Swara Sastra Manjari.pdf

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According to Jung and other modern psychologists the mind can be categorized into three states-conscious, subconscious and unconscious. In yoga these are termed jagrat,

swapna and susnupti respectively. Within these

three states, the consciousness undergoes the experiences

of mind and body.

But yoga describes another fourth dimension where the finite mind no longer exists. The consciousness travels into a higher dimension called Turiya, which is beyond objective and subjective experience.

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M. Venkata Reddy. Concept of Vyadhikshamatwa or Arogata (immunity) In Yoga, workshop on Traditional Medicine and Immunology, organised by Adviser to the Prime Minister, Technology Mission, Government of India, Ahmadabad, 1988.

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INTRODUCTION Svarayoga nostrils"!.

It

is

a

study

of

breathed

through the lifewave manifests though nostriL

air

is also translated as the current of

the

work, but it flows through the right nostril, it is known breathing. when it flows as Sun, Day, Yamuna, Pingla, Shika and Ha though the left it is known as Moon, Night, Ganga, Ida, Shakti and Tha, and when the flow of breath is equal though both the nostrils. It is labeled Agni, Sandhya, Sarasvati and Susumna. The scientific art of regulation the breath is wisely named as that

is

always at

When

it

:

Ha-tha, a popular approach to health.

Swarayoga is the ancient science of pranic rhythms which explains how the movement of prana can be controlled by manipulation of the breath. Recently modern science has taken great interest in electromagnetic fields and the behaviour of bioenergy which is the inherent energy principle of the body with exciting developments accelerating in such areas as Kirlian photography. The bioenergetics, psychotronics and science of Swarayoga is now in great demand. It is fortunate have rich literature in this branch of yoga. that Telugu's

SWARASASTRAMANJARI is a classical poem in dvipada manjari composed by GANAPARADHYA who belonged to the The Swarasastramanjari yet unpublished, palm-leaf Teiugu manscript of Ganaparadhya second quarter of is

still

preserved

fourteenth Century. at

No information (No. D. 2254). other manuscript is forthcoming. 1

.

Research

Oriental

Institute,

regarding the

Tirupati

existence of any

author knows modern medical science like physiology pathology, make no clear mention about the purpose of the existence psychology of two nostrils. The whole school of doctors have developed what is called

As

far as the

etc.,

spirology

i

e.,

the science of breathing.

(xxvi)

It

is

that

surprising

such

an

on

treaties

important

the Research

institute,

Swarayoga is still gathering dust The present study is based on a collection of single manuscript am trying to For almost 15 years of Swarasastramanjan", the is present authorative collect this manuscript. The result version of Swarasastramanjari in Telugu. Perhaps this is the of earliest work seeing the light of the day and is the first at

I

only its kind in any other regional languages on Swarayoga.

This treatise

based on 8

is

rare and

unheard

Swarayoga works

like

:

1)

Harasastrayoga

2)

Adyatmayoga,

3)

Vanitayoga of Vasista

4)

Navanatha Yoga,

5)

Martandayoga,

8)

Vikramasimhayoga,

7)

Gorakshyoga,

8)

Kamakashiyoga (P-105, P-1C6)

Some

of

the

rare

works mentioned above on Swarayoga and varied schools of knowledge in this work

authorities cited on still

remain to

be traced. 1

This

indicatas

the keen interest

factual by Ganaparadhya to make his work, authoritative. Rare indeed are works of this type.

evinced

and It

is

significant that he has not mentioned directly the famous works Chintamani"2 of Svetaketu in the South and like "Swara

"Shiva Swararodaya"3 of North India.

1.

a)

Harasastra- Rudrayamala or Shivaswarodaya.

b)

Harisastra

c)

Vasistha Samita (Yoga

- Vishnumala. Kanda)-Swami Kuvalayananda, Kavivafayadhama-

1969. d) 2.

3.

Goraksha Samhita, Sarnpurnand Sanskrit VishvavidyaJaya,. Varanasi-1 977*

Swara Chintamani - Ed, by S N. mundry, Andhra Pradesh - 1968,

Sastri,

K,

Veeravenkayya

&

Sons, Rajah-

Swarayoga: Ed. by Swami Muktibodhananda Saraswati, Bihar School of Yoga, Munger, 1984 (Saraswati has wrongly Suoted Swara Chintamani as a Tamil Text

-P-

1

03, but

it

is

a Sanskrit,

(xxvii)

Aboof the Author

:

Ganaparadhya (1323 - 1345 A.D.) was a son of Gannayamatya and Devamambha, a Telugu Brahman of Kaundinya gotra.

Gannayamatya,

the

father of this

yogi

was

a

minister of

great

Prataparudra Maharaja, (1295 - 1323 A. D ) the last ruler of Kakatiyas of Oruganti. Annamambha was the sister of this Vgi / poet. Ramaraja the brother of this poet was also a minister and patronised by the Delhi ruler Mahammad Tugha-

lamsha (1323-1345 A. D.) who dethrowned Prataparudra Maharaja and ruled Andhra during the same period. In 1345 the of Andhra Musunuri Kapayanayaka re-captured the help of all local chiefs and dethrowned with Kingdom the muslim rular. From the discussion made above the date

great general the

Swarasastramanjari can be fixed between 1323- 1345 A.D. and inferred from the fact that Ramaraja the brother of the of

yogi

was

Telugu

patronised by Tughalamsha

during the

same period.

literary critics fixed like,

1)

Nelaturi Venkataramanayya,

2)

Chaganti Seshayya,

3)

Sista Ramakrishna Sastri,

4)

T. Susheela,

5)

G, Nagayya,

6)

Arudra.

the great

historian of Andhra,

No doubt Nelaturi Venkataramanayya had shed more on the date of composition of Swarasastramanjari and light collected this manuscript in a matt at Hampi (Karanataka) More

majority of the remaining endorsed Dr. Nelaturi's views.

during 1934.

Scribers Date

A

palm

or less

scholars

:

leaf

copy

of

the

original described

by Majett

This Ms was copied by Majeti Sarvesalingamu Sarvesalingam, saka Virodhi nama samvasara kartika bhahula vidhiya sukravaranV' 1 First preserved at oriental manuscript Madras and 1.

12-12-1829

A. D,

(xxviii)

subsequently transferred to Tirupati was referred by nne. The paim leaf Ms. (No. 2399; measured 17.2 - x 3.2 cm. pages 99 lines 6 on a page, character Telugu condition fair, appearence

mode

fair but is not free from mistakee. It begir The other work Saptaprakarna starts from Fol. 51, a Swarasastramanjari is complete.

old.

on

of unity

Fol.l a,

According to Nidadavolu Venkatarao the scriber Majet Sarvesalingamu was a native of Neelapalli. East Godavari anc son of Salamkayya. He was also scriber of many palmleaf scripts written and supplied to C. P. Brown {1798 - 1884 A, D.) civil servant of British India.

Important and influence of this work: Though most of the important works of the period have taken

the

were

still

Champu form, works written

generally

Intended, for

appeal

the

simple indigeneous form of The yogi might have undertaken to write in what is 'Dvipada'. called 'JANU - TELUGU" and dvipada metre, because the being

in

sanskritic style adopted by the champu writers could not easily be understood by the common masses. In Arudra's "SAMAGRAANDHRA SAHITYAM" (5 Vol p - 133) mention is made of the influence and importance of this work, As opined by him, most of the yogic authors like

kolani

Ganapatideva of Sivayogasaram and Vemana were also in one form or other (pp -* 19 to 30).

influenced

There are very few biographical details about the author's A statement in the work as follows

persona) history.

:

"Sasmasaramadhyatat Sadhakottumudu

ganapanaradhyumdu kamaneeyamurthi" (P-1Q5) Even though he was busy in the household activities he practised and advocated

Swara yoga.

