Read Your Way Into English

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READING YOUR WAY INTO ENGLISH AND LEARNING ABOUT CANADA

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Reading Your Way Into English and Learning About Canada Essays and Exercises to Improve Reading and Writing Skills

Paragon Testing Enterprises Inc.

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Reading Your Way into English and Learning about Canada (Ebook Version) Essays and Exercises to Improve Reading and Writing Skills © 2010 by Paragon Testing Enterprises Inc. All Rights Reserved

Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: Reading your way into English and learning about Canada: essays and exercises to improve reading and writing skills. Previous ed. has title: Reading your way into English—and into Canada. ISBN 978-1-988047-27-0 1. English language—Textbooks for second language learners. 2. Readers—Canada. I. University of British Columbia. Applied Research and Evaluation Services. II. Title: Reading your way into English—and into Canada.

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Table of Contents Preface

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Introduction: The Value of Reading

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Chapter One: Populating Canada

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Ending an Essay

Chapter Two: The Shape of Canada – Part I: Eastern Canada

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Present and Past Tenses

Chapter Three: The Shape of Canada – Part II: Western and Northern Canada

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Clauses That Begin with Although

Chapter Four: Governing Canada

30

English Idioms

Chapter Five: The Canadian Legal System

35

Subject and Verb Agreement

Chapter Six: Made in Canada

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The Use of Participial Phrases

Chapter Seven: Special Canadians – Part I

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Using Synonyms

Chapter Eight: Special Canadians – Part II

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More About English Idioms i

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Chapter Nine: Canadian Jokes and Quotations

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The Use of Prepositions

Chapter Ten: Lighting up the Country

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Using the Articles A and The

Chapter Eleven: The Indigenous Peoples of Canada

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Introductory Phrases and Clauses

Chapter Twelve: Four Indigenous Cultures

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Paragraph Development

Chapter Thirteen: An All-Star Hockey Team

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Various Tense Forms

Chapter Fourteen: Canadian World Champions

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Still More About English Idioms

Chapter Fifteen: The Major Cities of British Columbia

103

Parallel Structure

Chapter Sixteen: Multiculturalism in Vancouver

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Sentence Variety

Chapter Seventeen: Endangered Species in Canada

118

Some Rhetorical Devices

Supplimentary Answer Key

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Preface Reading Your Way Into English and Learning About Canada is a collection of essays and exercises designed and written to improve skills in reading and writing English. Its major premise is that reading well-written material will improve an individual’s written English. A secondary purpose of the book is to help newcomers to Canada become familiar with some of this country’s geography, history, culture, and achievements of its people. This book has been prepared for individuals whose first language is not English but who wish to improve their English language skills. The language in the collection of essays is similar in level and format to the English language found in many college and university texts. Each chapter in Reading Your Way Into English and Learning About Canada has five sections. The first section begins with a vocabulary list made up of words that may be unfamiliar to some readers. The second section points out how the essay that follows illustrates some aspect of written English that should have particular relevance to readers for whom English is a second language. Section three is the heart of every chapter, providing an interesting and informative essay on some aspect of life in Canada. Each essay is followed by a set of questions (section four) that will help readers to confirm that they have understood what they have been reading. The last section of each chapter provides a suggested activity that invites readers to practice their writing skills. Readers of this book are encouraged to use the seven strategies outlined in the Introduction. If used regularly, these strategies will help readers improve not only their writing skills but also their speaking skills.

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Introduction: The Value of Reading Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit the context in which each word has been used in this introduction. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. attentively: carefully comply with: agree to follow concluded: ended context: the words surrounding a word or a phrase that help to determine: its meaning employed: used expressed: in written in fluently: able to use a language easily grammatical structures: the way words are used in sentences idiomatic: using phrases that have special meanings, which cannot be derived from the individual meanings of the words in those phrases primarily: the main way proficient: doing something correctly and skillfully pronunciation: the way a sound is spoken sophisticated: complex; not simple strategies: plans of ways of doing something

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The Value of Reading Most students who are learning English as a second language soon learn to speak English well enough to communicate about everyday matters. Primarily, they do this by listening and talking to people for whom English is a first language. Learning to write English is a somewhat more difficult matter. Though spoken and written English are closely related, written English is, in general, more complex, more correct in its grammatical structures, and less colloquial than spoken English. Also, most of the writing required at post-secondary educational institutions requires a broader and more sophisticated vocabulary than is expected in everyday speech. For a number of reasons, it is difficult to become a proficient writer of English just from listening to the language being spoken. Because of this, setting aside some time to read on a regular basis is especially important to anyone who wants to write English fluently. There are two main reasons for this. One is that most people do not, on a day-to-day basis, make use of the types of varied and complex sentence structures that are typical of the writing found in newspapers, magazines, and books. In addition, most written English makes use of a much larger vocabulary than does spoken English. It is primarily through reading that sentence structure is learned and a person’s vocabulary is increased. Reading is also necessary because it is difficult for someone whose first language is not English to hear the sounds of English well enough to be able to reproduce them correctly in writing. The matter of the past tense of most English verbs is one example. It is correct English to write, “When Judy moved to Vancouver, she had to attend a very large high school.” But many people learning English, especially those whose first language does not have a past tense, write “When Judy move to Vancouver, she had to attend a very large high school.” The problem is that the “d” that signifies the past tense is difficult for some people to hear. What they actually hear is move and, as a result, they write move instead of moved. If you want to improve your written English, it is essential that you spend some time (at least half an hour every day) sitting by yourself and reading something written in English. The more you read, the more attentively you read, and the more you read well-written material, the faster your written English will improve. In addition to sitting in a quiet place and concentrating on what you are reading, there are other strategies that will, if used regularly, help you improve both your writing and speaking skills.

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Seven Strategies to Improve Writing and Speaking (1) Spend some time (say five minutes a day) reading out loud. This will help you hear both the sound of English words and the rhythm of English sentences. (2) Spend some time, whenever you can, reading aloud to an English-speaking friend who can help you with the pronunciation of words and with the meaning of any unfamiliar words. (3) Have an English-speaking friend read a short section of a textbook aloud while you follow in your own copy of the same text. By doing this, you will increase your knowledge of how unfamiliar English words are pronounced and spelled. (4) Have someone read out loud a short prose passage (such as a well-developed paragraph) slowly enough for you to write down what is being read. When you are finished, you can compare what you have written with what was read to you. (5) Carefully copy a short passage of English prose. This will help you see how words are spelled, how sentences are punctuated, and how idomatic phrases are used. Idiomatic phrases are common expressions with special meanings that cannot be understood from the individual meanings of the words in these phrases. Of all the things you can learn from reading (and from employing the above strategies), none is more important than having this opportunity to familiarize yourself with English idioms. (6) Make a list of English idioms whose meanings you are not sure of and then ask a friend or a teacher to explain their meanings to you. (7) Make a list of unfamiliar words and look up their meanings in a dictionary, or ask a friend or teacher to explain their meanings to you. Keep these lists (along with the definitions of the words) and go over them from time to time in order to help them become part of your vocabulary.

Some Notes About Using This Book (1) Throughout Reading Your Way Into English, the paragraphs in each of the essays have been numbered. This is not something that you need to do when you write an essay. It has been done here so that, in the question section of each chapter, reference can be made to a particular paragraph. (2) In some of this book’s chapters, five asterisks (*****) have been placed between various 3

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] sections of the essays. This occurs in essays that deal with a collection of different, though related, topics. They are used to show that one topic has been concluded and that a new one will be introduced. (3) The section of each chapter entitled “Some Help With Vocabulary” is designed to help you better understand the text. As is noted before each vocabulary list, “the definitions given ... are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the note and/or the essay that follows. Some words might have a different meaning in a different context.” (4) The questions at the end of each chapter are also meant to be helpful. Through answering them, you can check to see that you have understood the main ideas and facts presented in each essay. You should improve your written English if you comply with the following suggestion that is repeated in every chapter: “Unless the question requires only a word or short phrase as an answer, your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection.” It should be stressed here that there really is value in taking the time to write your answers in complete sentences and in your own words, for in doing this, you will get practice in writing as well as in reading. Obviously, in your answers, you will have to use some words that are used in the essay. What you are asked to avoid doing is just copying out long phrases or complete sentences from the essay. The following is an example of what you should attempt to do when you answer the questions at the end of each chapter. The question used as the example is found at the end of Chapter One. The Question: In Paragraph 6, the reader is given two new and related facts about recent trends in immigration. What are these two facts? The Answer: In Paragraph 6, the reader learns that most new immigrants to Canada prefer to live in a city, and that many of them end up living in Montreal, Toronto, or Vancouver. (5) Among the tasks that will be required in the question section of each chapter will be writing a two-sentence summary of one of the paragraphs found in the essay. The best approach to writing a paragraph summary is to ask the following two questions: a) What is the topic of the paragraph? b) What does the writer say about that topic? Read the paragraph found below (it was part of the Introduction you just read), and then see 4

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] how these questions can be used to compose a two-sentence summary of the paragraph. For a number of reasons, it is difficult to become a proficient writer of English just from listening to the language being spoken. Because of this, setting aside some time to read on a regular basis is especially important to anyone who wants to write English fluently. There are two main reasons for this. One is that most people do not, on a day-to-day basis, make use of the types of varied and complex sentence structures that are typical of the writing found in newspapers, magazines, and books. In addition, most written English makes use of a much larger vocabulary than does spoken English. It is primarily through reading that sentence structure is learned and a person’s vocabulary is increased. If we apply the two questions suggested above to the previous paragraph, we would get something like this: What is the topic of the paragraph? “The importance of reading.” What does the writer say about this topic? “Reading is important if you want to learn to write well because most written material makes use of more varied sentence structure than does speech. A second reason is that through reading we can build up our vocabulary.” It should also be noted that in writing a paragraph summary, the principles previously mentioned regarding your answers in the question section apply: you should write complete sentences and, as much as possible, use your own words. ***** Finally, it can be noted that since most of the answers required in the question sections are found in the essays, this book does not have a complete answer section. However, when an essay does not directly answer a question, you will be directed to a page at the back of the book where you can check your answer.

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Chapter One:

Populating Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the note and/or the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. chronological: in order of occurrence consequently: afterward; as a result dramatically: very noticeably garment: a piece of clothing in excess of: more than Indigenous: the native peoples of Canada (First Nations, Inuit, and Métis) majority: most

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A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Ending an Essay The essay that follows has a very simple chronological structure. It moves from the past (before the arrival of the Europeans) to the present. The first five paragraphs give the reader straightforward facts about the people who have immigrated to Canada and when they came. However, Paragraph 6, the concluding paragraph, does something different: it provides some additional information about the most recent period of immigration. You may have been taught that the way to end an essay was to repeat in your concluding paragraph the two or three ideas you had introduced in the topic sentence of your opening paragraph. This might have been useful advice at an earlier point in your writing career, but it is advice that should be replaced now. Instead of just repeating your initial ideas, your concluding paragraph should add a new and related idea to your essay. Notice that in “Populating Canada,” the writer does not conclude by saying, “Thus, we have seen how patterns of immigration to Canada have changed between the coming of the Europeans and the year 2001.” Instead, we are given two additional ideas about some recent trends in immigration to Canada.

Populating Canada (1) Before the arrival of the first Europeans to North America in the 16th century, it was estimated that the Indigenous population in what is now Canada was just over 300,000. The arrival of the first European settlers introduced diseases such as smallpox, tuberculosis, and scarlet fever, and the Indigenous population consequently went into a serious decline in numbers. Fortunately, there has been a population recovery in recent years, and, according to Statistics Canada, the Indigenous population in Canada in 2006 was nearly four times what it had been before the Europeans arrived. Notably, from 1996 to 2006, the Indigenous population grew at a rate of six times that of the rest of the Canadian population. 7

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (2) Before the middle of the 17th century, most of the new immigrants arriving in Canada came from France. Then the pattern changed, and the bulk of the new settlers were from England, Ireland, or Scotland, with smaller numbers coming from other parts of Europe and the United States. By the year 1901, immigration had brought the population of Canada to just over five million. (3) During the 20th century, the number of people living in Canada increased more than sixfold, growing from five million to its present total of over 31 million. Three and a half million people were added between the years 1901 and 1921. Most of these new immigrants were from Europe. Among them were Germans, Scandinavians, Austrians, Poles, and Ukrainians. The people from Poland and the Ukraine were often referred to as “people in sheepskin coats” because of a garment that many of them wore. These new immigrants were attracted to Canada by the availability of free land on the rural Canadian prairies. Settlement in that vast region was made possible by the existence of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which, after its completion in 1885, extended all the way from Montreal to Vancouver. (4) Immigration to this country slowed down between the beginning of World War I and the end of World War II (1914 to 1945). Following World War II, Canada opened its doors to many political refugees from all parts of the world including Eastern Europe, the West Indies, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. In the 1980s and during the early years of the 1990s, the pattern of immigration once again changed dramatically. During these years, the majority of the newcomers were no longer from France, Britain, and other parts of Europe but now were from Asia, especially Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Korea, and Vietnam. (5) During the 1980s, an average of 100,000 newcomers entered Canada each year, and, in the 1990s, the number increased to over 200,000. In 1993, a typical year in this period of immigration, 252,137 new immigrants entered Canada from over 40 different countries. The largest number of people came from Hong Kong (36,026) followed by India (20,199), the Philippines (19,417), Taiwan (9797), China (9353), and Sri Lanka (9061). The United States, Vietnam, Great Britain, Poland, Jamaica, and Yugoslavia each had between 5000 and 8000 immigrants come to Canada during this period. (6) By 2016, the number of people calling Canada home was in excess of 36 million. The settlement of immigrants throughout Canada is now predominantly urban rather than rural. Over one half of the immigrants who came to Canada during the past decade live in one or another of the country’s three largest cities—Toronto, Montreal, or Vancouver. The total population of these three cities is over ten million, roughly one-third of the total population of Canada.

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Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer, your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. What does the reading selection tell us about the Canadian population in each of the following time periods? a. Before the arrival of the Europeans. b. From the arrival of the Europeans to the middle of the 17th century. c. From the middle of the 17th century to the year 1900. d. The years 1901 to 1921. e. Between the beginning World War I and the end of World War II. f. Between World War II and 1980. g. From about 1980 to 1995. h. In 1993. 2. In Paragraph 6, what new information is the reader given about recent trends in immigration? 3. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 1.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay outlining two or three reasons why someone might want to immigrate to Canada. In your conclusion, try to add a new and related idea rather than summarizing the ideas in your introduction.

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Chapter Two:

The Shape of Canada – Part I: Eastern Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. agricultural: having to do with the growth of food Anglophones: people whose first language is English Boeing 747: a very large airplane causeway: a roadway built over water by filling in the water with earth Confederation: the union of provinces and territories that form Canada densely populated: having many people living in one area 10

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] extensive: numerous food processing: changing the condition of food (e.g., canned food; potatoes become frozen French fries) isthmus: a narrow strip of land connecting two large land masses La Belle Province: a French term meaning the beautiful province mainstay: a thing upon which something is based or depends munitions: bombs, bullets, and other war materials muskeg: a swamp or bog notable: remarkable peninsula: a long piece of land extending out into the ocean prevalent: occurring often renowned: famous rugged: not smooth stocks: supplies version: form wilderness zone: land that is not to be developed

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Present and Past Tenses Most of the essay that follows is written in the present tense. The verbs is and are appear frequently, as do other present tense verbs such as ranks, live, and consists. However, there are portions of the essay that make use of the past tense because of a reference to something that happened in the past. After reading the essay, return to the paragraphs indicated below and, from each paragraph, write out one sentence in which the past tense has been used. (To check your answers, see the Answer Key.) Paragraph 2:

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Paragraph 4: Paragraph 7: Paragraph 9: Paragraph 11: Paragraph 13: ***** NOTE: The paragraph development of some of the paragraphs in this chapter (and in Chapters 3 and 15) is slightly different from the more traditional paragraph development found throughout the rest of this book. This is because, in most of the paragraphs in these chapters, the writer is not developing an idea or an argument but is presenting a series of loosely related facts about each of Canada’s ten provinces and three territories. The unity of some of the paragraphs is, therefore, based on the fact that all the information presented is about the same province or territory. Paragraph 2, which presents the idea that there are many different kinds of land and land use in Canada, is developed in a traditional way, while Paragraph 4, which introduces a series of relevant facts about the province of Newfoundland, has a less traditional type of paragraph unity. For another example of these two different types of paragraph development, contrast Paragraph 10 (non-traditional) and Paragraph 11 (traditional).

The Shape of Canada – Part I: Eastern Canada (1) Canada is the world’s second largest country in terms of land mass though in terms of population, Canada ranks only 36th among the nations of the world. From north to south, Canada stretches for 4634 kilometres. From east to west, it is 5514 kilometres. Canada covers an area of 9,984,670 square kilometres. Its population is just over 36 million. (2) Canada is made up of many different types of land with a wide variety of land use. Anyone who has travelled across Canada by air and seen the vast grain fields that span the three prairie provinces would be surprised to learn that about 7 percent of Canada is agricultural land. About 9 percent of Canada consists of fresh water lakes and rivers and 45 percent is covered by forests. Approximately 9 percent of Canada’s land has been protected as parkland or wilderness zones. *****

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(3) Canada is divided up politically into ten provinces and three territories. The easternmost of the ten provinces is Newfoundland and Labrador, which is made up of two units of unequal size. The much larger part is the mainland area known as Labrador; the smaller part is the island of Newfoundland, where the vast majority of the province’s population (just over half a million) lives. (4) Both parts of this province are rugged and rocky. Labrador has many rivers with waterfalls that make it a major source of hydroelectric power. It is also rich in both timber and mineral resources, especially iron. Until recently, when the codfish stocks became so depleted that commercial fishing had to be stopped, the cod fishery was the mainstay of the Newfoundland economy. The first settlers from England arrived in Newfoundland in the early 1600s, and Newfoundland was a British colony until 1949 when it became the tenth province to join Confederation. The capital city of Newfoundland is St. John’s. *****

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (5) Prince Edward Island (PEI) is Canada’s smallest province in both area and population. Its total area is only 5660 square kilometres, and its population is about 146,000. By contrast, Canada’s largest province by area, Quebec, takes up more than 1.3 million square kilometres, and Canada’s largest province by population, Ontario, has over 13 million residents. (6) Much of PEI consists of flat agricultural land, so the province does not have the extensive electric power resources (such as rich coal mines or fast-flowing rivers) that are necessary for industrial development. Instead, PEI is renowned for its mild climate, its red soil, and its large potato harvests. It is also the setting of one of Canada’s best loved stories, Anne of Green Gables. Thousands of tourists travel to PEI every summer to visit places mentioned in this novel, especially the house called Green Gables, where the red-headed orphan called Anne grew up. (7) The capital city of PEI is Charlottetown, and it was there in 1864 that the conference was held that resulted in four provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario) joining together in 1867 to make the first version of the Dominion of Canada. PEI entered Confederation six years later in 1873. PEI was physically joined to New Brunswick (and to the rest of Canada) in 1997 by a 12.9-kilometre-long structure—part causeway, part bridge—across Northumberland Strait. This historic bridge, the longest bridge over ice-covered waters in the world, is called the Confederation Bridge. *****

(8) The largest of the three Maritime Provinces—PEI, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia—is New Brunswick. This province has a long Atlantic coastline and has land boundaries with Quebec and with the state of Maine in the United States. Much of New Brunswick’s landscape 14

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] is rolling hills. Forestry and food processing are its major industries. Like PEI, New Brunswick is also a major producer of potatoes. (9) Among this province’s tourist attractions are the immense tides (the highest in the world) that occur in the Bay of Fundy. The dramatic tide changes that can be seen from Rockwood Provincial Park have been described as one of the wonders of the world. The capital of New Brunswick is Fredericton; its largest city is St. John. (Many people often confuse St. John, New Brunswick with St. John’s, Newfoundland.) *****

(10) Although the province of Nova Scotia looks like an island, it is actually a large peninsula that is connected to its neighboring province of New Brunswick by an isthmus. The northern part of Nova Scotia is Cape Breton Island, which is joined to the rest of the province by a permanent causeway built in 1955. Winter storms coming in off the Atlantic are common in Nova Scotia, and fog is prevalent during several months of the year. Commercial activities include fishing, dairy farming, and coal mining. The capital and largest city is Halifax, which is renowned for its natural harbor. (11) One of the most notable events in the history of Canada occurred in Halifax on December 6, 1917 (during the First World War) when a heavily loaded munitions ship exploded in the harbor. As a result of the explosion, 1600 people died, and 9000 were injured. Homes, offices, churches, factories, ships, and the railroad yard were destroyed by the fire that followed the explosion. The blast, known as the Halifax Explosion, was so loud that it could be heard one hundred kilometres away. ***** 15

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(12) In terms of land mass, Quebec is the largest province in Canada although it ranks second to Ontario in number of residents. (Over 8 million people live in Quebec, while over 13 million people live in Ontario.) The majority of the people in Quebec speak French, although there are many Anglophones both in Montreal and in an area south of the St. Lawrence River known as the Eastern Townships. Quebec’s industrial base depends on manufacturing, mining, and the development of hydroelectric power. There is a thriving dairy industry, and Quebec produces over 90 percent of the maple sugar harvested in Canada. (13) Because of its many charming little towns and its beautiful countryside, Quebec is known as La Belle Province. Among the many beautiful places are the Laurentian Mountains north of Montreal. This area is famous for its skiing in the winter and for the brilliance of its landscape when the leaves change color in the fall. Gatineau, Quebec is home to the renowned Canadian Museum of Civilization located directly across the river from the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa. The province’s capital, Quebec City, is one of the oldest cities in Canada and was founded in 1608. Montreal, the second largest city in Canada (only Toronto is larger), is the largest city in Quebec. *****

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(14) Ontario is Canada’s second largest province in terms of area and is the largest in terms of population. Physically, the province of Ontario divides into two distinct regions. The northern five sixths is a rocky landscape with many lakes, forests, and large areas of muskeg. The other one sixth is a lowland area bordering on the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. This is the most densely populated area in Canada, and there is a broad base of agriculture, manufacturing, and banking. At the heart of this area is its capital, Toronto. (15) There are many well-known tourist sites in this fascinating and varied province. In Toronto, the 457-metre CN Tower dominates the skyline and was once considered the world’s tallest building. Nearby is the massive sports centre called the Rogers Centre (formerly called Skydome), whose playing field could hold eight Boeing 747 airplanes but usually just holds football or baseball players. About 130 kilometres west of Toronto are the famous Niagara Falls. On Ontario’s eastern boundary with Quebec is the city of Ottawa, Canada’s beautiful capital, where, in the wintertime, people love to ice-skate on the frozen Rideau Canal. Other large Ontario cities in the southern region are London, Kitchener, and Hamilton. In the north, the major cities are Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, and Sudbury.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. In which province would you find each of the following?

