Rph Midterms.dane

Dane Daffnie R. Harina BSIE-2B RPH MIDTERMS

Examples: Thesis, Books, Articles, Website, Documentary film Tertiary Source- summarized of information or simply repackage ideas or other information. Ex. Handbook, directories, manuals or guides books.

Introduction of History Sources of Historical Data and Historical Criticism

Archival documents- certain old documents produced from the past.

History - Objective and subjective

Official Gazette- official government publication

-record of the past

Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA)- contains digest of cases which may serve as Precedents in future litigations

-the reconstruction of the past based on available written records, oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions -Involves collection, analysis and synthesis of limited available materials -Interpretative and imaginative study of surviving records of the past, either written or unwritten in order to determine the meaning and scope of human existence Historiography- the study of the best ways to interpret historical sources and the ways, why history is written History – “historia” The knowledge acquired through inquiry/ investigation ( learning by inquiry) Historians- people connecting the present from the past by researching various sources -historical Data: relics, testimonies, remains

Philippine National Archive- main archive of the Philippines National Library of Philippines- main library of the Philippines which known as for its Filipiniana Division University of Sto. Tomas Library also known as Fr. Miguel De Benavides Library which named after founder of the University it was created through the will of Fr. De Benevides HISTORICAL CRISTICISM- way of on how you will going to analyze the sources 2 types 1. EXTERNAL CRITICISM- examine if the document is genuine (authenticity of the source) *Physical *Provenance- reason behind the source *original

Kind of Sources PRIMARY SOURCE - first hand information - actual event as it happened

Who made the document? When was it written? Who was the intended audience?

- statements given by people who were present at the center of the event

For what purpose was the document written?

-Helps you to form own argument

Was there any ulterior motive when this document wriiten?

-Evaluate filtered information

Are there any version other version of the document or the historical information?

-Critique original work using your own ideas Examples: diary, Speeches, Letters, Books (containing direct quotations), Receipts, Govermental records, Maps, artwork SECONDARY SOURCE

Can you believe in this document? What can you learn in the society that producing this document.

After first

2. INTERNAL CRITICISM- concerned with what document says.(Franklen and Wallen, 2010,p.539)

Written after the historical event

- it analyze the credibility of the source

*helps you to consider other perspective

Corroboration- to check the source and compare it to other sources

*strengthen your own argument

Context Analysis -also answers the “why, when and where of the sources

Prevailing notion or discourse

4. What is the occasion for this text?

Evaluation of the author- experiences and expertise of the author

-it was written in response to (contemporary incident or event, observation of the author about human affairs/experiences?

Meaning of the source and its essence to present

5. Is the text intended as some sort of call-or for- action?

Raised questions

- if so, by whom? And why?

1. In what context did the author say what he said?

-and also if so, what actions does the author want the readers to take?

2. Would people at the time have behaved as they were portrayed? 3. Are the data presented reasonable? 4. Was the author or the originator of the source a major participant in the event? 5. Was the author competent to describe the event? 6. Was the author emotionally connected to the event? 7. Do the contents of the documents make sense? 8. Are the events reasonable as it happened? 9. Is the document suffering from hindsight?

6. Is the text intended rather as some sort of call to or for reflection or consideration rather than direct action? - if so, what does the author seem to wish the reader to think about and to conclude or decide? - why was the author wish the readers to do this? What is to be gained and by whom? 7. Can we identify any non-textual circumtances that affected the creation and reception of the text? - political, economic factors, cultural practices, intellectual as well as the authors own life

10. Does the language in the document show any sign of bias?

CONTENT -Refers to the topic or matter

11. Do the version of the document exist?

written work

Contextual Analysis- Analysis of a text (in whatever medium,including –media) that helps to assess that test within the context of its historical and cultural setting, but also in terms of textuality- or the qualities that characterize the text as a text

-What is contained in the work

treated in a work particularly a

-Is a broad word (Details; The true story; Who, What, Where,When, Why and How; Perceptions)

