Risk Management And Assessment

CHAPTER 2 RISK MANAGEMENT AND ASSESSMENT

SUBTOPIC 2.1 2.2 2.3

Introduction to Risk Management Risk Assessment Techniques HIRARC

2.1

INTRODUCTION TO RISK MANAGEMENT

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RISK MANAGEMENT a) b) c) d) e)

Integrate Risk Management as part of planning at all levels of business. Accept no unnecessary risks. Make risk decision appropriately. Accept risk when benefit overweigh costs. Manage the risk.

RISK ASSESSMENT Why need to carry out risk assessment? a) b)

Logical and cost-effective management of occupational safety and health (OSH) Legal requirement - OSHA 1994 (Part IV S.15 – General duties of Employers and Self Employed Person) - OSH (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard) Regulation 1996 - OSH (Use and Standard Exposure of Chemical Hazardous to Health) Regulation 2000

c)

Management system standard requirement - MS 1722:2003, OHSAS 18001, ISO 14001

Risk Assessment of the Organization

Risk assessment should be carried out for: a. b. c.

Routine and non-routine activities i.e maintenance, shutdowns abnormal operation. Activities of all personal having access to the workplace (including subcontractors and visitors). Facilities at the workplace, whether provided by the organization or others such as contractors.

When to Carry Out Risk Assessment • Before operation • During operation • After operation

When to Review Risk Assessment • Internal changes – before modification of plants, changes in organization, introduction of new materials, machinery, working procedure. • External changes – amendments of national law and regulations, development of new knowledge.

Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment •

Person or persons trained to identify hazard and risk assessment – In some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor

•

In typical organization, consultation with and involvement of the safety and health committee, supervisors or workers and their representatives.

Basic Components of Risk Management Hazard Identification

Risk Assessment

Risk Control

Review Control Measure

2.2

RISK ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES Classify Activities (Work, Product, Services, Activities)

Identify Hazard

Determine Risk

Decide if Risk is Tolerable Decide if Impact is Significant

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

HAZARD ANALYSIS

Some of the technique used:  Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control  Job safety analysis (JSA)  Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)  Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)  Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree Analysis

Focus on: a) b) c)

To analyze how and why accident could occur. Graphic technique. To calculate probability of end event.

Example - Fall from a Defective Ladder a)

Why was the defective ladder not found during normal inspection?

b)

Why did the supervisor allow its use?

c)

Didn't the injured employee know it should not be used?

d)

Was the employee properly trained?

e)

Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder?

f)

Did the superior examine the job first?

FTA analysis steps: a) b) c) d) e)

Select a component for analysis. Identify critical failures or ‘faults’ related to the component. Identify causes for each fault. Work toward a root cause. Identify countermeasures for each root cause.

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS KNOWS LADDER IS DEFECTIVE BUT STILL DECIDES TO USE DEFECTIVE LADDER

BELIEVES LADDER IS STILL SAFE

WORKER USED DEFECTIVE LADDER DIDN'T KNOW LADDER WAS DEFECTIVE

NO CHOICE UNAWARE OF CONSEQUENCES

FALL FROM LADDER

DID NOT RECOGNIZE DEFECT

LADDER WAS NOT INSPECTED

NO SEGREGATION NO SUPERVISION

TRAINING INCOMPATIBLE GOALS

PROCEDURES MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT

ORGANISATION

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

JSA is a tool used to improve job safety through: a) b)

Identifying the hazards or potential hazards associated with each step of a job. Finding effective control measures to prevent or eliminate exposure.

Steps: a) b) c) d) e)

f)

Select – selecting the job to be analyzed. Record – Breaking the job down into a sequence of task. Examine – Identifying potential hazards associated with sequence of tasks. Develop – Determining preventive measures to control hazards associated with sequenced of tasks. Install – Ideally, after the hazards have been identified, safe work procedure should be developed and communicate to others. Monitor – Monitor effectiveness of control measures, review and revised as and when necessary.

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)

• Develop by reliability engineer (1950s) to determine problems that could arise from malfunction of military systems. • FMEA is a procedure by which each potential failure and the kinds of failures that could happen, at the component level in the systems are examined and analyzed to determine its effect on the system. • The FMEA is used to assure that components failure modes and their effects have been considered and either eliminated or controlled; that information for maintenance and operational manuals has been provided; and that input to other safety analysis has been generated.