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] a. The Bay of Fundy: b. The Eastern Townships: c. Charlottetown: d. The CN Tower: e. Cape Breton Island: f. Confederation Bridge: 2. In Paragraph 1, what is the writer’s purpose in giving the reader so many numerical facts? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 3. In Paragraph 2, why does the writer find the statistics related to Canada’s agricultural areas surprising? 4. What percentage of Canada is covered by fresh water? 5. In what part of their province do most Newfoundlanders live? 6. What has happened recently to “the mainstay of the Newfoundland economy?” 7. What is unusual about the soil in Canada’s smallest province? 8. In what year was the Confederation Bridge completed? 9. Why is Cape Breton Island not really an island? 10. Why was there a munitions ship in Halifax’s harbor on December 6, 1917? 11. For what two things are Quebec’s Laurentian Mountains well known? 12. In what city is the Canadian Museum of Civilization located? 13. Where would you find the most densely populated area of Canada? 14. In Paragraph 15, why does the writer make reference to eight airplanes? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 15. What is the weather like in Ottawa in the wintertime? 16. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 14.

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Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay describing some distinguishing features of a city, a district, a province, or a country where you once lived.

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Chapter Three:

The Shape of Canada – Part II: Western and Northern Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay or questions that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. Calgary Stampede: an annual fair and rodeo in Calgary, Alberta with horses, cows, and cowboys cattle ranches: farms for producing beef eventually: in the end eroded: worn away by wind and rain ethnic: belonging to a distinctive culture 20

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] exceptions: things that are different than the norm extremes: points furthest from the centre foothills: hills leading up to large mountains fossils: traces of earlier plants and animals found in rocks green belt: an area of fertile farmland hydroelectric power: electricity produced by using the flow of water in a river irrigation: watering dry land with water pumped from a lake or river medicare: hospital and medical costs paid for by the government Mennonite: a believer in the Anabaptist Christian tradition of Menno Simons parklands: land set aside to be used as parks plateaus: flat stretches of land in a mountain range subsoil: soil just beneath the surface of the earth Ukrainian: a person from the Ukraine, a country close to Russia

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Clauses That Begin with Although For some students who are learning English as a second language, there seems to be some confusion regarding how to use a subordinate clause that starts with although and is placed at the beginning of a sentence. What frequently happens is that this introductory clause is followed by a comma (which is correct) and then with the word but (which is not correct, since although and but, when used in this way, just repeat the same idea). The following sentence is incorrect: “Although Canada is a large country, but it has a small population.” To correct this sentence, remove either although or but. After reading the essay that follows, return to the paragraphs listed below and write out the sentence that uses an introductory although clause correctly. Paragraph 2: Paragraph 4: 21

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Paragraph 5: Paragraph 7: Paragraph 11: ***** NOTE: The paragraph development of some of the paragraphs in this chapter (and in Chapters 3 and 15) is slightly different from the more traditional paragraph development found throughout the rest of this book. This is because, in most of the paragraphs in these chapters, the writer is not developing an idea or an argument but is presenting a series of loosely related facts about each of Canada’s ten provinces and three territories. The unity of some of the paragraphs is, therefore, based on the fact that all the information presented is about the same province or territory. Paragraph 2, which presents the idea that there are many different kinds of land and land use in Canada, is developed in a traditional way, while Paragraph 4, which introduces a series of relevant facts about the province of Newfoundland, has a less traditional type of paragraph unity. For another example of these two different types of paragraph development, contrast Paragraph 10 (non-traditional) and Paragraph 11 (traditional).

The Shape of Canada – Part II Western and Northern Canada (1) Three of Canada’s provinces—Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta—are known collectively as the Prairie Provinces. All three are about equal in size, each being approximately two-thirds the size of British Columbia.

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Manitoba is the farthest east of the three Prairie Provinces and shares its eastern border with Ontario. The southern part of Manitoba is a green belt of very fertile soil that is ideal for growing grain crops such as wheat, barley, and oats. The northern part of the province is a land of lakes, parklands, and forests. In the north are two very large rivers, the Churchill and the Nelson, both of which flow into Hudson Bay. Two large lakes in the south are called Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba. (2) Manitoba’s culture is interesting because it includes many and varied ethnic settlements of people who were originally from Europe. In the south are the Mennonite communities of Steinbach and Winkler, where German is commonly spoken. Many Icelandic people live in Gimli, a fishing community on the shores of Lake Winnipeg. In Dauphin, the Ukrainian culture is strongly in evidence. South of Winnipeg are a number of small towns where French is the dominant language. Although most people in Manitoba speak English, many of them speak a second European language as well. (3) Manitoba has two extremes of climate: there are very long, cold winters and very short, hot, dry summers. The capital city is Winnipeg. Two large rivers, the Assiniboine and the Red, meet in the centre of Winnipeg and add to the charm of this large city on the Canadian prairies. *****

(4) Cutting across Saskatchewan from west to east, the North Saskatchewan River and the South Saskatchewan River flow into the Saskatchewan River that eventually flows into Lake Winnipeg, which is in Manitoba. The South Saskatchewan River passes through Saskatoon, the province’s largest city. Although the city is divided by the river, access between the two sections has been made easy by seven bridges that span the river in the downtown area. The capital city of Saskatchewan is Regina, located about 235 kilometres southeast of Saskatoon. Like Manitoba, Saskatchewan has very cold winters and very hot summers. 23

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (5) Southern Saskatchewan is the major wheat-producing region of Canada and, as a result, is known as “Canada’s Breadbasket.” As well as producing wheat and other grains, Saskatchewan is one of the world’s leading producers of potash, which is dug from a large mine near the Manitoba border. Potash is mostly used as a fertilizer but is also used in the making of soap. Although the southern part of this province is flat agricultural land, there are forests in the north, along with many, many lakes where the fishing is excellent. There is even an area in this flat province that has mountains. These are found in Cypress Hills Provincial Park in Saskatchewan’s southwest corner. (6) Saskatchewan was the first province to introduce medicare, a health care program funded with taxes for all of its residents. This was introduced in 1947 by a political party known as the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), a party that in later years changed its name to the New Democratic Party (NDP). As of 1966, medicare became available to all Canadians. *****

(7) Although considered one of the Prairie Provinces, Alberta has a varied landscape. The south is a dry, treeless prairie, but in the north, there are large expanses of mixed forest. Toward the western Albertan border are at first the foothills and then the high peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Alberta is Canada’s largest producer of oil and natural gas, and this industry is commonly referred to as “The Oil Patch.” (8) In the southwest corner of the province is an area known as “The Badlands.” It consists of many hectares covered with a fantastic assortment of eroded and multi-colored rocks in which a vast store of dinosaur fossils are buried. In the centre of the province is Edmonton, the provincial capital, which is also the home of the West Edmonton Mall, the world’s second largest shopping centre. 24

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (9) In the south is Calgary, another major Canadian city. Southern Alberta is known for its chinook winds. These are warm winds which suddenly flow in from the west on a cold winter day. They can raise the temperature by 25 degrees Celsius in one hour, which would quickly melt whatever snow might be around. Calgary is also famous for a popular tourist attraction called the Calgary Stampede, which entertains visitors and residents each summer. *****

(10) British Columbia is Canada’s third largest province both in area and in population. The two main regions of the province are called the Coast and the Interior. Seventy percent of the population lives at or near the Pacific coast in the southwest area of the province called the Georgia Strait Region. Greater Vancouver and Greater Victoria are the major cities in this area. With the exception of the Peace River Lowland, which is similar to the western prairies, most of British Columbia is covered by mountains of the Cordillera Range. Within this system are the Coast Mountains in the west and the Rocky Mountains in the east. In between are numerous smaller ranges with names such as Hazelton, Skeena, Monashee, Selkirk, and Purcell. (11) A large percentage of the land in this province is non-agricultural. But there are exceptions. In the rich, narrow valley of the Fraser River are dairy farms and many fertile fields where raspberries and strawberries are grown. Although the Okanagan Valley is very dry, irrigation has made it possible to grow large crops of tree fruits and grapes. In the dry hills of the Cariboo region are many large cattle ranches. (12) The three major industries in BC are forestry, fishing, and mining. In the forestry sector, the two main products are softwood lumber and pulp and paper. The major fishing takes place off the west coast or in the Fraser and the Skeena rivers, and salmon is the most sought-after fish. (There is concern in the province that both the forestry and the fishing industries may 25

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] be running out of the natural resources that they are dependent upon.) At present, coal is the mainstay of BC’s mining industry. Every day, long trainloads of high-grade coal travel from huge mines in the northeast and southeast corners of the province to the Deltaport container terminal south of Vancouver for shipment to Japan. Off the coast of British Columbia are 6500 Pacific islands. The largest is Vancouver Island. Then come Graham and Moresby Islands, which are part of a group of islands off the northern coast known as the Queen Charlottes. (13) Through the mountains of British Columbia flow several powerful rivers—the Columbia, the Kootenay, the Thompson, the Fraser, the Skeena, and the Peace. The province’s capital is Victoria, and its largest city is Vancouver. Other major cities of British Columbia are Kelowna, Prince George, Kamloops, and Nanaimo. *****

(14) Canada’s three territories are called Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Yukon lies directly north of British Columbia and east of Alaska. This large area of mountains and plateaus has a small population of around 30,000. It is home to Mt. Logan, which reaches an altitude of 5959 metres and is the highest mountain in Canada. It is situated in the southwest corner of Yukon. Because of its northern location, Yukon has long summer days and is often referred to as “The Land of the Midnight Sun.” It also has very short winter days, with only a few hours of daylight. Mining is this area’s chief industry. (15) Yukon is linked to Alaska and to British Columbia by the Alaska Highway, which runs for 2451 kilometres between Dawson Creek, B.C. and Fairbanks, Alaska. The capital city of Yukon is Whitehorse. Between 1896 and 1898, Yukon was the site of the very famous Klondike Gold Rush. 26

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(16) The Northwest Territories used to contain one third of all the land in Canada. In 1999, its eastern part (about two thirds of its former size) became a separate territory known as Nunavut. The present population of the Northwest Territories is over 40,000. About 48% of the people are Dene, Inuit (Inuvialuit), and Métis. The rest of the population is nonIndigenous. The people of the Northwest Territories live mostly in small communities. The airplane and the snowmobile have brought many changes to the north of Canada, where traditionally the Indigenous people would “live off the land” by hunting and fishing. (17) In the western half of the Northwest Territories is the vast Mackenzie River Valley, which drains the waters of two huge lakes, Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake. Winters are long and very cold, and much of the land is made up of permanently frozen subsoil called “permafrost.” Mining for zinc, gold, and lead is the major industry. Yellowknife, a city of about 19,000 on the north shore of Great Slave Lake, is the capital. *****

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (18) Nunavut, Canada’s largest, newest, and northernmost territory, was formed in 1999 from what was previously the eastern part of the Northwest Territories. This new territory occupies one-fifth of Canada’s land mass. In 2006, it had a population of about 29,000, with about 85% of the population being Inuit. Nunavut means “our land” in the Inuktitut language. The capital of Nunavut is Iqaluit. Ranging from coastal plains to rugged mountains, Nunavut, which is mainly treeless, has vast potential mineral and petroleum resources under its permafrost soil.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. According to the essay, in which Canadian province or territory would you find each of the following? a. coal: b. potash: c. Mt. Logan: d. Lake Winnipeg: e. permafrost: f. a chinook: 2. Into what two parts does the province of Manitoba divide? 3. What do Steinbach, Gimli, and Dauphin in Manitoba all have in common? 4. Why is Saskatchewan called “Canada’s Breadbasket”? 5. What is unusual about Cypress Hills Provincial Park? 6. What is “The Oil Patch” referred to in Paragraph 7? 7. What do people dig for in “The Badlands” of Alberta? 8. What is unusual about the way the population of British Columbia is distributed?

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] 9. What makes it possible for British Columbia to produce a great amount of hydroelectric power? 10. What was a very famous event in the history of  Yukon? 11. What is the main industry in Yukon and the Northwest Territories? 12. What two modern inventions have changed the lives of people living in Canada’s north? 13. What significant event happened in the Northwest Territories in 1999? 14. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 16.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay in which you express how you feel about some part of British Columbia that you have become familiar with; or describe a part of your country that you know best.

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Chapter Four:

Governing Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. convened: met customarily: usually duplication: something done twice external affairs: dealings with other countries interfere: attempt to influence legislature: government maintaining: keeping up 30

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] mandate: right to rule monarchy: a country ruled by a king or queen municipal: having to do with a city, a town, or a district that has its own government ratify: pass revenue: money spectrum: range vacancy: an opening victorious: winning

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: English Idioms For most people who are learning English as a second language, the problem of mastering English idioms is a challenging one. Newcomers to the language need to learn these special expressions because the meaning of idiomatic phrases cannot easily be understood from the individual meanings of the words that form them. For example, the meaning of pulling your leg has nothing to do with legs and actually means teasing you or making fun of you in a friendly way. Reading can be a great help in becoming familiar with idiomatic expressions. Students of English need to learn idiomatic expressions in the same way they learn vocabulary. As you read the essay that follows, pay particular attention to the common idiomatic expressions that have been placed in italics.

Governing Canada (1) In theory, Canada is a monarchy though the monarch’s representative, the Governor General, does not have any political power in reality. The real authority rests in the hands of the political party that is in power in Ottawa, particularly with the prime minister and the cabinet. (2) The three branches of federal government are the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive, which consists of the prime minister and his cabinet, proposes laws. The legislative, which consists of the House of Commons and the Senate, passes laws. The judicial, which consists of the court system, interprets the laws; that is, it decides if the law is being upheld. 31

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (3) Some basic principles regarding the way the Canadian political system operates are as follows. The party that wins the most seats in the House of Commons in a federal election is asked by the Governor General to form a government. The leader of the victorious party becomes prime minister, and he or she then appoints the members of the Cabinet, which consists of between 25 and 35 honorable ministers, each with a particular area of responsibility. The party that gets the second largest number of seats becomes the official opposition. (4) Historically, two political parties—the Liberals and the Progressive Conservatives—have, in different periods, either formed the government or sat in opposition. Since the first Parliament convened in 1867, the Liberals have been in power for more years than the Conservatives. Following the 1935 election, a third party, the New Democratic Party (originally called the CCF), began to play a role in the House of Commons though it has never formed the government nor been the official opposition. (5) After the election of 1993, a new development took place in the House of Commons. Two new parties—the Bloc Québécois and the Reform Party—became major players on the Canadian political scene. The Bloc Québécois, which is in favor of Quebec’s separation from the rest of Canada, had won 53 seats (just one more than the 52 won by the Reform Party), and at that time became Her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition. In the following election, the Reform Party (now called the Alliance Party) became the opposition party. Both the Conservative Party and the NDP were still represented in the House of Commons, but each had a very small number of seats. In the Canadian political system, if the government does not maintain its majority in the House of Commons or is defeated in an important vote, it must resign and call a new election. (Note: In 2003, the Reform Party merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to become the Conservative Party.) (6) Members of the Senate are not elected. They are appointed for life (or until they reach the age of 75) by the ruling prime minister, who can fill a vacancy in the 104-seat senate with someone of his/her own choice whenever a senator dies or retires. Once a bill has been passed by the House of Commons it goes to the Senate for what has been called “a sober second thought.” Only occasionally do members of the Senate fail to ratify a bill passed by the House of Commons though sometimes there is a loud debate between the Liberals and the Conservatives who, between them, currently hold all the seats in the Senate, since none of the other parties has ever been in a position to appoint their own senators. (7) A very important principle in Canadian government is that neither the executive nor the legislative branch of government can interfere with the judiciary branch. (8) There are three levels of government in Canada. These are the federal government (with 32

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] its capital in Ottawa), the provincial and territorial governments (with their ten provincial capitals and three territorial capitals), and the municipal governments (with their offices in hundreds of Canadian cities and towns). Canada’s three territories are governed by small, elected councils. Both the federal and the provincial governments have the power to levy a wide variety of taxes, especially income tax. Municipal governments have only those powers which are granted to them by the province in which they are located. Customarily, they can pass local by-laws and raise money by granting a broad range of licences and by collecting property taxes. (9) Each province has a provincial legislature whose members are elected. As with the federal government, the political party that wins the most seats in an election forms the government while the second-place party forms the opposition. Provinces do not have an Upper House or Senate. At various times in recent history, five different political parties have been in power in one or another of the provincial capitals—the Liberals, the Conservative Party, the New Democratic Party, the Social Credit Party, and the Parti Québécois. An election must be held in each province every five years though the government in power can call an election before its mandate is completed should it wish to do so. (For the most part, municipal elections are “non-partisan;” that is, political parties are not supposed to be involved, although there are communities in which some candidates represent the “left” spectrum of politics while others represent the “right.”) (10) The division of powers is a central fact about political life in Canada. Some powers (and responsibilities) belong to the federal government, and some belong to the provincial governments. The federal government is responsible for defence, external affairs, criminal law, money and banking, trade and commerce, transportation, citizenship, and Indian and Northern Affairs. The provincial responsibilities include education, civil law, health and welfare, natural resources, local government, agriculture, and some aspects of immigration. Municipal governments are responsible for policing, fire protection, roads, hospitals, schools, water supply, and sanitation. (11) Conflict between federal and provincial governments has been going on for many years. At the heart of this conflict is revenue sharing—deciding which government has the right to raise revenue and by what means, and which government is responsible for seeing that certain services are delivered. At times, the two levels of government see the necessity of cooperation, such as in building and maintaining the Trans-Canada Highway. At times, the provinces cannot get along without help from the federal government, such as in the funding of higher education. But there is constant disagreement and debate, and, in the opinion of many Canadians, too much tax money is wasted through what is called “the duplication of powers,” that is, areas of government where both Ottawa and the provincial capitals have agencies that 33

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] are involved in similar administrative activities.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer, your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. In Canadian politics, who has the most power? 2. Which groups are responsible for proposing, passing, and interpreting laws in Canada? 3. What is the usual way that a person can become Prime Minister of Canada? 4. In Paragraph 5, the writer mentions a major change that occurred in the House of Commons following the 1993 federal election. What was this change? 5. How does an individual become a member of the Canadian Senate? 6. Why does the Canadian Senate consist only of members of the Liberal or Conservative party? 7. What part of the Canadian political system is guaranteed the most independence? 8. What are the three levels of government in Canada? 9. In what significant way do the ten provincial governments differ from the federal government? 10. Which three political parties have formed provincial governments, but have never had power at the federal level? (See Paragraphs 4 and 9.) 11. What is the central problem found in the Canadian political system? 12. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 11.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay explaining some aspects of how the government is organized in your country; or identify some of the ways in which your life is affected by the government. 34