"Samsarajitulaku sahajayogamuna

swarasastrayogambu sarigagadalachi"

(p_ 1 05)

He prescribed swarayoga as Sahajayoga all those people entangled and got defeated in their family life,

who were

(xxix)

This Telugu work explains how good or bad events can be foretold according to the position of the Sun and the Moon. There was a general tradition among the ministers of Telugu

Kingdoms to practice yoga, in the war field activities.

particularly

swarayoga techniques

The whole work is written in a simple, easy to underlanguage and at the same time keeping in view the dignity of the theme. It is hoped that this work of Ganaparadhya of the 14th Century will prove a welcome addition to this field of yoga in particular and Telugu in general. (P-111) stand

Diagnostic approach to Disease in Yoga A,

NADI PARIKSHAi

is

a

Nadi Pariksha

.

Vedic language

In

practice.

JNANA "ATMA"

of

sort

it

VISESHA.

is

basically a Yogic

'DHARA JNANAM".

called

is

:

knowledge, SEERS and such perceived attained MAHAJNANI were called great They respect. SAMYAMl, DHEERA PURUSHA. The word NADI is derived by the root "NALA GANDHA". Here "GANDHA" means sensory derive the word from the root impulses. Some scholars "NARA" as "RAKTA" VACHAKA and "NARIN" as "HRIDAYA It

through which

VACHAKA".

'

NADI"

of the organ

Patanjali

positioned

in

is

provides the

substance to

the

"PRATI SPANDANA" Conducting

"HRIDAYAM".

says that

NABHI, one

"KAYAVYUHA JNANAM" of the entire

a

specialized

be

Therefore this

argument that,

medium

can

by the faculty of SAMYAMANA" can have detailed knowledge of i.e.

structural and functional aspects

body. LINGA PURANA mentions about

the lineage

ACHARYAS belonging to the southern India viz. SILADA NANDIKESWARA-RAVANA ACHARYAS. RAVANA an ACHARYA of

of the all

the

lineage states" Pulse like a lamp, throws light on physiological and pathological states encountered in

above

man.

Nadi Pariksha - a diagnostic approach

The Radionic Association of

in

disease, Dr,

India, Souvenir,

I,

Sanjeevarao,

?988 - p - 51,

(xxx)

Having positioned Yogi properly before the patient, he takes appropriate forearm of the pstient (in case of males the right forearm and in case of females the left forearm) and holds

Then steadying the forearm at elbow he message the INDRA BASTI VARMA in forearm and presses down in a soothening manner along the forearm upto the wrist. The practical technique may be learned it

in his

left

hand.

then proceeds to mildly

from the teacher.

modern physician who concentrate on pulse rhytham, volume, calibre, pulse wave, force, and

Unlike the for its rate,

know the blood circulation and heart's function, the the uses Yogi pulse reading to type the patient into appropriate "DOSHIC PROFILES", such as VATA, PITTA, and KAPHA and

tension to

the intermediate constitutional states

describe the

disease

"TRIDOSHA THEORY" B.

approach

Swara Chintamani - Cha -

come across

Yogic texts^

''DHATUVAISAMYA" or

of Ayurveda,

Clinical and Biochemical In

(PRAKRUTI).

terms of

in

11,

in

Swarayoga

(Slokas

:

5 to 29)

we

the following queries.

It advices to check the sequence between bowel movements and urination. Urination at the time of the left Swara

(Ida) is a healthy sign.

Prana

is

not

during the

But

functioning

right

Swara.

if

the urine

comes

at intervals,

optimally, especially if urination This is an indication of worry

the is

or (mutra) should come, then

anxiety and trouble. First urine excreta (Mala) then gas (vayu). This is a sign of success in any plan. But if all three come together at once definitely the system is disturbed and there is some pranic imbalance

between

Ida

and Pingala.

(Refer - P - 173).

The questions are very interesting and show the scientific Svetaketuyogi tried to answer these questions in the light of the prevalent concepts. He thought of the disease as disequilibrufm of normal body constituents (of the three doshas) and restoration of the equilibrium as the of curiosity.

objective

(xxxi)

was

it

&& ?t

purely

intuitive,

he

a molecular level. This found either in Swarasastra at

dealt

kind of IVtanjan

sure to acknowledge Mr. B. Udayakumara s unfailing help and assistance while

from the |n

rny

original manuscript.

duty

if

|

do not thank Mr. David

3 scientist from

ponsibi lity

U. S. A. on

for the short -

Swarayoga. comings 1

Yours

(

in

Yoga,

M. VENKATA REODY

)

Editor a-Director,

Venftana Yoga. Research

Institute,

Secunderabad,

A

P. India.

sorne more following works have to be add irayoga Sastra (p-184).

Ramdev Sharma-Bombay ra- Ashram Yogic Maharaj

i

natural

f

^lahesh,

the

(1977) Hindi,

Kriya centre, 1/150, Assi, Varanasi.

Datiya (M.

energy

in

P.)

healing by M.

V Reddy,

LE SVAR YOGA

Relations Cultureiles, ~7

and wrongly quoted as Yogananda as on

exercise

INTRODUCTION

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Scientific Studies on 1.

2.

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Yoga Danda effect By Swamy Kuvalayananda and Dr, S. L. Vinekar

....

16O

Electrona^ography Studies

....

162

By Dr. 3.

Swara Yoga

gO

.. 0-

S-

L Vinekar

Significance of Nostrils in

By Dr.

M

V. Bhole and

Dr. P. V. Karembelkar

Breathing

....

163

XXXV 4.

Diurnal Pattern of Nostril Breathing and

A Pilot Study Dr. By Vijayendra Pratap Swara Yoga-

5.

....163

&

164

Relationship between nostril dominance

and grip strength By Dr. A. M. Moorthy, Dr.

16 1 S.

K. Ganguly

and Dr. M. V. Bhole 6.

Alternating cerebral hemispheric activity and the Lateral ization of

autonomic nervous function

By Deboroh A. Werniz 7-

^

8.

....

165

....

166

....

166

et al

Nasal Airflow Asymmetries and

Human 9.

164

et al

Alternating Lateralization of Plasma asa ^ patency in Humnns catecholamines and

By Dr. Brain Kennedy,

....

performance By Raymond Klein

Selective hemispheric stimulation

by unilaterel forced nostril breathing Dr. D- A. Wernt et al

168

for the Brain

10.

Yoga Update-Breathing

11.

Breathe for the better health

12.

A

....

171

173

contemporary view of life force Biology: The Merging of Kundalini Yoga and the neuro sciences

By Dr. David Shannahoff

-

13.

Bibliography on Swarayoga

14.

dsSN

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1

S$a3*

Khalsa ....

184

-..

184

.

tf.

1694-1714)

a f^

16T5-1775)

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(MS) &oi^si NOL 4654/20. sJp^o sSoSi CO

3.

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epo'dfil, ^)?io

-

1924.

1905.

a.

cS^ete^o

S.

oS^^^

6..

^^3^

&

.

tfon*s?a 1928.

^"^^3 fo^ot^s

^

a. e

1

Vol

1X1 983

1/2, L

^&

MS -

-

10288

11482

sari* -

762.

a^ G.3780/1, S s ^c4 R. 635, 4

,

13682,

f

3oiSxr?c& CO

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1967. 2,

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Ornstain R.

A

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The

of

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reading,

W.H.

Human

conjciousness

Freeman

r

Co

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San

Francisco, 19733.

neurologists have descriped the right hemisphere as sad and the left as happy. Kinsbourne M; Nenrologist sad hemisphere, happy hemisphere, Psychology Today, May 1981.

