709.H-
3261: A A
6 2 1
5 7
:
i
\
!
THE TARGUM OF
ONKELOS TO GENESIS A CRITICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE VALUE OF THE TEXT EXHIBITED BY YEMEN MS?.
COMPARED WITH THAT OF THE EUROPEAN RECENSION TOGETHER WITH
SOME SPECIMEN CHAPTERS OF THE ORIENTAL TEXT BY
HENRY BARNSTEIN.
•
LONDON
1S96
DAVID NUTT 270-271 STRAND.
Ph. D.
W.
DRUGULIN LEIPZIG.
DEDICATED TO
MY REVERED TEACHER AND FRIEND THE Rev. Dr. M. Gaster to
whom
I
owe an
everlasting
debt of gratitude for the
instruction received at his hands interest
he has shown
in
1187410
and the constant
my
welfare.
PREFACE. HE purpose
i
of this enquiry
the recension of the
Yemen
Targum
is
to critically investigate
of Onkelos preserved in the
Mss. and to establish a comparison between these
Mss. and the Western or European texts, present
represented
best
by
which are at
recent
edition.
Berliner did not avail himself, however, of these
Eastern
and
Mss.
his
edition
is
Berliner's
to a certain
therefore,
inadequate and can hardly be accepted as
final.
extent,
In order
to establish a critical edition this enquiry goes into minute details of
grammar,
differences of vocalization
graphy, additions and omissions,
and ortho-
interchange of particles
and variant readings. Part I contains the general outlines of this research and the results arrived at. Part II shows the
more
detailed
comparison
following the text of the Bible, investigation
the Targum Yemen Mss.
concludes text, It will
Table of Contents. effort
may
lists
of
examples,
according to the version given by the
probably
reflect the original Palestinian
It is
my
fervent
I
have given a detailed
hope
that this
humble
be appreciated by students of the Bible and
give an incentive to the true appreciation of the
of Onkelos.
The
with a few specimen chapters of
Instead of making an index
form.
may
and
chapter and verse.
work
—
CONTENTS.
PART CHAPTER
History of the Text
I.
Importance of the Translation
l)
I.
(l).
—
i— 3-
PP2)
Where
it
originated
(2).
Travels (2).— 3) Effects of travels upon text (2).— Present texts
CHAPTER
and
Ofikelos
II.
Translation
his
.
.
pp. 3
(2),
—
5.
Approximate date of work (3). —2) Character of his Targum (4).— 3) Halachic and Haggadic elements (4).— 4) Public recital l)
Targum
of
CHAPTER
(5).
Importance of the Yemen Mss.
III.
6— 11.
pp.
—
Hitherto their linguistic character alone studied (6). 2) Origin of Superlinear vocalization (6).— 3) Targum never neglected in 1)
Palestine (8).— 4)
Yemen
of
version
(lo).
CHAPTER CHAPTER Signs
l)
maic 45)-^
(14).
— 5)
—
IV.
V.
The Babylonian Redaction 6) They represent the
7)
Object of Investigation
Description of Mss. Superiifiear
employed
—
3)
in this
system
— — 4)
(13).
114).
—
5)
Differences
.
.
2)
.
— 13 —
.pp. .
11
pp.
13.
17.
Appropriate to Ara-
Absence of Segol
(15; 45
— — 46).
6)
No
(15;
sign
7) No sign for Dages or Rafe (16).— Aramaic and Syriac (17). 9) Agreement
(16).
to Biblical
.
Vocalization
Origin of system
—
original Palestinian
(10). .
Absence of Sewa Compositum
Approach
(9).
(10),
Sewa Quiescens
for 8)
Mss.
—
with Biblical Aramaic (17).
CHAPTER l)
VI.
Differences of Vocalization
Less frequent use of vowel letters
(iS).
.
.
pp.
18
— 25.
— 2) Superlinear system
ety-
mologicallymore correct(i8).-3)Interchange of vowels. Western texts
Patah=YemenQames(i8— {a)
Second number
responding portion
in
1
9; 46);
(7.
brackets
in Part II.
Monosyllabic words and particles.
refers to
the pages of the cor-
——
CONTENTS
VIII
b.
Per. Sin. Fret. Peal of ^"v.
3rcl
Mediae Geminatae. f. Suffix of 2nd
Per.
Sin.
e.
3rd Sin. Pret. Feminine.
Miscellaneous
g.
Pret. Peal of
3rd. Per, Sin.
c.
Present Participle,
«'.
Western
words.
= Yemen
Qames b.
Patah (19; 47). a. Suffix of 3rd Per. Sin. Fem. Vowel of 2nd Radical of Verb. c. Little change in Pause.
d.
Vowel before
Sere
=
— 5)
47}.
b.
and
"3
= Yemen
(20; 48).
= Yem.
Patah ==Yem. Sere.
=
Yem. Sere. Yem. Hireq. Yem. Qames.
Hireq.
c.
Sere (19;
Western Holem
(20; 47).
of the Imperfect (20; 4S).
=Yem.
=
Yemen
= Yem.
Holem.
West.
Holem
West. Sureq
=
West. Sureq
=
h. j.
Patah.
d.
ITolem. f. West.
West. Holem = Yem. Qames.
i.
— 4) Western
Yemen
West. Sere= Yem. Patah.
West. Patah
e.
=
West. Hireq
a.
48).
;
West. Sere
g.
Holem
— 6; The vowel
Various interchanges (21
West. Patah
Other instances.
e.
sj.
Western Hireq
(19; 47),
Western Sureq
= Yemen Sureq 7)
Suffixes
Yemen Hireq
=Yem.
Sere. /. West. Patah == Yem. Sewa (22; 48 — 49). a. West. Patah = Yem. Sewa. b. West. Qames = Yem. Sewa. c. West. Sere = Yem. Sewa. d. West. .Sewa = Yem. Sere. e. West. Hireq = Yem. Sewa. 10) General 9) The Yemenite Pronunciation (22).
Sureq.
West. Patah
k.
— 8) Interchange
of Vowels and
—
—
results (25).
CHAPTER
Variations in orthography.
VII.
25
pp.
— 28
49—53 a. Dialectical Variations,
similar words. letters,
e.
1)
Pael.
tafal. c. 7.
0.
/2.
State,
and Construct,
—
and
Afel.
and Imperfect.
Other
IX.
How
j.
Etpeel and ^i.
28
pp.
.
Number,
c.
2)
Additions (36—37;
4j
Contractions
— 35 Em
Gender.
— 39;
c.
60
— 62). — 3)
5)
The Tenses
/'.
Present
(Participle)
Other Differences. pp.
may be accounted
— Interchange 62 — 65) [Hebraisms
(38).
Etpaal.
and
Perfect
Variations
additions and omissions
Particles (38
b.
.
Absolute and
a.
—
i)
fix
a.
Imperfect and (Participle) Present,
CHAPTER
•z'-VTi-,
a. The Conjugations. «. Pea 60). 35; 57 Peal and Afel. 7. Peal and Etpeel, Etpaal or Et
[t^T)
Pael
Perfect
Interchange o
d.
1.
g.
Grammatical Variations
Absolute
The Verb
and
in
s"!5
to distinguish
Nhp. h. Mar Agreement of Mss. with Nehardean Tradition
i.
VIII.
/?.
of
f. nt;^n jra?.
The Noun (28—33; 53 — 57).
phatic. 2)
Use of vowel change
3rd Pers. Plu.
c.
Other changes,
ginal readings,
CHAPTER
b.
— 36).
— 38;
62).
Omissions (37
of Prepositions 65].
—
6)
35—39.
for (35
and other
Variations in Suf-
(39).
CHAPTER
X.
Exegetical Variations
pp. 39
— 42;
66
— 77.
.
CONTENTS
PART CHAPTER
I.
Remarks Upon n^; bs;
CHAPTER
II.
CHAPTER
III
Onp;
Examples of
IX
II.
words
the
i)^3p;
n^i.-^H^X
.
pp. 43
.
the rules contained in
pp.
Introductory
XXXI
(85)
Specimen Chapters remarks
XLI
(92).
(78).
Genesis
.... XVII
pp.
(79}.
— 45.
Part
J.
45—777S
— end.
XXVI
(81).
LIST A
OF ABBREVIATIONS.
•= Ms. Codex Montefiore.
= C= Z? = B. =
B
Bbl.
„
„
„
No. 502. „
508.
Museum. Or. No. 2363. Codex Gaster. No. 2. „ Berliner's Targum Onkelos (Berlin „
=
Brit.
1S84).
Babylonian.
= Aramaic. = Dagges. = Haggadic. Hal. = Halachic. H. = Hireq. Ht. = Hatef. Ho. = Holem. L. = Levy's Chaldaisches Worterbuch Luz. = Luzzatto's Philoxenos (Vienna O. = Onkelos. = = Q. = Qames. R. = Rafe. = Segol. = Sureq. = Sere. Se. = Sewa. = Superlinear. SbL = Sublinear. Trg. = Targum. Bib. Aram.
Biblical
D. Hag.
P.
Plst.
S.
S. S.
Spl.
Patali.
Palestinian.
(Leipzig 1S66). 1830).
I.
It
I.
is
HISTORY OF THE TEXT.
universally
acknowledged
the greatest veneration
upon
rests
to
the Exegesis
that of all the Trans-
name of Onkelos enjoyed
lations of the Bible that bearing the
from very ancient times; because
and
of the Tanaim,
is
it
considered
represent the original traditional Interpretation. Its
sanctity
was enhanced when the Amoraim invested
with great authority by making
an
it
official
decree that
it it
should be publicly read in the Synagogue side by side with
Hebrew original. The neglect of this Rabbinical decree was in later times This neglect of greatly blamed by some of the Geonim. the Targum was most noticeable among the Jews living in the
arabic-speaking
countries
supplanted the Aramaic
in
the Jewish
who have blamed
other authorities
carrying out the
arabic
the
after
,
as
principle
language
had
Among
vernacular.
the Jews for their laxity
of ai^ir nnsi
x^.p^
^'i'si
the
Hanagid and the GeoHai stand out most prominently. and nim Natronai had a salutary effect for throughout Their admonitions at the time present this precept is the middle ages and strictly adhered to, and this accounts for the veneration in
names of Jehuda
which
it
is
be added,
b.
Qoreis, Samuel
held by the Jews is
shared by
of the light which
all
—a
veneration
this translation
passages in the Bible, as well as for '
Cf. Delitzsch
1836, pp. 27
and
which,
it
may
Holy Writ, on account throws upon many obscure
students of
,,Zur Geschichte
its
intrinsic
merits
der jiidischen Poesie".
135.
A
'.
Leipzig
The Targum
2.
originated
where
coming, as
esteem,
we
Palestinian
clearly presently,
a
subgreat
Similarly
both of which are products of
great zest in Babylon,
In Babylon
learning.
enjoyed
Calendar and the Ritual pursued
find the study of the
with
it
from the Holy Land.
did
it
was
but
Palestine,
in
sequently transplanted to Babylon
we
as
,
redaction
fresh
more
see
shall
of the text was made,
in many respects, from the original Plst. From Babylon the Trg. travelled to Europe, first and then to Germany and Northern France, and
which differed
Version. to Italy
also
to
Spain and Provence. In
3.
the
course
of
became more and more in Europe the original the Sbl. system which
a change
which
its
Spl.
the
travels,
Some
corrupt.
for
^
of the Trg.
after
its
arrival
was exchanged for
vocalization
was used
text
time
the
Hebrew language, effect upon the
had the most pernicious
The evil was aggravated by the ignorance of the European scribes who inserted marginal glosses in the text and heaped errors upon errors until the text of the Trg. text.
became 4.
common the
text
result of this
use to-day.
expedients
all
an all-but-hopeless condition.
in
The
have been
with
is
seen in the texts which are in
These are tried
far
from
from time
perfect.
Various
time to improve
to
but indifferent success, the reason being that
the would-be amenders started from
an incorrect stand-
They all assumed that the European copies were based upon the original text, whereas they originate from point.
the
Bbl.
according
Redaction. to Bibl.
Buxtorf wished
to
remodel
the
text
Aram., quite ignoring the fact that a long
time had elapsed between the Aramaic of the Bible and that of the Trg. and that the Trg. was different circumstances,
Lagarde thought he
and
for
composed under
an entirely
entirely
different purpose.
would be serving the
interests
of
I At the beginning of the 12th century by Nathan B. Machir of Ancona, according to an epigraph of the Codex I2 of de Rossi
(v.
Berliner
„Targum Onkelos".
Berlin
1884, Vol.
II,
p.
134).
— science
way by omitting
best
the
in
his attention
confining
consonantal
but,
text,
—
3
and
vowel-signs
the
establishing a correct and critical
to
must be remarked, he did not even
it
attain this ideal.
Targum
Berliner's edition of the
*,
(B.)
which
is
a reprint
of the Sabionetta edition of 1554 suffers for the same reason
His sources are
European Editions.
as all other
Euro-
all
pean MSS. none of which exhibit the original text but the subsequent Babyl. redaction. It is undoubtedly superior to any of
and embodying the vestigation how our to MSS. unknown
which
serve
will
necessary
to
in-
is
predecessors in
B.'s
all
Before proceeding to the
may be improved by
Trg. texts
as
of
results
learning.
to B.
edition
does the products of a life-study
it
ripe
same branch of
the
which the
besides
predecessors,
its
valuable containing as
in-
reference
and hitherto all-but-neglected and
basis
for our
own
know something about
investigations his
O.,
it
is
and the
time
general character of his translation of the Pentateuch.
ONKELOS AND
ir.
As
I.
to
date
the
of
translation
this
much
difference
Frankel- and Geiger^ place
of opinion has existed. in
HIS TRANSLATION.
the time of the later Talmudists, but
its
date
by observing certain
of the translation B. has fixed the time as
characteristics
contemporaneous with or immediately following the time of second half of the second century. He bases opinion upon the Targumist's consistent avoidance of
R. 'Aqiba; this
anthropomorphisms
LXX),
the
words
'Aqiba's
time
I
9.
1857, p. 164.
Frankfort 1S92,
a
characteristic
of the
for aramaicising Greek words
in the original Greek in Targumic embodiment of 'Aqiba's
the
principles*.
„Zu dem Targum der Propheten".