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Chapter Five:

The Canadian Legal System Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. appeal: a review by a higher court of a formerly tried case appointed: chosen to do a job complicated: having many parts defendant: a person, company, or organization accused in a court of law driving infractions: breaking the law while driving a car jurisdictions overlap: when two courts have the power to deal with the same matter plaintiff: a person, company, or organization that brings an action in a court of law 35

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] provincial statute: a law passed by the provincial government supremacy: having more power than someone else Supreme: highest

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Subject and Verb Agreement It is important in written English to have a singular noun accompany a singular form of a verb, and a plural noun accompany a plural form of a verb. The essay that follows illustrates this principle particularly well since it frequently moves back and forth between singular and plural subjects and always has the correct verb form. To reinforce this important principle in your mind, complete the following brief exercise. Read the essay on the following page. For Paragraphs 1-5, find a sentence with a singular subject followed by a singular verb, and a plural subject followed by a plural verb. The entry for Paragraph 1 is an example of what is required. Paragraph 1: Singular: criminal law is the responsibility of the federal government ... Plural: complications are caused by the fact that ... Paragraph 2: Singular: Plural: Paragraph 3: Singular: Plural: Paragraph 4: Singular: Plural: Paragraph 5:

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The Canadian Legal System (1) The legal system of Canada is quite complicated although its basic structure can be outlined in an uncomplicated way. Like certain other aspects of Canadian life, many legal complications are caused by the fact that the federal and provincial jurisdictions overlap. Only the federal government can make criminal laws, but both the provinces and the federal government enforce them. In general, though, criminal law is the responsibility of the federal government while private or civil law is the responsibility of the ten provincial and the three territorial governments. (2) In a criminal case, someone who has been accused of committing a wrongful act is taken to court by the government (the Crown), then tried either before a judge alone or before a judge and a jury, and, if found guilty, is punished by being put in jail or fined. The fine is paid to the government. In a civil case, two individuals go to court in order to settle a disagreement between them. It may, for example, be a case where one individual, the plaintiff, feels that some aspects of a contract entered into with another individual, the defendant, have not been fulfilled. If this dispute cannot be settled out of court, then the case may have to be settled in court before a judge. If the plaintiff persuades the court that his or her position is correct, the court will order the defendant to pay money to the plaintiff or will order the defendant to do or not do something depending on what the plaintiff has requested. Civil actions generally involve two individuals, companies, or other organizations, and even the government itself can be a party in a civil action as a plaintiff or a defendant. (3) The highest court in the country is called The Supreme Court of Canada. It consists of nine judges appointed by the federal government. These judges are appointed for indefinite terms, although, like Senators, they must retire when they reach the age of 75. This group of judges hears cases in the Supreme Court building, which is situated near the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa. (4) The next highest courts in Canada are the ten Provincial Courts of Appeal. One step down from these appeal courts are Superior Trial Courts. In British Columbia, this court is known as the British Columbia Supreme Court even though it does not, in fact, have supremacy over the British Columbia Court of Appeal. The British Columbia Supreme Court can deal with both criminal and civil cases. The judges in all of these courts are appointed by the federal government. 37

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (5) The lowest court in the province of British Columbia is called the Provincial Court of British Columbia, and the judges are appointed by the provincial government. This court deals with criminal matters, family matters, and civil actions where the plaintiff is claiming $10,000 or less. (6) The Criminal Division of the Provincial Court handles the majority of criminal cases arising in the province as well as cases in violation of provincial statutes punishable by fine or imprisonment. This court would become involved in a case dealing with an automobile accident where a person had been charged under the Provincial Motor Vehicle Act for driving without due care and attention or if a person had breached a Provincial Environmental Protection Act by dumping prohibited substances without a licence. (7) The Family Division of the Provincial Court hears cases related to matters such as maintenance and support, divorce settlements, and child custody disputes. The Small Claims Division settles financial disputes involving amounts less than $10,000. Disputes over larger sums of money are heard by the British Columbia Supreme Court. (8) Minor driving infractions—such as speeding—are heard before a Justice of the Peace (not before a judge). This so-called “police court” comes under the authority of the Provincial Court of British Columbia. (9) If a person living in British Columbia is charged with a serious offence such as breaking and entering, drug peddling, or manslaughter, or elects for a trial by judge and jury, the case will be heard in the Supreme Court of British Columbia. The accused, if found guilty, can appeal the decision to the British Columbia Court of Appeal. Following a conviction in that court, the only other appeal available is to the Supreme Court of Canada. (10) In addition to the system of Provincial Courts described above, there is also a Federal Court of Canada that has a trial and an appellate (appeals) division. The Federal Court of Canada has a very limited jurisdiction. It hears cases arising under certain kinds of Federal Law, which is law enacted by Parliament, not by a provincial legislature. Any appeal of a decision made by a federal administrative tribunal will be heard in Federal Court for example. A person may appeal a decision of the Federal Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer, your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do 38

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. What is the main reason why the Canadian legal system tends to be complicated? 2. What is the basic difference between criminal and civil law? 3. In which city is the Supreme Court of Canada located? 4. What is rather odd about the name of the British Columbia Supreme Court? 5. If you were to break a provincial statute, in which court would your case be heard? 6. If you wanted to sue someone to recover $5000, in which court would your case be heard? 7. If you wanted to contest a speeding ticket, who would hear your case? 8. If you were charged with a serious offence, in what three courts (and in what order) might your case be heard? 9. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 2.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay in which you contrast the Canadian Legal System with some other legal system you are familiar with; or write a well-developed paragraph on any personal experience you have had with any legal system; or write a oneparagraph summary of what you think are the most important ideas found in the preceding essay.

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Chapter Six:

Made in Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. aerospace components: parts needed by the space program afflict: trouble all-terrain: able to travel over different types of land Arctic: northern Canada at his mercy: helpless auspices: under the control or protection of bandstand: a small building in a park for playing music 40

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] comprehend: understand decades: periods of ten years deploying: putting out devised: invented distil: turn a solid into a liquid essentially: in a basic way evolved: changed into something new faked out: fooled falling off: becoming smaller governed: decided illumination: light initial: the first internal secretion: something given off by one of the body’s organs, in this case, the pancreas manoeuvre: move about obsolete: out of date; no longer useful pancreas: a gland near the stomach that helps in the digestion of food patented: got ownership of power outage: a time when electricity is not available pretending: looking as if you are going to do one thing and then doing something else railroad surveyor: a person who decides where a railroad should be built retrieving: bringing back rural: out in the countryside; not in a city

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A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: The Use of Participial Phrases A participial phrase is a group of words beginning with either a present participle (such as “looking”) or a past participle (such as “looked”). In some sentences, this structure can be used to replace a main clause, thus providing sentence variety within a paragraph. The italicized part of the previous sentence is an example of a participial phrase. This idea could also have been expressed as a main clause: “and this provides sentence variety within a paragraph.” By occasionally using the participial phrase instead of the clause, variety in sentence structure can be attained. Participial phrases can be used effectively at the beginning of a sentence: “Being ill, John could not attend the staff meeting.” Note that when a participial phrase is used at the beginning of a sentence, it must be followed by the noun (in this case “John”) that is performing the action being expressed by the participial. A participial phrase can also be used effectively at the end of a sentence: “Bill sent her flowers ten days in a row, hoping she would forgive him.” In the essay that follows, the writer has used many participial phrases. After you have read the essay, write out the sentence containing the participial phrase found in each of the following paragraphs. Paragraph 2: Paragraph 5: Paragraph 6: Paragraph 7: Paragraph 13:

Made in Canada (1) Though Canada is a country with a small population, it has contributed many popular and useful inventions or discoveries to the world. This essay offers a selection of some particularly interesting things, ideas, or activities first thought of by Canadians; there are many others that could have also been included. 42

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (2) Those of us who live in the age of electricity may find it difficult to comprehend just how important the discovery of kerosene was in 1846. The man who discovered it was a doctor from Nova Scotia named Abraham Gesner, who lived from 1797 to 1864. Gesner distilled a liquid from the solid hydrocarbons found in coal. Originally, it was called coal oil, but Gesner later named it kerosene. The importance of kerosene was that it gave the world a better light. After 1853, when this substance was being produced in large quantities, it became the standard lighting fuel used in homes around the world, providing people with a safe, inexpensive, and bright illumination. Even after the invention of the light bulb in 1879, kerosene remained the standard way of lighting many Canadian homes for many years since it took several decades for most of Canada to receive electricity. Even today, it is still used in rural areas where there is no electrical service, and it is also very useful when there is an extended power outage. Abraham Gesner has been described as “the founder of the modern petroleum industry.” ***** (3) According to sports historians, two years after Abraham Gesner patented kerosene, a very different kind of invention that turned out to be of some interest to Canadians, appeared on the scene. The year 1855 was the first time ice hockey was played anywhere in the world. It was played in Kingston, Ontario on Christmas Day by a group of army officers. (4) Kingston was also later the site of the first recorded hockey game between two organized teams. This took place in 1886 when students from Queen’s University took on a team of cadets from the Royal Military College, both institutions being located in Kingston. This game had a rather unusual aspect. In the middle of the outdoor rink, there was a large wooden bandstand. The winning goal—in fact, the only goal—was scored by a Queen’s player who rushed down the ice and faked out the opposition’s defence by pretending that he was going to go left around the bandstand but at the last instant went right. With the defencemen out of the play, he had the goalie at his mercy and put the puck in the net. (5) Towards the end of the century, hockey as we now know it began to take shape. A McGill University student set down some rules and substituted a flat wooden disc for the round ball that had been the original “puck,” giving the players much more control over their passing and shooting. However, the way hockey was played in its early days was different in several ways from the game that has now evolved. There were nine players on each side, not six; the puck could not be passed forward; and the game was always played outside on patches of natural ice. Major changes came gradually. Teams were reduced to six players in 1911; the game moved indoors onto artificial ice rinks in 1920; and the rule against the forward pass disappeared in 1930. In the early days, all the players were amateurs; in the modern era, many of them are professionals, some are in the National Hockey League (NHL), and many are millionaires. 43

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] ***** (6) Alexander Graham Bell, without a doubt Canada’s most famous inventor, worked on the invention of the telephone between 1874 and 1876. On August 10, 1876, he made the first long-distance telephone call between Paris, Ontario and Brantford, Ontario, a distance of 13 kilometres. Like the electric lightbulb and the phonograph invented by the American Thomas Alva Edison, Bell’s invention of the telephone caused a social revolution changing forever the way individuals communicated with one another, not only in Canada but also throughout the world. ***** (7) A Canadian named Sir Stanford Fleming (1827-1915) did not invent an actual object, but he did come up with an idea that has also had world-wide application. Fleming was Canada’s foremost railroad surveyor and construction engineer during the 19th century and was responsible for surveying for the Canadian Pacific Railway that joined Montreal and Vancouver. Realizing that the railroad had made obsolete a time system in which each community set its own time, he recommended that the world accept a system of international standard time with the world divided into 24 different time zones. His plan was accepted in 1884 and is still in use today. ***** (8) Two games invented by Canadians, basketball and five-pin bowling, continue to be popular and have brought pleasure to many people throughout the world. Both of these games were invented around 100 years ago. (9) The game of basketball was first played in the eastern United States, but the inventor was a Canadian named James Naismith, who was a psychology teacher at a college in the state of Massachusetts. In 1891, while looking for an indoor game that was easy to learn, could be played in teams, and involved throwing a ball with accuracy rather than force, Naismith set out the initial thirteen rules that governed how his new game was to be played. By 1930, basketball had become popular in over 50 countries. In 1936, it was included as an official team competition at the summer Olympics. Although the rules have changed in many ways since 1891, basketball is still essentially the game that James Naismith invented. (10) Another popular indoor pastime invented by a Canadian was five-pin bowling. Ten-pin bowling had been an American invention, but Thomas F. Ryan, who ran a ten-pin bowling club in Toronto, found that his business was declining. So, in 1909, he devised a less strenuous form of the game. He reduced the size of the bowling ball, cut down the size and the number 44

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] of the pins, and set up a new scoring system. Five-pin bowling soon became a popular form of recreation throughout Canada and the northern United States. ***** (11) During the winter of 1921-22, two scientists at the University of Toronto, Frederick Banting (1891-1941) and Charles Best (1899-1978), isolated an internal secretion of the pancreas gland that they called insulin. Insulin proved to be a tremendously successful medicine for many people suffering from diabetes, which is caused by the inability of the patient’s own pancreas to produce insulin. Diabetes can afflict people of all ages and can be the cause of blindness and kidney failure. The treatment, which includes daily injections of synthetic insulin, makes it possible for diabetics to lead normal lives. The value of this discovery can be appreciated because of the fact that over one million Canadians suffer from diabetes, which, after cancer and heart failure, is the third most common cause of death in Canada. ***** (12) The inventor of the snowmobile was Canadian Joseph Armand Bombardier, who lived and worked in the province of Quebec between 1907 and 1964. When he was only a teenager, Bombardier became interested in building an all-terrain vehicle, especially one that could travel over soft ground or snow. In 1937, when he was 30, he finally did succeed in building a machine that could travel over snow. It consisted of a motorized sled that was moved along by a set of endless tracks and was steered by front-mounted movable skis. (13) However, it wasn’t until 1959 that a small snowmobile called the “Ski-Doo” was ready for the market. Here was a new type of vehicle that quickly gave people the means of participating in what has now become a very popular sport—skidooing. It also created a social revolution in the Arctic, replacing the sleds pulled by dog teams that the Inuit people had depended on for generations. Bombardier Incorporated of Montreal, the company founded by Joseph Armand Bombardier, is now one of the largest manufacturing firms in Canada. They build engines, airplanes, aerospace components, and, of course, snowmobiles. ***** (14) Canadarm, the name assigned to the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System, is Canada’s contribution to the United States Space Shuttle Program. It was not invented by one person but was the work of several scientific groups working under the auspices of the National Aeronautical Establishment, a branch of the National Research Council of Canada. Canadarm was first employed in space on the Space Shuttle’s second flight in November, 1981. It 45

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] manoeuvres heavy loads in space, such as deploying and retrieving free-flying satellites.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Which inventor is associated with each of the following? a. basketball: b. international standard time: c. kerosene: d. snowmobile: e. telephone: 2. Why did the invention of the light bulb not immediately replace kerosene as a way of lighting homes? 3. In Paragraph 5, we learn how the game of hockey was changed in 1930. What was this change? 4. What did the achievements of two of North America’s most important inventors, Bell and Edison, have in common? 5. In what way was Sir Stanford Fleming’s contribution different from that of several other inventors mentioned in the essay? 6. What does the fact that basketball was included in the 1936 Olympics tell us about the game? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 7. What caused Thomas F. Ryan to invent five-pin bowling? 8. Why is the discovery of insulin of great importance? 9. What group of people has been most affected by the invention of the snowmobile? 10. In what way was the invention of Canadarm different from the other inventions dealt with 46

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] in the essay? 11. Which four sports are mentioned in the essay? 12. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 2.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay on one of the following: something you would like to invent; or something you wish someone else would invent; or an invention or discovery that you know something about and could describe to someone else.

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Chapter Seven:

Special Canadians – Part I Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. autobiography: telling the story of one’s own life competence: great ability domestic: concerned with Canada dominant: most important endeared: made her loved executive: a manager expansion: growth 48

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] fictional: an imaginary character; not real humane: not cruel ideals: strongly held beliefs inaugural: first initially: the first time musical: a stage play set to music prestigious: giving honor to a person reformed: made better respected: liked and admired sequels: stories that follow an earlier story stately: dignified

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Using Synonyms A synonym is a word that has a similar meaning to another word in the same language. Synonyms can be used to help a writer avoid using one word so often that the word becomes very noticeable as in the following example: Tokyo is the largest city in Japan, and Tokyo is a place I would like to visit. Tokyo is a very special place, and not many other places in the world can compare with Tokyo. The too frequent repetition of the word place should have been avoided, and a synonym for the word “place” should have been used as in the following revision: I would like to visit Tokyo, Japan’s largest city. It is a very special place, and not many locations in the world can compare with it. The use of synonyms to achieve variety has to be handled carefully. On the one hand, you do not want to repeat one word too often; on the other hand, you do not want to give the impression that you are straining to find alternate ways of expressing what you want to say. The guiding principle is to find a balance somewhere between these two extremes.

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] In the following essay, there is an idea of something being “first” about each of the five special Canadians introduced. The writer was, therefore, faced with the challenge of finding other ways of expressing the idea of “first” without repeating that word too often. It does appear several times, but there are other places where a synonymous word or phrase has been used instead. It can also be noted that in Chapter Five, the writer of the essay on Canada’s Legal System was faced with a similar problem, one that was not completely solvable. This was because it was necessary in that essay to repeat the official names of several of the country’s law courts, and there are no synonyms available to replace these official names. As a result, the word court appears in the essay several times. After you have read the essay that follows, return to the paragraphs listed below and identify the word or phrase in which the idea of “first” has been conveyed by the use of either a synonym or a synonymous phrase. Paragraph 1: Paragraph 2: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 5 (two examples):

Special Canadians – Part I (1) Since Confederation in 1867, Canada has had 23 Prime Ministers. Sir John A. Macdonald (1815-1891) is of special importance since, as well as being the first prime minister, he was the dominant personality in the writing of the British North America Act (BNA Act). The BNA Act resulted in the joining together of four provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick) on July 1, 1867 to form the country called Canada. John A. Macdonald was Prime Minister of Canada during two different periods: initially from 1867 to 1873, and later from 1878 to 1891. He was serving as Prime Minister at the time of his death. (2) Macdonald is now chiefly remembered for two related achievements. He was a nation builder who was mainly responsible for the expansion of Canada “From Sea to Sea.” It was under his guidance that the Trans-Canada railroad was built. With the promise of being linked by rail to the rest of Canada, British Columbia entered Confederation in 1871. (The railroad’s inaugural run reached the west coast on July 4, 1886 after a seven-day journey from Montreal.) Other important dates for Confederation are the Northwest Territories in 1870, Prince Edward Island in 1873, and Yukon in 1898. Saskatchewan and Alberta did not become Canadian 50

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] provinces until 1905. Newfoundland, the last province to join, did not enter Confederation until 1949. Even though Canada did not take on its present shape until long after Sir John A. Macdonald’s death, he was in large measure the driving force behind the creation of this country. ***** (3) Lucy Maud Montgomery (1874-1942) is a special Canadian writer because she created a fictional character who became world famous. The character was a high-spirited, red-headed orphan named Anne who made her appearance in Lucy Maud Montgomery’s first book, Anne of Green Gables, published in 1908. After an unhappy childhood, Anne finds a happy home with strict, but loving people, on a farm in Prince Edward Island (PEI). Anne’s lively adventures in the beautiful PEI countryside endeared her to millions of readers, both young and old. Although this author wrote six sequels to Anne of Green Gables, it is the book that began the series that has remained a bestseller not only in its original English version but also in several other languages, especially Japanese. A musical based on the Anne of Green Gables story is still performed each year during the Charlottetown Summer Festival. The house in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island, where Lucy Maud Montgomery lived as a young woman, is now a museum visited each year by thousands of her devoted readers. ***** (4) In Canada, women did not have the right to vote in federal elections until 1921. In the election of that year, only one woman, Agnes Macphail (1890 to 1954), was elected. Agnes Macphail is special and not just because she was the first woman to take her place in the House of Commons. She is also remembered in Canadian history for the many ways she tried to better the lives of working-class Canadians. She was active in protecting the rights of farmers, fighting for equal rights and equal pay for women, and demanding that Canadian prisons be reformed to make them more humane. Agnes Macphail began her professional life as a country school teacher and then became politically active. Although she served her country both as a Member of Parliament and as a Member of the Ontario Legislature, in the last years of her life she suffered from both poverty and ill health. Because of her honesty, courage, and devotion to her high ideals, she is a very special Canadian. ***** (5) Before entering politics, Jeanne Sauvé (1922-1993) had a brilliant career as a journalist in radio and television, as well as in the print media. As a Member of Parliament, Madame Sauvé turned out to be a pioneer in three notable ways. She was the first woman from French Canada to become a member of the Federal Cabinet, and the first woman to be appointed to the 51

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] prestigious positions of Speaker of the House of Commons and Governor General of Canada. She was Speaker from 1980 until 1984, when she began her five-year term as the Queen’s Representative in Canada. Jeanne Sauvé was highly respected not only because she broke new political ground for Canadian women but also because she performed her duties with great competence and leadership. Until her death in 1993, she spoke out forcefully on a wide range of domestic and foreign issues, especially those concerning the status of women and the importance of preserving Canadian unity. ***** (6) A famous and much respected Canadian who could have had a political career, but chose not to, was a former hockey player named Jean Beliveau. In 1994, he became the first Canadian athlete to be offered the honor of becoming Governor General of Canada. For personal reasons, he declined the offer, just as he had earlier turned down a seat in the Canadian Senate. Jean Beliveau was offered these high political honors for reasons other than his brilliant career as a hockey player. Rather, it was because he had earned, both as a player and later as an executive with his former team, the Montreal Canadiens, a nation-wide reputation for honesty, dignity, and humility. One sportswriter referred to him as “the stately Jean Beliveau,” while another said that Beliveau “learned how to behave when he was young, and it shows in everything he does.” (7) Jean Beliveau was born in 1931. He starred as a hockey player in three Quebec cities: first in his home town of Victoriaville, then as a junior in Quebec City, and finally as a professional with the Canadiens from 1953 until he retired as a player in 1971. During his career, he scored 507 goals and had 712 assists, plus another 176 points in 162 playoff games. (8) A tall and handsome man, Jean Beliveau stood out in any crowd not only because of his height but also because of the special kind of man that he was and always has been. In 1994, he published an autobiography entitled My Life in Hockey. Jean Beliveau passed away 20 years later in 2014.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Which special person mentioned in the essay is associated with each of the following? a. a fictional character: 52

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] b. prison reform: c. British North America Act: d. Speaker of the House of Commons: e. an autobiography: 2. What does history recognize as Sir John A. Macdonald’s two major achievements? 3. What caused British Columbia to join Confederation in 1871? 4. In the last part of Paragraph 2, the writer uses three different phrases in relation to three provinces becoming part of Canada. What are these three synonymous phrases? 5. What information does the essay provide to show that Anne of Green Gables is a worldfamous story? 6. Why is there a touch of irony (that is, something that we might not expect to happen) in the life of Agnes Macphail? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 7. In addition to her three political “firsts,” why was Jeanne Sauvé such a respected Canadian? 8. In Paragraph 5, what synonym for “Governor General” does the writer use? 9. What qualities, both on and off the ice, earned Jean Beliveau such nation-wide respect? 10. What evidence does Paragraph 7 provide to show that Jean Beliveau did have a “brilliant career as a hockey player?” 11. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 5.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay explaining why someone you either know, or know about, could be considered a special human being.

