Science, Technology And Society Module

Table of Contents Unit 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Development 1 (17 hours) Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology ................................................................... 3 Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution.......................................... 12 Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building .... 18 Unit 2: Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition (18 hours) ............................................................. 33 Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology ................................................... 35 Topic 5: Technology as a Way of Revealing ..................... 41 Topic 6: The Good Life ...................................................... 45 Topic 7: When technology and humanity cross ................ 53 Unit 3: Special Issues in Science, Technology and Society (18 hours) ............................................................................. 65 Topic 8: Information Age ................................................... 67 Topic 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society ..................... 72 Topic 10: The Nanoworld .................................................. 82 Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy........................... 87 Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic) ................... 96

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Unit 1: General Concepts and STS Historical Development (17 hours) Introduction

Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have imagined that our status of science and technology would be as robust as today. Our current understanding about the nature and the world is a result of constant over throwing of paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric Model is replaced by a paradigm that has a higher content and explanatory power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is termed scientific revolution. This is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the history of Science and have helped shaped our society. Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in the history but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country as a whole. In this unit, you will learn how science and technology has greatly influenced the development of the Philippine society. You will evaluate different government policies and programs to see how they have shaped the nation. You will also learn significant inventions and projects accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’ science and technology, and have been a major contributor to the Philippine nationbuilding. This unit will allow you to time travel through the antecedents of science and technology; lets you investigate how the present status of science and technology came into being, and explore the major turns in the course of global and national history that led it to its exhilarating and captivating development.

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 

Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;

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

Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment;



Discuss the paradigm shifts through history;

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Explain how intellectual revolution change the way how humans see the world;

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Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age;

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Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;

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Evaluate government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their contributions to nation building; and

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Identify actual science and technology policies of the government and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino nation.

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Topic 1: Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology

Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students will be able to:  

Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society; and Explain the impact of the development of science and technology to the environment

Activating Prior Learning In order to understand past, one has to look back and revisit it. In like manner, we are going to take a look at our very rich history and study what are the major turns in the development of Science and Technology that had led us to the innovation of cutting edge and sophisticated Technology in the present.

Your task is to fill in the K-W-L chart below by jotting down what you have known and what are the things that you would like to know about our historical antecedents in terms of Science and Technology. What I already Know

What I Want to know

What I have Learned

Presentation of Contents Science and Technology in Ancient Times In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet the growing needs of people along these areas. Due to the constant innovation introduced by Science and 3

Technology, which has the end goal of improving lives and making the work easier, faster and efficient, our society respond by changing as well. These changes are evident as each ancient civilization keep on creating technology that has been modified and that is being used today.

To name a few, Sumerian are known for their contribution with the first writing system called as cuneiform. Challenge to mass produce food, they invented plowing, irrigation and dikes and wheel for farming. Throughout the existence of this civilization, their main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas. They are also known to develop the first road.

Figure 1.1 Sumerian Cuneiform ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

On the other hand, Babylonian civilization, which emerged near Tigris and Euphrates River were famous for being great builders, engineers and architects. One of major contributions is the hanging garden of Babylon which one of the seven wonders of the world.

Figure 1.2 Hanging Garden of Babylon ("Image: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia", 2019)

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Another civilization that is known for its renowned archeological artifact like the death mask of Tutankhamen and Pyramid of Giza is the Egyptian Civilization. Also, ancient Egyptians are known for their earlier contributions like water clock or clypsedra, paper or papyrus, ink and a system of writing known as hieroglyphics. They have also invented cosmetics for aesthetic reason. Meanwhile, during this time, wigs were worn by wealthy Egyptians to protect the shave of the heads from the harmful rays of the sun.

Figure 1.3 Death Mask ("Google Image Result for https://www.timetrips.co.uk/eptutmask1.jpg", 2019)

Figure 1.5 Papyrus ("Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ...", 2019)

Figure 1.4 Pyramid of Giza ("Google Image Result for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynami c/25/590x/Can-you-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg", 2019)

Figure 1.6 Hieroglyphics ("Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com", 2019)

Apart from being the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of Greeks include in-depth works on Philosophy and Mathematics. They are also celebrated for their contribution to the world like coliseum, Olympics, alarm clock and water mill.

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Figure 1.7 Olympics ("Image: The Olympic Games [ushistory.org]", 2019)

Figure 1.6 Greek Coliseum ("Image: the coliseum (greece) YouTube", 2019)

Perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west, Roman Empire was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance. Other civilizations looked up to it as a model in terms of codified laws and legislation. They are also celebrated for the invention of newspaper, bound books or codex. In terms of architecture and engineering, Romans are known for building elaborate churches, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters and residential houses. They have also devised their own number system which is the Roman Numeral System.

Figure 1.8 Roman numeral system ("Google Image Result for http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/ user_upload/roman-numerals.jpg", 2019)

Figure 1. Roman aqueduct ("Image: Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels", 2019)

Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, China is known for the silk trade, tea production, gun powder and the living legend great wall of China.

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Figure 1.10 Silk Road ("Image: Silk Road - HISTORY", 2019)

Figure 1.11 The Great Wall of China ("Image: Great Wall -", 2019)

Science and Technology in Middle Ages The start of the middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars are prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production and health. The wars have resulted to population decline. However, in the later part of this period, there was significant increase in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.

To facilitate record keeping, woodlock printing developed by Chinese was improved by the time of Johann Gutenberg with a cast type printing press. This general invention soon evolved to be the mechanical printing press which was eventually used all over the world. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to individuals who could not even write (Streissguth, 1997).

Figure 1.12 Johann Gutenberg Printing Press ("Image: Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ...", 2019)

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Another invention in the Middle Age is the microscope. Growing populations caused massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in more people getting sick. With this, experts needed to a device to study microorganisms in order to develop proper medicines for illnesses. Guided by the principles used for the invention of eyeglasses in earlier years, Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope (Davidson, 2015).

Figure 1.13 Zacharias Janssen’s Microscope ("Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ...", 2019)

Since the Middle Age was also known as the Age of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions was high. The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators during this time.

Great development in the weaponry technology also occurred in this era. This include cross bows and long bows. Additionally, in close range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited the movements of the soldiers, chainmail was invented to solve the problem.

Science and Technology in Modern Times The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that more goods be produced at faster rate. People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that required animals to operate must thus be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All these needs resulted in the development of industries. However, due to massive industrialization, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of great concern. 8

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illnesses caused by harmful bacteria (Macalester College, 2010). Other contributions of Pasteur to Science and Technology and Medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation and vaccination.

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. This led to the development of kerosene and the petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power plants, among others.

The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time. Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important dayto-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the fastest time possible. Thus, the invention of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.

Figure 1.15 Alexander Graham Bell’s Telephone ("Image: Inventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History", 2019)

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex processing machines like computer. 9

Application Your task 1. Write down the top 10 invention in the World and in the Philippines 2. Determine persisting needs were addressed by each invention 3. Discuss briefly the impact of each invention to society

Feedback 1. Fill in “What I have Learned” column by writing down what you have learned from this topic What I already Know What I Want to know What I have Learned

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2. Create a collage on the inventions in the Philippines and the world

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Topic 2: Intellectual Revolution Learning Objectives

At the end of this topic, students will be able to:   

Discuss paradigm shifts through history; Explain how intellectual revolution changed how humans see the world; and Select a revolutionary scientist and present a persuasive speech representing his/her theory

Activating Prior Learning

You may have read about different theories that worked and were believed to be true during ancient times. In Astronomy, for example, you have learned that Sun is the Center of the Solar System and that the planets, including Earth, are revolving around it in an elliptical orbit. However, people in ancient times believed that the earth was the center of the universe. Early beliefs also claimed that human beings were created through “Divine Creation” but this was replaced by Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. These are just some of the examples of early theories that were challenged in the history of Science.

What were the great Intellectual Revolutions that significantly shaped our Society? What made these new theories controversial? Who were these people or groups of people behind these upheavals that permanently changed the course of history of Science? What were their needs, and what were their struggles that motivated them to engage in such scholarly contribution?

This topic will lead you to some of the answers of these aforementioned questions. Moreover, this topic describes how science and technology theories paved the way for the Enlightenment and our current understanding of some of the fundamental concepts of Science and of the world.

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Presentation of Contents

The Man who moved the Sun The way people think about Solar System has changed many times throughout history. Before the development of telescope astronomy beliefs were based on what can be seen by the naked eye. One of the earliest ideas on how Solar System was structured was introduced by Claudius Ptolemy. He posited that planets as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular motion around the Earth, a concept which is known as geo-centrism. This geocentric model, considered to be one of the greatest discoveries of all time, was widely accepted by the people and became the astronomical dogma in Western civilization for 1,400 years. In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the geocentric model by putting sun at the center of the solar system and known as the concept of heliocentrism. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all other things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic.

Figure 2.1 Bold Man who challenged the Theory of Divine Creation ("Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube", 2019)

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied variation in plants, animals and fossils during a five-year voyage around the world in the 19th century. Darwin's theory of evolution challenged the idea that God made all the animals and plants that live on Earth in a single day, which contradicted the commonly held Christian views of his era. He did not publish his scientific work and ideas until 28 years after his voyage.

Finally, as a result of Darwin's world expedition and observations, which were enhanced by many years of experimentation, his discussions with like-minded 13

scientists and his developing knowledge of geology and fossils, he proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin proposed that: individual organisms within a particular species show a wide range of variation for a characteristic, individuals with characteristics most suited to the environment are more likely to survive to breed successfully; and the characteristics that have enabled these individuals to survive are then passed on to the next generation. This is called Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Figure 2.2 Tree of Evolution ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

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Figure 2.3 Theory of Creation ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

The Father of Psychoanalysis In the past, the field of Psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis.

Psychoanalysis is the study of human behavior. In his theory, Freud explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions. He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego and superego.

Figure 2.4 Theory of Psychoanalysis ("Redirect Notice", 2019)

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since concepts were viewed as philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s theory has no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.

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Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.

Application What’s New What we had just studied are the major intellectual revolutions in the past. At present, what are the widely acceptable theory that could explain 1. Celestial Mechanics

2. Evolution of human beings

3. Psychoanalysis

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Feedback Direction: Conduct an interview to non-science majors about intellectual revolutions and present the synthesis of your interview to the class. (Note: Kindly prepare an interview schedule prior to the conduct of the interview).

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Topic 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building

Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students will be able to:     

Explain the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building; List noteworthy inventions, with their inventors, and give their major contributions in shaping the Filipino nation; Identify science and technology policies of the government; Appraise the impact of these policies on the development of the Filipino nation; and Recognize the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior during the exchange of ideas.

Activating Prior Learning Now, let us see what you know about the role of science and technology by completing the concept map below. But before that, you may want to watch the movie clips and read the short article listed below to get some ideas. Happy watching and reading! Questions to Ponder: 1. What roles do science and technology play in the developmental progress of the country? Watch: 1. Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward Link: https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q 2. The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines Link: https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg Read: 1. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

From your readings and from the videos you watched, complete the diagram below by enumerating the roles of science and technology in shaping the nation. Then, choose one from your list and explain it to the class.

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Role of S & T in Nation Building

Good job! Let’s learn more as you go through this lesson.

