Se5-pipingelbow.docx

TITLE: Piping Elbow OBJECTIVES: 1. To familiarize the students with the different hand tools and uses. 2. To be able to make an elbow pipe. 3. To be trained in the shop operation 4. To familiarize the stidents in different kinds of pattern METHODS/DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS: Elbow pipes are widely used today. It is installed between two pipes in order to provide a change in material-flow direction and add pressure losses to sysem due to impact, friction and re-acceleration. The product in pipes are deflected at an angle towards the outlet of the elbow and the specific angle is determined by the elbow design, characteristics of the fluid or product, its velocity and specific load. In most designs, the product will hit one or more secondary impact zones before exiting the elbow. Before, pipes were constructed out of wood logs that had a large hole bored lengthwise through the center.[9]. Wooden pipes were especially popular in mountain regions where transport of heavy iron or concrete pipes would have been difficult. Wooden pipes were easier to maintain than metal, because the wood did not expand or contract with temperature changes as much as metal and so consequently expansion joints and bends were not required. The thickness of wood afforded some insulating properties to the pipes which helped prevent freezing as compared to metal pipes.

Today, Elbow pipes can be made of Rubber, Plastic, Iron, Steel, Copper, Stainless steel, Aluminum, Cast iron and Ductile iron etc. They are usually classified in to two, short radius and long radius elbow. SR (Short Radius) elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter and are typically used in tight areas where clearances are an issue. LR (Long Radius) elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter and are the more common type and used when space is available and flow is more critical. These elbows also have specific angles. 90deg elbows are made for both while 45deg are usually for long radius elbow. Some of its applications include use in flow lines for gases, fluids in industrial processes, medical, construction and many other specialized applications. It is constructed of heavy materials for rigid applications like extreme high/low temperature resistance etc. They are specifically designed for use on process and control systems, instrumentation, and equipment used in chemical, petroleum, fluid power, electronic and pulp and paper plants.

TOOLS/MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT: 1. Kiln-dried wood, 1pc 120mm x 60mm x 14mm (body) 2. Kiln-dried wood, 1pc 120mm x 30mm x 6.5mm (core prints) 3. Bamboo pins, 2pcs 4. Backsaw 5. Rasp file 6. Flat file

7. Half round file 8. Round file 9. Try-square 10. Compass 11. Steel brush 12. Drill press 13. Drill bit (1/8” or 3.175mm) 14. Sand Paper (2000 grit size) 15. Sand paper (80 grit size) 16. Wood glue 17. Bench vise 18. Work bench 19. Stool 20. Lab gown 21. Dust mask 22. Goggles 23. Pencil 24. Eraser MECHANICAL DRAWING: PROCEDURE: 1. Wear the appropriate personal protective equipment required for the practical work and prepare the materials, tools and equipment needed. 2. For the body, use the try-square and measure the wood and make it to the desired dimension of 120mm x 60mm x 14.5mm. However, since the given wood’s thickness is only 14mm, adjust the other dimensions. 3. Draw the elbow pipe pattern on the wood with 30mm and 10mm radius for bigger and smaller corner respectively and 60mm x 60mm in length and height. It must be drawn twice, Forming a U like shape. 4. Cut the piece in the middle, in between the two drawings using a backsaw. 5. Place the two pieces together and locate two points one on the upper L and one on the lower part. Drill these points on each of the piece. Make sure to drill one all through out and the other only half way through. 6. File the piece to its desired shape using the rasp file and when little allowance is left use the flat or half round file. You may also use the round file for round areas, especially the corners. Make sure that all areas are circular, even the corners. You may also use the sand papers in shaping the pipe. 7. Attach the bamboo pins on the piece where in the hole is only drilled halfway through using a wood glue. 8. Prepare the wood measuring 120mmx30mmx6.5mm for the core prints 9. Make 4 circles with radius 14mm using the compass. Cut them in between each shape having 4 square pieces.

