1400 Myers, Fla. WINK 1240 WMYR 1410 Payne, Ala. WF PA 1400 WZOB 1250 Pierce. Fla. WARN 1330 WIRA 1400 Scott, Idaho KMDO 1600 Smith. Ark. KFPW 1230 KFSA 950 KTCS 1410 KWHN 1920 Stockton, Tex. KFST 868 Valley. Ga. WFPM 1150

    A

    W LCO

    1240 1330 1590 KLUK 1240 W EOA 1400 WGBF 1280 WINY 820 WIPS 1330 W EVE 1340 KRKO 1380 KOTY 1230 WBLO 1470

    Forest Grove, Oreg.

    Ft. Ft.

    W LST 60U A KOWN 1450

    WULA

    Floydada, Tex. KFLD Foley, Ala. WHEP Fond du Lac, Wis. KFIZ Fordyce, Ark. KB1 T Forest, Miss, WMAG Forest City, N.C. WBBO WAGY

    C.L. Kc. N.A. S.C.

    Gainesville, Fla.

    Gardner, Mass. Gary, Ind.

    WOLS 1230

    KHEY KINT

    930 860

    Fergus Falls, Minn.

    Florence, Ala. WELM 1400 A -C WENY 1230 N Florence, S.C.

    1340

    M

    124(1

    Ellensburg, Wash. K X LE 1240 Ellsworth, Me. WDEA 1350

    WCED 1420 C Eufaula, Ala, KDTH 1970 A Eugene, Oreg. WDBQ 1490 M

    W DON

    WIFM WDNE KELK

    Elmira Heights Horseheads. N.Y. N

    1450 M 1600 1240 A 1340 N 1270 1540 1240

    Elizabethtown, Pa. WEZN Elk City. Okla, KBEK Elkhart, Ind. WTRC WCMR

    WEKR

    Fitzgerald, Ga. Flagstaff, Ariz.

    560 1240 1400

    I

    Elizabethton, Tenn. WREJ Elizabethtown, KY. WIEL Elizabethtown, N.C.

    M N

    Urumheller, Alta. CJDV 910 Urumniondville, Que. CHRD 1340 Dublin, Ga. WMLT 1330 Du Bola, Pa.

    1390 1230 M 1430 KDh1S 1290 KELD 1400 A KBTO 1360 WRMN 1410

    WCNC 1240

    Elko,

    760

    1240 1590 1260 1230 1260 800 800 1240 1370 1320 1450 560 1450

    KULP KX0 KAMP

    Elgin, III. Elizabeth City, N.C.

    C

    1500 1400

    950 1270

    KDEO 910 A

    El Campo, Tex. El Centro. Calif.

    WBLA

    1280 KOQN 1390 KOLA 1010 KCBC 1990 A

    KSO 1460

    Detroit. Mich.

    N

    KILN

    KWKY

    El Cajon, Calif.

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    Fayetteville, Tenn.

    1350

    WSGC 1400

    Eldorado. Kans.

    710

    KIOA 940 KRNT 1350

    WELB

    Elberton, Ga.

    El Dorado, Ark.

    1390 630 A 950 M 990 560 C

    KOA 850 KPOF 910 KFSC 1220

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    Elba, Ala.

    KFJM 1370 KILO 1440 C KNOX 1310 M Haven, Mich. WGHN 1370 Grand Island, Nebr. KMM1 750 A KRGI 1430 Grand Junction, Culo. KREX 920 M KEXO 1230 KSTR 620 Grande Prairie, Alta. CFGP 1050 Grand

    Grand Prairie, Tex. K KSN 730 Grand Rapids, Mich. Frankfort, Ky. WIEF 1230 C Franklin, Ky. Dyersburg, Tenn, W DSG Fairbanks, Alaska WFUR 1570 Franklin, N.C. WTRO KFAR 660 AMN Franklin, Pa. WGRD 1410 Eagle Pass, Tex. KEPS WLAV 1340 A KFRB 900 CA Franklin, Tenn. WAGG 950 Easley. S.C. WELP Fairfax, Va. WEEL 1310 W MAX 1480 51 Franklin, Va. WYSR 1250 E. Grand Forks, Minn. Fairfield, III. W F I W 1390 WOOD 1300 N Frederick. Md. WFMO 990 C Grand Rapids, Minn, KRAD 1590 Fairfield, Iowa KMCD 1570 Frederick, Okla. KTAT 1570 Eastland, Tex. KERC 1590 Fairmont, Minn. KSUM 1370 M Fredericksburg, KOZY 1490 M Tex. E. Lansing. Mich. WKAR 870 Fairmont, N.C. Idaho KORT 1230 WFMO 860 KNAF 1340 M Gaineeville. E. Liverpool, Ohio WOHI 1490 A Fairmont, W.Va, WMMN 920 C N.Mex. I( MIN 980 Fredericksburg, Va. WFVA 1230 A Grants, East Longmeadow, Mass. Grants Pass, Oreg. KALI 1940 M WTCS 1490 A Fredericton, N.B. CFNB 550 WTYM 1600 Fajardo, P.R. KA10 1270 WMDD 1490 Fredonia. N.Y. WBUZ 1570 E. Point. Ga. WTJH 1260 Falfurrias, Tax. Gravelbourg, Sask. CFGR 1230 KPSO 1260 Freeport, Ill. WFRL 1570 E. St. Louis, III. WAMV 1490 A Fallon, Nev. CFRG 710 KULV 1250 N.Y. WGBB 1240 Easton, Pa. WEEX 1230 WGOH 1370 Fall Hiver, Mass. WALE 1400 M Freeport, Grayson. Ky. Freeport, Tex. KBRZ 1460 WEST 1400 N Gt, Barrington, Mass. WSAR 1480 A Fremont. Mich. WCBQ 1490 Eatontown, N.J. WHIG 1410 Falls Church, Va. WFAX 1220 WSBS 860 Fremont, Nebr. KHUB 1340 Eau Claire, Wis. WEAQ 790 N Falls City, Nebr. KTNC 1230 Gt. Bend, Kans. NVGB 1590 N Ohio WFRO 900 WBIZ 1400 M Fargo. N.Dak. Gt. Falls, Stunt. KFBB 1310 C WDAY 970 N Fremont. Fresno. Calif. KARM :430 A WECL 1050 KUDI 1450 KFNW 900 KBIF 900 Eau Gallia. Fla. W MEG 920 KMON 560 M KXGO 790 A KEAP 980 Edenton, N.C. WCOJ 1260 Faribault Minn. KDHL 920 KXLK 1400 N KFRE 940 C Edinburg, Tex. KURV 710 Farmington, Mo. Greeley, Colo. KFKA 1310 KREI 800 KGST 1600 Edmonds. Wash. KYOU 1450 KGON 630 Farmington. N.M. KENN 1390 KMAK 1340 Edmonton, Alta. Green Bay, Wis. WBAY 13611 C CBX 1010 KWYK 960 KM1 580 N WJPG 1440 M CBXA 740 KZUM 1280 KYNO 1300 1400 A CFRN 1260 Farmville, N.C. WBTL 1050 Front Royal, Va, WFTR 1450 M Green Cove Springs.WDUZ F la. CHER 1080 Farmville, Va. WFLO 870 Frostburg, Md. WFRB 740 WGRC 1580 CHFA 680 Farrell. Pa. WFAR 1470 Fulton, Ky, WFUL 1270 Greeneville, Tenn. WGRV 1340 Fayette. Ala. WWWF CJCA 930 990 Fulton, Mu. KFAL 900 WHAI 1240 M Greenfield, Mass. Fayetteville, Ark. KHOG 1450 CKUA 580 Fulton, N.Y, WOSC 1300 Greensboro, N.C. WBIG 1470 C Edmundston, N.C. CJEM 570 KFAY 1250 M Fuquay Sprgs., N.C. WCOG 1320 Effingham, Ill. Fayetteville, N.C. WFAI 1230 C WCRA 1090 WFVG 1460 WGBG 1400 A WFNC 1390 M Gadsden, Ala, WGAD 1350 A WPET 950 WFLR 1490 A WETO 930 M Greensburg. Pa, W NIB 620 172 WHITE'S RADIO LOG W I D U 1600 WCAS 570 Greenville, Ala. WGYV 1980

    WTIK

    Evergreen, Ala.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Location

    M.

    Greenwood. Miss. Greenwood, S.C.

    M 1240 W WCRS WGSW

    Greer, S.C.

    N

    1450 N 1350

    WWCKI 1300 A

    Grenada, Miss. Gresham, Oreg.

    Gretna. Va.

    Griffin, (ia.

    WNAG

    1400 M

    I(G RO 1230

    WMNA

    730

    5M

    WYKHIEUE

    Grinnell. Iowa Groton, Conn.

    Grove City, Pa. Grundy. Va.

    Guayama. P.R. Guelph, Ont.

    Gulfport. Misr.

    1320 KGRN 1410 WSUB 980 WSAJ 1340 WNRG 1250 WXRF 1590 CJOY 1450

    ROA 1390 A WGCM

    10

    WFOR 1400 N WHSY 1230 A

    Haverhill,

    +

    4

    KUIK

    1360 1560 WCSR 1340 KHBC 970 C KIPA 1110 KIMO 850 M (TJS 1420 KWEW 1480 M

    KHBR

    KHOB 1280 KOJI 1270 Holbrook. Ariz. Holdredge, Nebr. KUVR 1380 WHTC 1450 Holland. Mich. WJBL 1260 WGMA 1320 Hollywood. Fla. WREB 930 Holyoke, Mass. KVHL 1320 Homer. La. WSDB 1430 Homestead, Fla. WAMO 860 Homestead, Pa. Homewood, Ala.

    Hawaii

    Honolulu.

    WENN WJLD KGMB KPOI

    KIKI KGU

    KHVH KPOA

    KULA

    Hood

    River. Oreg. KIHR

    Mass.

    WXXX WHAV

    KOJM Havre. Mont. Havre de Grace. Md.

    1310 1490 610 M

    WASA 1330 Hawkinsville, Ga. WCEH 610 KLUV 1580 Haynesville, La, KAYS 1400 Hays, Kans. WHSM 910 Hayward, Wis.

    W 1(IC 1390 M Hazard. Ky. Hazlehurst, Miss. WMDC 1220 Hazleton, Pa. WAZL 1490 N -M KFFA 1360 M Helena. Ark. KCAP 1340 M Helena, Mont.

    KXL1

    Hemet, Calif. Hempstead. N.Y. Henderson. Ky. Henderson. Nev.

    1240 N KHS1 1320 WH LI 1100

    WSON

    860

    Ionia.

    Mich.

    Iowa City, Iowa

    G90

    1320 A 1050 1400 C 1360 600 1280

    KTOO WH NC

    1490 1280

    W

    I(GN 1340 M

    WKXV 900 WNOX 990

    Kokomo. Ind. Kosciusko. Miss.

    Laconia, N.H.

    1400

    LaCrosse. Wis,

    1180 1240 M

    WIOU WKOZ WLNH

    WI(BH WLCX W KTY

    910 1400

    Ladysmith. Wis. Lafayette, Ga. Lafayette. Ind.

    1400 M

    WLDY WLFA WASK W BAA

    1350 1350 1350 1410 1490 580 1340 1590 1450 920 1420 1330 1460 1450

    C G

    A N

    A M

    A KI'EL KS1B 600 C Lafayette, La. 14 (VOL Jamestown, N.Y. WJTN 1240 A WEEN WJOC 1340 M Lafayette. Tenn. 1320 M LaFollette, Tenn. W LAF WCLC 1260 1400 Jamestown. Tenn. KLBM 145(1 WCLO 1230 M LaGrande, Oreg. 590 C Janesville. Wis. WLAG 1240 M LaGrange, Ga. W W W B 1360 Jasper, Ala. 1380 WTRP 620 WARF 1240 830 WTAQ 1300 990 W ITZ LaGrange, III. 760 N Jasper. Ind. KVLG 1570 I(7X1 1350 LaGrange, Tex. Jasper, Tex. 1040 KBZZ 1400 M Lalunta, Colo. 630 M Jefferson City, Mo, 1(LI K 950 I(WOS 1240 M Lake Charles. La. KLOU 1580 690 A KPLC 1470 N KIEF 1290 1340 Jennings, La.

    I(IND I(ANS

    1010 M 1510

    WIRE WISH WXLW WDLT

    1430 N 1310 C

    KREO

    950 1380 1400 A 1460 1440

    W IO N

    1230 1430 800

    KTYM WCHB Minn. KGHS

    KXIC WSUI 910 WMIQ 1450

    Jerome, Idaho Jesup. Ga. Johnson

    KART 1400 WBGR 1370

    City. Tenn.

    WIHL

    WETB

    Johnstown, Pa.

    Joliet.

    Ill.

    Jonesboro,

    Ark.

    Jonesboro. La. Jonesboro, Tenn. Jonquiere. Que. Joplin, Mo.

    910

    790 1400 1490 WCRO 1230 WOOL 1340 KBTM 1230 I(NEA 970

    Lake City, Fla. C M

    Lake City,

    S.C.

    Lakeland, Fla.

    KAOK 1400 WDSR 1340 WGRO 960 WJOT 1260

    WLAK

    M

    1430

    N

    N C

    WONN 1230 WYSE 1330

    M

    M

    1050 1490 1230 1280 1600 1480

    WJAC WARD

    Lake Providence. La. KLPL Lake Tahoe, Calif. KOWL KQI K Lakeview. Oreg. Lake Wales. Fla. WIPC I(TOC 920 KLAK Lakewood. Colo. KFHA WJS0 1590 Lakewood, Wash. WLIZ Lake Worth, Fla. CK RS 590 KLMR WMBH 1450 M Lamar. Colo. I(PET ICFSB 1310 Lamesa, Tex. I(CYL KODE 1230 C Lampasas, Tex. KAVL I( M BL 1450 Lancaster. Calif. M

    1380

    920 M 690

    1450 610 Junction, Tex. KICK 1420 KBVM 1380 June. City, Kans. KINY 800 CA Lancaster, Ohio WHO K 1320 Juneau, Alaska KINO 630 A -M -N Lancaster, Pa. W GA L 1490 N KANI 1240 WLAN 1390 A -M l(ailua, Hawaii I(AIM 870 Kai muki, Hawaii WLCM 1360 Lancaster, S.C. Kalamazoo, Mich. W KZO 590 C Lander, Wyo. KOVE 1330 M W K LZ 1470 M WRLD 1490 A Lanett. Ala. WKMI 1360 WLSH 1410 Lansford, Pa. KGEZ 600 M Lansing, Mich. Kalispell. Mont. WILS 1320 930 ICOFI WJIM 1240 A -N Kamloops, B.C. CFJC 910 WMPC 1230 Lapeer, Mich. Kane. Pa. WADP 960 WLOI 1540 LaPorte, Ind. Kankakee, Ill. WKAN 1320 I(OWB 1340 M Laramie. Wyo. 1(annapolis. N.C. WGTL 870 KVOZ 1490 M Laredo, Tex. Kans. City. Kans. I(CI(N 1340 WLPO 1220 LaSalle, Ill. KCMO 810 C LaSarre, Que. Kansas City. Mo. CKLS 1240 KMBC 980 A LasCruces, N.Mex. KOBE 1450 KPRS 1590 (GIST 570 KUDL 1380 !(ENO 1460 A Las Vegas, Nev. WRAF 610 N KLAS 12311 C WHB 710 I(ORI( 1340 M KGFW 1330 M Kearney, Nebr. K RAkI 920 KRNY 1460 KRBO 1050 WKNE 1290 N Las Vegas, N.Mex. I(FUN 1230 A Keene. N.H. W KBI( 1220 WAKU 1570 M Latrobe. Pa. CKOV 630 Kelowna, B.C. WTRA 1480 KLOG 1490 Kelso, Wash. CFLM 1240 LaTuque. Que. Kendallville. Ind. WAW K 1570 WAML 1340 N Laurel, Miss. KAML 990 Kenedy, Tex. WLAU 1600 A Kenmore. N.Y. WINE 1080 WNSL 1260 I(BOA 830 Kennett, Mo. W LBG 860 Laurens, S.C. Kennewick - Pasco - Richland. Laurinburg. N.C. W E W O 1080 KEPR 610 C Lawrence. Kans. Wash. KFKU 1250 CJRL 1220 Kenora. Ont. KLWN 1320 WLIP 1050 Kenosha, Wis. WCCM 800 Lawrence. Mass. CKEN 1350 l(entville, N.S. Lawrenceburg, Tenn. WDXE 1370 KOKX 1310 Keokuk, Iowa Lawrenceville, Ga. WLAW 1360 KERB 600 Kermit. Tex. Lawrenceville. Ill. WAKO 910 1230 KERV Kerrville, Tex. KSW O 1380 A Okla. Ketchikan. Alaska KT KN 930 C -A Lawton. KCCO 1050 W K E I 1450 Kewanee. Ill. Colo. KLVC 1230 Leadville, 1270 W.Va. WKYR Keyser, 1490 M N.C. WLOE Leaksville, WICWF 1600 M Key West, Fla. CJSP 710 Leamington. Ont. WKIZ 1500 Leavenworth, Kans. KCLO 1410 KOCA 1240 Kilgore. Tex. WLBN 1590 KLEN 1050 M Lebanon. Ky. Killeen. Tex. I(LWT 1230 Lebanon, Mo. KIMB 1260

    Kimball Nebr King City. Calif. Kingman. Ariz.

    KRKC KAAA

    Kingsport, Tenn.

    WI(MT WKIN WKPT W KNY

    1570 1230 A

    Kings Mountain. N.C.

    1220 1320 1400 N 1490 M CFRC 1490 CKLC 1380

    A Iron Mtn., Mich. Iron River. Mich. WIKB 1230 M Kingston, N.Y. WIRO 1230 M Kingston, Ont. Ironton, Ohio Henderson. N.C. M WJMS 630 Ironwood. Mich. WHVH 1450 CI(WS 960 (OAT 1000 Ishpeming, Mich. WOPD 1240 Henderson, Tex. WDKD 1310 WJAN 970 Kingstree. S.C. KWRD 1470 1(11E 1330 WHCU 870 C Kingsville, Tex, Ithaca, N.Y, Hendersonville, N.C. WELS 1010 WTKU 1470 A Kinston, N.C. WHKP 1450 A 960 M W F TC WTHG 1290 Ala. Jackson. 1590 KHEN Henryetta, Okla. WISP 1230 WIIOM 1450 A Jackson, Mich. KPAN 860 Hereford, Tex. KNBX 1050 W KHM 970 M Kirkland. Wash. WALY 1420 Herkimer, N.Y. W 1 O X 620 N Kirkland Lake, Ont. CJKL 560 Jackson, Miss. Hermiston, Orei. (UHU 1570 KIRX 1450 WJQS 1400 C Kirksville. Mo. Herrin. Ill. WJPF 1340 M W KBX 1220 WOXN 1450 Kissimmee, Fla. Hettinger. N.Dak. KNDC 1490 W01(1 1590 CKCR 1490 Kitchener, Ont. WMFG 1240 N Hibbing, Minn. WHBC 1300 M CKKW 1320 WH KY 1290 A Hickory, N.C. WSLI 930 WACB 1380 Kittanning. Pe. W I KC 630 WLM1 1280 Klamath -alls. Oreg High Point, N.C. WMFR 1230 A Jackson. Ohio KA1.0 1150 W OX1 1310 W NOS 1590 Jackson, Tenn. it0 LW 1450 A WOAK 141.0 WHPE 1070

    KBMI

    KLAD 960 WHIR 1240 A W1VK 860 WATE 6211 N

    Knoxville, Tenn.

    930

    KEY!

    Jamestown. N.Dak.

    WDAD 1450 C Indiana, Pa. Indianapolis, Ind. WFBM 1260 A -M WGEE 1590 WI BC 1070

    Indianola. Miss. Indio. Calif. Inglewood. Calif. Inkster, Mich. International Falls,

    A

    Jacksonville Bch., Fla. WZRO 1010

    Hopewell. Va,

    Independence. Kans.

    1390

    WOAX WAPE WZOK WIVY WMBR WOBS WPDQ WQIK WANG W LDS Jacksonville, III. Jacksonville. N.C. WJNC WLAS Jacksonville. Tex. KEBE

    Hope, Ark,

    Independence. Mo.

    WTiS

    Jacksonville, Fla.

    KXAR 1490 WHAP 1340 Hopkinsville, Ky. WHOP 1230 C WKOA 1480 C W W HG 1320 WJEJ 1240 A -M Hornell, N.Y. WLEA 1480 M WJBB 1230 M Haleyville, Ala. Hot Springs, Ark. KAAB 1350 A CBH 1330 Halifax. N.S. KBHS 590 CHNS 960 I(BLO 1470 M C1CH 920 1400 Mich. WHDF Houghton. 970 Ala. WERH Hamilton, Houghton Lake, Mich. W MOH 1450 Hamilton, Ohio WHGR 1290 CH ML 900 Hamilton, Ont. WHOU 1340 Houston, Maine CKOC 1150 KCIL 1490 N Houma, La. KCLW 900 Hamilton. Tex. WCPC 1320 Houston, Miss. W KDX 1400 Hamlet. N.C. I(COH 1430 Houston, Tex. WJOB 1230 Hammond, Ind. KILT 610 WFPR 1400 Hammond. La. HNUZ 1230 WBHC 1270 Hampton, S.C. KPRC 950 N WVEC 1490 Hampton. Va. KTHT 790 WMPL 920 Hancock, Mich. KTRH 740 C KNGS 620 Han'ord, Calif. KXYZ 1320 A KHMO 070 Haniibal, Mo. KYOK 1590 WTSL 400 Harmer, N.H. WHMI 1350 Howell. Mich. WDCR 340 WHUC 1230 Hudson. N.Y. WHVR 280 Hanover, Pa. KIHN 1340 Hugo, Okla. W H LN 410 Harlan, Ky. CKCH 970 Hull. Que. KGBT 530 Harlingen. Tex. WALO 1240 Humacao. P.R. WHBT 600 Harriman, Tenn. W I R1 740 Humboldt, Tenn. W EBQ 240 Harrisburg. Ill. WHUN 1150 WHGB 400 A Huntingdon. Pa. Harrisburg, Pa. WH LT 1300 WCMB 460 M Huntington. Ind. W H P 580 C Huntington. N.Y. WGSM 740 WKBO 1230 N Huntington. W.Va. WPLH 1470 M KHOZ 900 Harison, Ark. WKEE 800 M -A Harisonburg, Va. WHBG 1360 WSAZ 930 N WSVA 550 N Huntsville. Ala. WBHP 1230 M Har-odsburg. KY. WHBN 1420 WEUP 1600 WORC 1360 C Haraurd. Conn. WFUN 1450 WCCC 1290 WAAY 1550 A WPOP 1410 MA CKAR 590 WTIC 1080 N Huntsville, Ont. KSAM 1490 Huntsville. Tex. WTKM 1540 Hartford. Wis. KIJV 1340 860 Huron. S.Dak. W H RT Hartselle, Ala. WHSC 1450 M Hutchinson, Kan. KWBW 1450 N Hartsville, S.C. KWHK 1260 WKLY 980 Hartwell, Ga. Hutchinson. Minn. ICDUZ 1260 WMCW 1600 Harvard, Ill. KBEL 1240 Idabel. Okla. WBEE 1570 Harvey, Ill. KID 590 C WBCH 1220 Idaho Falls, Idaho Hastings, Mich. KIFI 1260 A -M KHAS 1280 Hastings. Nebr. I(O P I 980 Hattiesburg, Miss. WBKH 950

    Guntersville, Ala. WGSV 1270 KWRW 1490 Guthrie. Okla. KGYN 1220 Guymon, Okla. WARK 1490 Hagerstown, Md.

    r

    WSRW 1590

    C.L. /lc. N.A.

    C.L. Xe. N.A. Location

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    C.L. Ke. N.A. Location

    Hillsboro. Ohio 1930 Hillsboro, Oreg. 900 Hillsboro, Tex, WGVM 1260 Greenville. N.C. WGTC 1590 M Hillsdale. Mich, Hilo, Hawaii WESC 660 Greenville, S.C. WFBC 1330 N WMRB 1490 A -M Hobart, Okla. WMUU 1260 W Q01( 1440 C Hobbs, N.Mex. KGVL 1400 Greenville, Tex. Greenville,

    890 M

    Lebanon, Oreg. Lebanon, Pa.

    KGAL 920 WLBR 1270

    Leesburg. Va.

    WLBE WOIL WAGE KLLA WMTL

    1580

    KLEM

    1410

    Lebaron. Tenn. Leesburg, Fla.

    Leesville, La, Leitchfield, Ky. Leland, Miss. LeMars, Iowa Lenoir, N.C. Lenoir, Tenn. Leonardtuwn. Md. A Lethbridge, Alta. M

    A

    Levelland, Tex. Levittown, Pa. Lewisburg, Pa. Lewisburg. Tenn. Lewiston, Idaho Lewiston, Maine

    WCOR

    900 790 M 1410 1290 157(1

    WESY 1580 WJR1 1340 M

    WLIL

    730

    W K K 1370 CJOC 1220 1

    KLVT

    1230

    WITT

    1010

    WBCB 1490 W11M 1490 M

    KRLC 1350 M KOZE 1300 WCOU 1240 M

    I

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Gt

    -C

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    173

    Location Lewistown, Mont. Lewistown. Pa.

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location WLAM KXLO WKVA WMRF WLAP WBLG WVLK KLEX KRVN WBUY

    1470 A 1230 M

    Macon. Miss.

    C.L. Ka. N.A. Location C.L. Ka. N.A. Location C.L. Kc. N.A. WMBC 1400` Medicine Hat. Alta. CHAT 1270 Montgomery, Ala. WBAM 740

    Madera, Calif. Melbourne, Fla. KHOT 1250 WMMB 1240 M WCOV 1170 C 920 Madison. Fla. WMAF 1230 Memphis, Tenn. WHBQ 560 M WAPX 1600 A 1490 N Madison. Ga. WYTH 1250 WHER 1430 WHHY 1440 N 630 Madison. Ind. WORX 1270 WMC 790 N WMGY 800 1300 A Madison, Wis, W H A 970 WDIA 1070 WRMA 950 590 M WIBA 1510 N W M PS 680 Montgomery, W.Va. Lexington, Mo. 1570 WISM 1480 A -M WHHM 1340 A WMON 1340 M Lexington, Nebr. 1010 W KO W 1070 C WLOK 1480 Monticello, Ark. KHBM 1430 Lexington, N.C. 1440 Madison, Tenn. WENO 1430 WREC 600 C Monticello, Ky. WFLW 1360 Lexington. Tenn. WDXL 1490 Madisonville, Ky. WFMW 730 KWAM 990 Montmagny, Que. CKBM 1490 Lexington, Va. WREL 1450 N Mena, Ark. KENA 1450 MontpelierBarre, Vt. WTTL 1310 Menominee, Mich. WAGN 1340 A Lexington Pk.. Md. WPTX 920 Magee. Miss. WSJC 1280 WSKI 1240 A Menomonie, Libby, Mont. Wis. KOLL 1230 M Magnolia, Ark, WMNE Montreal, 1360 Que, KVMA 630 M CBF 690 Merced, Calif. Liberal, Kans. KSCB 1270 Malden, Mo. KYOS 1480 M KTCB 1470 CBM 940 N Liberty, N.Y. WVOS 1240 Malone, N.Y. KWIP 1580 WICY 1490 M CFCF 600 A Meriden, WMMW Lihue, Hawaii Conn. KTOH 1490 Malvern, Ark. 1470 CJAD 800 KBOK 1310 Meridian. Miss. Lima, Ohio WCOC 910 C WIMA 1150 A Manassas, Va. CMS 1280 WPRW 1460 Lincoln, Ill. WDAL 1330 WPRC 1370 Manchester, Conn. WINF 1230 CKAC 730 C Montrose, Colo. Lincoln, Nebr. WMOX 1240 KFOR 1240 A Manchester. Ga. KUBC 580 WFDR 1370 WPEL 1250 Manchester, Ky. WOKK 1450 A Montrose. Pa. KLIN 1400 W W XL 1450 Mooresville, N.C. WQIC 1390 Manchester, N.H. WHIP 1350 KLMS 1480 WFEA 1370 Moorhead, Minn. KBUZ 1910 Lincolnton, N.C. KVOX 1280 M WLON 1050 WGIR 610 C Mesa, Ariz. Metropolis, Muosejaw, III. WMOK Sask. 920 CHAS 800 Lindsay. Ont. WKBR 1240 CKLY 910 Motif', Tex. Morehead. Ky. WMOR 1330 Manchester, Tenn. WMSR 1320 KBUS 1590 Linton. Ind. WBTO 1600 Mexico. Mo. KXEO 1340 M Morehead City, N.C. WMBL 740 Manhattan, Kans. Litchfield, Ill. WSMI 1540 KSAC 580 Mexico, Pa. Morgan City, La, WJUN 1220 KMRC 1430 M Litchfield. Minn, KMAN 1350 KLFD 1410 Morganton, N.C. KIKO 1340 WMNC 1430 Manila, P.I. Little Falls, Minn. KLTF 960 DZPI 1800 M -C Miami, Ariz, WGBS 710 C Morgantown, W.Va. WAJR 1440 N DZRH 710 N Miami, Fla. Little Falls N.Y. WLFH 1230 WCKR 610 N Manistee, Mich. WCLG 1300 WMTE 1340 Littlefield. Tex. KUCO 1490 Morrillos, Ark. WFFC 1220 KVOM 800 Little Rock, Ark. KARK 920 N Manitou Springs, Colo. Morris, Minn. WAME 1260 KMRS 1570 KCM9 1490 KALI 1250 M Morristown, N.J. WMTR 1250 WMIE 1140 WCUB 980 KLRA 1010 A Manitowoc, WI,. Morristown,Tenn. WQAM WCRK 1150 M 580 WOMT 1249 M KOKY 1440 WSKP 1450 WMTN 1800 KYSM 1230 N KTHS 1090 C Mankato, Minn. Moscow. Idaho W INZ 940 KRPL 1400 KTOE 1420 A KVLC 1050 Miami, Okla. Moses Lake. Wash. KSEM 1470 KGLC 910 Manning, S.C. WYMB 1410 Littleton. Colo. KUDY 1510 Miami Beach, Fla. WMET 1490 KWIQ 1260 Mansfield, La. KDBC 1360 Live Oak, Fla. WNER 1250 WKAT 1360 MA Moultrie, Ga. WMGA 1400 A WMAN 1400 A Livingston, Mont. KPRK 1340 M Mansfield, Ohio WMTM 1900 WCLW 1570 Livingston. Tenn. WLIV 920 Michigan City, Ind. WIMS 1420 Moundsville, W.Va. WMOD 1370 Maquoketa. Iowa KMAQ 1320 KETX 1440 Livingston, Tex. Mountain Grove, Mo. KLRS 1360 Marianna. Fla. WTYS 1340 M Middlesboro, Ky. WMIK 560 KLBS 1220 Middletown. Conn, WCNX 1150 Mountain Hone, Ark. KTLO 1490 WTOT 980 Lloydminster, Alta. CKSA 1150 Middletown, N.Y. WALL 1940 Mt. Airy, N.C. WPAQ 740 WFOM 1230 Lock Haven, Pa. WBPZ 1230 M Marietta. Ga. Middletown, Ohio WPFB e'a WSYD 1300 M WBIE 1050 Lockport, N.Y. WUS1 1340 Mt. Carmel. Ill. Midland, Mich. WMDN 1490 WVMC 1360 Marietta. Ohio WMOA 1490 M Lodi, Calif. KCVR 1570 Midland, Ont. Mt. CKMP 1230 Mich. Clemens. Marine Mieh. City, WDOG 1590 Logan, Utah KVNU 610 M Marinette. KCRS 550 A WBRB 1490 Wis. WMAM 570 N Midland. Tex. KLGN 1390 Mt. Dora, Fla. WMDF 1580 K1BC 1150 WJAM 1310 Logan, W.Va. WLOG 1230 M Marion, Ala. Mt. Jackson. Va. KWEL 1600 WSIG 790 Marion, Ill. WGGH 1150 WVOW 1290 Mt. Kisco, N.Y. WKB11600 WVIP 1910 WBAT 1400 C Milan, Tenn, Logansport, Ind. WSAL 1230 M Marion, Ind. Miles City. Mont, KATL 1340 M Mt. Pleasant, Mich. WCEN 1150 W M R I 860 Lompoc, Calif. KNEZ 960 Mt. Pleasant. Milford, Del. Tex, KI MP 960 W KSB 930 Marion, N.C. WBRM 1250 London, Ky. WFTG 1400 Mt. Shasta, Calif. KWSD 620 WMRC 1490 Marion. Ohio WMRN 1490 A Milford, Mats. London, Ont. CFPL 980 Milledgeville, Ga. WMVG 1450 M Mt. Sterling. Ky. WMST 1150 Marion, S.C. WATP 1430 CKSL 1290 Mt. Vernon. III. WGSR 1570 WMIX 940 Marion, Va, WMEV 1010 A Millen, Ga. Long Beach, Calif. KFOX 1280 Mt. Vernon, Ind, Millington, Tenn. WH EY 1220 WPCO 1590 Marked Tree, Ark. KPCA 1580 KGER 1390 Millville, ML Vernon. Ky. N.1. 1440 WRVK 1460 WMVB Marksville, La, KAPB 1370 Longmont, Colo. KLMO 1050 Mt. Milton, Fla. 1330 Vernon, WEBY Ohio M WMVO 1300 Mass. WSRO 1470 Longview. Tex. KFRO 1370 A Marlborough. Mt. Vernon. Wash. KBRC 1430 WSRA 1490 Marlin. Tex. KMLW 1010 KLUE 1280 Milton, Pa. WMLP 1570 Muleshoe, Tex. KMUL 1380 Marquette, Mich, WDMI 1320 M Longview. Wash. KEDU 1400 A Marshall, Minn. KZOL 1570 KMHL 1400 A Milwaukee, WIs, WEMP 1250 KBAM 1270 WFOX 860 M Mullins, S.C. WJAY 1280 Marshall, Mu. KMMO 1300 Lorain, Ohio WWII 1380 Muncie, Ind, WRIT 1940 WLBC 1340 C Marshall. N.C. WMMH 1460 Loris, S.C. W LSC 1570 WISN 1150 A Munfordville, Ky. WLOC IISO Marshall, Tax. KMHT 1450 Los Alamos, N.Mex. KRSN 1490 A WMIL 1290 Munising, Mieh. WMAB 1400 KADO 1410 Los Angeles, Calif. KABC 790 A Marshalltown, Murfreesboro, Tenn.WGNS 1450 WOKY 920 Iowa 1230 KFJB K F I 640 N Marshfield, Wis. WTM1 620 N WMTS 860 WDLB 1450 Minden. La. K H 1 930 M Martin, Tenn. KASO 1240 Murphy, N.C. WCVP 600 WCMT 1410 Mineral Wells, Tex. KORC 1140 KFBG 1150 WKRK 1390 Martinsburg, W.Va. WEPM 1340 Mineola, N.Y. Murphysboro, Ill. KFWB 980 WFYI 1520 WINI 1420 Martinsville. Va. WHEE 1370 Ky. W N BS 1340 KGF) 1230 WMVA 1450 N Minneapolis. Minn. WCCO 830 C Murray, Murray. Utah KFAC 1330 WLOL 1330 KMUR 1230 Marysville. Calif. KMYC 1410 M Muscatine, Iowa WMIN 1400 KLAC 570 KWPC 860 Marysville, Kant, KNDY 1570 Muscle Shoals City. WDGY 1190 KMPC 710 Maryville, Mo. KNIM 1580 WPBC 980 Alabama WLAY 1450 KNX 1070 C Maryville, Tenn. WGAP 1400 Muskegon, WTCN 1280 A Mich. WKBZ 850 A KPOL 1540 Macon City. Iowa KGLO 1300 C KTIS 900 WTRU 1600 KPOP 1020 KRIB 1490 KUOM 770 WMUS 1090 KRKD 1150 KSMN 1010 Minot, N.Dak. KLPM 1390 Muskogee, Okla. KBIX M 1490 A Louisburg, N.C. WYRN 1480 Massena, N.Y. WMSA 1340 A KQDY 1320 KMUS 1380 Louisville, Ky. WAVE 970 N WSTS 1050 KCJB 910 C Myrtle Beach. S.C. WMYB 1450 WAKY 790 M Massillon, Ohio WTIG 990 Mission, Kans. Nacogdoches, Tex. KBKC 1480 KEEE 1230 A WHAS 840 C Matane, Que. CKBL 1250 Mission, Tex. KIRT 1580 KSFA 860 WKLO 1080 A Matawan, W.Va, WHJC 1960 Missoula. Mont, KGVO 1290 C Nampa, Idaho KFXD 580 WINN 1240 Mattoon, Ill. WLBH 1170 KXLL 1450 N Nanaimo, B.C. CHUB 1570 Mayaguez, P.R. WKYW 900 WAEL 600 KQTE 1340 M Nanticoke, Pa, WNAK 730 WLOU 1350 WKJB 710 KYS8 910 Napa, Calif. KVON 1440 WTMT 620 WORA 1150 Mitchell. S.Dak. KORN 1490 M Naples, Fla. WNOG 1270 Louisville, Miss. WLSM 1270 WPRA 990 Moab. Utah KURA 1450 Narrows. Va. WNRV 990 Loveland, Colo. KLOV 1570 WTIL 1300 Moberly, Mo. KNCM Nashua. 1290 N.M. WOTW 900 Lovington, N.Mex. KLEA 630 Mayfield. Ky. WKTM 1050 Mobile, Ala. WALA 1410 N WSMN 1590 Lowell. Mass. WCAP 980 W N G0 1320 Nashville, WABB 1480 Ark. KBHC 1260 A WMYN 1420 WLLH 1400 M Mayodan,N.C. W GO K 900 Nashville. Tenn. WKDA 1240 Lubbock, Tex. WFTM 1240 M KCBD 1590 M -N Maysville, Ky. WKAB 840 WLAC 1510 C McAlester, Okla. KTMC 1400 KDAV 580 WKRG 710 C WMAK 1300 KNED 1150 KDUB 1340 WMOZ 960 W N A H 1960 M KRIO 910 M Mobridge, S.Dak, KFYO 790 C McAllen, Tex. KOLY 1900 WSIX 980 A KLLL 1460 M McCamey, Tex. KCMR 1450 Modesto. Calif. KTRB 860 WSM 650 N KSEL 950 A McComb, Miss, WHNY 250 A KBEE 970 WVOL 1470 Ludington, Mich. WKLA 1450 A WAPF 980 KFIV 1360 A Natchez. Miss. WMIS 1240 N Lufkin, Tex, KBRL 300 M Moline, 111, KRBA 1940 A McCook. Nebr. WQUA 1230 A WNAT 1450 M KVSA 220 KTRE 1420 M McGehee, Ark. Monahans, Tex, KVKM 1340 M Natchitoches, La. KNOC 1450 M Lumberton, N.C. McKeesport. Pa. WEDO 810 C Moncton. N.B. WAGR 580 CBAF 1300 Needles, Calif. KSFE 1340 WMCK 360 WTSB 1340 M CKCW 1220 Neenah. Wis. WNAM 1280 Lynchburg, Va. WLVA 590 A McKenzie, Tenn. WH DM 440 Monett, Mo. KRMO 990 Neillsville, Wis. WCCN 1370 McKinney, KMAE 600 Tex. Monmouth. Ill. WWOD 1390 M -N WRAM 1330 Nelson, B.C. CKLN 1390 McMinnville, Oreg. KMCM 260 Monroe. Ga. WBRG 1050 WMRE 1490 Neon, Ky. WNKY 1480 McMinnville. Tenn. WBMC 960 Lynn, Mass. Monroe, La. WLYN 1360 KMLB 1440 A -N Neosho, Mo. KBTH 1420 Lyons, (la. WMMT 230 M WBBT 1340 KLIC 1230 M Nevada, Me. KNEM 1240 McPherson, Kans, KNEX 540 Macomb, Ill. WKAI 1510 KNOE 1390 New Albany. Ind. WOW! 1570 McRae, Ge. WDAX 410 Monroe, Mich, Macon. Ga. WQTE 560 WBML 1240 New Albany. Miss. WNAU 1470 Meadville, Pa. WMGW 490 Monroe, N.C. WMAP 1060 WCRY 900 Newark, N.J. WNTA 970 Medford. Mass. WHIL 430 Monroe, Wis, WEKZ 1260 WIBB 1280 WHBI 1280 KMED 1440 N Monroeville, Ala. WMFC 1360 WMAZ 940 C Medford. Oreg. W N.I R 1430 KDOV 300 Monterey, Calif. 630 WNEX 1400AM KIDD WVN1 620 KBOY 730 KMBY 1240 C Newark, N.Y. WACK 1420 KY1C 1230 A -C Montevideo, Minn. KDMA 1450 A Newark, Ohio WCLT 1430 174 WHITE'S RADIO LOG Medford. Wis, W G M 1490 M Monte Vista, Colo. New Bedford, Mass. W BSM 1420 KSLV 1240

    Lexington. Ky.