Breslau
Urschrift und die Ubersetzungen der Bibel.
Breslau
2
Berlin: 1884.
1872, p.
also
being au conrant
— and
and hag.
hal.
is
necessity felt
little
— these
(which
3
4
1.
c.
p. 132.
pp.
102— loS.
Cf.
also
Zunz "Gottesd. Vort."
As
2.
regards
character of this Translation,
the
described with great clearness and minuteness by B.
Trg.
neither too literal nor too free;
is
agreement with the Massoretic Text^;
this
is
Our
^
it
shows a remarkable
it
always follows the
Qere leaving the Ketib unnoticed^ a characteristic which is also noticeable in a MS. of Daniel with Spl. vocalization
my
which came under be considered
will
original
the
which
are
to
occasionally endeavours
he
texf*;
The Targumist omits be found in the Hebrew
chapter VIII.
in
pleonasms
certain
and the importance of which
notice,
text
to imitate the sound of employs a rich store of synonyms, oc-
5,
makes use of circumlocution and simplifies figuraBoth the Tetragrammaton and u^nbn are
casionally
tive expressions.
rendered
which was written
"'"'^,
"i^"'
(until
this
was taken as
a sign for the Trinity), of which various modifications, such as
2"'"',
"^T,
"'Z'^
word
are found.
word c-nsx
like of the
is
The reason of
the Targumist's dis-
found
employment of
When
for strange gods''.
in the d%"i^n
this
occur together, the
"^^
Targumist must naturally reproduce them as they occur
Hebrew
the
According
3.
which applies mist renders affects
thus
are
to
is
be found,
that
— Whenever have
people pp.
p. 210,
206—224 5
the case
not
1.
c.
yet
1.
c.
p. 211.
must be
it
for
Targumist has
the
This
it.
(Prague: 1861)
runs
rule
to
meet
the
those
cases
wherein the
attained
a
complete
2
6
1.
1.
c.
c.
p.
207.
p. 223.
3 7
1.
c.
That
p. 11.
9
contra-
knowledge p.
209.
4
this is not
may be seen from Exodus 12, 12 where a'jU'^ "rfTS ^ In Kerem Eemed V, 223 and VI, 220
Wilna: 1874.
to
and
rejected,
in
r-yj.
n)3Ki tithv
tra-
or
dictory views of Sectarians,
"K'^U'D
occurs which
But so many exceptions
given.
by Adler^ substituted
given
1
law
a
each individual member of the community, the
rule
that
command
but where a
literally,
have
of justice the Targu-
administration
the
we
where
Rapoport^,
to
to
ditional explanation this
in
text.
is
of
1.
c.
always
rendered
also in i-iai
In the Introduction to his
15"?
nm
point
the
in
the
Tanaim themselves
the
Targumist gives the better of
the two traditions,
he
down no
general
the
rule,
a
unassailable
is
we can
lay
Halacha
the
rendering
literal
differ
says
employs
O.
but
tradition
however,
Singer,
where
translation
his
where
but
literally \
renders
upon
when
question,
or
the tradition,
would
in
remain
obscure-.
Great care was taken
4.
ensure
to
the
correct
recital
of the Trg., this being especially the case with the Trg. of the Pentateuch ^
was given out by the Reader in immediately followed by its Aramaic
A
verse
Hebrew, which was allowed
the
were
verses their
with
recital
the
before the
of the
solemn
however, a standard
official
demeanour,
which they held 5.
As,
virtue
in
had not then yet appeared, opportunity was given
translation to
which three
in
Meturgeman recited Both Reader and Meturgeman had to
translation'*.
the
of the Prophets,
together
taken
preserve a reverential office
]More laxity was
by the Meturgeman.
rendered
translation
Meturgemanim
to
insert
interpretation of
own
their
Meturgemanim blamed by
find
some of
this
account.
The
of the Misna
— was
the
writing
down of
only applied to the writing
down
the Rabbis^
the Trg.
at first prohibited",
and we
abused
This privilege was occasionally
text.
but
—
this
just
on
as that
prohibition
for the purpose of public
reading, but private copies could be held by the scribes for their
I
own E.
1.
niss seines 4
Cf.
use.
c.
pp. 224
Targums
Misna.
— 225.
2
Singer: „Onkelos und das Verhalt-
zur Halacha".
Halle 1881.
3
Megillah IV, 4 and Talmud. Bab.
Hayyim
Tr.
B.
1.
c.
p. 84.
Megillah 24 a.
and Maimonides rhsr r'ihr: XII, il. R. Nissim quotes a Jerusalemi^ Cf. Talmud of Babytan Talmud as the origin of this custom. Megillah 7 Cf. Talm. Jer. Tr. lon Tr. Megillah 23 b and 24 a. 5
Cf. Tur, Oral}
In Tal. Bab. Tr. Megillah
IV,
I
ch. 145
Cap.
III.
and Talmud Bab. Sabbath 115
a.
v.
Zunz.
1.
c.
p. 65.
—
IMPORTANCE OF THE YEMEN MSS.
III.
only European MSS. have
strange that hitherto
It is
1.
6
been studied
Since then how-
connection with the Trg.
in
ever a number of Targum MSS. have come to Europe from
South Arabia but have received having regarded them
scholars
attention;
of linguistic importance only.
one of them (which
way,
little
I
shall subsequently
In this
call
C) has
been employed by B. \ Merx^ and Margoliouth 2. At the outset of our investigation into the importance of these MSS. we must ask ourselves two questions. j.
Is
correct to call the Spl. system of vocalization the
it
Does
Babyl. system? the
redaction
of
the study of the Trg. in Babylon, or
version
a
necessarily imply that
Now
country, Palestine?
of the
Trg.
in
country
that
study was neglected in
its
mother-
its
the Spl. punctuation has been fre-
quently described as the Babyl. system'^, a nomenclature which
I
pp. 68
1.
c.
—
pp. 159
— 160.
103.
3
On
2
"Chrestomathia Targumica", Berlin 18SS,
the Supeilinear
vocalization (Transactions of
London 1893), pp. 46—56. Thus Neubauer connects the Yemen Jews with Babylon in his article on "The Literature of the Jews in Yemen" (Jewish Quarterly Review III, pp. 604 Speaking of the epitaphs which have been dis622). "These epitaphs, dated covered in Yemen, Neubauer says (p. 608)
the
Congress
9th
of
II,
Orientalists
4
—
:
according to the era of the contracts point to an acquaintance with the Babylonian schools, for the Italian era
of
the
addition,
destruction
of
the
early epitaphs date
2nd Temple
The Jews
the era of the creation.
and of
later
Yemen
from the
on bear,
in
continue up
day to date from the era of the contracts, using Aramaic Morepoint more to Babylonia than to Palestine. over, the use of superlinear vowel-points (usually called Assyrian Punctuation) in the pointed Hebrew Texts written in Yemen would argue
to the present
formulae, which
their connection with the Eastern Massoretic Schools rather than with
the Palestinian one at Tiberias".
But Margoliouth
of the Bbl. origin of the Spl. vocalization. the
originators
Schools of the
of the "sn:-;'^
superlinear
or "Easterns"
punctuation rests
is
not at
all
"The theory which partly
with
the
cert.ain
identifies
Masoretic
on an epigraph
he Parmese Codex de Rossi 12 of A. D. 1311, and partly
— or
in
rather
employed by
also
is
says:
but,
B.,
proofs have yet been
can be observed, no
far as
as
given
show
to
its
Bbl. origin
doubtful when the vowel-signs were
"it is
B.
'.
^
added
first
but probably they were added in Babylon, in which country peculiar
the
punctuation was
Spl.
advanced why we should make
assume
were added
that they
in
Babylon?
Is
reason
is
Then why
assumption.
were originally written
likely that they
No
use".
in
this
not just as
it
and came
in Palestine
over to Babylon with the Trg. text?
This seems the more probable after Noldeke's assertion ^
Targum although redacted
that "the authoritative
chiefly
— on
point vSpl.
the internal evidence afforded
of the
rubrics
out
that
Codex Babylonians" this is a
How
system.
subject.
how
out
p. 51).
But he proceeds to
very flimsy foundation
for the origin of the
can we
trust
a single
of the 14th century
scribe
system are
silent
Margoliouth especially singles out Saadia and points
inexplicable his silence would be were the superlinear system
of Bbl. origin. lonicus
Babylon
by the readings and marginal
c.
(I.
whilst the contemporaries of the originators of this
on the
in
it
As
for
the internal evidence
must be remembered that
from the Codex Baby-
MS. does not
this
the
exhibit
primitive Spl. system, but shows the Spl. punctuation in a highly
com-
posite and developed form which would naturally approach the Eastern or Bbl. forms of that jSIasoretic School.
argue refutes
from
MS.
this
various
to
prove
other theories
origin of this system,
but his
the
Hence
Bbl.
which have been
own theory
it
origin. set
is
hardly
fair
Margoliouth up
to
to
also
prove the
that this system represents
a mixed nestorian-jacobite punctuation appears to be very forced, and is
more than improbable
if
we
are
to
admit
this
system to be of
Cf. Seligsohn pp. 12, 19, 32.
Palestinian origin.
1 Likewise Dalman: „Zwar ist die superlineare Vokalisation der von dort neuerlich nach Europa gekonimenen Targumhandschriften keineswegs als aramaisclie \Viedergabe palastinischer Aussprache des Aramiiischen anzusehen. Vjelmehr wird sie einer in Babylonien gelehrten schulmassigen Behandhing des Onkelostargums entstammen, der gegeniiber der Konsonantentext der sog. jerusalemischen Targume ofters eine iiltere und urwiichsigere Form des Onkelostextes reprasentiert" (Grammatik des jiidisch-palastinischen Aramaisch, Leipzig 1894,
I,
p.
V — VI).
matik.
2
1.
Halle 1S75.
c.
p. 131.
Introduction
j
Th. Noldeke, Mandaische Gram-
p.
V.
— — a
exhibits
whose
dialect
—
8
fundamental
are
characteristics
Palestinian.
For the present
system should
the
then,
Superlinear (Spl.) system, without defining
we shall see further on more appropriate this system is to
Bbl. or Plst.
now
than the Sbl. system B.
3.
states
'
that
country and
we
V how much
chapter
the
Aramaic language
in use.
various
for
through the decay of the
in
be called the
further as either
it
reasons
Plst. schools, the
but
Trg.
principally
But are
study was transferred to Babylon.
its
sure that the Trg. ever
left
Palestine
native
left its
or that
study
its
was neglected by the Jews of the Holy Land? May it not have travelled to Babylon just as the Calendar and Ritual did
—
— and
It is
were greatly harassed
of Palestine
Jews
the
that
yet have been continued in Palestine?
true their
in
by political troubles which interfered with their liberty and yet we know that they were always the great leaders of the study of the Bible, a fact which the Massora that
studies
—
invaluable guide to the correct Text of our
Hebrew
and the various Midrasim bear witness to. Now we know that both the Massora and from Palestine.
hail
come down
to us^
Midrasim
the
the Jerusalem Trg.
Again,
Bible
which has
although differing in character from the
Trg. of O., shows at least that the study of the Trg. was
pursued hagadic
Now
in Palestine. in
character,
this
may we
Jerusalem Trg.
is
entirely
not then assume that side by
side with this hag. Trg. there existed a literal Trg., the
version, in fact, which
Palestine produced
by
side it
will
— the
original Plst.
I
1.
c.
p. 108.
Babylon?
same
Just as
probable that the two Recensions
and the hag.
will
be shown that text.
is
it
literal
This
side.
to
two such varied studies as those of the
Massora and Midras, of the Trg.
was transferred
— existed
in this
country
perhaps be seen more clearly after
Yemen MSS.
appear
to
contain the
— The
4-
natural
of the attention bestowed upon
result
the Trg. in Babylon
seen
is
—
9
redaction
that
in
which
of the text
version
although adhering to the original
a great
to
extent must have inevitably become somewhat corrupted in its language in course of time, in spite of the efforts of the
Rabbis of the time the
stamp
preserve the
to
text
intact
it.
As
upon
authority
of their
by placing
became
texts
more mistakes must have gradually crept in. As the words were also, in all probability, differently pronounced in Babylon, their orthography became changed, and the orimultiplied
must
vocalization
ginal
stitution literal
have
been
considerably
least
at
Another tendency became noticeable
modified.
of hag.
explanations
In time a reaction set in in favour of the
rendering.
and
Version;
original Plst.
in the sub-
of the original
place
the
in
movement
this
represented
is
by the so-called Nehardean tradition, in contradistinction to the tradition of Sura, which is substantially represented
by the
When
text
which we find to-day
the Trg.
came
to
was then punctuated
it
the original Spl. vocalization which in
Some
Palestine.
zation
was altered
Hebrew
time after
in
our European editions.
in
Europe its
it
in
had probably received this Spl.
arrival',
favour of the Sbl. system
vocali-
in use
with
for the Trg. text
This inevitably led to great confusion ^ had already undergone considerable modi-
fications after
arrival in
the
text.
its
Babylon, and
ration taking place w^hich practically
of the text in
its
now
involved
entirety the result can easily
As copies were increased in Europe fied and was greatly aggravated by the scribes, of the
another the
alte-
rewriting
be imagined.
became magniignorance shown by
the evil
the
Aramaic language; the
result of all this
we have already seen in the various devices made by scholars to amend the corrupt text. These were all unsuccesful because the scholars depended upon the Babyl. recension I
whilst
V.
B.
old
1.
c.
p.
editions
134.
2
««Our
editions
are
greatly
and MvSS. have superior readings".
Nachgelassene Schriften, Vol.
4,
Berlin 1876, p. 104.)
neglected, (A.
Geiger:
—
—
lO
which must have been a considerable modification of the original.
PIst.
Of
5.
to
late years
a rich store of treasure has been brought
most of which are punctuated with the which
fact
from a
more
examining these MSS.
These variations occur not only
in the vocali-
pronunciation and orthography but also in the exe-
of
the
text
itself,
several important hag.
usual
lation.
On
most far-reaching and profound differences are
to be found.
zation,
the
Spl. vocalization, a
the student to their study if only
in itself invites
linguistic point of view.
closely
gesis
Yemen
by the discovery of MSS. of the Trg. from
light
especially
interpretation
the
in
and poetical passages,
hag. interpretation
replaced by a
is
of
which cases
in
literal
trans-
point to?