-It combines features of cultural archeology (systematic study of social, political, economic, philosophical, Religious and aesthetic condition)

CONTEXT -Refers to the parts of discourse that surround a word or passage and throw light on its meaning

“Situating the text” ( How does (or did) this text

-is the events, circumstances or background that helps us to

function?)(celebrates, reinforces, subverts, encourages, attacks, glorifies, valorizes, challenges and critiques)

interpret a piece of work

Key questions

fields of linguistic

1. What does the text reveal itself as a text? -How the words are arrange in order to achieve its

(Intention; What do I want to think?; What energy am I creating?; “I am here to set you and I up for success)

purpose?

Primary Source Analysis

2. What does the text tell us about its apparent intended

In order to analyze a primary source you need information

audience(s)?

about two things:

- What sort of reader does the author seem to have envisioned as demonstrated by the text’s language and rhetoric?

-Document itself

-What sort of qualifications does the text appear to require of its intended readers? How can we tell? 3. What seems to have been the author’s intention?

-Use as a technical word in some

-Era from which it comes The ff. questions may be helpful to you as you begin to analyze the source. 1.Look at the physical nature of your source

2. Think about the purpose of the source?.

These documents all agree/disagree about….

3. How does the author try to get the message across? What

Another document to consider might be…

methods he/she use?

D.CLOSE READING

4. What do you know about the author? Race, sex, class.Occupation, religion, age, political beliefs? Does any ofthis matter? How?

What claims does the author make?

5.What can a careful reading of the text?

What language (words, phrases, symbols) does the author use to persuade the document’s audience?

HISTORICAL THINKING

What evidence does the author use?

A.SOURCING:

How does the document’s language indicate the author’s perspective?

1.Who wrote this?

Identify the author’s claims about an event

Identify the author’s position on historical event…./ the author probably believes that?

Evaluate the evidence and reasoning the author uses to support claims

2. What is the authors perspective?

Evaluate author’s word choice; understand that language is used deliberately

Purpose in producing the document/ based on the source,think the author might…

I think the author chose these words in order to…

3.When, where and why was it written?

The author is trying to convince…

4.Is it reliable? Why? Why not?

The authors claims..

Hypothesize what the author will say before reading the document. Evaluate the source’s worthiness by considering genre, audience and purpose.I do/ don’t trust this document because…

The evidence used to support the author’s claims is…

B.CONTEXTUALIZATION 1.When and where was the source created?

FERDINAND MAGELLAN - born : around 1480 city of portugal or in sabrosa

2.What was different then? What was the same?

died : 1521

3.How might the circumstances in which the document was created affect its content?

-he studied map making and navigation

Understand how the context/background information influences the

and spend his days poring over texts on cartograhy,

other content of the document. Recognize that documents are products of particular points in time. Based on the background information, I understand this document differently because…..The author might have been influence by____(historical context)This document might not give me the whole picture because…

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Magellan’s Voyage Around the World: First Mass

-he studied at Queen Leonoras School of Pages in Lisbon

astronomy, and celectial nagvigation FACTS ABOUT FERDINAND MAGELLAN Magellan’s expedition consists of multinational crew Magellan was considered a traitor to his home country of Portugal

C.CORROBORATION

Magellan gave the Pacific Ocean its name

1.What do other document says?

Magellan was a staunch Christian Evangelist

2.Do the documents agree ? If not, why?

Magellan’s slave may have been the first person to

3.What are other possible documents?

truly circumnavigate the globe

4.What documents are most reliable?

Magellan only deserves partial credit for the

Comparing the documents

circumnavigation

Recognize disparities between accounts

The next circumnavigation of the globe took place

The author agrees/disagrees with…

nearly 60 years after the return of Magellan’s expedition.

One of the benefits that the Europeans gained from the Crusades was the discovery of some products that were not available in their home country.