Some

The Mind's

Two

Functions

The ancient symbols, sun and moon, describe two have been known to yogis for countless

functions which

S5jj

generations

and

is

on the verge of being understood by

modern psychology in our time. Yoga describes how two It concerns currents wind up through the spine to the brainOne current our of the two aspects represents the being, but also partially the body's energy and physical activity, the and brain. The other curenergy in the nenous system of mental our mind. rent stands for the aspect being-the psychology has localized the same two functions described by yoga to the two brain hemispheres. Concerning our conscious totality, modern psychology and science in general tend to exaggerate the importance of the

Up

brain at

till

the

now,

cost

of

the

rest of the system, especially

tho

heart.

Here we'll limit ourselves to two short definitions, in deference to the main subject. (For further reading, refer to the titles Swara Yoga and Kundalini Yoga in my book "Yogas Tantra and Meditation in Everyday Life". USA Ballantine, UK-Rider).

One day science will be able to measure the balance between these two functions, Bindu No, 1, Yoga Tantra Meditation, Janakanada, Scandinavan Yoga and Meditation School S-340 13 Hamneda Sweden, 1981-30, 5.

Sex differences seen brain arymmetries/ Brainminy Bulletin, Tune 2, 1980, 5

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concept of Shiva;Shakti, the twin forces existing within each in each individual, can be seen in the etructure of the brain and pranic body, in terms of Ida and 6.

The

tantrlc

e*

(111-17)

-

Pingala.

It

XXVII,

certainly substantiates the idea of a person having positive and the other negitive and even the

two minds, one

theory that there

is

a

male and female side

SWARA YOGA, Swami

in

every one.

Mukthibodhananda saraswati

Bihar school of Yoga, Mungeer. Bihar, 1984, 5.

^

r

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6.

<&.*& S [Sa-^,

1920,

P-55

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The students of Yoga

are

expected to develop

balanced personality, According to Indian concept of Ardhaniarishwar, the right half is supposed to exhibit the male, the vigorous and the intellectual aspect of the being, while the left half is supposed to represent the female, the submissivel

and the emotional aspect of the being, This concept could be substantiated the observation in relation to the yoga group9.

}& 169

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^a-r^ - tf&tfi^jiptftf %.O.M.L Madras.

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Gonguly M, V, Bhole Relationship dominance and grip strength - A Pilot study, SNIPES Journal Vol-V, No,l, PP-77-80 January 1982

9^ A.M. Murthy, 1

1

D, 1301 7

Between

S,K,

Nostriol

purpose of yoga prevent either hemispher That dominating the other, to create the sattvic state. is very little actithere where a in meditate we is why place of trees in the breeze and vity just the simple natural motion In our ashramas we birds. some of the calls

The

occasionally Plant flowers.

Hatha

All this

Yoga,

Vishnu Devananda

-

is

to help

pradiraka

P-3)

calm the mind-

commentary

by Swami

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SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL 1.

DaUl A. and Barber

T. (1969) Yoga "Yogic featsand hypnosis in the hight of empisical research. American Journal of clinical Hypnosis, 11 155-166. :

2.

Exper. Hypn. 3.

Yoga and Hypnosis,

Das. J. P. (1953) 11

:

(1963) yoga and Med. 17: 38-40,

Rao,

S.

int. J.clini

31-37,

autohypnotism-

Brit

J.

,

su^sSifo ^s e3o-/o

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(Tantric Science of Brain Breathing

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The Cakras

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Fig. I

The Cakraa

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Dr.

Yoga

Motoyama's long term study of occupuncture and

has led him to the conclusion that these two based on mainly the same energy system and are closely related. Further more, this close correlation between the chakras, organs and meridians has been scientifically studied with the AM! and other instruments. The correspondence between them is tabled below for the Practice

traditions are

readers reference

;

MERI DIANS AND KI Measurements, Diagnoses and Treatment principles with the AMI

Hiroshi

Motoyama. Ph.D

AMI

S Y S T

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M

tff

-o

JHAKRAS /rafadfw,.

and

ORGANS/TISSUES

MERIDIANS

Urogentaial system

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Svadhishthana

Liver

& Manipura

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Bladder'

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&

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& Vishuddhi

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& Heart

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tcr

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System

Urinary Bladder, Small Intestine'

Vessel

&

Governor Conception

vessel

1

2

Psychophysicological changes due to the performance of the Phowa Ritual, Hiroshi Mctoyama, Research for Religion and Para Psychology No-17, Dec- 1987, P-36

diagnoses and Meridians and Kl, measurements, Treatment Principles with the AMI, By Hiroshi Motoyama, Research for Religion and Para Psychology No.

16,Dec1986,

.

ssc.0

1

^

soaSb

feS.

Yoga chudamani upanishad explains the Sahasrara Chakra as follows: "At the top of the head (the Brahman gate), or at Mahabatin, there are one thousand Petals'.

Fiftyoae parts of the cerebram

Kg.

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Motoyama,

Madras, 1981.

Bridge

to higher

The Theosophical

conciousness by

Publishing

House

&'tfr38$5* 3

c5SjTo

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"

PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS The System

helps one to understand how states are directly related to and experienced in specific parts of the body. A disturbance in a bodily function can be understood a physical manifestation cf a disturbancs in the psychological functioning related to a of chgkras

particular mental-emotional

specific chakra.

For example,

bowel problems can occur as

colitis,

diarrhea,

a result of the fear

and othe~ and anxiety

experienced in the fi f st chakra m-de of conciousness. Asthma another condition that results from a disturbances! manipura.

is

For an asthmatic, the adrenal glands, which are located Manipura Chakra, do not secrete enough adrenalin. The asthmatic lacks the charge Of energy that the in the region of the

adrenal glands provide. In some cases cortisone, another harmone from the adrenal glands, is used to treat asthma.

Other

conditions

to disturbances in nervosa and bulimia, which the fifth chakra.

related

third chakra include anorexia

also

related

to issues in

the are

cises in

therapist may ask the client to do mental exer. which the client concentrates on the chakra that is

related

to the

Yoga

disturbed functioning.

particular center helps to

Concentration on

a

and bring the disturbance to the foreground of one's conciousness, where can be more readily res.lved. energize that center

it

(PsychotherapyEast and West by Swami Ajaya Pujx The Hirnafayan International Institute of Yoga Science and philcsphy of the U.S-AHonsdale, Pennsylvania 1983, pp - 268 - 269)

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The human.

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T6
Appendix Scientific Studies 1.

Swsmf

-

VI f

on Swara DR. S.L Vinekar

Kut/afayananda

(1883-1&66)

Yoga

-

Dsnda

Many

(1907-1967)

Effect

:

Yogirts are not

They

Summary satisfied

that the

two

with such mere alternate

made to work evenfy, i.e., there shoufd be bfockade of no nostril, when one starts these Pfanayamrc exercise, It rs onFy then, they say, that one can get the best results cfaimed for them by Yoga. To open up the nostrils, they take the hetp of a contrivance called 'Yoga-Danda' ('Kubadi' in Northern fndfan Fanguages). This is a she ft crutch! Jke stfck, about two and a haff feet high, which is used to press upon the a& a man would fame arm-pits/ just use a crutch. The aim-pit opposite to the bfocked nostril is bfeathmg.

frcsist

nostrils should be

subjected to this pressure. One just sits with the 'crutch' in the arm-pit supporting oneseff to some extent on the same. And this does work, i.e.. does open up tae opposite blocked nostril within a few seconds.

