Shopping Center

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY (CvSU) College of Engineering and Information Technology BS ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN IV

CASE STUDY NO. 1:

SHOPPING CENTER

Submitted by: Nazareno,Justinne P. 201111919 Arch2-1

Submitted to: Arch’t. Kenn Valero

Introduction Shopping centers have significantly impacted on the way we shop. The first shopping centers were radical, not only in scale, but in their underlying ideology which set out to create

Utopian civic centers. Shopping centers have been so successful, that they have been effectively assimilated into the environment and are now simply taken for granted. The mall was originally conceived of as a community center where people would converge for shopping, cultural activity, and social interaction. It is safe to say that the mall has achieved and surpassed those early expectations. In today's consumer culture the mall is the center of the universe.

History Shopping centers have existed in some form for more than 1,000 years as ancient market squares, bazaars and seaport commercial districts. The modern shopping center, which includes everything from small suburban strip centers to the million-square-foot superregional malls, had its genesis in the 1920s.Shopping Center is a combination of several retail stores to provide convenience to the shopper. This notion was also the same as the “Agora” in the city of Greece. The Emperor Trajan’s Architect, Greek slave Apollodorus built a shopping center near to the Roman Forum or the public square of marketplace of an Ancient Roman city. Trajan’s Market (Mercatus Traiani) is another important milestone in the evolution of shopping places. Trajan’s Market provided a totally new image for urban design, as revolutionary complex of vaulted spaces for commercial and social purposes. Trajan’s Forum is likely to have been one of the first collections of defined shops and was a magnificent arrangement of shared-use buildings The Roman Forum, which was a rectangular courtyard surrounded by shops, was located on the axis, between basilica and capitol Just like the typical mall, it had a two level enclosed and ventilated mall lined with open-fronted shops. In Ancient Egypt, when money is not yet invented, the Barter System was used. Barter is a system of exchange by which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using medium, such as money. In the fourth century, Bazaar first appeared in Middle East. Bazaars were not only for trade, but they were also the social, religious, and financial centers of cities.The bazaar are the precursor for the modern day supermarket, flea market, and shopping mall, which originated from ancient civilizations. More importantly, it has had great influence on the economic development and centralization in modern cities around the world. The bazaar continues to develop and modernize externally while its internal character and purpose remains the same. As a result, the bazaar maintains its place in modern society.

Exchange, a type of trading building appeared in the late 16 th century in Europe. Different activities were done with open stands selling goods on the first floor and trading stalls on the ground floor.

In the 18th century Shopping Streets was developed in Europe after realizing that landscape was necessary in urban life. Coffee shops, bakeshops, Milk street, etc. can be seen in the shopping street.

At the beginning of the 19th century, the market structure based on open courtyards with perimeter arcades lined stalls and shops where the first floor was used for storage.

The department stores developed from the magasins de nouveautes storesin Paris and the bazaar stores of London, originating in the late-18th century. In 1877, John Wanamaker opened "The Grand Depot" a six story round department store in Philadelphia. The first supermarket was King Kullen, which was opened by Michael J. Kullen, who established the principles of supermarket trading. The significant character of a supermarket is the Self-service system.

Strip Mall, also known as mini-mall or shopping plaza, was developed from 1920’s. Strip mall is defined as a collection of several stores located in the same building that share a common parking lot. It has fewer stores compared to large shopping malls and are open-area planned where the stores are arranged in a row.

The past two decades, however, have seen such tremendous development in planned shopping facilities in the United States that today’s center has, in fact, become a new building type. Shopping centers were made to provide the following: *Comfort- Physical comfort which can be achieved by meeting needs for food, drinks and a place to rest when tired. * Relaxation- physiological comfort which can be achieved by the use of natural elements-Trees, greeneries or water features and separation from vehicular traffic. *Passive Engagement- experiencing the environment without getting involved. *Active Engagement- being involved through. *Discovery- representing desire for new spectacles and pleasure experiences, discovery depends on variety change. Population growth affects the usual trend and lead to changes. As the population grows, number of cars also increases. Inadequate streets, car parks and spaces were some of the common problems. To provide these needs, shopping centers in suburban are established. Another major change then set in vastly improved, high-speed circumferential highways soon tended to put all these suburban centers in competition with each other. At the same time, the decline of retail business districts of buildings in the central business districts began forcing in self defense, a revitalization of downtown. Due to these changes, suburban centers became mega centers complete with several department stores, office buildings, motels, amusements, and parking facilities. Second, the central business districts are making a determined stand to counteract the ever-growing sub-urban competition by embarking on programs for construction of new high speed connection routes to downtown and construction of major downtown renewal projects, also complete with stores, offices, hotels, amusements and parking facilities; usually in decked garages due to the high downtown land cost.