    1

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Location New Bern, N.C.

    WNBH WHIF WRNB

    WKDK Newberry, S.C. New Braunfels. Tex. KGNB

    1340 M 1450 M Oceanlake, Oreg. 1490 Oceanside. Calif. 1240 Odessa, Tex. 1420

    Britain, Conn. WHAY 910 A WKNB 840 Ncw Brunswick, N.J. WCTC 1450

    New

    Newburgh. N.Y. Newburyport, Mass. New Carlisle. Que. Newcastle, N.B. New Castle, Pa.

    WGNY

    WNBP

    12211

    1470

    CHNC 610 CKMR 790 WKST 1280

    M

    KASL 1240 Newcastle. Wyo. New Glasgow, N.S. CKEC 1230 New Haven. Conn. WAVZ 1300 New

    Iberia, La.

    W ELI 960 WNHC 1340 A KANE 1240

    KVIM

    1360

    New Kensington, Pa.W KPA 1150 New London, Conn. WNLC 1490 M New

    Martinsville,W.Va.

    Newnan, Ga. New Orleans, La.

    WETZ

    1330

    WCOH 1400 M

    WDSU

    WJMR WROK WNOE WSMB W

    N

    1230 990 800

    1060 1350 A

    NPS 1450

    WTIX WWL

    690

    870 C

    WYFE G00 WYLD 940 KNBY 1280

    M

    Newport, Ark. WNOP 740 Newport, Ky. KNPT 1310 Newport, Oreg. WADK 1540 Newport. R.I. WLIK 1270 Newport. Tenn. WIKE 1490 Newport. Vt. Newport News, Va. WUH 1310 A WYUO 1270 New Rochelle. N.Y. WVOX 1460 New Smyrna Beach.

    SaB

    Newton, Iowa Newton, Kans. Newton. Miss. Newton, N.J. Newton, N.C. New Ulm, Minn.

    1230 M

    KCOB 1280 KJRG 950

    WBKN

    WNNJ WNNC

    1410 1360 1230

    1(NU1

    860

    Westminster. B.C. CKNW 980 A New York. N.Y. WBNX New

    1380

    WCBS 880 WEVD 1330 WHOM 14110 WINS 1010

    WLIB

    W MCA

    WMGM WNEW WNYC WOR

    WADO WPOW WQXR WRCA Niagara Falls, N.Y.W HLD WJJL Niagara Falls. Ont. CHVC WNIL Niles. Mich. Nogales, Ariz. Norfolk. Nebr. Norfolk, Va.

    C.L. Kc. N.A. /Cc. N.A. Locaton 980 W LOD WTAP 1230 A WPOM 1470 WPFP 1450 Park Falls. Wis. Ponca City. Okla. W BB2 1230 M Parry Sound. Ont. CKAR -I 1340 WPRP 910 Ponce. P.R. KLKC 1540 Parsons. Kans. WEUC 1420 KALI 1430 KOSA 1230 C Pasadena, Calif. WPAB 550 KPPC 1240 KOYL 1310 WLEO 1170 KRLA 1110 KRIG 1410 M WISO 1260 KWKW 1300 I(0EL 950 Oelwein, Iowa WPON 1460 Pontiac. Mich. 1480 KLVL Tex. Pasadena, 930 I(OGA Nebr. Ogallala, Bluff, Mn. KWOC 930 Poplar A 1500 Miss. WPMP Pascagoula. KLO 1430 M Ogden, Utah WPDR 1350 Portage. Wis, KORD 910 Pasco, Wash. KSVN 730 Portage la Prairie. Man. KPKW 1340 KVOG 1490 CFRY 1570 M 1230 KPRL Calif. Paso Robles, M Ogdensburg. N.Y. WSLB 1400 Port Alberni, B.C. CJAV 1240 Patchogue, L.I., N.Y. WKRZ 1340 Oil City, Pa. KENM 1450 Portales. N.Mex. WALK 1370 KBYE 890 A Okla. City, Okla. Port Angeles, Wash.KONP 1450 WPAC 1580 KLPR 1140 CFPA 1230 Port Arthur, Ont. WPAT 930 Paterson, N.J. KOCY 1340 KOLE 1340 Port Arthur. Tex. KOMA 1520 N Pauls Valley. Okla. KV LH 1470 KPAC 1250 M WPAW 550 A KTOK 1000 C Pawtucket, R.I. KTIP 1450 A Calif. Porlerville, 1450 KEOK Idaho Payette. KTOW 800 CHUG 1500 Port Hope, Ont. CKYL 630 Peace River, Alta. WKY 930 KACY 1520 KIUN 1400 M Port Hueneme,Calit. Pecos, Tex. KOKL 1240 Okmulgee. Okla. Port Huron. Mich. W H LS 1450 WLNA 1420 Peekskill. N.Y. Old Saybrook, Conn. W LIS 1420 WITH 1380 A WSIV 1140 Pekin, Ill. WMNS 1360 Olean. N.Y. WDLC 1490 Port Jervis, N.Y. WFHK 1430 WHDL 1450 A Pell City, Ala. WPGW 1440 Portland, Ind. 1350 CHOV Ont. Pembroke. 740 WVLN Olney, III. Maine WCSH 970 N Portland, 1240 A KKID KW( 1240 M Pendleton, Oreg. WGAN 560 C Olympia, Wash. KUBE 1050 KITN 920 WLOB 1310 KUMA 1290 A KBON 1490 WPOR 1490 A -M Omaha, Nebr. Gap. Va. KFAB 1110 N Pennington t(BPS Oreg. Portland. WSWV 1570 I(OIL 1290 1450 WBOP 980 Pensacola, Fla. 1(000 1420 KEX 1190 1450 WBSR C KOWH 660 KGW 620 WNVY 1230 A KSWI 1560 M -A KOIN 970 C WCOA 1370 N WOW 590 C KPAM 1410 WPFA 790 KOMW 680 Omak, Wash. KPDQ 800 Penticton, B.C. CKOK 800 WONG 1600 I(POJ 1330 M Oneida. N.Y. Peoria. III. WEEK 1350 N WONT 1310 KW11 1080 A Oneida. Tenn. WMBD 1470 C KBRX 1350 KXL 750 O'Neill, Nebr. W I R L 1290 M Port Neches, Tex. (PN 1150 WCRL 1570 Oneonta. Ala. WPEO 1020 W DOS 730 Oneonta. N.Y. Portsmouth, N.H. WHEB 750 Perry, Fla. WPRY 1400 1510 KASK WPAY 1400 C Ontario. Calif. Portsmouth. Ohio Perry, Ga. WBBN 980 KSRV 1380 WNXT 1260 A Ontario, Oreg. KEYE 1400 M Portsmouth, Va. WPHO 1400 M Perryton. Tex. WLOW 1400 A Opelika. Ala. WARU 1600 KSLO 1230 A Peru, Ind. WAVY 1350 N Opelousas, La. Petaluma, Calif. KAFP 1490 KU 1() 1370 WAMI 860 Post, Tex. Opp. Ala. Peterborough, Ont. CH EX 980 KLCO 1280 Poteau, Okla. Opportunity, Wash. KZUN 630 Petersburg, Va. WSSV 1240 M Potosi. Mo. KYRO 1280 WCAT 1390 Orange, Mass. Petoskey, Mich. WMBN 1340 WPDM 1470 KOGT 1600 Potsdam. N.Y. Orange, Tex. Phenix City, Ala. WPNX 1460 A Pottstown. Pa. WPAZ 1370 WJMA 1940 Orange, Va. WPAM 1450 W DIX 1150 A Philadelphia. Miss. WHOC 1490 Pottsville. Pa. Orangeburg, S.C. Philadelphia. Pa. WCAU 1210 C WPPA 1360 M WBPD 1580 WDAS 1480 WIND 920 Poughkeepsie, N.Y. WEOK 1390 WFIL 560 A WKIP 1450 A Oregon City, Oreg. KGON 1520 N W FLN 900 KPOW 1260 M CFOR 1570 Powell, Wyo. Orillia, Ont. WHAT 1340 WDBO 580 C WIBU 1240 Poynette, Wis. Orlando, Fla.

    C.L. Ke. N.A. Location

    KNOG

    1190 570 1050 1130 830 710 1280 1330 1560 660 1270 1440 1600 1290 1340 780 790 1050 1230 850

    M

    N

    WHIP

    WLOF W I(I S Ormond Bch.. Fla. WQXQ KLER Orofino. Idaho KDIO Ortonville, Minn. KRMS Osage Bch., Mo. KOSE Osceola. Ark. CKLB Oshawa. Ont. WOSH Oshkosh, Wis. KBOE Oskaloosa. Iowa KRSC Othello. Wash. WCMY Ottawa. Ill. KOFO Ottawa. Kans. Ottawa. Ont.

    A

    WHYS 1370 KSCH 1380 KODE 1320 KECK 920

    W H OO

    C

    Ottumwa, Iowa

    CBO

    Oakland, Calif.

    Oak Park, 111. Oak Ridge. Tenn. Oakville. Ont. Ocala, Fla.

    (REM

    900

    KEYD 1220 KWCL 1280 WOAY 860 KEWB 910

    860

    910

    KABL 960 KDIA 13111

    WOPA WATO CH W O W MOP WTMC

    1490 1290 1250 900 1290 N

    Picayune, Miss.

    1240 A Piedmont, Ala. Pierre, S.Dak. 1480 KRFO 1390 Pikeville, Ky. W E BO 1330 WOMI 1490 M Pine Bluff, Ark. WVJS 1420 A CFOS 560 WOAP 1080 Pine City, Minn. WSUH 1420 Pineville, Ky. WOXF 1340 Pineville. W.Va. KOXR 910

    KBIZ KLEE

    KDRS

    1490

    KCCL 146(1 WPRS 1440

    WKLX

    WTPR KPLT

    KFTV

    Parkersburg. W.Va. WCEF WPAR

    1440 710 1490 A 1250 1050 1450 C

    990

    610 M

    WTEL 860 WPHB 1260 KIFN 860 KONI 1400 ( HAT 1480 KHEP 1280

    Philipsburg, Pa. Phoenix, Ariz,

    1350 1490 A 740 1400 1430 1220

    CFRA 560 CKOY 1310

    G

    WIP

    WJM1 1540 WPEN 950 WRCV 1060

    N

    Panama City Beach. WTHR 1480 Flu. WSCM 1290

    Paragould. Ark. Paris. Ark. Paris, III. Paris. Ky. Paris, Tenn. Parts. Ten.

    WI B

    990 M

    1270 950 740 1380 950 1350 1150

    WJAG Owatonna. Minn. C Owego. N.Y. WTAR WCMS Owensboro. KY. WNOR WRAP Owen Sound, Ont, Owosso, Mich. WNAD 640 No-man, Okla. Oxford. Miss. KNOR 1400 Oxford. N.C. 1110 WNAR No-ristown, Pa. Oxnard. Calif. N. Adams, Mass. WMNB 1230 WOZK 900 Ozark. Ala. WGUS 1600 N. Augusta. S.C. W I(YB 570 N -M Paducah. Ky. N. Battlelord, Sask. CJNB 1460 WDXR 1560 CFCH 600 North Bay, Ont. WPAD 1450 C KFIR 1340 C Pahokee. Fla. North Bend. Oreg. WRIM 1250 WCAL 770 Norihfield,Minn. 1460 Painesville. Ohio WPVL Northampton, Mass. Ky. WSIP 1490 M WHMP 1400 M Paintsville. 1260 Fla. WWPF Palatka, KOXE 1380 Ark. N. Little Rock. WSUZ 800 KXLR 1150 KNET 1450 Palestine. Tex. KVLC 1050 WQXT 1340 A Palm Bch., Fla. North Platte. Nebr. KILT 970 1(ODY 1240 N Palm Sprgs.. Calif. KCMJ 1010 C KDES 920 Nu. Syracuse, N.Y. WJMK 1220 KPAL 1450 No. Vancouver, B.C. CKLG 730 Palmdale, Calif. KUTY 1470 WOCH 1460 N. Vernon. Ind. KIBE 1220 Palo Alto. Calif. No. Wilkesboro, N.C.W KBC 810 KPDN 1340 M WNVA 1350 M Pampa. Tex. Norton. Va. KHHH 1230 WNLK 1350 Norwalk. Conn, 590 WDLP Fla. Panama City. WICH 1310 Norwich. Conn. WPCF 1430 M WCHN 970 Norwich, N.Y, Oakdale, La. Oakes, N.Dak. Oak Grove, La. Onk Hill. W.Va.

    C.L.

    C.L. Re. N.A. Location

    Pipestone. Minn. Piqua. Ohio

    Pittsburg. Calif. Pittsburg, Kans. Pittsburgh. Pa.

    Pittston. Pa. Plainview, Tex. Plant City, Fla. Platteville, Wis, Plattsburg, N.Y. Pleasanton, Tex.

    Pleasantville, N.J. Plymouth, Mass, Plymouth, N.C. Plymouth. Wis. Pocahontas, Ark, Pocatello, Idaho

    WPID KGFX

    1280 630

    KCCR 1590 WL

    900 WPKE 1240 M KCLA 1400 KOTN 1490 M KPBA 1590

    Presque Isle, Me. Preston, Idaho

    Prestonsburg, 1(y.

    WCMP

    1350 1230 970 KLOH 1050 WPTW 1570 I(KIS 990 0 AM 860 N KSEK 1340 KD KA 1020 KQV 1410 C WCAE 1250 WEEP 1080 WAMP 1320 N WPIT 730

    WMLF

    Prineville. Oreg. Prosser. Wash. Providence. R.I.

    Provo, Utah

    W W YO

    970

    WBBA WBEC WBRK WPTS KVOP WPLA

    1580 1420 A 1340 M 1540 1400 M 910 W S W W 1590

    Wis.

    WPRE 980 KWSK 1570 KYCA 1490 KNOT 14511 KZOK 1340 WAGM 1450 KPST 1340 WPRT 960 WDOC 1310 KOAL 1230

    N

    A

    WOND 1400

    WPLM WPNC WPLY

    1390 1479 1420 KPOC 1420

    KSEI

    Pocomuke City, Pomona, Calif. Pompano Beach, Eta.

    M 1270 900 550 1240 1250 1580 1490 A KRCO 690 KARY 1310 WEAN 790 M WHIM 1110 WICE 1290

    WJAR 920 WPRO 630 W RIB 1220

    N C

    1400 1450

    A

    KIXX

    KEYY

    KOVO

    Pryor. Okla.

    Pueblo. Colo.

    960 M

    KO LS 1570

    KDZA 1230 KAPI 690 KFEL 970 KGHF 1350 A -M KCSJ

    Pulaski. Tenn. Pulaski, Va. Pullman. Wash.

    WKSR

    Puyallup. Wash. Quanah. Tex. Quebec, Que.

    KAYE KOLI

    WI'UV

    KWSC KOFE Punxsutawney. Pa. WPME WPCT Putnam, Conn. CBV

    590 1420 A 1580 1250 1150 1540 1350 1450 1150

    980

    CH RC 800

    CJLR IOW CJQC 1940

    WEAV 960 A Quesnel, B.C. WIRY 1340 M Quincy, Fla, KBUP 1380 Quincy. Ill. Quincy, Mass. Quincy. Wash. Quitman, Ga. Racine. Wis.

    930 N

    K W I K 1240 M KYTE 1290 Md.WDVM 540 (WOW 1600

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    du Chien,

    Pratt. Kans. Prescott, Ariz.

    Price, Utah KOY 550 A Prichard, Ala. WAIP K GOL 960 C Prince Albert, Sask. CI(BI KPHO 910 A Prince George, B.C. CKPG KUEQ 740 Prince Rupert, B.C. CFPR KRIZ 1230 WRAY Princeton. Ind. KTAR 620 N Princeton. Ky. WPKY 1320 W RJ W WLOH Princeton, W.Va.

    WWSW

    Pittsfield, Ill. Pittsfield, Mass.

    N

    Prairie

    Radford. Va. Raleigh. N.C.

    CKCV 1200 CI(CQ 570 WCNH 1230 M WGEM 1440 A

    WTAD

    WIDA

    KPOR WSFB WRAC WRJN WRAD

    WKIX

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    930 C 1300 1378 1490 1460 1400 A 1460

    850 A

    175

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    Location

    WPTF

    680 N W SH E 570 WRAL 1240 Rapid City, S.Dak. KOTA 1380 C KRSD 1340 KEZU 920 Raton, N.Mex. KRTN 1490 A

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    Rome, N.Y.

    Ronceverte, W.Va. Roseburg, Oreg. Rosenberg,

    Tex.

    Rockville, Ga. Roswell, N.Mex.

    KVIP KBLF CKRD

    C

    540 1490 850 Redlands, Calif. KCAL 1410 Red Lion, Pa. WGCB 1440 Redmond. Oreg. KPRB 1240 Red Wing, Minn. KCUE 1250 Redwood Fall,. Minn.KLGR 1490 Reedsburg, Wis. WRDB 1400 Regina. Sask. CBK 540 Red Bluff, Red Deer,

    Calif. Alta.

    Reidsville, N.C. Remsen, N.Y. Reno, Nev.

    Rhinelander. Wis.

    Rice Lake, Wis. Richfield. Utah Richland. Wash.

    Richland, Wis. Richlands, Va. Richmond, Ind. Richmond, Ky. Richmond, Va.

    KOLO KONE 1450 KDOT 1230 KODE 910

    KRXK

    1230

    WORT 1240 WJMC 1240 KSVC 980

    KALE

    960

    WRCO 1450

    WRIC W KBV WEKY WANT WBBL WEZL WLEE WEET WMBG

    WRNL WRVA

    Ripley, Tenn.

    Ripon, Wis. Riverhead. N.Y. Riverside, Calif.

    KRKS

    1320 1380

    Sackville, N.B. Sacramento, Calif.

    Ste. Anne de la

    FRD

    980 980 KSWS 1230 K

    KGFL KBIM

    910 1400 W 11X0 1430

    WHOM

    1240

    WIRR

    1570

    WRIV

    1390 1440 1570 1450 M

    WCWC 1600

    (MAC

    Sandersville, GaSan Diego,

    Calif.

    KITO 1290 WSNT 1490 KCBQ 1170

    M

    540 600 1360 1240 1130 1400 1450 1260 1400 1360 1220

    C N

    KFMB KFSD KGB

    (SON

    W H W B 1000 WSYB 1380 M

    CFAX CBA

    Sandpoint. Idaho Sandusky, Ohio San Fernando,

    KSDO KSPT WLEC

    Calif, KGIL

    810 Sanford, Fla. WIRR 1070 WIOD 1320 N Sanford, Me. WSME KFBK 1530 A Sanford, N.C. W EY E KGMS 1380 M WWGP KROY 1240 C San Francisco, Cal. KFRC KXOA 1470 KCBS (GLU 1480 A 1(1BS WKNX 1210 KNBC WSAM 1400 N KOBY WSGW 790 M KSAY W WSH 1420 KSAN WKLC 1300 KSFO

    KCRA

    San Jose,

    San Juan,

    800 1340 1400

    680 155(1 M

    1270

    KFUO 850 KMOX 1120 550

    KSTL 690

    (W(

    C

    N

    1380 KXOK 630 W E W 770 M W I L 1430 A

    KYA

    (LOK (510 KEEN

    P.R.

    1461/

    1450 N 1240 1450 1590 1240 1090

    St, Joseph d'Alma. Que. CFGT 1270 St. Louis. Mu. KATZ 1600

    (SD

    Calif.

    C

    I42Ú 1050 610

    VOAR 1230 VOCM 590

    VOWR WTWN WSJM KFEQ KRES KUSN

    630 A 860

    590 KRNO 1240

    790 970 1490 1580 K RSL 990 W W W R 920 KXRI 1490 WRUS 610

    1350 1240

    Seguin, Tex.

    KTSA 550 WOAI 1200 San Bernardino, Calif. KCKC 1350

    13411

    Seminole, Tex. Seneca Township, S.C. Sevierville, Tenn. Seward. Alaska Seymour, Ind. Seymour, Tex. Shamokin, Pa. Shamrock, Tex. Sharon, Pa. Shawano, Wis. Shawnee, Okla.

    Sheboygan, Wis. M

    11)50

    610 M 740 C 100

    680 N 550 M

    170 590

    Selma. Ala.

    A Shawinigan. Que,

    1290

    010 450 560 260

    C.L. Kc. N.A.

    C

    KFXM

    KAYT KRUS KTLU

    W10N KDXU WMIC

    St. George, Utah St. Helen, Mich,

    1400 M

    CKRN

    WEXL

    KENS 680 KUKA 1250 KUBO 1310

    KONO

    RIP

    Pocatiere, Que. CHGB St. Augustine, Fla. WFOY WSTN St. Boniface, Man. CKSB St. Catharines, Ont. CKTB St. Charles, Mo, KADY St. Cloud, Minn. KFAM

    A 910 M 1140 C St. Johnsbury, Vt. 950 St. Joseph, Mich. 1310 St. Joseph, Mo.

    CJBR 900 WRIO 132(1 WWWW 1520

    KPRO KACE

    KRXL

    C.L. Kc. N.A. Location

    1450 A 1400 1490 C 1240 A

    540 St. Hyacinthe. Que. CKBS 1490 A St. Jean, Que. CHRS 1340 M St. Jerome, Que. CKJL 900 990 Saint John, N.B. CF BC 930 1480 CHSJ 1150 1590 St. John's, Nfld, CBN 640 1480 N CJON 930

    W XG I Richmond Hill. Ont. CJRH Richwood, W.Va. WMNF 128(1 Ridgecrest, Calif. KRCK 1380

    Rimouski, Que. Rio Piedras, P.R.

    Saanich, B.C.

    Safford. Ariz. Saginaw, Mich. WFRC 1600 A WREV 1220 WREM 1480 St. Albans. Vt. KOH 630 N St. Albans, W.Va. M 920 C

    Renton, Wash. Rexburg. Idaho

    Russellville, Ala. Russellville, Ark. Russellville, Ky. Rutland. Vt.

    CKCK 620 CKRM 980

    KBET 1340

    KAL

    WRON KRNR W

    Ravenswood, W.Va. WMOV 1360 Rawlins, Wyo. KRAL 1240 M Raymond, Wash. Rouyn, Que. KAPA 1340 Raymondville. TeX. KSOX 1240 Roxboro, N.C. Rayville, La. Royal Oak, Mich. KCLP 990 Reading, Pa. 'WEEU 850 A Rumford, Me. WHUM 1240 C Rupert, Idaho WRAW 13411 N Rushton, La. Redding, Calif. KRDG 1230 M Rusk, Texas KPAP 1270 Russell, Kans.

    KSDA 1400 KVCV 600

    W

    Shelby. Mont. Shelby, N.C.

    Shelbyville, Tenn. Shenandoah, Iowa Sherbrooke, Que.

    Sheridan, Wyo. Sherman, Tex. Show Low,

    Ariz,

    Shreveport, La,

    KSIS 1050 KWED 1580 WGWC 1340 W H B B 1490 WRWI 1570 KSML 1250

    C

    WSNW 1150 WSEV 930

    KIBH

    1340 C -A

    WJCD 1390 KSEY 1230

    WISL KBYP WPIC

    1480 1580

    790

    WTCH 96U CKSM 1220

    KGFF WHBL WKTL KSEN WOHS

    1450 1330 950 1150 730 1390 1400 920

    M

    A M

    M

    WADA WHAL KFNF KMA 960 A CH LT

    CKTS KWYO KRRV KTXO KV W M KANR

    (CI1

    KEEL KENT

    (J0E

    KOKA

    370 KRMD KXRX 500 KWKH WAPA 680 M Sidney, Mont. KGCX WHOA 400 Sidney, Nebr. KSID W I P R 940 Sierra Vista, Ariz. I(HFH W KAQ 580 C Sikeston, Mo. KSIM WKVM 1290 Siler City, N.C. WNCA WITA 1140 Siloam Sprgs.. Ark. KUOA

    630 900 410 M 910 M 500

    050 300 050 710 550 M 480 980 340 A 130

    C

    480 340 420 400 570 290 340 050 560 590 360 620 470 230

    M

    A A

    M Calif. Silver City, N.Mex, KSIL C KATY 1340 Silver Sprgs., Md. WGAY KVEC 920 M Simcoe, Ont. CF RS San Marcos, Tex. KCNY 1470 Sinton, Tex. KTOD San Mateo, Calif. KOFY 1050 Sioux City, Iowa (SCI A San Rafael, Calif. KTIM 1510 KMNS San Saba. Tex. (BAL 1410 KTRI Santa Ana, Calif. KWIZ 1480 Sioux Falls, S.Dak. KISD Santa Barbara, Cal. KDB 1490 KELO 3211 KIST 1340 N MHO 270 KTMS 1250 A -M KS00 1140 A Santa Cruz, Calif. KSCO 1080 Sitka. Alaska KI F W 1230 C -A Santa Fe, N.Mex. KTHC 1400 A KSEW 1400 KVSF 1260 C Skowhegan, Maine WGHM 1150 Santa Maria, Cal. (COY 1400 Smithfield, N.C. WMPM 1270 KSMA 1240 Smiths Falls, Ont. CJ ET 630 Santa Monica, Cal. KDAY 1580 Snyder, Tex. KSNY 1450 M Santa Paula, Calif, KSPA 1400 Socorro, N.Mex. KSRC 1290 Santa Rosa, Calif. KSRO 1350 Soda Sprgs Idaho KBRV 540 KJAX 1150 Somerset, Ky. WSFC 1240 M Santurce. P.R. WIAC 740 WTLO 1480 WKAQ 580 Pa. WVSC 990 Saranac Lake, N.Y. W N BZ 1240 AC Somerset, Sonora, Calif, KROG 1450 Sarasota. Fla. W KXY 930 Sorel, P.Q. CJSO 1320 WSPB 1450 C So, Bend, Ind. WNDU 1490 A Saratoga Springs. N.Y. WJVA 1580 M WSPN 900 WSBT 960 C WRSA 1280 Southbridge, Mass. W ESO 970 Sarnia, Ont. CHOK 1070 So. Boston, Va. WHLF 1400 A Saskatoon. Sask. CFQC 600 South Daytona Beach. CFNS 1170 Florida WELE 1590

    San Luis Obispo,

    Riverton, Wyo. KWRL Riviera Beach, Fla. WHEW 161)1) Riviera du Loup, Que. CJFP 1400 St. Louis Park, Minn. Roanoke. Ala. WELR 1360 KRSI 950 Roanoke, Va. WDB1 960 C St. Mary's, Pa. WKBI 1400 WRIS 1410 M St. Paul, Minn. KSTP 1500 N WHYE 910 J(DWB 1590 M WROV 1240 A St. Peter. Minn. KRBI 1310 CKOM 1420 So. Gastonia, N.C. WGAS 1420 WSLS 810 N St. Petersburg, Fla. WPIN 680 Saugerties. N.Y. WGHQ 920 So. Paris, Me, W KTQ 1450 Roanoke Rapids, N.C. WSUN 620 A Sault Ste. Marie. So. Pittsburg, Tenn. WEPG 910 WCBT 1230 M Michigan WSOO 1290 WLCY 1380 M So. St. Paul, Minn. WISK 630 M Roaring Sprgs., Pa. W H MC 1370 Sault Ste. Marie. St. Petersburg Beach, So. Williamsport, l'a. Huberval, Que. CHRL 910 Fla. WILZ 1590 Ontario CLIC 1050 WMPT 1450 Robinson, Ill. WTAY 1570 St. Thomas, Ont. CKCY 1400 CH LO 680 Ill. WHCO 1230 Rochester, Minn. KROC 1340 N Ste. Genevieve, Mo, KSGM 980 Savannah, Ga. WCCP 1450 M Sparta, Sparta. Tenn. WSMT 1050 KW EB 1270 Salamanca, N.Y. W11 V 900 WNYS 1590 Sparta, Wis, W CO W 1290 Rochester. N.H. WWNH 930 Salem, III. W SA V 630 N Spartanburg, WJBD 350 S.C. WTHE 1400 M Rochester, N.Y. WBBF 950 M Salem, Ind. WSGA 1400 WSLM 220 WORD 910 N WHAM 1180 N Salem, Mass. WTOC 1290 C W ESX 230 WSPA 950 C W H EC 1460 C Salent, Mo. WSOK 1230 A Spencer. Iowa KSMO 340 KICD 1240 WKVM 680 WORM 1010 Salem, Oreg. KSLM 390 A Savannah, Tenn. Spokane, Wash. KGA 1510 A WSAY 1370 WATS 960 KBZY 490 N Sayre, Pa. KLYK 1290 WVET 1280 A Schefferville, Que- CFKL 1230 KGAY 430 KPEG 1380 Rockford, III. WROK 1440 A Salem, Va. Schenectady, N.Y. WGY 810 N WBLU 1400 KHQ 590 N WRRR 1330 Salida, Colo. WSNY 1240 KVRM 340 M KNEW 790 M Rock Hill, S.C. WRHI 1340 M Salina. (ans, KSAL 1150 M Scottsbluff. Nebr. KNEB 960 M KREM 970 WTYC 1150 Salinas, Calif. KOLT 1320 C KDON 1460 KXLY 920 C Rockingham, N.C. WAYN 900 WCRI 1050 KSBW 1380 M Scottsboro, Ala. Springdale, Ark. KBRS 1340 A Rock Island, III. WHBF 1270 C Saline, Mich. WOIA 1290 W ROS 1330 Springfield, III, WCVS 1450 A -M Rockland, Maine WRKD 1450 A Salisbury, Md. Scottsdale, Ariz, KPOK 1440 WBOC 960 WMAY 970 N Rockmart. Ga. WPLK 1220 Scottsville. Ky. WLCK 1250 WICO 1320 1240 C Rock Springs. Wyo. KVRS 1360 M Scranton, Pa. WARM 590 A Springfield, Mass. WTAX WJDY 1470 WBZA 1030 Rockville, Md. WINX I600 Salisbury, N.C. W E 1 L 630 WSTP 1490 M WHYN 560 C Rockwood,Tenn. W R K H 580 WGBI 910 C WSAT 1200 A WMAS 1450 M Rocky Ford, Colo. KAVI 1320 Salmon, Idaho KSRA 9611 WICK 1400 WSPR 1270 Rocky Mount. N.C. WCEC 810 Salt Lake City, Utah WSCR 1320 N Springfield, Mo. KGBX 1260 N WEED 1390 A WSUX 1280 KALL 910 M Seaford. Del. KICK 1340 WRMT 1490 KAYO 1150 KCPX 1320 N Seattle, Wash, KTTS 1400 C Rocky Mount. Va. WYTI 1570 KING 1090 A KLUB 57U A KWTO 560 A Rogers. Ark. KAMO 1390 KIRO 710 C Springfield, Ohio KNAK 1280 WIZE 1340 A Rogers City, Mich. WHAK 960 (JR 950 KSL 1160 C WBLY 1600 Rogersville, Tenn. WRGS 1370 KOL 1300 KSOP 1370 Oreg. KEED 1050 Rolla, Mo. KTTR 1490 K0M0 1000 N Springfield. KWHO 860 Springfield, Tenn. WOBL 1590 Rome, Ga. W LAQ 1410 A KTIX 1590 KWIC 1570 Springfield. Vt. WCFR 1480 KTW 1250 WRGA 1470 M San Angelo, Tex, KTXL 1340 Springhill, La. KBSF 1400 KXA 770 WHOM 710 KGKL 960 A Spruce Pine, N.C. WTOE 1470 Searcy, Ark. KWCB 1300 KPEP 1420 Stamford. Conn. WSTC 1400 A Sebring, Fla. WJCM 960 1260 Stamford, Tex. KDWT 1400 176 WHITE'S RADIO LOG San Antonio, Tex, KWFR KCOR 1350 Sedalia, Mo, KDRO 1490 Starke, Fla, WRGR 1490

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Location Starkrille, Miss.

    State College. Pa. Statesboro, Ga. Statesville, N.C.

    C.L. Ka. N.A. Location WSSO 1230

    WMAJ 1450 W W NS 1240 WSIC 1400 WDBM 550

    WTON WAFG KSTV Stephenville. Tex. KG EK Sterling, Colo. KOLR WSDR Sterl nu. Ill. Steubenville. Ohio WSTV WSPT Point, Wis. Stevens Staunton, Va.

    M

    1240 A 900 1510

    Titusville, Fla. Toccoa, Ga.

    Toledo, Ohio

    C.L. Kc. N .A. Location

    C.L. Ka. H.A. Location CKGB 680 WRMF 1050 WLET 1420 WNEG 1320 WOHO 1470

    WSPD 1370 WTOD 1560

    Victoria, B.C. M

    Victoria, Tex.

    M N

    Victoriaville, Vidalia, Ga.

    Que.