Presentation of Contents Brief Historical Background of Science and Technology in the Philippines

Pre – Colonial Period Even before the Spain colonized the country, some indigenous science and technology has already existed with regards to agriculture like farming, animal – raising, and the utilization of plants and herbs as medicines. The use of technology is evident in the in handicrafts, pottery, weaving, and tools used by ancient Filipinos in their everyday life. Innovation and ingenuity were unmistakable by the way native Filipinos built the rice terraces by hand. They also developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, fishing, and also for fighting enemies during tribal conflicts. They used indigenous technology in building houses, irrigations and transportation, both on land and on waterways. The ancient practices in science and technology by our ancestors are now considered as indigenous science or folk science.

Colonial Period Spanish colonization paved way to modern means of construction. Roads, bridges, churches, and other large infrastructures were built with more sophistication using some engineering skills and tools brought by the 19

Spaniards. In addition, Spanish colonizers developed health and education system in the country. The American colonial rule modernized almost all aspects of life in the country. They established the Bureau of Science to initiate the development in the field of science and technology.

Post – Colonial Period After achieving independence from the colonial masters, the Philippines, under different administrations, continued to pursue programs in science and technology. Each leadership had its own S&T agenda. However, it is important to note that some Philippine presidents introduced more developments in the field than others, which you will find out soon as you course through this topic.

Filipino Presidents and their Contributions in the Development of Science and Technology in the Philippines Philippine Presidents and the Status of S&T during their administration Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961) -lack of support of experimental work -marginal budget for scientific research -low salaries of scientists employed by the government -established the National Science Development Board Pres. Ferdinand Marcos (1965 - 1986) -directed the Department of Education to revitalize the science courses in public high schools - channelled additional funds to support projects in applied sciences and science education - he proclaimed 35 hectares in Bicutan, Taguig, Rizal as the site of the Philippine Science Community - scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography - added the Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry. - support for the promotion of scientific research and invention with Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 - he enacted a law under Presidential Decree No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and Technology - He enacted a law on the completion of the National Agriculture and Life 20

Sciences Research Complex at the University of the Philippines at Los Baños (Executive Order No. 840, s. 1982) - he established the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippine Science High School to encourage careers in science and technology -established other research institutes like PAGASA, National Grains Authority, Philippine Council for Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil Company among others Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992) - National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology - science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted - created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP - Executive Order No.128 abolished R.A. No. 3859, also known as the “Philippine Inventors Incentive Act.” - gave assistance to Filipino inventors through giving financial aid, patent application assistance, legal assistance, and to help inventors market their products domestically and abroad - R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free education up to the secondary level - “Science for the Masses Program” which aimed at scientific and technological literacy among Filipinos

Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998) -significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field -addition of Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao - government provided 3,500 scholarships for students who were taking up professions related to S&T - Schools were becoming more modernized and updated with the addition of hightech equipment for student - Priority for S&T personnel increased when Magna Carta for Science and Technology Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was established - award was published in order to give incentives and rewards for people who have been influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act or Republic Act No. 7459) - programs such as National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology -enactment of a law creating a nationwide system of high schools specializing in the field of science and engineering (Science and Technology Scholarship Law of 1994) - enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293) 21

Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001) launched a full-scale program based on cost-effective irrigation technologies - establishment of one science high school in every province - advancement of industries and schools into the Internet age, -passage of the e-Commerce Act Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010) - the science and technology sector of the Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age“ during her term - Numerous laws and projects that concerns both the environment and science to push technology as a tool to increase the country's economic level - the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be an innovation hub in Asia - Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was developed further by strengthening the schools and education system such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS), which focuses in science, technology and mathematics in their curriculum - imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through Mechanization (AFMech) (Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines)

Filipino Scientists and their Inventions Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation. Dr. Arturo Alcaraz Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first geothermal power generated in the Philippines.

Julian Banzon (1908 - 1988) Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing alternative fuels. Julian Banzon experimented with the production of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.

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Pedro Escuro (1923 - ) Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding in the country. The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and C-12. Dr. Francisco Fronda (1896 - 1986) Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of production for the poultry and livestock industry. Felix Maramba Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator. He also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas systems. Luz Oliveros Belardo (1906 - 1999) Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities.

Emerita De Guzman Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation of pure macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented tissue culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and banana plants. Dr. Fe Del Mundo (1911 - 2011) Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving device. Gregorio Zara (1902 - 1978) Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the twoway television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a "photo phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930); invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952). (Google image result for Famous Filipino Scientists or Inventors)

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For more information, please go to the links provided below, then watch and read the following: Watch: 1. Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc Read: 1. The Philippine Men and Women of Science. http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf 2. Philippine Great Inventions

Application Let’s have some practice, shall we? Activity 1: Take a Roll on the Roles Form groups of 5 and choose 1 role of S & T from the diagram you did at the beginning of this topic, then perform a simple role-play that manifests the role of S & T that you have picked. Below is a rubric to rate your performance. Do this within 15 minutes. Enjoy acting!

Exceeds Expectation

Meets Expectation

Needs Improvement

(3 points)

(2 points)

(1 point)

Criteria

Understandi ng of Topic

 Factual information is accurate  Indicates a clear understanding of topic

 Factual information is mostly accurate  Good understanding of topic

 Information is inaccurate  Presentation is off topic

Teamwork

 Accepts ideas of others; able to compromise  All members contribute

 Accepts most ideas without negative comments; able to compromise  Some members contribute

 Group does not work together  One person does all the work

Presentation

 Shows confidence  Informative  Entertaining; engages audience  Speaks loudly and clearly  Appropriate use of body language

 Shows some confidence  Presents some information  Engages audience  Can be heard  Some use of body language

    

Portrayal stalls Lacks information Audience bored Mumbles Body language is lacking; inappropriate

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Activity 2: Back Through Time A. This activity is meant for you to revisit our country’s rich historical background on its journey to scientific and technological progress. Your class will be divided into 5 groups, where each group shall choose one period to elaborate the development of S&T in each period and its contributions and implications to the present society. Complete the table below. a. b. c. d. e.

Early Filipino/ Pre – colonial period Spanish Colonization American Regime Japanese Colonization Post – colonial period

Period

State of S&T during the period

Contribution of the period in the development of S&T

Science culture and practices/ Society’s norms during the period

Implications of S&T and science culture of each period to the present

Note: Please read the article below for additional information A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili Link: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-in-thephilippines_pdf#download-require

A. Retaining your group, make a 3 – 5-minute skit portraying the development of S&T in the period/era you are working on. Present

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your skit to the class next meeting. The rubrics below will serve as your guide, and basis for rating your performance.

Exceeds Expectation

Meets Expectation

Needs Improvement

(3 points)

(2 points)

(1 point)

Criteria

Understandi ng of Topic

 Factual information is accurate  Indicates a clear understanding of topic

 Factual information is mostly accurate  Good understanding of topic

 Information is inaccurate  Presentation is off topic

Teamwork

 Accepts ideas of others; able to compromise  All members contribute

 Accepts most ideas without negative comments; able to compromise  Some members contribute

 Group does not work together  One person does all the work

Presentation

 Shows confidence  Informative  Entertaining; engages audience  Speaks loudly and clearly  Appropriate use of body language

 Shows some confidence  Presents some information  Engages audience  Can be heard  Some use of body language

    

Portrayal stalls Lacks information Audience bored Mumbles Body language is lacking; inappropriate

Activity 3: New Generation Science Genius Utilizing internet resources, find photos of modern Filipino scientists and their respective inventions/ discoveries. Describe the inventions and their major contributions in the development of our nation.

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Feedback 1. List some policies/programs of the government that steers the nation’s Science and Technology forward. Describe these policies briefly, and give their Pros, as well as their Cons. Support your claims by citing examples of their positive/negative impact to our nation’s development. Policy/ Program

Pros (with Positive Impacts)

Cons (with Negative Impacts)

1.

2.

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3.

4.

2. Take photos that depict the use of science/technology in your community, and compile them to make a photo album. Upload your work in social media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers, then have a sharing with the class next meeting.

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Summary In this unit, you have learned the different contributions to Science and Technology of each epoch of human history- Ancient, Medieval and Modern Times. Necessity and adversity drive people to think and invent technology to address the needs and problems they encountered in everyday life. These inventions paved way to major developments from ancient to modern society and along with it, the transmission of scientific and technological knowledge that influenced our very own notion of the world. The advent of technology opens the door for more scientific endeavors in the quest of unravelling the mysteries of the natural world, and hence the birth of scientific revolution. The revolution had sparked human creativity and critical thinking, and by this time, many a discovery and scientific ideas were developed, and new scientific paradigms were generated which had overthrown previous paradigms. This manifests that scientific knowledge is not permanent, and subject to constant change through careful research and experimentation. In the Philippines, even before period of colonization, our society has been faring on its improvement in terms of Science and Technology especially in agriculture, handicraft and medicine. During colonization, there was a slow growth of S&T since majority of its sophistication is brought about by the foreign invaders. The establishment of Bureau of Science by Americans paved the way for the initial growth of S&T in the country. During post-colonial period where Philippines had given the autonomy for executive, administrative, judicial and legislative operations, different programs and policies of the government gear towards reinforcing progress of S&T. Many Filipinos were renowned not only in the national but also around the global society for their outstanding feat.

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Reflection

Think about these 1. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions? Why?

2. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not take place?

3. What value of a scientist have you learned from the major revolutions? Why?

4. What could be the consequences if these major intellectual revolutions did not take place?

5. Did science and technology change your way of life? Was it in a good way, otherwise, or both? Explain how.

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References: A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines by Olivia C. Caoili Retrieved from: https://tuxdoc.com/download/history-of-science-and-technology-inthe-philippines_pdf#download-require McNamara, D., Valverde, V., & Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society (1st ed., pp. 1-128). Quezon City: C&E Publishing Inc. Ratnasiri, N., 2006. The role of Science and Technology in nation building. Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka, 34(3), p.113. DOI: http://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i3.3640

Web Sources: Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2xrHBDz Image: Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XlPv0B Google Image Result for https://www.timetrips.co.uk/ep-tutmask1.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RVGm7 Google Image Result for https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/25/590x/Canyou-see-the-flaw-682241.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/FRWES Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7 Image: the coliseum (greece) - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/pbCTX Image: The Olympic Games [ushistory.org]. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/vD5wU Google Image Result for http://historylearning.com/fileadmin/user_upload/romannumerals.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/EnPPz Image: Roman Aqueducts— Ancient Engineering Marvels. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ePC9t Image: Silk Road - HISTORY. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ittbA Image: Great Wall -. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/xH83x Image: Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum of Microscopy ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/fAo55 Image: Ιnventor of the Telephone: Alexander Graham Bell - Learning History. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/ASZiC Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiW8Kaqy5rjAh

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VEA4gKHUNtAYQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F846606429 926395000%2F&psig=AOvVaw2Sl_sc8daokDiWkZShMf4F&ust=1562306475204989 Image: Occult Science 4.0 - Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Astrology - YouTube. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/jFeHS Redirect Notice. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2RTR14c

Image: The 15 Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://nobert-bermosa.blogspot.com/2011/06/15-presidents-of-republic-of.html Images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Philippines Science and Technology: Moving the Philippines Forward. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/9li8S3L5p2Q The State of Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/_ttaqZf-SMg Juan’s Top 5 Filipino Inventions at https://youtu.be/RU21nUiKaoc The Philippine Men and Women of Science. Retrieved from: http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/manuscript/PMWS27.pdf

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Unit 2: Science, Technology and Society and the Human Condition (18 hours) Introduction

There can be no doubt that we are rapidly moving towards a global society, spanning the whole earth. Yet this global society derives its unity not from philosophy or religion, but rather from technology. Technology is improving life and improving it fast. It is technology that is leading to the homogenization of all forms of social interaction and communication, irrespective of their historical and cultural provenance. It is technology that is creating a shared horizon for economic productivity, just as it is technology that permits the limitless accumulation of public wealth. Technology is the salient social activity of human beings as a species and, as an activity, and is both cumulative and linear, irrespective of its consequences for human happiness.