10. For the two circles, this will be made into a hexagon circumscribing these circles. In order to do so, mark the half of the circle by making a horizontal line at the middle. Get its circumference and divide it by six. Make the compass into this size and place the tip of the compass at one end of the horizontal line intersecting the circle. Mark the 2 points on the circle. Do this on the opposite side of the horizontal line. There must be 4 points. Connect the two points which are diagonal to each other making an X. Make sure to draw the lines longer than the circle. Form the shape by connecting the points of the X mark and horizontal line and making it tangent to the circle. 11. Draw a horizontal line at the center of each shape to mark the half of each shape and cut each of the piece in this line. 12. Adjust the measurements to meet the correct dimensions since the backsaw’s blade is thick thus eating some portion. 13. File the pieces to its desired shape using the flat or half round file. When little allowance is left, use the sand paper with grit size 80 to have better control in shaping the pieces. 14. Using the wood glue, attach the core prints at both ends of the pipe. The hexagon is attached first at the bottom followed by the circle on top. 15. Sand the piece with sand paper 80 grit size to remove excess wood and after which sand using sand paper 2000 grit size for an even, smooth finish. 16. Write the necessary labels on the piece and submit. TOPIC QUESTIONS: 1) By design, how are piping elbows selected? Define and explain each. When piping elbows are installed, it is a must to select the correct components or fittings that is appropriate for the application, be careful in preparing and cleaning then as well as in the installation and assembly and to have correct tightening and loading. Specifically, the following are needed to be considered:  

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Tubing Used: For instance, barbed fittings work better in flexible tubing while compression fittings work best with rigid tubing. Material Compatibility: Material selection plays a vital role in the proper working of fittings. There are certain fluids which are not compatible with fitting material and these fittings cause leakage or system damage. It is very essential to check the material compatibility of your fluid with any chemicals. Temperature and Pressure Conditions: Appropriate temperature and pressure ratings are needed for proper operating conditions. It is necessary to know whether the fittings are capable of performing at their maximum temperature and maximum pressure ratings because most fittings cannot perform both the task simultaneously.

2) Who were the first to develop piping elbows? Support your answer by placing a technicolor photo and explanation of the first fully developed and working system.

The first men who developed the piping elbows were the Romans, through their aqueducts. Aqueducts are used in transporting water into their cities and towns from distant sources. Through these, the people were able to take a bath, have working fountains, have water supply in their homes, have proper irrigation in farms and gardens and provided water for mining. Aqueducts moved water through gravity alone, usually along a slight overall downward gradient within conduits of stone, brick, or concrete, but sometimes through steeper gradients. Most conduits were buried beneath the ground and followed the contours of the terrain; obstructing peaks were circumvented or, less often, tunneled through. Where valleys or lowlands intervened, the conduit was carried on bridgework, or its contents fed into high-pressure lead, ceramic, or stone pipes and siphoned across. Most aqueduct systems included sedimentation tanks, which helped reduce any water-borne debris. Sluices and castella aquae (distribution tanks) regulated the supply to individual destinations. The run-off water from aqueducts sometimes drove urban water-mills, and scoured the drains and sewers.