161

The whole problem

is

being taken

up

for investigation in

Kaivalyadhama laboratories. It is too early to say anything That there is a usual blockade of one lite in the matter. e

nostrils

and that

this

blocked

nostril

does open with

>ure exerted on the opposite arm-pit has been confirmed imber of times in the laboratories. (Fig. 7). To modern

even the alternate blockade of one of the nostrils mething new. And, there is, at least for the present no iology,

omico-physicl-gica! explanatio fcr the phenomenon, but >eleave, it must have something to do wjth sympathetic rvation. tise

We

have,

however,

nt in bringing about a

lave ;c

good

clinical

evidence to

breathing, may help to some 'balance' in the system, and hence

that this 'alternate

made ourselves bold

to refer to this form of traditional

breathing method, Fig, 7

YOGA-DAN DA EFFECT kymograhic recor to show how a partial congestion in nostril can be relieved in a matter of a few seconds by ting pressure on the opposite arm-pit. In the above rec_rd,

A

pens have been arranged to give equal calibration. Left This is contirmed by changing Til shows partial blocking. Then the pens, both for ordinay and forceed breathing. on the same i.e., left arm-pit a-Danda is placed under the but the nostril left the There is practically no effect on blocked to osite open one is showing a tendenery get The Yoga-Danda is then shifted to the opposite itly. -pit The result is almost immediate as can be seen in this The left nostril has opened in about 25 seconds and rd. i

.

162 the pressure

exerted

by the breath from the two nostrils is Even when the Yoga-Danda is removed, the pressure of breath remains equal for a long time, but again the right nostril is showing partial congestion this time. YogaDanda kept in the arm-pit on the same side has again failed almost equal.

to

effects.

produce required

YOGfC THERAPY Swami Kuvalananda and S.L Vinekar

A New

Approace

in

-

Neurological Research

p-48 :

Summary

ElectronasographY Studies:

It

was found that the electrical potential recorded from mucous membrane, got influenced by the breathing

the nasal

and the psycological

state of the subject This new as branch was named 'Electronasography, There is a hypothesis that the endings of the nervi terminalae are scattered in the activity

olfactory

mucous membrene and these nerves have

ramifica-

tions going to the various centres controlling autonomic reactiThe controlled stimulation given by the respiratory vity.

processes of Yogo probably produce activation of some of these centres which may give rise to various psychophysiological experiences.

Nasal potentials were recorded under a variety of conditions such as Ujjayi Pranayama with and without Kumbhaka, rapid breathing, and deep breathing.

It

was f ^und

that in case of meditation

and Trataka where

the respiration slows down, automaticallg the electrical pstenExistence of differences in the potentials tials were reduced. on right and left nostrils was also revealed in this study which

were independent of breathing Raf.

:

Vinekar

S. L.

75-79, 1966.

activity.

Electronasography' Neunlogy, India ,15,:

163 Significance

of Nostrils in Breathing

DR. M. V. Bhole

and

DR.

lp%

SUMMARY:-

As

far as

V. Karambelkar

P.

-,.-.

*M

the authors know, modern medi-

etc. make on clear physiology, pathology, of two nostrils, mention about the purpose of the existence unequal breathing was noted Out of 204 observations, the subject were at rest wnen in 174 observations (85.5%), swara yoga that usually of This observation supports the claim It Is seen is not equal. nostiils the through both the

cal

sciences

like

breathing the nostri! opposite to the side on which the Yoga-Danda the same side starts working applied opens or the nostril on

that is

less

than before.

Some volunteers could change the dominance of one breathing

merely by

their will

Diurnal Pattern of Nostril Breathing

An

nostril

without any meohanical help.

Exploratory Study,

DR. Vijayendra Pratap

KAIVALYADAMA LONAVLA 41

0403

POONA

-

164

SUMMARY dominance nostril breathing some times through right and some times through left and some times equally through both the nostrils does occur. Variation in The

:-

of

the

preponderence of breathing though right or left observed in 89 patients and 10 normal subjects.

Svara Yoga

SUMMARY:-

show

Results

women, dominance

A

:

of nostril

Pilot

nostrils

Study men and 19 either right, left

that out of 21

breathing

was

both equal or doubtful. This shows that these subjects did in

dominance

of nostril breathing

were

or nasal air flow.

It

differ

may

be

suggested here that the olfactory system as a whole (i.e. including the n3n olfactory path ways) plays an impcrtant part in the control of breath. EmDtional conditions can induce changes in

breathing which are

nostril

mechanism

known

to

all

of us, but the

Five elements are also responsible for the field of influence of the breath. Research in this field is still

unclear.

must also establish the bilateral and ing on the hemispheres.

insilateral effect of breath-

Moorthy. A.M., Ganguly. Relationship between

Strength

S.K.; Bhole M.V.

dominance and A Pilot Study

nostril -

grip

SUMMARY

:Static grip strength of both the hands more the right nostril was open for breathing in 30 physical educationists while 34 asthma patients showed just the reverse

when

trend.

the

In

39 yoga practioners the grip strength was more on

same side

as that of the nostril.

SNIPES Journal

Vol. 5:1, 77-80,

1922

Alternating cerebral hemispheric activity and the lateralizaautonomic nervous function.

tion of

Deborah. A. Werntz,

Shannahoff Khalasa,

SUMMARY: pheric

activity

R,G. Bickford, F.E.BIaonft, andD.S.

Human

neurobiology,

Alternating

2:

dominance of

was demonstrated

in

39-43, 1983. cerebral hemis-

human by

use of the

electroencephalogram (EEC). Relative changes of electrocortical activity have a direct correlation with changes in the relative

165 nostril

isa

dominance, the so-called nasal cycle.

phenomenon where efficiency

The nasal cycle

of breathing alternates predo-

minantly through right or left nostril with a periodicity ranging from 25 to greater than 200 minutes. Relatively greater inte-

one hemisphere correlates with predominant grated EEG value in airflow in the contralateral nostril defining a new interrelationand peripheral autonomic ship between cerebral dominance nervous function. D.S. Shannahoff-Khalsa

President of the Khalsa foundation for medical science[, Box. 2708, Del Mar CALJFORMA-92014. U. S. A.

P. 0-

Alternating Lateralizatlon of plasma catecholamines and patency in Humans. Brain Kennedy,MachaefG. Ziegler,

nasal

David S.

Shannahoff

Khalasa,

life

science.

Vol. 38,

PPr:

1203-1214.

SUMMARY:

The

hose

parasympathetic innervation nating

dominance

of

both sympathetic and manifested by the alteractivity on one side with

receives that

sympathetic

is

166 concurrent

dominance on the autonomic function, known

parasympathetic

ultradian rhythm

of

cycle, averages 2-3 have shown that the

hours

in

nasal

cycle

other.

This

as the nasal

Previous experiments length. is correlated in an inversely

coupled fashion to the alternating dominance of activity in the two cerebral hemispheres, suggesting a common mechanism Here we show that there is an alternation in of regulation. catecholemine levels of blood drawn from anticubital veins that may also correlate with the nasal cycle. Radioenzymatic

measurement of norepinhrina, epinephrine' and dopamine in blood sampled simultaneously from both arms every 7.5 minutes levels

nating

3-6 hours demonstrated alternating high catecholemine in one of the two arms. This alter-

for periods of

of

lateralization

of

was abserved in 7 human male subjects. The two arms also parallels the

neurotransmitters

out of 7 experiments using resting ratio of norepinephrine in the

pattern of airflow in the nasal cycle, This study that the autonomic nervous system may alternate

suggests in activity

through paired structures. C. Nasal Airflow

Rajmond

Alymmetries and Human

performance.

Keein, David pifon and Susan Prasser, Biological

phychology 23 (1986) 127-137.

SUMMARY

:Recent

studies of the nasal cycle and forced

uni-nostril breathing have demonstrated that integrated EEC amplitudesare greater over the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant (less congested) or unblocked nostrl. Two experiments were designed to determine if asymmetries in nasal airflow,

occurring naturally as a result of the nasal cycle or artificallyas a result of forced uni-nojnril breathing have consequences for human performance on jfbal and spatial tasks that are preferentially

performed by thcajft and

right

hemispheres

A

significant relationshJH/vas obtained breathine nasal airflow with

verbai performance

respectively.

between the and relative

uni-nostril breathin

pattern of spatial vs

had no

effect

on perfermence. Selective nostril

D.

breathing;

stimulgtion

by

Wernt

R-

3,

Shannahoff-KhalsHBman Neurobiology

unilaternal forced B.