In this chapter, we will be discussing the different conceptions of human flourishing, which connotes the “well-being” and “happiness” of men and suggests positive emotional experiences. Also, the development of scientific method and validity of science, human flourishing vis-à-vis progress of science and technology. It has been noted that human flourishing in our present societies seem dwarfed by difficulties, not only in the developing world, but also in the developed world.

Also, this chapter covers the concept of human condition before and after the existence of science and technology and ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth about human being.

Furthermore, we will also be discussing the meaning of a good life and the different possibilities available in attaining a good life and happiness. It will point out how humans strive to become happy, achieve a comfortable and convenient life and the desire to make the work lighter, easier and faster.

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Finally, we shall also be taking up the different technological advancements in society, development of Science and Technology in the Philippines and the effects of the interplay between technology and humanity through dilemmas where the world is entering a period of transformative change, and many of people will be surprised by the developments they simply hadn’t anticipated.

Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, student can: 

Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ratifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society;



Criticize human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology so that the student can define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life;



Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative, creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards;



Examine human rights in order to uphold such rights in technological ethical dilemmas;



Evaluate contemporary human experience in order to strengthen and enlighten the human person functioning in society; and



Find and examine local government policies that protect the wellbeing of the person in the face of new technologies.

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Topic 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology Learning Objectives After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:  analyze the steps in scientific method;  explain the concepts of human flourishing and their importance for the “common good” and present examples;  enumerate some career jobs related to science and technology that lead to human flourishing.

Activating Prior Knowledge Learning Activity: SPOT THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Direction: Each sentence below describes a step of the scientific method. Match each sentence with the step of the scientific method listed below. A. Recognize the problem B. Making Observation C. Form a hypothesis D. Test the hypothesis with an experiment E. Draw conclusions ______________ 1. Mark predicted that seeds would start to grow faster if an electric current travelled through the soil in which they were planted. ______________ 2. Scott said, “If I fertilize my orchid plants, they will blossom.” stronger when she gave the hen feed, to which extra calcium had been added. ______________ 3. Philip’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away from raw mangoes. ______________ 4. Ameera fed different diets to three groups of tilapia. Her experiment showed that tilapias need vitamins and protein in their diet. ______________ 5. Angela’s experiment proved that earthworms move away from light. ______________ 6. Justine wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant 35

leaves, flowers and stems. ______________ 7. Kathy used a survey to determine how many classmates were left-handed and how many were right-handed. ______________ 8. Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how plants could grow without soil. ______________ 9. Kevin said “If acid rain affects plants in a particular pond, it might affect small animals, such as crabs, that live in the same water.” ______________10. Alicia’s experiment showed that chicken eggshells were

Presentation of Contents Problems that you encounter could be solved by simple ways. Maria could have solved her problem if she tried to approach it systematically. This lesson will introduce you to the scientific method. The scientific method is a logical and systematic way of solving a problem. Making Observation and Stating the Problem Different things happen around you. As you notice these, you take a mental note of what you see, hear, feel, smell or taste. These mental notes are your observations. On the space below, write five things that you can observe around you right now. 1. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 2. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 3. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 4. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 5. _________________________________________________________ _____________ Choose one observation from your list above. Choose the most interesting and from that, compose your statement of the problem. Statement of the problem: _____________________________________________________________

Formulating the Hypothesis Your statement of the problem must have an answer. But at this point, you still 36

do not have a definite one, so you formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis is a logical guess that answers the question or problem. It could be correct or incorrect, which is what you will find out in the next step. You could have more than one hypothesis, but you will consider them one at a time in the succeeding steps. Answer your statement of the problem by formulating three hypotheses. 1. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 2. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 3. _________________________________________________________ _____________ Testing the Hypothesis with experiment After proposing possible answer to the problem, you should prove whether your hypotheses are true or not. This could be through experiments, test, or research. You need to plan how you would test your hypothesis by logically writing down the steps that you will do. Since you will be writing down steps of a procedure, your methodology should be numbered and logically arranged. It should contain practical procedures, which are significant to the study being conducted. Choose one among the hypotheses you formulated. On the space below, write the procedure on how you will test the hypothesis. 1. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 2. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 3. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 4. _________________________________________________________ _____________ Stating the Conclusion At this point, you now know if your hypothesis answered your question. If it did, you just restate your hypothesis as your conclusion. If it did not, then you need to test other hypotheses. Human Flourishing According to Aristotle, there is an end of all of the actions that we perform which we desire for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is desired for its own sake with all other things being desired on its account. Eudaimonia is a property of one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest good of human endeavors and that 37

toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life is one of excellent human activity. For Aristotle, the good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities. He defines the good proper to human beings as the activities in which the life functions specific to human beings are most fully realized. For Aristotle, the good of each species is teleologically immanent to that species. A person's nature as a human being provides him with guidance with respect to how he should live his life. A fundamental fact of human nature is the existence of individual human beings each with his own rational mind and free will. The use of one's volitional consciousness is a person's distinctive capacity and means of survival. One's own life is the only life that a person has to live. It follows that, for Aristotle, the "good" is what is objectively good for a particular man. Aristotle's eudaimonia is formally egoistic in that a person's normative reason for choosing particular actions stems from the idea that he must pursue his own good or flourishing. Because self-interest is flourishing, the good in human conduct is connected to the self-interest of the acting person. Good means "good for" the individual moral agent. Egoism is an integral part of Aristotle's ethics.

Application Activity 1: Applying the Scientific Method Direction: Follow the scientific method focusing on what you can immediately observe that is happening in the environment at 8 o’clock in the morning. Use the data sheet below to write down your answers. For the data analysis, assume that you performed the test and were able to prove that your hypothesis is an answer to the problem. Location of Observation: ______________________________________________________________

I. Making Observations and stating the Problem ____________________________________________________________ _____________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________ ____________________________________________________________ _____________

II. Formulating Hypothesis 1. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 38

_____________ 3. _________________________________________________________ _____________ III. Testing the Hypothesis with an experiment 1. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 2. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 3. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 4. _________________________________________________________ _____________ 5. _________________________________________________________ _____________ IV. Stating the Conclusion ____________________________________________________________ _____________

Guide Questions: 1. What do you think will happen if the steps in scientific method are in different order? 2. If you would be adding more steps to the scientific method, what would be these steps? Discuss the additional steps you are proposing.

Activity 2: Role Play Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each group will role play the Golden Rule “Do not do unto others what you want others do unto you” After the role each group will answer the following guide questions. Guide Question: 1.What role do your relationships with others have in the development of meaning in your life? 2. How would you categorize what is important in life and what is not? Activity 2: G-R-E-A-T-W-O-R-K 39

Complete the mind map below by writing words that come to your mind when you hear the word science and technology.

Feedback From the picture below describe and assess the evolution and development of science and technology along fields of medicine, agriculture, education, information and technology and many more.

(Source: Fundamentals of Science and Technology, www.tutorialspoint.com) Figure: 4.1

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Topic 5: Technology as a Way of Revealing Learning Objectives After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:   

Explain the concept of human condition before science and technology; Identify the change that happened in human condition after science and Technology and Name ways on how technology aided in revealing the truth about the human being

Activating Prior Knowledge

Reaction Paper Writing Make a reaction on the saying “Comparing the lives of people before and now will make anyone realize the changes that happened in society not just in terms of culture, language or rights, but more importantly, changes in people’s way of life due to the existence of science and technology”. Film Viewing You will be asked to view the Film: Akiro Kurosawa’s Dreams “Village of the Watermills” After the film viewing, you are now directed to make a collage You will be needing the following materials in the activity below. Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures from the web, Scissors, Cartolina, Glue, Bond papers Using the materials listed above, make a collage by cutting pictures in magazines or newspapers or make illustrations that will demonstrate human condition before the common era and the human condition during the common era and. You may include their day to day activities, their ways of achieving survival and their strategies to attain high productivity. You may opt to print pictures using the web. After making the collage, you may list down notable human conditions before the common era and during the common era and briefly discuss these conditions.

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1.Before the Common Era

2. During the Common Era

Presentation of Contents Our early ancestors’ primal need to survive paved the way for the invention of several developments. As we always claim that humans are gifted with wisdom and more advanced than any other creatures, our ancestors were able to utilize available materials to make their life more comfortable. In your own perspective, how has technology affected the following aspects given the two-time frames? Fill out the table below.

Human Conditions

Before the common era

During the common era

Mortality Rate

Average Life Span

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Literacy Rate

Gross Domestic Product

Application

Activity 2: Role Playing You are now dependent on the comforts of what technology has brought to us. This time, try to imagine our world without technology? How do you think our daily routine would be like? Demonstrate a scenario where certain technological innovation does not exist. You may form a group of five and use any technological advancement for your role playing Science and technology have aided us in survival and helped us outsmart our adversaries, provided us comfortable life, allowed us to explore the world and assisted us in discovering more about ourselves and the truth. -Unknown

Feedback

Activity 3: Hear Their Voice Following your groupings, make a survey from different groups with minimum of 50 interviewees per group as follows: Group 1- BSIT Students Group 2- CTED Students Group 3- CCJE Students Group 4- CA Students Gropu 5- Faculty Members 43

Group 6- Administrative Personnel Each group should elicit their answers to the following questions below. Summarize their responses and rank the said responses. 1. What would have happened to humankind if technology did not exist? 2. Do you agree with Martin Heidegger in his idea that technology should only be seen as one of the approaches in perceiving truth? What other approaches you know that can be considered?

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Topic 6: The Good Life

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:     

Examine what is meant by a good life in various philosophies; Examine what you consider to be the good life and determine which philosophy that represents; Identify how humans attempt to attain what is deemed to be a good life; Recognize possibilities available to human beings to attain the good life; and Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative, creative solutions and ethical solutions.

Activating Prior Learning

Checkpoint 1 “The truth is the aim of the theoretical sciences, the good is the end goal of the practical ones. Every attempt to know is connected in some way in an attempt to find the good”. Aristotle Materials You will be needing the following materials in the activity below. Coloring pens/crayons, Pentel pen, Pencil, Colored old magazines, Pictures from the web, Scissors, Cartolina, Glue, Bond papers Using the materials listed above, make a good life collage by cutting pictures in magazines or newspapers that demonstrate how technology has made the man’s desire for a happy life more realizable. You may opt to print pictures using the web.