August 20, 1519 accompanied by 270 men of different race

Porcelain

To find a new route to the spice island that would not violate Spain’s treaty with Portugal

Silk Incense Herbs Perfumes Fabrics Carpets Spices Oriental products SILK ROAD and ARABIAN-ITALIAN TRADE ROUTE usually disrupted by wars, natural calamities, bandits

MAIN OBJECTIVE:

REACHING THE PHILIPPINES Only 3 out of 5 ships who left Spain reached the Philippines The first couple of weeks was full of hospitality and cordial exchanges of goods, some even converted to Christianity Lapu-lapu, chief of Mactan -refused to trade and waged war with Magellan though Spaniards have the skills and training, still they lost to the battle including Magellan himself

The closing of the land route of the Spice Trade because of the invasion of the Ottoman Empire of Constantinople (now Turkey and the “ gateway to the West” then) in 1453 forced European Kingdoms to look for ways to purchase

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spices directly from the source.

By that time, the were only two ships left Victoria and Trinidad.

As a result, the Europeans decided to explore the oceans to look for the way to the famed Spice Islands.

treacherously attacked making them leave the island.

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They may have reached the Spice Island however Trinidad was captured leaving the ship Victoria alone with 17 survivors on September 7, 1522

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one of the survivors was Antonio Pigafetta, the assistant of Magellan

PRINCE HENRY -the NAVIGATOR of PORTUGAL -Established a maritime school that trained sailors who would later discover an Eastern sea route going to the Spice Island (the modern-day Moluccas Islands) and other islands in Southeast Asia through the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean Queen Isabella of Castille & King Ferdinand II of AragonThe marriage and victory of these two Catholic Monarchs over the Moors in the Battle of Granada resulted in the rise of Spain as a world power Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand II supported and financed the voyages of : Christopher Columbus (1492 – 1502) - the trans-Atlantic voyages that lead to the discoveries of territories on the side of the Atlantic Ocean Ferdinand Magellan- plans to go to the East by sailing westward,

When the survivors returned to Cebu, they were also

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA- Born around 1490 in Vicenza, Venice, Italy -Eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta to his second wife Angela Zoga -Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography -Worked in the ships owned by Knights of Rhodes -Presented his credentials to Magellan and to the Casa de la Contratacion, the office in charge of the voyages to the New World -Admitted as on of the sobresalientes (supernumeraries), or prominent men who will join the expedition for the love of adventure and advancement of military service -He survived all the challenges and catastrophes that the

however declined by the Portugal to finance

expedition encountered, upon arriving at Seville he handed his Majesty King Carlos V a handwritten account of all the events along the journey

Magellan-Elcano Expedition

-Died in sometime of 1534

Left Port of Sanlucar de Barrameda in Seville on

About the Book: “Magellan’s Voyage Around the World”by Antonio Pigafetta -The detailed journal of Magellan’s journey from 1519 until they returned to Seville three years later Supposedly financers of the formal publication of the the journal of Pigafetta: Pope Clement VII Philippe de Villiers L’Isle-Adam (grandmaster of the Knights of Rhodes)

men to prepare the place where the Mass was to be said; together with the interpreter to tell the king that we were not going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass… After the conclusion of the mass, some of our men took communion…. Then he had a cross carried in and the nails and a crown, to which immediate reverence was made… After the cross was erected in position, each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and adored the cross; and the kings did the same…

Loius of Savoy (mother of King Francis I of France)

It lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds degrees from the line of demarcation. It is twenty five (leagues) from the Acquada, and is called Mazaua ( Limasawa)….

1536 - a condensed version of the manuscript was published in Venice by Jacques Fabre

On Saturday, as the captain (king; Raja Humabon)

Manuscripts

had promised the king(Magellan) to become a

-3 copies were in French

Christian on Sunday, a platform was built in[on] the

-2 copies were in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris

consecrated square, which was adorned with hangings and palm branches for his baptism…

-1 copy Manuscript Library of Yale University in New Haven -4th copy was written in mixed Italian, Spanish, and Venetian languages found in the Ambrosian Library in Milan 1800 - Carlo Amoretti published it’s Italian version 1819 - an Englsih version came out James Alexander Robertson - made his English version of the Ambrosian copy Pigafetta’s travelogue- contributed immensely to the enrichment of the Philippine historiography -provided us a glimpse of the political, economic, and social conditions of the islands in the Visayan Region during the 16th century