Bickfcrd

(1987) 6

and

167

SUMMARY:- We

have previously demonstrated by the amplitudes, that an ultranian rhythm of alternating cerebral dominance -exists in humans. This rhythm the nasal cycle, since its lateralization is tightly coupled with

integration

EEG

of

correlates with shifts

where

in

airflow

through

the

left

and

right

integrated amphtudes in one hemisphere correspond to predominant Airflow in the contraThe nasal cycle is known to be regulated by lateral nostril. nostrils,

relatively greater

and parasympatheiic branches of the autosystem. This dynamic lateralization of alternating activity in the autonomic nervous system exists in other peripheral structures and also in erv to be the made or regulaThis paper shows that forced notion of the corticol rhythm. tne sympathetic matic

nervous

one

nostril produces a relativen incerease in the contralateral the EEG amplitude hemisphere. This phedemonstrated in 5 was of 5 untrained subjects. out nomena tril

breathing

in

in

suggest the possibility of a non-invasive approach in the treatment of states of psychopathology where lateralized cerebral dysfunction have been shown to occur.

These

results

168

Yoga Updade

Breathing for The Brain Breath through your nose

in,

out

in,

out. Hold a mirror

front of your nostrils. You'll find the pools of condensation from your two nostrils are different in size. in

Peculiar, isn't

eyes, hear

with

it? At any given moment you see with both both ears, yet breathe mainly through one

nostril.

This dominance lasts anywhere from one hour to more than three hours, then reverses over a period of minutes. The yogis of ancient India first discovered this subtle rhythm and its mental correlates more than 5,000 years ago though the "nasal cycle" itself wasn't documented in the West until the We now know the nasal cycle is just one late 19th Century. of the body's

many

to three hourf

sound

"ultradian" rhythms short cycles of one many metabolic functions and perceptual :

in

abilites.

Recently this nasal cycle has re-emerged as a promising focus of scientific research. My colleagues Floyd Bloom of the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, CA,

and Deborah Werntz of the University of California, San Diegoand followed the advice of Yogi Bhajan, a U.S. master of Kundalini Yoga. We investigated a supposed relationship between the nasal cycle and a rhythm in brain hemisphere domiI

nance.

It

we

window on the brain: activity may prove valuable in mental disorders. On a practical level, it may give us

The nasal rhythm, hemisphere

found,

reflects

is

a

and

treating a way to help shift our brains toward

more

logical thought, or

the other way, to intuitive insight.

The

thought to house two hemisphere engages intelligence. in linear activities such as language and calculation. The right seems to deal with more abstract, aesthetic and spatial brain's

different kinds of

skills.

hemishpheres

are

The

left

169

Now

it

seems

the

that

hemispheres alternate

our dominant

mode

in

a

steady

rhythm. On the average, from left to right hemisphere and back again about 10 times every 24 hours. That means you may have more luck balancing a of thinking shifts

checkbook during an episode of left-brain dominance and enjoy the arts more when your right brain is "on." Our studies show that you can tell which side of the brain at any given time. You just test which nostril you're dominant is most. Right-nostril dominance goes with left-brain activity, using the right brain. But beyond that, by forcing a with left-nostril in you can actually stimulate the less breathing switch your active hemisphere.

A

can activate the right the left

person breathing through the

hemisphere simply

nostril, and vice

by forcing

right nostril air

through

versa.

The possible uses of this brain/breathing switch are fascinating. If we're right about the brain's division of power, changes shift our moods and attitudes. in breathing patterns could helf For example,

hours or so.

work If

performance

shifting

modes

every two cause on-the-job way to break out of

fluctuates

usually

of intelligence

doldrums breathing exercises could be

a

them.

Long ago, the yogis advocoted forced-nostril breathing to pattern of "thought waves. They observed deep sleep is induced more quickly wiih left-nostril breathing, aided by lying on the right. Appetite and digestive ability were high during right-nostril dominance. And the yogis claimed sexual union was most satisfying when the male was breathing through the alter the

right nostril; the

woman, through

the

left.

The yogis also believed that acute mental discomfort could be alleviated by forced breathing through the congested nostril. Breathing exercises designed to balance the hemispheres and

promote mental development became central to living

(p

their

everyday

171).

How does it all work? The precise connection between the lowly nose and the lofty mrnd remains unclear. But the brain's tiny control center, the hypothaiamus, is surely a crucial go-between.

It

affects the

whole body.

170

Through the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the hypothaiamus or chestrates a myriad of body activities that are not under conscious control, from gastric contractions to goosebumps The ANS is made up of two separata nerve networks-the sympathetic and the parasympathetic -with opposite actions on any given organ. Sympathetic nerves usually constrict blood vessels, for instance, while parasympathetic nerves dilate them. Ihe nasal cycle is generated by constricting the blood vessels in one nostril, opening it wider, and dilating them in the other. Surprisingly, the nasal cycle may reflect nervous system in the entire body, as my recent experiments with Michael Ziegler and Brian Kennedy of the University of California San Diego show. When the right nostril is dominant, its blood vessels are constricted, suggesting greater sympathetic

rhythms

activity

on the body's right side. And, indeed, we found relative increases in norepinephrine-a neurotransrnitter that reflects sympathetic activity-in the right

We left

may

arm during

find that the

sides of the body,

metabolic

right nostril

activities

dominance. of the right and

as governed

by this autonomic rhythm, are as different as the brain hemispheres. The thymus gland, master regulator of the immune system, has a left and a right, lobe.

Lymph nodes, which spread

to the left and right, are partly

governed by the sympathetic nervous system. So brain hemisphere rhythms could be reflected in the immune system.

As we learn more about the two halves of the brain, the importance of controlling their rhythms may become more significant. For example, studies done by psychiatrist Pierre FlorHenry of the University of Alberta suggest schizophrenia may involve more abnormal left-brain activity; depression shows greater right- brain dysfunction.

Could the breathing exercises discovered by the yogis help with mental illness? In an era dominated by drugs and high-tech scanners, it would ba ironic if so simple a procedure as altering ojr breathing patterns could give temporary relief from moodiness or madness. Davjd Shannahoff-Khalsa, of the president

Khals^ Foundation for Medical Science, P.O. Box 2708, Del Mar,

CA

92014, 619-755-0539

American Health, November

86

171 Ancient Exercises

Breathe for Better Health

These breathing exercises may be useful in regulating the cycle and balancing brain hemisphere activity. Though they haven't been tested by neuroscientists, they come from KundaThey're certainly .iini Yoga as it has been taught by Yogi Bhajan. !

safe to try, with a

few cautions:

you're epileptic, or drugs or alcohol.

when

Don't

driving a car, or

these exercises

try

if

under the influence of

MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL BALANCE This very simple breathing exercise creates a relaxed, broad TW?ntal

view that

is

very cantering, and has baen used

in

the tre-

atment of angina, Sit

with your spine straight, close your eyes and focus them

your nose and eye-brows meet, Use your on tha point where the end of your right nostril rest your left cover to right thumb inhale and slowly through your left nostril. Then hand in your lap

:

remove your thumb, place your right little finger over the end of your left nostril and exhale slowly through your right nostril. Than inhale through the right and exhale through the left. Repeat this alternating pattern. Do not hold your breath *n once you've inhaled; begin to exhale

immediately.

once you're

Also,

done

exhaling, inhale immediately.

so

The more powerful the breath, the more powerful the effect, moderately at first. Continue for a maximum of 11

start

minutes,

less at first

If

you

like.