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Presentation of Contents

What is Good Life as Perceived by different schools of thought? Aristotle and Good Life It is interesting to note that the first philosopher who approached the problem of reality from scientific lens is Aristotle who is also the first thinker who dabbled into the complex problematization of the end goal of life: happiness. Compared to his predecessor and teacher, Plato, Aristotle embarked on different approach in figuring out reality. Plato thought that things in this world are not real and are only copies of the real in the world of forms. While Aristotle puts everything back to the ground in claiming that this world is all there and that this world is the only reality, we can all access. Aristotle also forwarded the idea that there is no reality over and above what the senses can perceive. As such, it is only by observation of the external world that one can truly understand what reality is all about. Change is a process that is inherent in things. We, along with all other entities in the world start as potentialities and move towards actualities. The movement, of course, entails change.

https://wellbeingmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/seedlinggrowth.jpg

Figure 6.1

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Look at the seed in the picture. It eventually germinates and grows into a plant. The seed that turned to become the plant underwent change from the potential plant that is the seed to its full actuality. This can be likened to what Aristotle says that every human person aspires for an end. This end is happiness or human flourishing. And no one resists happiness because we all want to be happy. Materialism The first materialists were the atomists in Ancient Greece. Democritus and Leucippus led a school whose primary belief is that the world is made up of and is controlled by the tiny indivisible units in the world called atomos or seeds. Accordingly, the world including human beings, is made up of matter and there is no need to possess immaterial entities as sources of purpose. Atoms simply comes together randomly to form the things in the world. As such, only material entities matter.

https://zenfulspirit.com/2018/02/16/materialism/

Figure 6.2 In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes us attain happiness. The material things we possess give us ultimate happiness. We see this at work with most people who are clinging on to material wealth as the primary source of meaning of their existence.

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Hedonism The Hedonists see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always been the priority of hedonists. For them life is obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is limited. They believe that pleasure give meaning to their life without thinking of the future. The mantra of this school of thought is the famous, “Eat, drink and merry for tomorrow we will die.

https://australianluxuryboatsales.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/boat1024x683.jpg

Figure 6.3 Stoicism Another school of thought led by Epicurus, the stoics, exposed the idea that to generate happiness, one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic. The original term apatheia, precisely means to be indifferent. These group believe that they can do things at their own and believe that happiness can only be attained by a careful practice of apathy.

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http://lyfetainment.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/1.-Can-Loneliness-Kill-You-WhyYou- Feel-Lonely.jpg

Figure 6.4 Theism Most people find the meaning of their lives using God as the fulcrum of their existence. The Philippines, as predominantly country, is witness to how people base their life goals on beliefs that hinged on some form of supernatural reality called heaven. The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is the communion with God.

https://coffeewiththelord.files.wordpress.com/2019/04/godalone.jpg?w=350&h=200&crop=1

Figure 6.5 Humanism Humanism as another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and controls. For humanists, man is literally the captain of his own ship. They see themselves not merely as stewards of the creation but as individuals who are in control of themselves and the world outside them. 49

As a result of the motivation of the humanist current, scientists eventually turned to technology in order to ease the difficulty of life. Scientists of today meanwhile are ready to confront more sophisticated attempts at altering the world for the benefit of humanity. Some people now are willing to tamper with time and space in the name of technology.

https://soheefit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screenshot-2014-04-1013.04.01.png

Figure 6.5

Application

Acitivity2: Fill in the blanks Using the table below, list down the different advantages and disadvantages of the different schools of thought in attaining good life and happiness. School of Thought

Advantages

Disadvantages

1. Materialism

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2. Hedonism

3. Stoicism

4. Theism

5. Humanism

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Feedback

Activity 3: Think about these questions

1. What is a good life? 2. What is the relationship between good life and science? 3. Does technology always lead us to the good life? Support your answer. Now you are ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.

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Topic 7: When technology and humanity cross

Learning Objectives

After successful completion of this topic, students will be able to:   

List examples of technology and give their risks and benefits to humanity; Examine some technological advancements and ethical issues they entail; and Discuss the interplay between technology and humanity.

Activating Prior Learning

Are you ready for your next topic? I’m sure you are! As a start, let’s do this preparatory activity especially prepared for you. Happy learning! Using a graphic organizer, list down some technology you see or you use at home, at school or in your community, and in social media. Categorize them according to their purpose (transportation, communication, education, etc.). Describe briefly how you or the community use these technologies you mention.

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Great work! Now let’s proceed to the next section of this module.

Presentation of Contents

https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=technology+and+humanity Figure 7.1.

When technology and humanity cross… Will it be a convergence or a clash between man and machine? 54

Television sets, Mobile phones, Computers, and Humanity A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most accessible place to anyone. Having said that, it can also be easily inferred that these technological devices are some of the most popular and most commonly used types of devices across all age groups. To be more specific, these “celebrities” in the field of technology are television sets, mobile phones, and computers. People all over the world use these technologies every day to accomplish different purposes.

In television, used mainly as a platform for advertisements and information dissemination. It remains to be the most used avenue by different advertisement companies not only in the Philippines but also all over the world. Various advertising companies trust that television is still one of the most used technological devices up until today. It also serves as a recreational activity and good stress reliever to most families, specifically to Filipino families. Television also is a good platform for Komando.com Figure 7.2 different propagandas and advocacies. Lastly, it can also be a good way to bond with one’s family members.

canstockphoto.com

In mobile phones, used primarily for communication. It offers services like texting and calling. In the past, these were the only functions of the mobile phone but as technology progressed, there have been many additional features included on mobile phones. In the present, people use their mobile phones

Figure 7.3

to surf the Internet and to take pictures more than text or to call people. This is the reason why more and more people all over the world prefer to buy smartphones over the old models where such features are not available. These make this particular technological device very appealing to the masses. Additionally, it is very portable and convenient because it can fit into any space, may it be inside the pocket or bag.

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Computers and laptops, on the other hand, can be used to surf the Internet and communicate. For a lot of people, they prefer to do their job using either a personal computer or a laptop than a mobile phone. Personal computer or a laptop has wide keyboard, wide screens and separate keyboards than mobile phones. Another reason is that the availability of a mouse or a touchpad made these two technological devices easier to maneuver than mobile phones. Lastly, for the youth and those who love to play different computer games, personal computers or laptops are really the better choice because these allow them play with comfort and convenience. http://crossram.co.uk Figure 7.4

Ethical Dilemma Faced by these technological advancements It is true that these technological devices are useful and beneficial, the fact remains that there are several dilemmas faced by these “necessities”. First, most parents would argue that these devices make their children lazy and unhealthy. This is because of the fact that people who are fixated on these technological advancements start and end their day by using such devices. For example, those who love to watch television shows stay in front of the television for more than six hours a day while those who love to surf the Internet or play computer games stay on their laptops, computers, or mobile phones for more than half a day. These people have the tendency to be unaware of the time because they are so engrossed with the use of technological device. Also, there are the same people who are more likely to experience alienation because they no longer take time to get out their houses and mingle with other people. It is really concerning to know that there are people who develop different kinds of sickness because of too much use of technological devices. The agents using the devices are the ones to be blamed for the undesirable consequences, namely, laziness and unhealthiness. In terms of alienation, it can be concluded that the people in the scientific-technological world are blameworthy because they tell the people something that seems positive but when examined closely, brings worse than good.

Another dilemma faced by these technological devices is the moral dilemma. People, especially the children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding for themselves what is right or wrong, are freely exposed to different things on television, mobile phones, laptops, or computers. Because of the availability and easy access to the Internet, they can just easily search the web and go to 56

different websites without restrictions. This allows them to see, read, or hear things which are not suitable for their very young age. This makes them very vulnerable to character change and can greatly affect the way they view the world and the things around them. The people in the scientific world nor the children are blameworthy because first, the children are not yet capable of rationally deciding for themselves what is good and what is bad. Second, even if creators of these technologies went out of their way to inform children of the pros and cons of these technological contributions, it would still be useless because the children have no capacity to understand them yet. So, the ones to be blamed are the adults who allowed the children to have access to such devices in first place without any supervision.

Robotics and Humanity Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot which are now widely used. For example, there are so -called service robots that do specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their masters in their everyday tasks. Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. As part of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research’s “Service Robotics Innovation Lead Initiative,” it sponsored a collaborative project called DESIRE (Deutsche Servicerobotik InitiativeGermany Service Robotics Initiative) which was launched on October 1, 2005. Some of the expected work to be performed by DESIRE are the following: (1) “Clear up the kitchen table” – all http://news.mit.edu Figure 7.5

objects on top of the kitchen table will be moved to where they belong; (2) “Fill the dishwasher” – the dirty dishes will be sorted correctly into the dishwasher; and (3) “Clear up this room” – all objects that are not in their proper places will be moved to where they belong.

Roles played by Robotics

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Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the society as a whole. They are primarily used to ease the workload of mankind. They were invented to make life more efficient and less stressful. They perform complicated activities which human beings are incapable of doing. On the other hand, they perform the simplest tasks at home so that their masters can perform the complex ones without stressing themselves over the simple tasks. There are also robots which are made for pleasure. To be more specific, these types of robots perform activities to entertain people. They can usually be found in amusement parks or exhibits. In addition, there are also some robots which were made to serve as toys. They also perform different activities but they are usually child-friendly. Ethical Dilemma/s faced by Robotics Just like any other technological advancements, robotics also faces different problems and dilemmas. Although the idea is to help people and make their lives a lot easier than before, it is still not immune to different ethical dilemmas and possible undesirable outcomes. One of the dilemmas faced by robots is safety. Who should be held accountable if someone’s safety is compromised by a robot? It is important to know who should be blamed and who should be held responsible if such thing happens.

Another dilemma is the emotional component. This may seem a little absurd as of the moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses nowadays, it is not completely impossible for robots to develop emotions. So here, the questions become, “What if robots become sentient? Should they be granted robot right? Should they have their own set of rights to be upheld, respected, and protected by humans?” It is just right for the robots to be given their own set of rights should they develop the ability to feel different kinds of emotion. Moral and Ethical Issues in Advanced Technology Individuals and organizations use technology to enhance their daily operations, be it business, learning, construction, or medical activities. Advancement in technology does not elicit ethical or moral issues, but it is the use of technological inventions that raises these issues.

Ethical dilemmas arise when there are competing goods and competing evils. In regard to IT, the sharing of private information within an organization raises the question of whether the action is moral or immoral. Information systems enable people to manipulate records within a short period, thus raising questions on whether the information is genuine or vague. 58

In addition, will genetic engineering improve the quality of life or destroy it? These are some of ethical dilemmas that are yet to be solved. Furthermore, biotechnology raises some moral issues. It is difficult to justify the use of living organisms during research and other technological discoveries. For instance, vitro fertilization enables women who are not in a position to have their own children to undergo the process. Religious groups are opposed to such practices because their beliefs do not agree with them.

Similarly, the uses of technology have the capability of making many innocent people to suffer; this is a moral concern. For example, nuclear technology has the potential of killing many people, and consequently destroying the environment. This raises some health problems. People affected by nuclear emissions, such as those witnessed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, are deemed to be genetically impaired. Such effects can affect the next generations of affected individuals.

The use of computers also raises health issues. Even though computer makes our work easier, it is evident that prolonged use of computers results to repetitive stress injuries.