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Chapter Eight:

Special Canadians – Part II Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. amputate: cut off controversy: argument custody: control over distinctive: special documentaries: programs that present factual material rather than tell a story eccentric: odd; not like other people eccentricities: odd ways of behaving 54

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] enthusiastically: showing great interest epic journey: a long and difficult trip guardianship: legal responsibility for identically: all in the same way isolation: being away from others marathon: a very long run one-way windows: windows which can be looked through from only one side performing: singing, acting, or playing an instrument product endorsements: saying that you like a certain product and receiving money for saying so pronounced: the way something is said propelling: moving recuperating: getting well again rehabilitation: helping someone get better remote: far away revealed: told sensation: something interesting and exciting trust fund: money set aside to help someone unaccustomed: not used to

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: More About English Idioms Because learning idioms is such an important part of learning to speak, read, and write English, this book makes reference to idioms several times. In the Introduction and in Chapter Four, the point was made that idioms refer to phrases that have special meanings that cannot be derived from the individual meanings of the words in that phrase. 55

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] It must also be pointed out that there are many idioms in English in which the combinations of words are unusual. These are idiomatic expressions that English speakers regularly use and understand though it is not easy to explain them in grammatical terms. Since these types of idiomatic phrases tend not to change, they are referred to as “cast-iron” idioms. (Something made out of cast iron has a very definite shape that is not easily altered.) Learning the meaning of cast-iron idioms is a very important part of learning to read English since the language has so many of them. (Some cast-iron idioms might be considered a bit overused. A couple of examples of an overused expression would be with flying colors or in the dead of night. On this account, careful writers will avoid using such idioms when they write though they may use them when they speak.) A very common example of a cast-iron idiom is How do you do?, a phrase we use when we are introduced to somebody. We may understand that this is a way of saying “Hello,” but it is difficult to explain just how these words came to be combined in this way. Another good example is the expression to come in handy, a cast-iron idiom meaning that something is useful. The following list contains a number of idioms of this type along with an explanation of what they mean. act your age: stop being silly; grow up strike a bargain: make a deal, as in business takes after his father: looks or acts like his father to be taken in: to be cheated or fooled to make a date: to arrange a meeting all at sea: confused hit the nail on the head: do or say something right nowadays: at the present time my own flesh and blood: a relative with flying colors: did something really well to be at loose ends: unsure of what to do next face the music: take the punishment you deserve Several idioms of this type are found in the essay that follows. After you have read the essay, 56

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] test yourself to see if you understand what the following idioms mean. (If you’re not sure, see the Answer Key where their meanings have been explained.) Paragraph 1: a globe-trotting performer Paragraph 2: in the dead of night Paragraph 3: front page news Paragraph 9: any subject under the sun Paragraph 9: from all walks of life Paragraph 13: came up with the idea

Special Canadians – Part II (1) Glenn Gould, one of Canada’s best known and most eccentric musicians, was born in Toronto in 1932 and died of a heart attack in that same city in 1982. Glenn Gould began his career as a concert pianist with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra at the age of 14. From 1946 until 1964, he had a busy concert career in Canada and was a globe-trotting performer, especially in Europe. (2) Having decided that he did not enjoy performing in concert halls, he took his music into the recording studio and, through the use of the most advanced technology, produced a large number of highly distinctive recordings of classical music. Glenn Gould was also a gifted writer of music criticism and radio and television documentaries. Among the eccentricities for which he became famous were his habit of wearing a cap, gloves, and an overcoat even on the hottest days of summer; his tendency to hum loudly while playing the piano; and his preference for communicating with his friends by telephone (often in the dead of night) rather than in face-toface meetings. ***** (3) On May 28, 1934, a woman in the small Northern Ontario town of Callander gave birth to five identical baby girls. The birth of the Dionne Quintuplets (Annette, Emilie, Yvonne, Cécile, and Marie) caused a sensation throughout the world. The miracle of their survival, plus their identical cuteness as babies, along with the extreme poverty of their parents, and the controversy over their guardianship made them front page news during the 1930s. (4) The controversy over the quintuplets was caused by the fact that the Ontario government 57

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] separated them from their parents (and from their five older brothers and sisters) and raised them in a special hospital built for them near the farmhouse in which they had been born. When they were one year old, a playground was built on the property, and millions of people travelled to this remote community to view the identically dressed children from behind oneway windows. (5) The life story of the quintuplets turned out to be an unhappy one. Although they were famous the world over, they lived in unnatural isolation seeing no other children and, as a result, became overly dependent on each other. After nine years of fighting to get his children back, their father, Oliva Dionne, regained custody of his five daughters, and they returned to live in the family home. There, they were treated with little love and affection by their parents and were very unhappy. When they became adults, they moved to Montreal. However, they were so unaccustomed to doing anything for themselves that they had a hard time living an ordinary life. And still, wherever they went, they attracted unwelcomed crowds. (6) In 1965, the four surviving quintuplets (Emilie had died of epilepsy in 1954) published a bitter book entitled We Were Five, in which they revealed how unhappy their life with the rest of their family had been. Three of the quintuplets (Annette, Cécile, and Marie) married, but all three marriages ended in divorce. Marie died in 1970 and Yvonne in 2001. The two surviving quintuplets—Cécile and Annette—live together in Montreal. Through many product endorsements when they were babies and children, they built up a trust fund which provided them with an income for life. (7) Another set of quintuplets was born in Canada in 1987. But they were not identical, and two were boys and three were girls. They made the news but did not become a star attraction such as the Dionne Quintuplets had been. ***** (8) One of the best-known radio broadcasters in Canada was Peter Gzowski, whose name is pronounced “Zowski,” as if it did not begin with the letter G. Born in Toronto in 1934, Peter Gzowski had at various times in his long career been a newspaper reporter, the editor of Maclean’s magazine, an author (one of his books, The Game of Our Lives, is about hockey), and a talk-show host on both radio and television. (9) He was best-known as the host of a radio program called Morningside, which ran from Monday to Friday between 9 a.m. and 12 noon on the radio network known as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). Gzowski was skilled at chatting easily and enthusiastically with a broad range of people about a broad range of subjects—sports, politics, literature, science, cooking, gardening, and just about any subject under the sun. In the 14 years (1982 58

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] to 1997) that he was the host of Morningside, he probably met, or at least talked to, more Canadians than anyone in the history of this country. On some programs, he had lively conversations with as many as 20 Canadians from all walks of life. ***** (10) Between March 21, 1985 and May 22, 1987, a young man named Rick Hansen travelled by wheelchair through 34 countries (including Great Britain, China, Russia, and Australia) to raise awareness of the potential of people with disabilities and to raise money for spinal cord research. Rick Hansen was born in 1957 in Port Alberni, BC. When he was 15 years old, this star athlete suffered a spinal cord injury when the truck in which he was riding crashed. (11) Rick Hansen’s epic journey became known as “The Man in Motion World Tour,” and a very readable book with the title Man in Motion was published shortly after he returned to Canada. During his trip, he spent two years, two months, and two days (792 days) away from his Vancouver home. He travelled over 40,000 kilometres propelling his wheelchair with his powerfully-developed arms. His tour raised $24 million for research, rehabilitation, and wheelchair athletics. Before his Man in Motion World Tour made him known to the rest of the world, Rick Hansen was famous throughout Canada as a world-class competitor in wheelchair sports, especially basketball and marathons. In 1983, he shared the Canadian Athlete of the Year award with hockey player Wayne Gretzky. (12) Currently, Rick Hansen is the president and CEO of the Rick Hansen Man in Motion Foundation (formed in 1988) and the Rick Hansen Institute (formed in 1997), which are located at the University of British Columbia. Both the foundation and the institute are working to find a cure for paralysis and to improve the health and quality of life of people with spinal cord injuries. ***** (13) Prior to Rick Hansen’s Man in Motion World Tour, a slightly younger friend of his named Terry Fox had set out on his epic run across Canada called the “Marathon of Hope.” Terry Fox was born in July, 1958. In 1977, when he was both a fine athlete and an excellent student at Burnaby’s Simon Fraser University, it was discovered that he was suffering from a rare type of bone cancer. It became necessary to amputate his right leg. (14) While he was recuperating, he came up with the idea of running across Canada (he had an artificial leg) to raise money for cancer research. He began his run in St. John’s, Newfoundland on April 12, 1980 and ran 42 kilometres a day through Canada’s Atlantic provinces, Quebec, and Ontario. By September 1, he had reached Thunder Bay, Ontario after running 5373 59

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] kilometres. But there his cross-country run had to end when doctors found that the cancer had spread to his lungs. He died in New Westminster, BC on June 28, 1981, a month short of his 23rd birthday. During his run, he raised $1.7 million, and many millions more have been raised since then by the Terry Fox Marathon of Hope runs that are held in many cities and towns each year in Canada and throughout the world.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection.

1. Which special person mentioned in the essay is associated with each of the following? a. an amputation: b. a special hospital: c. the Toronto Symphony Orchestra: d. a radio program: e. a wheelchair: 2. What major career change did Glenn Gould make in 1964? 3. What caused the controversy between Oliva Dionne and the Ontario government? 4. What explanation is given in Paragraph 5 regarding why the Dionne Quintuplets became overly dependent on each other? 5. Why was there not as much fuss made over the quintuplets born in Canada in 1987 as there was over the Dionnes? 6. What contributed to Peter Gzowski’s great success as a talk-show host on CBC radio? 7. In addition to raising money for spinal cord research, what else did Rick Hansen hope to achieve with his Man In Motion World Tour? 8. Besides being friends and being people with disabilities, what two additional things did Rick 60

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Hansen and Terry Fox have in common? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 9. What was the major difference between the journeys undertaken by Rick Hansen and Terry Fox? 10. Why are there Marathon of Hope runs held each year? 11. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 9. 12. As was noted in Chapter Two, Canada from east to west is 5514 kilometres in length. However, in Paragraph 14 of this chapter, we learn that when Terry Fox was forced by ill health to end his Marathon of Hope, he had covered 5373 kilometres, although he was only about halfway across the country. What two possible explanations can you provide for this apparent inconsistency? (For suggested explanations, see the Answer Key.)

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay on one or another of the following topics: a person you know who is eccentric (such as Glenn Gould); or a group of people you know who are exceptional (such as the Dionne Quintuplets); or someone you know who is or was popular with a number of people (like Peter Gzowski); or someone you know who has heroic qualities (like Rick Hansen or Terry Fox).

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Chapter Nine:

Canadian Jokes and Quotations Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. aggressive: ready to attack anecdotal: part of a story bilingual: able to speak two languages campaign: ask for challenged: dared debates: arguments Duke: a member of the British royal family 62

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] entitled: called generalization: a broad statement guarantee: a promise incident: event mail-order catalogue: a book for ordering things through the mail pioneer: first play-by-play: describing the action of a game proposal: an offer of marriage rejected: turned down resisted: held back sidearms: a gun worn on a belt sophisticated: of a high quality startled: surprised talent agency: a business that represents musicians, singers, actors, and other entertainers utterance: something spoken out loud

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: The Use of Prepositions The English language has a number of words whose purpose is to show the relationship between words in a sentence. These words are called prepositions. Prepositions indicate the position of an object (above), time (on Sunday, at night), place (on the table, in bed), and means (by car, on a bus). For many students who are learning English as a second language, prepositions can be troublesome primarily because prepositions can be used in different ways (on is an example of a preposition that can be used to show time, place, and means). As with so many aspects of language, it ends up being a matter of usage, and the best way to come to an understanding of what is standard usage is to listen to native speakers and to read books written in Standard English. 63

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] In the following collection of Canadian jokes and quotations, there are many idiomatic expressions using prepositions. As you read these light little stories, keep an eye out for the way prepositions have been used in combination with other words. To give you an idea of what to look for, here are some prepositional phrases found in the first two sections of the following reading selection. From the number of them, you can see just how important such phrases are in the structure of English. tell us something about no exception to some samples of would be familiar with a quotation related to the unofficial motto of creates the image of a red-coated mountie on horseback heading off into the hills goes back to

Canadian Jokes and Quotations (1) Most countries have jokes and famous quotations that tell us something about the country and the people who live there, and Canada is no exception to this. What follows are some typical Canadian jokes and some familiar Canadian quotations. (2) The first quotation is related to Canada’s national police force, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Since about 1877, the unofficial motto of the force was “We always get our man.” This statement creates the image of a red-coated mountie (police officer) on horseback heading off into the hills in pursuit of someone who has broken the law. The official motto of the RCMP goes back to 1873, the year the force was formed. In French, this is “Maintiens le droit”; in English, it is “Uphold the right.” *****

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (3) An Englishman, a Frenchman, a Russian, an American, and a Canadian were all asked to write an essay on the topic “The Elephant.” The Englishman’s essay was entitled “The Elephant and the Building of the British Empire,” the Frenchman’s was “The Love Life of the Elephant,” the Russian’s was “How the Russians Invented the Elephant,” and the American’s essay was entitled “How to Make Money Breeding Elephants.” The title of the Canadian’s essay was “The Elephant—a Federal or a Provincial Responsibility?” ***** (4) From 1884 to 1976, one of the most popular ways for Canadians to shop was through the T. Eaton Company’s mail-order catalogue. This was especially attractive to the thousands of families who lived on farms in rural communities and did not have access to a large department store. What made buying things through the Eaton’s catalogue especially attractive was the company’s famous guarantee, “Goods Satisfactory or Money Refunded.” This statement used to be printed on Eaton’s shopping bags. ***** (5) In a park in Montreal, a mother cat and her kittens were being threatened by an aggressive dog. Backed into a corner, the cat suddenly stood up on her hind legs and started barking and growling like a dog. Confused and startled, the dog ran away. The mother cat then turned to her kittens and said, “Now do you see the advantages of being bilingual?” ***** (6) There have been many arguments about which member of the royal family visiting Canada was the “Duke” referred to in the following famous quotation. In any case, the story is that a duke, who was visiting a small Canadian town on the prairies, was having lunch with several members of the community. After the main course was finished and the plates were being removed from the table, someone turned to the royal guest and said, “Keep your fork, Duke, there’s pie a-comin’.” ***** (7) On a highway outside Vancouver, an older man was standing at the side of the road with a bicycle that had lost its chain. A young man in a sports car stopped to see if he could help. It turned out that the chain could not be fixed, and the young man offered to drive the older man and his bicycle into Vancouver. Unfortunately, the sports car’s trunk was too small to hold the bicycle. So, the young man said, “Tell you what. I’ll just tie your bike to my bumper, and I’ll tow you into town.”

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] The owner of the bicycle was nervous about this and said, “No. You’ll drive too fast.” “I’ll drive slowly,” said the young man, but if you think I’m going too fast, just ring your bell, and I’ll slow down.” They started off down the freeway and all went well until another sports car came alongside and challenged the young man to a race. He resisted at first but finally accepted the challenge, and the two cars roared down the highway. An RCMP officer spotted them, gave chase, pulled them over, and gave them both a ticket for speeding. When he told another officer about the incident later in the day, he said, “Before I stopped those two guys, they were doing at least 120 km per hour, but the really amazing thing is that there was this old guy on a bicycle behind them ringing his bell like crazy trying to pass.” ***** (8) A quotation so famous that it seems to always have been part of the language was actually the creation of Canada’s best-known humorist, Stephen Leacock. In one of the comic stories in a 1911 book entitled Nonsense Novels, the hero’s marriage proposal is rejected by his girlfriend. Leacock then writes, “Lord Ronald said nothing; he flung himself from the room, flung himself on his horse, and rode madly off in all directions.” These six words are now widely used to describe people who are either very confused or who are not very skilled at what they are attempting to do. ***** (9) A man carrying a suitcase walked into the office of a talent agency in downtown Toronto. When he opened the suitcase, out stepped forty mice each carrying a musical instrument. At the snap of the man’s fingers, they started playing a symphony by Mozart. After they had finished, the man asked the talent agent, “Well, what do you think? Can you get us work somewhere?” “Not in Canada,” said the talent agent; “that trumpet player looks too American.” ***** (10) There probably isn’t a Canadian who hasn’t heard the expression “He Shoots! He Scores!” It is now used by all play-by-play announcers of hockey games in the Englishspeaking world. However, they may not know that the first time this utterance was heard on the radio was during a game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Boston Bruins on April 4, 1923. The man who first shouted it was the pioneer Canadian hockey broadcaster, Foster Hewitt.

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] ***** (11) An expression that is said to be typical of a Canadian speaker is the short word eh? that is pronounced like the first letter of the English alphabet. It has four different uses, three of which are handy to have, and one that is laughed at by people who are not Canadian. The first use occurs during a conversation when one person interrupts another by saying Eh?, which means “Would you please repeat what you just said?” The second use means “don’t you?”, as in, “You do want to go, eh?” The third use is a request for agreement, as in, “This is good coffee, eh?” The fourth and final use is called the anecdotal eh?, and this one is thought to be typically Canadian in the sense that other non-Canadian speakers of English would not use it. Here’s an example of the anecdotal eh?: “I was driving down the street, eh? And I saw this car running a red light, eh? And it smashed right into me, eh? And boy did I get mad, eh?” Anyone who speaks like that must be a Canadian, eh? ***** (12) A joke that Canadians have been known to tell about themselves is related to the fact that historically Canada has had close ties with three major countries of the world—England, France, and the United States. It was suggested that if Canadians had acted wisely, they would have adopted English politics (which are well-run), French culture (which is very sophisticated), and American “know-how” (Americans really know how to get things done). Instead, or so the joke goes, Canada ended up with the weakest characteristics of each country.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Find the section number of one of the jokes or quotations to identify which joke or quotation that relates to each of the following aspects of life in Canada. a. French and English as official languages (two possible answers): 67

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] b. Pioneer life in Canada: c. The duplication of powers: d. Anti-Americanism (two possible answers): 2. Which came first, the official or the unofficial motto of the RCMP? 3. Why do you think the T. Eaton Company went out of the mail-order business in 1976? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 4. Explain why the quotation in section 6 strikes some Canadians as humorous. (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 5. Why was the old man on the bicycle ringing his bell “like crazy” in the story found in section 7? 6. How many uses for eh? are mentioned in section 11? 7. Which of these uses is thought by some to be typically Canadian? 8. A personal question: have you learned to say eh? 9. Write a two-sentence summary of section 12.