The captain[Magellan] told the king through the interpreter that he thanked God for inspiring him to become a Christian, and now that he would easily conquer his enemies than before… A large cross was set up in the middle of the square…They were to adore that cross daily with clasped hands, and every morning after their custom, they were to make the sign of the cross; and they ought to come hourly, at least in the morning, to that cross, and adore it kneeling… After the dinner the priest and some of those went ashore to baptize the queen, who came with forty women…she was shown an image of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden child Jesus, and a cross…

Enrique de Malacca- Magellan’s slave/interpreter, contributed for gathering information

One day the queen came with great pomp to hear Mass…The captain, knowing that the queen was very much pleased with the child Jesus, gave it to her, telling her to keep it in place of her idols, for it was a memory of the son of God. Thanking him heartily, she accepted it…

Excerpts from Magellan’s Voyage Around the World

Johanna - wife of Raja Humabon

At dawn on Saturday, March 16,1521, we came upon a high land at a distance of three hundred leagues from the islands of Latroni- an island named Zamal (Samar)… The island where we were is called Humunu (Homonhon)but inasmuch as we found two springs there of the clearest water, we called it Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (the Watering-place of good Signs), for there were the

-took care of the Sto. Nino image since then *The Sto. Nino image today is estimated to be more than 500 years old. Villages that converted to Christianity in the island of Cebu Cinghapola (Chiefs Cilaton, Ciguibucan, Cimaningha, Cimaticbat and Cicanbul) Mandaui (Chief Apanoaan)

first signs of gold which we found in those districts…

Lalan (Chief Theteu)

Early in the morning of Sunday, the last of March and Easter-day, the captain general sent the priest with some

Lalutan (Chief Tapan)

Cilumai Lubucan

Nuestra Senora de Guia (Our Lady of Guidance) -Currently enshrined at the Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guidance (Ermita Church)

On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, chief of the Island of

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Matan, sent one of his sons to present two goats to

CAVITE MUTINY Situations during Spanish colonization

the captain-general, and to say that he would send him all that he had promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because if the other chief, Cilapulapu, who refused to obey the king of Spagnia… When they saw us, they charged down upon us with exceeding loud cries, two divisions on our flanks and other two on our front. When the captain saw that,he formed us into two divisions, and thus we begin to fight… When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only being larger. That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide… When they wounded him, he turned back many times to see whether we were all in the boats…The battle was fought on Saturday, April twenty-seven, 1521. the captain desired to fight on Saturday, because it was the day especially to him… Contributions of the Magellan-Elcano Expedition -Credit must be given to the Magellan expedition for proving that the Earth is not flat but an oblate sphere -They have demolished the myth that there is a boiling water at the Equator -Magellan and his men completed the first circumnavigation of the world -They confirmed that the Portuguese route is not only way to the Spice Island.They proved the theory that one can go to the East by sailing West.

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Motive: -3Gs God, Gold, Glory -Powerful Religious Orders Mutiny - a situation in which a group of people (such as sailors or soldiers) refuse to obey orders and try to take control away from the person who commands them Background of Cavite Mutiny -January 20,1872 -During the term of Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo -250 Filipino soldiers revolt -11 Spaniards were killed Spanish troops vs. Filipino troops -expected number of support : 2000 men based from manila and Cavite The plan was to begin the revolt after midnight in Manila with rebels setting fires in Tondo to distract the authorities. -Signal by way of fireworks Mutiny in Cavite began earlier in the evening and many of those who pledged support defected and vowed loyalty to Spain. CAUSE AND EFFECT One hundred and forty years ago, on January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in a way led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896. The 1872 Cavite Mutiny was precipitated by the removal of long-standing personal benefits to the workers such as tax (tribute) and forced labor exemptions on order from the Governor General Rafael de Izquierdo

-They brought to the attention of the Europeans that on the other side of American continent exists a large body of water which they named Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico) The account of Pigafetta also enriched Philippine historiography because it contains important details about the conditions of the Visayan Islands in the 16th century. Moreover, local textbook writers use his book as their

SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT Two Types of Clergy: 1.Regular Clergy- prepared for missionary work because of their standards of discipline.Tasks of Regular Priest: -introduce the faith -Convert the natives

source of historical information about the beginning of

-establish religious communities The Five Religious Orders that Took on this Task

Christianity in the Philippines.