It is
'
What then do the
all
that
of their
own although
thern Arabia
a
at
communities
in
facts
Yemen had a peculiar we know that they settled
very early
Mohammed
before
centuries
these peculiar
Jews of
unlikely
period. there
North Arabia
"Certain
were
tradition in Sou-
it
powerful
as well as in
is
that
Jewish
South Arabia or
Yemen" ^ 6. The various differences which are noticeable in these Trg. MSS. induce one to believe that they represent the The changes in vocalization, pronunoriginal Plst. text. and orthography remind us
ciation
chapters
V
to VIII
— of
the Bib.
—
as will be shown in Aram, and Syriac grammatical
forms and approximate more closely to the Nehardean
tra-
we may perhaps call it the Nehardean recension. The preference shown for a literal translation may be acdition,
or
counted
7. I
by observing
for
Trg. which
The
entirely hag.
is
that in
the
Plst.
Jews had another
tendency.
object, then, of this investigation
is
Geiger although ascribing a Babylonian origin
of Onkelos points out that
its
as a later protest
the fanciful
exegetists.
1.
c.
against
vol. 4,p. 104.
character
2
v.
is
literality,
1.
endeavour the
to
Targum
which he regards
interpretations
Neubauer
to
c.
of p.
the
605.
earlier
— to
way
so pave the
now
of the original Trg. of O.
the true character
show
for a
how
of that Trg.
edition
critical
of the
each
with
separately
deal
above, and show in
—
II
I
and will
enumerated
points
far these characteristics strengthen
our views as to the original and
Plst.
character of the Trg.
But before entering into the examination of these MSS., a short description of those I have made use of these MSS.
of,
may be now
given.
THE YEMEN
IV.
MSS.
Codex Montefiore, No. 502; which
I.
I
call
A
is
peculiar
in having a Sublinear vocalization for the Aramaic as well as for the Hebrew text, which may perhaps be regarded
as an unsuccesful attempt
the
two
other.
of
differs
from the
systems also
It
Hebrew
text
on the part of the scribe
vocalization
large
in
to bring
harmony with each other MSS. in having the into
square characters
the
in
middle of
Arabic translation are placed
and and the commentary of Rasi below. It conThe sists of 133 folios and extends till the end of Exodus. writing is bold, square and pointed; and the paper stout and dark. It is probably of the i8th century and is written whilst the Trg.
the page,
on the
sides
throughout quires
custos
both
in
consist
the
translations
length
number lations
Hebrew at
every
but nearly
leaves,
7
The number of
the bottom.
at in
The
one hand (except the marginal notes). of
and
text,
the sides,
in
the
lines in
has the
each p^ge,
Aramaic and Arabic
varies
naturally
leaf
according
to
the
of the commentary of Rasi below, but the average is
19 lines
and about 8
for
the
for the
Hebrew
has an average of 8 word.s to the soretic directions except that at the
number of mnemonic.
text,
commentary. line.
30
is
text
There are no mas-
end of every Parasa the
verses contained in that portion It
for the trans-
The Hebrew
is
given with a
one of the characteristics of Eastern MSS.
— have
that they
little
no
or
—
12
illuminations^
and
all
these
MSS.
(except C) have only an ornamental figure on the margin at
end of every Parasa.
the
2. is
Codex Montefiore, No. 508. I call and clear MS. and
a remarkably fine
found
be valuable
to
It
of 159
consists
custos,
being
24 Hnes
to
MS. B.
This
be frequently
in retaining the original literal render-
an haggadic interpretation
ing, whilst
this
will
folios,
inserted on the margin.
is
making a quire;
leaves
4
given at irregular intervals
a page and 10 words to a line.
the
average
an
^
paper and the oldest part in bold and round hand. unfortunately in a very imperfect condition and in
no
less
extends from
f.
3
to
be quite modern.
— 87,
98
— 102
and 104
both Hebrew and Aramaic,
throughout,
The
— 155),
103 and III Spl.
— 159)
is
78
(f.
It
— 79,
round and bold; and
less
is
dates
Hebrew
has the Sbl. vocalization for the
for the Trg.
Spl.
is
probably
it
perhaps of the 17th or i8th centuries, the third
156
is
hand
oldest
— no and
from the i6th or 17th century; the second hand
is
It
written
is
than four distinct handwritings, of which the third
and fourth appear
and the
of
Thick, oriental
(f.
i
—
2,
much more minute and is or 19th century. The fourth hand
Sbl. throughout;
has added probably i8th numerous marginal readings as well as Genesis 44, 10 15. Many verses in the second hand are left entirely unpunctuated. Again the only Massoretic note is the number of verses contained in each Parasa. The MS. extends till Exodus 24, 2. Each Hebrew verse is followed first by its Targum. and then by its Arabic translation.
—
C
3.
fully
is
the British
Z> was placed at
4.
(Codex Heb. Gaster No. of
Museum MS.
Or. 2363 and has been
described by Dr. Berliner^.
all;
scribes'
my 2)
disposal
and
is
the
errors being few
and
sign being used either for Dag. or R.
I
1.
c.
pp. 132, 134 (Note
4),
137,
by the Rev. Dr. Gaster
most perfect and far
between;
The paper
159 and 160.
is
reliable
and no thinner
— than that of
A
—
13
and the
or B,
writing
clear
beautifully
is
and round; probably 17th century. It consists of 159 folios, written throughout in one hand and extends till the end of Exodus. There are about 27 lines to each page and about 14 words to each it
The MS. has been rebound, hence
line.
impossible to
is
but every
quires,
the
tell
page has the
There are frequent marginal notes by a
custos.
hand;
later
number of verses at the number of mmra and n'-awo
the only Massoretic notes being the
end of every Farasa and the A note at the end of each Book. that the scribe's
notice inside the original cover
was
seems
somebody's possession
in
(ri)x^i
•p-iirri
(mnt:)ujb
"f
pir
sbx "pnn raa
This
"im.
at the
nnn-^ -p xiirc
name was
-(rrxi
It
adorned with a
Menorah,
the
the
year 21 21
V. I.
its
Each verse
Arabic translation.
will first
is
figure
having
of
an
followed by
All
the
MSS.
consider the system of vocalization used
MSS.
we have
are written above the consonants. (P.), Sere" (S.),
Besides
large
page
and have been very much used.
In the Spl. vocalization
Fatah"
a
of the
last
THE SUPERLINEAR VOCALIZATION \
We
in these
with
The
branch of the candlestick
Trg. and then by
are Folios
MS.
mm
runs vhn
to
cabalistic devise
each
whilst a
(? u:"nrt) iu:inb -paii -las
points
appropriate scriptural quotation. its
nao;
"nx
Seleucidan era, corresponding to 1809 C. E. is
end informs us
to point that the
1809.
in
-
these
signs
Hireq' (H.), a
six
Holem
horizontal
vowel- signs
These are Qames" line
which (Q.),
'(Ho.) and Sureq'^(S).
represents
the
Sewa
This system has only been lately discovered, being brought to by the Karaite Rabbi Firkowitsh about 50 years ago. It represents the older system, since it is more simple and primitive than the sublinear system (cf. also the expression hy -ijjj) and it is unusual to regress from a well developed to a primitive vocalisation. I
light
and
Mobile
B
A,
C
in
C
and
—
14
indicates the
a slanting line
make
also
Rafe
sign.
use of the Dag. point
occasional
within the letter.
must
The
Aramaic language.
the
to
of punctuation
This system
2.
peculiarly appropriate
is
inevitable
Hebraisms which
occur in a text punctuated with vowel-signs which were
Hebrew language are As an example, we may
taken direct from those in use in the
not noticeable in the Spl. system.
absence
the
take,
and
of any particuliar sign to represent the
This semi-vowel
Hatef.
in Biblical
Hebrew.
It
is
unknown
is
Aramaic
it
remarkable that
sulted in the British
in the
Aramaic language
must have been taken from the
Museum
in a Bible
MS. which
Daniel and Ezra which seemed
have
to
I
con-
words in
(Or. 2374), the only
particular
a
sign
Sewa compositum are mp and 3"-P which are written This appropriateness of the Spl. system thus 2"ip and 5"rp. to Aramaic leads us to think that it was invented for the Aramaic language in Palestine as was suggested by Dr. for the
Gaster in the course of his lectures at Montefiore College;
and
that
Spl.
system to the Hebrew language
MSS. do
consequently, just as incorrect to apply the
is,
it
— as
it
is
to
— as
some of
Yemen
the
apply the Sbl. system to the Aramaic
language. 3.
made
Various suggestions have been but
the origin of this system, jecture.
Strack^ remarks
accurately
this
"The
the Superlinear
is
still
with respect to
a matter of con-
so-called Babylonian or
punctuation
the
more
vowel-signs
which are simplified forms of the matres lectionis
x,
1
of
and
"^
and the detached accents of which usually have the shape of the letters with which their
name begins was
non- Palestinian Jews of Asia".
the
statement
is
Margoliouth^
forthcoming. tries
to
We
have
in
already
prove that the system
is
among
use
But no proof
for this
noticed
that
of a mixed
Nestorian-Jacobite character. I
2
1.
c.
"Einleitung in p. 47.
das alte Testament".
NSrdlingen 1888,
p.
74.
— — In
4-
we must unknown in the
place
first
tlie
vowel-sign Segol
-
15
is
signs being substituted for
S. is
his
in
and even by
P., S.
the
that
Spl. system, other vowel-
MSS. which
In the Yemenite
it.
Derenbourg saw and described in P. was invariably used for S.; but replaced by
once notice
at
B
"Manuel du Lecteur" ' the MSS. which I used the particular vowel
.,
being in most cases justifiable by reference to the word's etymology or by comparing the word in the cognate Semitic This shows that the scribes must have been languages. very careful
and
the correct original orthography
preserving
in
another argument in favour of the greater antiquity
is
and authenticity of the Trg. detailed S. is
by
A
Yemen MSS.^
the
in
5.
will
few
Instances
be found
replaced by P. in
rrs
'ns'3 2, 8,
Besides having no
remarked
—
is
S.,
or a Full Vowel.
in
Se.
Quiescens 17,
7.
or
— In
more
— as
full
4,
Pi.;
the
MSS.
rarely
by
has been
Hebrew and
of the
is
it
in
usually
Quiescens
Se.
Mobile replaces Ht.-P.
replaces
A
This sign
characteristic
replaces Ht.-Q. in "^a^p
"•'in^b
by
the Spl. system of vocalization
not of the Aramaic language'*. replaced by Se. Mobile,
but
replaced
S. is
11, 7.
Very rarely 14,2, xfb-'ED 25,9. the word ai^nn 28, 17 (Greek iSicoxt];).
previously
Se.
given here^,
are
of
texts
in Part 11.
has no sign for Sewa Compositum.
It
the
in
"i£x-iy
in
S.
e. g.
lists
exhibited
as
r-n
i, 2.
10 and Ht.-S. in ts^JX 36,11.
Ht.-P.
vowel
in is
|"'~n3
found
2,
in
10 the
and
Ht.-S.
MSS. where
Compositum in such words as x^n 29, 34. Strange to say, Se. Compositum is found m a few isolated examples which have either crept into the MSS. by
B.
writes a Se.
I
Journal Asiatique.
1870.
2
Sixieme S^rie.
Cf. VI, 2.
3
In
all
Tome XVI.
examples which
No. 61. will
Paris
be quoted,
Targum is the one referred to for the European readings, but the readings quoted are those given by the MSS 4 Cf. also the absence of any sign in Christian Palestinian Aramaic for Se. Compositum, Noldeke, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der aramaiscenh
Berliner's edition of the
Dialecte.
ZDMG.
XXII,
p.
507.
—
—
i6
were found
error^ or, are exactly taken as they
A
D
and
of these
majority
the
text;
both write b-ipb^ 33,
more consistently
C,
A
6.
the
is
B
MSS.
(the other 2
8
and
b"-pi^"')^.
sign which
third
calization
1
Hebrew
in the
being Proper Names.
instances
not represented in the Spl. vo-
is
which
Quiescens;
Se.
wantmg
also
is
in
Syriac.
The
7.
or R. and there
no doubt
is
Aramaic language had no signs pronunciation
softer
had no sign
Spl. punctuation as originally written
either for D.
of
the
that originally the
the harder
indicate
to
rSDnsa.
letters
remarks ''The oldest-known MSS. only use the D.
Hebrew, but not that
the D.
that
it
the Trg.,
a fact which
system.
has
Or. 2363
may
fitly call
the Trg. this sign of the R.
in
no more very necessary"
He
j.
composite developement of dicated by the
adds
and can only be
£
This
the letter.
explained by
system of a feature belonging
is
in fitfully
employing the D. point and
and
as Margoliouth
Many
transcribes
C
has remarked.
This MS.
A.
are a few exemples ""i^^i
4
1.
c.
Cf. VI, 8. p. 49.
b^ir^r.
2
regularly uses the
D
Cf.
neither
in this
P'^kI i, 24,
'rr!r\_
Dalman
2,18, 1.
c.
using the Sbl.
N^-Cirn p.
46.
MS.
^^'^'"7"
2,19,
may
This
the Sbl.
into
Spl.
i, 7,
2,16,
has
instances of the D. are to be
although apparently the
Of
slight corruption
But
account for the frequency of the D. point 1,26, xrn- 2,11,
in-
really not necessary,
show a
unfortunately
the one nor the other. in
not only
the adoption into the Spl.
A
vocalization
is
the Sbl. punctuation".
to
our MSS.
R. sign
D.
largely
as being
'Tn the more
further"^
system,
this
dropped
is
over the is
form of the preceding vowel-sign but also
by the point within
I
"^£"1
rs:n;2 but in later MSS. in which the Dg.
adopted
found
the Sbl. vowel-
for the
sign
special
a
to
from the other system of
into the text
punctuation, which one
the
in
show such% but
seems
not a part of the Spl. system as
is
was adopted
Hebrew letters
in
or
Margoliouth
i,
Here
26,
x^a-is 2, 3
1.
c.
"i?'n
23.
p. 46.