    CJVI

    CKDA KNAL KVIC CF

    DA

    WVOP

    WIVV CKVM

    90 0 122 0 141 0 134 U M 138 U 97 0 137 0 71 0 105 0

    C.L. Kc. N.A. WIRK

    1290 M

    WTXL

    1490

    West Plains, Mo. KWPM 1450 WBMK 1310 West Point, Ga. West Point, Miss. WROB 1450 M W. Springfield, Mass. A

    W. Yarmouth. Mass. WOCB 1240 M WTOL 1230 A Ville Marie, Que. Westerly, R.I. WERI 1230 M Ville Platte, La. KVP1 ¡(TUT 990 Tocele, Utah 1230 Westfield, Mass. WDEW 1570 WIBW 580 C Ville St. Georges, Que, 1490 Topeka, Kans. Westminster, Md. WTTR 14ï0 CKNB 125 0 KJAY 1440 1240 WHAW 980 M WAOV 145 0 M Weston. W.Va. WREN 1250 A Vincennes. Ind. 1340 M W. Warwick. R.I. WWRI 1450 W W BZ 136 U KTOP 1490 M Vineland, N.J. 1010 WETU 1250 WDVL 127 0 Weturapka, Ala. Toppenish, Wash. KENE 1490 WLBL 930 Wewoka- Semrnule, Okla. KVIN 147 0 CBL 740 N Vinita, Okla. Toronto. Ont. Stillwater. Minn. WAVN 1220 KWSH 1260 A WHLB 140 0 N KSPI 780 CFRB 1010 C Virginia, Minn. Stillwater, Okla. CFSL 1348 Virginia Bch., Va. WBOF 160 U Weyburn, Sask. CHUM 1050 KJOY 1280 Stockton, Calif. WDON 1540 Virouqua, Wis. WISV 136 0 Wheaton, Md. CJ BC 860 KRAK 1140 KONG 140 0 Wheeling. W.Va. WHLL 1600 CKEY 500 M Visalia. Calif. KSTN 1420 Vivian, La. W K W K 1400 A KLVI 16 00 CKFH 1430 KWG 1230A -M WWVA 1170 C Waco, Tex. WACO 148 0 A WBZY 990 KAYL 990 Torrington, Conn. Stern Lake, Iowa KWTX 123 0 M White Castle. La. KEVL 1590 WTOR 1490 M CJCS 1240 Stratford, Ont. Wadena, Minn. KWAD 92 0 M White Plains. N.Y. WFAS 1230 KGOS 1490 Torrington, Wyo. W 1ZZ 1250 Streator, 111. Wadesboro, N.C. White River June., Vt. WADE 121 0 WAQE 1570 Towson, Md. WVPO 840 Stroudsburg. Pa. Wailuku, Hawaii KMVI 5 50 N WWRJ 910 CJAT 610 WSTU 1450 M Trail, B.C. Stuart. Fla. Warpahu, Hawaii KAHU 9 20 Whitehorse, Y.T. CFWH 1240 Traverse City, Mich. WTCM 1400 Sturgeon Bay. Wis. W DO R 910 Whitesburg, Ky. WTCW 920 KAHU 92 0 KTTN 1600 Trenton. Mo. WSTR 1230 Sturgis, Mich. Walhalla, S.C. WGUG 146 U Whiteville, N.C. WENC 1220 WAAT 1300 KWAK 1240 M Trenton, N.J. Stuttgart, Ark. Wallace, Idaho KAKE 1240 M KWAL 6 20 M Wichita. Kans. WBUD 1260 CKSO 790 Sudbury. Ont. KLEO 1480 N WLSE 14 00 WTTM 920 N Wallace. N.C. CFBR 550 KFBI 1070 KCRT 1240 M Walla Walla, Wash. Trinidad, Colo. CHNO 900 KFH 1330 C KHIT 1320 WLPM 1450 A Troy, Ala. WTBF 970 M Suffolk, Va. KUI 1420 M KSIR 900 1330 1310 N.Y. WHAZ KIKS Troy, La. Sulphur, KTEL 1490 A KWBB 1410 WTRY 980 Sulphur Sprgs., Tex. KSST 1230 Walnut Ridge, Ark. KHLW 1320 Wichita Falls, Tex. KSYD 990 M KHOE 1400 Truckee, Calif. Sumenerside. P.E.I. C1RW 1240 W alsenburg, Colo. KTRN 1290 K F Ll 1300 CKCL 600 Truro, N.S. WGTA 950 Summerville, Ga. Walterboro, S.C. WALD 1220 M KWFT 6211 C WFIG 1290 M Truth or Consequences, Sumter, S.C. Waltham, Mass. WCRB 1330 Wildwood. N.J. WCMC 1230 WSSC 1340 A New Mexico KCHS 1400 Walton, N.Y. WDLA 1270 Wilkes- Barre, Pa. WBAX 1240 M W KO K 1240 C Tryon, N.C. WTYN 1580 Sunbury, Pa. WBRE 1340 N KTUC 1400 A Ward Ridge, Fla. W10E 1570 Tucson, Ariz. Sunnyside, Wash. KREW 1230 Ware, Mass. WARE 1250 M WILK 980 A KAIR 1490 KRFS 1600 Superior, Nebr. Warner Robbins, Ga. WRPB 135 0 Williamsburg. Ky. WEZJ 1440 KCEE 790 WDSM 710 N Superior. Wis. KWRF 880 Williamson, W.Va. WBTH 1400 M WQMN 1320 KTAN 580 A Warren, Ark. WHHH 1440 Williamsport, Pa. WLYC 1050 KCUB 1290 N Warren. Ohio KSUE 1240 Susanville, Calif. Warren, Pa. WNAE 1310 WRAK 1400 N KEVT 690 WJAT 800 Swainsboro. Ga. Warrensburg, Mo. KOKO 1450 WWPA 1340 C KMOP 1330 Sweetwater, Tenn. WDEH 800 Warrenton. Mo. KW RE 730 Williamston, N.C. WIAM 900 KTKT 990 KXOX 1240 Sweetwater, Tex. Warrenton. Va. WEER 1570 Willimantic. Conn. WILI 1400 KOLO 1450 C Swift Current, Sask. CKSW 1400 WKTF 1420 KEYZ 1360 Williston. N.D. Tucumcari, N.Mex. KTNM 1400 M CBI 1570 Sydrey, N.S. WRSW 1480 Willmar, Minn. KWLM 1340 A KCOK 1270 M Warsaw, Ind. Tulare, Calif. CJCB 1270 Warsaw, Va. WNNT 690 Willow Springs, Mo. KU KU 1330 KGEN 1370 W F EB 1340 M Sylacauga, Ala. Wasco, Calif. (WS() 1050 Wilmington, Del. WAMS 1380 M KMAM 1590 Tularosa, N.M. WMLS 1290 Washington, D.C. WGMS 570 WDEL 1150 N KTUE 1260 Tulle. Tex. WMSJ 1480 Sylva, N.C. WMAL 630 A WILM 1450 A WJIG 740 Tullahoma, Tenn. WSYL 1490 Sylvania, Ga. 450 WOL M WTUX 1290 KAKC 970 WHEN 620 C Tulsa, Okla. Syracuse, N.Y. WOOK 340 Wilmington, N.C. WMFD 630 A KOME 1300 W F B L 1390 A W W DC 260 WKLM 980 KRMG 740 WNDR 1260 M WRC 980 N WGNI 1340 M KTUL 1430 C WOLF 1490 A WTOP 500 C Wilson, N.C. WGTM 590 C KV00 1170 N WSYR 570 N Washington, Ga. WKLE 370 WVOT 1420 M KFM1 1050 Taber City, N.C. WTAB 1370 Winchester, Ky. W W I(Y 1380 WELO 580 M Washington, Ind. WAMW 580 Tupelo. Miss. KMO 1360 Tacoma, Wash. WTUP 1490 A Washington, N.J. WCRV 58U Winchester, Tenn. WCDT 1340 KTAC 850 Washington, N.C. WOOW 340 Winchester, Va. WINC 1400 A KTUR 1390 KTNT 1400 Turlock, Calif. WRRF 930 A Winder, Ga. WI MO 1300 KVI 570 M Tuscaloosa. Ala. WIRD 1150 Washington, Pa. WIPA 450 M Windom,Minn. KDOM 1580 WACT 1420 Taft. Calif. KTKR 1310 Windsor, N.S. CFAB 1450 WNPT 1280 A Washington Court KTLQ 1350 Tahlequah. Okla. House, Ohio WCHO 250 Windsor. Ont. CBE 1550 WTUG 790 WJHB 1580 Talladega, Ala. CI(LW 800 M WNUZ 1230 M WTBC 1230 M Waterbury. Conn. WATR 320 A WBRY 590 C Wingnam, Ont. CKNX 920 WVNA 1590 WMEN 1330 Tuscumbia, Ala. Tallahassee. Fla. WWCO 240 M Winnemucca, Nev. KWNA 1400 WRFB 1580 WABT 580 Tuskegee, Ala. WDEV 550 M Winnfield. La. KVCL 1270 WTAL 1270 KTFI 1270 N Waterbury, Vt. Twin Falls, Idaho KXEL 540 A Winner, S.Dak. KWYR 1260 KLIX 1310 M Waterloo, Iowa Tall.tssee, Ala. WTLS 1300 KNWS 090 CBW 990 Winnipeg. Man. KEEP 1450 WTNT 1450 A -M -C KWWL 330 M CKRC 630 KTLD 1360 Tallulah, La. Two Rivers. Wis. WTRW 1590 Watertown, N.Y. WATN 240 CKY 580 Tampa, Fla. WALT 1110 KDOK 1330 Tyler, Tex. WWNY 790 C CJOB 680 WDAE 1250 C KGUB 1490 M KMAR 1570 WFLA 970 N KTBB 600 A Watertown. S.Dak. KWAT 950 M Winnsboro, La. Watertown. Wis. WTTN 1580 Winona, Minn. KWNO 1230 A WHB01050 KZEY 690 Waterville. Me. WTVL 1490 A KAGE 1380 WTMP 1150 Tyrone, Pa. WTRN 1290 Watsonville, Calif. KOMY 1340 WONA 1570 Winona, Miss. WSOL 1300 KUKI 1400 Ukiah, Calif. Wauchula, Fla. WAUC 1310 Winslow. Ariz. KVNC 1010 A Tarboro, N.C. WCPS 760 KLPW 1220 Union. Mo. Waukegan, III. W (RS 1220 Winston -Salem, N.C. Tarpon Sprat., Fla. W DCL 1470 WBCU 1460 Union, S.C. Waukesha. Wis. WAUX 1510 WAAA 980 W ESR 1330 barley. Va. Union City. Tenn. WENK 1240 WDUX 800 A WAIR 1340 WPEP 1570 Taunton, Mass. WMBS 590 C Waupaca, Wis. Uniontown, Pa. Wausau. Wis. WRIG 1400 N WSJS 600 N Tawas City, Mid-. WIOS 1480 WILL 580 Urbana, Ill. WSAU 550 A WTOB 1380 M -C Taylor, Tex. W K I D 1580 KTAE 1260 230 WHVF Winter Garden, Fla. WOKB 1600 WTI M 1410 Taylorville, Ill, Utica, N.Y. WIBX 950 C Waverly, Iowa K W V Y 470 Winter Haven. Fla. WSIR 1490 M Tell City, Ind. WTCI 1230 WRUN 1150 WPKO 380 WINT 1960 WTLB 1310 A Waverly, Ohio Temple, Tex. KTEM 1400 Waxahachie, Tex, KBEC 390 Winter Park. Fla. WABR 1440 M Terre Haute, Ind. WBOW 1230 N Uvalde. Tex. KVOU 1400 Waycross, Ga. WACL 570 Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. W M F T 1300 Val D'Or, Que. CKVD 1230 WAYX 230 M WFHR 1340 M WTHI 1480 C Valdosta, Ga. WGOV 950 M WBRO 310 Wolf Pt., Mont. KVCK 1450 M KTER 1570 WGAF 910 A Waynesboro, Ga. Terrell, Tex. Waynesboro. Miss. WABO 990 Woodside, N.Y. WWRL 1600 KOSY 790 M Texarkana. Ark. WJEM 1150 Waynesboro, Pa. WAYZ 380 WVLD 1450 Woodstock, N.B. CJC1 920 Texarkana. Tex. KCMG 1230 A Waynesboro. Va. WAYB 490 M Woodstock. OntKNBA 1190 CKOX 1340 KTFS 1400 Vallejo. Calif. WANB 580 KSIW 1450 Texas City, Tex, Woodward, Okla. KTLW 920 Valley City. N.Dak. KOVC 1490 M Waynesburg, Pa. Waynesville. N.C. WHCC 400 Woonsocket, R.I. WNRI 1380 Thayer. Mo. KALM 1290 Valparaiso -Niceville. Fla. Weatherford, Tex. K Z EE 220 WWON 1240 KODL 1440 The Dalles, Oreg. WNSM 1340 Webster City. Iowa KJFJ 570 Wooster, Ohio WWST 960 KRMW 1300 Van Buren, Ark. KFDF 1580 430 Weirton, W.Va. WEIR Worcester, Mass. The'mopolis, Wyc, KRTR 1490 M Van Wert, Ohio WERT 1220 KWEI 260 Weiser, Idaho WAAB 1440 M -N -A KTHE 1240 Vanceburg. Ky. WKKS 1570 Welch. W.Va. WELC 150 WNEB 1230 Thief River Falls. Vancleve, Ky. WMTC 730 M WOVE 340 WORC 1310 Minn. KTRF 1230 CBU 690 Vancouver, B.C. Welland, Ontario CHOW 470 WTAG 580 C Thetford Mines. Que.CKLD 123 0 CFUN 1410 KWOR 1340 M Wellsboro, Pa. WNBT 490 M Worland. Wyo. Thibodaux, La. KTIB 690 CJOR 600 Worthington, Minn. KWOA 730 W KOV 390 Thomaston, Ga. WSFT 1220 CKWX 1130 M Wellston, Ohio Wellsville, N.Y. WLSV 790 Worthington, Ohio WRFD 880 Thomasville, Ala. WIDB 630 KKEY 1150 Vancouver, Wash, KPQ 560 A Wynne, Ark. KWYN 1400 Wenatchee, Wash. Thomasville, Ga. KISN 910 WPAX 1240 KUEN 900 Wytheville, Va. WYVE 1280 WKTG 730 Ventura, Calif. KVEN 1450 M KIT 1280 KMEL 1340 M Yakima, Wash. Thomasville, N.C. WTNC 790 KUDU 1590 KRGV 1290 N RIMA 1460 C Thomson. Ga. Weslaco, Tex. WTWA 1240 M Verdun. Que. CKVL 850 WBKV 1470 KUTI 900 W. Bend. Wis. Three Rivers. Que. CH LN 550 Vermillion, S.Dak. KUSD 690 KYAK 1390 M W. Frankfort. III. WFRX 1300 CKTR 1150 Vernal. Utah KVEL 1250 KYNT 1450 West Jefferson, N.C. Ticonderoga, N.Y. WIPS 1250 Yankton, S.D. Vernon. B.C. C11B 940 WNAX 570 C WKSK 1600 Tifton. Ga. WTIF 1340 Vernon. Tex. KVWC 1490 CILS 1340 Yarmouth, N.S. KUZN 1310 W. Monroe, La. W W G S 1430 Vero Beach, Fla. WAXE 1370 Tillamook, Oreg. KTIL 1590 WTTB 1490 A W. Palm Beach, Fla. Tillsonburg, Ont. WEAT 8 WQBC 1420 M CKOT 1510 Vicksburg, Miss. 177 Tin mins, Ont. WJN0 12 30 C WHITE'S RADIO LOG CFCL 580 WVIM 1490 C

    Vieques. P.R.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Yazoo City Mlss.

    WAIF

    1230

    York, S.C. Yellowknife. N.W.T. CFYK 1340 York, Nebr. Yorkton, Sask. KAWL 1370 York, Pa. WNOW 1250 Youngstown, Ohio WORK 1350 N

    WSBA 010 AM WYCL 1580 CJGX 940 WBBW 1240 A WFMJ 1390 N

    U. S. and Canadian AM C.L.

    Location

    Kc. C.L. Location 1230 KBIM Roswell, N.Mex. 1350 KRIS Bakersfield, Calif.

    Kc.

    KAAA Klnlman, Ariz. 910 KAAB Not Springs. Ark. 970 KABC Los Angeles, Calif. 790 KBIX Muskogee, Okla. 1490 KABL Oakland, Calif. 960 KBIZ Ottumwa, Iowa 1240 KABQ Albuquerque, N.M. 1350 KBJT Fordyce, Ark. 1570 KABR Aberdeen. S. Oak. 1220 KBKC Mission. Kans. 1480 KABY Albany. Oree. 990 KBKR Baker, Oreg. 1490 KAGE Riverside, Calif. 1570 KBKW Aberdeen, Wash. 1450 KACI The Dalles, Oreg. 1300 KOLA Burbank, Calif. 1490 KACT Andrews, Tex. 1360 KBLF Red Bluff, Calif. 1490 KACY Port Hueneme, Calif. 1520 KBLI Blackfoot, Idaho 690 KADA Ada, Okla. 1230 KBLO Hot Springs, Ark. 1470 KADO Marshall, Tex. 1410 KBLR Goodland, Kans. 730 KADY St. Charles. Mo. 1460 KBLT Big Lake, Tex. 1290 KAFP Petaluma, Calif. 1490 KBM1 Henderson. Nev. 1400 KAFY Bakersfield. Calif. 550 KBMN Bozeman, Mont. 1230 KAGE Winona, Minn. 1380 KBMO Benson, Minn. 1290 KAGH Crossett, Ark. 800 KBMW Breckinrdg., Minn. 1450 KAGI Grants Pass, Oreg. 1340 KBMX Coalinga, Calif. 1470 KAGT Anacortes, Wash. 1340 KBMY Billings, Mont. 1240 KAGR Yuba City, Calif. 1450 KBND Bend, Oreg. 1110 KAHI Auburn. Calif. 950 KBNZ Laiunta. Colo. 1400 KAHU Waipahu, Hawaii 920 KBOA Kennett. Mo. 830 KAIM Kaimuki, Hawaii 870 KBOE Oskaloosa, Iowa 740 KAIR Tucson. Ariz. 1490 KBOI Boise, Idaho 950 KAJI Little Rock. Ark. 1250 KBOK Malvern, Ark. 310 KAJO Grants Pass, Orel. 1270 KBOL Boulder, Colo. 490 KAKC Tulsa. Okla. 970 KBOM Mandan, N.Dak. 270 Wichita, KAKE Kan. 1240 KBON Omaha, Nebr. 490 KALB Alexandria. La. 580 KBOP Pleasanton, Tex. 380 KALE Richland, Wash. 960 KBOR Brownsville. Tex. 600 KALG Alamogordo. N.Mex. 1230 KBOW Butte, Mont. 490 KALI Pasadena, Calif. 1430 KBOY Medford, Oreg. 730 KALL Salt Lake City, Utah 910 KBOX Dallas, Tex. 480 KALM Thayer, Mo. 1290 KBPS Portland, Oreg. 450 KALT Atlanta. Tex. 900 KBRC Mt. Vernon, Wash. 430 KALV Alva, Okla. 1430 KBRK Brookings. S.Dak. 430 KAMD Camden, Ark. 910 KBRL McCook, Nebr. 300 KAML Kenedy, Tex. 490 KBRO Bremerton, Wash. KAMO Rogers, Ark. 390 KBRS Springdale, Ark. 340 KAMP El Centro. Calif. 430 KBRV Soda Sprgs., Ida. 540 230 KBRX O'Neill, Nebr. KANA Anaconda, Mont. 350 KANB Shreveport. La. 300 KBRZ Freeport, Texas 460 KAND Corsicana. Tex. 340 KBSF Springhill, La. 460 KANE New Iberia. La. 240 KBST Big Spring. Tex. 490 KANI Kallua, Oahu. Hawaii 240 KBTA Batesville, Ark. 340 KANO Anoka, Minn. 470 KBTM Jonesboro, Ark. 230 KANS Independence, Mo. 510 KBTN Neosho, Mo. 420 KAOK Lake Charles, La. 400 KBTO El Dorado, Kans. 360 KAPA Raymond, Wash. 340 KBUC Corona, Calif. 370 KAPB Marksville, La. 370 KBUD Athens, Tex. 410 KAPI Pueblo, Colo. 690 KBUH Brigham City, Utah 800 KAPR Douglas, Ariz. 930 KBUN Bemidji, Minn. 450 KARE Atchison, Kan. 470 KBUR Burlington, Iowa 490 KARK Little Rock. Ark. 920 KBUS Maxis, Tex. 590 KARM Fresno, Calif. 430 KBUY Amarillo, Tex. 010 KARS San Antonio. Tex. 250 KBUZ Mesa, Ariz. 310 KART Jerome. Idaho 400 KBVM Lancaster. Calif. 380 KARY Prosser. Wash. 310 KBWD Brownwood, Tex. 380 KASH Eugene. Ore. 600 KBYE Okla. City, Okla. 890 430 KASI Ames, Iowa 400 KASK Ontario, Calif. 510 KBYG Big Spring. Tex. KBYP Shamrock. Tex. 580 KASL Newcastle, Wyo. 240 270 KASM Albany. Minn. 150 KBYR Anchorage. Alaska 490 KASO Minden, La. 240 KBZY Salem, Oreg. 410 KAST Astoria, Ore. 370 KCAL Redlands. Calif. 340 KASY Auburn, Wash. 220 KCAP Helena, Mont. 350 KATE Albert Lea, Minn. 450 KCAR Clarksville, Tex. 390 KATI Casper, Wyo. 400 KCBC Des Moines, Iowa 590 KATL Miles City. Mont. 340 KCBD Lubbock. Tex. San Diego, 170 Calif. KATY San Luis Obispo, Cal. 340 KCBQ 740 KATZ St. Louis, Mo. 600 KCBS San Fran.. Calif. 260 480 KCCB Corning, Ark. KAUS Austin, Minn. KCCL Paris. Ark. 460 KAVE Carlsbad. N.Mex. 240 050 KAVI Rocky Ford, Colo. 320 KCCO Lawton, Okla. 590 KAVL Lancaster. Calif. 610 KCCR Pierre, S.Dak. 150 KAVR Apple Valley. Calif. 960 KCCT Corpus Christi, Tex. 790 KAWL York. Neb. 1370 KCEE Tucson, Ariz. 330 KAWT Douglas, Ariz. 1450 KCFA Spokane. Wash. 600 KAYE Puyallup, Wash. 1450 KCFH Cuero. Tez. 580 KAYL Storm Lake. Iowa 990 KCHA Charles City. Iowa 440 KAYO Seattle. Wash. 1150 KCH E Cherokee, Iowa 010 KAYS Hays, Kans. 1400 KCHI Chillicothe, Mo. 010 KAYT Rupert. Idaho 970 KCHI Delano, Calif. 350 KBAL San Saba. Tex. 1410 KCMR Charleston, Mo. KBAM Longview, Wash. 1270 KCHS Truth or Consequences, New Mexico 400 KBAN Bowie, Tex. 1410 970 KBAR Burley. Idaho 1230 KCHV Coachella. Calif. 590 KBBA Benton. Ark. 690 KCHY Cheyenne, Wyo. 490 KBBB Borger, Tex. 1600 KCID Caldwell. Idaho 050 KBBC Centerville, Utah 1600 KCIJ Shreveport. La. 490 KBBS Buffalo, Wyo. 1450 KCIL Houma. La. 380 KBCH Oceanlake, Oreg. 1380 KCIM Carroll, Iowa 910 KBCL Bossier City, La. 1220 KCJB Minot, N.Dak. 350 KBEC Waxahachie. Tes. 1390 KCKC San Bernardino, Cal. 340 KBEE Modesto. Calif. 970 KCKN Kansas City, Kans. KCKY 150 Coolidge, Ariz. KBEK Elk City. Okla. 1240 400 KBEL Idabel, Okla. 1240 KCLA Pine Bluff, Ark. 120 KBEN Carrizo Sprgs., Tex. 1450 KCLE Cleburne, Tez. 400 KBET Reno, Nev. 1340 KCLF Clifton, Ariz. 390 KBFS Belle Fourche. S.Dak. 1450 KCLN Clinton. Iowa worth, Kans. 410 KBHC Nashville, Ark. 1260 KCLO L 990 KBHM Branson. Mo. 1220 KCLP Rsyville, La. 600 KBHS Hot Springs, Ark. 590 KCLS Flagstaff. Aria. 1240 KBIA Columbia. Mo. 1580 KCLV Clovis. N.Mex. 900 000 KCLW Hamilton. Tex. KBIF Fresno. Calif. 1450 740 KVLX Colfax. Wash. KBIG Avalon. Calif. 1711

    KCMC Texarkana, Tex. KCM1 Palm Sprgs., Calif.

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG KCMG

    Kansas City. Mo.

    Yreka, Calif. Yuba City. Calif.

    WKON 670 0

    Yuma, Ariz.

    KSYC 1490

    KURA KAGR KOFA

    1600 1450 1240

    Zanesville, Milo Zsrephath, N.J.

    KVOY 1400 A KYUM 560 N WHIZ 1240 N WAW1 1380

    Stations by Call Letters Location

    C.L. KCMR KCMS KCNI KCNO

    KCNY KCOB KCOG KCOH

    KCOK KCOL KCON KCOR KCOW KCOY

    Conway, Ark.

    Antonio. Tex. Alliance, Nebr. Santa Maria, Calif. KCRA Sacramento, Calif. KCRB Chanute, Kans. KCRC Enid, Okla. (CRC Cedar Rapids, Iowa KCRN KCRS KCRT KCRV

    San

    Crane, Tex. Midland, Tex. Trinidad, Colo.

    Caruthersville, Mo.

    Pueblo. Colo. KCSR Chadron, Nebr. KCTA Corpus Christi, Tex. KCSJ

    KCTI KCTX KCUB KCUE

    Gonzales, Tex.

    Childress, Tex. Tucson, Red

    Ariz.

    Wing. Minn,

    (CUL Fort Worth,

    Tex.

    KCVL Colville, Wash. KCVR Lodi, Calif. KCYL Lampasas, Tex. KDAC Ft. Bragg, Calif. KDAL Duluth, Minn. KDAN Eureka, Calif. KDAV Lubbock, Tex. KDAY Santa Monica, Calif. KDB Santa Barbara, Calif. KDBC Mansfield, La, KDBM Dillon, Mont. KDBS Alexandria, La. KDDD Dumas, Tex.

    (DEC

    KDEF KDEN KDEO KDES KDET KDEX

    Decorah,

    Iowa

    Albuquerque. N.Mez. Denver, Colo. El Cajon, Calif. Palm Sprgs.. Calif.

    Center, Tex. Dexter. Mo. KDGO Durango, Colo.

    KOHL Faribault, Minn. (DIA Oakland. Calif. KDIO Ortonvllle, Minn. KDIX Dickinson, N.Dak. KOil Holbrook, Ariz. KDKA Pittsburgh, Pa. KDKD Clinton, Mo. KOLA DeRidder, La.

    (DL(

    KDLM KDLR KDMA KDMO KDMS KONT KOOK

    Del

    Rio, Tex.

    Detroit Lakes, Minn. Devils Lake, N.Dak. Montevideo, Minn.

    Carthage. Mo. El Dorado, Ark. Denton, Tex. Tyler. Tez. KDOM Windom, Minn. (DON Salinas, Calif. KDOT Reno. Nev. K DO V Medford. Oreg. KOOK DeQueen, Ark. KDRO Sedalia. Mo.

    KDRS Paragould. Ark. KDSI Deadwood, S.Dak. KDEN Denison, Iowa KDSX Denison, Tex. KOTA Delta, Colo. KDTH Dubuque, Iowa

    (DUB

    Kc. C.L.

    Location

    450 KENT Shreveport, La. Manitou Sprgs., Colo. 490 KENY Bellingham, Wash. KEOK Payette. Idaho Broken Bow, Nebr. 280 Alturas, Calif. 570 KEOS Flagstaff, Ariz. San Marcos, Tex. 470 KEPR Kennewick, Wash. Newton, Iowa 280 KEPS Eagle Pass, Tex. Centerville, Iowa 400 KERB Kermit, Tex. 430 KERC Eastland, Tex. Houston, Tex. 270 KERG Eugene, Orel. Tulare, Calif. Ft. Collins, Colo. 410 KERN Bakersfield, Calif.

    McCamey, Tex.

    Lubbock. Tex.

    230 KERV Kerrville, Tex. 350 KETX Livingston, Tex. 400 KEUN Eunice, La. 400 KEVE Minneapolis, Minn. 320 KEVL White Castle. La. 460 KEVT Tucson, Ariz. 390 KEWB Oakland, Calif. 600 KEX Portland, Orel. 380 KEXO Grand June., Colo. 550 KEYD Oakes, N.Dak. 240 KEYE Perryton, Tex. 370 KEZU Rapid City, S.Dak. 590 KEY1 Jamestown, N.Dak. 450 KEYS Corpus Christi. Tex. 030 KEYY Provo, Utah 450 KEYZ Williston, N.Dak. 510 KFAB Omaha, Nebr. 290 KFAC Los Angeles, Calif. 250 KFAL Fulton, Mo. 540 KFAM St. Cloud. Minn. 270 KFAR Fairbanks, Alaska 570 KFAY Fayetteville, Ark. 450 KFBB Great Falls, Mont. 230 KFBC Cheyenne, Wyo. 610 KFBI Wichita. Kans. 790 KFBK Sacramento, Calif.

    KFDA KFDF KFDM KFDR 800 KFEL 1410 KFEQ 800 KFFA 580 1580 1490 1360

    1240 1150 1340

    910 920 930 590 240 920 310 350 230 270 020 280 010 230 340 240 450 490 290 440 330 580

    KELO Sioux Falls, S.Dak.

    KELP El Paso, Tex. KENA Mena. Ark. KENE Toppenish, Wash. KENI Anchorage, Alaska KENL Arcata, Calif. KENM Portales, N.Mex. 1230 KENN Farmington. N.M. 1010 KENO Las Vegas, Nev. 810 KENS San Antonio, Tex.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Beaumont, Tex. Grand Coulee. Wash. Pueblo. Colo. St. Joseph, Mo. Helena. Ark.

    KFGQ Boone, Iowa

    KFH Wichita. Kans. KFHA Lakewood, Wash. KFI Los Angeles, Calif. KFIR North Bend, Oreg. KFIV Modesto, Calif. KFIZ Fond du Lac, Wis. KFJB Marshalltown, Iowa KFJI Klamath Falls, Oren. KFJM Grand Forks, N.Dak KFJZ Ft. Worth, Tex. KFKA Greeley. Colo. KFKF Bellevue, Wash. KFKU Lawrence, Kans. KFLD Floydada. Tex.

    KFLI Walsenburg, Colo. KFLW Klamath Falls, Oreg. KFLY Corvallis, Oreg. KFMA Davenport, Iowa KFMB San Diego, Calif.

    KFM1 Tulsa, Okla.

    KFML Denver, Colo. KFMO Flat River. Mo. KFNF Shenandoah. Iowa KFNV Ferriday, La. 460 KFNW Fargo, N.Dak.

    230 300 390 490 490 980 580 950 400 370 340 260 630 400 380 450 320 230 240 980 400 920 400 050 290 710 370 450 470

    KDUZ Hutchinson, Minn. KDWB St. Paul. Minn. KDWT Stamford, Tex. KDXE No. Little Rock, Ark. KDXU St. George, Utah KDYL Salt Lake City. Utah KDZA Pueblo, Colo. KEAN Brownwood. Tex. KEAP Fresno, Calif. KEBE Jacksonville, Tex. KECK Odessa, Tex. KEDO Longview. Wash. KEED Springfield, Oreg. KEEE Naeogdoehes, Tex. KEEL Shreveport, La. KEEN San Jose. Calif. KEEP Twin Falls, Idaho KELA Centralia, Wash. 400 KEW El Dorado. Ark.

    KELK Elko, Nev.

    Amarillo, Tex. Van Buren. Ark.

    KFOR Lincoln, Nebr. KFOX Long Beach, Calif. KFPW Ft. Smith, Ark. (FWD Anchorage, Alaska KFRB Fairbanks, Alaska KFRC San Francisco. Calif. KFRD Rosenberg, Tex. KFRE Fresno. Calif. KFRM Kansas City, Mo. KFRD Longview. Tex. KFRU Columbia, Mo. KFSA Ft. Smith, Ark. KFSB Joplin, Mo. KFSC Denver, Colo. KFSD San Diego, Calif. KFSG Los Angeles. Calif. KFST Ft. Stockton, Tez. KFTM Ft. Morgan, Colo. KFIV Paris, Tex. KFUN Las Vegas, N.Mex. KFUO St. Louis, Mo. KFVS Cape Girardeau, Mo.

    KFWB Los Angeles. Calif. KFXD Nampa, Idaho KFXM San Bernardino, Calif. KFYN Bonham, Tex. KFYO Lubbock, Tex. KFYR Bismarck, N.Dak. KGA Spokane. Wash. 240 KGAF Gainesville, Tex. 320 KGAK Gallup, N.Mez. 920 KCAL Lebanon, Orel. 450 KLAN Bastrop, La.

    KGAS Carthage. Tex. KGAY Salem, Orel. KGB San Diego. Calif. KGBC Galveston. Tex, KGBT Harlingen. Tex. 460 KGBX Springfield. Mo. 680 KGCX Sidney, Mont. 490 550 340 450 390

    Kc. 1550

    930 1450 1290 610 1270 600 1590 1280 1410 1230 1440 1490 1440 1590

    690 910 1190 1230 1220 1400 920 1400 1440 1450 1360 1110 1330

    900 1450 660 1250

    1310 1240 1070 1530 1440 1580 560 1360

    970 680 360 260 330 480 640 340 360 450 230 150

    370 270 310 330 250 900 380 450 240 580 540 050 390 240 920 G00

    900 240 280 230 730 900 610 980

    940 550 1370 1400

    950 1310 1220

    600 1150

    860 1400 1250 1230

    850 960 980 580 590 1420 790 550 1510 1580 1330

    920 1340 1590 1430 1360 1540 1530 1260 1480

    C.L.

    KGDN

    Location Edmonds, Wash.

    KGEE Bakersfield. Calif. KGEK Sterling. Colo. KGEM Boise. Idaho K G E N Tulare, Calif. KGER Long Beach, Calif. KGEZ Kalispell, Mont. KGFF Shawnee. Okla. KGFJ Los Angeles, Calif. KGFL Roswell. N.Mex. KGFW Kearney. Nebr, KGFX Pierre, S.Dak. KGGF Coffeyville. Kans. KGGM Albuquerque, N.Mex. K G H F Pueblo, Colo.

    Kc. C.L. Location 630 KIPA Hilo, Hawaii 230 KI RO Seattle, Wash. 230 KIRT Mission, Tex. 140

    370 390 600 450 230 400 340 630 690 610 1350

    KGHL Billings. Mont.

    790 1470 KGH M Brookfield. Mo. 1260 KGIL. San Fernando. Calif. 1450 KGIW Alamosa, Colo. 1490 KGK3 Tyler, Tex. 960 KGKL San Angelo. Tex. 910 KGLC Miami, Okla. KGLN Glenwood Sprgs., Colo. 980 300 KGLO Mason City. Iowa 480 KGLIJ Safford, Ariz. 590 KGMB Honolulu, Hawaii 150 KGMC Englewood, Colo. 220 KGMO Cape Girardeau, Mo. 380 KGMS Sacramento, Calif. KGNB New Braunfels. Tex. 420 710 KGNC Amarillo, Tex. 370 KGNO Dodge City. Kans. 810 KGO San Francisco, Calif. 520 KGON Oregon City, Oreg. 490 KGOS Torrington, Wyo. 340 KGPC Grafton, N.Dak. 410 KGRN Grinnell, Iowa 230 KGRO Gresham, Oreg. 570 KGRT Las Cruces, N.Mex. 600 KGST Fresno, Calif. 760 KGU Honolulu, Hawaii 400 K G V L Greenville, Tex. 290 KGVO Missoula, Mont. 630 KGVW Belgrade, Mont. 620 KGW Portland. Oreg. 960 KGWA Enid. Okla. 1240 KGY Olympia. Wash.

    KIRX Kirksville, Mo.

    KISD Sioux Falls, S.Dak. KISN Vancouver, Wash. KIST Santa Barbara, Calif. KIT Yakima, Wash.

    KITI Chehalis,

    Rosa.

    Calif.

    KJAY Topeka, Kans, KJBC Midland, Tex.

    KIRS San Francisco, Calif. KICK Junction City, Kans. KIEF Jennings, La. Beaumont, Tex. Webster City, Iowa

    K1 ET

    KM

    KJIM Ft. Worth, Tex. KJ LT North Platte. Nebr. KJNO Juneau, Alaska (J0E Shreveport. La. (J0Y Stockton. Calif. KJR Seattle. Wash. KJRG Newton, Kans. KJSK Columbus, Nebr.

    KKEY Vancouver. Wash.

    KKID Pendleton. Oreg. KKIS Pittsburg. Calif.

    KKOG Ogden, Utah KKSN Grand Prairie, Tex.

    KLAC Los Angeles, Calif. KLAD Klamath Falls, Dreg .

    KLAK Lakewood, Colo.

    (LAM

    Cordova. Alaska

    KLAS Las Vegas. Nev. KLBM La Grande, Oreg. KLBS Livingston, Tex. KLCN Blytheville, Ark.

    KLEN Killeen, Tex. KLEO Wichita. Kans. KLER Orohno, Idaho KLEX Lexington, Mo. 690 KLFD Litchfield. Minn. 1420 KLFT Golden Meadow, La. 1230 KLGA Algona. Iowa KLCN Logan, Utah KHIL BrightonFart Lupton, Colorada

    KHIT Walla Walla, Wash. KH 1 Lus Ananias, Calif. KHMO Hannibal, Mu. KHOB Hobbs, N.Mex. KHOG Fayetteville, Ark. KNOT Madera, Calif. KNOW Denver. Colo. KHOZ Harrison. Ark. KHQ Spokane. Wash. KHS1 Hornet. Calif. KHSL Chico. Calif. KHUB Fremont, Nebr. KHUZ Borger, TeX. KHVH Honolulu, Hawaii KIBE Palo Alto, Calif. KIBH Seward, Alaska KIBL Beeville, Tex. KIBS Bishop, Calif. KICA Clovis, N.Mex. KUCD Spencer, Iowa KICK Springfield, Mu.

    KICN Denver, Colo. KICO Calexico, Calif. KID Idaho Falls, Idaho KI DO Monterey. Calif. KIDO Boise. Idaho K1 EM Eureka, Calif. KIEV Glendale, Calif.

    KIFI Idaho Falls, Idaho

    KIFN Phoenix, Ariz. KIFW Sitka, Alaska KIHN Hugo, Okla.

    Sioux Falls, S.Dak. KIHP. Hood River, Oreg. KIJV Huron, S.Dak. KI KK Bakersfield. Calif. KIKI Honolulu. Hawaii K1 HO

    KIKO Miami. Ariz. KI KS Sulphur, La. KILE Galveston. Tex. KILO Grand Forks, S.Dak.

    KILT Houston, Tex.

    KIM<, Yakima. Wash.

    KIMII Kimball. Nebr, KIMI. Gillette, Wyo. KIM(I Hilo. Hawaii K IMII Denver. Colo.

    KIMF' KIND KINE KING KINS KINT KINY KIOA KIOX

    Mt. Pleasant, Tex.

    Independence, Kans, Kingsville, Tex. Seattle, Wash. Eureka, Calif. El Paso. Tex.

    Juneau, Alaska Des Moines, Iowa Bay City, Tex,

    1560 1270 1590 1280

    800 1320 1070 1280 1450 1250 630 900 590

    (LOB

    Redwood Falls, Minn

    KLIC Munroe, La. KLI F Dallas, Tex. KLIK Jefferson City, Mo. KLIL Estherville. Iowa KLIN Lincoln. Nebr. KLIQ Purtland, Oreg. KLIR Denver, Colo.

    KLIX Twin Falls. Idaho KLIZ Brainerd, Minn.

    320 KLKC Parsons, Kans. 290 KLLA Leesville. La. 340 KLLL Lubbock, Tex. 490 KLMO Longmont, Culo. 040 KLMR Lamar, Colo. 220 KLMS Lincoln, Nebr. 340 KLMX Clayton, N.Mex. 490 KLO Ogden. Utah 230 KLOG Kelso, Wash. 980 KLOH Pipestone, Minn. 240 KLOK San lose, Calif. 340 KL00 Corvallis, Oreg. 710 KLOS Albuquerque. N.Mex, 490 KLOU Lake Charles, La. 590 KLOV Loveland, Colo. 630 KLPL Lake Providence, La. 630 KLPM Minot, N.Dak. 1480 KLPR Okla. City, Okla. 870 KLPW Union, Mo. 1260

    KLRA 860 KLBS 1230 KLTF 1340 KLTR 1270 KLTZ 1340 KLUB 1340 800 830 1340 1310 1400 1440

    K

    LU

    E

    Rock. Ark. Mountain Grove. Mo.

    Little Falls, Minn. Blackwell, Okla.

    Glasgow, Mont. Salt Lake City, Utah Longview, Tex. Evanston, Wyo. La.

    KLVC Leadville, Colo.

    KLVI Vivian, La. KLVL Pasadena. Tex.

    KLVI

    KLWN 1460 KLWT 1260 KLYD 1490 KLYK 850 KLYR 9511

    Little

    KLUK KLUV Haynesville,

    610

    K

    LI

    Levelland, Tex.

    Lawrence. Kans, Lebanon, Mo.

    Bakersfield, Calif. Spokane. Wash.

    Clarksville, Ark.

    Denver. Colo.

    KMA Shenandoah, Iowa 1010 KM AC San Antonio, Tex. 1330 KMAE McKinney, Tex. 1090 K M A K Fresno, Calif. 980 KMAM Tularusa, N.Mex. 1590 (MAN Manhattan. Kans. 800 K M A P Bakersfield, Calif. 940 KMAQ Maquoketa, Iowa 1270 KMAR Winnsboro, La. 960

    .

    Henderson, Tex.

    1220 KGYN Guymon. Okla. K HAM Albuquerque, N.Mex. 1580 1230 KLCO Poteau, Okla. KHAS Hastings, Nebr. 1480 KLEA Lovington, N.Mex. KHAT Phoenix. Ariz. 970 KLEE Ottumwa. Iowa KHBC Hilo. Hawaii 1430 KLEM LeMars, Iowa KHBM Monticello, Ark.

    KHBR Hillsboro, Tex. KHEM Big Springs, Tex. KH EN Henryetta, Okla. KHEP Phoenix. Ariz, KHEY El Paso, Tex. KHF el Sierra Vista, Ariz. KHHH Pampa, Tex.

    920

    KIXZ Amarillo, Tex. KJAN Atlantic. Iowa KJAX Santa

    KMBC Kansas City, Mo. KMBL Junction, Tex. KMBY Monterey, Calif. KMCD Fairfield, Iowa KMCM McMinnville, Oreg.

    1340 1280 1420

    KIXL Dallas, Tex. KIXX Provo, Utah (JAT

    C.L.

    1110 710 1580 1450 1230

    910

    Wash.

    KITN Olympia, Wash. KITO San Bernardino, Calif KIUL Garden City, Kans. KIUN Pecos, Tex, KIUP Durango. Colo. KIVY Crockett, Tex.

    Kc

    1290 1240 1400

    930 1290 1040 1400

    840 1220 1000 1150 1440 1150 1100 1420 1290 1380 1570 870 970 630 1480 1280 950 950 900 1150 1240 990 730 730 570

    Location

    KMCO Conroe. Tex. KMDO Ft. Scott, Kans. KMED Medford, Oreg. KM EL Wenatchee, Wash.

    KMHL Marshall, Minn. KMHT Marshall, Tex. KMIL Cameron, Tex.

    KM IN Grants, N.M. 10MJ Fresno, Calif. KMLB Monroe, La. KMLW Marlin, Tex. K MMJ Grand Island, Nebr. KM MO Marshall, Mo, KMNS Sioux City. Iowa KMO Tacoma, Wash. KMON Great Falls, Mont. KMOP Tucson, Ariz. KMOX St. Louis. Mo. KMPC Los Angeles, Calif. KMRC Morgan City. La.

    (MRS Morris, Minn. KM

    U

    L Muleshoe, Tex.