Augustinians (1565)

Discalced Franciscans (1578) Jesuits (1581) Dominicans (1587) Augustinian Recollects (1606) 2.Secular Clergy- priests who were under the authority of bishops and are not members of any religious groups. Tasks of Secular Priest: -management

of the religious communities

-In charge of the continuation of the works of the regular clergy *In other Spanish Collonies, Well-established parishes are witnessed when the replacement of regular clergy by the secular priests.

•Some viewed that seculars are potential leaders for future separist movement Fr. Mariano Gomez (parish priest of Bacoor) and Fr. Pedro Pelaez (secretary to the archbishop)- disagreed to the claims of the regular priests Fr. Jose Burgos- promoted equality between Spanish and Filipino priests Mariano Gómez - was a Filipino Catholic priest, part of the Gomburza trio who were falsely accused of mutiny by the Spanish colonial authorities -born on August 2, 1799 in the suburb of Santa Cruz, Manila -He was a Tornatrás, one born of mixed native (Filipino), Chinese and Spanish ancestries -Died February 17, 1872

• IN THE PHILIPPINES,

-Before his death, Gómez was active in the publication of the newspaper "La Verdad" (Spanish, "The Truth")

Regular clergy remained as administrators of the parishes.

JOSE BURGOS -José Apolonio Burgos y García

In 1522, OMNIMODA BULL was passed by Pope Adrian VI

-Born 9 February 1837 (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos Region, Philippines)

Omnimoda bull- allowed regular priests to administer the sacraments and act as parish priest -this conflicted with reforms established in the Council of Trent Council of Trent- no priest could care of laymen unless they were subjected to episcopal authority (often came in the form of visitations) KING PHILIP II- granted discretionary power to enforce the reforms in the Philippines

-Died 17 February 1872 (Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines) -Went to University of Santo Tomas JACINTO ZAMORA -Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario -14 August 1835 - 17 February 1872 -his early education in Pandacan and later at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran,later transferred to the University of Santo Tomas after finishing his Bachiller en Artes EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA

*Regular clergies thwarted their implementation. They abused their authority by leaving parished unattended and resigning their posts. Regular priests maintained control over the parishes due to scarcity of secular priests.

Governor General Izquierdo – Governor general in Cavite at that time. Ordered the priest and laymen to be captured a they were part of the mutiny in Cavite PRIEST:

JOSE BURGOS JACINTO ZAMORA

In the late 17th century, efforts was intensified to produce Filipino secular priests.Despite this, regular clergy still refused, the rights of the secular clergy to the priests.

MARIANO GOMEZ

REASONS PROVIDED BY THE REGULAR PRIESTS

FALICIANO GOMEZ

•Philippines still remained an active mission, with some groups not yet Christianized

MARIANO SEVILLA

•Filipinos were not ready to be turned over to the secular clergy •Regulars refuse to give uo the parishes that generated large profits for them •Regulars believe that Filipino secular clergies were unqualified and incompetent

JOSE GUEVARRA

BARTOLOME SERRA MIGUEL DE LASA JUSTO GUAZON VICENTE DEL ROSARIO PEDRO DANDAN ANACLETO DESIDERIO

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LAYMEN: GERVACIO SANCHEZ

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PEDRO CARILLO

THE RIZAL RETRACTION

MAXIMO INOCENAO

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - He was a Filipino Nationalist and a polymath during the tail end of the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines

BALBINO MAURICIO RAMON MAVIENTE

-An ophthalmologist by profession and also became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the economy under Spain

MAXIMO PATERNO JOSE BASA These men were exiled to Guam except Burgos, Zamora, and Gomez:

-He was a member of a worldwide fraternity called Freemasonry

JOSE GUEVARRA

-He then wrote his classic novel Noli me Tangere, which condemned the Catholic Church in the Philippines for promoting Spanish colonialism. One of the reasons why Spanish officials were displeased.