3) What is the difference of a tubing and a piping? Provide advantages and disadvantages of each. Pipes are used to transport something, and tubes are used to construct something; hence, tubes are defined by the outside diameter and wall thickness, and pipes are measured by inside diameter or nominal diameter (not actual) to allow a calculation for transportation, speed, volumes etc. Tubing and pipe both carry fluids in industrial applications. Pipes are used for fluid and gases since it can indicate how much can flow through it and pressure ratings are specified. Tubes on the other hand are used in medical applications, construction and structure since it can define how much it can hold as a stability factor. Pipes are made of carbon steel or low alloy steel and tubing are made of mild steel, almunimum, brass, etc. Pipes usually have ends in plain or beveled while tubes are with coupling ends and other special end finish. Pipes can accommodate much more than tubes since pipes have a wider range of sizes than tubes. Compared with pipe, tubing is generally easier to install and maintain and performs better. tube fittings are designed not to leak, even under rugged operating conditions because they have mechanical, metalto-metal seals. tubing is flexible and, thus, can be easily repositioned. Tube systems are also relatively easy to disassemble while Disassembling threaded pipe, on the other hand, is more labor intensive. Tube systems also support high pressures and have, on average, a higher strength-to-weight ratio than pipe tube fittings however carry a higher initial price than similarly configured pipe components. It does not require paint for anti corrosion unlike pipes since they are sour cleaning or special polish treatment for field use. Pipes on the other hand require less process in manufacturing and is easier to produce more. They are delivered in bundles or in bulk delivery since there is no need to protect them from light chafing compared to tubings which are needed to be extremely protected, especially those used in medical area.

4) What color code is used for a piping system conveying gaseous elements? ochre 5) What color code is used for a piping system conveying potable water? Basic color – green; safety color –blue; 6) What color code is used for a piping system conveying sewage? Basic color – green; safety color – dark brown 7) What are the types of piping and explain their usage. Provide photos. a. Elbow - installed between two lengths of pipe (or tubing) to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle; 22.5° elbows are also available. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed. When the ends differ in size, it is known as a reducing (or reducer) elbow.Elbows are also characterized by length. Short elbows, widely available, are typically used in pressurized systems, and in physically tight locations while Long elbows are used in low-pressure gravity-fed systems and other applications where low turbulence and minimum deposition of entrained solids are of concern.

b. Coupling- used to connect two pipes. There are two types of couplings: "regular" and "slip". A regular coupling has a small ridge or stop internally, to prevent over-insertion of a pipe, and thus under-insertion of the other pipe segment. A slip coupling is deliberately made without this internal stop, to allow it to be slipped into place in tight locations, such as the repair of a pipe that has a small leak due to corrosion or freeze bursting.

c. Union - similar to a coupling, it allows the convenient future disconnection of pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement. a union allows easy connection and disconnection, multiple times if needed. It consists of three parts: a nut, a female end and a male end. When the female and male ends are joined, the nut seals the joint by pressing the two ends tightly together. Unions are a type of very compact flange connector.

d. Nipple - short stub of pipe, usually male-threaded steel, brass, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, or copper, which connects two other fittings. A nipple with continuous uninterrupted threading is known as a close nipple. Nipples are commonly used with plumbing and hoses.

e. Reducer - A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system or adapt to existing piping of a different size. Although reducers are usually concentric, eccentric reducers are used as needed to maintain the top- or bottom-of-pipe level.

f. Double tapped busing - a fitting which serves as a reducer. It is a sleeve similar to a close nipple, but is threaded on both its inner and outer circumferences. Like a reducer, a double-tapped bushing has two threads of different sizes. it is more compact than a reducer, but not as flexible. While a double-tapped bushing has a smaller female thread concentric to a larger male thread.

g. Tee- the most common pipe fitting, is used to combine (or divide) fluid flow. It is available with female thread sockets, solvent-weld sockets or opposed solvent-weld sockets and a femalethreaded side outlet. Tees can connect pipes of different diameters or change the direction of a pipe run, or both.

h. Diverter tee - specialized type of tee fitting is used primarily in pressurized hydronic heating systems, to divert a portion of the flow from the main line into a side branch connected to a radiator or heat exchanger. The diverter tee is designed to allow flow to continue in the main line, even when the side branch is shut down and not calling for heat. Diverter tees have directional markings which must be heeded; a tee installed backwards will function very poorly.

i. Cross - have one inlet and three outlets (or vice versa), and often have solvent-welded socket or female-threaded ends. Cross fittings may stress pipes as temperatures change, because they are at the center of four connection points. A tee is steadier than a cross; it behaves like a three-legged stool, and a cross behaves like a four-legged stool. Crosses are common in fire sprinkler systems (where stress caused by thermal expansion is not generally an issue),[why?] but are not common in plumbing