    KMUR Murray, Utah KMUS Muskogee, Okla, KMVI Walluku, T. H. K M Y C Marysville, Calif. KNAF Fredericksburg, Tex. KAIAK Salt Lake City, Utah

    KNAL Victoria, Tex. K N B A Vallejo, Calif.

    KN BC San Francisco, Calif. KNBX Kirkland, Wash.

    KNBY Newport, Ark. KNCK Concordia, Kans.

    KNCM Moberly, Mo. KNCO Garden City, Kans. KNOC Hettinger N.Dak. 960 KNDE Aztec, N,idos. 600 KNDY Marysville, Kans. 450 KN EA Jonesboro, Ark. 230 KNEE Scottsbluff. Nebr.

    KNED 220 KNEL 910 KNEM 280 KNET 630 KNEU 480 KNEW 450

    410

    050 480 950 570

    410 600 600 390 490 230 190

    950 340 400 29U

    990 310 380 540 570

    460 050 920 480 450 430 490 050 170

    340 450 580 570 050 390

    McAlester, Okla. Brady, Tex. Nevada, Mo.

    Palestine, Tex. Provo, Utah Spokane, Wash.

    KNEX McPherson. Kans. KNEZ Lompoc, Calif. (NUS Hanford, Calif. KRIM Maryville. Mo. KNIT Abilene, Tex. (ROC Natchitoches, La. KNOE Munroe, La.

    (NOG Nogales, Ariz, KNOK Ft. Worth, Tex.

    KNOR Norman, Okla. KNOT Prescott, Ariz. KNOW Austin, Tex. KNOX Grand Forks, N.Dak. KNPT Newport, Ore. (NUJ New Ulm, Minn. KNUZ Houston, Tex. KNWS Waterloo, Iowa KNX Los Angeles, Calif. KOA Denver. Colo. KOAC Corvallis. Oreg. KOAL Price. Utah (DAM Pittsburg, Kam. KOB Albuquerque, N.Mex. KOBE Las Cruces, N.Mex. KOBY San Francisco, Calif. KOCA Kilgore, Tex. KOCY Oklahoma City, Okla. KODE Joplin, Mo.

    KODI Cody, Wyo. KODL The Dalles, Oreg. KODY North Platte, Nebr. KOEL Oelwein, Iowa KOFA Yuma, Ariz. KOFE Pullman, Wash. KOFI Kalispell. Mont.

    KOFO Ottawa, Kans. 140 KOFY San Mateo, Calif. 220 KOGA Ogallala, Nebr. 010 KOGT Orange, Tex. 360 KOH Reno, Nev. 960 KOHL) Hermiston, Oreg. 580 KOIL Omaha, Nebr. 240 KOIN Portland, Oreg. 570 K01 M Havre, Mont. 280 KOKA Shreveport, La. 240 KO KE Austin, Tex. 580 KOKL Okmulgee, Okla. 230 KOKO Warrensburg, Mo. 600 KOKX Keokuk. Iowa 480 230 320 230 350 230 360 560 960 630 1600 1340 1590 1350 1490 1320 1570

    KOKY Little Rock, Ark. KOL Seattle, Wash. KOLD Tucson, Ariz. KOLE Port Arthur. Tex.

    KOLI Quanah, Tex. KOLL Libby. Mont. KOLO KOLR KOLS HOLT

    Reno. Nev.

    Sterling. Colo,

    Pryor, Okla. Scottsbluff, Nebr. KOLY Mobridge, S.Dak. KOMA Okla. City. Okla. KOMB Cottage Grove, Oreg. KOME Tulsa. Okla. K0MO Seattle. Wash. KOMW Omak, Wash. HOMY Watsonville, Calif.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Kc. 980 1450 1240 1570 1260

    900 1600 1440 1340 1400 1450 1330 980 580

    440 010 750 300 620 360 560 330 120 710 430 570

    380 230 380 550

    410 340 280

    410 190

    680 050 280 390 230 050 490

    C.L.

    Location

    KONE Reno, Nev. KONG Visalia, Calif. KONI Phoenix, Ariz, KONO San Antonio, Tex. KONP Port Angeles. Wash. KOOK Billings, Mont. KOOL Phoenix, Ariz.

    (000

    Omaha, Nebr. KOOS Coos Bay, Oreg.

    KOPR KOPY KORA KORC

    Butte, Mont.

    Alice, Tex. Bryan, Tex. Mineral Wells. Tex.

    (ORD

    Pasco, Wash. Eugene, Oreg. Las Vegas, Nev.

    KORE KORK KORN KORT

    Mitchell, S.Dak. Grangeville. Idaho

    KOSA KOSE KOSI KOSY

    Odessa, Tex.

    Osceola, Ark. Aurora, Colo, Texarkana, Ark. KOTA Rapid City. S.Dak. KOTE Fergus Falls, Minn. KOTN Pine Bluff, Ark. KOTS Deming, N.M. KOVC Valley City. N.Dak. KOVE Lander, Wyo. KOVO Provo, Utah KOWB Laramie, Wyo. KO W H Omaha, Nebr. KOWL Lake Tahoe, Calif. (OWN Escondido, Calif. I(0)(R Ornard, Calif. KOY Phoenix, Ariz. KOYE El Paso, Tex.

    KOYL Odessa, Tex. KOYN Billings, Mont. KOZE

    Lewiston, Idaho

    (OZI Chelan. Wash.

    KOZY Grand Rapids. Minn. K PAC Port Arthur, Tex. KPAL Palm Springs, Calif. (PAM Portland, Oreg. KPAN Hereford, Tex. KPAP Redding. Calif. (PAS Banning. Calif. 490 KPAY Chico, Calif. 240 KPBA Pine Bluff, Ark. 450 KPBM Carlsbad, N.Mex. 450 KPCA Marked Tree. Ark. 790 KpON Pampa, Tex. 540 KKK! Portland, Oreg. 340 570 970 960 150

    960 620

    1580 1280 1450 1390 1340 970 1400 1450 1490 1310 1310 860 1230 1090 1070 850 550 1230 800 1030 1450 1550 1240 1340 1230 1400 1440 1240

    950 1240

    1150 930 1220 1050

    930 1600

    630 1570 1290

    970 610 980 370 240 450 310 440 300 450 340

    (PEG Spokane, Wash.

    KPEL KPEP KPER KPET KPHO KPIG

    Lafayette, La. San Angelo, Tex. Gilroy, Calif. Lamesa,

    Tex.

    Phoenix, Ariz.

    Cedar Rapids, Iowa (PIK Colorado Sprgs., Colo. KPIN Casa Grande, Ariz,

    KPKW Pasco. Wash. KPLC Lake Charles, La,

    KPLK Dallas, Oreg. KPLY Crescent City, Calif.

    KPMC Bakersfield. Calif. KPNG Port Neches, Tex. KPOA Honolulu. T.H. KPOC Pocahontas. Ark. KPOF Denver, Calo. KP0I Honolulu, Hawaii KPOI Portland, Oreg. KPOK Scottsdale, Ariz. KPOL Los Angeles, Calif. KPOP Los Angeles. Calif. KPOR Quincy, Wash. KPOW Powell. Wyo. KPPC Pasadena, Calif.

    (Pa

    Wenatchee. Wash.

    KPRB Redmond. Oreg. KPRC Huustun, Tex. KPRK Livingston. Mont. KPRL Paso Robles. Calif. KPRO Riverside, Calif. KPRS Kansas City. Mo. KPSO Falfurrias, Tea. KPST Preston, Idaho

    KPTL KPUG KPVA KODE

    Carson City, Nev. Bellingham, Wash. Camas, Wash.

    Renton, Wash.

    (ODI Bismarck. N.D.

    KODY Minot, N.Dak. KQEO Albuquerque, N.Mex.

    KQIK Lakeview. Oreg.

    NOTE Missoula, Mont, KQTY Everett, Wash. KDV Pittsburgh, Pa. (RAC Alamogordo. N.M.

    KRAI Craig, Colo. K RA K Stockton, Calif. KRAL Rawlins, Wyo.

    RAM Las Vegas, Nev. (RAY Amarillo, Tex. 150 (RBA Lufkin, Tex. 230 KRBC Abilene, Tex. 920 KRBI St. Peter, Minn. 490 KRBO Las Vegas. Nev. 570 KRCK Ridgeceest, Calif. 320 K RCO Prineville, Oreg. 300 KRCT Baytown, Tex. 520 KRDG Redding, Calif. 400 300 000 680 340

    K

    Kc. 1450 1400 1400 860 1450 970 960 1420 1230 550 1070 1240 1140

    910 1450 1340 1490 1230 1230

    860 1430 790 1380 1250 1490 1230 1490 1330 960 1340

    660 1490 1450 910 550 1150 1310

    910 1300 1220 1490 1250 1450 1410

    860 1270 1490 1060 1590 740 1580 1340 800 1380 1420 1420 1290

    690 910 450 580

    260 340 470 460 240 560 150

    630 420 910 380 330 440 540

    020 370 260 240 560 240 950 340 230 440 590 260 340 300 170

    480

    9l0 350 320

    920 230 340 230 410 270 550 140

    240 920 360 340 470 310 050

    360 690 650

    K

    RDO Colo. Springs, Colo, KRDU Dinuba, Calif.

    1230 1240 1240

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    179

    C.L.

    Location

    KRE Berkeley, Calif. KREH Oakdale, La. KREI Farmington, Ma, KREM Spokane, Wash, KREO Indio, Calif. KRES St. Joseph, Mo. KREW Sunnyside, Wash.

    Ke. C.L.

    Location

    4 00 5 50 2 30 9 20

    KREX Grand June., Colo. 3 90 KRFO Owatonna, Minn. 6 00 KRFS Superior, Nebr. 4 30 KRGI Grand Island, Neb, 290 KRGV Weslasco, Tex. 950 KRHD Duncan, Okla. 490 KRIS Mason City, Iowa 450 KRIC Beaumont, Tex. 410 KRIC Odessa, Tex. 910 KRIO McAllen, Tex, 230 KRIZ Phoenix, Ariz. 570 KRKC King City, Calif. 150 KR KO Los Angeles, Calif. 380 KRKO Everett, Wash. 2 40 KR KS Ridgecresf. Calif. ICI KRLA Pasadena, Calif. 3 50 KRLC Lewiston, Idaho 0 80 KRLD Dallas. Tex, 4 00 KRLN Canon City, Colo. 3 20 KRLW Walnut Ridge, Ark. 3 40 KRMD Shreveport. La. 740 KRMG Tulsa. Okla. KRMO Monett. Mo. 990 1150 KRMS Osage Beach, Mo. KRNO San Bernardino. Calif. 1240 1490 KRNR Roseburg, Oreg. 1280 KRNS Burns, Oreg. KRNT Des Moines. Iowa 1350 KTAN Tucson, Ariz. 1460 KTAR Phoenix, Ariz. KRNY Kearney, Nebr. 1340 KTAT Frederick, Okla. KROC Rochester. Minn. KROD El Paso. Tex. 600 KTBB Tyler, Tex. 960 KTBC Austin, Tex. KROF Abbeville. La. 1450 KTCB Malden, Mo. KROG Sonore. Calif. 1300 KTCN Berryville, Ark, KROP Brawley, Calif. 1340 KTCS Fort Smith, Ark. KROS Clinton, Iowa 1260 KTEE Carmel, Calif. KROX Crookston, Minn. 1240 KTEL Walla Walla, Wash. Sacramento, Calif. KROY 1400 KTEM Temple, Tax. KRPL Moscow, Idaho 910 KTER Terrell, Tex. KRRV Sherman, Tex. 1400 KTFI Twin Falls, Idaho KRSC Othello. Wash. 1340 KTFS Texarkana, Tex. KRSD Rapid City. S.Dak. KRSI St. Louis Park. Minn. 950 KTFY Bronwfleld, Tex. 990 KTHE Thermopolis, Wyo. KRSL Russell. Kans. 1490 KTHS Little Rock, Ark. KRSN Los Alamos. N.Mex. 1490 KTHT Houston, Tex. KRTN Raton, N.Mex. 1490 KTIB Thibodaux, La. KRTR Thermopolis, Wyo. 1400 KTIL Tillamook, Oreg. KRUN Ballinger. Tex. 1490 (TIM San Rafael, Calif. KRUS Ruston, La. 1360 KTIP Porterville, Calif. KRUX Glendale, Ariz. 1010 KTIS Minneapolis, Minn. Lexington, Nebr. KRVN KRWC Forest Grove. Oreo. 1570 KTIX Seattle, Wash. 1230 KTJS Hobart, Okla. KRXK Rexburg, Idaho 1240 KTKN Ketchikan, Alaska KRXL Roseburg. Dreg. 1360 KTKR Taft. Calif. K RYS Corpus Christi, Tex. 580 KTKT Tucson, Ariz. KSAC Manhattan. Kans. 1150 KTLD Tallulah, La. KSAL Salina, Kans. 1490 KTLN Denver, Colo. KSAM Huntsville, Tex. KSAN San Francisco, Calif. 1450 KTLO Mtn. Home, Ark. KSAY San Francisco. Calif. 1010 KTLQ Tahlequah, Okla. 1380 KTLU Rusk. Tex. KSBW Salinas. Calif. 1270 KTLW Texas City, Tex, KSCB Liberal, Kans. 1360 KTMC McAlester, Okla. KSCI Sioux City. Iowa 1080 KTMS Santa Barbara. Calif. KSCO Santa Cruz, Calif. 550 KTNC Falls City, Nebr. KSD St. Louis. Mo. 1400 KTNM Tucumeari, N.Mex. KSDA Redding, Calif. KTNT Tacoma, Wash. 1

    KSON Aberdeen, S.Dak. KSDO San Diego. Calif. KSEI Pocatello, Idaho

    KSEK KSEL KSEM KSEN (SEO KSET KSEW KSEY KSFA KSFE

    Pittsburg. Kans.

    Lubbock, Tex. Moses Lake, Wash. Shelby, Mont.

    Durant, Okla. El Paso, Tex.

    Sitka, Alaska Seymour. Tex. Nacogdoches, Tex.

    Needles, Calif. KSFO San Francisco. Calif. KSGM Ste. Genevieve, Mo. KSIB Creston, Iowa KSID Sidney. Nebr. KSIG Crowley. La. KSII Gladewater. Tex. KSIL Silver City. N.Mex. KSIM Sikeston, Mo. KSIR Wichita. Kans. KSIS Sedalia, Mo. KSIW Woodward. Okla. KSIX Corpus Christi, Tax. (SIB Jamestown, N.Dak. KSJO San Jose. Calif. KSKY Dallas. Tex. KSL Salt Lake City. Utah KSLM Salem, Oreg. KSLO Opelousas, La. KSLV Monte Vista, Colo. KSMA Santa Maria, Calif. (SM L Seminole, Tex.

    930

    1130 KTOC 990 KTOD 1340 KTOE 950 KTOH

    400 KTSM El Paso, Tex. 900 KTTN Trenton, Mo. 050 KTTR Rolla. Mo. 450 KTTS Springfield, Mo. Ariz, 230 KTUC Tucson. KTUE Tulia, Tex. 600 590 KTUL Tulsa. Okla. KTUR Turlock, Calif. 660

    370

    180

    KTUT Tooele. Utah

    160

    Sioux Falls. S.Dak. KSOP Salt Lake City. Utah

    (S00

    KTOO Henderson. Nev. KTOP Topeka, Kans. KTOW Oklahoma City. Okla. KTRB Modesto. Calif. KTRC Santa Fe, N.Mex. KTRE Lufkin, Tex.

    KTRF Thief River Falls. Minn. KTRH Houston. Tex. 0 98 0 KTRI Sioux City, Iowa 340 KTRM Beaumont. Tex. 4 50 KTRN Wichita Falls, Tex. 430 KTRY Bastrop, La. 340 KTSA San Antonio. Tex.

    (SO Des Moines, Iowa KSOK Arkansas City. Kans. KSON San Diego. Calif.

    KSMN Mason City, Iowa KSMO Salem, Mu. KSNY Snyder, Tex.

    Jonesboro. La. Sinton, Tex.

    Mankato, Minn. Lihue, Hawaii KTOK Oklahoma City, Okla.

    147 0 115 0 75 0 134 0 140 0 125 0 86 0 134 0 56 0

    990 230 240 240 250 010 340 450 460 280 240

    Ile. C.L.

    KSOX Raymondville, Tex, 1240 KSPA Santa Paula, Calif, 1400 KSPI Stillwater, Okla. 780 KSPL Diboll, Tex, 1260 KSPI Sandpoint, Idaho 1400 KSRA Salmon, Idaho 960 KSRC Soeorro, N.Mex. 1290 1950 KSRO Santa Rosa, Calif. KSRV Ontario, Oreg. 1380 KSSS Colorado Springs, Colo, 740 KSST Sulphur Springs, Tex. 1230 KSTA Coleman, Tex. 1000 KSTB Breckenridge, Tex. 1430 KSTL St. Louis, Mo. 690 KSTN Stockton, Calif. 1420 KSTP St. Paul, Minn. 1500 KSTR Grand Junction. Colo. 620 KSTT Davenport, Iowa 1170 KSTV Stephenville, Tex. 1510 KSUB Cedar City, Utah 590 KSUE Susanville. Calif. 1240 KSUM Fairmont, Minn. 1370 KSUN Bisbee, Ariz. 1230 KSVC Richfield, Utah 980 KSVP Artesia, N.Mex. 990 KSWA Graham, Tex. 133 0 156 0 KSW1 Council Bluffs, Iowa KSWO Lawton, Okla. 138 0 KBWS Roswell N.Mex. 123 0 (SYC Yreka, Calif. 149 0 KSYD Wichita Falls, Tex. 99 0 KSYL Alexandria. La. 97 0 KTAC Tacoma, Wash. 85 0 KTAE Taylor, Tex. 126 0

    14 00 9 00 8 00 9 70

    KTW Seattle, Wash. KTWO Casper, Wyo. KTX1 Jasper. Tex. KTXL San Angelo. Tex. KTXO Sherman. Tex. KTYM Inglewood, Calif. KUBA Yuba City. Calif. KUBC Montrose, Colo. KUBE Pendleton, Oreg. KUBO San Antonio. Tex. KUDE Oceanside, Calif. KUDI Great Falls, Mont.

    KUOL KUDU KUDY KUEN

    140

    Kansas City. Mo.

    Ventura. Calif.

    Littleton, Colo.

    Wenatchee, Wash,

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG KUEQ Phoenix, Ariz, i

    580 62 0 157 0 60 0 59 0

    47 0 48 0 41 0 41 0

    490 400 570 270 400 300 240 090 790 630 590 510 450 900 590 420 990 310 990 360 280 490 350 580 920 400 250 230 400

    Location

    KUGN Eugene, Oreg. KUIK Hillsboro Oreg. KW Walla Walla, Wash. KUKI Ukiah, Calif. KUKO Post, Tex. KUKU Willow Springs, Mo. KULA Honolulu, Hawaii KULE Ephrata, Wash. KULP El Campo, Tex. KUMA Pendleton, Oreg. KUNO Corpus Christi, Tex, KUOA Siloam Springs, Ark, KUOM Minneapolis, Minn. KUPI Idaho Falls, Idaho KURA Moab, Utah KURL Billings, Mont.

    KURV KURY KUSD KUSH

    Edinburg, Tex.

    Brookings, Oreg.

    Vermillion, S.Dak,

    Cushing, Okla. KUSN St. Joseph, Mo. KUTI Yakima. Wash. KUTY Palmdale, Calif. KUVR Holdredge, Nebr. KUZN W. Monroe, La.

    1400 1420 1230

    740 1470 990 1290 730 550

    380 600 490 400 400 260 430 390 990 250 470 350 340 500 460 600 580 050 910 320 450 980 590 510 900 740

    C.L.

    KWKH Shreveport, La, KWKW Pasadena, Calif. KWKY Des Moines, Iowa KWLC Decorah, Iowa KWLM Willmar, Minn. KWMT Ft. Dodge, Iowa KWNA Winnemucca, Nev.

    Locaflon

    KWNO Winona, Minn. KWOA Worthington, Minn. KWOC Poplar Bluff. Mo. KWOE Clinton, Okla. KWON Bartlesville, Okla. KWOR Worland, Wyo. 980 KWOS Jefferson City, Mo. 1450 KWOW Pomona, Calif. 730 KWPC Muscatine, Iowa 710 KWPM West Plains, Mo. 910 KWPR Claremore, Okla. 690 KWRD Henderson, Tex, 1600 KWRE Warrenton, Mo. 1270 KWRF Warren, Ark. 980 KWRL Riverton, Wyo. 1470 KWRO Coquille, Oreg. 1380 KWRT Boonville, Mo. 1310 KWRW Guthrie, Okla. 1450 KWSC Pullman, Wash. 1270 KWSD Mt. Shasta, Calif. 600 KWSH WewokaSeminole,

    Wolf Point, Nebr. Winnfield, La. Redding. Calif. San Luis Obispo, Calif. 920 Oklahoma KVEL Vernal, Utah 250 KWSK Pratt, Kans. KVEN Ventura, Calif. 450 KWSO Wasco, Calif. KVET Austin, Tex. 300 KWTC Barstow, Calif. KVFC Cortez. Colo. 740 KWTO Springfield. Mo. 400 KWTX Waco, Tex. KVFD Ft. Dodge, Iowa KVGB Great Bend, Kans. 590 KWVY Waverly, Iowa KVHL Homer. La. 320 KWWL Waterloo, Iowa KVI Seattle, Wash. 570 KWYK Farmington, N.Mex, KVIC Victoria, Tex. 940 KWYN Wynne, Ark. KVIM New Iberia, Le. 360 KWYO Sheridan, Wyo. KVIN Vinita, Okla. 470 KWYR Winner, S.Dak. KVIP Redding. Calif. 540 KXA Seattle, Wash. KVKM Monahans, Tex. 340 KXAR Hope, Ark. KVLB Cleveland. Tex. 410 KXEL Waterloo, Iowa KVLC Little Rock, Ark. 050 KXEN Festus, Mo. KVLF Alpine, Tex. 240 KXEO Mexico, Mo. KVLG LaGrange, Tex. 570 KXGI Ft. Madison. Iowa KVLH Pauls Valley, Okla. 470 KXGN Glendive, Mont. KVLV Fallon, Nev. 250 KXGO Fargo, N.D. KVMA Magnolia, Ark. 630 KXIC Iowa City, Iowa KVMC Colorado City, Tex. 320 KXIT Dalhart, Tex. KVNA Flagstaff. Ariz, 690 KXJK Forrest City, Ark. KVNC Winslow, Ariz. 010 KXL Portland, Oreg. KVNI Coeur d'Alene, Idaho 240 KXLE Ellensburg, Wash. KVNU Logan, Utah 610 KXLF Butte, Mont. KVOC Casper, Wyo. 230 KXLJ Helena, Mont. KVOE Emporia, Kans. 400 KXLK Great Falls, Mont. KVCK KVCL KVCV KVEC

    KVOG Ogden, Utah KVOL Lafayette, La. KVOM Marrilton, Ark. KVON Napa, Calif. KV00 Tulsa, Okla. KVOP Plainview, Tex. KVOR Colo. Springs. Colo. KVOS Bellingham. Wash. KVOU Uvalde. Tex. KVOW Littlefield, Tex. KVOX Moorhead, Minn. KVOY Yuma, Ariz. KVOZ Laredo, Tex.

    KVPI Ville Platte, La.

    KVRC Arkadelphia. Ark. KVRH Salida, Colo. 400 KVRS Rock Springs, Wyo. 920 590 420 490 000 280 490 800 860

    Kc 590 1960 1420 1400 1370 1330 690 730 1390 1290 1400 1290 770

    (VSA

    McGehee, Ark. KVSF Santa Fe, N.Mex.

    KVSO Ardmore. Okla. KVWC Vernon, Tex.

    KVWM Show Low. Ariz. KVWO Cheyenne, Wyo. KWAD Wadena, Minn. KWAK Stuttgart, Ark. KWAL Wallace, Idaho KWAM Memphis, Tenn. KWAT Watertown, S.Dak. KWBA Baytown, Tex. KWBB Wichita, Kans. KWBE Beatrice, Nebr. KWBG Boone, Iowa KWBW Hutchinson, Kans. KWCB Searcy. Ark. KWCL Oak Grove, La.

    490 8.110

    800 440 170

    400 300 790 400 490 280 400 490 050 240 340 360 220 260 240 490 050 370 920 240 620 990 950 1360 1410 1450 1590 1450 1300 1280 1560 1270 1580 1260 1600 1480 1260

    KXLL Missoula, Mont.

    KXLO Lewiston, Mont. KXLR No, Little Rock, Ark. KXLW Clayton, Mo.

    (XL,/

    Spokane, Wash, KXO El Centro, Calif. KXOA Sacramento, Calif. KXOK St. Louis. Mo. KXOL Ft. Worth. Tex. KXOX Sweetwater, Tex.

    KXRA Alexandria. Minn. KXRJ Russellville, Ark. KXRO Aberdeen, Wash.

    KXRX San Jose, Calif. KXXI Golden, Colo.

    KXXL Bozeman, Mont, KXXX Colby. Kans.

    KXYZ Houston, Tex. KYA San Francisco. Calif. KYCA Prescott, Ariz. KYJC Medford. Oreg.

    KYME Boise, Idaho KYNO Fresno, Calif.

    KYNG Coos Bay. Oreg. KYNT Yankton, S.Dak.

    KYOK Houston, Tex. KYOR Blythe, Calif. KYOS Merced, Calif. KYOU KYRO KYSM KYSN KYSS

    Greeley, Colo.

    Potosi. Mo. Mankato, Minn. Colorado Sores., Colo.

    Missoula, Mont.

    KYTE Pocatello. Idaho KYUM Yuma, Ariz. KYVA Gallup. N.Mex. KWCO Chickasha, Okla. KYW Cleveland, Ohio KWEB Rochester. Minn. KZEE Weatherford, Tex. KWED Seguin, Tex. KZEY Tyler, Tex. KWEI Weiser, Idaho KZIN Coeur d'Alene, Idaho KWEL Midland. Tex. KZIP Amarillo. Tex. KWEW Hobbs, N.Mex. KZOK Prescott, Ariz. KWFR San Angelo, Tex. KWFT Wichita Falls. Tex. 620 KZOL Muleshoe. Tex. KZUM Farmington, N.Mex, KWG Stockton. Calif. 1230 K W H I Brenham, Tex. 1280 KZUN Opportunity, Wash. KWHK Hutchinson, Kans. 1260 WAAA Winston -Salem, N.C. KWHN Fort Smith, Ark. 1320 WAAB Worcester, Mass. KWHO Salt Lake City. Utah 860 WAAF Chicago. Ill. KWHW Altus. Okla. 1450 WAAG Adel, Ga. KWIC Salt Lake City. Utah 1570 WAAT Trenton, N.J. (WIK Pocatello, Idaho 1240 WAAY Hunhville, Ala. KWIL Albany. Oreg. 790 WABA Aguadilla, P.Rifo KWIN Ashland. Oreg. 1400 WABB Mobile. Ala. KWIV Douglas, Wyo, 1050 WABC New York, N.Y. (WIZ Santa Ana. Calif. 1480 WABG Greenwood, Miss. KWJB Globe, Ariz. 1240 WABI Bangor, Maine KWJC Natchitoches, La. 1450 WABJ Adrian, Mich. KWIJ Portland. Oreg. 1080 WABL Amite, La. KWIP Merced, Catit. 1580 WABO Waynesboro. Miss. K W IO Muses Lake, Wash. 1200 WABQ Cleveland. Ohio 1380 WABR Winter Park, Fla. KWK St. Laois. Mo. 1340 WART Tuskegee, Ala. KWKC Abilene, Tex.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Ke, 1130 1300 1150 1240 1340

    540 1400 1230 730

    930 1320 1400 1340 1240

    1600 860 1450 1270 1470

    750 860 1450 1450 1370 1490 1250

    620 1260 1570 1050 1230

    560 1230 1470 1330 960 1400 1410 1260 770 1490 1540 1010 1340 1960 1400 790 800 1410

    950 750 240 370 240 400 450 230 150

    320 920 230 470 630 360 240 490 490 320 500 250 450 790 320 260

    490 230 740 300

    420 450 590 450 480 450 280 230 460 910 290 560 230 100

    220 690 050 310 340 570 280

    630 980 1440 950 1470 1300 1550

    850 1480

    770 960 910 1490

    I57Ú 990 1540 1440

    530

    C.L.,

    Location

    WABV Abbeville, S.C. WABW Annapolis, Md. WARTY Albany,

    N.Y. WABZ Albemarle. N.C. WACA Camden, S.C. WALB Kittanning. Pa. WACE Chicopee. Mass. WACK Newark, N.Y. WACL Waycross, Ga. WACO Waco, Tex. WACR Columbus, Miss. WALT Tuscaloosa, Ala.

    Kc. C.L. 590 WAVE 810 WAVI 400 WAVL 010 WAVN

    Location Louisville, Ky. Dayton. Ohio Apollo, Pa.

    Stillwater, Minn.

    Kc. C.L. Location WBRM Marion, N.C.

    970 1210

    910

    1220 590 WAVO Avondale Estates, Ga. 1420 380 WAVP Avon Park. Fla. 1390 730 WAVU Albertville, Ala. 630 420 WAVY Portsmouth, Va. 1350 570 WAVZ New Haven, Conn. 1300 480 WAWK Kendallville, Ind, 1570 050 WAWZ Zarephath, N.J. 1380 420 WAXE Vero Beach. Fla. 1370 WADA Shelby, N.C. 390 WAXX Chippewa Falls, Wis. 1150 350 WAYB Waynesboro, Va. WADC Akron. Ohio 1490 WADE Wadesboro, N.C. 210 WAY E Dundalk. Md. 860 WADK Newport, R.I. 540 WAYN Rockingham. N.C. 900 WADO New York, N.Y. 280 WAYS Charlotte, N.C. 610 WAOP Kane, Pa. 980 WAYX Waycross, Ga. 1230 WADS Ansonia, Conn, 690 WAYZ Waynesboro, Pa1380 790 WAZA Bainbridge, Ga. WAEB Allentown. Pa. 1360 FINAEL Mayaguez, P. Rico 600 WAIF Yazoo City. Miss. 1230 WAEW Crossville, Tenn. 330 WAZL Hazelton, Pa. 1490 WAFC Staunton, Va. 900 WBAA West Lafayette, Ind. 920 450 WBAB Babylon, N.Y. WAGC Chattanooga, Tenn. 1440 290 WBAC Cleveland. Tenn. WAGE Leesburg, Va. 1340 326 WBAL Baltimore, Md. WAGF Dothan. Ala. 1090 WAGG Franklin, Tenn. 950 WBAM Montgomery, Ala. 740 450 WRAP Ft. Worth. Tex. WAGM Presque Isle. Maine 570, 820 WAGN Menominee, Mich. 340 WEAR Bartow, Fla. 1460 WAGR Lumberton, N.C. 580 WBAT Marion, Ind. 1400 WAGS Bishopville, S.C. 380 WBAX Wilkes- Barre, Pa. 1240 WAGY Forest City, N.C. 320 W BA W Barnwell. S.C. 740 WAI K Galesburg, Ill. 590 WBAY Green Bay, Wis. 1360 WAIL Baton Rouge. La. 460 WBBA Pittsfield, Ill. 1580 WAIM Anderson. S.C. 230 WBBB Burlington, N.C. 920 WAIN Columbia, Ky. 270 WBBF Rochester, N.Y, 950 WAI P Prichard, Ala. 270 WBBI Abingdon, Va. 1230 WAI R Winston -Salem, N.C. 340 WBBL Richmond, Va. 1480 WAIT Chicago, Ill. 82U WBBM Chicago, III. 780 WAJ F Decatur, Ala. 490 WBBN Perry, Ga. 980 440 WBBO Forest City. N.C. WAJR Morgantown, W.Va. 780 340 WBBQ Augusta- Ga. 340 WAKE Atlanta. Ga. WAIN Aiken. S.C. 990 WBBT Lyons, Ga. 340 WAI(0 Lawrenceville, III. 910 WBBW Youngstown, Ohio 240 WAKR Akron, Ohio 5911 WBBZ Ponca City, Okla. 290 WA KU Latrobe. Pa. 570 WBCA Bay Minette, Ala. 150 WA KY Louisville. Ky. 790 WBCB Levittown, Pa. 490 WALA Mobile. Ala. 410 WBCH Hastings. Mich220 WALB Albany, Ga. 590 WBCK Battle Creek, Mich. 930 WALD Walterboro, S.C. 220 WBCM Bay City, Mich. 440 400 WBCR Christiansburg, Va. WA LE Fall River, Mass. 260 WALK Patchogue, N.Y. 370 WBCU Union, S.C. 460 WALL Middletown, N.Y. 340 WBEC Pittsfield, Mass. 420 WALM Albion, Mich. 260 WBEE Harvey, Ill. 570 WALO Humacao. P.R. 240 WBEJ Elizabethton, Tenn. 240 WALT Tampa, Ha. 110 WBEL Beloit, Wis. 380 420 WBEN Buffalo, N.Y. WALY Herkimer. N.Y. 930 WA MD Aberdeen. Md. 970 WBET Brockton, Mass. 460 WARE Miami, Fla. 260 WBEU Beaufort, S.C. 960 WAM1 Opp, Ala. 860 WBEV Beaver Dam, Wis. 430 340 WBEX Chillicothe, Ohio WAML Laurel. Miss. 490 420 WBFD Bedford, Pa. WAINM Flint, Mich. 310 WAMO Homestead, Pa. 860 WBGC Chipley, Fla. 240 320 WBGR Jesup. Ga. WAMP Pittsburgh, Pa. 370 WAMS Wilmington, Del. 380 WBHB Fitzgerald. Ga. 240 490 WBHC Hampton, S.C. WA MV E. St. Louis. III. 270 Washington, WBHF WAMW Ind. 580 Cartersville, Ga. 450 WAMY Amory. Miss. 580 WBHP Huntsville, Ala. 230 WAleA Anniston, Ala. 49U WBIA Augusta. Ga. 230 WA NB Waynesburg, Pa. 580 W BI E Marietta. Ga. 050 WAND Canton. Ohio 900 WBIG Greensboro. N.C. 470 WANE Ft. Wayne. Ind, 450 W BIL Leesburg, Fla. 410 190 WBIP Booneville, Miss. WANN Annapolis. Md. 400 WANS Anderson. S.C. 28U WBIR Knoxville, Tenn. 240 WANT Richmond. Va. 990 WBIS Bristol, Conn. 440 WANY Albany. Ky. 390 WBIW Bedford, Ind. 340 380 WBIZ Eau Claire, Wis, WAG K Atlanta, (ia. 400 WAOV Vincennes, Ind. 450 WBKH Hattiesburg, Miss, 950 WAPA San Juan. P.R. 680 WBKN Newton, Miss. 410 WA ?E Jacksonville, Fla. 690 WBKV West Bend, Wis. 470 WAPF McComb, Miss. 980 WBLA Elizabethtown, N.C. 450 WAPG Arcadia. Fla. 480 WBLE Batesville, Miss. 290 WAPI Birmingham. Ala. U70 W BLF Bellefonte. Pa. 390 WAPL Appleton, Wis. 570 WBLG Lexington, Ky. 300 WAPO Chattanooga. Tenn. 150 WBLJ Dalton. Ga. 290 WAPX Montgomery. Ala. 600 W BLO Evergreen, Ala. 470 WAGE Towson. Md. 57U WBLR Batesburg. S.C. 430 WA RA Attleboro, Mass. 320 WBLT Bedford, Va. 350 WARB Covington. La. 730 WBLU Salem, Va. 480 WARD Johnstown, Pa. 490 WBLY Springfield, Ohio 600 WARE Ware, Mass. 250 WBMA Beaufort, N.C. 400 WARF Jasper, Ala. 240 WBMC McMinnville, Tenn. 960 WARK Haperstuwn, Md. 490 WOMD Baltimore, Md. 750 WAHL Arlington, Va. 780 WBM K West Point, Ga. 1310 WARM Scranton. Pa. 590 WBML Macon. Ga. 1240 WARN Ft. Pierce. Fla. 1330 WBNC Conway, N.H. 1050 WARU Peru. Ind. 1600 WBNL Boonville, Ind, 1540 WASA Havre de Grace, Md. 1330 WBNS Columbus. Ohio 1460

    WASK WATA WATC WATE WA'rH

    Lafayette, Ind. N.C. Gaylord. Mich. Boone.

    Knoxville, Tenn.

    Athens. Ohio WA 'r K Antipo, Wis. WATM Atmore, Ala. WAIN Watertown, N.Y, WA rO Oak Ridge, Tenn. WATP Marion. S.C.

    WATR Waterbury, Conn. WATS Sayre, Pa. WATT Cadillac. Mich. WATV Birmingham. Ala. WATW Ashland, Wis. WATZ Alpena. Mich. WAUC Wauchula. Fla. WA1JO Auburn. Ala. WA IJ G Augusta, Ga. WAUX Waukesha, Wis.

    1450 1450

    WBNT Oneida. Tenn.

    WBNX New York, N.Y. 900 WBNY Buffalo- N.Y. 620 WBOB Galax, Va, 970 WBOC Salisbury, Md. 900 WBOF Virginia Beach, Va. 1590 WBOK New Orleans. La. 1240

    WBOP Pensacola, Fla,

    1290 WBOS Brookline, 1430 1320

    960 1240 900 1400 1450 1310 1230 1050 1510

    WBOW WBOX WBOY WBPD WBPZ WBRB WBRC WBRD WERE WBRG WORK

    Mass.

    Terre Haute, Ind. Bogalusa, La.

    Clarksburg- W.Va. Orangeburg. S.C.

    Lock Haven. Pa. Mt. Clemens, Mich.

    Birmingham, Ala. Bradenton, Fla.

    Wilkes- Barre, Pa. Lynchburg, Va.

    Pittsfield, Mass.

    1310 1380 1400 1360 960 1600

    800 980 1600 1230

    920 1400 1580 1290 1490

    960 1420 1340 1050 1340

    Kc. C.L.

    WORN Big Rapids, Mich. WBRO Waynesboro, Ga. WBRT Bardstown, Ky.

    WBRV WBRX WBRY WBSC

    Boonville, N.Y. Berwick, Pa, Waterbury, Conn. Bennetsville, S.C. WOSM New Bedford, Mass. WBSR Pensacola. Fla. WBT Charlotte,

    N.C.

    WBTA Batavia, N.Y. WOTH Williamson. W.Va. WBTL Farmville, N.C. WBT M Danville, Va, WBTN Bennington, Vt. WBTO Linton, Ind. WBUD Trenton, N.J. WBUT Butler. Pa. WBUX Doylestown, Pa. WBUY Lexington, N.C. WBUZ Fredonia, N.Y. WBVL Barboursville. Ky, WBVP Beaver Falls. Pa. WBYE Calera. Ala. WBYS Canton, III. WBZ Boston,

    WBZA WBZY WCAE WCAL WCAM

    WCAO WCAP WCAR WCAS WCAT WCAU WCAW

    Mass.

    Springfield, Mass, Torrington, Conn.

    Pittsburgh, Pa. Northfield, Minn. N.J.

    Camden,

    Baltimore, Md. Lowell, Mass. Detroit, Mich. Gadsden. Ala. Orange,

    Mass.

    Philadelphia, Pa.