In regard to job displacement, machines have enabled companies to cut down their labor force. Many companies use technological tools and knowledge, such as robots and computer to run their business operations. Some people are forced to take different roles other than their qualification requirements and others are faced with stress related to work difficulties.

The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts take seriously the possibility of super intelligence in our lifetime. Because AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human, we have no surefire way of predicting how it will behave. People now control the planet, not because we’re the strongest, fastest or biggest, but because we’re the smartest. If we’re no longer the smartest, are we assured to remain in control?

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But there are other examples of potential ethical dilemmas in scientific research and technology. There are things like genetic engineering, where people worry that we might one day create super-humans that will outcompete regular humans. There is surveillance technology, making people wonder how human rights could be violated. People ask questions about whether we're going where only God should tread, and whether we should do something just because we can. The implications of many of these technologies are complex and philosophical.

The biggest risk to our future is not that technology will take over but that we will become too much like technology. Let’s think about where it’s going. Let’s balance the EQ with the IQ. We should think of technology not as what we seek but rather how we seek – it is a tool we should embrace, not one we should become.

Application

It’s time for an exciting activity! The class will form 4 groups with equal number of members as possible. Two groups shall make a skit and the other two groups shall have a simple debate. 1. Skit: Each group should choose a topic and think of its perceived effects and dilemma that it entails. Show your stand on a technological dilemma through a skit . The group must be able to show the role/s played by the technological advancement in the lives of the people. a. What if robots become sentient, must we give them robot rights? b. Google and stupidity c. Genetically Modified Organisms and Food Safety 2. Debate: Each group will pick one topic to debate on. Members of each group must form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as the Con. The topics for the debate are the following: a. b. c. d.

Is technology a friend or a foe? Automation - A Threat to Employment? Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity Cloning and Stem cell technology

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Note: The teacher may use ‘toss coin’ or ‘throw a die’ strategies to decide which groups shall perform a skit or a debate.

Task Description:

Exceeds Expectation

Meets Expectation

Needs Improvement

(3 points)

(2 points)

(1 point)

 Factual information is accurate  Indicates a clear understanding of topic

 Factual information is mostly accurate  Good understanding of topic

 Information is inaccurate  Presentation is off topic

 Accepts ideas of others; able to compromise  All members contribute

 Accepts most ideas without negative comments; able to compromise  Some members contribute

 Group does not work together  One person does all the work

 Shows confidence  Informative  Entertaining; engages audience  Speaks loudly and clearly  Appropriate use of body language

 Shows some confidence  Presents some information  Engages audience  Can be heard  Some use of body language

    

Criteria

Understandi ng of Topic

Teamwork

Presentation

Portrayal stalls Lacks information Audience bored Mumbles Body language is lacking; inappropriate

Feedback

1.

From the graphic organizer you completed at the very start of this section, choose one technology in each category and give their risks and benefits as regards to their purpose. Explain briefly each point you included.

Technology

Benefits

Risks

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2.

“My Ideal Technology”. Think of an issue (be it environmental, economical, transportation, etc.), and come up with a technology that would somehow address the issue. Give a description of the features of your technology. What are its benefits and drawbacks to the society?

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Summary While it is true that science equips its knowers some details about the world, its main claim to objectivity and systematic methodology is at the very least flawed. Science and technology has aided us in our survival and helped us outsmart our adversaries, provided us comfortable living, allowed us to explore the world, and assisted us in discovering more about ourselves and the truth.

However, it also leads us to the paradox in which we are only able to see the world in the lenses of technological innovations leaving behind other aspects which are deemed important. In our pursuit of growth, we had conveniently forgotten that technology only presents one approach in viewing the world, thus leading us to evaluate objects or not. It is undeniably true that man constantly aims for good life and has worked hard in pointing out what amounts to be good and what happiness means to them. Science and technology has been at the forefronts of man’s attempts at finding this happiness and attaining good life for many if not all of us.

In our modern times, there are different advancements given by science and technology. However, there are still problems faced by these technological advancements specifically on the ethical aspects in nature and mankind. It is now impossible for technology and humanity not to cross paths and it is necessary that ethics be enforced in the field of technology to ensure safety and morality of these advancements to living things.

Reflection 1. What do you think will happen if human person did not flourish in terms of science and technology? 2.Debate: Each group will pick one topic to debate on. Members of each group must form into 2 subgroups – one as the Pro, the other as the Con. The topics for the debate are the following: a. Is technology a friend or a foe? b. Automation - A Threat to Employment? c. Internet vs. Indolence and Stupidity d. Cloning and Stem cell technology Note: The teacher may use ‘toss coin’ or ‘throw a die’ strategies to decide which groups shall perform a skit or a debate. 3.From among the different schools of thought presented above, which among them describe you as a person or as a member of the community? Do you think it can develop you better and attain a good life? Why or why not? 63

References Blitz, M. (2014). “Understanding Heidegger on Technology,” The New Atlantis, Number 41, Winter, pp 63-80 Mcnamara et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Patria, Javier et al. Science, Technology and Society, pp 63-74 Serafica et al., (2018). Science, Technology and Society. Rex Bookstore Macat Thinking News. (2006) Aristotle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017. https://www.macat.com/blog/aristotle’s secret-happiness The Basics of Philosophy. (2008). Theism. Accessed February 3,2017. http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_theism.html .

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Unit 3:

Special Issues in Science, Technology and Society (18 hours)

Introduction

Biological diversity is the foundation for livelihoods and sustainable development, supplying basic needs such as food, energy, medicine, recreational and cultural benefits. However, population growth, industrialization and urbanization have accelerated the decline and extinction of species as well as the degradation of ecosystems. The losses are due to a range of pressures driven by socio-economic factors, including climate change, ecosystem degradation, illegal trade and unsustainable use.

Biotechnology can help conserve biodiversity and help protect some species from going extinct. Modern biotechnology provides breakthrough products and technologies to combat debilitating and rare diseases, reduce our environmental footprint, feed the hungry, use less and cleaner energy, and have safer, cleaner and more efficient industrial manufacturing processes. With the development of genetic engineering, research in biotechnology developed rapidly because of the new possibility to make changes in the organisms' genetic material (DNA). Through genetic engineering farmers can raise more food for a growing world population while reducing agriculture’s impact on the environment. Genetically modified crops enable farmers to grow more crops using less land while applying fewer chemicals and conserving water and energy allowing farmers to be more productive and efficient. Nanotechnology is also increasingly being used to create new foods and food packaging by breaking matter down into microscopic nanoparticles that are just atoms wide and “programming” them to perform specific tasks. A range of nanotech applications for food have been used and proposed, from packaging (e.g., forming an air-tight vacuum seal) to taste (e.g., mimicking the flavor and texture of familiar foods).

The Nano world is perhaps the fastest growing world in the twenty-first century. Global competition among nations in nanotechnology research, development and marketing is on the rise. Advantages of nanotechnology towards improving the quality of life are many. However, disadvantages of nanotechnology especially related to human health, genetic disorders and climate change are only beginning to surface raising serious concerns. The Nano world will continue influence science and technology.

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Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, students will be able to: 

Link learned concepts to the development of the information age and its impact on society;



Illustrate how the social media and the information age have impacted our lives;



Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment and health;



Discuss the ethics and implication of GMOs and potential future impacts;



Discuss the major impacts (both potential and realize) of nanotechnology on society;



Analyze the issue through the conceptual STS lenses;



Critique the issue and its cause and benefits to the society;



Describe gene therapy and its various forms;



Assess the issues potential benefits and detriments to global health;



Identify the causes of climate change;



Assess the various impacts of climate change including economic, geopolitical, biological, meteorological, and etc.; and



Apply STS concepts to the issues of climate change.

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Topic 8: Information Age

Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students will be able to:  

Discuss the history of Information Age Determine the human and social impacts of developments in the Information Age

Activating Prior Learning Situation:

Imagine that you are at lost in the wilderness and there is a substitution cypher (a method of encrypting message in which the letters of the original text are systematically replaced by different alphabet) that you need to answer to solve your dilemma.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z S T U V WX Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R

Hint: This is the first thing that you will be doing when you are at lost Encrypted word: AFXGJESLAGF KWSJUZAFY Answer: __________________________________

Presentation of Contents Information plays an important role in understanding the truth and reality. If there are information available, our lives might be enigmatic and chaotic. The development of our system of acquiring, storing and retrieving information

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had spurt with the advent of science and technology and now we are in the century which is considered by many as the Information Age.

Information Age is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century when information became effortlessly accessible through publication and through the management of information by computers and computer networks. It is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers via telecommunications, with these systems operating on both real-time and as needed basis- Theory of Information Age (Messenger, 1982).

Before it has reached its current state, constant change has taken place in the form of information revolution. By 1960’s to 1970’s, rapid growth of information resulted to difficulty in collecting and managing them1980’s there was Information Anxiety (Richard Wurman). In 1990’s, information became the currency of the business world. At present, information turned out to be a commodity, an over developed product, mass produced and unspecialized.

Robert Harris has outlined the truths about Information Age. He described it as follows 1. Information must complete 2. Newer is equated to truer 3. Selection is a viewpoint 4. The media sells what the culture buys 5. The early word gets the perm 6. You are what you eat and so is your brain 7. Anything in great demand will be counterfeited 8. Ideas are seen as controversial 9. Undead information walks ever on 10. Media presence creates the story 11. The medium selects the message 12. The whole truth is a pursuit

Accessibility of information was made faster and easier with the aid of computer. One of the significant applications of computers for science and research is evident in the field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to store, organize and analyze vast amount of biological data which is available in the form sequences and structures of proteins – the building blocks of organisms and nucleic acids- the information carrier (Madan, n.d.) Such was established because of the need to create databases of biological sequences. Application includes the Human

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Genome Project, Pharmacogenomics Drug Discovery, Gene Finder and Annotator.

Application Activity 1 Arrange the photos chronologically by writing numbers 1-12 below each photo and explain the manner by which information is being acquired, stored, retrieve and utilize.

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Activity 2 Problems on fake news have surfaced different multimedia platform, with these, users must be knowledgeable on how to verify the authenticity of a source. Create a checklist on how to check on the reliability and authenticity of information found in websites and journals.

Feedback Create a poster on the advantages and disadvantages of Technology.

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Topic 9: Biodiversity and the Health Society Learning Objectives After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to: 

Define biodiversity;



Determine the interrelatedness of biodiversity, environment, and health;



Discuss the ethics, implications, and potential future impacts of GMOs; and



Propose a plan or make a stand that would show the relatedness of species in forming up a diverse and healthy society without compromising each other.