FALICIANO GOMEZ MARIANO SEVILLA

MAXIMO INOCENAO BALBINO MAURICIO

BARTOLOME SERRA

RAMON MAVIENTE

MIGUEL DE LASA

MAXIMO PATERNO

JUSTO GUAZON

JOSE BASA

VICENTE DEL ROSARIO

PEDRO CARILLO

PEDRO DANDAN

ANACLETO DESIDERIO

Freemasonry or Masonry consists of fraternal organizations that trace their origins to the local fraternities -open to men of any faith, but religion should not be discussed at Masonic meetings Masons believe that there is one God and that people employ different ways to seek, and to express what they know of God

GERVACIO SANCHEZ February 15, 1872 – The Date when the three priests were captured Garrote – Killing someone by strangulation Edmund Plauchut – A French writer- journalist who gave an account in the execution -his account: On the night of February 15, 1872, a Spanish court martial found the three priests guilty of treason as they were said to be the instigators of a mutiny in the cavite navy yard a month ago and then sentenced them to death. On the morning of February 16, 1872, in fort Santiago, the priests were told that they will be executed the following day. When they heard the judgement, Burgos broke into tears, Zamora lost his sanity and never recovered, Only gomez was the only man enough to face his consequences.

RETRACTION “Withdrawal of a statement” -Rizal allegedly retracted his Masonic claims about Catholicism -His retraction letter was “discovered” and the date was December 29, 1896,it was said to have been signed by Rizal himself It stated: “I declare myself a Catholic in this religion in which I was born and educated and wish to live and die. I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conducts has been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. Until today, the issue whether Rizal retracted or whether the document was forged or real, is still a subject of continuous debate between historians and Rizal scholars. The following primary sources are two kinds.

Dawn of February 17, 1872, Almost 40,000 Filipinos from Bulacan, Pampanga , Cavite and Laguna came surrounding the platform where the three priests together with Saldua will be executed. Saldua was the first one to die followed by Gomez. When Gomez time came. He approached his last chair and his confessor shouted at him to accept his faith. He replied “ I know that not a leaf falls to the ground but by the will of God. If this is His will that I should die here, his holy be done.” *The Execution was meant to instill fear in the heart of the Filipinos but new revolutionary armies emerged full with hatred.

1.The first two are the official accounts as witnessed by the two Jesuits who were instrumental in the alleged retraction of Rizal. 2.The last two were the critical analysis by two Rizalist scholars who doubted the story of the retraction. Fr. Vicente Balaguer - One of the Jesuit priest who visited Rizal during his last hours in Fort Santiago and claimed that he managed to persuade Rizal to denounce Masonry and return to Catholic fold. He also claimed that he’s the one who solemnized the marriage of Josephine Bracken and Rizal, hours before his execution