. j. Cap - Caps, usually liquid- or gas-tight, cover the otherwise open end of a pipe. A cap attaches to the exterior of a pipe, and may have a solvent-weld socket end or a female-threaded interior. The exterior of an industrial cap may be round, square, rectangular, U- or I-shaped, or may have a handgrip. If a solvent-weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must be left before the cap; when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to be glued onto it.

k. Plug - A plug fits inside the pipe segment or fitting to which it is mated. In a threaded plumbing system, plugs have male threads. There are a number of plug types: mechanical, pneumatic-disk, single-size pneumatic rubber, multi-size pneumatic and flow-through, and high-pressure.[further explanation needed] Special temporary plugs, usually made of flexible rubber, may be installed into a plumbing system to allow pressure testing for leakage.

l. Barb - A barb (or hose barb), which connects flexible hose or tubing to pipes, typically has a malethreaded end which mates with female threads. The other end of the fitting has a single- or multibarbed tube—a long tapered cone with ridges, which is inserted into a flexible hose. An adjustable worm drive screw clamp (or other type of clamp) is often added, to keep the hose from slipping off the barbed tube. Barb fittings can be made of brass for hot-water applications, and plastic may be used for cold water; brass is considered more durable for heavy-duty use. The barb fitting may be elbow-shaped or straight.

` m. Valve - Valves stop (or regulate) the flow of liquids or gases. They are categorized by application, such as isolation, throttling, and non-return. Isolation valves are used to temporarily disconnect part of a piping system, to allow maintenance or repair, Throttling valves are used to control the amount or pressure of a fluid allowed to pass through, and are designed to withstand the stress and wear and Non-return or check valves allow free flow of a fluid in one direction, but prevent its flow in a reverse direction

8) What color code is used for a piping system conveying electrical conduits? orange 9) What are the available piping today in the market? Differentiate each. 1. CAST IRON PIPES Cast iron pipes and fitting are primarily used for designing of soil and rain water disposal systems. These pipes are made by the sand cast process or by spinning. Sand cast pipes are made by pouring molten cast iron into vertically mounted sand moulds. They are available in 1.5, 1.8 & 2 metre length and 5 & 6 mm thickness. Spun pipes are made by pouring molten grey cast iron into a revolving water cooled mould, producing a seamless pipe in length upto 3 metre with thickness less than sand cast pipes. 2. PLASTIC OR PVC PIPES There are 3 common types of plastic pipes are available in market, as given below. Unplasticized PVC (UPVC) or rigid pipes for use with cold water Plasticized PVC pipes which are plasticized with addition of rubber. It has lower strength and lower working temperature than UPVC pipes. Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) pipes which can withstand higher temperatures upto 1200 (used to carry hot water) For pipes used in soil and waste water discharge systems, the thickness of the wall will be larger than that of used for roof drainage. Rigid PVC pipes are used for distribution of water with temperature below 450C.