Activating Prior Knowledge Think- Pair- Share Checkpoint 1 All living things exist in balance with other living things and physical factor. Unknown Bio diversity Look at the word “biodiversity”. It’s actually two words combined together. With your partner, breakdown the meaning of the two words in biodiversity. Bio means___________________________________________________ Diversity means__________________________________________________ Now, combine the two words and try to come up with your own definition of biodiversity: Biodiversity means ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 72

Let us compare your definition with the following definitions provided: Biodiversity is defined as the vast variety of life forms in the entire earth which includes the simplest unicellular organism to the most complex multicellular organism. (Serafico, 2018) Another definition of biodiversity is the variability of organisms including species thriving in different ecosystems like marine, freshwater or any aquatic and terrestrial and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity between, within and of ecosystems. (Villago Globale, 2009) Biodiversity comprises abiotic and biotic factors. Several biomes have diverse characteristics in terms of their abiotic factors that dictate the biotic factors that thrives on it. The aquatic biome can be divided into two, the freshwater biome and the marine biome. The freshwater biome includes ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and wetlands. It is usually less than one (1 % ) of the earth’s resources. Marine regions include oceans, coral reefs and estuaries. It comprises about three fourths of the earth’s surface. Terrestrial biomes include deserts, forest, grasslands, and tundra. After you are done defining biodiversity, ask your pair to take a walk around the campus and note of the different organisms present as well as the characteristics of their habitat. Write your answers on Table 9.1. Don’t for to enumerate the organisms and their corresponding density. Synthesize data into any graphical presentation that you can illustrate in Figure 9.1. Now that you have shared your knowledge of local biodiversity, it’s time to think about biodiversity on a bigger scale. Research on the biodiversity of the country as well as the global scale and illustrate them using the same graphical representation that you have used in your local biodiversity on Figures 9.2 and 9.3. Here are some questions to think about. What do you think scientist expect to discover more species?

Why do you think these organisms would thrive more as the time pass by?

What patterns have you observed from the graphs that you have drawn?

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Table 9.1 Local Biodiversity of ____________________________________ Species Taxon

Representative Species

Population Count

Type of Environment

Figure 9.1 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of ______________________

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Figure 9.2 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the Philippines

Figure 9.3 _____________________ showing the biodiversity of the World

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Presentation of Contents

Your answer in the above questions actually explains that biotic factors (living things) are related to the abiotic factors (non-living things). For example, your answer is an increase in the population of rats in a rice field or decrease in the number of dragonflies in the area; therefore, there must be changes in the environment. Thus, a change in the environment can cause a change in the biodiversity. And a change in the biodiversity could have erratic effects in not only in wildlife and marine but also in human beings.

Now get a copy of the following articles and proceed to Activity 1. 1. “The politics of golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food. JulSep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.) 2. “Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging Countries: The Golden Rice Case.” (Duguet, Anne Marie et. al., Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol. 38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p) 3. Agro-ecology: What it is and what it has to offer? Is this the future of farming?

Activity 1: Collaborative Annotation Chart Think- Pair-Share Directions: You were tasked to read the different articles above. The first time you read your hand-out (assignment), you placed your pencil down and just read to understand. Today, while listening, it’s time to mark your hand-outs by using the symbol asterisk (*) to mark key ideas, exclamation point (!) symbol to mark surprising ideas and check mark (√) symbol to mark things you connect with. Write a quick comment about why you picked that sentence, word or idea. Lastly, share with your partner. Be sure to identify the quote or passage you selected. Then, share your comment using a “Sample Language Support” to get your discussion flowing. Record your partner’s response as well. Symbol Comment *  Key ideas expressed  Main points !



Surprising details/claims

√



Ideas/ sections you connect with What this reminds you of



Sample Language Support  One significant idea in the lecture is  The article is trying to convey  I was surprised to know that…  How can anyone claim that..  This section reminded me of...  This connects with my experience in that…

.

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Use this part as your answer sheet Symbol

Your Comment or reason for marking this passage

Your partner’s comment/ question to what you said

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Here is a gist of what you have read… Life here on earth is affected by changes in the environment. Life represented by the various species face threats every day that leads to evolution and gene modification. There are major threats to biodiversity that were identified by the United Nations’ Environment Programme (WHO,n.d.). These threats include habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, over-exploitation, pollution and contamination and global climate change. Given those threats to biodiversity, different aspects in the society, health, biology and environment are at risk. Researchers have been discovering new ways to improve crop production, address health illness and decrease biodiversity loss.

Application

Activity 2: Biodiversity Saver in the Making

BIG IDEA:

“We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity.”

E.O. Wilson

Complete the table below: Today, you must analyze the different statements on Table 9.2 and put a check (√) mark on the box of your choice under Day 1: My Opinion. Ask your teacher to affix her signature on the sides of your answers. Tonight, look for evidences and that may support and not support the statements and place a check mark on your decision whether you agree or disagree. Day 1: My Evidences/ Findings Day 2: My Decision Opinion Agree Disagree Support No Agree Disagree support 1. Environmental changes caused by humans can always be reversed. 78

2. We can learn from previous environmental disasters so that we will not repeat the same mistake.

3. All scientific experiments do not affect biodiversity

4. One organism becoming extinct does not hurt nature because there are millions of organisms on earth

BIG IDEA: Based on evolutionary theory, organisms’ innate characteristic in its genome 79

dictates its ability to survive. Breakthroughs in modern technology lead to what we call genetically modified organisms or GMOs which has changed the concept of survival. Activity 3: Search the Facts and Make a Stand: Debate Divide the class into two groups and ask them to research on the different genetically modified organisms, the pros and cons of genetically modifying crops, and ethical implications and impacts of it. Ask each leader to come up with different arguments supposing they belong to the negative and positive side. Using the toss coin system let the leaders choose head– pros and tail– cons. Let the groups debate in class with the argument below: Genetically modified products are safe to eat. The rubric below will be used in grading the students’ outputs.

http://course1winona.edu/shatfield/air/classdebate.pdf

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Feedback

BIG IDEA: We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it and come to understand what it means to humanity. E.O. Wilson Activity 4: Think about these questions

1. How would you reconcile the emerging needs of human beings regarding their health and the need to protect the biodiversity? 2. Do you think scientific researches that modify the genes of organisms bring more advantages than disadvantages? Now you are ready to take a quiz for today’s discussion.

Reflection

BIG IDEA: Together let us make a stand in protecting the nature, in this way we can protect our children's future. -Unknown ACTIVITY 5: I-Pledge Advocacy Writing In groups of five, brainstorm and come up with an advocacy on the need to reconcile the emerging needs of human beings and the need to protect the growth of biodiversity.

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Topic 10: The Nanoworld Learning Objectives After successful completion of this topic, you should be able to:     

Define nanotechnology; Characterize nanoscale; Describe the various use of nanotechnology; Discuss concerns on the uses of nanotechnology; and Explain the status on the use of nanotechnology in the Philippines.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Before we begin your journey to the smallest possible scale in the realm of science, try answering these questions: Can you think of fields where size or weight of materials or products is important?

Can you build a statue from a pile of dust?

Can you think of situations were scientist have to make assumptions because they couldn’t see what they were studying?

Do you think we are capable in unlocking the key to how natural elements are designed and created?

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Presentation of Contents “Nanotechnology is the sixth truly revolutionary technology introduced in the modern world…”-D. Allan Bromley

Figure 10.4 Timeline of Technological Advancements Photo credits to Dr. Iwona Turlik

Nanotechnology is defined as the study and use of structures between 1 nanometer and 100 nanometers in size. These include the design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and controlling shape and size on a nanometer scale. (Royal Society, 2004). It is just like studying eight hundred 100 nanometer particles side by side to match the width of a human hair. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales. This includes the study of materials 100nm own to the size of atoms which is approximately 0.2nm. For comparison, a red blood cell is approximately 7, 000nm wide and a water molecule is almost 0.3 nm across. (K. Ban et.al, 2011.) Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and the field flourished with the development of microscopes capable of displaying particles called nanomaterial. A nanomaterial is an object that has at least one dimension on the nanometer scale (app. 1-100nm); material can be in one dimension (very thin surface coatings, films, layers), in two dimensions (nanowires, nanotubes and fibers) or in all three dimensions (nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanoshells, nanorings, micro). (Nanoyou, 2011). Nanomaterials are of two types. Inorganic nanomaterial which includes gold nano clusters, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. Organic nanomaterials on the other hand are made up of carbon compounds. To build such, nanotechnologists employ selforganization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an environment suitable for physical and chemical assembly. This type of nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, liver tissues and other organs. (Lohith, 2014). As shown on Figure 10.5, the term “nano” is equivalent to one billionth of a meter (10-9) hence it expresses a very tiny amount or size. In nanotechnology, you will be able to manipulate matter in atomic or subatomic scale. Some of the uses of nanotechnology include the production of microprocessors and strain-resistant fabrics.

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Photo credits to https://www.understandingnano.com/introduction.html Figure 10.4: The Scale of Things- Nanometers and More

The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different equipment like electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and scanning tunneling microscope. Electron microscope was built by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s. There are two general types of electron microscopes namely scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The former directs a high voltage electron beam towards the specimen to illuminate it and create a magnified image of the sample while the latter directs a focused electron beam across the rectangular area of the specimen, which loses energy as it passes through. The resolution of scanning electron microscopes tends to be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron microscope. Atomic force microscope was developed BY Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986. It makes use of mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material. Scanning Tunneling microscope enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules. This invention gave a Nobel Prize Awards in Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binigand Rohrer. (Javier.et.al, 2018). Numerous innovations in development as well as those under investigations are now the focus of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology impacts many industries like transportation, environment, energy, electronics, manufacturing, agriculture and pharmaceuticals. In the field of health care, nanotechnologists work on chemical and biological sensors, drugs and delivery devices, prosthetics and biosensors. They have created the quantum dots that glow in UV light to locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer cells. They are also trying to grow laboratory tissues to repair heart tissue or even replace them. In technology, they are looking for solutions for a better data storage and computation (e.g. a DVD that could hold a million movies) while in environment, nanotechnology plays a big role in the quest for clean energy 84

and clean air (Nano Solar Cells). (Bennewitz, 2000). In the Philippines, PCAS TRD-DOST ha funded most of the nanotech projects which includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and biomedical, energy, environment, agriculture and food, health and environmental risk nanometrology and education and public awareness. (Serafica, 2018). Nanotechnologist faced a lot of issues since nanoscale-sized objects are very delicate. Radiation particles can cause fatal defects during manufacturing thus development requires very clean environments making only a few, out of many produced, are perfect. Aside from manufacturing issues, there are also potential risks of nanotechnology in health and environment. Nanoparticles can be swallowed, inhaled, absorbed through the skin, or deliberately injected. If this happens, inflammation can be triggered and weaken the immune system. Nanoparticles can also accumulate in soil, water and plants (www.trnmage, 2004).

Application

Be Informed! Watch the video on YouTube entitled “The Next Step in Nanotechnology” by George Tule ski, TED Talks. Here’s a link for a faster access. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=Ds_rzoyyfF0. In pairs, answer the following question: 1. What are the possible innovations can nanotechnology offer?

2. Why do you think few scientists works on nanotechnology?

3. Do you think nanotechnology be applicable to solve environmental problems?

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4. In the world of medicine, nanotechnology can play a big role in the repair of cells, cure diseases and even delay aging, if this happens, what would this mean to our society?

Feedback

From those innovations presented in class, think of a product or output that is made up of nanomaterial that has an impact in various aspects (health, environment, economy etc.) that you want to create. Present it in class next meeting.

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Topic 11: The Aspects of Gene Therapy

Learning Objectives After successful completion of this module, you should be able to:   

Describe gene therapy and its related processes; Compare and contrast vectors of gene delivery; Enumerate the pros and cons of gene therapy in the society.