Practice in Writing Either think of and write down a joke or two that tells the reader something about your home country; or describe a situation in which you, like Lord Ronald in the Leacock story (Paragraph 8), “rode madly off in all directions.”

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Chapter Ten:

Lighting up the Country Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. acronym: a name or word made by using the first letter of each word alternative: a different way of doing something capacities: the amounts that can be made detrimental: causing harm earthfill structure: a structure made by moving large amounts of earth exploited: made use of fail-safe: even if something fails, it does no harm 69

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] fossil fuel: soil, coal, and natural gas generator: a machine that turns mechanical energy into electrical energy harnessing: making use of initial: first limited extent: not used very much obsolete: out of date and, therefore, of no use per capita: for each individual power outage: a time when no electricity is available predicted: talk about something before it actually happened pun: a word or phrase that can mean two things renewable resource: something than can be used several times; the opposite of a non-renewable resource slangy: informal spoken words spawn: lay eggs thermal power: power produced by heat transform: change transmitting power: sending electricity from where it is made to where it is used turbine: an engine that is made to rotate by the force of water, steam, or air

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Using the Articles A and The Students whose first language does not have articles (words like a, an, and the) in front of nouns typically have problems in English knowing whether or not an article is needed in front of a noun. Learning rules about this matter is neither easy nor all that effective. A better approach is to pay attention to the way these articles are used in what you read. The opening paragraph of the following essay provides you with a good opportunity to do this, 70

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] and that is why all the articles have been italicized. Notice that the noun “electricity” and the noun phrase “radio music” do not require any article.

Lighting up the Country (1) Canadians are among the world’s highest per capita producers and consumers of electricity. We touch a switch and a light comes on, the television hums, or the oven heats up. Seldom do we think about from where this magical power comes. Even if we turn on a switch and nothing happens because there’s been a windstorm or a snowstorm that caused a power outage, we believe that soon the power will come back on; and once again when we turn on a switch, or plug in a plug, the computer screen will light up, the kettle will boil, or radio music will fill the room. (2) Canada is a country rich in the sources of electrical power. The electricity we have at our disposal is created in one of three ways—by harnessing the water flowing down a river, by burning fossil fuels, or by producing a nuclear reaction. Several alternative methods of producing electricity are under investigation, but none is, as yet, employed in a major way. Some of the alternatives are using the energy of the wind, the sun, the tides, or the ocean waves. (3) All the Canadian provinces, except Prince Edward Island, produce some hydroelectric power, with Quebec and British Columbia being the major producers. Hydroelectric power is produced by damming a river and then using gravity to send the blocked water down a long tunnel at the bottom of which there are turbines and generators that can transform the power of the falling water into electricity. (4) British Columbia has 31 hydroelectric generating plants. The largest is at the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River. (This dam is one of the largest earthfill structures in the world.) Other major hydroelectric sites in British Columbia are found on the Columbia River at the Mica Creek Dam and the Revelstoke Dam. (5) The chief advantage of hydroelectric power is that the required material, water, is a free and renewable resource. There are, however, three disadvantages. Most of the rivers in Canada that are close to major population centres where electricity is in great demand have already been exploited. Since the cost of transmitting power increases as the distance it has to be transmitted increases, building new dams on remote rivers is not practical. A second disadvantage is that, even though a hydroelectric power plant can be used for many years and the cost of operation is relatively low, the initial cost of building it is very high. The last disadvantage is that damming a river can be detrimental to the environment. The homes and 71

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] the land of people often have to be flooded when a new lake is created behind a dam. Also, in many instances, a choice has to be made between producing electricity and protecting the rivers and streams where fish spawn. (6) Currently, about 59 percent of the electricity produced in Canada comes from hydroelectric sources. However, it is predicted that future development will focus primarily on the building of thermal power plants. In such plants, coal, oil, or natural gas is burned to turn water into steam. This steam is then used to run the turbines that will generate electricity. The main advantages of thermal power plants are that they are relatively inexpensive to build. While they can be built close to a location where electricity is needed, their location also needs to be built close to their power supply of coal, oil, or natural gas. (7) There are, however, several disadvantages related to thermal plants. One of them is that they become obsolete more quickly than do hydroelectric plants and then have to be replaced. Two even more serious disadvantages are that they use up non-renewable resources and contribute to the pollution of the atmosphere. At present, about 20 percent of the electricity produced in Canada comes from thermal plants. The two largest producers are Alberta and Ontario. Quebec and British Columbia, with their large hydroelectric capacities, use thermal power to only a very limited extent. (8) Nuclear power plants are also thermal plants but instead of burning fossil fuels, they use nuclear fission to generate the heat to produce the steam that runs the turbines. Nineteen nuclear power plants have been built in Canada—one in New Brunswick, and 18 in Ontario, and they account for approximately 16 percent of the electricity used by Canadians. Nuclear power plants are expensive to build, and, in the minds of those who don’t approve of them, they pose the threat of a serious nuclear accident like the one that occurred in 1986 at Chernobyl in the Ukraine, which killed many people and damaged valuable land and crops. In Canada, no houses can be built within a one-kilometre radius of a nuclear power plant even though the nuclear reactors used in Canada are supposed to have several “fail-safe” features. (9) The reactor used in all of Canada’s nuclear power plants is known as the CANDU reactor. CANDU is an acronym created from the phrase “Canadian Deuterium-Uranium,” uranium being the fuel used to power this reactor. Those who, for environmental and safety reasons, have been opposed to the building of nuclear power plants in Canada some years ago came up with a clever bumper sticker. It read: “NO CANDU,” which is a pun on the slangy Canadian expression “No can do” meaning “I can’t do that,” and implied that no CANDU reactors should be built. But they have been built in Canada, and several have also been sold to other countries around the world. (10) Canadians do not use all the power that they produce. A large amount of it is sold to 72

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] distributors in the United States.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. What are the three ways most of the electricity used in Canada is produced? 2. How many provinces do not produce any hydroelectric power? 3. What is special about the W.A.C. Bennett Dam? 4. Briefly summarize the three disadvantages of hydroelectric power outlined in Paragraph 5. 5. Why is it an advantage to be able to build a thermal power plant close to where the electricity will be used? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 6. What are the three disadvantages of thermal power plants mentioned in Paragraph 7? 7. Four of Canada’s provinces—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan— are not mentioned in this essay. Can you think of a reason why the writer of the essay did not mention them? (For a possible reason, see the Answer Key.) 8. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 9.

Practice in Writing Imagine that you woke up one January morning to find that in your community there had been a power outage caused by a snowstorm. Write an account of some of the difficulties you would be faced with as you tried to get ready for the day; or write a well-developed paragraph or short essay on the various ways in which you make use of electricity during a typical day of your life.

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Chapter Eleven:

The Indigenous Peoples of Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. basic tenet: main idea compensated: paid money constitute: make up contemporary: present day elapsed: passed exclusive: used only by one group heritage: the culture or race one belongs to 74

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] inadequate: not good enough indigenous people: the first people to live in Canada self-identity: knowing who you are Statistics Canada: a government department that collects facts about life in Canada structured: highly organized

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Introductory Phrases and Clauses One characteristic of the English language is that it enables writers to make use of many different types of sentence structures. More will be said about sentence variety in Chapter Sixteen, but this chapter will highlight only one particular aspect of sentence structure. This is the matter of using introductory prepositional phrases or adverb clauses to introduce a main clause. Doing this is an especially useful device for any writer who has the habit of beginning every sentence with a main clause. Introductory phrases and clauses can be either long or short or somewhere in between. Note that prepositional phrases begin with words like as, at, during, in, or within, while adverb clauses begin with words like although, if, throughout, when, or while. Also note that both introductory phrases and introductory clauses should be followed by a comma. Several examples of these introductory word groups are found in the essay that follows. A short phrase: Throughout their history, ... (Paragraph 3) A longer phrase: At the time of the publication of this book, ... (Paragraph 2) A long phrase: As well as retaining their culture and improving their economic conditions, ... (Paragraph 6) A short clause: If several bands join together, ... (Paragraph 3) A longer clause: When a group of tribes are closely associated, ... (Paragraph 3) A long clause: While Indigenous leaders try to help their people participate in contemporary Canadian life and share in its economic benefits, ... (Paragraph 5) After you have read the essay that follows, locate an introductory phrase or clause in the paragraphs indicated below. (To check your answers, see the Answer Key.) 75

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Paragraph 3: Paragraph 6:

The Indigenous Peoples of Canada (1) The history of the Indigenous people on this continent goes back approximately 50,000 years. This contrasts with the nearly 500 years that have elapsed since the Europeans first settled in what today is called Canada. It should be noted that a variety of names are used to identify the first people in Canada—Inuit, Aboriginal, Indigenous, First Nations, and Métis. (2) The following figures were taken from the 2006 Statistics Canada census. These indicate that there were 1,172,790 Indigenous people spread out across Canada’s ten provinces and three territories. Of these, 698,025 were of First Nations heritage, while 50,485 were of Inuit heritage. (The term Inuit has now replaced the word Eskimo to describe the northernmost residents of Canada.) In addition to the First Nations and the Inuit, there were approximately 389,785 Métis: individuals who are of part First Nations and part European descent. Taken together, the First Nations, the Inuit, and the Métis constituted almost four percent of the total population of Canada. (Note: When these numbers are added together they slightly exceed the total Indigenous population. This is because a small number, about 34,500, reported that they considered themselves as members of more than one Indigenous group.) According to the 2006 Census, the largest group of Indigenous people (242,495) in Canada lived in Ontario. (3) Throughout their history, Indigenous people have had a very structured social organization. A group of families that live together is called a band. If several bands join together, they are referred to as a tribe. When a group of tribes are closely associated, they are called a confederacy or a nation. In 2006, there were 612 Indigenous bands situated throughout Canada. (4) There are 60 separate Indigenous languages still spoken in this country though some of them have only a few speakers and are, therefore, in danger of dying out. Some Indigenous people speak their native language, but many today speak either English or French. Some of the Indigenous languages that have the most speakers include Cree, Mi’kmaq, Ojibway, Mohawk, Bella Coola, and Kwakiutl. The last two languages mentioned are spoken in British Columbia. (5) The Indigenous peoples in Canada are now having to contend with many serious problems. Some issues have arisen due to the reservation land system, under which some communities have limited access to jobs, education, and even clean water. Many families live in poverty and 76

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] often have to withstand inadequate housing and living conditions. While Indigenous leaders try to help their people participate in contemporary Canadian society and share in its economic benefits, they also want to protect and promote the Indigenous peoples’ sense of self-identity and their distinctive culture. One shared aspect of their cultures is that individuals should maintain a close identity with the natural world or with what they often refer to as “the land.” (6) As well as retaining their culture and improving their economic conditions, many Indigenous people are striving for other goals. First, they want to become self-governing, that is, become free of the control that the federal government has had over them through the Indian Act of Canada, which was passed in 1868. They also want to settle the many claims they have made to both provincial and federal governments to have their lands returned to them and to be compensated for the unjust treatment they received from non-Indigenous people during the past century. Although some progress towards settling Indian Land Claims is being made, progress in this area is slow. Additionally, many Indigenous people have become key players in environmental protection movements, such as “Idle No More.”

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. What is the author’s purpose in the first two sentences of the essay? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 2. What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 3. Which two of the Indigenous languages mentioned are spoken in British Columbia? 4. Summarize the “structured social organization” of the Indigenous peoples. 5. Why are some Indigenous languages in danger of disappearing? 6. What is the most serious problem faced by Canada’s Indigenous peoples? 7. What are the two goals of many Indigenous peoples that are mentioned in Paragraph 6?

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay describing what you have learned about Indigenous cultures in Canada; or write a well-developed paragraph summarizing in your own words the six problems faced by the Indigenous peoples as outlined in Paragraphs 5 and 6.

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Chapter Twelve:

Four Indigenous Cultures Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. caribou: a reindeer confederacy: a group of Indigenous tribes conflicts: arguments construction: building displaced: taken the place of domed: round on top done justice to: treated as fully as it deserves 79

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] edible vegetation: plants that can be eaten elegant: very fancy engage in agriculture: to farm enthusiastically: with a lot of energy fierce warriors: good fighters harpoon: a spear with a rope tied to it high steel: steel used for the framework of high-rise buildings horsemanship: great skill in riding a horse Husky: a strong work dog found in the North nomads: people who move from place to place paddled: moved a small boat/canoe through the water with an oar parka: a coat with a hood portable: able to be carried primarily: mostly quills: feathers from a bird or needles from a porcupine symbolize: represent racial ties: people of the same race renowned: famous teepee: a conical tent used by some Indigenous peoples totem poles: tall poles carved and painted with birds and animals traditional: something that has been done for a long time vast herds: thousands of animals moving in a group version: a specific type of something 80

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A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Paragraph Development In earlier parts of this book, the phrase “a well-developed paragraph” has been frequently used. A well-developed paragraph is one with several sentences that contribute something to the development of the paragraph’s central idea. There are various specific ways to develop an idea, and knowing what kinds of developments are available can often help a writer think of ideas that will help in the composition of an interesting paragraph or of an interesting series of paragraphs to make up an essay. Among the most common methods of development are the following: Providing an illustration or an example. Giving details. Making a contrast (pointing out differences). Making a comparison (pointing out similarities). Showing a cause-and-effect relationship. Supplying reasons (explaining why something has occurred). Making a qualification (pointing out limits). Sometimes a paragraph can be developed using only one of these methods; usually a combination of them will be used. Next time you are unsure of how to write something, consider the above list and perhaps it will help you think of what you could write. Could you give an illustration or an example, provide details, make a contrast or a comparison, show a cause-and-effect relationship, give a reason or reasons, or introduce a qualification? Throughout the following essay, a comment has been made at the end of each paragraph to indicate which method (or methods) of development has been used. Because the essay is primarily factual and descriptive, the most common method used is providing details.

Four Indigenous Cultures (1) Although a short essay cannot do justice to the richness of Indigenous culture in Canada, a 81

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] brief look at four different Indigenous societies can indicate how varied and rich their culture has been for many thousands of years. The four societies to be discussed are the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of what is now British Columbia, the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies, the Iroquois in what is now Ontario and Quebec, and the Inuit in the Canadian territories. The above short introductory paragraph begins with a qualification and provides some details. ***** (2) Along the coast of British Columbia live several tribes that together are known as the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Historically, their villages were located on the edge of the Pacific Ocean, and they were able to take from the sea a rich harvest of fish and sea mammals (seals, walruses, and sea lions). As a result, there was no need for them to engage in agriculture. They lived by fishing, hunting, and gathering berries and fruits. The above paragraph is developed by showing a cause-and-effect relationship. (3) Having enough leisure time when food was plentiful and having access to the ancient forests of the coast, they developed great skills as builders and woodcarvers. Using cedar trees, they built large rectangular houses with slanted roofs, carved giant totem poles, and hollowed out logs to make beautiful war canoes. Some of the most skilled builders among the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were members of a tribe known as the Haida. Their communities are on the Haida Gwaii, formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, off the northwest coast of British Columbia. Totem poles, and the Haida artists who carve them, have become famous throughout the world for their narratives and craftsmanship. The above paragraph is developed by providing details. ***** 4) The open prairies of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are the home of the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies, consisting of various tribes, such as the Cree, the Blackfoot, and the Ojibway. They are likely the best known of the Indigenous peoples in Canada primarily because they have been portrayed in so many movies and television programs. They acquired fame for their traditional practices of handling horses, hunting buffalo, dwelling in teepees, and wearing eagle feather headdresses. The above paragraph is developed by providing reasons and some details.

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (5) The Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies were nomads. They followed huge herds of buffalo across the grassy plains. For shelter, they used teepees, which were made by covering a circle of wooden poles with buffalo skin. The teepees were portable and could be carried along with them whenever they decided to move to a new location. These peoples wore very elegant clothing of deer or buffalo skins decorated with the quills of animals. While the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast used mainly dugout canoes for transportation, the people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies rose to prominence as expert horsemen upon the animals’ introduction from Europe. The above paragraph is developed by providing details and ends with a contrast. ***** (6) The Iroquois were at home in the forests of what are now the southern parts of Ontario and Quebec. They belonged to a confederacy known as the Six Nations, the members of which were tribes called the Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras. Members of these tribes were skilled craftspeople, and aside from hunting, they were also renowned for their agriculture. On their farms, the main crop grown was a type of corn called maize. The above paragraph is developed by providing details. (7) The Iroquois were renowned as fierce warriors. They fought not only against other Indigenous tribes while attempting to expand their territories but during the eighteenth century, they also took part in the many wars fought in North America between the French and the British. Historians are of the opinion that if the Iroquois had not been on the side of the British in some of the major battles, the French would have been victorious, and, as a result, would have gained control of all of North America. If this had happened, the main language throughout North America today would be French, not English. The above paragraph is developed by showing a cause-and-effect relationship. (8) Lacrosse, which was Canada’s first unofficial national sport, was played enthusiastically by the Iroquois. The Indigenous version of lacrosse, as first witnessed by the Europeans, was very different from the game that is still played today. Dozens of players would be involved on each side; the field could be several hundred metres long; and the game might last for two or three days. Modern lacrosse is much less dangerous. It has six to twelve players and is often played indoors. In 1994, lacrosse officially became the national summer sport and hockey became the national winter sport. The above paragraph is developed by showing a contrast. 83

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (9) In modern times, Mohawks from Quebec have become famous as high steel workers. Noted for their delicate sense of balance and their fearlessness while working high up on tall buildings, they have been employed in the construction of dozens of skyscrapers, especially in New York City. Mohawks have also become known in recent years because of the events that have occurred on the Kahnawake Reserve with the Quebec government and the Quebec police. Referred to as the “Oka Crisis,” Mohawk protesters, the police, and the army clashed over the proposed development of a golf course and condominiums on disputed land that included a Mohawk burial ground. While the development was cancelled, the land was purchased by the federal government and remains under governmental ownership. The above paragraph is developed by providing details. ***** (10) The Inuit people dwell in the north, and their racial ties are not with other North American Indigenous peoples but with peoples from Asia. There are Inuit settlements in the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Northern Quebec, and Labrador. Since they live on land that provides no edible vegetation, the Inuit have had to train themselves to become skilled hunters. They learned to hunt seals, walruses, sea lions, and even polar bears and small whales. Another main source of food was the vast herds of caribou that migrated each summer across the northern tundra. The above paragraph begins with a contrast and then continues with a cause-andeffect relationship. (11) For water transportation, these skillful builders had kayaks, small boats made by stretching animal hide over a frame made of driftwood. For winter travel across the snow, they built sleds which were pulled by teams of Husky dogs. They made cleverly designed clothing out of animal hides to keep out the bitter cold they had to endure in the Arctic climate. Among the special clothing they invented were fur-lined parkas and soft, comfortable boots, made out of sealskin, called mukluks. The above paragraph is developed by providing details. (12) Where the Inuit lived, the winters were long and harsh. This meant that there were times when snow storms kept them confined inside their igloos, which were domed dwellings made of blocks of snow. To pass the time, this peaceful people invented games, made up stories and songs, and carved wonderful stone figures of birds and animals. When spring finally arrived and the igloos melted, the Inuit would build teepees similar to those of the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies. 84

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] The above paragraph is developed by a cause-and-effect relationship and then ends with a comparison. (13) In the 20th century, life for many Inuit changed as influences from southern Canada entered their northern land. Before this happened, hunters used to hunt with harpoons, but now they use guns. They used to travel by sled and dog-team, but now they ride snowmobiles. They used to wear animal-skin clothing, but now they wear nylon snowsuits. They used to live in igloos or teepees, but now they live with their families in wood-frame houses. The above paragraph is developed by providing an example that also contains a series of contrasts.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Which of the Indigenous peoples is connected with each of the following? a. parkas: b. war canoes: c. buffalo: d. French-British wars: 2. Why didn’t the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast develop a form of agriculture? 3. What two things made it possible for tribes on the British Columbian coast to become so skillful as builders and carvers? 4. What item of Haida craftsmanship has become world famous? 5. Why are the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies so well known? 6. Why were the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies nomadic? 7. Why was the teepee so suitable for a nomadic people? 85

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] 8. How did the transportation of the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies differ from that of the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast ? 9. In Paragraph 7, what was the cause and what was the effect? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 10. Identify one way in which a modern game of lacrosse is different from the way it was played by the Iroquois. (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 11. In what important way do Inuit people differ from the other Indigenous peoples described in this essay? 12. In what two ways were the Inuit and the Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies similar? (To check your answer, see see the Answer Key.) 13. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 10.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay on some of the ways that the style in which you live today differs from the way Indigenous peoples lived in earlier times. (This essay could be developed by making a series of contrasts.)