The first open-air mall was opened on April 21, 1950, The Northgate Shopping Mall. The first fully enclosed and environmentally controlled shopping center with progressive air conditioning system was opened in 1956 by Victor Gruen. Eventually, shopping centers became fully enclosed, fully air-conditioned and environmentally controlled space with the suburban mall.

Trends  

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Green Shopping Malls- This concept in shopping centers comprises of hybrid mall with its enclosed and open-air sections as sustainable “green” shopping malls. De-mailing- any project that takes an existing, enclosed retail center and creates new outdoor shopping, while in the process redefines the property in the minds of its customers. In other words, the center adopts design elements from town centers, lifestyle centers, resort retail or power centers in a way so that the whole exceeds the sum of the parts Vertical Mall- a type of mall wherein upwards and downwards were encouraged to the people instead of moving horizontally. It was accessible by elevators and escalators

Types  Neighborhood Center -Row of stores in strip or line, paralleling the highway and with parking between the line of storefronts and the highway. -Ranges from 20,000 to 100,000 sq ft. -Contains supermarket, drugstore, variety store and more service type stores.

 Intermediate or Community-Size Center -Larger than Neighborhood center. -Contains junior department Store. -Parking patterns are similar to the Neighborhood Center.

 Regional Center (Suburban) -Contains 1 to 4 department stores plus 50 to 100 or more satellite shops and facilities, all fronting on an internal pedestrian mall shopping walkway. -Parking surrounds the building group. - Trend toward double decked parking to save land area.

 Renewal Projects (Downtown) -Consist of two or more shopping levels of department stores, shop of all sorts, restaurant, etc. -Parking is normally multi-decked and can be above, below or better laterally contiguous to the shopping facilities

The Site

 Site located within the trade area.  Accessible to major highways (preferably two or more major highways).              

Adequate present and future capacity of adjacent highways for through traffic plus that to be generated by the center. Adequate size and suitable shape. Zoning suitable for proposed used or at least a reasonable chance that such zoning may be obtained. Utilities available or installable at acceptable cost. Site must be owned or controlled by the developer, or offer the possibility of acquisition Land cost must be in keeping with overall economic considerations Site must contain sufficient land to permit construction of facilities to meet the potential. Subsurface ground conditions that can be overcome at acceptable cost. Topography without incurring excessive grading. Adequate site area for future expansion and inclusion of supporting facilities. Proximity to public transportation. Possibility of integrating the land with other mutually beneficial uses. Protection of project from undesirable neighboring developments through achievement of suitable zoning of adjacent land. Land must be one piece, free of intervening roadways, rights-of-way, easements, major waterways, or other obstacles that would force development in separated portions.

Planning Considerations  

Convenience and comfort for the customer. Maximum merchandising potential for the tenant stores. -Ease of vehicular access -Adequacy of parking -Reasonable walking distances -Avoidance of dead ends

General Design and Planning Criteria Column Spacing -6.17 m (most used) -9.14 m (most flexible)

Store Depths -36.58 to 42.67 m (For one-story stores) -If there are basements or mezzanines, 20 to 25% may be reduced.

Clear Heights -3 to 4 m or more

Exterior Walls -Depends on each store’s requirements. -Show windows and public entrances are rare on parking lot facades.

