Table Of Contents

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Introduction Objectives Scope Definition of Terms Diagnostic Flow Chart Maintenance Chart Transformer Condition Assessment Summary Test Frequency of Monitoring & Maintenance Oil Filled Transformer Inspections & Maintenance 9.1 Transformer Tank 9.1.1 Grounding 9.2 Top Oil Thermometers 9.3 Winding Temperature Thermometers 9.4 Thermometer Testing 9.5 Oil Level Indicator 9.6 Pressure Relief Device 9.6.1. Newer Pressure Relief Device 9.6.2. Older Pressure Relief Devices 9.7. Sudden Pressure Relay 9.8. Buchholz Relay 9.9. Bushings 9.9.1. Visual Inspection 9.9.2. Oil Level 9.9.3. Bushing C1/C2 Measurements 9.10. Oil Preservation Sealing Systems 9.10.1. Sealing Systems Types 9.10.1.1. Free Breathing 9.10.1.2. Sealed or Pressurized Breathing 9.11 Conservator System .

9.11.1 Free Breathing Conservator 9.11.2. Conservator with Bladder or Diaphragm Design

9.11.3. Bladder Failure (Gas Accumulator) Relay 9.11.4. Conservator Breather 9.12. Tap changers 9.12.1 General inspection procedures for LTCs 9.12.2 Specific inspection procedures for LTCs 9.12.3 Tap changers for de-energized operation- general inspection Procedures

10. Power Factor/Tan Delta/Dissipation Factor Measurement 11. Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Tests 12 Oil Screening Test 12.1. Color Test 12.2. Corrosive Sulfur 12.3. Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 12.4. Interfacial Tension 12.5. Moisture (Water Content) 12.6. Neutralization number 12.7. Quality Index System 12.8. Oil Insulation/Dissipation Factor 12.9. Oil Conductivity 12.10. Oil Viscosity 12.11. Oxygen Inhibitor 12.12. Specific Gravity 13. Di-electric Response Analysis 14. Infrared Temperature Analysis 14.1. IR for Transformer Tanks & Tap Changer 14.2. IR for Surge Arresters 14.3. IR for Bushings 14.4. IR for Radiators and Cooling Systems

15. Corona Scope Scan 16. On-Line Monitoring 17. Interpretation of Gas Analysis Results 17.1. Fault Type 17.1.1 Thermal faults 17.1.2 Electrical faults—Low intensity discharges 17.1.3 Electrical faults—High intensity arcing 17.2. Methods Used for Evaluation of Possible Fault Type 17.2.1. Using Individual and Total Dissolved Key Gas Concentrations Method 17.2.2. Doernenburg Ratio Method 17.2.3. Rogers Ratio Method 17.2.4. Duval’s Triangle 17.2.4.1 The Classical Duval Triangle 1 for Transformers 17.2.4.2 The Duval Triangle 2 for Load Tap Changers of the Oil type 17.2.4.3 The Duval Triangle 2 for LTCs of the Vacuum Bottle Type 17.2.4.4 The Duval Triangle 3 for Non-Mineral Oils 17.2.4.5 The Duval Triangles 4 and 5 for Low-Temperature Faults in Transformers

17.2.5. Carbon Dioxide Carbon Monoxide Ratio 17.2.6. Stenestam Ratio

18. Electrical and Diagnostic Test Criteria 18.1. Transformer Oil & Paper Quality/Screening Test

18.1.1 Oil Dielectric Breakdown Voltage 18.1.2 Oil Insulation Power Factor/ Capacitance Dissipation Factor (CDF) 18.1.3 Oil Dissolved Gas Analysis 18.1.4 Oil Moisture or Dryness 18.1.5. Oil Viscosity 18.1.6 Oil Acidity 18.1.7 Oil Interfacial Tension 18.1.8 Oil Color 18.1.9 Oil Conductivity Test 18.1.10 Oxygen Inhibitor Test 18.1.11 Furans Test 18.1.12 Degree of Polymerization Test 18.2 W inding Resistance 18.3 Turns Ratio 18.4 Insulation Power Factor/Capacitance and Dissipation Factor (CDF) 18.5 Excitation Current 18.6 Insulation Resistance 18.7 Bushing Hot Collar 18.8 Bushing Capacitance 18.9 Recovery Voltage 18.10 Core Ground 18.11 Infrared Thermal Scanning Test 18.12 Di-electric Response Analysis Test 18.13 Sweep Frequency Response Analysis 18.14 Short Circuit Impedance Test 18.15 Partial Discharge 19. Bibliography

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