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Chapter Thirteen:

An All-Star Hockey Team Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. achievements: things someone did well aggressive: ready to attack anticipating: guessing charity: to raise money for people who need help chronological: the order of events according to time consistently: on a regular basis criteria: guidelines 87

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] destructive: leading to a great deal of damage dominated: was the very best enraged: made angry excelled: was superior extremely: very feat: something not easy to do high-strung: nervous inevitably: cannot be avoided intangible: not easy to describe, measure, or understand intensity: with strong feelings left on the bench: a hockey metaphor meaning in this case, “not part of the best team” modest: humble or not boastful remarkable: unusual in a good way roster: list of players suspended: not allowed to play triple: a three-base hit in baseball universally acknowledged: agreed to by everyone

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Various Tense Forms Because this essay deals with events that took place in the past, it is natural that the most common tense form used is the simple past as in this sentence from Paragraph 5. He was the first player to score 50 goals in 50 games, and for many years, he held the record for the total number of goals scored in playoff games. However, because of the nature of some of the events being described, the writer has 88

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] occasionally had to make use of other tenses including the present, the present perfect, and the future. Consider the following examples. From Paragraph 2: (Present Tense) He makes it into this select group because he is universally acknowledged as being the greatest Canadian athlete that ever lived. From Paragraph 8: (Future Tense) Even though he no longer holds the NHL scoring record, Gordie Howe, in the minds of many hockey fans, will always be remembered as one of the truly great ones. From Paragraph 13: (Present Perfect Tense) As well as being admired for his playing skills, Wayne Gretzky has won respect for the modest and gentlemanly way he has behaved off the ice.

An All-Star Hockey Team (1) There have been so many excellent Canadian hockey players that selecting just a handful of the best to make up an All-Star Team is far from easy, and many great players will, inevitably, have to be left on the bench. In the imaginary All-Star team listed below, two criteria were used: the player must have dominated the game in the era in which he played or must have made a contribution that in some way changed the game of hockey. The six players chosen have been placed in chronological order of when they first started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) instead of in the usual way of naming an All-Star Team, which is to list a goalie (in this case, Jacques Plante), then two defensemen (Lionel Conacher and Bobby Orr), and then three forwards (Maurice Richard, Gordie Howe, and Wayne Gretzky). ***** (2) To be truthful, neither of the two criteria mentioned above has been used in selecting Lionel Conacher (1902-1954) as one of the defensemen. He makes it into this select group because he is universally acknowledged as being the greatest Canadian athlete that ever lived. He was, indeed, a professional hockey player for several years, and a good one, but unlike most other professional athletes, he also excelled at several other sports—wrestling, boxing, lacrosse, football, baseball, and track and field. (He always said that his best game was lacrosse.) (3) Among his achievements were winning the Canadian heavyweight boxing championship in 1920. In 1921, he led the Toronto Argonauts football team to a Grey Cup, the Canadian Football 89

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] League’s championship, victory over the Edmonton Eskimos by a score of 23 to 0. After scoring the Argonaut’s first 15 points, Conacher left the game and got into a taxi. As the taxi raced across Toronto, he changed from his football to his lacrosse uniform in order to take part in the last period of a championship lacrosse match in which he scored the tying and the winning goals. On the football field, Lionel Conacher was a swift and fierce halfback (his nickname was “The Big Train”), and he was one of the best kickers in the history of Canadian football. (4) Because he came from a very poor family, Lionel Conacher didn’t get a chance to learn how to ice skate until he was sixteen. Nonetheless, in 1925 (at the age of 23), he became a professional hockey player. Before he retired from the game in 1937, he had been a star defenseman on teams in New York, Chicago, and Montreal. After leaving hockey, he entered provincial politics in Ontario and, for twelve years, was a member of the Ontario Provincial Legislature. In 1947, he was elected to the Canadian House of Commons. This remarkable athlete died in a remarkable way. At the age of 52, playing in a charity softball game, he suffered a heart attack and collapsed at third base after hitting a triple. ***** (5) Maurice “Rocket” Richard was a player on the Montreal Canadiens team in the NHL. He dominated the game from 1942 to 1960. He was the first player to score 50 goals in 50 games, and for many years, he held the record for the total number of goals scored in playoff games. In 1944, he got all five goals in a 5-1 win over the Toronto Maple Leafs. Richard played the game with an intensity that has never been matched, especially in playoff games (in which he scored 18 game-winning goals). (6) When the hot-tempered Rocket was suspended for striking a linesman during the 1955 playoffs, his Montreal fans were so enraged that they carried out one of the most destructive riots in Canadian sports history, similar to the riot in Vancouver following the 1994 Stanley Cup finals. ***** (7) Among the superstars in the next generation of hockey players was a goalkeeper named Jacques Plante (1929-1986). During a hockey career that ran from 1953 to 1975, he played for five different NHL teams though his greatest years were with the Montreal Canadiens between 1955 and 1960 where he won the Vezina Trophy (for top goaltender) five years in a row. Plante changed goalkeeping in two ways. He was the first goalie to consistently move away from his net to go after the puck; and, after 1959, he was the first goalie to regularly wear a protective face mask, something that all goalkeepers now do. A high-strung man, he had the unusual habit of calming himself down between periods by knitting. He died in Switzerland in 90

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] 1986. ***** (8) Gordie Howe was not only the greatest goal scorer of his era but also the athlete who had the longest career of any player in any major professional sport in any country. Between the years 1946 and 1980, he played for 32 seasons. He retired from the Detroit Red Wings in 1971 after starring with this team for 25 years. He did not play hockey during 1971 and 1972 but returned to the game in 1973 to play on a team with his two sons, Mark and Marty. As a player, Howe was extremely strong and aggressive; he was also a fast skater with a powerful shot and very dangerous elbows. Howe held the all-time NHL scoring record of 2010 points (869 goals and 1141 assists) until Wayne Gretzky broke that record on October 15, 1989. Even though he no longer holds the NHL scoring record, Gordie Howe will always be remembered by many hockey fans as one of the truly great ones. ***** (9) A man who had a powerful impact on the way hockey was played was Bobby Orr, the first defenseman to win the NHL scoring title, the Art Ross Trophy, a feat that he achieved in both 1970 and 1975. What Orr contributed to the game was the way the position of defense would thereafter be played. Following Bobby Orr’s example, each NHL team has attempted to have a rushing defenseman on its roster. Instead of staying in his own defensive zone, Orr would pick up the puck behind his own net and swoop down the ice to set up a goal or score. (10) Orr joined the Boston Bruins at the age of 18 in 1967 and played for that team until 1976. He was named the league’s Most Valuable Player in 1970, 1971, and 1972. He won the Norris trophy for best defenseman eight times and was a First Team All-Star eight times. His brilliant career was shortened by injuries to both knees, which forced him to undergo six painful operations. ***** (11) Wayne Gretzky, Number 99, was the dominant player in hockey during the 1980s and into the 1990s, and he also, in some intangible way, changed the nature of the game. He wasn’t the strongest player nor the fastest skater, but he had a genius for anticipating where the puck was going to be. His first coach was his father who gave him the following basic rule: “Go where the puck’s going, not where it’s been.” (12) It would take several pages to list the dozens of honors Wayne Gretzky has won and the records he has broken. But two details give a very clear picture of the way he has dominated this sport and why he has been called the greatest hockey player in the history of the game. 91

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] At the age of ten, when he was playing in an Ontario league with boys four years older than himself, he scored 378 goals in 85 games, 238 goals more than the boy who came second. At the age of 18, in his very first year as an Edmonton Oiler (1979-80), he was named the league’s Most Valuable Player, a title he has since won many times. As mentioned above, in 1989, he broke Gordie Howe’s record for most goals and assists by an NHL player. (13) As well as being admired for his skills, Wayne Gretzky won respect for the modest and gentlemanly way he behaved off the ice. When, in 1988, he was traded by the Edmonton Oilers to the Los Angeles Kings, not only the city of Edmonton but all of Canada felt something important had been lost.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Which member of the All-Star Team described in this essay is associated with each of the following? a. 378 goals in 85 games: b. dangerous elbows: c. knitting: d. a taxi ride: e. a riot: f. bad knees: 2. What two criteria did the writer use in selecting this All-Star Team? 3. In what two ways was Lionel Conacher different from most other professional athletes? (See Paragraphs 2 and 4.) 4. When referring to Maurice Richard, why does the writer make more than one reference to playoff games? 5. In what two ways did Jacques Plante change goaltending? 92

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] 6. What record in professional sport does Gordie Howe no longer hold, and what record does he still hold? 7. In the 34 years between l946 and 1980, Gordie Howe played hockey for 32 seasons. Why not for 34? 8. Why did Gordie Howe return to hockey after he had retired from it in 1971? 9. Why does the author call the fact that Bobby Orr won the NHL scoring title in 1970 and 1975 a feat? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 10. In what way did Bobby Orr change the way defensemen play hockey? 11. With what two details does the author indicate how Wayne Gretzky was a dominant force in hockey from early in his career? 12. Why do you think many Canadians were upset when Wayne Gretzky was traded to the Los Angeles Kings? (For a suggested explanation, see the Answer Key.)

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed short essay in which you make your own All-Star Selection. It need not be about hockey, but about anything that you are interested in—six best books, six best foods, six best singers, six best cars, six best courses in school, six best anything. (And it doesn’t really have to be six, though it should be enough so that you can write a fully developed essay.)

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Chapter Fourteen:

Canadian World Champions Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. accumulate: collect admiration: respect alpine: in the mountains astonished: surprised bowed out of: left the competition breakwater: a stone wall built at the edge of a lake or ocean crown: the sign that a boxer is a world champion 94

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] damaged: weakened defending his title: attempting to keep his championship status dispatch runner: a soldier who carried messages out on the battlefield dominated: was the best downhill: the skier goes straight down the hill elements: forces of nature, in this case, Lake Ontario equestrian: horseback riding excelled: did something very well exhaustion: being very tired first decade: first ten years frenzy of excitement: so excited they seemed to be crazy graciously: in a pleasant way individual: one person international: in many different countries ironies: something opposite to what you would expect lamprey eels: snake-like fish marathon: a very long race or swim place-kicker: someone who kicks a football while it is being held on the ground propelled: moved punter: someone who kicks a football while holding it in his hands qualifying sprints: races held before the final race in order to reduce the number of runners to the best six related: similar

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A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Still More About English Idioms As has already been noted three times (in the Introduction and in Chapters Four and Eight), a very helpful way to make progress in writing English is to pay attention to the idiomatic expressions used by writers and speakers for whom English is a first language. The essay that follows contains many examples of idiomatic expressions. If, after reading them in the context of the essay, you still aren’t completely clear on what some of them mean, then ask an English speaker to explain their meaning to you. Paragraph 2: propelled across the water Paragraph 3: after successfully defending his title Paragraph 4: during his running career Paragraph 5: has held the title of

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] Paragraph 6: started out as Paragraph 7: went for many months Paragraph 8: pay his own way Paragraph 9: one of the most triumphant welcomes Paragraph 10: I was glad to get out of it Paragraph 12: showered with gifts Paragraph 13: she fought against the elements Paragraph 14: bowed out of the spotlight Paragraph 15: none has matched the success Paragraph 16: with one race still to be run Paragraph 17: took up competitive skiing Paragraph 19: with 32 seconds left on the clock

Canadian World Champions (1) Although hockey is at present the favorite game of most Canadians, it is not the only sport in which Canadian athletes have excelled. As would be expected in this land of ice and snow, Canadian athletes have done particularly well in skiing and ice-skating. But they have also triumphed—have produced world champions—in sculling, boxing, long distance running, basketball, track and field, and marathon swimming. This chapter will introduce you to one team and to eight individuals who were considered to be the best in the world in their time. (2) Before the days of hockey, football, baseball, and basketball, a popular sport in Canada was sculling. A scull is a short, flat boat that is propelled across the water by one, two, or four oarsmen (or oarswomen), each of whom pulls on two short oars. (A related sport is called rowing. This usually involves eight rowers in a long, flat boat, with each rower pulling on one long oar.) (3) The world’s best singles sculler during the later half of the nineteenth century was an Ontario man named Ned Hanlan (1855-1908). Between the years 1873 and 1884, he dominated sculling throughout the world, winning races against the best scullers in Canada, 97

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] the United States, England, and Australia. He became world champion in 1880, and, after successfully defending his title six times, he finally lost it to an Australian. Hanlan was the first Canadian to win international fame as an athlete and the first Canadian to become a world champion in any sport. ***** (4) The second world championship to be won by a Canadian was in long-distance running. The Canadian who was such a successful marathon runner in the first decade of the twentieth century was Tom Longboat (1887-1949), an Indigenous man from the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario. A tireless runner with the ability to sprint at the end of a long race, he won the 42-kilometre Boston Marathon in 1907 and the World’s Professional Marathon Championship in 1909. During his running career, Tom Longboat set many records, such as on the day in 1912 when he ran a 24-kilometre race in one hour, 18 minutes, and 10 seconds. During the First World War, he served his country as a dispatch runner in France. ***** (5) Only one Canadian has held the title of Heavyweight Boxing Champion of the World. The Canadian who did this was a boxer from Quebec named Tommy Burns (1881-1955), who won the title in 1906. He defended his crown 10 times before losing it in December of 1908. During his career, he lost only four of the 60 matches in which he boxed. ***** (6) The next Canadian world champion was not an individual, but a team of women basketball players. They were called the Edmonton Grads, a team that started out as a group of students playing for McDougall Commercial High School in Edmonton, Alberta. After graduating, they continued to play basketball under the guidance of their high school coach, Percy Page. (7) Their success was not only outstanding but also lengthy; it continued for 25 years, from 1915 to 1940. During this time, only 48 different women were members of the Edmonton Grads. They won tournament after tournament in both North America and Europe. James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, called them “the finest basketball team that ever stepped out on a floor.” During their 25 years as a team, they won 93 percent of the games they played and frequently went for many months without losing a single game. ***** (8) When Percy Williams (1908-1982) achieved what might well be the most startling upset 98

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] in the history of the modern Olympics, he was a slightly built, completely unknown, ex-high school sprinter from Vancouver, British Columbia. He was so unknown—even in Canada—that he had to pay his own way to Amsterdam, Holland to compete in the 1928 Olympic Games. When he lined up with the other runners at the start of each race, the 59-kilogram [130-pound] runner from Canada was dwarfed by much taller and heavier athletes from the United States, Germany, Holland, South Africa, and Great Britain. (9) On July 30, after several qualifying sprints, Williams astonished the world by winning the gold medal in the 100-metre race. Two days later, he caused a frenzy of excitement throughout Canada when he beat the world’s best sprinters in the 200-metre race to win his second gold medal. He returned to Canada to one of the most triumphant welcomes ever seen in this country. As he crossed the country by train, he was greeted by huge crowds in each of Canada’s major cities. (10) There are two especially interesting ironies in the Percy Williams story. One is that as a child he suffered from rheumatic fever that left him with a damaged heart, something that could have limited his ability to run. The second is that when he retired from running two years after the 1928 Olympics, he said, “I didn’t like running. I was glad to get out of it.” ***** (11) It was exactly 20 years after Percy Williams’ triumph that another Canadian became a national hero by winning an Olympic gold medal. The setting was the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The winner this time was a figure skater named Barbara Ann Scott. (12) Born in Ottawa in 1928, Barbara Ann Scott began to train seriously as a figure skater when she was nine years old, practicing daily for seven hours. Prior to winning her Olympic gold medal, she had been the Canadian, North American, European, and World champion. Following her triumph at St. Moritz, she, like Percy Williams, became a national celebrity and was cheered by crowds and showered with gifts in every part of the country. She toured as the star of an ice show between 1949 and 1954, then retired to train as an equestrian. She also excelled in training and showing horses, winning a number of equestrian medals. ***** (13) Shortly after Barbara Ann Scott left the scene, another young Ontario woman won the admiration of Canadians. This young woman was a marathon swimmer named Marilyn Bell, who was born in Toronto in 1937. On a cold night in September, 1954, when she was just sixteen years old, she stepped into Lake Ontario at Youngstown, New York to begin her valiant 21-hour swim across Lake Ontario to Toronto, a distance of 51.5 kilometres. Fighting 99

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] exhaustion, lamprey eels, and patches of spilled oil on the lake, she appeared to be only semiconscious when her hand finally reached out to touch a breakwater in Toronto’s harbor. As well as admiring Marilyn Bell for her courage and her power as a swimmer, many saw her achievement as something typically Canadian: alone and determined, she fought against the elements and won, like a pioneer surviving a long Canadian winter. (14) In the years that followed, Marilyn Bell completed other challenging swims. She was the youngest person to swim across both the English Channel and the stormy Strait of Juan de Fuca west of Victoria. For a short period, this remarkable young woman was a perfect Canadian heroine—modest, charming, and intelligent. Then, when her days of fame were over, she graciously bowed out of the spotlight. ***** (15) In skiing, competition for the World Cup occurs during the winter months through a variety of downhill and slalom races held at major ski resorts throughout Europe and North America. To win a World Cup, a skier must accumulate points as the result of first, second, or third place finishes in a series of races held between November and April. In 1967, the first year that the World Cup competition was held, the winner among female skiers was Nancy Greene, a young woman from Rossland, British Columbia. Although there have been many excellent female skiers from Canada competing for the World Cup over the past decades, none has matched the success of Nancy Greene in l967 and 1968. (16) In 1967, Nancy Greene was in second place with one race still to be run. To win the World Cup, she had to finish first in this final race. She did so in a display of fierce determination. The following year, this woman, called “Tiger” by her friends, won the World Cup for the second time as well as an Olympic gold medal in the giant slalom. (17) Following these victories, she retired from competition but has continued to be involved in skiing as a coach and as the operator of several ski lodges in British Columbia. Nancy Greene was born in 1943 and took up competitive skiing at the age of 14. During her ten-year career, she suffered several serious injuries as a result of the bold and fearless way she approached alpine ski racing. ***** (18) The final member of this collection of super Canadian athletes has not actually competed in a world championship, but he is a world champion nonetheless. He is a Canadian football player named Lui Passaglia. He was born in Vancouver in 1954, and he played football at Notre Dame Secondary School and at Simon Fraser University before becoming a member of 100

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] the BC Lions in 1975. In the 19 years that followed, this punter and place-kicker scored 2966 points during regular season play, more points than any other player in any football league. (19) He also scored many points during playoff games but none more remarkable than the two last-minute, game-winning field goals he kicked against Edmonton and Baltimore at the end of the 1994 season. In the quarter-final game against Edmonton, he split the uprights with 32 seconds left on the clock to give the Lions a 24 to 23 victory. In the Grey Cup game, with the score tied 23 to 23 and no time left on the clock, he kicked a 38-yard field goal to earn the Lions their third Grey Cup victory in their 40 years in the Canadian Football League. Lui Passaglia has been called “the greatest kicker that ever played the game.”

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Which of Canada’s world champions is associated with each of the following? a. a Vancouver high school: b. Boston Marathon: c. 2966 points: d. 60 matches: e. a scull: f. St. Moritz: g. Lake Ontario: h. a school in Edmonton: i. Rossland, British Columbia: 2. Ned Hanlan came first in many boat races, but he was also first in another way. What was this other way? 3. What reason can you give for why the Edmonton Grads stopped playing basketball in 1940? 101

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 4. Why might it be possible to dispute the statement about the Edmonton Grads made by James Naismith in Paragraph 7? (For a possible reason, see the Answer Key.) 5. Give two possible reasons why no one expected Percy Williams to win gold medals at the 1928 Olympic Games. (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 6. Identify the two ironies involved in the Percy Williams story. 7. What did Percy Williams, Barbara Ann Scott, and Nancy Greene have in common? 8. Why was Marilyn Bell’s Lake Ontario swim described as “valiant”? 9. What happened to Marilyn Bell after she gave up swimming? 10. What does a skier have to do in order to win a World Cup? 11. What quality of Nancy Greene’s style of skiing was stressed in Paragraphs 16 and 17? 12. What fact about Lui Passaglia makes it possible to call him a world champion? 13. Why were the 1994 Canadian Football League playoffs so special for Lui Passaglia? 14. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 13.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay in which you identify some sport (or some other activity) in which you would like to be a world champion.