EXPANDING AND INTERGRATING THE MIND This exercise also releases tension, stimulates the lism, ight,

metabo-

provides ene'gy and is very hBaling. With your spine sit on the floor with legs crossed, or in a chair with

str-a*

both

same

manner as In the same manneras in the first brain exercise> Relax both hands in your lap. If you can, extend your tongue out of your mouth and

feet flat

on the floor. Close your eyes

curl in into a

in

the

U-shape. Inhale through the curled tongue by break-

172 Ing the breath

into eight equal parts.

(If

you're

unable-

to curl

inhale

ineight parts through your nose.) Then your tongue, close your mouth and exhale through your nose, again breakinq the breath into eight equal parts. Continue: eight parts in

through the curled tongue and eight parts out through the nose, at about two parts per second. Begin with a few minutes five to 10 is the maximum in the beginning and slowly build up the time by until you reach a maximum of 31 a minute or two everyday,

minutes. D,S.K,

for the new audio tape an "Creative Breathing: Right and Left Brain/' send S9.95 plus S1.95 handling, to A. H. Audio, Box

2830, Hendersonville,

NC 28793-2830,

American Health, November 8S

173

A CONTEMPORARY VIEW OF THE

LIFE

FORCE BIOLOGY

:

MERGING OF KUNDALINI YOGA AND THE NEUROSCIENCES 1

DAViD SHANNAHOFF-KHALSA Del Life

The Khaisa Foundation for Mar, CA 92104, USA Force Meridians and

Medical Science, P.O. Box 2708,

theAutonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The ancient concepts of ida pingula, and sushumna as the major channels for the flow of life force energy, or prana, within the body and how they relate to metabolism will be introduced here with related scientific studies. In yogic medicine, for energy flowing on the left ida means a channel or meridian the right. Both ida side of the body, with pingula flowing on three

and pingula are adjacent to the central meridian, sushmna, which corresponds to the anatomical vicinity of the spinal. In yogic

medicine, ida and pinguia are also expressed in the activity of where they are specifically related to the sympath-

nerve fibers, etic

and parasympathetic fiber

systems on the two side of the

body.

When

pingula

is active, i.e.

dominant,

airflow

through the

dominates and the left nostril is relatively congested. And when ida is dominant, nasal airflow is greater in the The first releft nostril, with a relative congestion in the right. right nostril

corded observation of

this

phvsiological

phenomena

of nasal

western science was in 1889 by the German Physician, Kayser. He termed this relative congestion/decongestion of nasal turbinates the "nasal cycle". In 1895, Kayser described this phenomena as an expression of the alternation of peripheral vasomotor tone on the two sides of the body. He noticed the following autonomic phenomena to correlate with right-left dominance

in

phases of the nasal cycle: the relative lateralization of dialation and constriction of pupils; variations in iacrimal gland activity and nasal mucosa secretions; and redness in the inner ear. This in

the

was West

the that

first

scientific

supports yogic

report

of

physiology.

though the nasa! cycle was studied in tories around the world and reported on

many

an

observation

However, different

in scientific

even

labora-

journals,

1. Paper presented at first International Conference on Medicine Madras, India, Feb 27-March 1, 1987.

it

Energy

174

was

not until Beiokert

in

1951 again studied simultaneously other

phenernena regulated by autonomic activity. He made similar observations to Kayser and called these changes the "halfsided rhythms of vegetative innervation". He even wondered if there was any correlation of the nasal cycle with a similar phenomena in cerebral circulation. But he found no evidence of this. Although, he did find a report by Spnngorum and Centenera (1937) giving evidence of lateraiized flow patterns in the kidneys,

was studied by otorhinolaryngaloStoksted 1952. 53, 60; Keuning for gists (Heetderks, review, 1968; Hasagawa and Kern 1978) from the perspectiue of chronic unilateral or bilateral nasaf obstruction. Many of these studies were inspired by attempts to develop medications to As a result, relieve nasal congestion (see Soubeyrand, 1984). the anatomy and physiology for regulation of the nasal cycle was studied fn depth. It was found that both sympathetic and Primarily, the nasal cycle

1927;

parasympathetic nerves that innervate the nasal mucosa on both sfde alternate in their patterns of dominance to produce the nasal cycle. When sympathetic dominance occurs on the right, vasoconstriction produces decongestion of greater

airflow.

Simultaneously,

that passage

and hence

parasympathetic

dominance

manifests in the left nostril, causing congestion of that nasal airway. This right-left relationship is what yogis call greater Greater activity of ida nadr would be the activity of pingula. reverse with dominant sympathetic activity on the left and par-

sympathetic on the right*

Mind And Metabolism The nasaf cycle is the key to understanding how mind and metabolism are coupled via the ANS. The work by Werntz, Bickford, Bloom, and Shannahoff-Khalss (198u, 81, 83) demonstrated

how

the nasal cycle was coupled to the ultradian rhythms of the alternating lateral (ration of cerebra! hemispheric activity. This

modern physiologies! technibetween the right and dominance ques, any pattern of alternating human in left hemispheres during waking subjects. This innate is not only linfunction of central nervous system (CMS) rhythm the same phedoubt no is but ANS to the peripheral ked rhythm, enough, Remarkably from a different nomenon studied viewpoint. nasal along the and cycle the of cerebral the relationship rhythm wrth other peripheral correlates was part of the yogic working

was

the first study to show, using

175

knowledge thousands of years ago, EEG experiments during sleep, have also provided evidence for rhythms of alternating cerebral hemispheric activity in humans et aU 1972), (Barcaro, et aU 1986; Banquet, 19B3; Goldstein, cerebral of hemispheric activity is This phenomena alternating REM non of REM and the to sleep (Barcaro, et al phases coupled

1986; Banquet 1933; Goldstein, et

Werntz

al.

1972.

980, 83, 83 (- standard both hemiHz we^e from 1-35 of both The hemispheres amplitudes spheres. simultaneously rectified, integrated and subtracted usin^ a In

the experiments by

EEG monts93 was used

to record

et al,

EEG

(

activity over

Drohocki-type integrator (Goldstein and Beck, 1366j to indicate which hemisphere had greater EEG amplitudes.

According to the ancient science of Kundalim Yoga the more dominant hemisphere Is contralateral to the active nostril, Mowever, according to much of the literature on EEG studies,, to reduced mengreater EEG amplitudes supposedly correspond This was a controversial point -in the Uterature and discussed in Werntz, et aJ (198,<) and in greater depth by Werntz. Bickford, Shannahoff-Khalsa (1987 in press).

tal activity.

is

Although psychological studies performed by Klesn and Arcerebral hemispheres alterroitage (-979) suggest that the two nate during waking, the*r study did rtot include the n-8sa! cycle or other related autonomic phenomena. Klein, P4lon, Prosser, and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1936) did a study with 126 nghi-har.ded 1. Moorthy A,M. et al P-164 males (66) and females (70) to assess

which hemisphere corresponded to the dominant nostril. They used the same psychological tasks -as Klein andArmitage (1979) for the verbal and spatial, or left and right hemispheric skills^ nostril domirespectively. Klein et aU (1986) showed that ngnt nance with correlated greater verbal performance and that left nostril dominance correlated with greater spatial performance, This supports the yogic claim of eontraiateral dominance, which when also considered from the neuroanatomical point of view,

would be the expected orientation. Another study by Beubel and Shannahaff-Khalsa

(

98T,

in

submission) supported the same contraiateral relationship of nostril and hemisphere. This experiment had 23 subjects who completed the tasks which differed from those of Klein et aU

176 (1986). These results also showed a significant correlation of the side of unilateral forced nostril breathing on increased mental activity in the contrafateral hemisphere independent of in-

itial

was

dominance The relationship of cerebral dominance and nasal airflow studied by Bell and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1985) therusing

mistors for bilateral

tympanic

measurements

nasal

and

membrane temperature

thermistors

for

(TMT) measuring airflow

Three other studies all suggest that increased cortical is associated with a relative decrease in TfvlTs.

activity

The studies by Werntz et al. (1983), Klein et al. (1986), Beuble and Shannahoff-Khalsa (1987), and Bell and ShannahoffKhalsa (1985) all suggest that whan the nasal cycle switches dominance, the cerebral hemispheres do as well, and vice versa In yogic medicine, supposedly this rhythm in healthy individuals, under normal and unstressed conditions (not laboratory environ-

ments where

activities are limited) goes through 10 cycles/day, an producing average for the rhythm of 2.5 hours duration In the review by Keuning (1968), he summarizes the work of some authors on the length of the nasal cycle. "According to Heetderks

(1927) Stoksted (1953) and Flottes

(1961)

80%

of their cases

showed an average cycle

length of 3 hours. !n the remaining 20% Flottes found cycle lengths of up to 8 hours Heetderks states that in about 20% of the cases there was fluctuation without

cycle of reaction, that is, one side of the nose was swelling and emptying without the opposite phase on the other side. Heet-

derks states that in the same individual the cycle was not the same under apparently the same conditions while Flottes found the cycle lengths about the same on repeated examinations."