The Mall Pedestrian mall is one of the most common feature of today’s shopping center.A pedestrian mall is a downtown city shopping area blocked from vehicle traffic, but open to foot traffic. It has the following characteristics:  Consist of principal mall, major pedestrian shopping street of the project and one or more subsidiary approach malls or access routes connecting the main mall with the parking areas or adjacent with the streets.  All stores have their principal entrances.  With one or more levels.  It can be open with weather protection consisting solely of continuous canopies along the store fronts/ completely covered but open to the air/ completely enclosed, necessitating heating in winter and airconditioning in summer.  Enclosed malls have wide, narrow, straight circuitous empty or filled with amenities and have one or more level. They have been lighted with skylights.  Wider malls require more landscaping and features to avoid barren atmosphere.  Length of malls should not be more than 243m between department stores or other major features.  Adequate vertical transportation between levels, usually one or more sets of escalators and several sets of convenient stores.  Visual interconnection of levels through the maximum use of open wells, permitting maximum visibility of one level’s shops and customer from the other.

Mall Amenities         

Trash and ash receptacles. Directories of one sort or another to facilitate finding specific stores. Public telephones installations Seating groups and individual benches Fountains Kiosks of various sizes and shapes generally less than 76.2 sq m. Lockers for storing purchases while continuing shopping Sculpture as major design feature Miscellaneous items used to catch the public interest

Servicing Servicing involves the delivery of goods to the various stores and also the removal of trash and garbage in the simple strip center. Servicing can be done through:

 Underground service tunnel- It is usually under the mall connecting directly to tenant leased basements which connect turn to the stores above. 

Service Courts on the periphery of the building complex- These are usually partially

shielded from public view by masonry walls 6 to 10 ft. high or higher.  Over –the-Curb and sidewalk directly from the street- The cheapest and uses the least land, but it requires rigid enforcement of cleanliness by the project management delivery of merchandise

and removal of trash generally before or after business hours and the mandatory inclusion of trash rooms in each store. - Service trucking routes on the site are often separated from customer routes. - In multilevel projects, the use of strategically placed freight elevators is necessary. - Mezzanines are occasionally used to provide storage and non-selling space.

Parking and Traffic    

A ratio of between 5 and 6 car spaces per 1000 sq ft (305 sq.m) of leasable store. In strip centers, customer parking is generally between the roadway and the line of the storefronts. In regional suburban centers, the parking normally is on grade and completely surrounding the shopping complex.\ Basement parking is the least desirable from the viewpoint of the shopper’s normal psychology and also least desirable from the construction cost point of view.

Landscaping -Landscaping is not related directly to the building construction operation and consequently is vulnerable to corner cutting by the developer, especially if the project cost is running over the budget. -Mall landscaping can become a very a very powerful attraction to shoppers and provide a great deal of advertising and public relations value. 2 Components of Landscaping *Interior – Landscaping inside the mall *Exterior- Outside the buildings and in the parking areas

List of Stores by Locations No. 1 Locations (100 Percent or Hot Spot) -Locations that should be held largely for shops that keep open on certain common nights. 1. Bakery 2. Boys Clothing 3. Candy Store 4. Children’s Wear 5. Cosmetic and Perfume 6. Costume Jewelry 7. Department Store 8. Drugstore 9. Five and ten 10. Florist 11. Gift Shop 12. Girl’s Apparel 13. Grocery (Cash and Carry) 14. Handkerchiefs and Handbags 15. Hosiery Shop

16. Infant’s Wear 17. Jewelry 18. Leather Goods and Luggage 19. Lingerie 20. Men’s Clothing 21. Men’s Furnishing 22. Millinery 23. Novelties 24. Optical Shop 25. Paperback Bookstore 26. Photographic Supplies and Cameras 27. Popcorns and Nuts 28. Prescriptions 29. Restaurants 30. Children’s Shoes 31. Women’s Shoes 32. Men’s Shoes 33. Women’s Sportswear 34. Tobacconist 35. Toilet Goods 36. Variety Store 37. Women’s Wear

No.2 Locations (Near the 100 Percent Area) 1. Art Store and Artist’s Supplies 2. Athletic Goods 3. Auto-Supplies 4. Bank 5. Bar 6. Barbershop 7. Beauty Shop 8. Bookstore 9. China and Silver 10. Cleaners and Dryers 11. Cocktail Lounge 12. Corset Shop 13. Delicatessen 14. Electrical Appliances 15. Fruit and Vegetable Market 16. Glass and China 17. Laundry Agency 18. Maternity Clothes 19. Pen Shop 20. Linen Shop 21. Radio and Television 22. Sewing Machines and Supplies 23. Sporting Goods 24. Stationary and Greeting Cards 25. Telegraph Office 26. Theater 27. Woolens and Yarns