System

Scrubber

Component

Failure Mode

Failure Effect

Water pump

Inadequate water flow

Increased environmental pollution

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Table

Method of Identifying Hazard

• Review document and publication • Inspection and observation • Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring environment or medical surveillance of the workers. • Hazard analysis

the

2.3

HIRARC

Purpose of HIRARC a) To identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the hazards); b) To consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from it (the risks) c) To enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately controlled at all times.

Process of HIRARC

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION Sources of Hazard Man Machinery Materials Method Media

Unsafe acts Installation, layout and design of equipment Substances such as chemicals and gases use in the workplace The way people carry out their work Workplace condition i.e. air quality, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc.

Classification of Hazard Mechanical

Physical

Physhosocial

Electrical

Biological HAZARD

Ergonomics

Chemical

Hazard Identification Techniques • • • • • •

Work place inspections; Task safety analysis or job hazard analysis; Preliminary investigations; Potential accident factors; Failure analysis; Accident and incident investigations.

RISK ASSESSMENT Types of Risk Assessment 1.

Qualitative Risk Assessment

2.

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

3.

Quantitative Risk Assessment

Analyze the Risk Risk is the combination of the likelihood and severity of a specified hazardous event occurring. In mathematical term, risk can be calculated by the equation Risk = Likelihood x Severity

Likelihood Determine likelihood •

Very likely - could happen frequently

•

Likely - could happen occasionally

•

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

•

Highly unlikely - could happen, but probably never will

Severity Determine severity categories i.e.: • Fatality • Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or damage to health) • Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or damage to health requiring days off work) • Negligible injuries (first aid)

Qualitative Risk Table

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment Determine likelihood categories •4: •3: •2: •1:

Daily Weekly Yearly Monthly

Determine severity categories • • • •

4: 3: 2: 1:

Fatality & Permanent Disability More than 4 days MC Less than or 4 days MC First aid and near misses

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

LIKELIHOOD Yearly

Monthly

Weekly

Daily

1

2

3

4

SEVERITY

First Aid and Near Misses

1

1

2

3

4

Less than or 4 days MC

2

2

4

6

8

More than 4 days MC

3

3

6

9

12

Fatality & Permanent Disability

4

4

8

12

16

Decision for Action AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP) PRINCIPLE Risk cannot be justified on any grounds

Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

LEVE L

A L A  R Reduce risk P No need for

RISK

detailed action

Trivial

Risk is undertaken if a benefit is desired

OF

TOLERABLE IF: Reduction Impractical or Cost / gain grossly Disproportionate

RISK CONTROL Principle of Control

•Substitution •Modify process •Enclosure •Local exhaust •Fugitive emission control •Isolation

•Housekeeping •General ventilation •Continuous area monitoring •Dilution ventilation •Automation or remote control

•Training and education •Worker rotation •Enclosure of worker •Personal monitoring •Personal protective devices

Consideration In Implementing Risk Control • Review measures regularly; modify if necessary • Comply with national laws and regulations • Reflect good management practice • Consider the current state of knowledge • Include information or reports from organizations such as: – DOSH, OSH services, and others.

Hierarchy Of Control MOST EFFECTIVE i. Elimination - Getting rid of a hazardous job, tool, process, machine or substance is perhaps the best way of protecting workers. FAIRLY EFFECTIVE ii. Substitution – replacing the hazard with one that presents lower risk. iii. Isolation – isolating or separating the hazard from the person, or the person from the hazards. iv. Engineering control – requires thinking about ways work could be done differently to make the world safer such as rearranging aspects of workplace, modifying equipment, combining tasks, changing procedures to eliminate hazardous step. LEAST EFFECTIVE v. Administrative – reduction of exposure to risk through use of procedures or instruction. vi. PPE – worn by people as final barrier themselves and hazard.

SUMMARY

• The basic of OSH management is the identification of hazard, risk assessment, control of risk and review. • Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection of the workplace to reviewing legislation. • Risk assessment allows an organization to build a sound basis for managing hazard. • Hierarchy of hazard control starts with elimination; use of PPE is the last resort.