At higher temperature, the strength of the pipes decreases. Similarly ultraviolet radiation from sunlight as well as frequent changes in temperature reduces the life of PVC pipes. These pipes are costlier than AC pipes but cheaper than GI pipes. 3. GALVANIZED STEEL (GI) PIPES GI pipes are made from steel pipes. The galvanizing process deposits a thin coating of zinc which protects it from corrosion. They are available in light, medium and heavy grades depending on the thickness of the metal. For a 15 mm GI pipe, the thicknesses are 2.0, 2.65 & 3.25 for the light, medium and heavy grades, respectively. Generally the medium grade pipes are used for internal plumbing in building.These pipes corrode easily if it carries brackish water or concealed in lime concrete and brickwork or buried under the ground.These pipes are costlier than PVC pipes. 4. STONEWARE PIPES These pipes are available in the form of internal diameters 10 mm to 600 mm with thickness varying from 12 mm to 43 mm. A good stoneware pipe should give a sharp clear tone when struck with a light hammer. These pipes are extensively used as underground drainage pipes in low cost construction buildings. Usually these pipes are laid on an even bed of concrete and further treated as specified for laying in different types of soils. However laying of these pipes requires experienced workmen and good supervisor. Therefore PVC pipes are being preferred to these pipes in many places. These pipes are cheap. 5. ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPES These pipes are used for drainage of rainwater from roofs, soil and waste and also for ventilation. They come in two profiles – one with beading around socket (WB) and the other without beading around socket (WOB). The latter type is more common than the former. The pipes come in lengths of 3 meters. The principal defects of these pipes are that they are heavy and they break easily. These pipes are cheaper than PVC pipes. 6. CONCRETE PIPES Unreinforced pipes of small diameters as well as reinforced and prestressed concrete pipes of large diameters are available for water supply and other uses. Small unreinforced concrete pipes are very much used for drainage of rain water. Large diameter pipes are generally used for major water supply works. 10) What techniques have you learned when making the piping elbow shop exercise 5? explain each. In this shop exercise, I learned how to make a polygon circumscribing a circle, specifically the hexagon. The method that I used was to take advantage of the circle’s circumference and dividing this to the number of sides of the desired polygon. This will equally

divide the length of the circle, thus being able to make a regular polygon. Also, I learned how to transform an object which is in a straight edged form to a circular form with the use of a back saw and file tools. CONCLUSION: After conducting the practical work, I therefore conclude that I was able to meet all the objectives raised before the start of the work. Different hand tools and how they are used became more familiar now that this is the fifth shop exercise that I’ve done. Through the use of these tools, I, together with my groupmates were able to successfully make the required piece which is a piping elbow. Also, because of doing this I was able to observe and be trained on how the shop works and its operations. Since this is the fourth type of pattern that I’ve made, I am now more familiar with the different kinds of pattern and how one is different from another. Through this shop exercise, I realized how it is important to check the dimension of the wood given since it may not meet the required dimension. Also, it is a must to handle pieces with care especially when filing for wood can be very fragile which may cause the wood to break. RECOMMENDATIONS: For this shop exercise, I recommend checking the dimensions and make the necessary adjustments on the wood since the one that will be given is not in the right size. If the wood will not meet the required size, inform your instructor ahead of time in order for him to instruct you on what to do and how to adjust it. Constantly check the dimensions and marks in order to be sure of them and to prevent from filing too much. For the core prints, do not file too hard and handle the wood with care for it is really easy to break. It is better to actually use a rough sand paper than file in making them for you to be able to control it better. It is a must to communicate with each other and to participate actively to consume your time wisely. All these could also be applied for future shop exercises and other woodworking projects.

REFERENCES: Methods/discussion/analysis http://www.pipingstudy.com/elbow.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping

Topic Questions: 1. http://www.thepipefittings.com/pipe-fitting-selection-guide.html 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct 3. http://jd2.com.au/pipe-vs-tube.html http://www.machinedesign.com/archive/weighing-advantages-tubing-versus-pipe 4, 5, 6, 8- http://www.svlele.com/piping/color_code.htm 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting 9. http://civilblog.org/2015/07/02/6-types-of-pipes-most-commonly-used-in-buildingconstruction/

photos 2. http://www.crystalinks.com/romanaqueductsdiagram.jpg 7. a. wiki b. wiki c. union - https://tinyurl.com/y7hskxla d. nipple - https://tinyurl.com/y9bbgzjj e. wiki f. double tapped - https://tinyurl.com/ya6s94jr g. wiki h. diverter tee - https://tinyurl.com/yacdhads

i. cross - https://tinyurl.com/y999l4jx j. cap - https://tinyurl.com/y9f2kkjz k. plug - https://tinyurl.com/y6uho2m2 l. barb - https://tinyurl.com/yay3d462 m. valve - https://tinyurl.com/yaaewa6l