— By it
—
17
many examples
the existence of so
two chapters
in
might perhaps be thought that the sign was very frequently
employed throughout
MS.;
the
but
the
breaks
scribe
off
suddenly and we find whole series of chapters which do not contain a solitary D.
The rn'nf2
a few examples from B.
following are i\,
i,
x-rr^
i,
28,
h~r\
-1:^'^
29,
\,
i,
"i3^ i, ii,
^
31.
has none
of these! chapter appended to this
In the specimen I
D
have followed
which
investigation
most perfect MS. and has
the
is
neither D. nor R. sign.
The absence of all these signs, shows that the AraYemen MSS. is much more closely akin to the
8)
maic of the
Bb. Aram, and Syriac than editions
of the Trg.,
and
the
is
case with our European
may be
it
seen
how
appropriate
Aramaic language. Our MSS. agree with Bb. Aram, in many grammatical
the Spl. vocalization 9)
is
to the
points. a. 2,
b.
and
3rd. Pers. Sin. Fern. Suffix ends in n^-,
ist Pers.
its 3
5, 5
d.
Cf.
and
nj^£3
22
to
the Bb.
2, 9
Daniel
f.
of Verb
are
resp.
"^33
''rsyi'inn.
Perf.
of Verb
ends
in
n.
Cf.
Cf.
Dan.
\ is
punctuated with Q.
-yhyi.
Our MSS. punctuate many words with Aram, form with xabn p~b5 xitn rn-a.
e. g.
Suffixa
PI.
Dan.
2nd. Pers. Sin. Suffix
4,
e.
Sin.
with P.
3rd. Pers. Plu. Fern.
c.
Dan.
in
Cf.
nrn^.
II
S. whilst B.
Miscellaneous words such as
x:;?'>r
P.
corresponding
punctuates with H.
x^sb^ ist
'I'nsrxi
agree
the two dialects.
I
Or.
2374 writes thus, although Merx's edition of Daniel [Leipzig,
1882) has the Ketib *pE3 but Q'rd npE:.
—
VOCALIZATION.
VI. Before
1.
considering
changes
the
which
Sbl. punctuation^
do not show
that the
As
editions'.
Spl. to
the
Yemen MSS.
which
that superfluity of vowel-letters
Targum
our
may be remarked
it
pronun-
the
underwent on being transferred from the
ciation
in
—
i8
is
found
remarks "this redundancy
B.
of vowel-letters points back to a time when no vowels were yet written and these
letters
giving rise to
when
the vowel-signs were subsequently
have been
should
much
such words as
struck out,
As
confusion"^.
and
"'37
which
"'bli'n^J
added
their retention
instances
we may
notice
and
"'xVj'iS'
the
MSS.
B. writes iX3t
where the x merely points out the a sound. In
2.
considering
the
differences
and the European-Babylonian words
to
their
texts
it
shown by
will
be seen by tracing
etymologies that the former present a more
Now
accurate pronunciation.
as
it
is
extremely improbable
that the scribes were acquainted with the etymologies of the
words which they wrote, been conscientious
shows
this
in preserving
the
they must have
that
correct original ortho-
graphy. B.'s
3.
edition
of the Trg. has
with P. which appear in the
words and Particles: na (Syriac 2, 19.
bi5
(Syriac
Peal of the Verbs to the Syriac
^)
n!
I'r.
Form.
from the Syriac
3, 8.
in
—
c.
the
—
b.
2, 3,
On
many words punctuated
MSS. with Q. >a^')
2, 9.
nnT
6, 6.
'J
I
the
case
loi>-)
This corresponds
the other hand, the
Verba Mediae Geminatae^ e. g. would here punctuate the with Petaha.
3S.^d. In
(Syriac
3rd Person Singular Preterite
MSS.
differ
3rd Person Singular Preterite Peal
of the
2j
Monosyllabic
a.
nib'
b^i
Syriac
16, 4.
But
cf.
p'l
of the Present Participle the
Dan.
MSS.
Likewise in Christian Palestinian Aramaic the matres lectionis
Noldeke I.e. p. 447.) 2) Berliner 1. c. p. 133. For the contrary process we may compare the Hebrew ta Zechar. 4, 10 (Pret. of T-a) as if it were from TT3 and nu (for ntj) Isaiah 44, 18. are less used. (Cf. 3
— —
—
19
again show agreement with the e.g. 'ir^T
4, 20,
corresponding Syriac 17,
the 3rd Person Singular Feminine of. K"b
difficult
is
The
f.
Spl.
explain \
to
System
n-ri
Cf.
20
3,
r~,--
undoubtedly more correct
is
form,
16.— e. The Q, of the Preterite of Verba
4, 21, 'puVbT
"^sn^T
ing the Suffix of the 2nd Pers. Sin. with Q.
25.
4,
punctuat-
in
Cf- ~\^i 45, 9,
~\m
17, 5,
—
Miscellaneous words, the majority of which agree with
g.
-j-BsJ
So also B. Aram.
19, 15.
the
corresponding Syriac forms.
n:^
8, 9
many
in
On
(Syriac IZIm).
—
quently nian^
The vowel of
p.
just
i?
clearly
isn^i
29,
below,
has
write P.:
3,
corresponding
7.-0.
pause
the
This agrees
2nd radical of a verb
the
the
in
the Q.
Suffix of
a.
Dan.
Cf. fr^^s Daniel 4, 14, re-n-^
b.
as
6, 13.
(Syriac iJ^i),
11
i,
Singular Feminine M^'^n 4, 12.
with the B. Aram. form.
11^
iV^x
other hand B.
MSS.
instances in which the
the 3rd Person
2,
the
Dan.
cf. "(i^
Since,
has
as
words
in
be
seen
will
influence
little
is
more
the
in
fre-
Syriac
Spl.
punctuation herein showing the small influence of the Mas-
Hebrew
sorah of the
where
cases
s<:^5^5
13,
1,
26,
a
pausal
Q.
"in
4, 14.
—
e.
-"^i^sV
i, 5,
and
the suffixes x:
''ii'Siip^i
may account
situm
*: is
The absence
for such instances
as
i,
many 22.
MSS. Compo-
P. in the
of Se.
m£5
3^ 13,
xSnIx
8-
4.
We
given
of words
found
in
1
now
have
vowels H. and
2
has
B.
The vowel before
d.
our MSS. retain the P. in
text,
the
arrived at the second
pair of kindred
Only a
couple
of instances
which are
written
by B. with
S.
MSS. with H. and
But Biblical Aramaic likewise
vice
r-j^s
versa,
Dan.
7,
19
but
and
are
but
S. it
here are
may be
r""2 ib. 7, 22.
form was probably Qames in Biblical autem n-^ pro rr— quia, ut Masora Targumo On-
Philippi tells us that the original
Aramaic, ".Scribitur
kelosiani ostendit, sermo posterior a et a uti pronuntiatione sic etiam
Vocalem
scriptione comniiscere consuevit.
longum esse ex s~
—
ah successit".
Libri
p.
LVIII.)
(v. 3
So also
apparet,
Danielis, in B.
luiius terminationis origine
quod targumice Ezrae
Aram.
et
in
locum antiquioris
Nehemiae
ed. Baer,
Cf. v/?~5^. Daniel
B2
7,
16.
1.
c.
— added
of examples which
that in the majority
may be
reading of the MSS.
the
—
20
have noted
I
by reference
verified
to
the etymologies of the, words or to their corresponding Syriac
words as
B. has S. with such
forms.
But H. with 3^6n
The 3rd
5.
x^ipi
3, 22,
in"'i<'i
C|Vn
2, ig,
13, 2.
22.
8,
and
pair of kindred vowels are Ho.
These
S.
interchanges appear to depend greatly upon the pronunciation
Thus
of these sounds.
more
sight,
correct,
but,
latter
words
the
B. writes
and the
with Sureq;
21
jf,
3, 20,
Ci'is
first
must be borne
it
and Ho. are represented by one sign only
The Nestorians pronounced
tiiw
punctuation seems, at
"^o-^oaj
as
mind
in
that S.
in Jacobite Syriac. if
were written
it
with a Holem'; whilst, on the other hand, they pronounced vq\
^
vowel-sign
distinct
For
Syriac
Jacobite
in
/Jj:v
Perhaps the Yemenite Jews
as the ordinary u sound".
fti
pronounced the words ms and for
Ho. and MSS.
B.
— as
—which
pom and
Ho,, S.
fiiTi)
they Part
v.
are written with
som,
having
but
punctuated
II.
Before noticing the other numerous interchanges
6.
vowels
in the
two systems,
it
of the Imperfect seems to
May we
MSS.
not
that language the
might naturally
trace
must be noticed
vary between I the
.
P. to Arabic
vowel of the Servile Prefix
expect
MSS.
that
a
Ho.
with
it
hailing
among
that the
and
vowel
P. in the
In
influence?
We
Fatha.
is
from Yemen
in
South Arabia would present some Arabic characteristics and that this
I
also p.
is
the case
r^N (Cnrx),
14, 23
Cf.
may be
but Cs.nx
Duval, Grammaire Syriaque, Paris
Noldeke
456 "The
in
his
article
\p (On) in
on
1
Christian
In these instances,
88 1, pp. 47
— 48.
Palestinian
Aramaic
So
2 1.
c.
>^qa451 "you laugh" disagrees with the pro-
nunciation in East Syriac. (p. 63)
seen by the following examples
15, 8 rnit
We
should expect
remarks "The superlinear vocalization
vj (un)".
Dalman
of the Targums,
1.
c.
and
usually also the Tiberian, has in the form of the Masculine a long as in
B';s
avj which
however becomes u
Tiberian vocalization clearly stands here old Palestinian usage".
in the derived forms. in
The
closer relation with the
— we
C
see that
more
inclines
our Trg. editions,
a fact
—
21
to the forms
which we find
which may be often noticed
in
in the
instances which will be quoted later on.
Variations in punctuation:
7.
B.H.=MSS. B.P.=MSS.
a)
b)
C
(but
9, 5
D
and
P. n'^Vin'
H.;
'iDrn).
rnni I
d) e)
20
4,
C
(but
justifiable in
.
B.S.=MSS. P. •^n\xn 4, B.P.=MSS. S. sb'-E 15, B.P.=MSS. Ho. -jiVi-^
c)
27, i^'crr 6, 20.
i,
rri5n),
"j'=-an
both instances ^
nbV-.nni 14^ 18.
3,
10.
np:-2n
3, 16,
Both
16, 4.
these are given by Levy. f)
S.
is
B.Ho.==MSS.
reads
g)
On
S.
in p'lm^'^
qTr^ {A
S.
more correct since
C)ipr
other hand,
the
the
24 which
2,
a
is
is
Here again the Noun; Levy also C)"')?~. MSS. have Ho. where B.
^^-pt:) 4, 6.
as incorrect as B.'s
P?T3
the correct form being plir. h)
A
has the modified
vulgarism and which, lectically
vulgar
j)
k)
MSS. MSS.
1)
B.
sounds which
is
For instance,
"pnx.
B.
found occasionally in
word
the
dia-
in the
i"'i'i:='^i-=c
4, 21.
4, 25.
"-iniiii
{C and
n^b-^bp
certainly a
is
was heard
where the MSS. give xn;=
snisa
B.
rrh-^^p).
I
Old Arabic and
in
dialects'*.
i)
ii
according to Wright,
D
more
correctly
the
Pael
r-^yq^^.
Cf. S'lVsV
Dan.
Leipzig 1866.
3
Yemen MSS.
the
Finally,
2 v.
3, 15.
punctuate
Sureq
with
Levy, Chaldaisches Worterbuch,
Strangely enough the reverse process
is
s.
v.
mentioned
by Noldeke as taking place in Christian Palestinian Aramaic. "We find u where we should expect i as in ^joxa* (^Hebrew S";;;^)" p. 456.
Dalman mentions
Franz Delitzsch asserted that
that
the Punctatores in Palestine u 4
Wright, "Comparative
bridge 1890,
Nominative Arabic
p. 77.
5
Grammar
V.
also
ii
which is common Duval 1. c. p. 47. ,
in
the time of
(Dalman,
1.
c.
of the Semitic Languages",
Cf. also the writing of the
in Ina for iina
texts.
was pronounced
p. 63).
Cam-
Arabic sound Plural
in the
Yemenite Jewish-
— where B. has
^
P.
in
n-.TU'^Js
Bevan says
instance
—
22 lo,
i,
SHinis 4,
change
the
due
is
In the latter
i.
For the two
labial^; bfjbru-a 4, 12, X:e6 14, 17, &<;730 41, 40.
examples Levy prefers
last
Patah.
following
the
to
can be
It
seen
at
a
glance that the MSS. readings are superior.
The Se.Mobile
8.
much more
is
system than
in the Spl.
employed
frequently
the case in the Sbl., since
is
is
it
also used with the Gutturals^ in which case the Sbl. system It must now be noticed by Se.Compositum. interchanges between Se. and the full vowels are fre-
replaces that
it
quently met with: a) B. P.: MSS. Se. ^^t:xi
The
instance
first
Etpeel
is
whilst B.
3, 8, inS^b"
has
correctly.
Se.
— b)
These being
5, I.
we
find
Syriac.
in
For the
3, 20.
when
treating
being Afel
shows
the
—
allows
either
nipT^nS g.
2, 2,
—
B.
c)
rn=i
:
of inr
MSS.
Se.
Se.:
MSS. in
of
CJS*
S.
Dan.
3, 15,
i<"3:x
10.
The
2,
Hebrew language "iso
—
e)
5,
Levy,
i.
shown
most
clearly
good custom of
v.
Se.
4, I.
by
"They have
Lecteur".
in
s.
MSS.
B. H.:
correct traditional pronunciation
the
as
just
Se.
That the Yemenite Jews were most careful
serving
"laS"
3, 17,
of the Trg.,
edition
B.'s
this instance.
in
have
Se.; "'ids
the
MSS.
^aS V
Verba,
Aram.
B.
exhibited
d) B.
form
S.
influence
:
of
Preterites
as
examples.
clearly
Q.
B.
latter cf.
Sbl. vocalization
these
The word
conjugations.
6.