Keuning (1968) studied 17 normal males in their twenties and found a range of 2-7 hours, with an average of 4 hours and 20 minutes. All these studies are done in the laboratory using sub-

groups varying in age and probably with some variation in the restriction of locomotor activity, etc. However, these results

ject

are similar to the yogic claim of 2.5 hours.

When we consider the length of time of the ultradian rhythm REM and non REM sleep, we have an average of 80-120 minutes, where non REM gets shorter over the night and REM gets of

longer.

177

No doubt

the supposed night time correlate of the cereas it must reflect some kind of compensation varies rhythm or re-euilibration for daytime lenghts, which would help to reestablish homeostasis. In the ancient science of Kundalini Yoga, bra!

REM sleep ana left nostril non REM of Also, somnabulism, or the sleep. sleep equivalent medicine takes place during to ycgic sle^p walking according

right nostril sleep is the equivalent of is

dominance.

left nostril

The work of the Sperry (1954), and others, with split-brain patients, lities,

or

shows us that their are two separate minds, personadomains of consciousness, one for each hemisphere,

can operate independently, This commissures are disconnected.

is

when

apparent

Upon

testing,

the cerebral

the hemisphere

is initially presented with the stimulus produces a resconsultation of the other. This results in such without ponse different reactions that one is lead to believe that two very

which

separate "personalities" exist.

Many

other studies on the hemispheres support this differeThe asymmetry of human emotion is summarized

ntial function.

He states that "the patient with in a review by Bear (1983). right-hemisphere damage may be severely impaired by unconcern unrealistic assessement of emotional priorities, and failures in emotional communication", while often results in aphasia.

left-hemisphere

Fior-Henry's (1979) classic work comparing

damage more

right

and

left

temporal lobe foci epileptics reveals a preponderance of mood and affective disorders with right-sided foci, and a thought disorder, which he termed 'schizophreniform psychosis" to be statistically more prevalent with foci in the left temporal lobe. In

the investigation of

Me

Intyre et al.

(1976), again com-

paring left versus right temporal lobe epileptics, showed that right foci produced an

agressivity

agressive pattern compared with a controlled

a

study on

"impulsive"

"reflective"

pro-

file of those with left foci

Other classic studies on

differential hemisphere mentality, and Cecotto (1959) and Rossi and Rosadini (with by Terzian used review, 1967), hemisphere inactivation by injection with

178

sodium amobarbital. The results were statistically consistent showing that barbiturization of the left hemisphere usually produced the "depressive-catastrophic" reaction, and a "euphoricmaniacal" reaction was produced when the right hemisphere

was

put to sleep. In

view of the discovery of

this natural

rhythm of the dyna-

lateralization of cerebral activity, a

fascinating observation

by Lynn (reported in Ischlondsky 1955) stand. He described how two "antipode

or diametricall-opposed"

mic

is

now

easier to under-

in two female multiple personality disorder (MPD) would alternate with a simultaneous switching jn

personalities,

patients,

peripheral vasomotor tone on the two sides of the body. Lynn described the two personalities as (1), impulsive, irresponsible,

mischevious and vindictive,

full of

rebellion

with hate toward other people around

against

her, using

authority.

abusive langu-

age, scaring other patients with lurid tales of state hospitals and sex relations, and (2) as dependent, submissive, shy, self-effacing, affectionate

obedient, and sought

affection

and approval

from those previously abused. The agressive personality was dominant in the right nostril and the shy personality was dominant in the left nostril. This shifting in personality and AIMS function is consistent with the yogic understanding of the correlation of personality with nostril dominance. In fact, in yogic medicine, it is known that an individual can learn to consciously

switch hemispheres/nostrils

at

span of one breath, to adopt the "proper" mode of function to suit the circumstances. The switching phenomenon exhibited with MPD suggests that this normal neurological mecwill, within the

hanism

for

ptation

in

Two

switching cerebral dominance is also useful for adaextreme situations like dissociative disorders.

minds, two separate computers, or two separate modes wax and wane with each other throughout the 24

of intelligence

hour cycle. The left computer is dominant with greater activity of ida, and the right computer with pingula. The hemispheres and nostrils are one way to look at the balance of activity of ida

and pingula According to yogic medicine, the dominance of on the left or pingula on the right is manifested throughout

ida

the

,

179 entire periphery as is furthhr documented This would suggest that studying

in

in

ANS

MPD

the periphery

may also

reflect the

the

two cases

function"

"ultradian

of

elsewhere

rhythm of ida

and pinguia". Other Studies or Later'Q^z^ion^ i

ANS^^tiyj^in

the Periphery

Again in yogic medicine, the phenomena of lying on one side and generating a change in ANS function is familiar. Yogis know that lying on the right side, or applying pressure under the right armpit

on the fifth

intercostal

space while vertical, can

if desired. The reverse more primitive mechanism for activatcompared to "mentally controlling'' the

activate the left nostril-right hemisphere is

also possible. This is a

ing the

hemispheres

ANS-CNS dominance as enough, scientific

real yogis can simply do. Interestingly on this phenomena of posture and

studies

dominance have been carried out in several Potdar (1970) report that changes in the and Rao laboratories. nasal the cycle can be accomplished by sitting in either ph ase of

pressure on nasal

under the armpit or lying position with the pressure have been confirmed by results These side. the horizontal on a vertical

Cole and Haight (1984), Haight and Cole (1984), Cole and Height (1986). Prior to these studies, some researchers noticed that nasal dominance. However, they assuposition could influence med tfrat gravity plaved a role in the changes of blood tSow causing congestion. Yogis have a!so the right side,

compared

to the

left,

that lying on to induce deep

discovered will help

the sleep more rapidly since left nostril dominance helps engage REM non sleep. right hemisphere and

Sweating patterns, termed hemihidrotic reactions, that differ on the two side of the body as a result of pressure reflexes are reviewed by Takagi and Kobayashi (1955). These "skin pressurereflexes'' are discussed as having therapeutic value vegetative and also in relationship

to the

nasal

cycle,

lung function

and

other organs influenced by the antagonistic effects of the symalso found pathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. They that a pressure point on the hip could act similarly to the armpit When these two point, although it was weaker in influence. what they sides on they produce opposite points are activated called the "crossed-hemihidrotic reaction'-', i.e., a lateralized

180 the body was reversed on sweating pattern on the top of lower half.