Activating Prior Knowledge Learning Activity: W-O-R-D-U-P Directions: Using the grid below, find words related to gene therapy. You may use the statements that follow as your clues to identify the words. Write your answer on the space provided after each statement. E C G V V J B O L P

Q G O L W Q L E S S

Z V E C T O R S I V

X C B R Y K L M C E

L H K H M A U T K O

E T H O P L L T L U

L S U R I V I A E Q

L I N U H F R N C G

Q P T F C L D Q E A

S K I H E I W N L A

T I N R T T E T L E

Y K G A U E T Y A I

C I T A M O S U N O

W U O N R R E O E Z

M E N I O T A I M P

1. A disorder of the nervous system that usually occurs after the age of 45. ________________ 2. A disorder in the blood caused by an inherited abnormal hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells). ______________________ 3. Are plasmid or viruses that are used to move recombinant DNA from one cell to another. _________________ 4. Is the alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus or extrachromosomal DNA. ____________________ 5. A unit of DNA that is usually located on a chromosome and that controls the development of one or more traits. ______________

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6. Gene therapy that targets the reproductive cells meaning any changes made to the DNA will be passed on to the next generation. _________________ 7. It is when the DNA is transferred into body tissues. It specifically targets cells in the body which are not passed on to the person’s children. ___________________

Presentation of Contents Gene therapy has become an increasingly important topic in science-related news. The aim of gene therapy is the successful integration of corrected, therapeutic DNA into the genomes of cells to alter gene expression and, in turn, protein synthesis to correct genetic diseases. Two Types of Gene Therapy 1. Somatic gene therapy, which involves introducing a "good" gene into targeted cells to treat the patient — but not the patient's future children because these genes do not get passed along to offspring. 2. Germline gene therapy, involves the introduction of corrective genes into reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) or zygotes, with the objective of creating a beneficial genetic change that is transmitted to the offspring. Vectors for Gene Delivery Appropriate methods to deliver DNA used in gene therapy are vital, as the targeted tissues must properly receive the appropriate genes. Gene therapy can be carried out using naked DNA delivered directly Vectors for Gene Delivery.

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(Source: www.biologydiscussion.com)

Fig: 11.1 Structure of Adenovirus Adenoviruses - are a group of common viruses that infect the lining of your eyes, airways and lungs, intestines, urinary tract, and nervous system. They're common causes of fever, coughs, sore throats, diarrhea, and pink eye.

Source: www.andrew.cmu.edu Fig: 11.2 Structure of Retrovirus

Retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that inserts a copy of its genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell. i

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Source: http://m.wikipedia.org

Fig. 11.3 Structure of Adeno-associated virus Adeno-associated virus (AAV) - is a non-enveloped virus that can be engineered to deliver DNA to target cells, and has attracted a significant amount of attention in the field, especially in clinical-stage experimental therapeutic strategies.

(Source: https:// study.com)

Fig. 11.4 Structure of Herpes Simplex Herpes simplex type 1 causes sores around the mouth and lips (sometimes called fever blisters or cold sores). HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, but most cases of genital herpes are caused by herpes type 2. In HSV-2, the infected 90

person may have sores around the genitals or rectum.

Source: library.open.oregonstate.edu

Fig. 11.5 Structure of Naked DNA Naked DNA refers to DNA that is not associated with proteins, lipids, or any other molecule to help protect it. Naked DNA is the result of release of genetic information into the surrounding environment, such as from bursting cells. Bioethical Issues of Gene Therapy The first death associated with gene therapy occurred on September 18, 1999, at the University of Pennsylvania. Jesse Gelsinger was participating in a clinical trial, a biomedical experiment for evaluation of safety and efficiency of a therapy for a disease. Gelsinger, who was 18 years old at the time of the treatment, had a deficiency of ornithine transcarboamylase, an important enzyme in the metabolism of ammonia. Patients with this rare metabolic disorder must maintain a low-protein diet and take a series of medicines to avoid ammonia poisoning in the blood stream. The gene therapy Gelsinger took triggered a chain reaction in his immune system, resulting in hepatic and respiratory failure, and consequently, his death four days after being treated.

Effects on the Environment Although the positive impacts of gene therapy could be enormous, there are many questions raised that needs to be answered. New organisms created by genetic engineering could present an ecological problem. One cannot predict the changes that a genetically engineered species would make on the 91

environment. The release of a new genetically engineered species would also have the possibility of causing an imbalance in the ecology of a region just exotic species would do. An accident or an unknown result could cause several problems. An accident in engineering the genetics of a virus or bacteria for example could result in a stronger type, which could cause a serious epidemic when released. This could be fatal in human genetic engineering creating problems ranging from minor medical problems, to death.

Effects on Human Looking at the fact that genetic engineering employs viral vector that carries functional gene inside the human body; the repercussion are still unknown. There are no clues as to where functional genes are being placed. They may even replace the important genes, instead of mutated genes. Thus, this may lead to another health condition or disease to human. Also, as defective genes are replaced with functional gene, then it is expected that there will be a reduction in genetic diversity and if human beings will have identical genomes, the population as a whole will be susceptible to virus or any form of diseases.

Antibiotic Resistance Genetic engineering often uses genes for antibiotic resistance as "selectable markers." Early in the engineering process, these markers help identify cells that have taken up foreign genes. Although they have no further use, the genes continue to be expressed in plant tissues. Most genetically engineered plant foods carry fully functioning antibiotic-resistance genes. The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in foods could have lethal effects. Therefore, eating these foods could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics to fight disease when these antibiotics are taken with meals. More so, the resistance genes could be transferred to human or animal pathogens, making them impervious to antibiotics. If transfer were to occur, it could aggravate the already serious health problem of antibiotic resistant disease organisms

Ethical and Social Issues "Playing God" has become a strong argument against genetic engineering. Several issues have also been raised as regards the acceptance of this technology. These concerns range from ethical issues to lack of knowledge on the effects genetic engineering may have. One major concern is that once an altered gene is placed in an organism, the process cannot be reversed. The 92

production of medicines through the use of genetically altered organisms might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics.

Application

Activity 1: What genes are you wearing? Break up your class into groups of four or five students, assigning one of the following diseases to each group: • HIV • Muscular dystrophy heart disease • Alzheimer’s disease • Cancer disease • Tay-sach's disease

• Cystic fibrosis • Rheumatoid arthritis

• Hemophilia • Coronary

• Ulcer • Sickle cell anemia

• Bone fracture • Huntington’s

Give each student a “What Genes are you Wearing?” packet that is tailored to his or her group’s disease. Each group will present their output regarding the topic they have chosen. If time allows have groups compare and share in a whole class room discussion. Each student will answer the following questions. 1. Is gene therapy safe to cure genetic disorder?

2. If you are the patient suffering from a genetic disease are you willing to undergo gene therapy? Why?

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Activity 2: Vector Voyage Direction: Using the library resources, complete the table below. Retroviru s

Adenoviru s

Adenoassociate d Virus

Herpes Simple x Virus

Nake d DNA

How the vector carries the genetic material Maximum length of DNA that can be inserted in the vector Advantages

Disadvantage s

Activity 3: GENETIC DISORDERS Direction: Complete the table below. List down ten common genetic disorders. Genetic Disorder

Gene/ Defect

Clinical Features

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Activity 4: Pros and Cons Direction: Break up your class into groups of four or five students. Each group had their own assigned respondents regarding on the effects of gene therapy to health and to the society. Each group will present their output. Pros

Cons

Human Health

Society

Guide Questions: 1. What was the respondent think about gene therapy?

2. Do you think the Food and Drug Administration should or should not approve gene therapy treatments for use in the Philippines?

3. Do you think the government should or should not fund scientific researches on changing the genes of unborn babies that aims to improve their characteristics such as intelligence or physical traits such as athletic ability or appearance?

Feedback What does the picture show?

Source: www.tutorialspoint.com

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Topic 12: Climate Change (Mandated Topic)

Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, students will be able to:   

Identify the causes of climate change; Discuss various impacts of climate change including economical, geopolitical, biological and meteorological aspects; and Create a simple climate change advocacy through poster, slogan, and infomercial.

Activating Prior Learning You might have already heard of “Climate Change” in some social platforms as a hot issue and advocacy that calls for biological, economical, sociological and political concerns. Below is a concept map, with the word climate change at the center, write something out of what you know and understand about this issue.

Climate Change

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Presentation of Contents “There is no question that climate change is happening; the only arguable point is what part humans are playing in it.” -

David Attenborough

Climate Change Climate change is a change in the statistical properties of the climate system that persists for several decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural processes, such as changes in the Sun’s radiation, volcanoes or internal variability in the climate system, or due to human influences such as changes in the composition of the atmosphere or land use. Many lines of evidence demonstrate that human activities, especially emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases from fossil fuel combustion, deforestation, and land-use change, are primarily responsible for the climate changes observed in the industrial era, especially over the last six decades. The atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, the largest contributor to humancaused warming, has increased by about 40% over the industrial era. This change has intensified the natural greenhouse effect, driving an increase in global surface temperatures and other widespread changes in Earth’s climate that are unprecedented in the history. Let’s take a look at how interrelated and interconnected the following phenomena that ultimately leads to climate change.

Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. This blanket of greenhouse gases serves as the Earth’s insulator, of which without it, ours will be a called dead planet. Figure12.1. Trapping of heat by the Greenhouse gases

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Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Carbon dioxide and methane in particular, trap the heat radiated by the sun. The problem we now face is that human activities are increasing the concentrations of greenhouse gases. From NASA’s observation, the increase and too much concentration of these greenhouse gases can cause Earth's atmosphere to trap more and more heat that warms up the planet leading to a phenomenon called global warming.

Global Warming Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. Credit:VladisChern/Shutterstock.com Figure12.2. The rise in global temperature

The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the global warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently predicted that average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100. Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events – all of which are signs of a changing climactic patterns. Impacts of Climate Change on Society

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Credit: Left - Mellimage/Shutterstock.com, center - Montree Hanlue/Shutterstock.com. Figure12.3. Catastrophic effects of Climate Change: From left to right: Forest Fire, Drought, Typhoon

According to the U.S. Global Change Research Program, the aspects of climate change are having increasingly complex and important impacts on all the nations’ economy and quality of life. Impacts related to climate change are evident across regions and in many sectors important to society—such as human health, agriculture and food security, water supply, transportation, energy, ecosystems, and others—and are expected to become increasingly disruptive throughout this century and beyond. Climate change affects human health and wellbeing through more extreme weather events and wildfires, decreased air quality, and diseases transmitted by insects, food, and water. Climate disruptions to agriculture have been increasing and are projected to become more severe over this century, a trend that would diminish the security of the world’s food supply. Surface and groundwater supplies in some regions are already stressed, and water quality is diminishing in many areas, in part due to increasing sediment and contaminant concentrations after heavy downpours. In some regions, prolonged periods of high temperatures associated with droughts contribute to conditions that lead to larger wildfires and longer fire seasons. For coastal communities, sea level rise, combined with coastal storms, has increased the risk of erosion, storm surge damage, and flooding. Extreme heat, sea level rise, and heavy downpours are affecting infrastructure like roads, rail lines, airports, and all other infrastructures. The capacity of ecosystems like forests, barrier beaches, and wetlands to buffer the impacts of extreme events like fires, floods, and severe storms is being overwhelmed. The rising temperature and changing chemistry of ocean 99

water is combining with other stresses, such as overfishing and pollution, alter marine-based food production and harm fishing communities. Some climate changes currently have beneficial effects for specific sectors or regions. For example, current benefits of warming include longer growing seasons and longer ice – free period for agriculture.