    Charleston, W.Va. WCAX Burlington. Vt. WCAY Cayce, S.C. WCAZ Carthage, III. WCBA Corning, N.Y. WCBC Anderson, Ind. WCBG Chambersburg, Pa. WCBI Columbus, Miss. WCBL Benton, Ky. WCBM Baltimore, Md. WCBQ Fremont, Mich. WCBS New York. N.Y. WCBT Roanoke Rapids, N.C. WCBY Cheboygan. Mich. WCCC WCCM WCCN WCCO WCCP

    WCDL WCO1

    WCDT

    WCEC WCED WCEH WCEM WCEN WCER

    Hartford, Conn.

    Lawrence, Mass.

    Neillsville, Wis.

    Minneapolis, Minn.

    Savannah. Ga. Carbondale, Pa. Edenton, N.C. Winchester. Tenn. Rocky Mount, N.C. DuBois, Pa.

    Hawkinsville,

    Ga.

    Cambridge, Md. Mt. Pleasant, Mich. Charlotte, Mich. WCFL Chicago, III. WCFR Springfield, Vt. WCFV Clifton Forge, Va. WCGA Calhoun, Ga. WCGC Belmont, N.C. WCHA Chambersburg, Pa. WCHB Inkster, Mich.

    250 460 310 320 900 280

    WCHN Norwich, N.Y. WCHS Charleston, W.Va. WCH V Charlottesville, Va. WCI L Carbondale, III.

    Cincinnati. Ohio WCJU Columbia. Miss. WCKB Dunn, N.C. WCKI Greer, S.C. WCKR Miami, Fla. WCKY Cincinnati, Ohio WC IN

    WCLA Claxton. Ga. WCLB Camilla. Ca. WCLC WCLD WCLE WCLG

    Jamestown, Tenn. Cleveland, Miss. Cleveland, Tenn. Morgantown, W.Va.

    WCLI Corning, N.Y. WCLO Janesville, Wis. WCLS Columbus. Ga. WCLT Newark, Ohio WCLW Mansfield, Ohio WCMA Corinth. Miss. WCMB Harrisburg, Pa,

    WCMC Wildwood, N.J. WCME Brunswick, Maine WCM Ashland, Ky. WCMN Arecibo, P.R. WCMP Pine City, Minn. WCMR Elkhart, Ind, WCMS Norfolk, Va. WCMT Martin, Tenn. WCMW Canton, Ohio WCMY Ottawa. 1I1. WCNB Connersville, Ind. WCNC Elizabeth City, N.C. WCNG Canonsburg. Pa. WCNH Quincy. Fla. WCNL Newport, N. H, WCNR Bloomsburg, Pa. I

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Re.

    WCNX Middletown, Conn.

    WCOA Pensacola, Fla. WCOC Meridian, Miss. WCOG Greensboro, N.C. WCOH Newnan, Ga. WC01 Coatesville, Pa. 420 WCOL Columbus. Ohio 450 WCON Cornelia, Ga. 110 WCOP Boston, Mass. 490 WCOR Lebanon, Tenn. 400 WCOS Alma. Ga. 050 WCOU Lewiston, Maine 330 WCOV Montgomery, Ala. 370 WCOW Sparta, Wis. 600 WCOY Columbia, Pa. 260 WCPA Clearfield, Pa. 050 WCPC Houston, Miss. 570 WCPH Etowah, Tenn. 440 WCPK College Park. Ga. 570 WCPM Cumberland, Ky. 950 WCPO Cincinnati, Ohio 230 WCPS Tarboro, N.C. 590 550

    970 WCRA Effingham, Ill. 560 WCRB Waltham, Mass. 030 WCRE Cheraw. S.C. 030 WCRI Scottsboro, Ala. 990 WCRK Morristown. Tenn. 250 WCRL Oneonta, Ala. 770 WCRO Johnstown, Pa. 310 WCRR Corinth, Miss. 600 WCRS Greenwood, S.C. 980 WCRT Birmingham, Ala. 1130 WCRV Washington, N.J. 570 WCRW Chicago, Ill. 1390 WCRY Macon, Ga. 1210 WCSC Charleston, S.C. 1300 WCSH Portland, Maine 620 WCSI Columbus, Ind. 620 WCSR Hillsdale, Mich. 99U 1350 1470 1590

    550 1290 680 1490 880 1230 1240 1290 800 1370 830 1450 1440 1260 1340 810 1420 610 1240 1150 139U

    1000 1480 1230 900 1270 1010

    1440 1350 1470 1290

    I Chillicothe, Ohio WCH1 Brookhaven, Miss. WCHK Canton. Ga. WCHO Washington Court House, Ohio 1250 WCHL Chapel Hill. N.C. 1360

    W CH

    Location

    WCNT Centralia, Ill. WCNU Crestview, Fla.

    970 580 260 020 480 450 780 300 610 530 470 220

    260 490 570 300 450 290 580 430 570 230 480 230 900 340 280 350 270 050 410 060 430 580 240

    540 230 010 930

    WCSS Amsterdam, N.Y. WCST Berkeley Springs.

    1210 1010 1150 1370

    910 1320 1400 1420 1230 1450

    1150 i900 400

    1240 1170 1290 1580

    900 1320 1220 1570 1280 1230 760 1090 1930 1420 1050 1150 1570 1230 1330 1450 1260 1580

    J240 1900 970 1010 1340 1490

    W.Va. 10 10 WCTA Andalusia, Ala, 9 20 WCTC New Brunswick. N.J. 14 50 WCTT Corbin. Ky. 6 80 WCUB Manitowoc, Wis. 9 80 WCUE Akron, Ohio 1150 WCUM Cumberland, Md. 1230 WCVA Culpeper, Va. 1490 WCVI Connellsville, Pa. 1340 WCVP Murphy, N.C. 600 WCVS Springfield, Ill. 1450 WCWC Ripon, Wis. WCYB Bristol, Va. WCYN Cynthiana, Ky.

    WDAD WDAE WDAF WDAK

    Indiana, Pa.

    Tampa, Fla. Kansas City. Mo. Columbus, Ga,

    WDAL Meridian. Miss. WDAN Danville, Ill. WDAR Darlington, S.C. WDAS Philadelphia.

    Pa.

    WDAX McRae, Ga. WDAY Fargo, N. Dak. WDBC Escanaba, Mich. W DBF

    Delray Beach. Fla.

    WOBJ Roanoke, Va.

    WDBL Springf. old, Tenn,

    WORM Statesville, N.C. W DBO Orlando, Fla. WDBQ Dubuque, Iowa WDCF Dade City, Fla, WDCL Tarpon Sings., Fla. WDCR Hanover, N.H. WDOT Greenville. Miss. WDDY Gloucester, Va. WDEA Ellsworth, Mr. WDEC Americus, Ga. W DEF Chattanooga, Tenr. WDEH Sweetwater, Tenn. WDEL Wilmington, Del. WDEV Waterbury. Vt. WDEW Westfield, Mass. W DGY Minneapolis, Minn. WDIA Memphis, Tenn. WDIG Dothan. Ala. W DIX Orangeburg, S.C. WDKD Kingstree, S.C.

    1600 690 1400 1450 1250

    610 540 1330 1490 1350 1480 1410

    970 680 1420 96U

    1590 550 580 490 350 470 340 900 420 350 290 370 800 150

    550 570 130

    070 450 150

    WDOT Burlington, Va.

    310 260 270 450 490 380 590 460 860 920 620 240 450 280 370 310 310 410 590 260 470 540 910 730 1400

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    181

    WDKN Dickson, Tenn. WDLA Walton, N.Y. WDLB Marshfield, Wis. WDLC Port Jervis. N.Y. WDLT Indianola. Miss. WDLP Panama City. Fla. WDMF Buford, Ga. WDMG Douglas, Ga. WD MJ

    WDNC WONE WONG WDNT WDOB WDOC WOOD WDOE

    Marquette, Mich. Durham. N.C.

    Elkins. W.Va. Anniston, Ala. Dayton.Tenn. Canton. Miss. Prestonsburg, Ky. Chattanooga. Tenn.

    Dunkirk, N.Y.

    WDOG Marine City. hlich. WDOK Cleveland, Ohiu WOOL Athens, Ga. WDON Wheaton, Md WDOR Sturgeon Bay. Wis. WOOS Oneonta, N.Y.

    Location

    C.L.

    Kc. C.L. Location 410 WETZ New Martinsville..

    WDOV Dover, Del. WDQN DuQuoin, 111.

    Chester, Pa. Dillon, S.C. Dyersburg, Tenn. WDSK Cleveland, Miss. WOSM Superior, Wis. WDSP DeFuniak Springs.

    Florida

    WDSR Lake City. Ha. WDSU New Orleans, La. WDTV St. John, V.I. WDUN Gainesville. Ga. WDUX Waupaca, Wis. WDUZ Green Bay. Wis.

    WOVA WOVH WDVL WUVM

    Danville, Va. Gainesville, Fla. Vineland. N.J. Pocomoke City, Md.

    W D WD

    Dawson, Ga.

    WOWS Champaign, III. WOXB Chattanooga, Tenn. WOXE Lawrenceburg, Tenn. WOXI Jackson, Tenn. WDXL Lexington, Tenn. W D X N

    Clarksville. Tenn.

    WDXR Paducah. Ky. W DZ Decatur, III. WEAR Greer, S.C. WEAG Alcoa. Tenn. WEAM Arlington, Va. WEAN Providence. R.I. W EAQ Eau Claire. Wis. WEAT W. Palm Beach. Fla. WEAV Plattsburg, N.Y. WEAW Evanston. III. WEBB Baltimore, Md. WEBC Duluth. Minn. WEB1 Brewton, Ala. WEBO Owego, N.Y. WEBQ Harrisburg. Ill. WEBB Buffalo. N.Y. WERY Milton. Fla. WECL Eau Claire. Wis.

    WEGO Concord. N.C.

    WEHH Elmira Heights Horseheads, N. Y. W EIC Charleston, III. W

    EIM Fitchburg.

    Mass,

    WEIR Weirton, W.Va, WEIL Scranton, Pa. W EKR Fayetteville. Tenn. WEKY Richmond. Ky, WEKZ Monroe, Wis. WELB Elba, Ala. WELC Welch, W.Va. W ELD Fisher, W.Va. W ELE S. Daytona. Fla.

    WELT New Haven, Conn. WELK Charlottesville. Va. WELL Battle Creek. Mich.

    WELM Elmira, N.Y. WELD Tupelo, Miss.

    WELP WELR WELS WELY WELZ WEMB WEMP WENA

    Easley. S.C. Roanoke, Ala. Kinston, N.C.

    Ely, Minn. Belzoni, Miss. Erwin, Tenn. Milwaukee. Wis. Bayamon, P.R. WENC Whiteville, N.C. WEND Baton Rouge. La.

    WENE Endicott, N.Y. WENK Union City. Tenn. WENN Homewood. Ala. W ENO

    Madison. Tenn.

    1

    WEWO Laurinburg, N.G. WEXL Royal Oak, Mich. WLYE Sanford. N.C. WEZB Bessemer, Ala, I 190 WEZE Boston, Mass. Williamsburg, Ky, I 240 WEZ.' 800 WEIL Richmond, Va. 14 00 WEIN Elizabethtown, Pa. 250 WEZY Cocoa, Fla. 9 80 WFAA Dallas, Tex. 570, 12 70 WFAH Alliance, Ohio I

    1

    I

    280 340 280

    I

    40 9 90 14 00 14 90 13 70

    13

    I

    0

    1490 540 1560 1050

    800 1470 1390 790 790 8a0 9 60 13 30

    1570

    850 230 410 590 2 70 2 80 430 630 240 3`6',3

    350 ISO

    690 590 960 010

    400 400 580 360 360 010 450 460 420 250 560

    Leland. Miss,

    Johnson City. Tenn. Gadsden. Ala.

    WETU Wetumpka. Ala. 182

    770

    80

    O

    340

    90 4 50 2 60 4 40 5 90 6 00 4 80 8 20 3 IU 4 70 2 36 3 40 2 20 3 30 3 40 3 90 2 60 3 00 2

    WEAR Farrell. Pa. WEAS While Plains, N.Y. WFAU Augusta, Me. WFAX Falls Church, Va, WFBC Greenville, S.C. WFBG Altoona, Pa. WFBL Syracuse. N.Y. WFBM Indianapolis, Ind, WFBR Baltimore, Md, WEBS Ft. Walton Bch., Fla. 9 5U WFDF Flint, Mich. 9 10 WFDR Manchester, Ga. 13 70 WFDT St. Helen, Mich. 15 90 WFEA Manchester, N.Y. 13 70 WFEB Sylacauga, Ala. 13 40 WFEC Miami. Fla. 12 20 W FGM F itchburg, Mass. 96 0 WFGN Gaffney, S.C. 15 70 WFHG Bristol, Va. 9 80 WFHI( Pell City, Ala. 143 WFH R Wis. Rapids, Wis. 13 40 WFIG Sumter, S.C. 12 90 WEIL Philadelphia. Pa. 560

    WFIN Findlay. Ohio W EIS Fountain Inn, S.C. W F I W Fairfield. Ill. WF KN Franklin, Ky. W FKY Frankfort, Ky. W

    F

    LA Tampa, Fla.

    WFLB Fayetteville. N.C. WFLN Philadelphia, Pa. W FLO Farmville, Va. WFLK Dundee, N.Y. WI LW Monticello, Ky, WFMC Goldsboro, N.C. WFMD Frederick. Md. WFMH Cullman, Ala. WFMJ Youngstown. Ohio WFMD Fairmont, N.C. WFMW Madisonville, Ky. WFNC Fayetteville, N.C. W FNS Burlington, N.C. WFOB Fostoria. Ohio WFOM Marietta, Ga. WFOR Hattiesburg, Miss. WFOX Milwaukee. Wis. WFOY St. Augustine, Fla. W F PA Fort Payne, Ala. WFPG Atlantic City. N.J. WFPM Fort Valley. Ga. WFPR Hammond, La. W FRA Franklin. Pa. WFRB Frostburg, Md. W F RC Reidsville. N.C. W FRL Freeport. Ill. W FRM Coudersport, Pa. WFRO Fremont. Ohio WE RX West Frankfort, III. WFSC Franklin, N.C. W FST Caribou, Maine

    WFTC Kinston, N.C. WFTG London. Ky, WFTL Ft. Lauderdale, Fla, WFTM Maysville, KY. WFTR Front Royal, Va. WFTW Ft, Walton Beach. Florida 220 W FUL Fulton. Ky. 390 WFUN Huntsville. Ala.

    133 U 1000 1390 1220 1490

    970 1490

    900 870 1570 1360 730 930 1460 1390 860 730 1390 1150 1430 1230 1400 800 1240 1400 1450 1150 1400 1430 740 1600 1570 600 900 1300 1050 600 960 1400 1400 1240 1450

    1580 790

    WWI

    Scranton. Pa. WGBR Goldsboro, N. C.

    930 WGBS Miami, Fla. 1250 WGCB Bed Lion. Pa.

    WHITE'S HADIO LOG

    WGCD Chester. S.C. WGCM Gullpurt, Miss. WGEA Geneva, Ala.

    Location Indianapolis, Quincy, Ill.

    Chicago.

    Ind.

    Ill,

    Gettysburg, Pa. Beloit, Wis. Covington. Ga. Gainesville, Ga. WGGG Gainesville. Fla. WGGH Marion, Ill. WGGO Salamanca, N.Y.

    Newport News, Va, WGHM Skowegan, Maine WGHN Grd. Haven, Mich. WGH

    WGHQ Saugerties, N.Y. WGIG Brunswick, (la. WGIL Galesburg, III. WGI B Manchester, N.H. WGIV Charlotte, N.C. WG KA Atlanta, Ga, WGKV Charleston, W.Va. WGL Fort Wayne. Ind. WGLC Centreville, Miss, WGLI Babylon, N.Y. WGMA Hollywood, Fla. WGMS Washington, D.C. WGN Chicago, Ill. WGNI Wilmington, N.C. WGNS Murfreesboro, Tenn. WGNY Newburgh, N.Y. WGGG Walhalla, S.C. WGOH Grayson, Ky, WGOK Mobile. Ala. WGOL Goldsboro, N.C. WGOR Georgetown, Ky. WGOV Valdosta, Ga. WCPA Bethlehem, Pa. WGPC Albany, Ga. WGR Buffalo, N.Y.

    WGRA Cairo, Ga. WGRC Green Cove Springs. Florida WGRD Grand Rapids. Mich, WGRF Aguadella, P.R. WG R M Greenwood,

    M iss.

    WGRO Lake City. Fla. WGRV Greeneville, Tenn. WGRY Gary, Ind. WGSA Savannah, Ga. WGSM Huntington, N.Y. WGSR Millen, Ga. WGST Atlanta, Ga. WGSV Guntersville, Ala. WGSW Greenwood, S.C. WGTA Summerville, Ga. WGTC Greenville, N.C. WGTL Kannapolis, N.C. WGTM Wilson, N.C. WGTN Georgetown, S.C. WGTO Cypress Gardens, Fla, WGUN Decatur. Ga. WGUS North Augusta, S.C. WGUY Bangor, Maine WGVA Geneva. N.Y. WGVM Greenville, Miss. WGWC Selma, Ala. WGWR Asheboro, N.C. WGY Schenectady, N.Y. WGYV Greenville, Ala. WHA Madison, Wis. WHAB Baxley, Ga. W HAI Greenfield, Mass. WHAK Rogers City, Mich.

    WHAL Shelbyville, Tenn. WHAM Rochester, N.Y. WHAP Hopewell, Va. WHAR Clarksburg, W.Va. WHAS Louisville, By. WHAT Philadelphia, Pa. WHAV Haverhill, Mass. WHAW Weston, W.Va. WHAY New Britain, Conn. WHAZ Troy, N.Y. WHB Kansas City, Mo. WHBB Selma, Ala.

    1260 W HBC Canton. Ohio 1270 WHBF Rock Island, Ill. 1450 WHBG Harrisonburg, Va. 1570 WHBI Newark, N.J.

    430 W F UR Grand Rapids, Mich. 240 W FVA Fredericksburg, Va. 123, WH BL 320 WFVG Fuauay Sprgs., N.C. 1460 WHBN 430 W F W L Camden, Tenn. 1220 WHBO 34 0 WFYC Alma, Mich. 1280 WH BQ 23 0 WFYI Mineola, N.Y. 1520 WHBT 40 0 WGAA Cedartown, Ga. 1340 WHBU 39 0 WGAC Augusta, Ga. 5880 W HBY 930 Gadsden. Ala. 135 0 WHCC 910 WGAF Valdosta, Ga. 91 0 WHCO

    WENT Gloversville, N.Y. WENY Elmira, N.Y. W EOA Evansville, Ind. W E0K Poughkeepsie, N.Y, WEOL Elyria, Ohio W EPG S. Pittsburgh, Tenn. WEPM Martinsburg, W.Va. 1340 WGAI Elizabeth City. N.C. W ERC Erie, Pa. 1260 Lancaster, Pa. WERD Atlanta, Ga. 860 WEAN Portland. Maine WERE Cleveland. Ohio 1300 WGAP Maryville, Tenn. WFRH Hamilton, Ala. 970 WGAR Cleveland, Ohio WER! Westerly, R.I. 1230 WGAS S. Gastonia. N.C. WERT Van Wert, Ohio 1220 WGAT Gale City. Va. W ESA Charleroi, Pa. 940 WGAU Athens, Ga. W ESB Bradford. Pa. 1490 WGAW Gardner, Mass. WHIG Greenville. S.C. 660 WGAY Silver Spring, Md. WESO Southbridge, Mass. 970 WGHA Columbus. Ga, W ESR Tasley, Va, 1330 WGBB Freeport, N.Y. W EST Easton, Pa, 1400 WGBF Evansville, Ind, WESX Salem. Mass, 1230 WGBG Greensboro, N.C. W F SY W FTR W FTO

    WGEE WGEM 4 20 WGES 6U, WGET 8 60 WGEZ 3 3U WGFS 3 40 WGGA 0

    3

    1

    1360 560 1240 1930 1240 970 1330 1050 W EDC Chicago. III. 1240 WEDO McKeesport. Pa. 810 WEDR Birmingham. Ala. 1220 WEEB Southern fines. N.C. 990 WEED Rocky Mount, N.C. 1390 WEEI Boston, Mass. 590 WEEK Peoria. III. 1350 WEEL Fairfax. Va. 1310 WEEN Lafayette. Tenn. 1460 WEEP Pittsburgh, l'a. 1080

    WEER Warrenton, Va. WEEU Reading, Pa. WEEX Easton. Pa.

    K c. C.L.

    Virginia

    360 WEUC Ponce, P.R. 590 WEUP Huntsville, Ala. 000 WEVA Emporia, Va, I 450 WEVD New York, N.Y. 410 WEVE Eveleth, Minn. 710 WEW St. Louis, Mo.

    Hartford, Conn.

    WDRC WORE WDSC WDSG

    West

    1

    Sheboygan. Wis.

    Harrodsburg, By.

    Tampa. Fla. Memphis, Tenn. Harriman, Tenn. Anderson. Ind.

    Appleton. Wis. Waynesville, N.C. Sparta, III. 5660 WHCU Ithaca, N.Y. 490 WH DF Houghton, Mich, 560 400 220 420 050 340 340 050 270 240 280 400 910

    WH

    Boston, Mass. WHOL Olean. N.Y. WHOM McKenzie, Tenn. D H

    WHEB WHEC WHEE WHEN

    Portsmouth, N.H. Rochester, N.Y.

    Martinsville, Va.

    Syracuse, N.Y. Menmphis, Tenn. WH EW Riveria Beach, Fla. WHEY Millington, Tenn. W H ER

    WHFB Benton Harbor, Mith. WHFC Cicero, III.

    WHGB Harrisburg. Pa. 150 W HGR Houghton L.. Mich. 710 WHHH Warren, Ohio 440 WHHY Montgomery. Ala. 490 WH HM Memphis. Tenn. 240 WHIE Griffin, (la. 150 WHIL Medford, Mass.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Ke. C.L. 590 WHIM 440 WHIN 390 WHIO 450 WHIP 490 WHIR 43U WH IS

    550 230 150

    Location E.

    Providence, R.I.

    Gallatin, Tenn.

    Dayton. Ohio Mooresville, N.C. Danville, Ky.

    Bluefield, W,Va.

    WHIT New Bern, N.C. WHIY Orlando, Fla. WHIZ Zanesville, Ohio WHJB Greensburg, Pa.

    590 310 WHJC 150

    370 920 440 400 610 600 600 300 250

    Matawan, W.Va, WH K Cleveland, Ohio WHKK Akron, Ohio WH KP Hendersonville, N.C. WHKY Hickory, N.C.

    WHLB Virginia, Minn.

    WH LD Niagara Falls, N.Y. WHLF South Boston, Va, WH LI Hempstead, N.Y. WH LL Wheeling. W.Va. W H LM Bloomsburg, l'a. 580 W H LN Harlan, Ky, 290 W H LP Centerville, Tenn. 320 WHLS 570 WH LT 720 W HMA

    Port Huron, Mich, Huntington. Ind, Anniston, Ala.

    1450 WH MI Howell, Mich. 1450 WH MP Northampton, Mass. 1220 WH MS Charleston, W.Va. 1460 WHNC Henderson, N.C. 1370 WHNY McComb, Miss.

    900 WHO

    1300 1580

    950

    Des Moines.

    Iowa

    WHOA San Juan. P.R. WHOC Philadelphia, Miss.

    WH0I( Lancaster, Ohio

    1100 WHOL 1450 WHOM 550 WH 00

    Allentown, Pa. New York, N.Y.

    Orlando, Fla. Hopkinsville, Ky. WHOS Decatur, Ala. 1580 WHOT Campbell, Ohio 1410 WHOU Moulton, Maine 1340 WHOW Clinton, III. 1240 WHP Harrisburg, Pa. 960 WHPB Belton, S.C. 1340 WHPE High Point, N.C. 1370 WH RT Hartselle, Ala. 1400 W H RV Ann Arbor, Mich, 740 WHBW Bowling Green, Ohio 790 WHOP

    1570 920

    W HOC

    WHSM 1270 WHSY 1350 WHTC 950 WHTG 1590 87O

    590 1400 540 1010 1600 1250 1240 1260 1340 1260 810 1380

    Hartsville, S.C. Hayward, Wis, Hattiesburg. Miss. Holland. Mich.

    350 230

    440 450 270 240 620 360 420 640 450 290 490 270 490

    IN

    GOO

    550

    410 570

    450 300 390 350

    400 490 890 250 040 400 490 320 600 480 990 230 800 570 340 520 580

    390 070 860 600 730 450 910 230 450

    410 400 230

    Wausau, Wis. WHV H Henderson, N.C. WHVR Hanover, Pa. WHWB Rutland, Vt.

    230 450 280 000

    WHUN Huntington, Pa. W H VF

    040 WI BW Topeka,

    Kans.

    WIBX Utica, N.Y.

    WICA WICC 910 WICE 330 WICH 710 WICK

    490 480 270 360 280 330 420 050 560 600 240 230 400 230 870 400 850 450 440 750 460 370 620 430 600 220 060 450 400 290 440 440 340 320 430

    I10 010 290

    Eatontown. N.J. WH UD Cookeville, Tenn. WHUC Hudson, N.Y. WHUM Reading, Pa.

    WHYE Roanoke, Va. WHYL Carlisle, Pa. WHYN Springfield, Mass. WHYS Ocala, Fla. WIAC San Juan, P.R. WIAM Williamston, N.C. 970 WIBA Madison, Wis, 1260 WIBB Macon, Ga. 1240 WIBC Indianapolis, Ind. 960 WIBC Philadelphia, Pa, 1400 WIBM Jackson, Mich. 1180 WIBR Baton Rouge, La. 1340 WIBU Poynette, Wis. 1340 WI BV Belleville, III. 1340 1490 980

    Ke,

    WICO W ICU

    WICY WIDE WIDU WI EL

    Ashtabula, Ohio Bridgeport, Conn. Providence, R.I. Norwich, Conn. Scranton, Pa. Salisbury, Md. Erie, Pa. Malone, N.Y. Biddeford. Maine Fayetteville, N.C. Elizabethtown, Ky.

    WIFM Elkin, N.C. WIGht Medford, Wis. WIIN Atlanta. Ga.

    WI KR Iron River, Mich.

    WIKC Bogalusa, La. WIKE Newport, Vt.

    WI KY Evansville. Ind, WI L St. Louis, Mo. W LA Danville, Va. I

    LD Boston. Mass. WI LE Cambridge, Ohio W Willimantic, Conn, WILK Wilkes- Barre, Pa. WILL Urbana, Ill. WI LM W,Imington, Del. WILO Frankfort. Ind. W

    I

    L 1

    WILS Lansing. Mich. WILZ St. Petersburg Beach. Florida WISIA Lima, Ohio WIMO Winder, Ga. WIldS Michigan City, Ind. WiNA Charlottesville, V.I. WING Winchester, Va. WIND Chicago, III. WINE Kenmore, N.Y. WINE Manchester, Conn. WING Dayton, Ohio WINI Murphysboro, 111.

    240

    I50

    910 960 560 1370 580

    900 1310 1280 1070

    990 1450 1300 1240 1260 580

    950 970 600 2911 3111

    400 320 330 4911

    400 600 4011

    540

    490 970 230

    490 490 820

    430 580

    090 270 400 980 Suo 1450 1570 1320

    1590 1150 1300 1420 14011

    1400 5011

    1080 1230 1410 1420

    Location Ke. C.L. Location 1240 WIPS Evansville, Ind. Fort Myers, Fla. Jackson. Miss. 1240 WJQS Louisville, Ky. 1010 WiR Detroit, Mich. Tampa, Fla. 680 WJR0 Tuscaloosa. Ala. Binghamton. N.Y. 1010 WJR1 Lenoir, N.C. New York, N.Y. 1360 WJSB Crestview. Fla. Winter Haven, Fla. 1600 WiS0 Jonesboro. Tenn. Rockville, Md. Miami, Fla. 9 40 WJTN Jamestown, N.Y. 13 60 WJUN Mexico, Pa, WIOD Sanford, Fla. 14 30 WJVA South Bend, Ind. WION Ionia, Mich. 14 80 WJW Cleveland, Ohio WIOS Tawas City, Mich. 13 50 WJWL Georgetown. Del. WIOU Kokomo, Ind. 6 10 WAYS South Hill, Va. WIP Philadelphia. Pa. 12 80 WJXN Jackson, Miss. WIPC Lake Wales, Wales Fla. 940 WJZM Clarksville. Tenn. WIPR San Juan, 12 50 WKAB Mobile, Ala. WIPS Ticonderoga, N.Y. 14 00 WKAI Macomb, Ill. WI RA Fort Pi , Fla. WKAL Rome, N.Y. 6l WIHB Enterprise, Ala. 630 WKAM Goshen, Ind. WIRC Hickory, N.C. 1430 WKAN Kankakee, III. WIRE Indianapolis, Ind. 740 WKAP Allentown, Pa. WIR1 Humboldt, Tenn. WIRK W. Palm Beach, Fla. 1290 WKAQ San Juan, P.R. 12 90 WKAR East Lansing, Mich. WIRL Peoria, Ill. 12 90 WKAT Miami Beach, Fla. WIRO Ironton. Ohio 13 40 WKAY Glasgow. Ky. WIRY Plattsburg, N.Y. 5 60 WKAZ Charleston, W.Va. WIS Columbia. S.C. 13 10 WKBC N. Wilkesboro. N.C. WISE Asheville. N.C. 13 10 WKBH La Crosse, Wis. WISH Indianapolis, Ind, 14 80 WKBI St. Mary's, Pa. WISL Shamokin, Pa. 14 80 WKB1 Milan, Tenn. WISM Madison, Wis. II 50 WKBK Keene, N.H. WISH Milwaukee, Wis. 12 60 WKBL Covington, Tenn. WISO Ponce. P.R. 12 30 WKBN Youngstown, Ohio WISP Kinston, N.C. 6 80 WKBO Harrisburg, Pa. WISH Butler, Pa. 9 30 WKBR Manchester, N.H. WIST Charlotte, N.C. 1360 WKBV Richmond, Ind. WISV Virouqua, Wis. 1140 WKBW Buffalo, N. Y. WITA San Juan, P.R. 1230 WKBX Kissimmee. Fla. WITH Baltimore. Md. 1010 WKBZ Muskegon, Mich, WITT Lewisburg, Pa. 980 WKCB Berlin, N.H. WITY Danville, Ill. 990 WKCT Bowling Green. Ky. WITZ Jasper, Ind. 1040 WKDA Nashville. Tenn. W I V I Christiansted, V.I. 860 WKOK Newberry, S.C. WIVK Knoxville, Tenn. 19 70 WKDL Clarksdaie, Miss, WIVV Vieques, P.R. 10 50 WKDN Camden, N.J. WIVY Jacksonville, Fla. 13 40 WKDX Hamlet, N.C. WIZE Springfield, Ohio 1250 WKEE Huntington. W. Va. WIZZ Streator, III. 1400 WKEI Kewanee, Ill. WJAC Johnstown, Pa. 780 WKEN Dover, Del. WJAG Norfolk, Nebr. 1460 WKEU Griffin, Ga. WJA K Jackson, Tenn. 1910 WKEY Covington. Va. WJAM Marion, Ala. 970 WKGN Knoxville, Tenn. WJAN Ishpeming, Mich. 920 W K H M Jackson, Mich. WJAR Providence. R.I. 1320 WKIC Hazard, Ky. WJAS Pittsburgh. Pa. 800 WKID Urbana. Ill. WJAT Swainsboro, Ga. 930 WKIK Leonardtown, Md. WJAX Jacksonville, Fla. 1280 WKIN Kingsport, Tenn. WJAY Mullins. S.C. 1050 WKIP Poughkeepsie, N.Y. WJAZ Albany. Ga. 1290 W K1S Orlando, Fla. WJBB Haleyville, Ala. 1230 WKIX Raleigh, N.C. WJBC Bloomington, III. 1950 WKIZ Key West, Fla. WJBD Salem, Iii. 1500 WKJB Mayaguez, P.R. WJBK Detroit, Mich. 1260 WKJG Fort Wayne, Ind. WJBL Holland, Mich. 1150 WKKO Cocoa, Fla. WJBO Baton Roue, La. 1490 WKKS Vanceburg, Ky. WJBS DeLand, Fla. 1230 WKLA Ludington. Mich. WJBW New Orleans, La. WJCD Seymour. Ind. 1990 WKLC St. Albans, W.Va. 960 WKLE Washington, Ga. WJCM Sebring. Fla. 1300 WKLF Clanton, Ala. WJDA Quincy. Mass. 630 WKLK Cloquet, Minn. WJDB Thomasville Ala. 620 WKLM Wilmington, N.C. WJDX Jackson, Miss, 1470 WKLO Louisville, KY. WJOY Salisbury. Md. WJEF Grand Rapids. Mich. 1230 WKLV Blackstone, Va. 990 WKLX Paris, Ky. WIEN Gallipolis, Ohio 1240 WKLY Hartwell, Ga. WJEJ Hagerstown. Md. 1150 WKLZ Kalamazoo, Mich. WJEM Valdosta, Ga. 1450 WKMC Roaring Sprgs., Pa. WIER Dover, Ohio 1400 WKMF Flint. Mich. WJET Erie, Pa. 1280 WKMH Dearborn, Mich. WJGD Columbia, Tenn. 1580 W KM1 Kalamazoo, Mich. WJHB Talladega, Ala. 910 WKMT Kings Mtn., N.C. WJHL Johnson City, Tenn. 1400 WKNB New Britain. Conn. WINO Opelika. Ala. 740 WKNE Keene. N.H. WJIG Tullahoma, Tenn. 1240 WKNX Saginaw, Mich. W1191 Lansing Mich. 900 WKNY Kingston. N.Y. WJIV Savannah, Ga. 1270 WKOA Hopkinsville, Ky. WJJC Commerce, Ga. 1160 WKOK Sunbury, Pa. W110 Chicago. Ill. 1440 WKOP Binghamton. N.Y. WJJL Niagara Falls, N.Y. 1490 WKOV Wellston, Ohio WJJM Lewisburg. Tenn. 1600 WKOW Madison, Wis. WJKO Springfield, Mass. 1400 W KOX Framingham, Mass, WJLB Detroit, Mich. 1400 WKOY Bluefield, W.Va. WILD Homewood. Ala. 1910 WKOZ Kosciusko. Miss. WILK Asbury Park. N.J. 560 WKPA New Kensington, Pa. WJLS Beckley, W.Va. 1340 WKPT Kingsport. Tenn. WIMA Orange, Va. 1340 WKRC Cincinnati, Ohio W 1 M B Brookhaven, Miss. 1240 WKRK Murphy, N.C. WING Rice Lake Wis. 1540 WKRG Mobile, Ala. WJMJ Philadelphia, Pa. WJMO Cleveland Hgts.. Ohio 1490 WKRM Columbia, Tenn. 990 WKRO Cairo, III. WJMR New Orleans, La. 630 WRRS Waukegan, III. WJMS Ironwood, Mich. 7 30 WKRT Cortland. N.Y. WJMX Athens, Ala. 9 70 WKRZ Oil City, Pa. WJMX Florence. S.C. 240 WKSB Milford. Del. WING Jacksonville, N.C. WINO W. Palm Beach. Fla. 230 W KSK W. Jefferson. N.C. 290 WKSR Pulaski, Tenn. WJOB Hammond, Ind. WJOC Jamestown, N.Y. 340 WKST New Castle, Pa. 570 WKTC Charlotte, N.C. W10E Ward Ridge. Fla. W101 Florence. Ala. 340 WKTF Warrenton. Va. 340 WKTG Thomasville. Ga. WJOL Joliet, Ill. 240 WKTL Sheboygan. Wis. WJON St. Cloud, Minn. 260 WKTM Mayfleld, KY. WJOT Lake City. S.C. 230 WKTQ South Paris. Maine WJOY Burlington, Vt. 450 WKTX Atlantic Beach, Fla. WJPA Washington, Pa. 240 WKTY LaCrosse, Wis. WIPD Ishpeming. Mich. 340 WKUL Cullman, Ala. WJPF Herrin, Ill. 440 WKVA Lewistown, Pa. WJPG Green Bay, Wis. 330 WKVM San Juan, P.R. WIPR Greenville, Miss. C.L.

    WINK WINN WING WINR WINS WINT WINX WINZ

    Xe. C.L. Location WKWF Key West, Fla. WKWK Wheeling, W.Va. WKXL Concord, N.H. WKXV Knoxville, Tenn. WKXY Sarasota, Fla. WKY Oklahoma City. Okla. WKYB Paducah. Ky. WKYR Keyser, W.Va. WKYW Louisville, Ky. WKZO Kalamazoo. Mich. WLAC Nashville, Tenn. WLAD Danbury, Conn. WLAF LaFollette, Tenn. WLAG La Grange, Ga. WLAK Lakeland, Fla. 840 WLAM Lewiston, Maine 15 10 WLAN Lancaster. Pa. 14 50 WLAP Lexington, Ky. 14 60 WLAQ Rome, Ga. 13 20 WLAR Athens, Tenn. 13 20 WLAT Conway, S.C. 5 80 WLAU Laurel, Miss. 8 70 WLAV Grand Rapids, Mich. 19 60 WLAW Lawrenceville, Ga. 14 90 WLAY Muscle Shoals, Ala. 9 50 WLBA Gainesville. Ga. 8 10 WLBB Carrollton. Ga. 14 10 WLBC Muncie, Ind. 14 00 WLBE Leesburg, Fla. 16 00 WLBG Laurens, S.C. 12 20 WLBH Mattoon, III. 250 WLBI Denham Springs. La. 5 70 WLBJ Bowling Green, Ky. 1290 WLBK DeKalb, Ill. 12 40 WLBL Auburndale, Wis. 1490 WLBN Lebanon, Ky. 15 20 WLBR Lebanon, Pa. 12 20 WLBZ Bangor, Maine 8 50 WLCK Scottsville, Ky. 1230 WLCM Lancaster, S.C.

    1330 1400 760 1150 1540 1050 1590 1240 1220 1580 850 900 1370 1450 1400

    Location Kc. Kc. C.L. 1380 1600 WMBG Richmond, Va. 1450 1400 WMBH Joplin, Mo. IIIO 1450 WMBI Chicago, Ill. 900 WMBL Morehead City. N.C. 740 800 930 WMBM Miami Beach, Fla. 1340 930 WMBN Petoskey, Mich. 1340 570 WMBO Auburn. N.Y. 1460 1270 WMBR Jacksonville. Fla. 590 900 WMBS Uniontown, Pa. 790 590 WMC Memphis. Tenn. 570 1510 WMCA New York, N.Y. 260 800 WMCH Church Hill. Tenn. 360 1450 WMCK McKeesport. Pa. 1240 1430 1470 1390 630 1410 1450 1930 1600 1340 1360 1450 1580 1100 1340 790 860 1170

    1220

    1

    1410 1360

    930 1590 1270 620 1250 1960 1240 910 1490 1380 1490 1180 1340 1480 1450 1480 1250

    WLCO Eustis, Fla. WLCS Baton Rouge, La. WLCX LaCrosse, Wis. WLCY St. Petersburg, Fla. WLDB Atlantic City, N.J. 400 WLDS Jacksonville, Ill. 800 WLDY Ladysmith, Wis.