"iSS'^b"
correctly Etpaal; this will be fully considered
of the
u,
perhaps more
reads,
Derenbourg
still
in
preserved the
pre-
in
of the Trg.
is
"Manuel du old-fashioned and his
translating each verse in public; a
little
boy
nine or ten years of age stands on the platform and recites the
Targum
Hebrew".
each
of
verse
after
served a more exact tradition
know of
other
countries
already neglected in the I
the
Reader has
cited the
"Further", says M. Derenbourg, „they have pre-
Cf. Chr. Pal.
{kvzv), p. 455.
2
of the Targum,
iith century"
-5.
Aram, "u sometimes stands for a as of Daniel. Cambridge 1892, p. 81.
Book
whereas we
where the Chaldean Version was
in
aqI 3
1.
c.
J-S-aiut
p-Sog.
—
23
Se. Mobile
for
—
V
The use of Se.
this
we
than
^
the
semi-vowels shows that
must have had a much more distinct pronunciation are accustomed to give it, and it is a fact that
Jews sound the Sewa just as the occidental Jews pronounce Segol even at the present day\ oriental
Se.Compositum is represented in the MSS. by Se.Quiescens we may assume that the pronunciation was a more hurried one, whilst the full vowel would indicate a
When
the
In connection with the pro-
longer or fuller pronunciation.
Hebrew
nunciation of is
among
in use
Yemen
of
the Jews
instructive to notice Derenbourg's
it
of the ac-
description
count given by Jacob Sappir^ of the present pronunciation "\s regards their vowels of Hebrew by the Yemenite Jews. they pronounce Q. and P. like the Germans, contracting the lips
the
and opening the mouth wide
former
the
for
latter,
Ho.
Spaniards and the
like the
distinguish
nounced
from
it
in
its
different
vowel which that everywhere else
like a
S.
original P.
ways;
letter has, it
before
before a
resembles
a
very short
guttural
Yod
weak
Yemen who speak
and
P.
and pronounce Se.Mobile with
their copies
In
the
I
segoleted
That
Cf.
less correctly,
make
these
it
P.
forms we
know
the
it
a
S.
so as to is
pro-
takes the
has that of H.,
There
are
also
who confound full
vowel and
errors current in
of the Pentateuch or the Prayers"
help-vowel and the S.^
it
a.
at
ignorant or neglectful scribes
P.,
The Se.Mobile a
people S.
the
for
pronounce as the Polish Jews, the
they
2nd
j.
P.
is
only a
was probably pronounced as we pronounce
was sometimes read
The Codd. Gaster No.
146, a
as
14th
an e sound
may
century Karaite MS.
from Nisibis; Is'os. 155, 159, 160 Maliazor Byzant. Rite (XVII and XVIII cent.) and Codd. Montefiore 444, 445 and 446 Mahazor Corfu, which write §e. where we would expect S. and vice versa; employing S. and Se. indiscriminately. Thus we read n";-: "vv ~~""?3 "?.?? and -'p-j immediately followed by t;-:0. 2 In his "jss 4 So 511. I'EC (Lyck 1866). 3 Manuel du Lecteur, 1. c, pp. 510 (II^a) also in Christian Palestinian Aramaic in such words as Wjjl "Year" >iif. {yi>>.) "with" (Noldeke 1. c. p. 4541 .'^.,
—
—
—
24
perhaps be seen from Proverbs 12, 28 where the Septuagint,
and Targura
Pesitta
expect
He
Dikduke
opinion
ha-te'amim
transcriptions of
a
made no
all
also
Cf.
may be
it
the
The ancient LXX Solomon and Gomorrah
vocalization 3.
alteration
Hebrew and not of
undoubtedly incorrect,
is
tr^i^? as
Spl.
in
b)
noticed that the vocalization
the
Even
fact.
pause Cf.
occurs
The
Ezra
6,
6, 21,
12, ^aair
Dan.
our MSS.
to
We
notice only
there
Pasuq where Berliner
says
rarity of
Bb. Aram,
in
in Bb. Aram, many employed where no
is
and where we might consequently expect
Daniel
b2-i
Yemen indicate
to
a characteristic of the
is
examples are to be found where H.
of
connection
In
Aramaic language.
a sufficient proof of this
remarks
the
any vocalic alteration under the pausal influence is
almost
pronunciation of
Kimhi.
till
This pausal influence
Pause.
we should
the old grammarians from
conclusion^.
on the
with the pronunciation
the
of
nbPa and
similar
Margoliouth
scribes
were written
it
where
out that the
also points
according to the
to
if
Ti'iins*'^
heard at the present day
Se. usually
as
ri^^-'bx
to the Se. the full vowel-sign e or e
from Corfu give
point
render
Dr. Gaster has pointed out that Prayer-Books
T^'iTiisi.
invariably ^
the
all
Jeremiah 13, 21
also
Cf.
ri'2-bit.
is
4, 11.
lbr:3
7, 8,
We may
Ezra
4, 23,
compare
its
S.
"(SiU
use in
of the Bible t.
a few instances with Silluq and Sof
changed
his
in
Dan.
of the Aramaic portions
that
P.
b^i^a
into
Massorah^:
and
—Q."Both
becomes H.
S.
schools
(/. e.
the
Babylonian
and Palestinian) have the use of the Pause with Athnach and Sof-Pasuq, whilst with the Bureaus the Pause
there
is
also used with Sakef.
seems no
schools reading Berliner I
refers
In the case of Genesis 18,30
difference between
a
pausal form at
to in this passage
is
V.
Kautzsch,
p. 39.
schools,
Sakef".
^"'^pt*';
both
The word
and yet
all
the
M. Gaster "Die Unterschiedlosigkeit zvvischen Pathah und Segol"
in Stade's Zeitschrift, Giessen 1894, p. 62. 4
two
the this
5
2
p. 61.
c.
p. 47.
"Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen", Leipzig Leipzig 1877, Introduction, p. XX.
1884,
3
1.
— MSS. read here
four
b-^V^n
24, 33,
we
notice
C
4, 2.
at
8, 7,
bV^xi,
our MSS.
Similarly
So 2. 21, 7. Athnah causing a change of vowel
lengthens
more
read bbr
But here and there
='"p"
44,
the
e. g. •pr'i
frequently
bin
e. g.
-"sr"-
12, 5,
MSS. having S. A has -.^^7 at remaining MSS. again showing a S. Berliner
a Sakef;
an Athnah, the in his
—
25
other
the
Massorah says the form
when punctuated
n-^o
is
used
only
but our MSS. read n^c
with H.,
in
Pause
in
24,
i,
and 35, 29, where there is no pause. On the other hand they have ^h^k 36, 11 at Athnah where B. has a P. 27,
I
We
41, 52
cases
where
extremely the
of the Pause in
also notice the influence
c^^Bx
(but
we
rare,
Hebrew
A a
find
and
n-^tiEX)
upon
see
nl'arb''
in
influence
the
that
according to the Spl. vocalization
is
the
our MSS. are
text of the Trg.
the
38, 13,
Yet
6.
46,
pausal influence
and hence we
original
'^.-"^
of
punctuated
comparatively
insignifi-
may be noted that most of the examples I have quoted are Proper Names which were probably punctuated in these cases exactly as they occur in the Hebrew text. 10. From all these examples it may be seen what great cant.
It
differences
are noticeable
two systems.
the
in
In general,
the Spl. system approaches the Bb. Aram, and Syriac forms, which we should naturally expect in an Aramaic language,
shows considerable Hebrew influences.
whilst the Sbl. system
Further,
the
forms
given
MSS.
the
in
more correct than those found
in
are
etymologically
our editions.
In a few
instances the surroundings influence the pronunciation.
ORTHOGRAPHY.
VII.
1.
The
ortliographical variations
numerous and important. Lists will
be found
the readings of the
be regarded as due
in
I
shall
shown by the MSS. are
here only indicate a few.
Part II and also an attempt to justify
MSS. to
a)
the
The
following variations
influence
exercised
by
may
dialect.
— B. reads
iS; the rest have
"pifiit" 3,
D
N'-^S3.
B,
C,
45, 22,
A
and
—
26
B. has
D
vb"'-j:iN.
^
L. confirms^.
'piox'^.
XTj-^ci 6, 16.
and
B.
.'^'i-J'^p^.
A.
C-i-^'-jQ'n
^,
although noticing
the form given by B., gives that of
D as
the best Reading.
—
make
use
meanings
of
The MSS.
b)
occasionally
the
distinguish
'^VmOn,
different
=upon, l3y=he went
=
rx
thou,
Verba
a sign.
ending
s'b
—
up;
C
c)
of vowel-change to
has
Thus b» n5<=
word.
a
"i3==son,
"13
= besides;
3rd Person Plural
the
and not
''
in
L.
pointed out by Berliner in his Massorah
of
This peculiarity
in ix.
(p.
is
92) as a Syriasm.
D
occasionally found in B, but A and never As an instance we may take the word T'Ennx'i 7, 20. Some variations are also found in Verba i"r. A, B and read 1"'-ri?:i 19, 14, but B. and C "j^xri'ai. Landauer^ very
It
also
is
show
it.
D
appropriately refers us here to the Present Participle of the
Verba
in Syriac
l":'
ka-yem. written
which language
in
and
^^'^<^^xa
regarded
latter
may
reading
popular spelling of ~'xn^2 3.
a
as
this
pronounced
is
>>JL»
would be pronounced
Similarly ""Nri'2-
as if
it
were
accordingly be
—d)
We
some-
times find interchanges of letters consistently occurring; thus
D
used by the MSS.
is
latter is
is
A
Hebrew.
the
be read
to
and
has
viz.
9,
but
is
The
io.
imported from
13
and
X";&'^p
The Rest
42.
ip-i.
19, 17.
—a and
All have
I'lS
:.
UJ
B
31, 27.
which the author of the Pathsegen'* has already pointed
more usual "fs, MSS. read
out as standing for the s. V.
cases where B. writes
letter at all,
incorrectly in two places where a
it
voj?
D have Dpi 31,
B. tis
in
not an Aramaic
in
his
Massorah.
All
as "^n^
Landauer remarks where B. and L.5
^ s. V. 2 "Massorah zum Onkelos nach neuen Quellen", Letterbode VII &c. always with 3 In Biblical Aramaic the Ketib is s but the Qere with -. Cf. j''-,s- (Qere "^"''^ Daniel 2,38; 3,31;
6,
26,
iQere
'-;vr^
(Qere
;-r'^)
Schreibungen wie den,
dass k
^;;-^)
Ezra
7,
Daniel
r:''-5;>3
4, 23, "'os|?
Cf.
25.
fiir
also
rsV;'^, D'-p fiir
zwischen zwei Vokalen
gesprochen wurde". S s. V. L c.
4
(Qere
Dalman's als
]"?".5)
Daniel
Grammar
3, 3,
-j-js-!
45 '*Aus c-sp darf geschlossen werp.
stimmhafte Gaumenspirans
Published in Adler's edition of the Targum
— — — xn-
give
nrhf\
The n
has
e)
it.
word
B
is
writes n^isbms
and
-n:
"i^aii'b
D
srbV 40, \^. B. B and C and likewise Aram, although Bb. Hebraism, a
A
12.
i6,
—
27
14,
and z^^rsr
3, 16 fj
give ^z-ii if-in^i
The MSS.
which B. writes
12, 13 in all of
divide the
time, was looked upon
at a later
this,
as the correct traditional writing ^
D
Cand
A,
i.
The Yemen MSS. do not know of
"'z'^-^nr^
&c.
the so-called EiJ-n
',r:::>
which gives us such forms as x;^^- and rrir-j-is but write
Hebrew
these words as they are found in the niaini
Text.
—
The
stand in the Trg. just as they occur in the Hebrew.
MSS. however appear *rix
read
D
not
(and
read ni^aSi
Hebrew Vin
ignore
^n-x)
34,
27,
x-s'-^
^
n-"'.
to
B
23,
"^V:^
read
C
have
A
14.
C
C
and
and
follow
the
on the margin but have S'1^^ but ij" and
wS:nbs
D
and
and Z)
£
it
may
C
x^=-i
and Z> be
n^'i
c—ni-i
39,
^nj-i
^
i.
15,
any
were only
rate,
and
and
18
9^
6.
once seen that the scribes
at
could not have recognised these rules of ciann x^p, they
all
A
46.
27,
Tetragrammaton instead of n-n5X4
writes the
these examples
By
B
x-nl-i,
=--:i-2-
B
finally
A,
6.
riNrn
19,
Thus they
Rule.
this
but here
2
and
n^iir in the Text 3 26,
C
By
g)
xip the Massorah meant that several passages should
with
acquainted
slightly
or,
at
them.
h) Marginal Readings have already been pointed out occasion-
These glosses are important since they are all added by a later hand and explain the origin of many words which These afterwards became incorporated with the Text itself. ally.
marginal readings also constitute an argument for the greater
age and originality of the texts with Superlinear vocalization
which have been preserved
C
has
I
Cf.
Ezra
16
4,
where
IluUin 65a. estenus
(v.
6,
13) 3
2,
by
the
the
—
Yemenite Jews. 3, 23 of which has been
text
stands for the
r;:r::s
Or. 2374 has s^;' si'c" (Dan.
Siyn (Dan.
to us
on the margin,
"^"^crXT
where Baer has r-yr.
The reading sinVe
Part II, Ch.
II,
J).
more usual s:r:s
so
47) where Baer reads n^j^ rryy\ and
^
is
cf.
2
Cf.
Talmud Babli
Tr.
quoted by Theodorus MopsuB.
1.
c.
p.
216.
— corrected by a later hand to is
given by Berliner
which means that
P"'5<1
we must
but as the word
"'Osnx'i;
Massorah^ under the heading of
it is
undoubtedly the correct reading, 'ODn^<'^.
when speaking of the Additions word already inserted in the text.
see this
on the margin text,
its
27,
rectly in the text.
C
22
has
has
iTi'n5"'in
We
shall
D
have
'^nibs'.
A
that
and
has
8 Z)
25,
B
be read after "non.
to
and
"^"i
C
i6
7,
be placed between
to
'^'lair'iti
bis
correction
reject the
on the margin
in
in
—
28
on the margin but
"^nii^
'p^i'^
has the same word cor-
"^"i^
This has been noticed above under niS'im x^p.