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Chapter Fifteen:

The Major Cities of British Columbia Some Help with Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. Astrophysical Observatory: a place to look at the stars booming: growing very fast census: a count of the number of people living in a country commodities: things being sold considerable: big distribution centre: place from where things being sold are sent out 103

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] dominated: consisting mostly of expansion: growth junction: place where two things meet landing site: place where fishing boats sell their fish municipalities: cities pontoons: hollow structures that float on water population figures: the number of people living in a certain place relatively: when compared to something else renowned: famous reserves: resources available for future use retire: stop working at a job at a certain age or time segment: a part of something settlement: a very small community stately: very handsome surrounding: close by terminal: shipping place terminus: end point unified entity: acting as if they were one unbalanced: when things aren’t equal

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Parallel Structure A parallel sentence is one in which two or more parts of the sentence consist of similar grammatical structures placed together in a series and joined by words such as and, but, and or, or by not only followed later in the sentence by but also. A noun is parallel only to another 104

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] noun; a phrase is parallel only to another phrase; a clause is parallel only to another clause. An example of a parallel sentence can be found in the essay in the previous chapter. It begins with a series of nouns, some of which have additional modifiers, which do not destroy the parallelism. Fighting exhaustion, lamprey eels, and patches of spilled oil on the lake, she appeared to be only semi-conscious when her hand finally reached out to touch a breakwater in Toronto’s harbour. The parallel structure would have been incorrect if the above sentence had read as follows: Fighting exhaustion, lamprey eels, and because there were patches of oil on the lake, she appeared to be only semi-conscious when her hand finally reached out to touch a breakwater in Toronto’s harbour. In the above sentence, the parallel structure is broken since the “because” clause is not the same grammatical structure as “exhaustion” and “lamprey eels.” Other examples of parallel sentences that were used in earlier chapters of this book are found as follows: In Chapter Six (Parallel phrases): Bell’s invention of the telephone caused a social revolution changing forever the way individuals communicated with one another, not only in Canada but also throughout the rest of the world. In Chapter Eight (Parallel Nouns): Among the eccentricities for which he became famous were his habit of wearing a cap, gloves, and an overcoat even on the hottest days of summer; his tendency to hum loudly while playing the piano; and his preference for communicating with his friends by telephone (often in the dead of night) rather than in face-to-face meetings. In Chapter Nine (Parallel Clauses): “Lord Randall said nothing; he flung himself from the room, flung himself on his horse, and rode madly off in all directions.” After you have read the essay that follows, identify the sentences making use of parallel structure in the paragraphs listed below. Some of the paragraphs have more than one sentence 105

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] using parallel structure, but you are required to identify only one. (To check your answers, see the Answer Key.) Paragraph 4: Paragraph 8: Paragraph 10: Paragraph 16:

The Major Cities of British Columbia (1) In terms of British Columbia’s population distribution it is a rather unbalanced province. Seventy percent of the over four million people are crowded into a relatively small area in the southwest corner of the province. This part of the province, referred to as the Georgia Strait Region, includes both the Lower Mainland (all the communities between Vancouver and Hope) and the communities situated on the southeast coast of Vancouver Island from Victoria to Nanaimo. (2) In the following report on the major cities of British Columbia, the population figures given are those from the 2006 Canadian census. The three largest cities in British Columbia are Vancouver, Surrey, and Burnaby. As of 2011, Vancouver’s population was over 600,000, Surrey’s population was around 470,000, and Burnaby’s population was around 220,000. (3) Vancouver is by far the largest city in British Columbia. Vancouver and its surrounding cities and municipalities function together as if they were one unified entity, often referred to as Greater Vancouver. Included in what is known officially as the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) are the cities of Burnaby, Coquitlam, Langley, New Westminster, North Vancouver, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, Richmond, Surrey, and White Rock. Also included in this region are the districts of Maple Ridge, North Vancouver, Pitt Meadows, and West Vancouver; several villages (Anmore, Belcarra, and Lions Bay); a municipality (Bowen Island); and a township (Langley). In 2007, the GVRD became known as Metro Vancouver. (4) Metro Vancouver has a population of 2.5 million and is the centre of British Columbia’s commercial, industrial, cultural, and entertainment life. It is a busy deep-water port that is the terminal from which BC lumber products, prairie grain, and other commodities are shipped to markets around the world. Its mild climate, its beautiful mountain and ocean setting, and its many sporting and cultural activities make it an attractive city both to live in and to visit.

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (5) In addition, Metro Vancouver offers its inhabitants many opportunities for post-secondary education. There are four universities (the University of British Columbia in Vancouver; Simon Fraser University in Burnaby and Vancouver; Capilano University in North Vancouver; and Kwantlen Polytechnic University in Richmond, Surrey and Langley) and many community and private colleges. At the British Columbia Institute of Technology in Burnaby, there are programs in a wide range of technical specialties. ***** (6) At one time, Greater Victoria was the second largest city in British Columbia. As of 2006, the city of Victoria itself had a population of 78,000 while Greater Victoria, including the municipality of Esquimalt and the three municipalities north of the city on the Saanich Peninsula, had a population of 330,000. Victoria, as well as being the provincial capital, is renowned as a popular destination for tourists. Surrounded by the ocean, this city of many flowers and trees offers visitors attractions such as the Butchart Gardens, the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, the Provincial Museum, Beacon Hill Park, and the stately Empress Hotel. It is also the home of the University of Victoria. ***** (7) The popular tourist destination of Kelowna went through a period of extremely rapid growth from 1981 to 1991 and was once the third largest city in British Columbia. (8) Situated on the eastern shore of Lake Okanagan, Kelowna is renowned for its sunny climate, its many attractive golf courses and beaches, and, in winter, its nearby ski resorts. This city's name derives from the term for "grizzly bear" in the local Indigenous language, also called Okanagan. In the past, many people from other parts of Canada moved to the Okanagan Valley when they retired. However, in recent years, they have been discouraged from doing so because of the high cost of housing in this fast-growing area. (9) Kelowna is the centre of large fruit-processing and wine-making industries. A long bridge, part of which floats on pontoons, joins Kelowna to Westbank on the opposite side of Okanagan Lake and to the highway leading to the coast. Post-secondary educational opportunities are available at University of British Columbia Okanagan and Okanagan University College. ***** (10) The city of Prince George (population 71,000 in 2011) is situated in the geographical centre of BC at the junction of the Nechako and Fraser rivers. Prince George was a fairly small community until the 1950s, when a booming forest industry attracted many people looking for employment. Work is available in the district’s sawmills and pulp mills, as well as on the 107

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] railroad, for Prince George is a major rail centre in the heart of British Columbia. Other types of employment are available in the fishing, hunting, and skiing industries. Prince George has two post-secondary institutions: the University of  Northern British Columbia (which was opened in 1994) and the College of New Caledonia (whose history goes back to the 1970s). ***** (11) Both Kamloops in the Cariboo and Nanaimo on Vancouver Island have populations of over 80,000 and both communities are growing. The North and South Thompson Rivers meet at Kamloops. It has been suggested that the name Kamloops is derived from an Indigenous word meaning “meeting of the waters.” Also meeting at Kamloops are three of the province’s main highways, and these help make Kamloops the trade and distribution centre of the southern part of the BC Interior. The economy in this area is dominated by mining and forestry (there is a copper smelter and a large pulp mill), but it is also expanding as a tourist area that offers visitors excellent fishing and skiing. The Thompson Rivers University, formerly called College of the Cariboo, has its main campus in Kamloops. ***** (12) The city of Nanaimo is located 112 kilometres north of Victoria on the eastern coast of Vancouver Island. It is connected to Vancouver by a two-hour ferry journey. Nanaimo started out as a coal mining town, but this industry ended many decades ago when the coal ran out. Forestry is now the central occupation of residents in and around Nanaimo. Called the “Harbour City,” Nanaimo is a deep-sea port as well as a base for one segment of the westcoast fishing industry. It is also renowned for its annual bathtub race. People come from all around the world to participate in the July 1 race from Nanaimo to a neighbouring island. Postsecondary education is available at Vancouver Island University. ***** (13) An up-to-date road map of British Columbia would have a list of over 600 cities, districts, towns, villages, settlements, and ferry landings found in the province. This map would include locations from Abbotsford and Adams Lake at the top of the alphabetical list to Youbou and Zeballos at the bottom. Also on the list would be a number of important smaller communities which have a population in the 20,000 range and which play a significant role in their corner of the province. (14) In the southeast corner of BC is Cranbrook, the railroad and commercial center of an area of British Columbia known as the Kootenays. Much of the coal that is shipped to Japan from the Roberts Bank Superport south of Vancouver comes from this region. The Kootenay 108

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] District has two community colleges: Rocky Mountain College in Cranbrook and Selkirk College in Castlegar. (15) The northeastern corner of British Columbia has a large agricultural area called the Peace River District. In addition to a long established agricultural industry (mostly grain-growing), the Peace River District has profited from the discovery of extensive oil and gas reserves in the area since 1951. With a population of more than 19,000, Fort St. John is the district’s largest city. Located at Mile 73 on the Alaska Highway (Mile 0 is at Dawson Creek, the second largest city in the Peace River District), Fort St. John is also an important terminus for the BC Railway. The post-secondary institute in this area is called Northern Lights College. (16) The second busiest port in British Columbia (Vancouver is the busiest) is Prince Rupert on the northwest coast. This city of 12,500 is 720 kilometres from Vancouver, if you travel by air, and 730 kilometres west of Prince George, if you travel by land. It is the western terminus of the Yellowhead Highway and of a northern branch of the Canadian National Railway. Ships from both the British Columbia and the Alaska ferry systems make regular stops in Prince Rupert. This city is an important landing site for fish products, and from this port, several million tonnes of grain are shipped overseas each year. Prince Rupert is also renowned as being the city in Canada with the highest annual rainfall. Post-secondary education is offered at a campus of Northwest Community College.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Identify the city in which each of the following post-secondary institutions is located: a. University of Northern British Columbia: b. Selkirk College: c. Vancouver Island University: d. Northern Lights College: e. University of Victoria: f. Okanagan University College: 109

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] g. Douglas College: 2. Why does the writer say that British Columbia is an “unbalanced” province? 3. Why does it make sense to think of “Vancouver” as “Greater Vancouver”? 4. Identify the cities that are part of the GVRD. 5. What four deep-water ports are referred to in the essay? (See Paragraphs 4, 12, 14, and 16.) 6. How many separate communities make up the area called Greater Victoria? 7. What are some of the reasons that Victoria is such a popular destination for tourists? 8. What does the name Kelowna mean in the Indigenous language of Okanagan? 9. What are some of the things that have attracted people to move to Kelowna when they retire? 10. Why are fewer people from other parts of Canada now retiring in Kelowna? 11. What industry is central to the city of Prince George? 12. What makes Kamloops the trade and distribution centre of the area in which it is located? 13. Why did forestry replace coal as the main industry that supports the city of Nanaimo? 14. What is the Nanaimo bathtub race? 15. Why does the writer mention Zeballos in Paragraph 13? 16. Why does the writer end the essay by adding a brief note on Cranbrook, Fort St. John, and Prince Rupert? 17. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 3.

Practice in Writing If you have visited any of the cities mentioned in the above essay, write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay on what you remember about what you saw there. Or if you are not able to do this, write a well-developed paragraph or short essay describing your present neighborhood or community to someone who has never visited there. 110

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Chapter Sixteen:

Multiculturalism in Vancouver Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. ambience: atmosphere of a place archeologists: people who study early cultures through examining objects or remains of buildings found in the ground blocked-off sections: places where cars are not allowed congregate: gather delicatessen: a store that sells cooked meat and types of cheese eventually: in time 111

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] festivities: parties fisherfolk: a society that lives mainly on fish focal point: point of interest fraternal organizations: a club usually for male university students glittering; shining glitzy: very bright and flashy in its infancy: just beginning multicultural: having many different ethnic groups multiplicity: of many predecessors: those who came before profusion: in large numbers strikingly: very noticeably sugar confections: candies, cakes, and cookies vibrant: full of life

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Sentence Variety One of the distinctive characteristics of the English language is that it gives writers the opportunity to compose paragraphs that consist of a variety of different types of sentences. There are three basic types of sentence structure although these three can each be shaped in a variety of ways. The examples found below are from the essay that follows. A SIMPLE SENTENCE has just one main clause. The majority of Vancouver’s population used to be British. A common variation of this is to begin a simple sentence with a prepositional phrase. In the community centre adjacent to the church, a Greek food festival is held 112

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] each October. A COMPOUND SENTENCE has two main clauses joined by a word such as “and” or “but.” People from almost 100 different countries have immigrated to Canada, and many of them have settled in large numbers both in Vancouver and in the surrounding cities and municipalities. A COMPLEX SENTENCE has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses attached to it. Many different combinations of main and subordinate clauses are possible. In the first example, the sentence begins with an adverbial clause. Although it is not actually in Vancouver, Aberdeen Centre in Richmond on No. 3 Road is challenging Vancouver’s Chinatown as the focal point of Chinese commercial life. In the next example, the complex sentence ends with an adjective clause. The third distinctive ethnic street in Vancouver is West Broadway, which has a strong Greek flavour. In example number three, the sentence ends with a long noun clause. It is well-known that in recent years, Vancouver has become a distinctly multicultural city. It is not really important that you learn to analyze sentences in terms of their clausal structure. What is important is that, as you develop as a writer of English, you try to use a variety of sentence structures. The main thing to avoid is writing paragraphs that consist of nothing but short, simple sentences. After you have read the following essay, return to Paragraph 7, and decide whether each of its sentences is simple, compound, or complex. To help you with this exercise, the beginning of each sentence has been given below. (To check your answers, see the Answer Key.) a. The next oldest of the ethnic communities ... b. The first Italian food store was opened ... c. By 1982, more than 80 Italian delicatessens ... d. In 1977, the Italian Cultural Centre ...

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] e. It is the place where many of the festivities ... f. Little Italy has changed recently ... g. Though Commercial Drive still has ...

Multiculturalism in Vancouver (1) It is well known that in recent years, Vancouver has become a distinctly multicultural city. People from almost 100 different countries have immigrated to Canada, and many of them have settled in large numbers both in Vancouver and in the surrounding cities and municipalities. It would be difficult to list all the ethnic groups now represented in the city, but it can be noted that among them are people from Europe (Poland, France, Greece, Italy, and Romania), from West Asia (India, Pakistan, and Iran), from East Asia (Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, and Vietnam), as well as from the Caribbean, Africa, and South America. (2) The majority of Vancouver’s population used to be British. This means that they, or their predecessors, came from either England, Scotland, Ireland, or Wales. Residents whose ancestors have been in the Vancouver area even longer than the European pioneers are, of course, the Indigenous peoples. Archeologists have recently dug up evidence to show that Indigenous peoples lived as fisherfolk along the shores of what is now Vancouver at least 8000 years ago. (3) On the streets of Vancouver, one can hear dozens of different languages being spoken, and an array of fashion styles can be seen from numerous cultures. Further evidence of the city’s wonderfully rich multiculturalism is found in the many different kinds of food that are available in hundreds of ethnic restaurants—Chinese, Greek, Thai, Hungarian, Japanese, Malaysian, and American, to name a few. (4) Many ethnic groups tend to congregate in one area of the city where they can maintain some of the customs of the country from which they emigrated, and four groups have developed a truly distinctive commercial community with a central street containing restaurants, stores, and businesses. The four groups that have done this most strikingly in Vancouver are the Chinese, the Italians, the Greeks, and the Indians. (5) The oldest of these ethnic communities is Chinatown, which has roots going back to 1886 when Vancouver was in its infancy. In the area surrounding Pender and Main Streets, there are over 250 Chinese shops and other assorted buildings—restaurants, clothing stores, grocery stores, herb stores, temples, and buildings housing fraternal organizations. One of the special 114

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] attractions of Chinatown is the elegant Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Garden. Another is the Sam Kee Building, which is the narrowest commercial building in the world. It is a centre for importing goods from overseas. Also of great importance is the annual dragon parade that takes place on Chinese New Year. (6) Although it is not actually in Vancouver, Aberdeen Centre in Richmond on No. 3 Road is challenging Vancouver’s Chinatown as the focal point of Chinese commercial life. Whereas Chinatown is old with many historic buildings, Aberdeen Centre (named after the Aberdeen District of Hong Kong) is modern and vibrant. At present, the majority of the shops in this mall are owned or operated by Chinese residents. Other malls are being developed nearby, and there could eventually be 400 shops and restaurants surrounding a major hotel. (7) The next oldest of the ethnic communities in Vancouver is Little Italy on Commercial Drive. The first Italian food store was opened in 1957 at the corner of Commercial Drive and Third Avenue by a man whose name was Petronio Olivieri. By 1982, more than 80 Italian delicatessens, restaurants, grocery stores, and coffee bars were open for business. In 1977, the Italian Cultural Centre was built, and it soon began to play an important role in the life of this community. It is the place where many Italian festivities are held each summer. Little Italy has changed recently since many Italian people are moving from the Commercial Drive area to Burnaby, Coquitlam, and Surrey. Though Commercial Drive still has many Italian stores and restaurants, several other cultures are now represented there as well. (8) The third distinctive ethnic street in Vancouver is West Broadway, which has a strong Greek flavor. Along Broadway (west of MacDonald Street), there are many restaurants, bakeries, food stores, and travel agencies, as well as a Greek bank. The first Greek shops were built there in the early 1960s, and by the mid-1970s, the Greek presence on the street was well established. Between 1974 and 1988, there was an annual Greek Day with feasting and dancing in blocked-off sections of Broadway. Unfortunately, when crowds from outside the community came in large and rowdy numbers, things got out of hand and this festival was cancelled. In 2005, Greek Day returned to Broadway. Although Broadway is obviously important to the Greek community, the true centre of their culture is now located a few blocks south on Arbutus Street. This is the site of St. George’s Greek Orthodox Cathedral. In the community centre adjacent to the church, a Greek Food festival is held each October. (9) Beginning in the late 1970s, a three-block stretch on Main Street south of 49th Avenue became the centre of Vancouver’s Indian community. By 1991, there were more than 50 commercial businesses crowded together along this bright and vibrant section of Main Street. Much of the brightness comes from the many clothing stores featuring great rolls of bright red, green, and yellow silk for making saris, the traditional dress of Punjabi women. Also 115

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] adding to the brightness are the many shops whose windows are filled with gold jewellery of many shapes and designs. Equally distinctive in the Punjabi Market are the numerous stores featuring glittering sugary confections of many colorful kinds and all of a startling sweetness. The sidewalks are filled with people, and in front of the many groceries stores, bags of onions and sacks of flour are piled out on the street in some profusion. (10) It will be interesting in the years ahead to see whether additional nationalities will be able to place the stamp of their distinctive culture on one of Vancouver’s streets.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. Which street would you go to if you wanted each of the following? a. some Greek food: b. some Chinese herbs: c. very sweet confections: d. a cup of cappuccino: e. silk for saris: 2. In Paragraph 1, why doesn’t the writer list all the ethnic groups that contribute to the multicultural nature of Vancouver? 3. What two ethnic groups were the first to live in and around Vancouver? 4. What are some of the signs that indicate that Vancouver is a multicultural city? 5. What distinction does the writer make in Paragraph 4 between most ethnic groups in Vancouver and the Chinese, Italians, Greeks, and Indians? 6. What distinction does the writer make in Paragraphs 5 and 6 between Vancouver’s Chinatown and Aberdeen Centre in Richmond? 7. What changes are now taking place in the community known as Little Italy? 116

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] 8. Where is the true centre of Vancouver’s Greek community now? 9. What details found in Paragraph 9 contribute to the idea that the Punjabi Market is a colorful place? 10. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 6.

Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay on some of the customs that help to make the community you belong to distinctive; or if you have been to an ethnic community such as discussed in the essay above, write an essay describing this community in greater detail.