Application After learning about climate change, what natural processes and human activities causes it and the possible consequences brought about this phenomenon, the question that comes next is, as a concerned citizen and a student, what can you do about it? What ways can you think of to mitigate the hazards caused by climate change? And so here are some amazing activities prepared for you. Have fun!

Activity 1: Nature’s Advocates A. Form groups of 5 and create an infomercial showing how community can help mitigate the hazards caused by climate change. Each group must choose one from the given areas below that are affected by climate change. A rubric is prepared below to rate your performance. You have 15 minutes to conceptualize, and 2 – 3 minutes to present your output. Enjoy acting! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Agriculture and Food Security Economy Biodiversity Health Geography and Ocean ecology Climatic patterns

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Exceeds Expectation

Meets Expectation

Needs Improvement

(3 points)

(2 points)

(1 point)

Criteria

Understandi ng of Topic

 Factual information is accurate  Indicates a clear understanding of topic

 Factual information is mostly accurate  Good understanding of topic

 Information is inaccurate  Presentation is off topic

Teamwork

 Accepts ideas of others; able to compromise  All members contribute

 Accepts most ideas without negative comments; able to compromise  Some members contribute

 Group does not work together  One person does all the work

Presentation

 Shows confidence  Informative  Entertaining; engages audience  Speaks loudly and clearly  Appropriate use of body language

 Shows some confidence  Presents some information  Engages audience  Can be heard  Some use of body language

    

Portrayal stalls Lacks information Audience bored Mumbles Body language is lacking; inappropriate

B. Retaining your group in activity A, create an advocacy campaign by making a poster and a slogan that tells how community will help mitigate the effects of climate change. Upload your work in social media, and try to elicit comments from the viewers, and then share them with the class next meeting.

Feedback Congratulations for making this far. Now, let’s test your understanding of our topic on climate change. Answer the following questions and follow the procedure on each item. 1. It is an important heat – trapping greenhouse gas, which is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruption. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the last letter of your answer and put in it box # 1)

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2. It is a change in global climate, and patterns, attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 3rd letter of your answer and put in it box # 10)

3. It is a critical solution to climate change, by renewing the forest cover that will absorb and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 8th letter of your answer and put in it box # 4)

4. The burning of natural fuel by humans is the largest source of emission of carbon dioxide. These natural fuels were formed from the remains of living organisms million years ago. The name given to natural fuel is ___. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put in it box # 11)

5. This is a process that occurs when gases in the Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat making the Earth much warmer. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 6th letter of your answer and put in it box # 5) 6. This is a long – term rise in the overall temperature of the Earth’s climate system, generally attributed to greenhouse effect. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 7th letter of your answer and put in it box # 6) 7. It is a permanent destruction of forest in order to make the land available for other uses, which consequently add more atmospheric carbon dioxide as a result of large – scale removal of trees that will absorb this harmful gas. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 5th letter of your answer and put in it box # 8 and 12) 102

8. It is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought or deforestation, and leading to shortage of food supply. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 11th letter of your answer and put in it box # 7)

9. It is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 5th letter of your answer and put in it box # 2)

10. This is a disaster of below – average precipitation, resulting in prolonged shortages in water supply that could cause reduced crop yield, and potentially loss of harvest and or of livestock. __ __ __ __ __ __ __ (copy the 2nd letter of your answer and put in it box # 3 and 9)

1 12

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

You did a great job!

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Summary The last module of Science, Technology and Society discussed the special topics that would allow you to reflect on the role of science and technology not only in the community where you are living but to the whole world. The advent of information age has played a big role in cascading vital information to the society. With the advance technological devices like computers, laptops, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, servers, mainframes and internet that lets us access social media and online resources, and even microchips and other high technologies, the life that we are living today is easy. Information age has affected and transformed the lives we have. From communicating through simple ways like papyrus, letter writing etc., we have shifted to calling through mobile phones, sending files through email, chatting with our love ones through video calls, etc. Highly modernized, automated, data-driven and technologically advanced-these is how we describe our society nowadays. This era of our life offers us a lot for the development of noble researchers but it also entails responsible use. You must learn how to check the reliability of the sources you are accessing before dissemination for those information poses both positive and negative impacts. You must always consider that the information you share could be of great help to our lives and others. Advances in science and technology have also affected our biodiversity. Some efforts have been made by the government to conserve all species. Threats like habitat loss and destruction, alterations in ecosystem composition, overexploitation, pollution, contamination, and global climate change has cause drastic decrease in the population of species all over the world. The decrease has led to environment-related illnesses, nutritional, health and biological problems. Together we must be all biodiversity savers to have a better environment. Scientist has made advances in technology through the field of nanotechnology. Through this, products can be manufactures to help improve health, environment, food, water, and agriculture. Though this field promises a lot, you must take into account the social, ethical, and environmental concerns of using such. Another breakthrough in science is gene therapy. Gene therapy is a method that may treat or cure genetic related human illness. As this science flourish, many ethical issues were raised. Thus, as a future researcher, you must be able to distinguish what is vital if you wished to venture in the field of nanotechnology. Climate change is a worldwide issue that each of us must face. Several factors like natural processes and persistent human activities have statistically increased the percentage of climate change for a period of time. The continuous climate change has affected the biotic and abiotic aspects of the earth.

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Reflection Now that you have reached this far, it is time to reflect and make a move by answering the following questions 1. Is information age a boon or a bane? Why? 2. How does Information Age influence our society? 3. As a part of the planet earth, what can you do in your own simple way to help in the advancement of science and technology for the improvement of the society? 4. Reflect on this “Gene therapy is still in its infancy, but it is believed that as it matures, it will become an effective treatment for the myriad of genetic diseases that affect humanity” 5. Imagine a product called multi-replicator was developt by a nanotechnologist and made available to anyone. This replicator could allow people to simply produce any item they need themselves without the help of any manufacturer or a company. What would this do to our economy as we know it today? Can ou think of some impacts of these breakthrough on employment, science, politics, society and other sectors. What are some of the social and ethical considerations scientist must consider in conducting researches in nanotechnology?

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Culminating Activity (optional)

Learning Objectives After successful completion of this course, you should be able to:  

Present different outputs in selected topics of STS in an exhibit; and Propose a project plan to address selected problems in the world applying all the concepts learned in STS.

Activating Prior Knowledge Recall all outputs that you have done in the subject. Plan a mini exhibit where you can present all of these outputs to showcase your talents not only in class but in your university.

Presentation of Contents This activity will develop your skills in planning and organizing a mini exhibit in Science, Technology and Society. Here is some of the committee that you may form to help you organize the event: 1. General Chair/ Organizing Committee 2. Graphics, Signage and Marketing Committee 3. Registration (Pre- and On-site) 4. Program and Moderator Committee 5. Physical Arrangement Committee 6. Audio-visual/ Technical Committee 7. Finance and Sponsorship Committee 8. Hospitality/ Food Committee 9. Photo-documentation Committee 10. Evaluation and Post-event Activities Committee After forming the committee, seek instructors’ direction for the planning and conduct of the exhibit.

Application I-pledge After your guest have completed the different stations of the gallery, you may now ask them to signify their own advocacy that would help suggest possible solutions to the persisting issues in the society brought by science and technology through writing in the prepared “I-pledge for Mother Earth” billboard. 106

References Lohith, M. (2014) Nanotechnology. https//www.researchgate.net Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017 Nano memory scheme handles defects: http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_defec ts_Brief_090804.html Nanooyou, (2011). Nanotechnology for Youth.http//nanoyou.eu Nano memory scheme handles defects: http://www.trnmag.com/Stories/2004/090804/Nano_memory_scheme_handles_defec ts_Brief_090804.html R. Benefits et al., "Atomic scale memory at a silicon surface" Nanotechnology 13, 499 (2002) Report Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties. The Royal Society, 16-17 (2004). Science, Technology and Society, (2018) Janice Patria Javier Serafica et al. Macat Thinking News (2016), Aristotkle’s Secret to Happiness: What will make us happy now? Accessed February 3, 2017. UnderstandingNanotechnology. www.understanding nano.com/introduction.html

Web sources Image: Hieroglyph | writing character | Britannica.com. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XjQ4b7 Image: Codex - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3080HuB Image: Papyrus in Ancient Egypt | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/zFc6U Google Image Result for https://images-na.ssl-imagesamazon.com/images/I/41P0JwP7c5L._SX466_.jpg. (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2J5wFly Image: USB 3.1 Flash Drive DUO Plus 256GB Memory & Storage - MUF-256DB/AM ... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2Yrf2Sl Image: VP4 - Four-Line Alphanumeric pager for in-house wireless paging ... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/300frvs Image: Best Retro Style Big Brother Mobile Phone Antenna Good Signal ... (2019). Retrieved from https://bit.ly/2XGVVqq Image: ENIAC - Wikipedia. (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/PpmU3 Image: Johannes Gutenberg Printing Press Stock Photos & Johannes ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/93r6v

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Image: Typewriter: The History · The Machines · The Writers: Tony Allan ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/RvNsu Image: iOTA BASE 21.5" FHD All-in-One Desktop PC (Black) - (Intel Quad ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/vJM12 Image: Apple Pre-Owned iPhone 6 4G LTE with 16GB Memory Cell Phone ... (2019). Retrieved from https://urlzs.com/m1wb8

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About the Authors Gerlie Urbi Bayani is an Instructor of Cagayan State University and a Licensed Fisheries Technologist. She finished her Baccalaureate Degree, Bachelor of Science in Fisheries at Central Luzon State University. In the same university, she finished her Master of Science in Aquaculture. Madel Batang-Tanguilan is an Instructor of Cagayan State University. She finished her Baccalaureate Degree, Bachelor of Science in Biology at University of the Philippines- Baguio. She earned her Masters of Arts in Biology under the Commission on Higher Education Continuing Education Program at St. Marys University Bayombong. She is currently enrolled at Cagayan State University taking her Ph. D. in Science Education. Babylyn Paliwanan Canceran is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in General Science at St. Louis College of Tuguegarao now the University of St. Louis, Tuguegarao Cagayan. She also Finished her MS Physics Education and Doctor of Philosophy Major in Science Education at Cagayan State University Andrews Campus. She is currently Teaching Science subjects at Cagayan State University Piat Campus and is also the Coordinator of the Office of Student Development and Welfare and the Office of the Quality Assurance of the said campus. Jennifer Lloren Luyun is a graduate of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Physical Science at Cagayan State University Andrews campus. She finished Master of Science in Teaching Major in Chemistry and currently earning her Ph.D. Science Education at the same institution. At present, she is a Faculty of the College of Allied health Sciences of CSU Andrews Campus teaching Physics, Chemistry and Earth Science. Gwyn Manuel is a Marine Biologist and a Licensed Professional Teacher. She finished Master of Science Teaching major in Biology at Cagayan State University. Ms. Manuel was conferred by the Department of Science and Technology the Scientific and Technological Specialist eligibility. Currently, she is taking her Ph.D in Science Education at Saint Paul University Tuguegaro City.

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