Many more examples of marginal readings will be noticed when we shall treat of the Variant Readings. i) The Yemen MSS. almost invariably follow the reading given in the
—
Massorah of Berliner under the head of presents a School
Text and B.
reads
the
and
n]5
and
in
>inn
To
and 27
26
Berliner^
i"i1:ni<.
column headed
under ixriinsb.
17,
the authenticity
for
MSS.
these
'^5<"nDb
''Perhaps"
which
favour of the original
in
great argument
found
is
Itpeel nisnx in
a
is
which
text
in Babyl.
"^siSTnfisVi
whilst
of the
give one instance;
MSS. have
the
places
— adds
re-
Plst.
the
the Peal
Etpeel
Berliner
is
the
reading
placed
— "whether
we
should take the Peal or Itpeel form depends upon the old
grammatical question whether the root of the Hebrew word is
He
5T0
or
^"23".
Baer3,
however,
says, speaking of certain
and which he
treats as Etpeel ''Praeteritum huius conjugationis
interdum syllabam praeformativam Daniel
5,
abjicit
velut 0"]Q
= onQr!i<
28.
VIII.
GRAMMATICAL VARIATIONS. I.
State.
a)
of a different opinion.
is
forms which occur in B. Aram,
THE NOUN.
There are a few changes
in the different states
of the Substantives.
I
1.
c.
p.
116.
2
Massorah
p.
62.
3
Daniel
etc.
p.
LIX.
—
these two states were
Mandaic
the
in
examples which
the
in
The
Yemen MSS.
text
y'xs;
is
ponding word
D
A, B,
snxa
II,
"'S'^bt'
"^xijp
as represented
C
and
16, B.
4,
MSS. x^r-^-i, Hebrew Text is
in the
to-
be seen that
will
it
Targum
The
B. b=-p.
21,
6,
confused
entirely
i
corres-
3=^?.
Absolute and Construct. 15, 19
P)
nymics
Part
in
noticeable in the
is
the
in
Noldeke
of Aramaic^, and from the
dialect
be given
will
a similar laxness
which
States,
used ahnost indiscriminately'.
to be
informs us that gether
and Emphatic
the Absolute
a) In
MSS. appear
—
29
— 21,
in
Patro-
the
&c, B. believes we have either a shortened
form of the absolute Plural or the Construct State used stead of the Absolute
The
3.
supported by Wright who says
away
fall
in
the Absolute
I
The same anomaly
mar, Paris 1881,
Nun
or
Dalman^ assumes
languages'*.
found in Syriac
also
is
Duval's Gram-
(cf.
249): "L'etat emphatique s'est alors generalise
p.
forme usuelle,
point de devenir la
que
absolu,
l'etat
et
I'on
k constater".
-
IMandaische Grammatik,
"We
the Christian Aramaic dialect of Palestine
Absolute".
He, however, explains these examples
corruption.
(Vide
p.
204.
remarks
Samaritan dialect
this
Targum
is
He
gives
as
s-^-STi r-zyr'r"
state
situtiones
Linguae
later
to
Berliner
1.
c.
apparent confusion in the
Nomen
sine articulo; quae diver-
ibi de re magis defiexample 25, 23 "I'yu -21;* a*, of which sail and the Samaritan also writes the
with both words
viz.
^^tV^
Samaritanae" Uhlemann,
in the Biblical
Aramaic Text, the
British
disagrees with Baer's
Edition in reading sV
Baer has Vne.
page 205.
147.
due
as
also
Cf.
507).
"In haud paucis locis utitur Samaritanus
ubi Hebraeus habet
Emphatic
Even
p.
eo est querenda, quod Samaritanus forte
nita cogitaret".
the
XXII,
But Uhlemann when noticing
Nomine emph., sitas in
ZDMG.
in
frequently find in the
where we should expect the
lying before us the Emphatic State
text
diffi-
Also
300.
p.
au
ne ren-
contre plus que dans quelques tournures de phrase, est souvent cile
is
are apt to
forms of the Absolute "Statt der
shortened
are
Mim
final
in-
Plural of nouns in the Assyrian,
Talmudic and Modern Syriac that these
explanation
first-mentioned
5
1.
c.
3
p.
1.
c.
151.
4
Cf.
-""^-^nt Leipzig
^S^
1837,
Museum MS. "-z
Wright:
(Daniel 1.
c.
2,
("In-
p.
196).
Or. 2374
42)
where and
pp. 67, 146
indeterm. Pluralendung in e
In connection
(!)".
compare "i6s
is
20
17,
more
Hebraism.
A,
B.,
Number.
ferences
we may also The MSS. have "^"in
i.
B
";6 which
v.;
40, 16
C,
D,
correctly, 756,
be explained as due
The
some
whilst
4,
may
differences
very frequently
mere
a
rendering;
slavish
are due to an uncertainty whether a Collective
Noun should be •'ST
dif-
Number, it is at both more numerous in
the Targumist's desire to give rather
to
Hebrew than
of the
sense
the
probably a
is
consideration of the
observable
once noticeable that these variations are
and more important.
and which
Tir-a'^rr
original
s.
to those
corresponds
which, perhaps,
"p'^ri
Turning from the
States
in
14,
Hebrew
the
by L.
also given
b)
"^^^in
whilst B. lia?
closely with
die Verkiirzung
zuvveilen ein
tritt
with these Patronymics
and
lo
i,
"•'d^
-
30
B
II.
treated as Singular or as Plural.
C
and
and
pears to be the best,
is
D
The
x^n.
B.
C may
and
appears, at
and
A
reading ap-
first
we expect
given by L.^, since
B
here the Plural Construct.
Aramaic idiom; but
D
n^-in,
be true to the be incorrect.
to
first sight,
Nevertheless this reading cannot be condemned, since the sense of the passage
The
iU5n"iKT I, 21.
Noun may the
same
certainly singular.
is
Subject
is
N'^^,
possibly justify either reading.
MSS.
of the
as that
B.
MSS.
d"'n'^iX"i
which, being a Collective
C '^
however, gives
L.,
B.,
B
A,
D
and
^n^'
Luzz. in his Thiloxenos'^ asserts that the Plural
14, 22.
necessary here,
Targumist
the
since
refers
the
is
passage to
Prayer in which both hands are held up, whilst the Hebrew text
refers
The
c)
to an
oath,
peculiar
use
for
which only one hand
of the Genders
is
raised.
the MSS.,
in
and
the apparent confusion which exists in the use of Masculine for
Feminine presents us with a grammatical problem. primitive
the
Masculine
Aramaic language have
distinct
Feminine Genders
was
and
merely the result of a
I
s.
V.
2
later
Vienna: 1830,
or
this
development and
p. 35.
Did
forms for the distinction
differentiation
—
by the Massorites and Grammarians?
fixed
of the Aramaic of the
two
the
—
31
feminine
seems
liible
Genders;
when, however,
object
was
it
differently
sorites.
Bevan, referring to
remarks
that
written
the
written text
the
refers
suffix
to
a
punctuated by the Mas-
phenomenon
this
text
The
point to one form for
to
Bb. Aram,
in
grammatically inaccurate:
is
"Sometimes grammatical inaccuracies which probably were found already in the primitive text have been corrected by the later vocalizers
the
thus "pn
;
of the 3rd Person
suffix
Plural was used indifferently for the Masculine or Feminine,
been marked with the vowel
but has
Noun.
to a feminine
whenever
e
Similarly in the 3rd
of the Verb the termination
the Perfect
i
refers
it
Person Plural of is
used for both
but has been treated as a by the vocalizers, when
genders,
the Subject
fn and
termination
So also the Yemen MSS. use the
Feminine" ^
is
and likewise the
both
"(ID
suffix
'fl
Masculine and Feminine
for
Common
used as
is
Suffix of the
3rd Person Plural of the Imperfect of Verbs where we should expect Mas. exceptions In
these.
thinks
—
to
Gender^.
I
and Fem. '|— ^.
'i
to
rule in
this
my
C
I
and
have only noticed a few shall
later
on enumerate as Bevan
opinion these examples are not due
—
grammatical inaccuracies but are really of Common
We may
Bevan:
1.
c.
p.
perhaps find analogous instances
2
39.
in
the
Although the regular fem. forms were still we find examples in
mostly used in Christian Palestinian Aramaic
which the Masc. endings are used for the Fem. as in ^a-ta) (ZDMG. 3 The text of Daniel in the British Museum MS. Or. XXII. p. 474). 2374; appeares to confirm this assumption. As I have already remarked
this
text.
MS. pays no attention
In
this
MS. then the
editions of the Bible say
although the z'n
is
to
we must
yr.z^.
the
sts
scribe writes
read
Xow had
have undoubtedly written the word
but
"i"":*?
it
scribe.
is
written
Dan.
the scribe read thus.
and that the reading
the
—p
in
its
2,
yr.z'i
he would
This proves that
time and place of the scribe this word was as
inserts
33 when our on account of the Gender,
y.r,n
i-rs*?
in
the
pronounced '•r:': just was unknown to the
— Hebrew language both 'boy' and
which the word
in
But a much
same phenomenon
which in the Pentateuch according
peculiarity of the
Yemen MSS.
of
characteristic
1 1
is
Hebrew
x^!i
and
tK'^n
X^iti
times in the whole Penta-
Massorites)
the
to
the
in
Whether then
^.
this
a vulgarism or a classical
language remains doubtful,
the
occurs
it
instance of
striking
the Ketib both for
is
form occurring but
(the latter
teuch,
more
be found
to
is
meant
originally
"ii"3 ^
being spelt without n when
'girl'
in the Pentateuch.
the
—
32
but
after
observing that a similar phenomenon existed in the primitive
Hebrew language,
there
assume
likewise
Aramaic which
I
that
it
is
language.
in
of the
characteristic
now enumerate
I
have noticed
no reason why we should not
is
the
few
primitive
exceptions
This MS. reads "pniix 19;
C.
2il,
27, 29 l^ii-S 31, 5 (although in the 35 and -7^% very same verse we find C giving 'iinb" and referring the payn'O'ii
Suffix to the
same feminine Subject!) and
Gesenius points out
I
contains
some
this
peculiarities
peculiarity:
l^ipiiJ 41^ ^o.
"The Pentateuch
of language which have
certainly
the appearance
When these books were composed the words Nnn 'he' "young man" were still of common Gender and used also for and 'young woman'. Vide Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, Translated
of archaisms.
and
->•:
'she'
by Conant. London 1839. In Verse 47 the
word
is
2
§§ 2. 3.
sistency in Ezekiel 23, 45 where
a"Hs
written ^nn^s.
We
refers 3
find an apparent inconto
a Feminine Subject.
Samaritan
B
(as A,
and
D) jlBlp'^n. In the following pages some readings from the Samaritan Targum which agree with one or another of the Variant Readings consideration have been inserted. .Since Samaritan has no vowel signs these instances are only of value in confirming the ^ConUpon the much-vexed question whether the Samasonantal Text.
under
Targumist was influenced by the Targum of Onkelos ment between the two is due to later interpolations into of the Samaritan Targum I refrain to enter; but bearing ritan
or agree-
the Text in
mind
that the language of Onkelos and Samaritan are two kindred dialects
of Aramaic and that they both represent very ancient Translations of the
Hebrew
Text, the examples given
ing to confirm a reading. 1879) has been, in
all
The
may be
of
some value
edition of Dr. Adolf
cases, the text of the Samaritan
Briill
Targum
in help-
(Frankfort:
referred
to.
—
—
33
These are evidently mere anomalies, and of no importIt is unnecessary to give examples here as they occur
ance.
throughout
Gender
be found
in
Landauer^ explains
2.
THE VERB.
He
Massorah.
different in
D^=1n.
the
is
correct
the
B
and
up a
Trh^t"^^.
in
mentioned,
The case
C33
example the Pael
C
and
B.
n-'^x-ii 37, 15.
may be observed
it
is
number of animals
language the Pael has the same
the Syriac
54.
is
large
L. gives no Pael of this root, but
0:21' 31,
reading in his
Conjugation.
22, 40 in which
D
D
C,
latter
xrw:
says that here only
Numbers
A,
•j-'nin).
A,
B.
justifies
necessary, since Balaq offered (',51
in
II.
Very numerous interchanges are
B
and
and hence the Peal is
Part
the Conjugations.
Peal and Pael.
a)
Other variations
invariably.
in
The Conjugations.
a)
be observed
to
MSS.
the
all
will
that
signification
as the Peal.
Peal and Afel.
P)
and
B.
A,
B
xrx B.
and
D
MSS. have
is
to avoid the confusion
of the Aramaic root
= to
there
The
14. this
4, 3.
that
which might arise riDUJ
=
to
find
Afel,
is
the
more
in the
and the
employment
Hebrew
root
forget.
B. arnn'n (Ettafal) 3, finitive
'p^k^^
no doubt
form being preferred
Peal and Etpaal, Etpeel or Ettafal.
7)
is
really ist Per. Sin. Imperf. Peal.
i:1-'n5iy'^T 4,
convenient form, according to L.;
nrd
D
A, B,
"'nix',
have the only correct reading of the Afel of
Syriac -V'i- B.'s form
cf.
"'?rf7?^'!'7
C
Now,
Similarly throughout Genesis.
may be
The Hebrew
19.
either Active or Passive.
MSS. a'nf n
(Peal)
being an In-
-::Tr
Here
it
seems
to
bear an active signification, which would confirm the reading of the MSS.
L.* also gives
segen^ supports
B.'s
1
Samaritan D33\
4
s.
V.
5
To
reading
2
the
Massorah
this verse.
Peal form here, but Path-
and explains
s.
v.
it
3
reflectively.
Samaritan
niNS"!.
— B,C2ind
A
ing.
A
B, p'^bo^^
text being
and Z>
The Hebrew
and Z> p;"r&xi (Etpaal)
appears
Isy^i
confirm
to
B.
nn^b'^'i^
B
The
^h"^.
is
—
34
C
and
23
2 6,
The Hebrew
.
the first-mentioned read-
h-iB-inw (Etpeel) 46, 22.
first-mentioned reading,
giving the sense of the original,
less literal
is
although
than the passive
construction.
Pael and Afel.
6)
MSS.