    9 90 12 40 12 40 1600 8 00

    14 50 16 00 14 50 13 40 19 40

    9 70 19 90 1580 13 70 1920 1450 740 8 50 1

    500

    7 10 19 80 8 60 15 70 14 50 19 00 13 70 9 80 12 90 9 So 10 110

    WLEA WLEC WLEE WLEM

    WLET WLEU WLEW WLFA WLFH

    Toccoa. Ga. Erie, Pa. Bad Axe, Mich. Lafayette, Ga.

    WLLH WLLY WLMJ WLNA WLNH WLOA WLOB

    Lowell, Mass. Richmond, Va.

    Little Falls, N.Y. WLIB New York, N.Y. WLIK Newport, Tenn. WLIL Lenoir, Tenn. WLIP Kenosha Wis. WLIS Old Saybrook. Conn. WLIV Livingston, Tenn. WLIZ Lake Worth, Fla.

    WLOD WLOE 440 WLOF 9 80 WLOG 14 70 WLOH 13 70 WLOI I 440 1

    14 70 19 10 19 60 1220

    840 12 90 12 10 14 90 14 80 12 40 19 60 13 30 10 70 11

    90

    12 40 13 50 11

    50

    14 00 5 50 13 90 7 10 13 40 14 90 12 20 9 20 13 40 9 30 16 00 14 20 12 80 13 10 14 20 7 30 9 50 10 50 14 50

    Hornell, N.Y.

    Sandusky. Ohio Richmond. Va. Emporium, Pa. WLEO Ponce, P.R.

    Jackson, Ohio

    Peekskill, N.Y. Laconia, N.H. Braddock, Pa. Portland. Maine

    170

    1420 1450 1310 1590 1230 1190 1270 790 1050 1420 920 1380 1400 1320 1280 1420 1950 1550 1310

    Pompano Beach, Fla. 980 1490 Leaksville, N.C. 950 Orlando, Fla.

    Loan, W.Va. Princeton. W.Va. LaPorte, Ind. WLOK Memphis, Tenn. WLOL Minneapolis. Minn. WLON Lincolnton. N.C. WLOS Asheville, N.C. WLOU Louisville, Ky. WLOW Portsmouth, Va. WLOX Biloxi. Miss. WLPM Suffolk, Va. WLPO LaSalle, Ill. WLS Chicago, III. WLSB Copper Hill, Tenn. WLSC Loris, S.C. WLSD Big Stone Gap, Va. WLSE Wallace, N.C. WLSH Lansford, Pa. WLSI Pikeville, Ky. WLSM Louisville. Miss. WLST Escanaba, Mich. WLSV Wellsville, N.Y. WLTC Gastonia, N.C. WLVA Lynchburg. Va. WLW Cincinnati. Ohio WLYC Williamsport. Pa. WLYN Lynn. Mass. WMAB Munising, Mich. WMAF Madison. Fla. WMAG Forest, Miss. WMAl State College.

    Pa.

    MA K Nashville, Tenn. WMAL Washington. D.C. WMAM Marinette, Wis. WMAN Mansfield. Ohio WMAP Monroe, N.C. WMAQ Chicago. Ill. W

    WMAS WMAX I 600 WMAY 580 WMAZ WMBA 13 40 920 WMBC 8 10 WMBO

    1

    1230 1490 1540 1480 1990 1050 1980 1350 1400 1190 1450 1220

    1400 1570 1220

    1400 1410

    900 1270 600 790 1370

    590 700 1050 1360 1400 1290 860 1450 1300

    630 570 1400 1060

    670 1450 Grand Rapids, Mich. 1480 Macon, Ga.

    Ambridge, Pa. Macon, Miss.

    Peoria, III.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    WMOD Moundsville, W.Va, WMOG Brunswick, Ga. WHOM Hamilton, Ohio

    WMOK WMON WMUP WMOR WMOV WMOX

    Metropolis, 111. Montgomery. W.Va.

    Ocala, Fla. Morehead, Ky. Ravenswood, W.Va, Meridian. Miss.

    WMOZ Mobile, Ala.

    600 220 490

    580 490 920

    980 1930 1490

    .010 1510 1360

    630 1240 1450 1230 1260 1300 1400 1050

    930 1490 800 1590 1940 1140 560 1290 1400 1450 1240 940 1490 1230 1570 1290 1950 1440 1240 14460

    920 730 1230 1470 730 1290 1430 1366 1280 920 1960 1490 1970 1490 1450 920 1340

    900 1930 1360 1240

    960

    1240 WMPA Aberdeen. MIss. 1230 WMPC Lapeer, Mleh. 920 WMPL Hancock. Mich. 1270 WMPM Smithfield. N.C. 680 WMPS Memphis, Tenn. 1450 Williamsport, Pa. WMPT So. 1490 WMRB Greenville. S.C. 1490 WMRC Milford. Mua. WMRE Monroe, Oa. 1490 1490 WMRF Lewistown. Pa. 960 WMRI Marion. Ind. 1490 890 WMRN Marion. Ohio

    Springfield, Mass.

    Springfield, Ill.

    WMCW Harvard, Ill. WMDC Hazlehurst, Miss. WMDD Fajardo, P.R. WMDF Mount Dora, Fla. WMON Midland, Mich. WMEG Eau Gallia. Fla. WMEK Chase City. Va. WMEN Tallah Fla. WMET Miami Beach. Fla. WMEV Marion, Va. WMEX Boston, Mass. WMFC Monroeville. Ala. WMFD Wilmington, N.C. WMFG Hibbing, Minn. WMFJ Daytona Beach, Fla. WM FR High Point, N.C. WMFS Chattanooga, Tenn. WMFT Terre Haute, Ind. WMGA Moultrie. Ga. WMGM New York, N.Y. WMGR Bainbridge. Ga. WMGW Meadville, Pa. WMGY Montgomery. Ala. WMIC St. Helen, Mich. WMID Atlantic City. N.J. WMIE Miami, Fla. WMIK Middlesboro, Ky. WM IL Milwaukee, Wis. WMIN Mpls. -St. Paul, Minn. WhtIQ Iron Mountain, Mich. WMIS Natchez. Miss. WM IX Mt. Vernon, Ill. WMJM Cordele, Ga. WMLF Pineville, Ky. WMLP Milton, Pa. W M LS Sylacauga, Ala. WMLT Dublin. Ga. WMLY Millville, N.J. WMMB Melbourne, Fla. WMMH Marshall, N.C. WMIMN Fairmont, W.Va. WMMS Bath, Maine WMMT McMinnville. Tenn. WMMW Meriden. Conn. WMNA Gretna, Va. WMNB No. Adams, Mass. WMNC Morganton, N.C. WMNE Menomonie. Wis. WMNF Richwood, W.Va. WMNI Columbus. Ohio WMNS Olean, N.Y. WMOA Marietta Ohio

    970

    940 1400 1400 1470

    WMRO Aurora, Ill. WMRP Flint, Mich. WMSA Massena, N.Y. W MSC Columbia. S.C. WMSJ Sylva, N.C. WMSL Decatur, Ala. WMSR Manchester, Tenn. WMST Mt. Starling, Ky. WMT Cedar Rapids, Iowa WMTA Central City. KY. WMTC Vaneleve, Ky. WMTE Manistee. Mich. WMTL Leitchfield. Ky. WMTM Moultrie. Ga. WMTN Morristown, Tenn. WMTR Morristown, N.J. WMTS Murfreesboro, Tenn. WMUS Muskegon. Mich. WM UU Greenville. S.C. WMVA Martinsville, Va. WMVB Millville, N.J. WMVG Milledgeville, Ga. WMVO Mt. Vernon, Ohio WMYB Myrtle Beach. S.C. WMYN Mayodan, N.C. WMYR Ft. Myers, Fla. WNAB Bridgeport, Conn. WNAC Boston, Mass.

    1280 1570 1340 1920 1480 1400 1320 1150 600 1380 730 1340 1580 1300 1500

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    108

    1250

    860 1090 1260 1450 1440 1450 1300 1450 1420 1410

    1450 680

    C.C. Location WNAD Norman, Okia, WNAE Warren, Pa. WNAD Grenada, Miss. W NAH Nashville, Tenn. WNAK Nanticoke. Pa. WNAM Neenah. Wis. WNAR Norristown. Pa. WNAT Natchez, Miss. WNAU New Albany, Miss. WNAV Annapolis, Md. WNAX Yankton, S.Dak. WNBF Binghamton. N.Y, WNBH New Bedford. Mass. WNBP Newburypnrt, Mass. WNBS Murray, Ky. WNBT Wellsboro, Pa. W N BZ Saranac Lake. N.Y. WNCA Siler City, N.C.

    W NCC Barnesboro, Pa. WNCO Ashland, Ohio WNDB Daytona Beach. Fla. W N D R Syracuse. N.Y. WNDU South Bend. Ind.

    WNEB Worcester, Mass. WNEG Taccoa. Ga. WNER Live Oak. Fla. WNES Central City. Ky. WNEW New York. N.Y. W N EX Macon, Ga.

    WNGO Mayfield, Ky. WNHC New Haven, Conn. WNIA Cheektowaga. N.Y.

    WNIK Arecibo. P.R. WNIL Niles, Mich. WNJR Newark, N.J. WNKY WNLC WNLK WNMP

    Neon. Ky. New London. Conn. Norwalk. Conn.

    Evanston.

    Ill.

    WNNC Newton, N.C. WNN1 Newton. N.J. WNNT Warsaw, Va. WNOE New Orleans, La. WNOG Naples, Fla. WNOK Columbia, S.C. WNOP Newport. Ky. WNOR Norfolk, Va. WNOS High Point, N.C. WNOW York. Pa. WNOX Knoxville. Tenn. WNPS New Orleans, La. WNPT Tuscaloosa, Ala. WNRG Grundy. Va. WNRI Woonsocket, R.I. WNRV Narrows, Va. WNSL Laurel, Miss. WNSM Valparaiso- Nikeville,

    WNTA Newark. N.J.

    Florida

    W NUZ Talladega. Ala.

    WNVA Norton. Va. WNVY Pensacola. Fla.

    WNYC New York. N.Y. WNYS Salamanca, N.Y. WN XT Portsmouth,

    WOAt WOAP WOAY WOBS WORT

    Ohio

    San Antonio. Tex. Owosso. Mich. Oak Hill. W.Va,

    Jacksonville. Fla. Rhinelander, Wis.

    WOC Davenport. Iowa WOCB W. Yarmouth, Mass. WOCH North Vernon, Ind. WOHI E. Liverpool. Ohio WOHO Toledo. Ohio WOHP Bellefontaine, Ohio WOHS Shelby, N.C. WOl Ames, Iowa

    WOIA Saline. Mich. Columbia. S.C. Winter Garden, Fla

    WOIC WOKB WOKE WOK K W01(1

    Charleston. S.C. Meridian, Miss. Jackson, Miss. W01(0 Albany, N.Y. WOKS Columbus, Ga.

    WOKY

    Milwaukee, Wis. Alton. III. WOL Washington, D.C. WOLF Syracuse, N.Y. WOLS Florence, S.C. WOMI Owensboro. Ky. WOMP Bellaire, Ohio WONT Manitowoc. Wis. WONA Winona. Miss. WON D Pleasantville. N.I. WO KZ

    WON E WONG WONN WONW WOOD WOOF WOO1(

    Dayton. Ohio Oneida. N.Y. Lakeland, Fla, Defiance, Ohio

    Grand Rapids, Mich, Dothan. Ala. Washington, D.C.

    WOOW Washington. N.C. WOPA Oak Park. Ill. WOPI Bristol, Tenn. WOR New York, N.Y. WORA Mayaguez, P.R. WORC Worcester, Mass. WORD Spartanburg, S.C.

    WORK York. Pa.

    WIIRL Boston,

    Mass.

    Kc. C.L. 640 310 400 360

    Locai;on

    Kt. C.L.

    WOSU Columbus, Ohiu WOTR Corry, Pa. WUTW Nashua. N.H. WOUB Athens. Ohio

    730 WOVE Welch. W.Va. 280 WOW Omaha. Nebr. 110 WOWE Allegan, Mich. 450 WOWI New Albany, Ind. 470 WOWL Florence. Ala. 430 WOWO Ft. Wayne, Ind. 570 WOXF Oxford. N.C. 290 WOZK Ozark. Ala. 340 WPAB Ponce, P.R.

    470 340 490 240 570 950 340 150

    260 490 230 320 250 600 130

    400 320 340 230 230 290 430 480 490 350 590 230 360 690 060 270 230 740 230 590 250 990 450 280 250 380 990 260

    340 970 230 350 230 830 590 260 200 080 860 960 240 420 240 460 490 470 390 730 640 290 470 600 340 450 590 460 340 920 570 450 490 230 490 290 240 570 400 980 600 230 280 300 560 340 310 340 490 490 710 ISO

    310 910

    950 950 010 270 300 490

    WORM WORX WOSC WOSH

    Savannah. Tenn. Madison, Ind. Fulton, N.Y. Oshkosh. Wis.

    184

    WHITE'S RADIO LOO

    Location

    620 WRCO Dalton, Ga. 1370 WRCO Richland. Wis. 900 WRCS Ahoskie, N.C. 1340 WRCV Philadelphia, Pa.

    Kt. C.L.

    Location

    1430 WSKY Asheville, N.C. I45Ú WSLB Ogdensburg, N.Y. 970 WSLI Jackson, Miss. 1060 WSLM Salem, Ind. 1400 WSLS Roanoke, Va.

    Kc. 1230 1400 930 1220

    WRDB Rendsburg, Wis. 610 WRDO Augusta. Maine 1400 WSM Nashville, Tenn. 650 WRDW Augusta. Ga. 1480 WSMB New Orleans, La. 350 WREB Holyoke, Mass. 930 WSME Sanford, Maine 220 WREC Memphis, Tenn. 600 WSMI Litchfield, Ill. 540 WREL Lexington, Va. 1450 WSMN Nashua, N.H. 590 WREM Remsen, N.Y. 1480 WSMT Sparta. Tenn. 050 WREN Topeka, Kans. 1250 WSNJ nr. Bridgeton. N.J. 240 WREV Reidsville. N.C. 1220 WSNT Sandersville. Ga. 490 WPAC l'atchogue, N.Y. WRFB Tallahassee, Fla. 1580 WSNW Seneca Twnshp., S.C. 150 WPAD Paducah, Ky. WRFC Athens. Ga. 960 WSNY Schenectady, N.Y. 240 WPAG Ann Arbor. Mich. WRFD Worthington, Ohio 880 WSOC Charlotte, N.C. 240 WPAL Charleston. S.C. WRFS Alexander City. Ala. 1050 WSOK Savannah, Ga. 230 WPAM Pottsville, Pa. WRGA Rome, Ga. 1470 WSOL Tampa, Fla. 300 WPAP Fernandina Beach, WRGR Starke, Fla. 1490 WSON Henderson, Ky. 860 Florida 1570 W RGS Rogersville. Tenn. 1370 WS00 Slt. Ste. Marie, Mich. 230 WPAQ Mount Airy. N.C. 1400 WSOY Decatur, Ill. 740 WRHC Jacksonville, Fla. 340 WRHI Rock Hill, WPAR Parkersburg, W.Va. 1450 1340 WSPA Spartanburg, S.C. S.C. 950 1220 WSPB Sarasota, Fla. WPAT Paterson, N.J. 450 930 WRIB Providence, R.I. WPAW Pawtucket, R.I. 540 WSPD Toledo, Ohio 550 WHIG Richlands, Va. 370 WRIG Wausau, Wis, 1400 WPAX Thomasville, Ga. WSPN Saratoga Sprgs., 1240 N.Y. 900 1250 WSPR Springfield, Mass, WPAY Portsmouth, Ohio 1400 WRIM Pahokee, Fla. 270 1320 WSPT Stevens Pt., Wis. WPAZ Pottstown, Pa. 010 1370 WRIO Rio Piedras, P.R. WRIP Rossville, Ga, 980 WSRA Milton, WPBC Minneapolis, Minn. Fla. 1490 980 1410 WSRC Durham, N.C. WPCC Clinton, S.C. 1400 WRIS Roanoke, Va. 410 1340 WSRO Marlborough, Mass. WPCF Panama City, Fla. 470 1430 WRIT Milwaukee. Wis. 1390 WSRW Hillsboro, Ohio WPCO Mt. Vernon, Ind. 590 1590 WRIV Riverhead, N.Y. 1400 WSSB Durham. N.C. WPCT Putnam. Conn. 490 1350 W ILI N Racine. Wis. 1320 WSSC Sumter. S.C. WPDM Potsdam, N.Y. 340 1470 WRJW Picayune, Miss, 1450 WSSO Starkville, Miss. 230 WPDQ Jacksonville, Fla. 600 WRKD Rockland, Maine 580 WSSV Petersburg. Va. WPDR Portage, Wis. 240 1350 WRKH Rockwood, Tenn. 1350 WSTA Charlotte Amalie, V.I. WPDX Clarksburg, W.Va. 340 750 WRKM Carthage, Tenn, 1300 WSTC Stamford, Conn. 400 WPEL Montrose, Pa. 1250 WRKT Cocoa Beach, Fla. 1490 WSTK Woodstock, Va. 230 WPEN Philadelphia, Pa. 950 WRLD Lanitt, Ala. WRMA Montgomery, Ala. 950 Eminence, WSTL Ky, 600 WPEO Peoria, III. 1020 1050 WSTN St. Augustine, Fla. 420 WPEP Taunton, Mass. 1570 WRMF Titusville, Fla. 1410 WSTP Salisbury, N.C. 490 WPET Greensboro. N.C. 950 WRMN Elgin, III. WRMT Rocky Mount, WSTR N.C. 1490 Sturgis, Mich, 230 WPFA Pensacola, Fla. 790 1490 WSTS Massena, N.Y. 050 WPFB Middletown, Ohio 910 WRNB New Bern, N.C. 910 WSTU Suart, Fla. 450 WPFP Park Falls, Wis. 1450 WRNL Richmond, Va. 1390 WSTV Steubenville, Ohio 340 W PGC Bradbury Hghts., Md. 1580 WROA Gulfport, Miss. WROB West Pont, Miss. 1450 WSUB Groton, Conn. 980 WPGW Portland, Ind. 1440 420 WPHB Philipsburg, Pa. 1260 WROD Daytona Beach, Fla. 1340 WSUH Oxford. Miss. 1440 WSUI Iowa City. Iowa 910 WPIC Sharon, Pa. 790 W ROK Rockford, III. WROM Rome, WSUN Ga. 710 St. Petersburg, 020 Fla. WPID Piedmont, Ala. 1280 1400 WSUX Seaford, Del. 1280 WPIK Alexandria, Va. 730 WRON Ronceverte, W.Va. 1330 WSUI Palatka, Fla. 800 WPIN St. Petersburg, Fla. 680 WROS Scottsboro. Ala, 1240 WSVA Harrisonburg, Va. 550 WPIT Pittsburgh, Pa. 730 WROV Roanoke, Va. 590 WSVS Crewe. Va. 000 WPKE Pikeville. Ky, 240 WROW Albany, N.Y. 1450 WSWN Belle Glade. Fla, 900 WPKO Waverly, Ohio 380 WROX Clarksdale, Miss. 1460 WSWV Pennington Gap, Va. 1570 WPKY Princeton, Ky. 580 WROY Carmi. III. 1590 WPLA Plant City, Fla. 910 WRPB Warner Robbins, Ga, 1350 WSWW Platteville, Wis. 1310 WSYB Rutland, Vt. 1380 WPLH Huntington. W,Va, 470 WRR Dallas, Tex. 930 WSYD Mt. Airy, N.C. 1300 WPLK Rockmart, Ga. 220 WRRF Washington, N.C. WRRR Rockford, Ill. 1330 WSYL Sylvania. Ga. 1490 WPLM Plymouth, Mass. 390 WRRZ Clinton, N.C. 880 WSYR Syracuse, N.Y. 570 WPLO Atlanta, Ga. 590 WRSA Saratoga Sprgs., N.Y. 1280 WTAB Tabor City, N.C. 1370 WPLY Plymouth, Wis. 420 WRSW Warsaw, Ind. 1480 WTAC Flint, Mich. 600 WPME Punxsutawney, Pa. 540 WRTA Altoona, Pa. 1240 WTAD Quincy, III. 930 WPMP Pascagoula, Miss. 580 WRU F Gainesville, Fla. 850 WTAG Worcester, Mass. 580 WPNC Plymouth, N.C. 470 WRUM Rumford, Maine 790 WTAL Tallahassee, Fla. 1270 WPNF Brevard. N.C. 240 WRUN Utica. N.Y. 1150 WTAN Clearwater, Fla, 1340 WPNX Phenix City. Ala. 460 WRUS Russellville, Ky. 610 WTAD Cambridge, Mass. 740 WPOM Pompano Beach, Fla. 470 WRVA Richmond, Va. 1140 WTAP Parkersburg. W.Va. 1230 WPON Pontiac, Mich. 460 WRVK Mt. Vernon, Ky. 1460 WTAQ LaGrange, Ill. 1300 WPOP Hartford. Conn. 410 WRVM Rochester, N.Y. 680 WTAR Norfolk. Va. 790 WPOR Portland, Maine 490 WRWH Cleveland. Ga. 1380 WTAW Bryan, Tex, 1150 WPOW New York. N.Y. 330 WRWI Selma. Ala. 1570 WTAX Springfield, Ill. 1240 WPPA Pottsville. Pa. 360 WRXO Roxboro, N.C. 1430 WTAY Robinson, Ill. 1570 WPRA Mayaguez. P.R. 990 WSAC Fort Knox, Ky. 1470 WTBC Tuscaloosa, Ala. 1230 WPRC Lincoln, III. 370 WSAI 1360 WTBF Troy. Ala. Ohio 970 WPRE Prairie Du Chien, Wis 980 WSA1 Cincinnati, Pa, 1340 WTBO Cumberland, Md. Grove City, 1450 WPRN Butler. Ala. 220 WSAL Logansport, Ind. 1230 WTCB Flomaton. Ala. 990 WPRT Prestonsburg, Ky. 960 WSAM Saginaw, Mich. 1400 WICH Shawano, Wis. 960 WPRO Providence. R.I. 630 WSAN Allentown, Pa. 1470 WTCI Tell City, Ind. 230 WPRP Ponce, P.R. 910 WSAR Fall River. Mass. 1480 WTCM Traverse City, Mich. 400 WPRS Paris. III. 440 WSAT nr, Salisbury. N.C. 1280 WTCN Minneapolis, Minn. 280 WPRW Manassas. Va. 460 WSAU Wausau, Wis. 550 WTCO Campbellsville, Ky. 450 WPRY Perry. Fla. 400 WSAV Savannah. Ga. 630 WTCR Ashland, Ky. 420 WPTF Raleigh. N.C. 680 WSAY Rochester. N.Y. 1370 WTCS Fairmont, W.Va. 490 WPTR Albany. N.Y. 540 WSAZ Huntington, W.Va. 930 WTCW Whitesburg, Ky. 920 WPTS Pittston. Pa. 540 WSB Atlanta. Ga. 750 WTEL Philadelphia, Pa. 860 WPTW Piqua. Ohio 570 WSBA York. Pa. 910 WTHE Spartanburg. S.C. 1400 WPTX Lexington Pk.. Md. 920 WSBB New Smyrna Beach. WTHG Jackson. Ala. 1290 WPUV Pulaski. Va. 580 Florida 1230 WTH I Terre Haute, Ind, 1480 WPVA Colonial Fights Va. 290 WSBC Chicago. III. 1240 WTHR Panama City Fla. 1480 WPVL Painesville. Ohio 460 WSBS Gt. Barrington, Mass. 860 WTIC Hartford, Conn. 1080 WOAM Miami. Fla. 560 WSBT South Bend. Ind. 960 WTI F Tifton, Ga. 1340 WQBC Vicksburg, Miss. 420 WSCM Panama City Beach. WTIG Massillon, Ohio 900 WQOY Calais, Maine 230 Florida 290 WTIK Durham, N.C. 1310 WQIC Meridian, Miss. 990 WSCR Scranton, Pa. 320 WTIL Mayaguez. P.R. 1300 WQI K Jacksonville. Fla. 280 WSDB Homestead, Fla. 430 WTIM Taylorville, Ill. 1410 WQMN Superior. Wis. 320 WSDR Sterling, Ill. 240 WTII' Charleston. W.Va. 1240 WOOK Greenville, S.C. 446 WSEN Baldwinsville, N.Y. 050 WTIX New Orleans, La. 690 WQSN Charleston. S.C. 45C WSEV Sevierville. Tenn. 930 WTJH East Point. Ga. 1260 WOTE Monroe, Mich, 560 WSFB Quitman. Ga. 490 WTJS Jackson, Tenn. 1390 WOUA Moline, III. 230 WSFC Somerset. Ky. 240 WTKM Hartford, Wis. 1540 WQXI Atlanta. Ga. 790 WSFT Thomaston, Ga. 220 W T K O Ithaca, N.Y.- ' 1470 WOXQ Ormond Belt., Fla. 380 WSGA Savannah. Ga. 400 WTLB Utica, N.Y. i 1310 WQXR New York. N.Y, 50(1 WSGC Elberton. Ga. 400 WTLO Somerset, Ky. 1480 WQXT Palm Beach, Fla. 340 WSGN Birmingham. Ala. 610 WTLS Tallasee, Ala. 1300 WRAC Racine. Wis. 460 WSGW Saginaw. Mich. 790 WTMA Charleston, S.C. 1250 WRAD Radford, Va. 460 WSHE Raleigh. N.C. 570 WTMC Ocala. Fla. 1290 W RAG Carrollton. Ala. 590 WSIC Statesville, N.C. 1400 WTMJ Milwaukee, Wis. 620 WRAJ Anna, III. 440 WSID Baltimore, Md, I010 WTMP Tampa, Fla. 1150 W HA K Williamsport. Pa. 400 WSIG Mount Jackson, Va. 790 WTMT Louisville. Ky, 620 WRAL Raleigh, N.C. 240 WSIP Painisville. Ky. 1490 WTNC Thomasville, N.C. 790 W RAM Monmouth. III. 330 WSIR Winter Haven. Fla. 1490 WINO Orangeburg, S.C. 920 WRAF' Norfolk. Va. 850 ì1V Pekin. 111. 1140 WTNS Coshocton, Ohio 560 WRAW Reading, Pa. 340 WSIX Nashville, Tenn. 450 WTNT Tallahassee. Fla. WRAY Princeton, Ind. WSJC Magee, Miss. 1280 250 WTOB Winston -Salem, N.C. 380 WRBC Jackson, Miss. 300 WSJM St, Joseph, Mich. 1400 W TOC Savannah, Ga. 290 WBHL Columbus, Ca. 600 WTOD Toledo, Ohio 420 WSJS Winston -Salem, N.C. 560 WRC Washington, D.C. 470 980 WSK1 Montpelier- Barre. Vt. 1240 WTOE Spruce Pine. N.C. 1450 WTOL Toledo, Ohlo WRCA New York, N.Y. 600 WSKP Miami, Fla. , 230 1340 590 1580 1570 1240 1190 1340 900 550 1580 1450 1050 730 1450

    -

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    C.L.

    Location

    1240 1500 1490

    980 710 480 570 340 490 290 330 620 400 600

    WTPR Paris, Tenn. WTRA Latrobe, Pa. WTRB Ripley, Tenn. WTRC Elkhart. Ind. WTRL Bradenton. Fla. WTRN Tyrone. Pa. WTRO Dyersburg, Tenn. WTRP LaGrange. Ga. WTRR Sanford, Fla. WTRU Muskegon. Mich. WTRW Two Rivers, Wis. WTRX Flint. Mich. WIRY Troy. N.Y. WTSA Brattleboro. Vt. WTSB Lumberton, N.C. WTS. Hanover- Lebanon, New Hampshire WTSN Dover. N.H. WTSV Claremont, N.H. WTTB Vero Beach, Fla. WTTH Port Huron. Mich. WTTL Madisonville. Ky. WTTM Trenton. N.J. WTTN Watertown. Wis. WTTIt Westminster. Md. WTTS Bloomington. Ind.

    590

    330 980 450 340 400 270 230 490 380 310 920 580 470 370 220 790 490 290

    WTT- Arlington, Fla.

    WTUG Tuscaloosa. Ala. WTUP Tupelo, Miss. WTUX Wilmington. Del. WTVB Coldwater, Mich. WTVL Waterville. Maine WTVN Columbus, Ohio WTWA Thomson. Ga. WTWB Auburndale, Fla. WTWN St. Johnsbury. Vt. WTX L W. Spgfd., Mass, WTYC Rock Hill, S.C.

    590

    490 610 240 570 340 490 150

    WTYM East Longmeadow.

    M ass.

    600 580 340 240 340

    WTYN Tryon, N.C. WTYS Marianna. Fla. WULA Eufaula, Ala. W USI Lockport. N.Y, WUST Bethesda, Md. WVAM Altoona. Pa.

    120

    430 070 740 490 280 490 310

    WVCG Coral Gables. Fla. W VC H Chester. Pa. WVEC Hampton. Va. WVET Rochester, N.Y.

    WVIM Vicksburg. Miss. WVIP Mt. Kisco, N.Y. WVJP Caguas. P.R. WVJS Owensboro. Ky.

    110

    Valdosta. Ga.

    WVLK Lexington. I(y. WVLN Olney. 111.

    WVMG Mt. Carmel. Ill. WVMI Biloxi. Miss. WVNA Tuscumbia. Ala. WVNJ Newark. N.J. WVOK Birmingham. Ala.

    WVOL Nashville. Tenn. WVOP Vidalia. Ga. WVOS Liberty, N.Y. WVOT Wilson, N.C. WVOW Logan, W.Va. WVOX New Rochelle. N.Y. WVPO Stroudsburg. Pa. WVSC Somerset. Pa. WVVW Grafton. W.Va. WWRC Bay City. Mich. WWBD Bamberg. S.C. WWRZ Vineland. N.J. WWCA Gary. Ind. WWCC Bremen. Ga. WWCO Waterbury, Conn. WWDC Washington. D.C. W W GP Sanford. N.C. WWGS Tifton. Ga.

    WWL

    590 740 1360 570 1590 620 690 1470 970 1240 1420 1290 1460 840 990 1260 1250 790 1360 1270 1440 1240 1260 1050 1430 1320

    WWHG Hornell. N.Y. W W I L Ft. Lauderdale. Fla. 1580 WWIN Baltimore. Md. 1400 WWIS Black River Falls. Wis. 1260 W W IT Canton. N.C. 970 W W IZ Lorain. Ohio 1360 WWI Detroit. Mich, 950 WWJB Brooksville, Fla. 1450 Winchester. KY. 1380 WW

    New Orleans. La.

    WWNC Asheville. N.C. WW NH

    N.H.

    Rochester.

    WWNR Beckley. W.Va. W W NS Statesboro,

    WWNY WWOD WWOK WWOL WWON WWPA WWPF WWRI

    Ga.

    Watertown, N.Y. Lynchburg, Va.

    C.L.

    870 570 930 620 240 790 390 480 120 240

    CFCW Camrose, Alta. CFCY Charlottetown. P, E.1.

    WZRO Jacksonville Beach.

    WZYX Cowan, Tenn.

    Florida

    Canada CBA Sackville, N.B. CBAF Moncton. N.B. CBE Windsor. Ont. CBF Montreal, Que. CBG Gander,NOd, CBH Halifax, N.S. CBI Sydney, N.S. CBJ Chicoutimi. Que. CBK Regina. Sask. CBL Toronto, Ont. CBM Montreal, Que. CBN St. John's. NOd. CB0 Ottawa. Ont. CBT Grand Falls. NOd. CBU Vancouver. B.C. CBV Quebec, Que. CBW Winnipeg, Man. CBX Edmonton, Alta. CBXA Edmonton. Alta. CBY Corner Brook, Nod. CFAB Windsor, N.S. CFAC Calgary. Alta.

    CFAM CFAR CFAX CFBC CFBR CFCF

    Altona. Man.

    Flin Flon, Man. Saanich, B.C.

    Saint John, N.B. Sudbury, Ont. Montreal, Que. CFCH North Bay. Ont. CFCL Timmins, Ont. CFCN Calgary, Alta. CFCO Chatham. Ont.

    CFCP Courtenay, B.C.

    Kc.

    Location

    Kc.

    Charlotte. N.C. Buffalo, N.Y. Woonsocket, R.I. 340 Williamsport. Pa. Palatka, Fla. 260 450 W. Warwick. R.I. W W RJ White River June.. Vt. 910 WWRL Woodside. N.Y. 600 450 WWSC Glens Falls, N.Y. WWSR St. Albans, Vt. 420 WWST Wooster. Ohio 960 WWSW Pittsburgh, Pa. 970 W W VA Wheeling, W.Va. 1170 W W W B Jasper, Ala. 1360 W W W F Fayette. Ala. 990 W W W R Russellville. Ala. 920 WWWW Rio Piedras. P.R. 520 Manchester. Ky. 450 WWXL WWYO Pineville. W.Va. 970 WXAL Demopolis, Ala. 400 WXGI Richmond. Va. 950 440 WXLI Dublin. Ga. WXLW Indianapolis, Ind. 950 WXOK Baton Rouge, La. 260 WXRF Guayama, P.R. 590 WXXX Hattiesburg, Miss. 310 WXYZ Detroit. Mich. 270 WYCL York. S.C. 580 WYDE Birmingham. Ala. 850 WYFE New Orleans, La. 600 WYLD New Orleans. La. 940 WYMB Manning. S.C. 1410 WYNG Warwick -East Greenwich, R.I. 1590 WYRN Louisburg, N.C. 1480 WYSE Lakeland, Fla. 1330 WYSR Franklin, Va. 1250 WYTH Madison. Ga. 1250 WYTI Rocky Mount, Va. 1570 WYUO Newport News. Va. 1270 WYVE Wytheville. Va. 1280 WYZE Atlanta, Ga. 1480 WZEP DeFuniak Sprgs.. Fla. 1460 WZIP Covington, KY. 1050 WZKY Albemarle, N.Dak. 1580 WZOB Ft. Payne, Ala. 1250 WZOK Jacksonville, Fla. 1320

    420 580 450

    WVKit Columbus. Ohio W VLO

    Location

    Kc. C.L.

    WTON Staunton. Va. WTCP Washington. D.C. WTOR Torrington. Conn. WTOT Marianna. Fla.

    1010 1440

    1230 630 1380 CF DA Victoriaville. Que. 1340 CFGB Goose Bay. Ntld, CFGP Grande Prairie. Alta. 1050 1230 CFGR Gravelbourg, Sask. CFGT St. Joseph d'Alma, Que. 1270

    910

    CFJC Kamloops, B.C. CFJR Brockville. Ont.

    KL Schefferville, Que. CFLM LaTuque, Que. CF M L Cornwall. Ont. CFNB Fredericton. N.B. CF

    CF NS Saskatoon. Sask.

    CFOB CFOR CFOS CFPA

    Fort Frances, Ont. Orillia, Ont.

    Owen Sound, Ont. Port Arthur, Ont.

    CFPL London, Ont. CFPR Prince Rupert. B.C. CFQC Saskatoon. Sask. CFRA Ottawa. Ont. CFRB Toronto, Ont. CFRC Kingston, Ont. CFRG Gravelbourg. Sask.

    CFRN Edmonton, Alta. CFRS Simcoe, Ont. CFRY Portage la Prairie,

    Man.

    CFSL Weyburn, Sask. CFUN Vancouver. B.C. CFWH Whitehorse, Yukon T.

    CFYK CFYT CHAB CHAD CHAT

    Yellowknife. N.W.T.

    Dawson. Yukon T. Moose Jaw. Sask. Amos, Que,

    Medicine Hat, Alta.

    CH EC Lethbridge, Alta. CH ED Edmonton, Alta. CHEF Granby. Que. CH EX Peterborough, Ont. CH FA Edmonton, Alta. CH FC Churchill, Man. CHGB St. Anne de la Pocatiere, Que.

    CHIC Brampton. Ont. CH LN

    CHLO CH LT

    ML CHNC CH

    CH NO

    CHNS CHO K

    Three Rivers, Que, St. Thomas, Ont. Sherbrooke. Que. Hamilton, Ont. New Carlisle, Que, Sudbury, Ont. Halifax, N.S. Sarnia. Ont.

    CHOV Pembroke, Ont. CHOW Welland. Ontario

    CH RC Quebec, Que. CH RD Drummondville, Que, CHRL Roberval, Que. CH RS St. Jean, Que. CHSJ Saint John. N.B.

    CHUB Nanaimo. B.C. 1070 CH UC Port Hope, Ont. 1300 CHUM Toronto. Ont. 1550 CHVC Niagara Falls. Ont. 690 CHWK Chilliwach. B.C. 1450 CHWO Oakville, Ont. 1330 CIAD Montreal. Que. 1140 CJAT Trail, B.C. 1580 CJAV Port Alberni. B.C. 540 740 940 640 910 990 690 980 990 1010 740 790 1450 960 1290

    590 810 930 550 600 600 580 1060 630 14401

    CJBC Toronto. Ont. CJBQ Belleville, Ont. CJBR Rimouski, Que. COCA Edmonton, Alta. CJCB Sydney, N.S. CJCH Halifax, N.S. CJCJ Woodstock, N.B. CJCS Stratford, Ont. CJDC Dawson Creek, B.C. CJEM Edmundston, N.B. C1 ET Smiths Falls. Ont. CJFP Riviere du Loup. Que. CJFX Antigonish, N.S. CJGX Yorkton. Sask. CJIB Vernon, B.C. CJIC Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. C1 KL Kirkland Lake, Ont. CJLR Quebec. Que, CILS Yarmouth, N. S. MS Montreal, Que. CJMT Chicoutimi, Que, CJNB N. Battleford, Sask. CJNR Blind River. Ont, C1

    CJOB Winnipeg, Man. CJOC Lethbridge, Alta,

    1450 1230 1240 1110 550 1170 800 1570

    560 1230 980 1240 600 560 010 490 710 260 560 570 340

    410 240 340

    230 800 340 270 090 080 450 980 680 1230 1350 1090 550

    680 630 900 610 900 960 1070 1350 1470

    800 1340

    9i0

    1090 1150 1570 1500 1050 1600 1270 1250

    800 610 1240

    860 800 900 930 1270 920 920 1240 1350

    570 630 1400 580

    940 940 1050 560 1060 1340 1280 1420 1460 730

    Location

    Kc.

    St. John's, NOd. Vancouver, B.C. Guelph, Ont,

    1450

    C.L. CJON CJOR CJOY CJQC

    930 600

    Quebec, Que.

    CJRH Richmond

    Hill,

    Ont.

    CWRL Kenora, Ont.

    CJRW Summcrside, P.E.I. MO Sorel, Que, CJSP Leamington, Ont. CJSS Cornwall, Ont. CJVI Victoria, B.C. C KAC Montreal, Que. CKAR Huntsville, Ont.

    CKAR -I Parry Sound, Ont. CI(BB Barrie, Ont. CKBC Bathurst, N.B. CKBI Princo Albert. Sask.