-He has claimed that he talked to Rizal and asked him about his stand in religion and why he is fighting against the Catholic Church. He then said that he only believes in the Sacred Scriptures and not on the claims of the church. They talked from morning till dusk until his words finally woke him up because he does not want to be damned and wrote a retraction letter to reconcile with the church Padre Pio Pi -Jesuit superior in the Philippines during the time that Jose Rizal was executed. In 1917, he issued an affidavit recounting his involvement in the said retraction of Rizal. Unlike father Balaguer, he was involved only because he kept the retraction letter -did not witnessed it at all but he’s the one who claimed the he kept the documents safe Rafael Palma - A lawyer, educator and politician -author of Biografria de Rizal which is all about the life of our National Hero and his work won in a literary contest in 1938 but the publication was postponed because of the WWII Roman Ozaeta - “Pride of the Malay Race” -translated Palma’s writings into English and the story of Rizal’s alleged retraction was found on Chapters 32 and Chapter 33 was Palma’s own analysis regarding this matter He also gave 7 reasons why it isn’t true. 1st – the documents were kept as a secret and the original copy was not found until now. 2nd – when the family asked for the original copy of the said document, they denied it. 3rd –his burial was kept as a secret and his cadaver was said to be kept by the people of the church instead of the family. 4th – in spite of what he contributed and did for our country, no masses were said for his soul or funeral. 5th – he was not really buried in the Catholic cemetery in Paco but in the ground without any cross or stone to mark his grave. 6th- he was considered among the persons who died impenitent and did not received any spiritual aids. 7th – lastly, there was no moral motive for the conversion. Why would he reconcile himself to the rites of the religion which he had fought? AUSTIN COATES - His interest with Rizal began when he was the Assistant Colonial Secretary and Magistrate in Hong Kong in 1950 -His first study with Rizal happened last 1891-1892. At that time people who knew Rizal were still alive -He wrote and published “Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr (1956) and was the first biography of Rizal written by a European since Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jose Rizal written by Wenceslao Retana (1907)

-His analysis of Rizal’s retraction was found in Part VII Chapter V of the book ---

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The first cry of the revolution (August 1896) The Philippine Revolution of 1896 began with what later became known as the “First Cry” or the initial move of the Filipinos to begin the revolution for independence. Tearing up their CEDULAS and proclaiming the start of the fight for independence. Event happened after the KATIPUNAN was exposed on August 19, 1896 and the SPANIARDS began to crack down on suspected rebels. The Katipunan SUPREMO Andres plan was to start the revolution at the end of August but following the arrests of the Katipuneros. Bonifacio found it wise to begin the revolution that day and attack Manila at the end of the month. In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in Balintawak where begin in 1908. The First Cry occurred there on August 26. The date and the place were later contradicted by different Katipunan personalities who claimed that they were there at the time. National Historical Commission (today`s National Historical Commission of the Philippines [NHCP]) Decided that the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 happened on August 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin (Project 8 in Quezon City today Dr. Pio Valenzuela`s Account Pío Valenzuela y Alejandro (July 11, 1869 – April 6, 1956) -Filipino physician and revolutionary leader -At the age of 23, he joined the society of Katipunan, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution -Together with Andrés Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they formed the secret chamber of the society called Camara Reina -The official date and place were largely based on the account of Dr. Pio, an official of the Katipunan and a friend of Andres Bonifacio, who was present during the event Santiago Alvarez`s Account Santiago Virata Álvarez (July 25, 1872 – October 30, 1930) -a revolutionary general and a founder and honorary president of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party - Also known as Kidlat ng Apoy (En: Lightning of Fire; Fiery Lightning) because of his inflamed bravery and dedication as

commander of Cavite's famous battles (particularly that in Dalahican) -he was celebrated in present-day Cavite City as the Hero of the Battle of Dalahican Santiago Alvarez`s Account In 1927, a pre-World War II Tagalog weekly magazine named Sampaguita began publishing the Katipunan memoirs of Gen. Santiago Virata Alvarez The series appeared in 36 parts. Told the story of Philippine Revolution starting in March 1896 until 1897. The series was later published as book (The Katipunan and the Revolution). Devoid of dramatic description, a merely narration of the events that happened in Bahay Toro (today`s part of Project 8 Quezon City) on August 24, 1896 Guillermo Masangkay`s Account Guillermo Masangkay - was one of them, a friend and adviser of Andres Bonifacio, a bosom friend who joined that underground society when he was only 17 In an interview with the Sunday Tribune Magazine, he said that the first cry happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896. -His account was used to fix the date and place of the First Cry -On Bagong Buhay on August 26, 1957, he changed his narrative that the revolution began on August 23, 1896 -Changed again when his granddaughter, Soledad Buehler-Borromeo cited sources that the original date was August 26