B. in-^x
among
places the reading '^n^x
Both these
^li^x 34, 19.
forms have the same meaning, but Berliner, the
in his
Massorah^,
of instances included
list
under the head of Qiaim xip and we have already seen that
MSS. appear
the
L. gives
"in'^x
to take
no notice of
very rarely whilst the Afel
MSS. appears
the
fairly
is
B.
the reading of
MSS.
r^^^yj-^.
we read
nNi'iS'i
"^NS'TniiD^ nxi'iSJ '^itniob
which the author of the Pathsegen adds "There
to
p.X''"isx
Massoretic rule.
common,
be preferable.
to
In Berliner's Massorah*
38, 14.
this
as Pael of irix, but as the Pael of "inx occurs
some difficulty in understanding what difference the Suraans make between nxil^*"! when used as the Trg. of ^om and when it is the Trg. of "ifini as in 4, i". This implies that
is
L.s also prefers
he preferred or expected the reading nx^irxi.
means
the Afel which
means
the Pael
Merx
in his
reading Etpe.
"Editiones
est.
"i6i
Etpeel
is
Itpaal
abscondit
B. and
C
ni'n^-jxi,
saepe
B.
praebent,
absconditus s.
r^'^ri^'^x'i
at
3, 10.
observa
Etpa.
est;
syr.
vero
Similarly in 4, 14.
v."
loxn- 42, 19.
in-
A, B,
here gives the Etpaal,
L.*^
Syriacum9
the
the conjugation in use in the Syriac language.
By
Lexicon
Brockelmann's
to
examples given
the
se,
Payne-Smith
according
but
MSS.
"Chrestomathia Targumica"^ pleads for the Etpeel
esse
huraatus
D
conceive'.^
'to
Etpeel and Etpaal.
s)
'go away', 'take off', whilst
to Mepart*,
Part II
in
it
will
be found that
this
is
very frequently the case. I
Samaritan pVc\
5
s.
V.
6
2
Samaritan
But Dalman
1.
c.
p.
both Pael and Afel "schwanger werden". 9
Berlin 1895, P- 21
a.
3
inn^'^n.
39
p. 58.
gives 7
p.
4 p. 63.
the
meaning of
207.
^
s.
v.
— A
b)
The Tenses.
a)
Perfect and Imperfect.
D
-;rnb'uji, 31, 27; B.^ C and '\vrHv^^ but Berliner ^ Landauer^ and Adler^ all
B
and
C
support the former reading.
The
49, 22.
reading
latter
is
— says — B. 4
''so-t
More numerous
vari-
and
These differences are mainly
here noticeable.
are
D
B
A,
B.,
"^Jon,
correct.
Perfect and (Participle) Present.
p)
ations
due
—
35
Hebrew language has no
to the fact that the
Present Tense, whilst the Aramaic
has no Imperfect with
1
B and D B. and C p-sr. The Hebrew is ksc.-': 8, 7. L.s supports the former reading which may be taken as correct. MSS. t\TOipr' B. <'^r-':;n-. The Hebrew is n"^?!!": 23, 11. The Hebrew is thus Perfect in conversivum.
A,
pE3i,
,
form but Present
MSS. have a more
Imperfect and (Participle)
7)
D it
A
"ipsa,
and
B.
B
V.bf^-'
that
D corresponds
lation of the
Hebrew
variations
B
(Passive), B.,
being
C
B
"^3^^%
and
D
translation of the
D
and
have
IX.
We
Hebrew
I
Massorah, 1.
8
Samaritan likewise
p.
a
but
Hebrew
the
latter
trans-
literal
A
and
D
The Hebrew
superior. latter
and
B
read
n^'ab'
A
B., is
and
the literal
Similarly in 31,
r^"^3^?.
slight ,">->"'n''
this
i,
B.,
C
being a
"tax;.
OTHER VARIATIONS,
4
203.
is
The
16.
13^
A
whilst
find a large
p.
-fbiA
is
"rSn (Active) 34, 22.
Hebrew
words or prepositions
c.
D
^
'ps:,
B
There are one or two other
•'D?3'2b'9
'p'^^ST
translation of the
i)
C
and
C
^ibrxi.
the passive construction
D"'5a2
and
be noticed with the Verb.
to
rendering.
ips^,
exactly to the
of Pathsegen^.
Other Differences.
c)
C
A,
B.,
43, 25,
B
Pathsegen"^ reads as
24, 13.
receiving the support
literal
Present.
ips::
may be observed
n\ssi\
hence, B.'s reading gives
signification;
in
the correct sense but the
98. 5
2 s.
number of additions, mostly of small our MSS. Many of these additions
in
V.
Massorah ^
]"'i''75.
To
s.
v.
3 ~;';
this verse. 9
Samaritan
7
rrr:
to this verse.
Samaritan has
":"3»:5.
"j-Vs-i
make
have Halachic reasons, whilst
the text clearer; others
We
a few are mistakes.
-
36
likewise find omissions, that
there are less words given in the
Some
in B.'s Edition.
MSS. than
omitted to
are
trouble of rewriting a string of Proper
is
to say
are to be found
save the scribe the
Names:
the verse, as
Berliner points out, being read thrice in Hebrew, instead of
being followed by
Targum and
its
then by
Arabic trans-
its
Occasionally these omissions are due to the scribe's
lation.
carelessness. 2) Additions.
Adler,
4, 22.
the MSS. insert nin t
All his
in
an instance of Homoioteleuton, the preceding verse having xin in
rr^n
~ib
to
this
adding
Some
verse.
after
rro-qh
6,
A
11
'nin
and Z> simplify
This
23.
4,
Vide Adler
in MJinD
verse by
this
tD'ip.
irregularity
construct
the
adds
a Halachic addition.
before
""a
A
the text.
may perhaps be
is
observable
and a
state
Generally, the construction
use of
in the
similar
without 1
is
to express
'i
occurs
laxity
Syriac.
in
more
the
classical
one and the use of i is the more popular construction. This employment of being a much freer and looser construction preferred by the Aramaic language and is much more is "1
frequently used than the other construction.
The MSS. add
D
naiyn^ 1
the
since
is
18
word T^
C
t2D'^
incorrect is
is
incorrectly.
it
n,
CiT^n
in
in verse
sometimes added by
C
B
text;
construction
A, B,
Massorah^
but necessary in verse 19;
msin
and
i<"ip.
C, mostly,
has ni before nibp 21, 17.
Passive
nnion)
to Berliner's
given as an instance of
from the rx of the Hebrew employs a
18
(Hebrew
11
2,
According
18.
This n^
The
little
however, is
copied
but inasmuch as the Trg. ni
here,
is
evidently
in-
correct. -
is
rejected
added by
B
in "i"'^^^'^
13, 10,
a reading which
by the author of the Pathsegen"*.
I
Samaritan
4
to this verse.
•ava.
2
p. ^g.
3
1
is
is
added by the
Likewise Samaritan
"ij's^.
;
— MSS. in
is
reading
is
the correct one.
added by A,
B
and
this
The reading
rpr).
added
text
and
in
A and B add by A and Z> in
and since the corresponding Hebrew word
42, 24
Bii'^bi;"?
n
Hebrew
original.
"
•)inn5€ is
the
asiainst
is
33, 13 which follows the ~r.'. 10, i not as Hebr. ~ is
•pn^-i it
which
N~"'r3i"
in
—
37
C
rp^£* 42, 21
in
(B.
with 1 appears preferable, since
and
D
suits
it
the context so admirably.
Omissions.
3.
have noticed some scores of omissions,
I
but shall only mention a few which are not due to any oversight in
on the part of the
particularly noticeable
and
18,
B
30
19,
there
=
vr-iTr
in
sin",
which again has no equivalent
x-i-i;
omits
omits
and
1"=
no occasion
is
1-23
to
in
text.
C
7
i:pn which does not correspond Hebrew text but is explained by Adler
"!:"T"-i
Hebrew
the
is
22
10,
omits
in the
"^sb ns-^rj
his
For instance
in genealogies.
29.
A
19
any word
i--£
—
27
23, 18,
Sometimes verses are omitted
scribe.
save space and the scribe's time; this
their entirety to
Pathsegen
for this
word
remarks
also
in the
Targum
that
text since
n:.
43, 15
and
--/
by no word
D
Hebrew
the
in
omit i-fn- which
as necessary, since,
in
T
but Rasi explains the word
text,
before
serts
a
they
appear
18,
6; n'^rnx3
the the
in
19,
16;
b£-J
~\prr.
23,
~"
and
19
3,
of men.
which
words
following
MSS.
in
use
and the seizure of human
things
being used of things
203
represented
again
Aramaic, different Verbs are
to indicate the seizure of
beings,
is
9;
7^n3
{A and
D
I
7,
B.
in-
write
as
22;
only);
xrVo "ir-Ti-s
4I; 39-
An
initial
Also before
1
i
Samaritan
and rrrs
but,
is
bs'i 6,
omitted by
A
and
B
20 which corresponds
";«r'!<3".
2
Samaritan
on the other hand,
-.'j-.
rpj-;.
before ir^rrNf to the
2
3, 21.
Hebrew. The
Samaritan also -,—
MSS. omit
-
38
H" before pn:i"
21, 8.
In several other passages
word
due
to the scribe's carelessness.
the omission of this
is
B
omitted before tTiOa 35, 27 by A, connection with which we must notice that h
is
occur in the Hebrew it
The word xn
A
has
x:x
5
4,
-i"!--?
6,
C
1
and
9, 9.
24, 5
&c.
D
N3-3r-2,
A
and -prxni 47,
40, 7
5) Interchange
the fact that the
D
C,
A A
and
and
B
cx^.
B
ni
under
B and Z> xixri B and C nx x^
D
C and
ni<
xn
All have
K3^3o 'p 31^ 39.
variations
we
other Particles.
In
struck with
are again
manuscript readings are usually superior.
9.
B.'s
"^xi'iD?.
reading
a Hebraism.
is
Massorah^ column ixfinnib whilst
Berliner
places the manuscript reading in the is
A,
-p.
D
i.
B. xsio;^ 49,
XE^iOni.
-fr
and
xn5-i^ hv, B. xn5i^5 8, 20.
xsiDbi
certain
X"2.
of Prepositions and
noting these numerous
MSS. MSS.
and by
in 48, 22
regularly contract
scribes
B,
II.
and
7
18, 24;
20, 3, "p-ra
A
words which constantly recur, especially those in
combination with xn and
2;
does
of the Aramaic
the usage
omitted by
is
The
4) Contractions,
familiar
16,
where it
both passages are however faulty in these MSS.
in 32, 18;
C
not
Pathsegen says we must insert the
both verses, according to
in
language.
C
"prisS 43, 27
in
;
does
likewise does not appear in the original^ although
in the following verse. ?
Also before
text.
D
and it
in
his
Besides the examples already quoted of
interchanges which take place between different Prepositions, I
have
add a number
to
Particles
or
completely
Prepositions alter
the
sense
of instances are
employed
in
which
which
of the passage,
I
different
sometimes consider
necessary to give these somewhat dry details at length,
asmuch
as
it
is
my
object to demonstrate the superiority of
the Trg. text as exhibited by the AISS. which
use
of,
among p.
it
in-
I
have made
over the editions which are in current circulation us at the present day.
6z.
— MSS. ni
B. n: n""
= sign
and
of the accusative, and nx
etymology.
of different
Hebrew
29, 26,
')'^i5
is
B.,
l?.
may be
Hebrew
text
is
Nehardean
the
as
and
1?
=
D
T'"'
p +
and hence
=
either
again the case in 30,
C
-ov,
B
but according to
2)Z
The
missing.
is
The Aramaic verb thd may be con-
"^n.
Massorah
distinct
'p,
this is
and A, B,
^;
strued either with a or Berliner's
and
justified;
where B. reads
= with, as entirely A C and D
reads
L.
Bernstein-Kirsch's Chrestomathy^
reading
preferable since
is
of the accusative in Aramaic,
Gesenius' treats the two Hebrew words
and not otherwise. nx
The reading cv
26, 8.
only used as the sign
is
—
39
^
MSS.
B. -rsDi
bi".
'irson is
In
p'^Eoi 49, 13.
given as the Suraan and "irsca reads
L.
reading.
MSS. which
the
as
gives the better sense. 6)
We
suffix.
B.
liner,
in his
occasionally find variations in the addition of the
L.
xjnn
19,
ni<-jn,
A
and Z>
Massorah*, says the
MSS.
reads as the point
C
and
forms.
The Hebrew
12.
B
-s-jn 4,
7.
Ber-
but L.
Likewise, in the variation of the vowel-
both
permits
-\k:n,
suffix is incorrect,
sorah,5 says the Targumist
is
B.
"jj^r!.
wished
A,
D
C,
Berliner,
irn. to
make
this
xlrn,
B
Mas-
his
in
word agree
form with the following words "["^^^^ "J^l both of which have the suffix of the 2nd Person. Pathsegen remarks the in
But
same.
B
ior.
this
hardly appears
translation of the
literal
MSS.
to
EXEGETICAL VARIATIONS.
the variations which have been considered hither-
Most of
of importance, showing, as they do, the greater purity
to are
of the Aramaic language which the
Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon 2 v. s. v. ^^
London: 1885 4
p.
be super-
has the word incorrectly punctuated.
X.
I
and the
be necessary
therefore seems to
74.
5
.<=.
p.
75.
Yemen
translated
Trg. Mss. exhibit.
by
(Leipzig 1836).
S.
P.
Tregelles 3
p.
i>l.
—
—
40
These Variations give an incentive to the study of these MSS. if for no other reason than their more accurate retention of pure Aramaic forms and expressions.
The
exegetical
however,
variations,
are
of far greater
for
on the ground
They cannot be accounted
importance.
of difference of dialect, nor do they point to any linguistic peculiarities, but give a clear reason for
assuming that they
The
chief characteristic
represent another distinct recension.
of these differences
is
the preference frequently
cording to traditional Hagadic translations. pointed out
by the
has already been
It
recension
may perhaps be accounted
existence in Palestine of the other Trg. which
Hagadic character; shalmij or to
for a
shown
that the preference for literal translations
^
Plst.
shown
of passages which are in our texts rendered ac-
literal translation
may be accounted
it
is
for as the
certainly of
Targum
Jeru-
outcome of a
desire
of course, to the
refer,
I
by the
for
have a translation which should render the Hebrew
in the
most
tendency severely
faithful
of
26,
22
and
i\.quilas
A
literal.
be found
will
and accurate manner, which
B.
all
old
the
translators,
few instances are given here,
text
also the
is
who
are
the
rest
in Part II. 5<;3''^a'^'i,
C
and
D
A
x"D2"imE3^%
and
B
la'isir.