Eccles and Eccles (1981)

make comparisons

the

of normal and

how "stress abnormal asymmetries in ANS function and state be balance may disrupted or with hypothaiamic instability this and result in the marked autonomic asymmetry seen in migraine or Meniere's

syndrome".

of patients presenting Riga (1957) did a clinical analysis Patients with obstobstruction. with right or left chronic nasal with a range affected more frequently ruction on the right were of

both physical and psychological disorders

disorClearly degrees of symptomatology in psychosomatic ders, as well as states of mind in healthier conditions, are couunderstood pled to this pendulum of ida and pingula, And unless in

the familiar physiological terms,

concepts of "ida"

western

scientific

it

not surprising

is

why

the

and "pingula" have been so difficult for the mind to grasp. Simply, ida and pingula desc-

ribe the functional relationship

between

the

mind as two

sepa-

computers and the metabolic correlates in the alternating rhythm of ANS activity. The ANS is the neurel matrix that links mind with metabolism.

rate

The two hemispheres also play in the regulation of the

a

remarkably

immune system.

Renoux

different role et

ai,

(1983)

and later Neveu et ai. (1986) in mice demonstrated a result of fundamental significance in the newly founded field of psychon-

eurormmunology

Renoux

et a}.

(1983)

showed

that "partial

ablation of the left fronto-parretaf cerebral cortex decreases the number of spleen T cells, impairs IgG-alpha sheep red blood cell

and rnitogen-induced responses, and delays the response to allIn contrast, these events are increased following a

oantigens.

symmetrical lesion of the right neocortex.

The findings extend previous results showing that the neocortex modulates Natural Killer activity and the efficacy of T cellspecific serum factors". This result and the finding of natural rhythms in cortical activity brings a new facet into play ''the rhythms of laterality and immunity".

181

The Basic Rest Activity Cycie and Cerebral Intelligence Stoksted (1953) and that the

changes

shows

Eccies

(1978) had

hypothalamus may be responsible in

nasal resistance.

earlier

proposed

for regulating cyclical

Experimental

evidence

in

the cat

that the

hypothalamus does directly influence sympathetic innervation of the nasal mucosa both unilaterally and bilaterally (Eecles and Lee. 1981, Malcomson 1959).

In

the right nostril-left

ted even

if

the left

switch can happen

mechanism that gence of the

in less

than a

second.

This

ss

an adaptive

used to quickly access and utilize the intellihemisphere for the "basic knowledge" needed

is

left

to survive. This

when

the fight or flight response engages, hemisphere system is instantaneously inirianostril-right hemisphere is dominant This

yogic science,

correlates

with the

ergotrophsc

rage-related

Hess and others. The case function and personality pro-

sympathetic activities discovered by

immediate shifting of ANS MPD (Ischlondsky, 1955) is another example nature can utilize normal mechanisms for survival,

of the

riles in

A

similar "polarity of

mind"

is

observed

in

of

hew

the structure of

personality in the three cases of extreme function discussed above barbiturization of one side; hyper-excttablity of one side :

temporal lobe epHepsy; or with MPD.

These are the ends of spectrum that one might expect to find beyond the normal limits of function with the BRAC. In yogic medicine, pinguia and ida are also described as being "hot" and "cold", or "sun" and "moon", and "male" and "female", for the function of right nostril-left hemisphere and left nostril-right hemisphere dominance, respectively. It seems that the pendulum described bv in

the

the yogis for the relationship

and pinguia

is

of the

mental correlates for Ida

consistent with western concepts.

Self-Regulation of Cerebral Intelligence and

The third major and central meridian,

ANS

Function

sushumna,

is

related

to spinal canal. According anatomically region fluid and brain spinal the of when the chemistry Yogic medicine, are equis "conditioned" and the "energies" of ida and pinguia

to

the

of the

182 state of consciousness is possible. ally mixed an "elevated" However, this happens only when the pituitary and pineal achie-

ve a specific secretory relationship, and when certain connecta figurative sense, the "energies" of ing nerves are activated. In and when they do equally, sushmna, effect both ida and pingual transition point occur. can First, a events a range of important in In most influence. are equal exists where both hemispheres and is not short-lived is very consciously people this transition neural activation and glandular experienced since the necessary also the moment of increased is This unmanifested. activity are where is self-mastery begins. It creativity. This balance point is

from

this point of function, that the yogi

consciously controls

the balance of energy of ida and pingula. He chooses the hemiHe is not sphere suited to the situation for optimal performance. to chooses utilize hs the but controlled by the "thought waves",

desired

mode

of intelligence. This state of equilibrium, is where

transcendental reality begins. The yogi is always consciously controlling his prana or life force levels. Once having developed the ability to maintain this equilibrium on a regular basis, the yogi must then always regulate this balance from the conscious state.

The rhythm

is

then no longer "autonomic".

of view, the primary natural mechanism conscious control of the airflow in the nostrils. Besides regulating the rate and rhythm for both nost-

From the yogic point

for self-regulation is

there are numerous patterns for altering airflow on the two sides independently. Sound is another important method that can be employed for self-regulation of the central nervous system (Shannahoff-Khalsa and Bhajan, 1986) rils,

Werntz,

et al. (1981, 87)

demonstrated the cortical

effects

of altered breathing patterns in the laboratory using the EEG. They found that selective hemispheric stimulaiion could be ach-

Untrained subjects were requested to do unilateral forced determine if the relative dominance of EEG activity would be effected. Significant shifts in hemispheric ieved

nostril breathing to

EEG dominance were obtained

in

25 of 31 attempts using

different subjects. Srinivasan (1986)

replicated

study and along with ShannahoffsKhalsa gating this phenomena. pilot

is

this result

five in a

further investi-

183

C, ROLDAN E, LEPICOVSKA. V, EEC Changes course of Hatha yogic exercises intended for meditation. Activ. nerv. Sup (Proha) ZZ 1980, No. 2, Institute of Physiological Regulations, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences PRAGUE, "JAPA with shallow breath at 4-5 c/Min. induce large amplitude theta and Delta or regular beta in the frontoparietal areas. This .activity may occur simultaneously in the occipital and frontal leads of one hemisphere with alpha,

DOSTALEX.

1.

in

the

;

2.

Friedella, A.

3.

James

Automatic Automatic Attentive Breathing Pectoris, Medicine, Vol. 31, pp 875-881, 1948. Angina dominance"

funderburk, "nostril,

science

in

studies

yoga, Himalayan International Imtitue of yoga sciences philorphy of

USA, Honesdale, pennsyluonsa, 1977, P-48

4.

Luce, G. Body Time, Pantheon Books,

5. Prasad, R. Nature's Finer Forces, House, Adyar, India 1947.

New

York, 1971.

Theosophical

Publishing

Pratap, Vijayendra, 197 1, diurnal pattern of nostril breathing, Chakra, A Journal of Tantra and Yoga, Vol. I, Winter 1970-71. 6.

7.

Pratap, Vijayendra, 1974, Svarayoga-A Modality in BiofeedBiofeedback Society Conference, Colorado Springs, 1974.

back, 8.

Vijayendra, and Hemisphere Difference

Pratap

Left

Wade in

Berrettine 1975-Right and Mantra Meditation-A Cast study,

Yoga research Society Conference, Le Syndrome Nauro-Retelex DeL'Ostruction Nasale Riga, I.N Unilateral (The Neuro-Reflex Syndrome of Unilateral Nasal

9.

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Path, 11.

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184 International Conference Energy Healing. Paper presented at the of Institute Magnetobiology, 27th on Energy Medicine, Madras

Feb. 1987.

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:

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APPENDIX-Vlil 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SVARODAYAS'ASTRA 1}

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Eknath Kemkar, Pub Raoji Sridhora Gondhaiekar, Jagaddhitecchu Press, Pune, 2nd Edn. 1883. pp. 68. :

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Translated

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kindly

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College of Yoga, Lonavla Dt. 8 January 88

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,

GO

!

1

1

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9

I

4

a

S

1

9

3

1

a

30Ci

&~ O"

g

11

9

15

4fr

17

49'

2

49-

8-

7-

&

12

76-

IS

a

22

i

1

;

5

i

11T

22

134

2

T64

27

1022

15)82

168.

21

Rajmond

Raymond

i

J