    CKBL Matane, Que. CKBM Montntagny, Que. CKBS St. Hyacinthe, Que. CKBW Bridgewater, N.S. CKCH Hull, Que. CKCI( Regina, Sask. CKCL Truro, N.S. CKCQ Quesnel, B.C. CKCR Kitchener, Ont. CKCV Quebec, Que. CKCW Moncton, N.B. CKCY Sault Ste. Marie. Ont. CKDA Victoria, B.C. CKOH Amherst. N.S. CKOM Dauphin, Man. CKEC New Glasgow. N.S. CKEK Cranbraok, B.C. CKEN Kentville, N.S. CI(EY Toronto, Ont. CKFH Toronto, Ont. CKGB Timmins. Ont. CKGR Galt, Ont. CKJL St. Jerome, Que, CKKW Kitchener, Ont. CKLB Oshawa. Ont. CKLC Kingston, Ont. C K LD Thetford M ines, Que. CKLG N. Vancouver, B.C. CKLN Nelson, B.C. CKLS LaSarre, Que. CKLW Windsor, Ont. CKLY Lindsay, Ont. CKMP Midland, Ont. CKMR Newcastle, N.B. CKNB Campbellton, N.B. CKNW New Westminster,

    British Columbia CKNX Wingham, Ont. GKOC Hamilton, Ont. CKOK Penticton, B.C.

    1340 1310 1220 1240 1320 710 12211

    900 730 590 1340

    950 1400 900 1250 1490 1240 1000

    970 620 600 570 1490 1280 1220 1401)

    1220 1400 730 1230

    570 1350 580 1430 680 1110 900 1320 1350 1380 1230 730 1390 1240 800 910 1230 790 950 980 920

    1150 800 1420 C KO M Saskatoon, Sask. CKOT Tillsonburg, Ont. 1510 630 CKOV Kelowna, B.C. 1340 CKOX Woodstock. Ont. 1310 CKOY Ottawa, Ont. 1380 CKPC Brantford. Ont. 550 CKPG Prince George. B.C. 580 CKPR Fort William. Ont. CKRB Ville St. Georges, Que, 1250 630 CKRC Winnipeg, Man. 850 CKRD Red Deer, Alta,

    CKRM CKRN CKRS CKSA CKSB CKSL CKSM CKSO CKSW

    Regina, Sask, Rouyn. Que.

    980

    1400

    Jonquiere, Que. Lloydminster, Alta. St. Boniface, Man. London, Ont. Shawinigan, Quebec Sudbury. Ont. Swift Current, Sask, C KT B St. Catharines. Ont. CKTR Three Rivers. Que. C KTS Sherbrooke, Que. CKUA Edmonton, Alta. CI
    CKY Winnipeg, Man. CKYL Peace River. Alta. VOAR St. John's. NOd.

    680

    VOCM St. John's, NOd.

    1220

    VOWR St. John's. Nfld.

    590

    IISO 1050 1290 1220 790 1400 610 1150

    900 580 1230 850 710 960 1130 1150 1140 580 630 1230 590 800

    Canadian Short -Wave- Domestic and International Abbreviations: Kc., frequency in kilocycles (to change to megacycles, divide by 1000); C.L., call letters 'Transmitter at Sackville, New Brunswick Kc. 5970 5970 5990 6005 0010 6030 6060 6070 6080 6090 6090 6130

    C.L. Location CON X St. John's, Nlld, CKNA Montreal, Que. CHAY Montreal, Que. CFCX Montreal, Que. CJCX Sydney, N.S. CFVP Calgary, Alta. CKRZ Montreal, Que. CFRX Tnrnnto, Ont.

    CKFX Vancouver, B.C.

    CBFW Montreal, Que. CKOB Montreal, Que,' CHNX Halifax, N.S.

    Kc.

    C.L.

    Location

    CRUX Vancouver, B.C. CHAC Montreal, Que. CBFR Montreal. Que. CKLP Montreal. Que. CBFX Montreal. Que. CHLS Montreal, Due. CBFO Montreal, Que. CK LO Montreal, Que. CHLR Montreal. Que.' CHFO Montreal. Que. 11705 CRFY Montreal. Que. 11705 CKXA Montreal, Oue. GIGO

    6160 9520 9585 9610 9610 9630 9630 9710 9740

    Kc.

    C.L.

    CBFL CHUL CBFA CKRA CKEX CKEX 5090 CKLX 5105 CKUS 1720 1720 1760 1760 1900 1945

    5190 CBFZ 5190 CKCX 5255 CKSR 5275 CKBR

    Location Montreal, Que, Montreal. Que.' Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que.' Montreal, Que.' Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que, Montreal, Que, Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que.' Montreal. Que.' Montreal, Que.

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    Kc.

    C.L.

    Location

    Montreal, Montreal, Montreal. Montreal, Montreal, 21600 CKRP Montreal, 21710 CHLA Montreal, 15320 CKCS 17710 CHSB 17735 CHRX 17820 CKNC 17865 CH YS

    pur.

    Que. Que. Que. Que. Que. Que.

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    185

    World -Wide Short -Wave Stations Most international broadcasting is done within frequency limits agreed upon at international conventions. These frequency ranges are listed here, at the right, expressed both in frequency and by meter bands (wove- length). Not all of the bands are employed at once. In fact, only one or two are usable at any one time. The time of the day and the season for seasons, since the season is opposite in the southern hemisphere) are the two chief determining factors. Broad. casters beaming programs to the U.S. use the best band for the time. Broadcasts not beamed to the U.S., if heard here at all, will be scattered over the bands. low frequencies are better heard at night than by day. High frequencies are better heard in summer than in winter. The symbol

    Kc.

    C.L. Location HIEF Cali. Colombia

    4768 4775 HJGB Bucaramanga. Col. 4783 HJAB Barranquilla, Col.

    4790 4797 4800 4805 4810 4815 4820 4820

    YVQC Ciudad Bolivar. Vt.

    HJFU Armenia, Colombia YVME Maracaibo. Venez. ZYS8 Manaus, Brazil YVMG Maracaibo. Venez. HJBB Cucuta, Col. XEJO Guadalajara,

    YVNB Coro. Venez.

    Mex.

    4830 YVOA San Cristobal, Vez. 4835 HJKE Bogota. Colombia 4840 YVOt Valera. Venez. 4845 CSA93 Pnnta Delgada. Az. 4848 HICF Bucaramanga. Col.

    4850 YVMS Barquisimeto. Vz.

    4855 HJFN Neiva. Colombia 4860 JKL Tokyo. Japan 4860 YVPA San Filipe, Venez. 4865 PRC5 Belem. Para. Brazil 4865 H1FA Pereira, Colombia 4871

    4880 4892 4895 4895 4897 4900 4903 4907 4910

    HJBG Cucuta. Colombia YV KF Caracas, Venez.

    YVKB Caracas, Venez.

    HJCH Bogota. Col. PRF6 Manaos, Brazil VLX4 Perth. Aust. YVQE Ciudad Bolivar. Vz. HJAG Barranquilla. Col.

    YVMM Coro, Venez. JKI Nazaki, Japan 4910 YDB2 Djakarta. Indon, 4915 4915 4917 4917 4930 4940 4940 4945 4950 4951

    4960 4967 4970 4985 4993 5010 5014 5020 5023 5030 5045 5050 5053 5055 5075 5758 5880 5920 5940 5940 5952 5960 5965 5969 5970 5981

    5985 5990 5995 6005 6005

    Accra. Ghana YVKR Caracas, Venez. HI98 Santiago. Dom.Rep. VLM4 Brisbane, Aus. HJAP Cartagena, Col. 11(M Kawachi. Japan YVMQ Barquisimeto. Vz. HJCW Bogota, Col. ZQI Kingston, Jamaica Dakar, Senegal YVQA Cumana, Venez. HJAE Cartagena. Col. YVLK Caracas. Venez. YVMO Barquisimeto. Vz. HIIA Santiago. D.Rep. Grenada. Windward Is. PJC3 Willimstad. Curae. HJFW Manizales, Col. H182 Santiago. D.Rep. YVKM Caracas. Venez. ZYP23 Petropolis. Brazil Y V K D Caracas, Venez. H 12L Ciudad Trujillo. D.R. HJDW Medellin. Col. HJKH Sutatenza, Colom PZHS Paramaribo, Surinam HRN Tegucigalpa. Hond. HRA Tegucigalpa. Hond. Khabarovosk. U.S.S.R. Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    TGNA Guatemala. Guat.

    HJCF Bogota, Colombia Shanghai. China HVJ Vatican City H14T Ciudad Trujillo. D.R. ZFY Georgetown. Br.Gui. Radio Free Europe. Munich. Germany TGJA Guatemala. Guat. H050 Panama, Panama Berlin. Germany H P5K Colon. Panama HJFC Armenia, Colombia GRB London, England OLR2A Prague. Czecho. XE01 Mexico. Mex. PRAO Recife. Brazil HJCX Bogota. Cot. Kiev. U.S.S.R.

    6009 6010 6010 6010 6015 6018 6020 6020 Radio Free Europe.

    Munich, Germany

    6020 KNBH(VOA) Dixon, Calif. 6020 X EUW Vera Cruz, Mex. 6(124

    Brazzaville. Fr.Eq.Africa

    6025 Radio Nederland 6025 HII1 San Pedro. D.R. 6030 Stuttgart, Germany 6030 DZH6 Manila. P.I. 6030 XEKW Morelia, Mex. 6030 HP5B Panama, Pan,

    186

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    5950 ta 6200 kc /s (49 7 100 to 7300 kc /s (4 9500 to 9775 kc /s (3 11700 fo 11975 kc /s (25 15 100 fo 15450 kc /s (19

    meter band) meter band) meter band) meter band) meter bond) 17700 to 17900 kc /s (16 meter band) 2 1450 to 2 1750 kc /s (13 meter band) 1

    1

    denotes stations beaming regular evening broadcasts to the United States. Kc.

    C.L.

    6035 6035 6035 6037 6040 6040 6040 6040 6045 6050 6050 6054 6055

    GWS Londnn. England Monte Carlo, Monaco XYZ Rangoon, Burma San Jose, Costa Rica GSY London. England KCBR Delano. Calif.

    1,060

    6060 6060 6060 6065 6065 6069 6070 6075 6080

    Location

    Tangier. Tangier WLWO Cincinnati. U.S.A. YDF Djakarta. Indonesia HIIN Ciudad Trujillo, D.R. GSA

    London, England

    HJEX Cali, Colombia H ER2 Bern, Switzerland GSX London. England

    KNBH (VOA) Dixon, Calif. Tangier I. Tangier WDSI New York, U.S.A. SBO Motala, Sweden XEXE Mexico City, Mex. JOB Tokyo. Japan GRR London, England

    KGEI San Fran.. U.S.A. Munich Ill, Germany 6081 OAX4Z Lima, Peru 6085 ORU Brussels. Belgium 6085 VP4RD PortofSpain,

    Trinidad

    ZY K2 Recife, Brazil GWM London. England VL16 Sydney, Australia Radio Luxemburg Horby, Sweden Radio Free Europe, Munich. Germany 6095 ZY B7 Sao Paulo. Brazil

    6085 6090 6090 6092 6095 6095 6095 6100 6100 6110 6112 8115 6120 6120 6120 6120 6122 6124 6125 6130 6130 6130 6130 6135 6140 6145

    6147 6150 6150 6160 6160 6160 6165 6165 6167 6170 0170 6170 6170

    HJFI< Pereira, Colombia Belgrade, Yugoslavia WRCA New York, U.S.A. GSL London. England H112 Ciudad Trujillo. D.R. Berlin, Germany HC2FB Guayaquil. Eeua. 2114 Limassol. Cyprus Tangier. Tangier WRCA New York. U.S.A. HPSH Panama. Pan. HRQ San Pedro Sula. Hond. GWA London. England XEUZ Mexico. Mex. Radio Spain COCD Havana. Cuba Port Moresby. New Guinea HIED Cali. Colombia Munich, Germany HIDE Medellin. Col. PRL9 Rio de Janeiro. Br, GRW Londnn, England TGAZ Guatemala. Guat. HI KJ Bogota, Colombia

    Honolulu. Hawaii Munich, Germany GWK London, England H ER3 Bern, Switzerland 4VCM Part -au- Prince, H. Munich. Germany GSZ London. England

    KCBR Delano. Cal-U.S.A. VVKO Caracas. Venez. 6172 ZJM5 Limassol, Cyprus

    6175 6180 6180 6180 0182 6185 6185 6190 6190 6190 6190 6195 6195 6200 6715 6235 6235 6248 6285 6295 6295 6320 6322 6335 6351

    XEXA Mexico. Mex. IRM Mendoza. Argentina Ashkabad. U.S.S.R. GRO London, England

    TGWB Guatemala, Guat.

    KCBR(VOA) Delano. Calif. HJCT Bogota, Colombia Frankfurt. Germany H19T Puerto Plata. D.R.

    WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. WRCA New York. U.S.A. GRN London. England

    Honolulu. Hawaii Paris. France

    SP13 Warsaw, Poland HRD2 La Ceiba, Hond.

    Karachi, Pakistan Budapest. Hungary

    TGTQ Guatemala. Guat.

    OTMI Leopoldville. Belgian Congo TGLA Guatemala. Guat. Baden-Baden. Germany COCW Havana, Cuba TGTA Guatemala, Guat. H RP I San Pedro Sula, Bend.

    6374 CSA2I Lisbon, Port.

    Ic. C.L.

    Kc.

    C.L.

    6405 6450 6632 6660 6758 6790 6830 6870 7105 7112 7120 7135 7135 7145

    TGQA Quezaltenango. Guat, COCY Santa Clara, Cuba

    Location

    7165 7175 7180 7185 7200 7205 7210 7210 7222 7230 7240 7240 7250 7255 7257 7260 7260 7280 7285 7285 7290 7290 7295 7300

    Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    HC2RL Guayaquil. Eeu. BROW Tegucigalpa, Hond. YNVP Managua, Nit, ZJ M6 Limassol, Cyprus 4X821 Tel Aviv, Israel HC4EB Manta, Ecuador Paris, Franco CR4AA Praia, Cape V. Isis.

    GRM London. England BED7 Taipei, Formosa MCM London. England Radio Free Eurnpe Lisbon. Portugal 7150 GRT London. England

    VUD Delhi, India JOA Tokyo. Japan

    GRK London. England GWZ London, England Warsaw, Poland G W L London, England H E13 Bern. Switzerland Budapest. Hungary GSW London, England

    U.S.S.R. Paris, France Moscow.

    GWI London. England Prague.Czechoslovakia JKH Tokyo. Japan GSU London, England Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    GWN London, England JK1 Tokyo. Japan

    TAS Ankara, Turkey Hamburg. Germany VUD Delhi, India Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    7951

    8036 8664 8825 8955 9007 9020 9236 9252 9290

    9535 9535 9540 9540 9540 9543 9548 9550 9550 9550 9550 9555 9555 9560 9560 9560 9560 9560 9565 9565 9570 9570 9570 9570 9570 9570 9580 9580 9585 9590 9590 9600 9600 9600 9600 9605 9605 9605

    Radio Free Europe.

    Munich, Germany 7300 SV02 Athens, Greece 7315 YSO San Salvador, Salv. 7320 7335 7360 7670 7850 7863 7933

    9531

    London, England BEC36 Taipei, Formosa GRJ

    Moscow, U.S.S.R.

    Sofia. Bulgaria

    ZAA Tirana, Albania SUX Cairo, Egypt

    HLKA Pusan,

    S. Korea

    Alicante. Spain FXE Beirut. Lebanon

    CO1 K Camaguey. Cuba

    COCO

    Havana, Cuba

    COKG Santiago, Cuba Voice of Zion, Tel Aviv. Israel COBZ Havana, Cuba COBQ Havana. Cuba Bucharest. Rumania PRN9 Rio de Janeiro,

    Brazil

    LRS Buenos Aires. Arg. OAX4J Lima, Peru COBC Havana. Cuba Madrid. Spain Khabarovsk, U.S.S.R. OTM2 Leopoldville. Belgian Congo 9410 GRI London, England 9440 Brazzaville. Fr. Eq. Africa 9452 LRYI Buenos Aires, Arg. 9316 9340 9363 9369 9380 9400

    9463 TAP Ankara. Turkey 9480 Moscow. U.S.S.R. 9490 KU139 Agana, Guam.

    9500 9504 9505 9505 9510 9510 9515 9515 9520 9520 9520 9520

    XEWW Mexico, Men. OLR3B Prague. Czechn, HOLA Colon, Panama

    9520 9525 9525 9527 9530 9530

    WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A.

    JBD Kawachi, Japan

    YVH1 Barquisimeto. Ven, GSB London, England

    KNBH (VOA) Dixon, Calif TAT Ankara. Turkey Colombo. Ceylon H1 K F Bogota. Colombia OZF Skamlebak. Denmark VLT9 Port Moresby, British New Guinea GW1 London. England

    ZBW3 Victoria. Hong Kong Warsaw. Poland

    Honolulu, Hawaii Manila. Philippines KCBR Delano. Cal.. U.S.A. 9530 WABC New York, U.S.A. 9.530

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    9607 9610 9610 9610 9610 9615 9615 9615 9618 9620 9620 9620 9625 9625 9625 9630 9630 9630 9635 9635 9640 9640 9640 9640 9645 9645 9645 9646 9650 9650 9650 9650

    COCO

    Location Havana. Cuba

    HER4 Bern. Switzerland SBU Stockholm, Sweden Munich. Germany VLG9 Melbourne, Aus. ZL2 Wellington, N. Zeal. XYZ Rangoon. Burma

    XEFT Vera Cruz. Mex. H VI Vatican City Paris, France

    OLR3A Prague. Czecho, Grenada, Windward Is.

    01X2 Pori, Finland XETT Mexico, Mex. JBD2 Kawachl, Japan London. England

    Paris, France WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. WRCA New York, U.S.A. Komsomolsk, U.S.S.R. ZYK3 Recife, Brazil

    Algiers, Algeria

    GWX London, England KCBR(VOA) Delano, Calif. Warsaw. Poland Bucharest. Rumania Rome, Italy GSC London. England

    VLB9 Shepparton, Aus. Madrid, Spain Hilversum, Neth. WABC New York. U.S.A. GRY London, England

    KCBR Delano. Cal., U.S.A. KRCA San Fran.. U.S.A. Leningrad. U.S.S.R. H P51 Panama, Pan, 1KL2 Toyko, Japan Radio Free Europe,

    Lisbon, Portugal Athens, Greece

    VLX9 Perth. Australia ZYC8 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil LLG Oslo, Norway XERQ Mexico. Mex. Voice of Amer.. Tangier VLB9 Shepparton, Aus. WRCA New York, U.S.A. TIDCR San Jose. C.Rica (Nov. to Horby. Sweden Febr. only) Paris. France ZLO Wellington. N.Z. XEBT Mexico, Mex. GWO London, England VP4RD Port- auSpatn.

    Trinidad

    HI KC Bogota. Colombia VUD4 /10 Delhi. India Rome,

    Italy

    Munich. Germany Voice of Amer., Tangier Accra, Ghana West Germany Radio. Cologne OZH2 Manila. P.I. GVZ London. England Karachi. Pakistan LLH Oslo. Norway TIFC San Jose. C.Rica HV19 Vatican City Honolulu, Hawaii Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    Tangier. Tangier

    WOSI(VOA) Brentwood.

    N. Y. 9652 Z1M8 Limassol. Cyprus 9654 OTC2 Leopoldville, Belgian Congo 9655 1K12 Nazaki. Japan 9656 4VEH Cap -Haitien. Haiti 9660 EQC Teheran. Iran 9660 GWP London. England 9660 VLG9 Brisbane. Aus. 9665 HEUS Bern. Switzerland 9668 TGNB Guatemala, Guat. 9670 Munich. Germany 9670 Voice of Amer., Tangier 9670 Moscow. U.S.S.R. 9675 GWT London. England 9675 1083 Tokyo, Japan 9680 Paris. France 9680 XEQQ Mexico, Mex. 9680 VUD Delhi. India 9680 Moscow. U.S.S.R. 9680 Voice of America, tanfiler

    KC.

    C.L.

    Location

    K c.

    9680 VLR9 /VLH9 Melbourne.

    968:i Paris, France

    I

    Australia I I I

    I I

    I I I

    1

    I

    I

    I

    I

    I I I I

    840 LRT Tucuman, Argentina 845 Karachi, Pakistan 847 Paris, France I 850 VLB11 Shepparton, Aus. I 850 ORU Brussels, Belgium I 850 TGNC Guatemala. Goat. Delhi. India I 850 VUDII I 850 LLK Oslo, Norway I 855 DZH9 Manila. Philippines I 855 Radio Free Europe,

    1730 1735 1735 1735 1740 1740 1740 1742 1750 1755 1740 1760 1760 1760

    ZJM7 Limassol. Cyprus HE15 Bern. Switzerland Athens. Greece PRLS Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Radio Portugal OTM4 Leopoldville,

    Belgian Congo ORY2 Brussels, Belgium

    Hilversum, Nether. C1E1173 Santiago, Chile ISED6 Taipei. Formosa

    LKQ Frederikstad, Nor.

    Radio Free Europe. Ger. Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    Warsaw. Poland WRUL Boston. U.S.A. CE1174 Santiago. Chilo GSD London. England Radio Portugal Moscow. U.S.S.R OLR4B Prague, Camillo. Voice of America, Tangier

    VLAII / VLRII

    Sheppartnn. Aus.

    VUD7 /II Delhi, India CR7BH Lourenco Marques. Mozambique 1770 GVU London, England 1760 1704

    1770

    I

    1

    I

    YDE /YDF7 Djakarta. Indonesia

    1775 Radio Poland 1780 BBC London, England 1780 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 1780 XEQH Mexico, D.F. 1780 ZL3 Wellington, N.Z. 1790 WDSI(VOA) New York 1790 GWV London. England 1790 VUD Delhi, India 1790 WRUL Boston. U.S.A. 1790 Voice of America, Tangier

    1170

    875 875 I 880 I 880 I 880 I I

    CSA92 PontaDelgada,Azores Peking, China ZNX52 Barbadoes, B.W.I.

    1720 1724 HNG Baghdad, Iraq 1725 COCY Havana. Cuba 1730 (1VV London. England 1730 I(GEI San Fran.. U.S.A. 173(1

    Lisbon, Portugal

    860 GSE London, England 860 KWID San Fran., U.S.A. I 865 CRORA Luanda. Angola I 865 H ER5 Bern, Switzerland I 870 Munich, Germany 870 I(NBH San Fran., U.S.A. I 870 Voice of America, Tangier I

    Brazzaville, Fr, Eq. Africa SUV Cairo, Egypt Paris, France PSH Rio de Janeiro, Brazil XRRA Peiping. China SDB2 Motala, Sweden CSA29 Lisbon, Portugal

    VUD5/7 Delhi. India WLWO Cincinnati. U.S.A.

    835 CXAI9 Montevideo. Uru. 835 Prague, Czechoslovakia 840 VLW I I Perth. Australia 840 OLR4A Prague, Czecho.

    I

    Monte Carlo, Monaco GRH London, England Budapest, Hungary COBL Havana, Cuba YDF8 Djakarta, Indonesia GRU London. England

    Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    U.S.A. 830 WDSI(VOA) New York. U.S.A.

    I

    Italy

    Voice of America. Tangier

    (Morning program) Warsaw. Poland GSN London. England XEBR Hermosillo, Mex. JKI6 Tokyo, Japan Moscow. U.S.S.R. ZY K3 Recife, Brazil FZS4 Saigon. Fr.lndo -C.

    I

    Marques. Moz. TGWA Guatemala, Guat. London, England ORU Brussels, Belgium PRL4 Rio de Jan., Brazil

    HJCQ Bogota, Colombia GRU London, England Peking. China HPSA Panama. Panama GVW London, England Paris, France 10A4 Tokyo. Japan SBP Motala. Sweden

    -

    Moscow, U.S.S.R. (except Radio Sweden Nov. to Febr.)

    1

    Quito, Ecuador

    Tangier, Morocco Peking. China Leningrad. U.S.S.R. All India Radio, Delhi Peking, China Bangkok. Thailand

    815 820

    I

    9745 ORU Brussels, Belgium 9760 CR7BE Laurence

    1027 1090 1455 1475 1513 1515 1630 1640 1650 1670 1680 1680 1685 1695 1700 1702 1705 1705 1710 1710 1710 1710 1714 1715 1718 1720 1720 1720

    GWH London, England Brussels, Belgium

    820 825 I 825 I 825 I 830 Moscow. U.S.S.R. I 830 I 830 Voice of America, Tangier 830 WBOU(VOA) New York.

    CSA27 Lisbon. Portugal

    Rome,

    YDF3 Djakarta, Indonesia WRUL Boston, U.S.A. Radio Pakistan. Karachi ELWA Monrovia, Liberia JK14 Tokyo. Japan

    810 Rome. Italy 810 VLAII Shepparton, Aus.

    I

    9745 HCJB (Missionary Station).

    9765 9770 9770 9770 9780 9785 9825 9833 9833 9865 9915 9966 0058 0195 0220 0258 0780

    Location Cologne

    795 795 795 795 800 800 800 810 810

    I

    9685 WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. 96911 LRA Buenos Aires, Arg. 9690 GRX London, England 969(1 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 9690 Singapore, Malaya 9695 J1(M2 Kawachi, Japan 9700 GWY London. England 9700 WDSI New York, U.S.A. 9700 Sofia. Bulgaria 9700 Voice of America, Tangier 9700 WLWO Cincinnati. U.S.A. 9700 KCBR Delano, Cal., U.S.A. 9700 FZF6 Ft. de France. Mart. 97111 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 9710 Dakar, Fr. W. Africa 9710 YDF6 Djakarta, Indonesia 9710 Rome, Italy 9715 Cairo, Egypt 9716 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 9717 Radio Free Europe, Ger. 9720 PRL7 Rio de Janeiro. Brazil 9730 French Equatorial Africa 9730 Nanking, China 9730 DZH7 Manila, P.I. 9730 Leipzig, Germany 9735 H 12T Ciudad.Trujillo, D.R. 9741

    C.L.

    795 West Germany Radio.

    880 880 880 880 885 I 890 I 890 I 890 890 895 I 895 I 895 19 00 I 900 900 I I I I I

    1

    1

    1

    WRUL Boston. U.S.A.

    0 LR4C Prague. Czecho,

    Radio Portugal

    Moscow, U.S.S.R. LRS Buenos Aires, Arg.

    VLGII / VLHII

    Melbourne. Aus. Horby. Sweden

    XEHH Mexico. Mex.

    GRE London. England

    SBP Stockholm, Sweden AP K3 Karachi. Pakistan Moscow, U.S.S.R. C.WW London, England KZFJ Manila. P.I. WBOU New York, U.S.A. FHE3 Dakar, Fr.W.At. Radio Portugal Manila, Philippines CEI 190 Valparaiso, Chile CXAIO Montevideo, Uru. HCJB Calvary Radio

    Ministry

    900 XEXE Mexico City. Men.

    I

    Radio Netherlands Damascus. Syria HCJB Quito. Ecuador Radio Portugal BED4 Taipei, Formosa FZS4 Saigon. Vietnam GVX London. England

    19 60

    Moscow, U.S.S.R.

    1

    1

    1

    I

    1

    Rome.

    Italy

    900 910 910 915 915 915 I 915 918 19 24 I 930 19 35 I 937 950 1

    1

    Budapest. Hungary

    Karachi. Pakistan

    Warsaw, Poland Bucharest. Rumania Radio Netherlands 19 50 YSAX San Salvador. Sall/. 19 55 GVY London. England 1

    964 Lisbon. Portugal 970 Brazzaville, F r. Eq. Africa 72 TIHH San Jose. C. Rica I 975 Colombo, Ceylon 19 80 Mnsenw, U.S.S.R. i I

    CSA32 Lisbon, Portugal CE1180 Santiago. Chile 2n 40 GRV London. England 20 95 GRF Lnndnn. England 19 95 19 98

    TFJ Reykjavik, Ireland Radio Moscow 46 90 PSF Rio de Janeiro. Brazil 50 50 ETAA Addis Ababa, Eth. 50 50 V3USE Forest Side. 21 75 4 492

    50 GO

    Mauritius

    Peking, China .g 70 GWC London, England 50 95 HVJ Vatican City 51 00 CSA39 Lisbon, Portugal 51 00 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 51 00 EPB Teheran. Iran 51 05 KGEI San Fran., U.S.A. 51 05 OAX4X Lima, Peru 51 10 51 10 51 15 51 20 51

    GWG London. England

    Moscow. U.S.S.R. HCJB Quito. Ecuador Colombo. Ceylon 20 Moscow, U.S.S.R.

    Location

    Kc.

    C.L.

    5120 5120 5125 5130 5130 5130 5130 5130

    Rome.

    5135 5135 5140 5150 5145 5150 5150 5155 5156 5160 5160 5160 5165 5165 5170 5170 5170 5175 5180 5180 5180 5190 5190 5195 5200 5200

    Radio Japan. Tokyo S PRB23 Sao Paulo. Brazil USF London, England YDC Djakarta, Indonesia ZYK2 Recite. Brazil OAX4R Lima, Peru

    Italy

    5

    Warsaw, Poland CSA36 Lisbon, Portugal Voice of America. Tangier

    WABC New York. U.S.A. WLWO Cincinnati. U.S.A. KCBR(VOA) Delano, Calif. WBOU Bound Brook, N. J., U.S.A.

    CEI515 Santiago, Chile SBT Motala, Sweden ZYB9 Sao Paulo. Brazil VUDS /7 Delhi. India VLBIS Shepparton, Aus. TAU Ankara. Turkey WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. ZYN7 Fortaleza, Brazil

    LKV Oslo, Norway

    TGWA Guatemala, Guat, Moscow.U.S.S.R. LLM Oslo. Norway GSO London. England Moscow, U.S.S.R. OZH2 Shamlebak, Den. VUDS/Il Delhi. India 01X4 Pori, Finland TAQ Ankara, Turkey Moscow. U.S.S.R. VLA I5 /VLCIS

    Shepparton, Aus.

    5205 XESC Mexico. Mexico 5205 Voice of America, Tangier 5210 Munich, Germany 5210 G W U London, England 5210 WBOU(VOA) New York. 5210 5220 5220 5225 5228 5231)

    U.S.A. VLGI5 Melbourne. Aus. Hilversum, Neth. ZLIO Wellington. N.Z. JBD3 Kawachi, Japan Komsomolsk. U.S.S.R. GWD London, England

    5230 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 5230 OLHSA Prague. Czecho. 5230 VLH15 Melbourne, Aus.

    5230 5235 5235 5240 5240 5240 5240 5240 5240 5250 5250 5250 5250 5260 5260 5270 5270 5270

    WRUL Boston. U.S.A. BEDS Taipei. Formosa JOBS Tokyo, Japan

    Radio China (Canton) Belgrade, Yugoslavia

    5270 5280 5280 5280 5280 5285

    KRCA San Fran., U.S.A. Paris, France VLHI5 Melbourne. Ans. WLWO Cincinnati. U.S.A. Bucharest. Rumania Voice of Amer., Manila. P.1. WLWO Cincinnati. U.S.A. Voice of Amer.. Tangier GS! London. England Karachi. Pakistan KCBR Delano, Cal., U.S.A. Munich, Germany WBOU(VOA) New York, U.S.A. Sverdlovsk. U.S.S.R. Munich. Germany ZL4 Wellington. N.Z. Moscow. U.S.S.R. Voice of Amer., Tangier CR7BG Lourenco

    5285

    WBOU(VOA) New

    5285 5290 5290 5295 5300 5300 5300 5305 5305 5310 5310 5320 5320 5320 5325 5330 5330 5330 5335 5330 5340 5340 5340 5345 5345 5347 5350 5350 5350 5350 5352 5360 5360 5364 5365 5390 5390 5400 5400

    K c.

    Marques. Mnzambique Y ork.

    U.S.A. WRUL Boston. U.S.A. LRU Buenos Aires, Arg. VUD5 /9 Delhi. India

    Voice of Amer., Tangier

    DZH8 Manila, P.I.

    GWR London. England Singapore, Malaya HERB Bern. Switzerland RV97 Novosibirsk. U.S.S.R. KCBR Delano. Calif. GSP London. England VLGI5 Melbourne, Aus. Moscow, U.S.S.R. OLRSB Prague, Czech, Rome, Italy KLEI San Fran., U.S.A. Sofia. Bulgaria

    WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. Brussels. Belgium Karachi, Pakistan Moscow, U.S.S. P. KCBR Delano, C.J., U.S.A. Voice of Amer., Tangier Athens, Greece Formosa Radio LRA Buenos Aires, Arg. Paris. France WRUL Bustun, U.S.A. W LWO Cincinnati. U.S.A.

    VUDB Delhi. India Radio Luxemburg

    5405 5410 5420 5420 5425

    5 435 5 440 5 445 5 450 S 595

    620 880 700 7 710 7 715 7 720 7 730 7 750 7750 7760 7 760 7770 7 770 7 770 7770 7775 7780 7 780 7 780 7 784 7 785 7 790 7795 7 800 7800 7 800 7 800 7 800 7 800 7 800 7 804 7 805 7 810 7 810 7 810 7 815 7 820 7 825 7 825 7 825 7 830 7 830 5 5 7

    835 7 840 7 840 7 840 7 840 7 840 7 850 7 860 7 065 7 870 7 890 7

    7

    910

    8 250

    8 450

    ZYC9 Rio de Jan., Brazil Radio Netherlands Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    Radio China

    Rome,

    Italy

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    (Canton)

    .

    Paris, France

    Location

    20 088

    W. Germany PZC Paramaribo, Surinam Moscow, U.S.S.R. Paris, France

    Brazzaville, Fr.Equat.Alrica Radio Netherlands GWE London. England

    U.S.S.R.

    Moscow,

    Radio Netherlands GRD London, England Brazzaville, Fr. Eq.Africa Madrid, Spain Peking. China GVP London, England WRUL Boston, U.S.A. GRA London, England LRAS Buenos Aires, Arg. GVQ London. England WRUL Boston, U.S.A. Rome,

    Italy

    WGEO Schenectady, U.S.A.

    VUD Delhi. India KCBR Delano. Cal., U.S.A.

    Italy

    Rome,

    Voice of America, Tangier Radio Sweden, Stockholm

    Hilversum, Netherlands VUD /10/11 Delhi, India WBOU New York, U.S.A. Voice of Amer., Manila, P.I. H ER7 Bern, Switzerland

    l0A

    GSG

    Tokyo, Japan London, England

    WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. KNBH San Fran., U.S.A. WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A.

    Radio Australia, Melbourne Radio Poland K RHO Honolulu, Hawai Stockholm, Sweden

    01X5 Pori, Finland

    Italy DI16 Manila, P.I. Rome.

    Formosa Radio GSV London. England Moscow,

    U.S.S.R.

    WRUL Boston, U.S.A. Colombo. Ceylon LLN Oslo. Norway

    TAV Ankara, Turkey Radio Japan, Tokyo Moscow, U.S.S.R. WDSI (VOA) New

    Karachi. Pakistan

    York, U.S.A.

    Radio Sweden

    Brazzaville, Fr. Eq.Africa Moscow, U.S.S.R. VLCI7 Shepparton, Aus. HVJ Vatican City Paris, France ORU3 Brussels. Belgium Damascus, Syria CSA44 Lisbon, Portugal HCJB (Missionary Station) Quito, Ecuador Grenada. Windward Is. TFTO Paris, France United Nations Radin, Geneva. Switzerland Moscow, U.S.S.R. KNBH (VOA) Dixon, Calif,

    21 460 21 470 GSH London, England 21 480 Hilversum. Netherlands 21 490 Paris. France 21 500 WRCA New York. U.S.A. 21 510 VUD5 Delhi, India 21 520 HERO Bern, Switzerland 21 520 WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A. 21 530 GSJ London, England 21 540 VLB2 Shepparton. Ails. 21 550 GST London, England 21 560 Moscow. U.S.S.R. 21 560 Rome, Italy 21 570 WDSI(VOA) New York.

    U.S.A.

    21 21 21

    580 Horby, Sweden 590 WGEO Schenectady. N.Y. 610 W LWO (VOA) Cincinnati.

    21

    620 Colombo, Ceylon 640 ()RI London, England 650 WLWO Cincinnati, U.S.A.

    U.S.A.

    21 21 21 21 21 21

    21 21 21

    660 Lisbon. Portugal 670 LIP Oslo. Norway 675 GVR London, England 680 VLC2I Shepparton, Aus 690 Voice of America. Tangier

    Inn VUDIO Delhi. India 710 GVS London, England WBOU(VOA) New Ynrk. U.S.A. 21740 KCBR Delano, Cal., U.S.A. 21 730

    21740 21740 21750 25615 25640

    (GEI

    San Fran., U.S.A. Paris, France GVT London, England 0E138 Linz, Austria HERO Berne, Switzerland

    '25650 DMQ25 Cologne,

    West Germany

    London. England

    Moscow. U.S.S.R.

    C.L.

    405 DMQ15 Cologne.

    25670 25675 25750 26080

    Sweden Radio, Stockholm

    Radio Australia, Melbourne GSQ London, England GSK London, England

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    187

    United States Abbreviations: Location

    C.L.

    Me. Legation

    ALABAMA Albertville

    WAVU -FM

    C.L.

    105.1 106.1

    Boulder

    KRNW

    WSFM

    KLIRFM

    106.9

    WAN

    Homewood Tuscaloosa

    ARIZONA KWJB -FM KBUZ -FM KELE KFCA KFMM

    Globe Mesa

    Phoenix Tucson

    Blytheville Ft. Smith Jonesboro

    88.5

    WDOV.FM WDEL.FM

    Dover

    WJBR

    D. C. WASHFM

    KASU 91.9 Mammoth Springs KAMS 103.9 Washington Pine Bluff KOTN -FM 92.3 Siloam Springs KUOA -FM 105.7

    WFAN WGMS-FM

    CALIFORNIA Atherton Bakersfield Berkeley Claremont Eureka Fresno

    Glendale Long Beach Los Angeles

    KREFM

    102.9

    KSPC '88.9 KRED -FM 96.3 KARM -FM 101.9 KMJ -FM 97.9 KRFM 93.7 KFMU 97.1 KUTE 101.9 KFOX -FM 102.3 KLON 88.1 KNOB 97.9 KABC -FM 95.5 KBCA 105.1 KBMS 105.9 KCBH 98.7 KFAC -FM 92.3 KGLA 103.5 KHJ 101.1

    KMLA 100.3 KNX -FM 93.1 KBIQ 104.3

    KPOLFM

    93.9 94.7 96.3

    KRHM KRKD -FM KUSC 91.5 Marysville

    Ontario

    Riverside Sacramento

    San Bernardino .,an Diego

    KPCS

    KPLI

    KDUO KCRA -FM

    104.1 98.1

    93.5

    Miami Beach Orlando

    Francisco

    97.5

    KGB -FM

    94.1 101.5 105.3

    KSDS '88.3

    KALW 91.7 KCBSFM 98.9 KDFC 102.1

    KSFR

    Jose

    Santa Monica Stoekten West Covina

    97.1 100.3 103.5 107.3

    Elkhart

    WWDCFM

    Hammond

    101.1

    -FM

    WWPBFM WKAT.FM WMET -FM WDBO -FM

    Palm Beach Tallahassee Tampa

    Winter Park

    WKISFM

    Jasper

    New Albany New Castle

    101.5 93.1 South Bend 93.9 Terre Haute 92.3 Wabash

    96.5 Warsaw

    WRBL -FM

    W DUN -FM

    Gainesville

    WLAGFM

    Lagrange

    WMAZ.FM WCOH -FM WTOCFM WJAT -FM

    WLETFM

    105.7 103.7 93.3 103.9 104.1 99.1

    92.3

    WFMS 95.5 Cambridge WIAN 90.1 104.7 96.7 106.9

    WMUN WWHI WNAS WCTW WYSN

    104.1

    WTHIFM

    99.9

    WSKS '91.3

    WRSW -FM 107.3 106.5

    KDPS WHO -FM WDBQ KSUI KGLO -FM KWPC -FM

    Lawrence

    Manhattan

    103.7

    98.1

    100.3 103.3

    99.7 96.5 94.9 92.3

    K8J0FM KCSM 90.9 KWIZFM 96.7

    KRCW 97.5 KSCU 40.1

    KEYM KSMA -FM KCRW KCVN KDWC

    99.1 102.5

    89.9 91.3 98.3

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    KAIMFM

    Honolulu

    KUOH 90.5 KVOK '88.1

    Worcester

    Dearborn

    Detroit

    Henderson

    KJRG -FM

    92.1

    KFHFM

    100.3

    93.7 WNES -FM 101.9 WFUL -FM 104.9 WKICFM 96.5 WSONFM 99.5 WHOP -FM 98.7

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    99.1

    88.1

    102.7

    97.9 104.3 106.3

    106.7 100.7 103.3

    WGBHFM 89.7 WHRB -FM WHAI -FM WLLH -FM WBSM.FM

    WNBHFM

    107.1

    98.3 99.5 97.3 98.1

    WMHC 88.5 WHYN -FM 93.1 WEDK 91.7 WMAS.FM 94.7 WCRB -FM 102.5 WOCB -FM 94.3 WCFM 90.1

    WHSRFM 91.9 WTAG -FM

    96.1

    WUOM 91.7 WHFB -FM 99.9 WTVB.FM 98.3 WKMH -FM 100.3 WDETFM 101.9 WDTR 90.9

    WHFI WJBKFM

    94.7

    WJRFM

    96.3

    WXYZFM

    97.1 101.1

    WJEFFM

    93.7

    WW1 -FM

    E.