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Chapter Seventeen:

Endangered Species in Canada Vocabulary Note that the definitions given below are those that fit into the context in which each word has been used in the essay that follows. Some of the words might have a different meaning in a different context. accelerated: speeded up amphibians: creatures such as frogs that can live on land and in water assurances: a way of making something happen befoul: make dirty beneficial: useful to human beings burrowing: digging carnivore: meat eater 118

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] colonies: large groups consume: use ecology: how plants and living creatures relate to each other and their physical surroundings edible: something that can be eaten elaborate: complex evolve: change over time exterminate: kill far-fetched: not easy to believe fish-spawning grounds: streams where fish lay their eggs fossil records: animal and plant remains in rocks that can help us understand what was alive and when habitat: the place where something lives herbivores: plant eaters hibernation: a long sleep inevitably: something that cannot be avoided insecticides: poisons that kill insects integrated ecosystem: an area in which all living things are connected with one another intertwined: tied together intervention: to interfere intruders: unwelcome visitors isolated event: something that happens once linkages: ties

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] migrating: moving to another part of the world pelts: skins pesty: troublesome reptiles: any cold-blooded animal covered in scales such as a snake rodents: small animals such as rats and mice sea mammals: a warm-blooded animal in the sea that gives birth to live young instead of laying eggs (such as seals and walruses) sea urchins: small shellfish skyscrapers: tall buildings snowbound: covered in snow species diversity: having many types of living things survival: living rather than dying terms: words ultimately: in the end

A NOTE ABOUT WRITING: Some Rhetorical Devices The essay in this chapter is different in tone from the preceding 16 essays. A few of the earlier essays were occasionally laudatory, that is, they sometimes praised the places, things, or people being written about, but for the most part, they maintained a factual, neutral tone. In contrast, this chapter’s essay on endangered species is neither laudatory nor neutral; it is critical. The writer clearly thinks that something has gone wrong to cause so many living things to be in danger of extinction. The purpose of the essay is to make sure that the reader is aware of this. In order to raise the reader’s awareness of the increasing number of endangered species, the writer has used several rhetorical devices to make the argument more convincing. A rhetorical device involves using words and sentences in such a way that they get the reader’s attention. Some of the rhetorical devices employed in this chapter are as follows: 120

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1. Using a PERIODIC SENTENCE The opening sentence of this chapter’s essay is a strong one. “What must be understood is that the disappearance of a plant or an animal species is not an isolated event.” Part of the strength of this statement is that it is what is called a periodic sentence, that is, a sentence whose meaning is not complete until the period has been reached. In most prose, with the exception of simple sentences, the majority of sentences are loose; that is, they contain a main clause that is completed before the period has been reached, as in the following: “Around 1750, Russian, British, and Spanish explorers reached the west coast and hunted sea otters  for their beautiful pelts, [main clause] which were sold by the thousands in Europe and China.” Because they create a certain amount of suspense, periodic sentences — especially fairly long ones — can be used to gain emphasis although they should not be overused. The opening sentence of Paragraph 3 is another example of a periodic sentence used to good effect. “An important principle related to ecology is that one of the best assurances for the continuation of life on Earth is the richness of species diversity.” 2. Using REPETITION to gain emphasis Paragraph 2 in the essay that follows is an excellent example of how the repetition of both words and sentence patterns can be used to gain emphasis. The paragraph’s last four sentences all begin in a similar way: “Human beings cut down;” “Human beings befoul;” “Human beings turn;” “Human beings spray.” This is not a case of careless repetition of words as was discussed in Chapter Seven but the repeating of words on purpose to get the reader’s attention. 3. Using a CLIMACTIC SERIES This involves using a series of sentences (or even just a series of words or phrases) that move in steps up to a final or climactic point. This has been done in the last half of Paragraph 3 in which the rate of species extinction between the time of the dinosaurs and the end of this century moves from “one every 1000 years,” to “one every four years,” to “one species each year,” and then climactically to “by the year 2025, as many as one fifth of all species known to exist today may disappear from the Earth.”

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THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] 4. Using UNUSUAL WORD ORDER The usual word order for the last sentence of Paragraph 1 would be There is a linkage between the electricity users, the river, and the fish. But the writer has reversed this. The electricity users, the river, and the fish—all have linkages to one another. 5. Ending a paragraph with a SHORT, DRAMATIC SENTENCE This device is most effective when the short sentence is placed after a series of longer sentences and conveys an important idea. The writer of the essay on endangered species has used this device in three paragraphs. Paragraph 7: “It, too, is in danger of becoming extinct.” Paragraph 8: “None are now alive anywhere on Earth.” Paragraph 14: “As a result, the beaver survived.” 6. Using a sentence that contains a CONTRAST Contrasting involves placing two things that are opposite to one another side by side, as the writer has done in the fourth sentence of Paragraph 8. Where once they had darkened the sky during their huge migratory flights, by the year 1890, the passenger pigeon had become a rare bird. The above are some devices that you may wish to use in your own essays, keeping in mind that there must always be a close relationship between the idea being expressed and the device used. You cannot, for example, write a contrasting sentence unless the idea you are expressing actually contains a contrast.

Endangered Species in Canada (1) What must be understood is that the disappearance of a plant or an animal species is not an isolated event. This is because our Earth is what has been described as an integrated ecosystem in which every living thing is in some way linked to every other living thing. It may seem far-fetched, but the following series of events illustrates one way in which this intertwined relationship can operate. As the residents of British Columbia steadily increase the number of 122

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] electrical appliances they own and use, they will inevitably increase the amount of electricity they consume. Ultimately, this will result in the need to build more power dams, and the damming of a river could lead to the destruction of fish-spawning grounds. The electricity users, the river, and the fish—all have linkages to one another. (2) At present, when a particular species disappears, in almost all cases, it is the human species that has caused this to happen. Human beings cut down forests and destroy the habitats of birds and animals. Human beings befoul the oceans and beaches with oil spills and, as a result, bring about the destruction of fish, sea mammals, and sea birds. Human beings turn wilderness into a city of skyscrapers and upset the flight path of migrating birds. Human beings spray insecticides on farmland to kill insects that they consider harmful and, in so doing, kill off beneficial insects, birds, and small rodents. (3) An important principle related to ecology is that one of the best assurances for the continuation of life on Earth is the richness of species diversity. The more species there are, the greater the chances that life on Earth will survive. Although there are still several million species of plants and animals on the Earth, they are now being destroyed at a much more rapid rate than ever before. From fossil records, we can unearth some alarming statistics. In the days of the dinosaurs (millions of years ago), species disappeared at the rate of one every 1000 years. Between the years 1600 and 1900, as the human species increased its intervention with the environment, species were lost at the rate of one every four years. Between 1900 and 1975, the disappearance rate climbed to about one species each year. At one time it was predicted that, by the end of the century, the rate will have accelerated to one species every hour, but this rate was surpassed in 2002. According to the Red List of Threatened Species published in 2009 by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), 17,291 species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction. The World Wildlife Fund also now predicts that by the year 2025, as many as one fifth of all species known to exist today may disappear from Earth. (4) Five different terms must be understood in order to realize the nature of the problem of species loss in Canada or anywhere else for that matter. First of all, a species might be considered of special concern (also known as vulnerable). This means that the numbers of that species in a particular area have been severely reduced. The species may not be in immediate danger, but if the causes that make it vulnerable are not removed, and its numbers continue to decline, it will become threatened. (5) A threatened species may take the next step up the danger scale and become endangered if it continues to have its numbers reduced by human or natural causes. An endangered species is threatened with being either extirpated, or driven to extinction. An extirpated species is one that no longer exists in a particular region (such as on Vancouver Island or on the Canadian 123

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] prairies) although it might still be found in some other part of the world. An extinct species no longer exists anywhere on Earth. (6) An organization called the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada is responsible for maintaining an official Canadian Endangered Species List. The list contains not only mammals and birds but also fish, marine mammals, plants, reptiles, and amphibians. The 2009 list included 160 special concern species, 145 threatened species, 244 endangered species, 23 extirpated species, and 13 extinct species. (7) An example of species extirpation is a small weasel called the black-footed ferret. This carnivore lived on the species of small prairie dogs called gophers. These gophers made their homes on the open prairies of Alberta and Saskatchewan. They lived in colonies and would burrow their dens and elaborate tunnels beneath the rich prairie grasses on which these herbivores fed. The black-footed ferrets moved into these “prairie dog towns,” living in abandoned gopher dens and feeding regularly on gophers they caught and killed. The gophers and the ferrets lived in an ecological balance. However, when settlers arrived and the grasslands were turned into farms, farmers found it necessary to exterminate the pesty gophers. When most of the prairie dog towns had disappeared, the black-footed ferrets found they had no place to live. By the 1930s, they had completely disappeared from the Canadian prairies. A very small black-footed ferret population can still be found south of the Canadian border in the state of South Dakota. It, too, is in danger of becoming extinct. (8) One of the most disturbing examples of a species made extinct by human greed involves a bird called the passenger pigeon. It was once the most common bird in North America, but, because it was both edible and tasty, it was used as food by humans. With the growth of large city populations in the middle of the 19th century, passenger pigeons were killed and shipped to markets each year by the millions. Where once they had darkened the sky during their huge migratory flights, by the year 1890, the passenger pigeon had become rare. The last time one was seen in Canada was the year 1902. None are now alive anywhere on Earth. (9) Two interesting mammals in British Columbia that have been on the list of endangered species are the sea otter and the Vancouver Island marmot. In 1996, the BC sea otter population was downlisted to threatened. However, in other parts of North America, sea otters remain on the endangered list. Sea otters used to be found by the thousands in the waters off the west coast of British Columbia. Sea otters (along with seaweed and sea urchins) provide us with another example of what it means for an ecosystem to be in balance. At one time, sea otters lived in family groups in coastal areas where there were great beds of kelp or seaweed. Down in the mud of the seabed were creatures called sea urchins, which fed on the roots of the kelp, and were, in turn, eaten by the sea otters that lived on the surface among the kelp. Before 124

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] human beings entered the picture, the sea urchins, the kelp, and the otters were in balance—all maintaining strong populations. (10) But sea otters have a wonderfully rich fur (they need it to keep warm in the cold ocean), and this nearly brought them to extinction. Around 1750, Russian, British, and Spanish explorers reached the west coast and hunted sea otters for their beautiful pelts, which were then sold by the thousands in Europe and China. Within a century, they were extirpated from the coast of British Columbia, although a few were still surviving in Alaska. When the otters were gone, the sea urchins increased in numbers and destroyed the seaweed beds. Then the sea urchins disappeared because their food supply ended. (11) There are now two small colonies of endangered sea otters off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Human beings have intervened again though this time in a beneficial way. In 1969, a biologist in British Columbia moved a colony of sea otters from Alaska in hopes of reestablishing them on the west coast. At present, over 3500 of these playful creatures exist in British Columbia. Even though it is illegal to hunt them, they could once again be in grave danger if the section of coast where they are established suffered a disaster such as an oil spill since the oil would destroy their pelts, and the sea otters would perish from the cold. (12) Also on Vancouver Island is a critically endangered mammal. This is the Vancouver Island marmot, a stout-bodied member of the rodent family about the size of a family cat. This herbivorous marmot lives in small colonies on the rocky slopes of alpine meadows. Since their habitat is snowbound for many months of the year, these marmots go into hibernation in October and have a long winter sleep until May. Although they have always been preyed upon by cougars, eagles, wolves, and bears, they were able to maintain and increase their colonies. What endangers them now is human activity in their very specialized habitat, especially the building of logging roads, ski resorts, and hiking trails. Marmots are nervous little creatures. If they are frightened by too many intruders near their colony site, they will abandon their home and may not be able to find another one suitable for their needs. The Vancouver Island Marmot Recovery Project recently announced critically low numbers of marmots. Less than 30 wildborn marmots remain in the few areas on Vancouver Island that are suitable to provide them with the special kind of living conditions they need to survive. (13) Among the other Canadian species having to struggle to exist are the following familiar creatures. On the special concern list are the western wolverine, the grizzly bear, and the western barn owl. The grey fox, the peregrine falcon, and the harbor porpoise are threatened. The northern spotted owl, the whooping crane, the bowhead whale, the blue whale, and the eastern wolverine are all endangered. Humpback, killer, and beluga whales can be found under the heading special concern or threatened, depending upon the population location. 125

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] (14) The beaver, the mammal that is frequently used as a Canadian symbol (look on the back of a Canadian five-cent coin), was at one time an endangered species and would have become extinct if something fortunate had not happened. Towards the end of the 18th century, over 100,000 beaver pelts were being shipped to Europe from Canada every year in order to make Beaver Hats for gentlemen. But fashions changed, and the gentlemen stopped wearing hats made out of beaver fur.  As a result, the beaver survived and flourishes today.

Refer to the Essay to Answer the Following Questions Unless the question requires only a word or a short phrase as an answer (as in Question 1), your answers should be expressed in complete sentences and should be expressed in your own words. Do not just tie together groups of words taken directly from the reading selection. 1. What is the central idea that the writer develops in Paragraph 1? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 2. What is the central idea that the writer develops in Paragraph 2? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 3. What is the central idea that the writer develops in Paragraph 3? (To check your answer, see the Answer Key.) 4. Imagine that you want to tell a friend about the differences between the five different terms that the writer defines in Paragraphs 4 and 5. In your own words, what would you tell your friend? 5. What brought about the extirpation of the black-footed ferret in Canada? 6. Why did the passenger pigeon become extinct? 7. In Paragraph 9, an example is given of ecological balance. Summarize briefly what the paragraph tells us. 8. What beneficial intervention is referred to in Paragraph 11? 9. Why are the Vancouver Island marmots now an endangered species? 10. What saved the animal that symbolizes Canada from becoming extinct? 11. Write a two-sentence summary of Paragraph 10.

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Practice in Writing Write a well-developed paragraph or a short essay in which you describe some of the elements that make up the ecosystem where you live; or write a one-paragraph summary of the above essay.

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Supplimentary Answer Key Here are answers to some questions that may not be answered in the essays. CHAPTER TWO: A Note About Writing: Verbs in the Past Tense Paragraph 2: A surprising statistic, especially to someone who has crossed the country by plane and seen the great grain fields spread out across the prairie provinces .... Paragraph 4: Until recently, when the codfish stocks became so low that fishing had to be stopped, the cod fishery was the mainstay of the Newfoundland economy. The first settlers from England arrived in Newfoundland in the early 1600s, and Newfoundland was a British Colony until 1949 .... Paragraph 7: PEI entered Confederation six years later, in 1873. PEI was physically joined .... Paragraph 9: The dramatic tide changes that can be seen from Rockwood Provincial Park have been described as one of the wonders of the world. Paragraph 11: (All four sentences in this paragraph are in the past tense.) Paragraph 13: This area is famous for its skiing in winter, and for the brilliance of its landscape when the leaves have changed in the fall. The capital, Quebec City, is one of the oldest in Canada, having been founded in 1608. CHAPTER TWO, Question 2: The writer’s reason for giving so many numerical facts in the opening paragraph of the essay is to show the immense size of Canada’s land mass. 128

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] CHAPTER TWO, Question 14: The writer makes reference to eight Boeing 747 airplanes in order to show how big the field is in Toronto’s Rogers Centre (formerly called Skydome). ***** CHAPTER SIX, Question 6: The fact that basketball was included in the 1936 Olympics shows that the game had by then established itself in many countries of the world. ***** CHAPTER SEVEN, Question 6: The irony of Agnes Macphail’s life was that, after a lifetime of working to help other people, she ended up being in need of help herself because she was poor and in bad health. ***** CHAPTER EIGHT, A Note About Writing English Idioms a globe-trotting performer: (someone who gives concerts in many different countries) in the dead of night: (in the middle of the night) front page news: (very important news) a star attraction: (something many people want to see) any subject under the sun: (any subject at all; everything) from all walks of life: (many different types of people) came up with the idea: (thought of an idea) CHAPTER EIGHT: Question 8 Besides being friends and being people with disabilities, Rick Hansen and Terry Fox had two things in common: they were excellent athletes and raised money for medical research. CHAPTER EIGHT: Question 12 Two possible explanations for the apparent inconsistency related to the width of Canada and 129

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] the distance that Terry Fox ran were (a) streets and highways do not always follow a straight line; and (b) during his run, Terry Fox would sometimes leave the main highway to make an appearance in nearby towns and cities, thus adding to the number of kilometres he ran. ***** CHAPTER NINE: Question 3 The reason that the T. Eaton Company went out of the mail-order business in 1976 was probably that most Canadians, by that time, had easy access to a shopping mall in their community and didn’t need to order goods through the mail. CHAPTER NINE: Question 4 Canadians probably find the statement “Keep your fork, Duke, there’s pie a-comin’” humorous because it illustrates the contrast between the fancy life of the aristocracy and the simple lifestyle and manners of people in pioneer Canada. ***** CHAPTER TEN, Question 5: The advantage gained from building a thermal power plant close to where the power is to be used is that it saves the cost of erecting power lines over a long distance. CHAPTER TEN, Question 7: The reason nothing is said in the essay about electric power production in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan is that there is nothing unusual about the way these provinces produce electricity. They do not use nuclear power and do not produce great amounts of hydroelectric power. Therefore, they must be dependent on thermal power plants. ***** CHAPTER ELEVEN, A Note About Writing: Introductory Phrases Paragraph 3: Throughout their history, ... If several bands join together, ... When a group of tribes are closely associated,... 130

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] In 2006,... Paragraph 6: As well as retaining their culture and improving their economic conditions, ... Although some progress towards settling Indian Land Claims is being made, ... CHAPTER ELEVEN, Question 1: In the essay’s opening sentences, the author wants to make a contrast between how long the Indigenous peoples have been in Canada and how long the later immigrants have been here. ***** CHAPTER TWELVE, Question 9: The cause introduced in Paragraph 7 was that the Iroquois fought for the British against the French; the result was that in most of North America, the main language is now English. CHAPTER TWELVE, Question 10: Today’s version of lacrosse is different from the original version in at least three ways: (a) there are only six players for each team playing at any one time; (b) the area over which the game is played is much smaller (about the size of a hockey rink); and (c) the game is completed in only a couple of hours. CHAPTER TWELVE, Question 12: The Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies and the Inuit were similar because (a) they both built temporary shelters; and (b) they both had to track animals in order to get food. ***** CHAPTER THIRTEEN, Question 9: Bobby Orr’s winning the NHL scoring title was called a “feat” because no other defenseman had ever done this. Until Orr, defensemen had not been expected to score a lot of goals. CHAPTER THIRTEEN, Question 12: The probable explanation for why Canadians were upset when Wayne Gretzky was traded to Los Angeles would be that Canadians did not want “the greatest hockey player in the history of 131

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] the game” to be playing for an American team. ***** CHAPTER FOURTEEN, Question 3: The probable reason that the Edmonton Grads disbanded in 1940 was that the Second World War (1939 to 1945) was occurring, and international travel was not possible. CHAPTER FOURTEEN, Question 4: The reason one might be able to question James Naismith’s remark about the Edmonton Grads being “the finest basketball team that ever stepped out on a floor” was that he died in 1939 and, therefore, never saw any of the very powerful professional teams in the National Basketball Association (NBA). CHAPTER FOURTEEN, Question 5: The two possible reasons that no one expected Percy Williams to win gold medals at the 1928 Olympics were (a) no one had ever heard of him; and (b) he was younger and smaller than the experienced runners he had to race against. ***** CHAPTER FIFTEEN, A Note About Writing: Parallel Structure Paragraph 4: “Its mild climate” and “its beautiful mountain and ocean setting” and “its many sporting and cultural activities” are parallel noun phrases. Paragraph 8: “its sunny climate” and “its many attractive golf courses and beaches” and “its nearby ski resorts” are parallel noun phrases. Paragraph 10: “fishing” and “hunting” and “skiing” are parallel words. Paragraph 16: “720 kilometres from Vancouver, if you travel by air” and “730 kilometres west of Prince George, if you travel by land” are parallel clauses. ***** CHAPTER SIXTEEN: A Note About Writing: Sentence Variety a. Simple sentence (one main clause) b. Complex sentence (main clause and adjective clause) 132

THIS COPY BELONGS TO [email protected] c. Simple sentence (one main clause) d. Compound sentence (two main clauses) e. Complex sentence (main clause and adjective clause) f. Complex sentence (main clause and adverb clause) g. Complex sentence (adverb clause and main clause) ***** CHAPTER SEVENTEEN, Question 1: The central idea of paragraph 1 is that in an ecosystem all parts are dependent on all the other parts. CHAPTER SEVENTEEN, Question 2: In paragraph 2, the central idea is that when a species disappears, in most instances, the disappearance is caused by something human beings have done. CHAPTER SEVENTEEN, Question 3: Paragraph 3 presents the idea that species are now becoming extinct at an increasingly faster rate. ***** © 2010 by Paragon Testing Enterprises Inc. All Rights Reserved For more study guides and test preparation material, visit www.celpip.ca

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