No. 3 Locations 1. Army Goods Store 2. Art Needlework Shop 3. Baby Furniture 4. Chinese Restaurant 5. Christian Science Reading Room 6. Dance Studio 7. Doctors and Dentists 8. Building and Loan Office 9. Drapery and Curtain Shop 10. Electrical Equipment and repair 11. Express Office 12. Furniture 13. Hardware 14. Health Foods Store 15. Hobby Shop 16. Interior Decoration 17. Ladies’ and men’s tailor 18. Mortgage Loan office 19. Office Supplies and Office Furniture 20. Optometrist and Optician 21. Paint Store 22. Pictures and Framing 23. Post Office 24. Power and Light Offices 25. Real State Offices 26. Shoe Repair 27. Tavern 28. Ticket offices 29. Travel Bureau

No. 4 Locations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Automatic family laundry Bowling alleys Carpets and rugs, oriental Diaper Service Dog or Cat hospital Drive-in eating places Radio and television broadcasting Station

Site Planning  Strip Center with Curb Parking- Shopping Center is comprised of a row of stores extending 2000 ft along the highway.

-The shopper parks at the curb in the front of the store, transacts his business and then is likely to enter his car and drive off. Shopping or foot traffic is limited

 Strip Center with off-street Parking- Consists of a 2000ft-long row pf stores set back from the highway sufficiently to permit parking in front. - The sidewalk or covered walkway encourages foot traffic along the store front. -This plan generates a certain amount of shopping traffic and thus is clearly superior to the eye. 

Double Strip Center with off-street parking- The strip is divided into two rows of stores, facing each other along pedestrian mall, with parking on both sides. -A magnet (Department store, junior department store or other major tenant store.) is placed at each end - The creation of highly desirable pedestrian area shielded from the noise, smells, confusion and hazard of automobile traffic will contribute to greater shopping traffic.

 Mall Center with only one magnet- only one magnet exists which is located at the extreme end of the pedestrian mall reduces shopping traffic because of lack of interchange. The stores farthest from the magnet will participate very little in the traffic it generates.

 Mall Center with Magnet centrally placed- The arrangement of the pedestrian mall is the same as Mall Center with only one magnet except that the magnet is moved to a center position on one side of the mall.

 Cluster-type center- The major tenant is placed in the center of the cluster arrangement. 

Introverted Center- All store fronts are turned toward the inside of the building cluster. Entry into individual stores directly from the parking lot is diminished.

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AYALA CENTER GREENBELT 3 Location: Esperanza Street, Ayala Center, Makati City, Metro Manila Type: Lifestyle/Entertainment/Specialty Center Architect: Callison Architecture, Seattle Associates Architects’ GF & Partners Site Size: 6.4 acres/2.6 hectares Retail space: 300,000 sq.ft./ 27,871 sq.m. Parking: 2000+ cars No. of floors: 4 Summary: This 27,871 sq.m. Ayala Center comprises of shops, restaurants, night clubs, amenities, leisure and entertainment. The architect takes the concept of American-style formulas to create new theme and to change the common type in shopping centers in the Philippines (Enclosed, air-conditioned shoppingcenter). Green Belt 3 provides “Garden wall” which gives the center both urban and natural. Green Belt 3 emphasizes landscaping to honor nature and to create natural ambience for relaxation. They also provide outdoor activities, plazas, performances, arcades and fresco dining toward the open spaces of landscaped Green Belt Park. Through these feature, Green Belt 3 has been an attraction and claimed as a unique, safe and engaging place for shopping, dining, relaxation and entertainment. Design: Callison Architecture Inc. combined the concept of nature and city life in designing Greenbelt 3. The “Garden Path” composed of natural materials including flowering plants, shrubs and water features which lead it into a large

park. The concept agrees to the Philippine culture experiencing both natural and commercial theme at a time, that makes it remarkable and created a new face of retail developments.

OTHER SAMPLES / EXISTING STRUCTURES

EXTERIOR

Europe Shopping Center in Dniproprtrovsk

Aeon Okozaki Shopping Center

INTERIOR

Ada Shopping Center in Adapazari, Turkey

Arkadia Center Warsaw Poland