    Lansing

    Flint KSTE 88.7 KANU 91.5 Grand Rapids KSDBFM 88.1

    WCMIFM

    97.7 93.9

    93.1

    WMUZ 103.5 WMZK 97.9

    99.7 101.5 89.1

    KMUW '89.1

    Ashland Central City Fulton Hazard

    91.1

    WERS '88.9 WHDH -FM 94.5 WRKO.FM 98.5 WXHR 96.9 WBET -FM 97.7 WBOS -FM 92.9

    Highland Pk. Jackson

    Kalamazoo

    Oak Park Royal Oak

    Saginaw

    Sturgis

    WKAR -FM '90.5 WSWM 99.1 WFBE 95.1 WFRS 92.5

    WLAV -FM 96.9 WHPR 88.1 W M KZ 94.1 WMCR 102.1

    WLDM 95.5 WOAK 89.3 WOMC 104.3

    WSAMFM WSTRFM

    98.1 103.1

    MINNESOTA Mankato

    KYSM -FM Hepkinsville Minneapolis KTISFM WBKY '91.3 Lexington KWFM WRAIFM 92.7 WLAP.FM 94.5 WLOL -FM WJBC-FM 101.5 Louisville KFAM -FM WFPK '91.9 St. Cloud WROY-FM 97.3 WFPL '89.3 WDWS-FM 97.5 WLVL 97.5 WBBM-FM 96.3 Madisonville MISSISSIPPI WFMWFM 93.9 WBEZ 91.5 WNGO.FM 94.7 Jackson WJDX -FM WCLM 101.9 Owensboro WOMI.FM 92.5 Meridian WMMI WDHF 95.5 WVJ8 -FM 96.1 WEBH 93.9 Paducah WPAD -FM 96.9 WEFM 99.5 MISSOURI WKYBFM 93.3 WEHS 97.9 KFUOFM Clayton WENR-FM 94.7 Joplin WMBH -FM WFMF 100.3 LOUISIANA Kansas City KCMO -FM WFMQ 107.5 KCMK KALB -FM 98.9 WFMT 98.7 Alexandria KCURFM WJBOFM 93.1 WKFM 103.5 Baton Rouge

    ILLINOIS Anna Bloomington Carmi Champaign Chicago

    Williamstown Winchester

    101.1

    KENTUCKY 95.5

    W. Yarmouth

    91.7

    KTJOFM '88.1

    Wichita

    96.5 94.5

    MICHIGAN

    KANSAS Emporia

    106.1

    HAWAII

    Greenfield Lowell New Bedford

    '91.5 S. Hadley 88.1 Springfield 102.5 91.1 WEIL 91.9 Waltham

    KAYL -FM KWAR

    96.7 Newton 97.3 Ottawa 101.7

    WBZFM WEEIFM

    WCOPFM

    Ann Arbor KFGQ 99.3 Benton Hrbr. KROS -FM 96.1 Coldwater

    Dubuque Iowa City W GAU -FM 102.5 City WABE 90.1 Mason W PLO - F M 103.3 Muscatine Lake W GKA -FM 92.9 Storm WSB- F M 98.5 Waverly W BBQ -FM

    104.1

    WITZFM

    WOCFM

    101.1

    WAMF 88.1 WMUA 91.1 WBUR 90.9 WBCN 104.1

    Boston

    W01 -FM '90.1

    Des Moines

    WMMT 95.7

    KRMDFM KBCLFM KWKHFM

    MASSACHUSETTS Amherst

    IOWA

    93.3 Ames

    WPKM 104.7 Boone WTUN 88.9 Clinton WPRK '91.5 Davenport

    WAUGFM

    100.3 106.3 95.1 100.7

    Oakland

    WHCI 91.9 WISH 41.9 Brockton WAJC 104.5 Brookline

    WFML

    100.3 Washington 97.9

    GEORGIA

    Augusta

    WJOB -FM

    WORX -FM WMRI -FM

    Madison Marion Muncie

    104.1

    WBEH 89.3 WDSU -FM 105.3 WRCM 97.1

    95.5 102.9 104.7 WARKFM 106.9 WBUZ 95.5

    WEVC '91.5 WPSR 90.7 WGVE 88.1 WGCS 91.1 WGRE 91.7

    WQXT -FM WFSU -FM '91.5 WDAE -FM 100.7

    WFLAFM

    WCNBFM WBBSFM WCMRFM

    105.1

    WNDB -FM 94.5 WRUF -FM 104.1 WJAX -FM 95.1 WZFM 96.9 WMBR -FM 96.1 WCKR -FM 97.3 WGBS -FM 96.3 WTHS 91.7

    Mc.

    105.1

    WFIU 103.7 WCSI.FM 98.3

    WIKY -FM

    Hartford City Huntington Indianapolis

    C.L. KMBL -FM

    WNUR '89.3 MAINE EBQ -FM 99.9 WLDS -FM 100.5 Brunswick WBOR W W KS '91.3 Caribou WFSTFM WLBH.FM 96.9 Lewiston WCOUFM WMI X -FM 94.1 WOPA -FM 102.3 MARYLAND WVLN -FM 92.9 WPRS -FM 98.3 Annapolis WNAV -FM WMBD.FM 92.5 Baltimore WBJC WGEMFM 105.1 WCAO -FM WTA D.FM 99.5 WFDS -FM WROK -FM 97.5 WITH -FM WHBF -FM 98.9 Bethesda WTAXFM 103.7 Bradbury HeightsWUSTFM WPGC WILL-FM 90.9 Cumberland WCUM -FM Hagerstown WJEJ -FM

    WTRC -FM

    Evansville Gary

    W VCG

    105.9

    KVCR 91.9

    KFSDFM

    KNBCFM KRONFM Mateo Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Clara Santa Maria

    Connersville Crawfordsville

    New Orleans

    WSEI 95.7 Shreveport WEPS 88.1

    WXFM WEAW

    INDIANA

    94.7 93.7 Bloomington 99.5 Columbus

    WMAL.FM WOL-FM 98.7

    WH00 -FM

    89.3 Columbus

    99.1

    KEAR 97.3 KG0 103.7

    188

    Miami

    96.1 Macon KFBK -FM 96.9 Newnan KGMS -FM 100.5 Savannah KJML 95.3 Swainsboro KXOA -FM 107.9 Toccoa

    KITT

    San San

    Gainesville Jacksonville

    KAAR 104.7

    Pasadena

    San

    Coral Gables Daytona Beach

    KXLU 88.7 KHOF 99.5 Athens KMYC -FM 99.9 Atlanta

    KTRBFM KAFE KASKFM

    Oakland Oxnard

    Harrisburg Jacksonville

    99.1

    FLORIDA

    KBEE -FM 103.3

    Modesto

    102.7

    WRC-FM 93.9 Goshen WTOP-FM 96.3 Greencastle

    KPEN 101.3

    KERN -FM 94.1 KQXR 101.5

    KPFA 94.1 KPFB '89.3

    Elmwood Park 100.3 Evanston

    WSTC-FM 96.7 Reekford Rock Island WHUS 90.5 Springfield Urbana

    Wilmington 94.9 101.9

    Elgin

    DELAWARE

    99.5

    KBTM.FM

    KFPWFM

    WNHCFM

    New Haven

    95.5

    96.1

    Ellingham

    WRTC-FM 89.3 Paris WTIC-FM 96.5 Peoria WMMW-FM 95.7 Quincy

    100.3 Stamford 104.7 Storrs

    KLCN -FM

    DsKelb

    Macomb Mattoon Mt. Vernon WGHF 95.1 Oak WLAOFM 98.3 Olney Park WHCN 105.9

    Meriden

    ARKANSAS

    Decatur

    CONNECTICUT

    104.7

    WRLD -FM 102.9 WKRG -FM 99.9 Brookfield WTBCFM 95.7 Danbury WUOA 91.7 Hartford

    Lanett Mobilo

    WNIB 97.1 WSEL 104.3 WSOYFM 102.1 WNIC 91.1

    97.3

    KTGM 105.1

    93.7

    station

    Me. Location C.L. WMAQFM 101.1 Monroe

    COLORADO

    WKLF -FM 100.9 Manitou Springs KCMS -FM WFMH -FM 101.1 WHOS -FM 102.1

    Clanton Cullman Decatur

    Stations

    (') indicates educational

    Me. Legation

    Alexander City WRFS -FM KRCC 91.3 Colorado Springe Andalusia WCTA -FM 98.1 KFMH 96.5 Anniston WHMA -FM 100.5 KSHS 90.5 Athens W10F 104.3 Denver KFML -FM 98.5 Birmingham WAPI -FM 99.5 KDENFM 99.5

    WBRCFM

    FM

    Mc., megacycles, asterisk

    103.5

    98.5 97.1 99.5 104.7

    102.9

    88.1

    99.1 96.1

    94.9 93.3 39.9

    Mc. Location

    C.L.

    Location Kennett Poplar Bluff

    It

    BOA

    I( W OC.

    M

    h

    F M

    KCF M

    St. Louis

    KSLH '91.5 Chaumant Pk

    Springfield

    West Plains

    KITS -FM

    I<WPM -FM

    NEBRASKA Lincoln Omaha

    I
    CIA

    LF M

    94.7 93.9

    W ICCQ

    Claremont Manchester Mt. Washington Nashu.t

    BBOFM WGNCFM W

    WW WS

    WHNCFM

    95.5

    WTSV-F

    M M

    WKBRF MTWF M

    'W

    WOTWFM

    103.7 106.1

    95.7 94.9 106.3

    Hendersonville Hickory High Point

    Laurinburg Leaksville Lexington Raleigh

    WPTF -FM

    NEW JERSEY Asbury Park Bridaeton E. Orange H

    ackel tstown

    Newark New Brunswk. Pat ersnn

    Princeton

    South Orange

    Trento')

    Zare p hath

    W

    W1L1
    94.3 98.9

    Reidsville

    Reeky Mount

    WFMU 91.1 Roxboro WNTI 91.9 WNTA-FM 94.7 Salisbury W131.0 '88.3 Sanford WCTCFM 98.3 Shelby WPAT-FM 93.1 Statesville WPRB 103.9 Tarboro WSOU '89.5 Thomasville WTOA 97.5 W instonSalem

    WAWZFM

    99.1

    Alamos

    Los

    Mountain Park

    Roswell

    KRSNFM KMFM1I

    BIM -FM

    98.5 97.9 97.1

    Babylo

    Binghamton

    Brooklyn Buffalo Cherry Valley Corning Cortland DeRuy:er Elmira Floral Park Hempslcad Hornell Ithaca

    Jamestown Kenmore Massent New Rochelle New

    Ytrk

    WAMC '90.7 Bowling Green W M BO- F M 96.1 Canton WTFM 103.5 Cincinnati WNBF -FM 98.1 WI
    WKRT -FM

    99.9

    WRRO 105.1 Hls, WECW 88.1 Cleveland Columbus

    WSHS 90.3 WH LI -FM 98.3 WWHG -FM 105.3 WHCU -FM 97.3

    WICB 91.7 WRRAFM 103,7 Dayton WVRRFM 101.7 Delaware WIT N. F M 93.3 Elyria WINEFM 103.3 Findlay WMSA -FM 105.3 Fostoria WVOX -FM 93.5 Fremont WABC -FM 95.5 Hamilton WBAI 99.5 Kent

    Poughkeepsie Rochester Seheneelady South Bristol

    Springville Syracuse

    WNYE WOR -FM WOXR -FM W R CA -FM WRFM

    WALKFM WPACFM

    105.1

    97.5 106.1

    M

    98.9 99.5

    WRRE 95.1 WSPE 88.1 WA

    E R

    WODS -FM

    88.1

    93.1 WO NO 100.9

    Troy

    Utica

    Weiner=field

    White Plains

    WSYR -FM WFLY

    Asheboro

    Asheville Burlrnglon

    BC-

    F

    M

    WCPO-FM

    WAEFFM W

    KRC-FM

    WSAIFM

    W DO

    KFM

    WEREFM

    102.1

    98.5

    Wl1AR-FM 99.5 WH K-FM 100.7 WJW-FM 1114.1 WSRSFM 95.3 WCBE '90.5 WBNS-FM 97.1 WCOL-FM 92.3 WOSU-FM '89.7 WVKO 94.7

    WH10FM

    99,1

    W EOL-F M

    107.3 100.5

    WFOB

    96.7 99.3

    Johnstown

    FM WHYLFM

    W BUT -FM

    Norman Oklahoma City

    94.5 92.3 91.5 Shawnee

    WABZ-FM 100.9 WF,WR-FM 92.3 Engen, WLOS-FM 104.3 101.1

    WNAD -FM 1(OKH KEFM KYFM KBGC KAMC -FM KSPI -FM KWGS

    Lancaster

    WWSWFM

    Pottsville Scranton Sharon

    State College Sunbury Warren Washington Waynesboro

    Wilkes -Barre

    Williamsport York

    WPPA -FM WGBI -FM WUSV WPIC -FM WO

    F

    M

    WKOK-FM

    WRRN

    97.9

    KBFM

    96.3

    KFMP KISS KEEZ

    93.3 99.5 97.3 92.9 98.1

    I
    UTAH Ephraim

    South Norfolk

    102.9

    Winchester Woodbridge

    Staunton

    88.9 Williamsburg

    KEPH '88.9 KVSC 88.1

    I
    KSLFM

    WCAC 101.1 WCSC -FM 96.9 WT MA- FM 95.1 WCOS -FM 97.9 W NOK -FM 104.7

    Nashville

    90.1

    98.9

    WYFIFM

    99.7

    WCOD

    WRFK

    WRVAFM

    98.1 91.1

    94.5

    WRNL-FM WDBJ-FM WROV-FM WSLS-FM

    102.1

    WAFC-FM

    93.3

    94.9 103.7 99.1

    WFOS '90.5

    WCWM

    WRFL WBVA

    KCPS

    89.1 92.5 105.9

    WEST Beckley Charleston

    Huntington Martinsburg Morgantown

    Oak

    Hill

    Parkersburg

    104.1

    100.7

    98.5 93.3

    VIRGINIA WBKW

    WI(AZFM

    WHTN-FM

    WEPMFM

    KIiNC.fM

    I
    KCLEFM

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    KDMC

    93.1

    98.3 95.5 97.5

    99.5 97.5 100.5

    94.3

    WA1R-FM 99.3 WOAY-FM 94.1 WAAM-FM 106.5

    WI<WKFM WWVA-FM1I

    97.3 98.7

    WISCONSIN Appleton

    Chilton

    Eau Claire

    96.9 94.9

    98.9 94.9 92.9 90.9 97.3

    I(TWR 103.9

    Colfax Delafleld

    KACCFM '91.1

    Christi

    100.7 100.1

    96.3 97.3

    Greenfield Twn.

    Highland Highland Two. Janesville

    La Crosse

    Madison

    WLFM '91.1 WHKW 89.3 WHWC '88.3 WH AD '90.7

    WEAUFM WWCF

    WHHI

    Munroe Racine Rice Lake Wausau West Bend

    Wisc. Rapids

    94,1

    99.0 91.1

    WHSA 89.9 WCLOFM 999 WHLA 90.3 WHA -FM '88.7

    WISCFM WM

    F

    M

    WRVB-FM WLIN WFMR

    98.1 104.1

    102.5 100.7 10.5

    M

    41 :f

    WRJNFM

    100.7

    WQ

    Corpus

    91.7

    KTOY '91.7

    92.9 92.5 93.7 98.3

    TEXAS

    Beaumont

    95.3 91.3 104.7

    WMTI '91.5 WRVC 102.5

    I(TNTFM

    105.1

    91.1 WUOT '91.9 WMCF 99.7 Merrill WFMB 105.9 Milwaukee

    Amarillo Austin

    105.1

    WGHFM

    I(MCS KUOW KREM -FM

    Spokane Tacoma

    CAROLINA

    WDSC -FM WESC -FM

    Greenville

    WMVA-FM

    98.7 100.3

    92.3

    WUSCFM 89.9 Wheeling

    90.5 Abilene

    99.1

    I
    I(ONOFM

    Texarkana

    WPFM 95.5 WPRO-FM 92.3 WXCN 101.5 WWON-FM 106.3

    Wnonsnckct

    97.1

    KHBL 88.1

    94.5

    94.1

    96.3

    Lubbock

    101.9 101.3

    91.1

    94.7

    WJPA -FM 104.3 WASHINGTON WAYZ -FM 101.5 WBRE -FM 98.5 Cheney KEWC -FM '89.9 WYZZ 103.3 Seattle KING -FM 90.1 WLYC -FM 105.1 K1 RO -FM 1110.7 W RAK -FM 100.3 1<1SW 99.9

    RHODE ISLAND WI'JBFM

    Providence

    KRVM 91.9 B row n wnnd KEFD -FM 93.1 Cleburne

    88.5

    KTRHFM 101.1 KUHF 91.3 I(RKHFM 93.7

    WNOW -FM 105.7

    93.9

    106.3

    Houston

    WHYY '90,9 Martinsville WIBG -FM 94.1 Newport News WIPFM 93.3 Norfolk WPEN -Fat 102.9 WI'WT 91.7 WRT I -FM 90.1 Richmond WXPN 88.9 KDKA -FM 92.9 WDUQ 91,5 WFMP 99.7 Roanoke WKJF 93.7

    Pittsburgh

    91.7

    '91.7

    1
    Gainesville

    '89.9

    OREGON KUGNFM

    99.9 99.9 92.5 97.3

    92.5 101.1

    VIRGINIA WLBR -FM 100.1 WMGW -FM 100.3 Arlington WARLFM WDJR 98.5 Charlottesville WINA-FM WCAU -FM 98.1 WTJU WDAS -FM 105.3 Crewe WSVS-FM W FIL -FM 102.1 Harrisonburg WEMC WFLN 95.7 WSVA-FM WHAT -FM 96.5 Lynchburg WWODFM

    Lebanon

    90.9 88.9 Memphis 94.7 98.9

    Ft. Worth

    106.5 Plainview 96.9 Port Arthur 97.7 San Antonio 102.3 95.9

    WCHA -FM WCED -FM11 102.1 WEST -FM 107.9

    WEEX -FM WERC -FM

    El Paso

    95.5 WGAL -FM 101.5 WLANFM 96.9

    WMVO-FM 93.7 WCLT-FM 100.3 Columbia WMUB '88.5 WPAY-FM 104.1 WSOM-FM 105.1 Dillon 102.7

    Denton

    KRLO-FM W RR-FM KVTT I
    WJAC -FM

    WKSUFM 88.I WHOI(FM 95.5 SOUTH WIMA-FM 102.1 WMRN-FM 106.9 Anderson WPFB-FM 105.9 Charleston

    W L EC. FM

    104,5

    I
    WHHS'89.3 Logan WAZL -FM 97.9 Salt Lake City WARDFM 92.1

    101.7

    1
    M

    WBLY-FM 103.9 WFBC -FM WRHI -FM WSTV-FM 103.5 Rock Hill Toledo WSNW -FM WSPD-FM 101.5 Seneca WMHE 92.5 Spartanburg WSPA -FM WTDS '91.3 WTOL-FM 104.7 WIRT 99.9 TENNESSEE Wooster WWST-FM 104.5 WK BN. FM 98.9 Bristnl WOPIFM Youngstown WGRVFM WBBWF"M 93.3 Greeneville WT.'S-FM Jackson Johnson City W1HLFM Kingsport WKPT-FM OKLAHOMA Knoxville WBIR-FM Durant 1(SEO -FM 107.3 WKCS

    WRPI WRUN-FM 105.7 Stillwater WRRL 107.7 WFAS -FM 103.9 Tulsa

    WB66FM

    W H

    F

    WHP -FM

    104.1

    88.1 94.1 105.1 104.3 101.9 102.7 105.7

    W H LM W LOA

    WIFI

    ri Harsburg

    Meadville 98.3 Oil City Philadelphia 93.1

    WQMS 96.7 WHOH 103.5

    Oxford Portsmouth

    NORTH CAROLINA Albemarle

    96.7 106.5 105.5 96.1 105.7 104.3

    WFM2 100.7 WVAM -FM 100.1 WGPA -FM 95.1

    Steubenville

    996.7.31

    WLNA -FM 100.7 W KIP -F M 104.7 W HFM

    WBGU

    WFINFM

    439 Salem 91.5 %.," 87 Sandusky Springfield

    WHLD.FM 98.5 WHDL -FM 95.7

    WGF

    Havertown Hazleton

    WOMP-FM 100.5 WBWC 88.3

    WFRO-FM

    1OL9 Lancaster

    W NEWFM 102.7 W N VC -FM

    Peekskill

    Erie Glenside

    102.1 92.1 100.7

    WSLN 91,1

    WCNS -FM 101.1 Lima WEVD -FM 97,9 Marion WFUV '90.7 WHOM -FM 92.3 Middletown Mt. Vernon WKCR -FM '89,9 Newark WNCN 104.3

    Olean Patchogue

    WAIR -FM WSJS -FM

    94.7 101.5

    WNCO- FM 101.3 W ICA- FM 103.7 WOUB- FM '91.5

    Ashland Ashtabula Athens Berea

    W BF

    Niapare Falls

    WCPSFM WTNCFM

    WFAHFM

    Alliance Bellaire

    NEW YORK Albany Auburn

    RALFM

    WREV -FM WEED -FM WFMA WRXO -FM WSTP -FM WWGP -FM WOHS -FM WFMX

    96.1

    WAICR-FM 97.5 WAPS '89.1

    KA NW '89.1 Akron ICHFM 96.3

    K

    PENNSYLVANIA

    OHIO

    NEW MEXICO Albugc creme

    KRRC 89.3

    WHKP -FM 102.5 Allentown WHKP -FM 102.5 Altoona WHKY -FM 102.9 Bethlehem W HPE -FM 95.5 Bloomsburg WHPS 89.3 Braddock WMFR -FM 99.5 Butler W NOS -FM 100.3 Carlisle WEWO -FM 96.5 Chamhersburg WLO E -FM 94.5 Dubois WBUY -FM 94.3 Easton

    WKIXFM

    101.1 97.1

    98.7 KQFM 100.3

    92.5

    Mc.

    KIXLFM

    95.3 KT EC '88.1 92.3

    KEX -FM KOIN -FM KPFM

    '(POI -FM

    91.3

    C.L.

    Dallas

    KBOYFM

    100.9 98.1 93.3 101.9

    WEAR 96.9 WGPS '89.9 WMDE 98.7

    Henderson

    KNEV

    Berlin

    WF NC- FM

    Greenville

    NEW HAMPSHIRE

    ICWAX '91.1 KGPO 96.9

    Grants Pass WSOCFM 103.5 Medford W MIT 106.9 Oretech WDNC -FM 105.1 Portland

    WIFM -FM

    Elkin Fayetteville Forest City

    Gastonia 95.3 Goldsboro 94.3 Greensboro

    NEVADA Reno

    Durham

    Mc. Location

    C.L.

    Mc. Location

    C.L.

    WFNS -FM 93.9 WUNC '91.5

    98.9 94.5 Chapel Hill 93.7 Charlotte

    F

    WTM1-FM WEKZ-FM

    v4

    r

    437

    WJMC-FM 96.3 WHRM 91.9

    WBKV-FM

    WFHR- FM

    92.5

    103.3

    88.1

    94.9 95.5

    WHITE'S RADIO LOG

    189

    Canadian FM Stations

    Location

    C.C. Me. Location Mc. Location C.L. Brantford, Ont. CKPCFM 92.1 CKLC -FM 99.5 Ottawa. Ont. Cornwall. Ont. CJSSFM 104.5 CKWS -FM 96.3 Edmonton. Alta. CFRNFM 100.3 Kitchener. Ont. CKCR -FM 96.7 Quebec. Que. CJCA -FM 99.5 Lethbridge. Alta. CH EC F M 100.9 Rimouski, Que. Ft. William. Ont,

    Halifax, N.S.

    Kingston. Ont.

    CKUAFM CKPRFM CHNSFM

    98.1

    CFRC -F

    91.9

    M

    London, Ont.

    Montreal. Que.

    94.3 96.1

    Oshawa. Ont.

    CFPL -FM 95.9 St. Catharines, CBF -FM 95.1 Ont. CBM -FM 100.7 Sydney. N.S. CFCF -FM 106.5 Timmins. Ont. CKLB -FM 93.5 Toronto, Ont.

    C.L.

    Mc. Location

    CBO-FM 103.3

    CF RA-FM

    Mc.

    C. L. CFRB-FM

    CHFIFM

    93.9

    99.9 98.1

    CHRC-FM 98.1 CJRT-FM 91.1 CJBR-FM 101.5 Vancouver. B.C. CBU-FM 105.7 Verdun. Que. CKVL-FM 96.9 CKTB-FM 97.7 Vittoria, B.C. CKDAFM 98.5 C1CB-FM 94.9 Windsor. Ont. CKLWFM 93.9 CKGBFM 94.5 Winnipeg. Man. CJOBFM 103.1 CBC-FM 99.1

    United States Television Stations

    (Territories and possessions follow states). Chan., channel number; asterisk (i) indica es educational station. Location C.L. Chan. Location C.L. Chdn. Location G.L. Chan. Location C.L. Chan. New Britain WNBC 30 WTVW 7 ALABAMA Detroit WJBK -TV 2 New Haven WNHCTV 8 Ft. Wayne WANE -TV 1.5 WTVS 562 Andalusia WAIQ WATRTV 53 WKJGTV 33 WWJTV 4 Birmingham WAPI.TV 13 Waterbury WPTA 21 WXYZ -TV 7 WBIQ I0 WFBMTV 6 (Windsor, Ont.) CKLW -TV 9 WBRC -TV fi DIST. OF COLUMBIA Indianapolis WLWI 13 Flint WiRT 12 Decatur WMSL -TV 23 Washington WMAL -TV 7 WISHTV 8 Grand Rapids WOOD-TV 8 Dothan WTVY 4 WFAMTV IA Kalamazoo WKZO -TV WRC -TV 3 Florence WOWL 15 WLRCTV 49 Lansing WTOP -TV 9 Muscle W11MTV 6 Huntsville WAFG -TV 31 South Bend WTTG WNOUTV 16 Marquette WLUC -TV 5 6 Mobile WALA -TV 10 WSBTTV 22 Onondaga WIIXTV /WMSB IO WK RG -TV Montgomery

    WCOV -TV

    WSFA -TV WCIQ

    Munford

    12

    7

    ALASKA Anchorage

    KENI -TV KTVA KFAR -TV KTVF KINY -TV

    Fairbanks Juneau

    KOOL -TV KPHO -TV

    KTVK KVAR KGUN -TV KOLD -TV KVOA -TV KUAT

    Tucson

    KIVA

    Yuma

    WJCT

    Ft. Smith

    Little

    Rock

    Texarkana

    KTVE KFSA -TV KARK -TV KTHV KATV KCMC -TV

    2

    II

    Miami

    Chico El Centro Eureka

    KBAK -TV KERO -TV

    KLYDTV

    KHSL -TV XEM -TV

    KIEM.TV KVIQ -TV FRE -TV

    Orlando 10 5 3 12 9

    13 4

    6 II

    10

    Palm Beach Panama City Pensacola St. Petersburg Tampa W. Palm Beach

    4

    29 10 17 12 3 6 12

    K

    Los Angeles

    KM1 -TV KABC -TV

    24

    KHi -TV

    9

    KJEO 47

    KNXT

    Oakland Redding Sacramento

    KRCA KTLA KTTV KTVU KVIP -TV KXTV KCRA -TV

    Albany

    Atlanta

    7

    6

    7 13 2

    Augusta Columbus Macon Savannah

    Thomasville

    4 7 10

    24 6

    WLOF -TV WPTV WJDM -TV WEAR -TV WsUN -TV

    38

    WEDU WTVT WEAT -TV

    3 13 12

    WFLA-TV

    9 5 7

    Ames

    Cedar Rapids

    Davenport Des Moines

    Mason

    City

    Ottumwa Sioux City

    Waterloo

    G on d

    land Bend

    Great

    Hutchinson

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    Hilo Honolulu

    4

    KHBCTV KCMBTV KULA-TV KMAU KALA

    9 g 2 4 3

    Pittsburg

    II WHO -TV

    KGLO-TV KTVO

    KTVC KGLD

    KBLR-TV

    KCKT KAYS-TV KTVH KOAM -TV

    WIBW-TV

    Topeka

    Alexandria Baton

    Rouge

    Lafayette Lake Charles

    7

    12

    IDAHO Boise

    KRNT -TV

    21 3 3 4 9 7

    6 11

    10 2 7 12 7

    Monroe New Orleans

    KB01

    2

    28

    Kt'LC -TV

    10 7

    WDSU -TV

    fi

    KLEYTV

    Minneapolis Rochester St. Paul

    KTAG -TV 25 KNOE -TV 8 K LSE 13

    www.americanradiohistory.com

    KMSP WCCO-TV

    7

    fi 3

    fi 9 4

    WTCN.TV

    II

    K

    10 5

    ROC-TV

    KTCATV

    2

    WCBITV

    Columbus Greenwood Jackson

    WA BGTV WJTV W LBT

    Laurel

    W DA M -T V

    Tupelo

    WCOC-TV WTWV

    WTOK-TV

    Meridian

    4 6 12 3 7

    II

    30 9

    MISSOURI Cane Girardeau

    Columbia Hannibal

    Jefferson City

    Joplin

    Kansas City

    Kirksville St. St.

    Joseph

    Louis

    KFVSTV KOMUTV

    KHQA-TV KRCG-TV KODE-TV KCMO-TV KMBC-TV WDAF-TV

    Sedalia Springfield

    12

    8 7

    13 12 5

    KTVO

    9 4 3

    KETC

    '9

    KFEQ-TV

    I(MOX-TV KSD-TV KTVI KPLR.TV KMOS-TV

    KTTSTV

    KYTV

    2

    4 5 2

    II

    6 10 3

    MONTANA Billings

    Helena

    KOOK -TV KOHL -TV KXLF -TV KXGN -TV KFBB -TV KRTV KXLJ -TV

    Missoula

    KMSOTV

    WJMR -TV 20 WWL -TV 4 Butte WYES '8 Glendive KSLA -TV 12 Great Falls

    KTVB 7 3 KID-TV 3 Shreveport KVIE 6 Idaho Falls KLEW-TV 3 KTBSTV 3 KVUE 40 Lewiston Nampa KCI X-TV 6 Salinas KSBW -TV 8 Pocatello KTLE r, San Diego KFMB -TV 8 Twin Falls MAINE KLIX-TV II KFSD -TV 10 Bangor WABI -TV 5 (Tijuana. Mex.) X ETV 6 WLBZ -TV 2 San Francisco KGO -TV 7 ILLINOIS Poland Spring WMTW -TV 8 KPIX 5 Champaign Portland WCSH -TV 6 WCIA 3 KQED '9 WGAN -TV 13 WCHU 33 KRON -TV 4 Chicago Presque Isle WAGM -TV 8 WBBM -TV 2 San lose KNTV II 7 WBKR San Luis Obispo KSBY -TV fi WGNTV 9 MARYLAND Santa Barbara K EY -T 3 WNBQ 5 Baltimore Stockton KOVR 13 WJZ -TV 13 WTTW 11 WBAL -TV II Danville WDAN -TV 24 COLORADO WMAR -TV 2 Decatur WTVP 17 Salisbury WBOC -TV Ifi Colorado Springs KKTV II Harrisburg WSIL -TV 3 KRDO -TV 13 La Salle WEED TV 35 Denver KKTV 9 Peoria MASSACHUSETTS WEEK -TV 43 KLZ -TV 7 WMBD 31 Adams WCDC 19 KOATV 4 WTVH 19 Boston 4 WRZ -TV KRMA -TV 6 Quinev WGEMTV 10 WGBH -TV 2 KTVR 2 Rocklord W REX -TV 13 WHDH -TV Grand Junction KREX -TV 5 WTVO 39 WN AC -TV Montrose K REY -TV 10 Rock Island WHBF -TV 4 Greenfield WRLP 32 Puebla KCS1 -TV 5 Springfield WICS 20 Springfield WHYN -TV 40 Urbana WILL -TV 12 WWLP 22 CONNECTICUT Worcester WWOR -TV 14 Bridgeport WICC.TV 43 INDIANA Hartford WTIC -TV 3 MICHIGAN WHCT 18 Bloomington WTTV 4 Elkhart WNEM -TV 5 WS1V-TV 28 Bay City WWTV 13 Evansville WFIE-TV 14 Cadillac 190 WHITE'S RADIO LOG WTOMTV 4 WEHT 50 Cheboygan

    KCMT KMMT

    KDAL-TV WDSM.TV

    KSTP-TV

    5

    2

    57 7

    WPBNTV

    MISSISSIPPI

    13

    KALB -TV WAFB -TV WBRZ

    WKNX -TV

    MINNESOTA

    8

    KDPSTV

    LOUISIANA

    Kh1VITV

    5

    WOCTV KQTV

    Saginaw Traverse City

    Alexandria Austin fi Duluth

    KAKE-TV 10 WSR-TV 2 Wichita KARD-TV 3 WETV '30 W LW- A II W1BF 6 KENTUCKY WRDWTV 12 Lexington WLEX -TV 18 WRBL-TV 4 W KYT 27 WTVM 28 WAVE -TV 3 WMAZTV 13 Louisville WFPKTV 15 WSAV-TV 3 WHAS -TV II WTOC-TV 11 WQXL -TV 41 WCTV 6 Paducah WPSD -TV 6

    KONA

    Wailuku

    9 2

    KANSAS Ensign Garden City Hays

    WA LB-TV WA GATV

    3

    KTIV KVTV KWWL -TV

    3

    8

    W01TV

    WMT -TV

    KCRGTV

    13

    Fort Dodge

    HAWAII

    II

    2 7 10

    7

    GEORGIA

    II

    Fresno

    KCOP

    WTHSTV WTVI WDBOTV

    8

    CALIFORNIA Bakersfield

    WJXT WCKT WPST -TV

    12

    10

    IOWA

    2

    WINK -TV II GainesvilleWUFT 5 Jacksonville WFGA -TV

    ARKANSAS El Dorado

    WESH -TV

    12

    ARIZONA Phoenix

    Daytona Beach Fort Myers

    WTHITV

    Terre Haute

    FLORIDA

    25

    Kalispell

    K

    ULR

    2 8

    4 5 3

    12 9 13

    NEBRASKA Hastings Hay Springs

    Hayes Center

    Kearney

    KHAS-TV KDUH-TV KHP L-T

    4 fi

    KOLNTV

    13 10

    K

    Lincoln

    5

    V

    HOL.TV

    KUON-TV 12

    McCook

    North Platte Omaha

    Scottsbluff

    KOMC KNOP

    8 2 3

    KSTF

    10

    KMTV KETV WOW-7V

    7

    NEVADA Henderson Las Vegas Reno

    KLR1 -TV

    2

    KSHO -TV KOLO -TV

    It

    KLAS -TV

    it 8

    NEW HAMPSHIRE Durham Manchesler

    WENN 11 WMUR -TV 9

    NEW JERSEY Newark

    WNTATV

    19

    Location

    W TO L-T V

    KGGMTV

    Albuquerque

    KNME -TV KOAT -TV KOB.TV KAVE -TV KV ER -TV KSWS -TV

    Carlsbad Clovis Roswell

    Youngstown 13

    5

    Zanesville

    7

    WIEN

    WTRI

    WINR-TV WNBF-TV WBEN-TV

    Binghamton Buffalo

    21

    6 12

    WH II-TV

    18

    Jackson Johnson City

    OKLAHOMA KIEN KXII

    Ada

    8

    Ardmore Enid

    Lawton Oklahoma City

    10

    35

    40

    10 12 5 7

    KOCO-TV KSWO-TV

    25 9

    Elmira New York

    Plattsburg Rochester Schenectady Syracuse

    Utica

    NORTH CAROLINA W LOS-TV

    HIll

    Johnstown

    WUNC -TV

    Charlotte

    W BT V

    9

    WSOC -TV 9 Lancaster WTVD IZ Lebanon Lockhaven WFMY -TV WNCT 9 New Castle WRAL -TV S Philadelphia WITN 7

    Durham Greensboro

    Greenville

    Ralei!h

    Washington

    Wilmington

    Winton -Salem

    WECT

    WSJS -TV

    8 12

    Pittsburgh

    KB M B-T V

    KFYR-TV

    KDIXTV

    Dickinson

    W DAY -T V

    Fargo

    KXGO-TV KNOX-TV KXM C-T V KMOT

    Grand Forks

    Minot

    KXIB-TV KUMV-TV

    Valley City W Illisbn

    WISED

    12 5 2

    10 19 IO

    Scranton

    WQEX WTAE WNEP -TV

    Wilkes-Barre

    WBRETV

    York

    8

    Clevelaid Columbus

    Dayton

    Lima Oxford Steubenville Toledo

    55 27

    56 6

    WLW -C 4 WOSU -TV 34 SOUTH WTVN -TV 6 WH10 -TV 7 Aberdeen WLW -D 2 Florence WI MA-TV 95 Rapid City WMUB -TV 14 WSTV -TV Reliance WSPD -TV Sioux Falls

    KFDATV KG NCT V KVII

    KTBC -TV

    Austin Beaumont

    Big Spring Bryan Corpus Christi

    Dallas El Paso

    10 6

    WSBA -TV

    16

    22

    EJ-TV KFJZ -TV X

    WBAPTV

    KGBT -TV KPRC -TV KHOU -T V KTRK -TV KUHT KGNS -TV KCBD -TV K DU B-T V KT RE -TV KMID -TV

    Harlingen Houston

    Laredo Lubbock

    WCSCTV WUSN -TV WIS -TV

    WNOKTV WBTW WFBC -TV WSPA -TV

    Midland

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