The Hebrew is S3i"is>i of which A and B give a literal rendering "God will magnify us and we will multiply ourselves in the land".
That
by the support
this is the
it
receives
of the Pathsegen, however,
of B. as the correct text 30, 15 B., in his ^5 •pn6"'r^
B
and
valid
reading
gives a reading
"God
will
D 'pno'^rV, A
proved
The author that
similar to
magnify and increase ^:iX?oh^,
Cis missing.
us".
Luzz.
anxj points out that those who corrected the original
to -6ri?i
made
a great mistake,
the spirit of the Trg. rendering. Onkelos
edly wrote
'|"^i6"rii
Chap. IV
S 4.
and did not
2
rinj^^"!
Samaritan
realise
— says Luzz. —undoubt-
but later revisers thought
incorrect since the Infinitive
I
further
is
from Rasi and L.
this
reading was
should require the Infinitive
i-acni.
3
p.
25.
— Feminine
is
0. wished to amplify the brevity and
since
up the obscurity of the Hebrew passage and accord-
clear
ingly paraphrases
Vet
"fio-'r-.
1 cip
B
bn-T which
ns
D
C,
and B.
B
x:-=-t :ri
Hebrew
^i:r=5
manner
to
B
nT-n-^iS' isr^b'',
(text)
n^:5-r-n
the
into the Trg. text.
^
D
C,
and therefore appears
n-isr;!
39, 11
good instance of
A,
B.,
gives the literal translation of the
D^ribs
best rendering.
n-=i-,
•'^
translation 26-:b-.
literal
evidently a Hagadic rendering (v. Rasi
is
B
to this verse).
text viz bn"!
bn- n^
reads
arguments,
spite of Luzz.'s
in
again inclined to favour the
is
30, 22
A,
— 2nd
This, however, Luzz. goes on to say,
Preterite.
not the case;
one
would be the Targum of Pn~y
•pao-'ri
whilst
3DT2b'i
—
41
be the
(margin),
Here we have a
p^a•:b'.
which marginal glosses crept
in
The Hebrew
original
translation.
42, 36.
ypcyivz nib^b of
is
verse
we
see another example of the retention of the original text
by
which
is
a
literal
The Hebrew is and the other MSS.
which
B
give x= x^n
xb''
B.
the original but
15.^^
not
is
renders
this
which gives the sense of also
B.'s translation is
literal.
whilst B.
''h-r.^b"
given
^
by L.
C
43, 2 B. and
p2C and
is
prefer
to
Hebrew
usually corresponds to the
reads
He
"'sc.
goes
on
reading since the root pso to satisfaction
although some food
used for a
of food pleads
is
for
employed
man
in
is
an incorrect
when one has eaten
still
be
left,
whilst
"X-ii-"
reading
ip'^EO
But Luzz. saying
Aramaic when the
that
in
his
this
refers
text
to
Philoxenos* is
the
I
Samaritan
r.-r-rzs -I5<:b.
finished".
4
p. 45.
2
s.
v.
3
Cf. also
verb
a 'finishing'
with eating, drinking or any other bodily requirement.
"And was
^:£'J
remaining unsatisfied although his supply
already exhausted. the
may
that
and Rasi likewise
'^'^'z'^
only used
is
B
authorities
remarks
L.
that ip'so
say
to
The
signification.
x-^:J-'i-,
Aramaic roots
the two
here.
D
and
(margin)
Now
lbs.
have the same
"^^Jr
which word
differ
B
ip^EO A,
Hebrew
erased.
(text)
is
In
Ezra
6, 15
The
-^-r.
— fact that to
iX'^^'^ir
—
42
given by j5 as a marginal reading seems
is
must be noticed, however,
support Luzz.'s
opinion.
It
marginal
readings
are
the
that
Thus
text.
A,
B
in
B
A,
"pD^rr
= be
B.,
D
and
(margin)
'd"}^.
11
45,
Qimhi both read
"po^Dnn
must read
for
'^:i"'ndn
one's possessions as
this
"come
it
may
i^rTniJn
text
they
one's
— how
cattle
Rasi and
'die'.
b.
all
&c. coming to poverty?
word which
a
rendered
correctly
is
to poverty" in the Revised Version, although
R. Samuel
we
can we speak of
the reading "ro^onn corresponds exactly
"r^ir,
of this word,
translation
is
has rather the sig-
be noted that some of the Jewish commentators their
whilst
reading since
best
undone',
'be
"^^j^r-iiJn
The Hebrew the
the
in
but Pathsegen and Luzz.^ say
— say
e.
i.
Hebrew
with the
give
impoverished whilst
of 'be annihilated',
nification
But be
D
found
is
read
(text)
give |fD^rn.
and
(margin)
B
C,
and
sometimes preferable
appear to correct a faulty reading which
it
may
differ
in
Ibn Ezra "to perish",
thus
Meir "to be dispossessed", Mendelssohn "to
be ruined". 45,
1.7
Hebrew it
B
quite
is
The
The reason
literal.
46, •fra-i
as
it
and thus render zaxa (text)
Q-'niT
strange
reading
B.'s
and B. Wi^»,.
preferable since
Pathsegen)
auvsjtv.
and
B
"pti
is
reason
20
B.
'^ii,
also quoted
is
5<;p'i
that
the
MSS.
others
the
(text)
nmii
that the Trg. of Q^raT
47,
of
,
(margin)
Although
ri2T*i.
other hand Landauer gives
Perhaps
B
xro^i 0:21,
Hebrew is
(says
is
avoid the redundancy of the
ib'^mx is to
he gives here. B.'s
'^:^.
B
nan,
correct is
text I
D
(margin), A, C,
mentioned reading
first
Targumic rendering
Hebrew
B
-nx^,
(text)
^ixs.
is
in 31,
xsp^i,
by Pathsegen.
in-
54
Hebrew
On
the
in his Massorah.3
in
this
verse
Joseph really
bought the land, whilst in verse 23 he acquired the people. I
"5
sns.
P. 46.
2
Samaritan T-xi.
3
s.
v.
PART
II.
CHAPTER Before commencing the
preceding
the
comment may words
words
here be treated.
be found
will
MSS. than
of examples which illustrate
lists
certain
rules,
I.
which
some
for
most of these
be more correctly punctuated
to
As
our editions of the Trg.
in
call
believe that
I
in the
these words are
of constant recurrence their correct vocalization should be
we have
First
fixed.
punctuate
editions writes
the
word
little
common
exceedingly
so
word with
this
This word, although
ni.
obscure
of
is
Our
etymology.
and
P.
B.
invariably
r\
L. also writes
word with
the
P.,
although he compares
= nature,
of which V; is construct state. The the syriac P. is also supported by Nestle ^ Bernstein-Kirsch and Ge-
f^
Merx in his "Bemerkungen Targume" ^ mentions a curious
iiber
senius in their dictionaries.
der
Vocalisation
die
which Mercier wished Trg.
when
text
has
Merx
rx.
assured that r^
Bevan talist,
I
authority
W.
p.
Wright.
1881.
Grammar
p. 5
who
He
Grammar,
Syriac
38.
is
writes
also
handlungen des lin
Hebrew
is nit,
but r^ when the
we
are
punctuation by Bar-Ali;
r:,
most decisively^
declares
the
is
on the other hand, greatest
to establish.
the corresponding
correct
rule
Mercier wrote n^ in the
that
invariably incorrect. n^"*,
also
Duval s.
supports the Q.,
"We
remarks :°
Berlin:
18S9.
2
Undoubtedlj- the is
the great Orien-
get in the
first
Contained
in the
place "Ver-
fiinften internationalen Orientalisten-Congresses" Ber-
145.
3
p.
185.
Grammaire Syriaque
4
p.
277.
of the Semitic languages p.
Bevan: The Book of Daniel 6 Wright: Comparative
112.
—
—
44
which was doubtless pronounced
rT'X
the language lyath or lyath;
have been inserted case in the
older
date, however,
nounced
yth.
in
as
writing,
would not
"^
almost invariably the
is
In the
inscriptions.
the earlier stages of
in
otherwise the
for
of later
inscriptions
we find rx and Plautus heard the word proThe Aramaic foim seems to be shortened from
the Phoenician viz Syriac K>, Chaldee
less correctly n^".
n;;',
^
After the opinion of such an authority the punctuation with
may
P.
which
be assumed to be incorrect, and that with Q.,
fairly
is
invariably used in the MSS., substituted
for
it.
According to Merx^ both the absolute and construct of hj
Hebrew
original,
But
soretic schools.
may
which this
is
have
rest
MSS.
bBi.
6, 2
B
fice
to
^Bia.
3,
17
br^ A, C,
B
53.
D and
read bb%
both
text
Hebrew
is
A,
Hebrew
2,
ba^,
5
2,
A
16
as
where
bsa,
the
Hebrew hb\ and the Hebrew bb.
19 B. and
2,
h'^i-o.
B.,
Mas-
MSS.
with our
not the case
is
text of
to be attributed to the
be seen from the following examples.
and the Hebrew
B.
depends upon the
hb or br, the use of which
is
the
D
C,
These instances sufshow that no rule can be fixed to indicate the employment of the two forms. I have, however, noticed that C has Ho. throughout except in the following instances
^2"
35, 6 bS-T
20, 8
Vsp.
and 45, 8 and
9
and bss 47,
Our MSS. always punctuate Q^P and
this
I
17.
consider the
since the corresponding Syriac word is Aram, also supports this reading, since it Dip and not Q^ip. Berliner, in his Massorah^ has dip as t't: t r'r
correct punctuation
Jjo^ TP>. is
The
Bib.
'
'
t
the reading of the Nehardeans whilst the
Massorah
the language of the
But Schroder
1
to
and
Exodus
Targum but
justifies either
di|5
6,
5
that of the Suraans,
that of the
ijja
als zx2M\zl\%c\i jath, joth
not In
''T^,.
punctuation "Sie wurde urspriinglich
mit lautbarem Jod njx gesprochen, spater wurde arab.
is
"Chasdim".
says that
hervorgegangen
ijjath,
woraus sowohl
sind, wie iath, ieth ge-
sprochen und schliesslich mit Unterdriickung auch des a-Lautes, zu yth.
Schroder "Die Phonizische Sprache". 2
Page
31,
Halle 1869
Note 3 of "Chrestomathia Targumica".
p.
ith,
213. 3
p. 64.
—
however, we may safely reject the reading with
spite of this,
a
vowel and read
full
MSS.
As
which
t:n~.
word
the
to
a
b"^ap
etymology.
C
C
and
B.
and
B.
b-^np^.
b£p?3 21,
A
b^3)3;i,
D
and
The ^«Ajb and ^^u»«^ which may have
All
^T^z.'p'i
B
the readings of A,
how
Finally,
curs so
"'"'rn'^x,
A
B
Etpeel
of
and
«
Daniel
and
"'i'dpS
5"^ip b'^iip
2, 8.
with in the Trg. but
appear preferable.
word
'T'b"irr'i<
which oc-
Here
take 4, 26 as a type.
D
B
and
D
are the usual
C
whilst
ib"^
in
to read the
I'^b'^nx
!
to
B and D have B b^ipH 33, 18,
explain the forms
We may
readings of A,
of the
C
the
in
of punctuation
forms are ^^«J»,
we meet
D
and
we
frequently?
B. reads
The
are
b-^npV
Aram, forms
are the usual forms
b"^2p
A,
16,
Syriac
41, 3.
Cf. also the Bib.
b'^ip^.
and
of course onp
is
difference
which can be best understood by tracing the word
exists its
—
45
C
T'^n'^x.
Targumic forms
Syriasm.
a
is
and
T'b'=>rx
Cf.
tV^i-
invariably has this form.
CHAPTER Examples of i)
^ir^i
the rules contaified in the preceding Chapters.
Substitution (a)
§ 4).
of other vowels for
y^
P. b£n 4, 2.
10, 2.
"i^ii
II.
baS
"i'^xn
10, 10.
(b)
(Cf.
S.
-rr^
19.
4,
'r^i
S.
V
6, 3,
23, 9.
Compositum (Cp. V,
2) Substituiions for Se.
Chapter 'ros-
16.
5,
S 5)-
y
a) Se. mobile. a. I,
7. p.
For Hatef x£-n-,T
For
I;
P.
:
xBVoJn-
atef S.
8, 22.
[^
xrnS
(C
18, 8.
p^i'-ib"
-\^vrr\
31, 32.
i,
incorrectly xnnV]
'jirnb'nn-
12, I.
n^x'^ i, 6.
i, 4.
"i25"
24, 60.
'^^t\
b) Se. Quiescens: xinb* 4, 5
xin-
i, 2.
28.
i^
9, 2.
-jl-^Tnxn)
19, 20.
nin"!
10, 10.
x^n5 13,
(C
xr-^inii
25.
(^i
11.
2,
^nri**
4, 9.
and
D
6, ^-inn 18, 3,
pn-^r-'ib').
49, 4.
ninn
x:rV
B
"^thx
alone
2,
x^^ni
n"'ni)
{D
21, 16.
has
nVsn^ 8, 13.
23.
]3"'Tni
T'^n-).
ism
-pH^ 30, 36.
"P'^'^n'
24, 35.
D
and
In
have
C
xlnls
13,
19, 2
iC
ibn-iiNb'
mirypn 49^ V
and
C
^
r^^tr\ 45, 26.
i.
have 'Tnx 44, 34.
He
with Hatef P.
has "pnx 4, 25
{A,
8
more has pin
^
'psri-i'xb')
D
B,
{A,
D
C,
write "pni
consistently
xanlx)
op'r
48, 4.
43, 29,
12. is
B and D
A^
examples.
28, 20.
n^an^^riij
retained in the following
have 'pnx
(^ and
36, 2
A
4, 25,
Z>
has
solitary 6, 16.
"1"^^?^
C
trc^-i^nit,
n^nisnx).
D
"pinnx 41, 3 and 19. Vowel changes. a) B. P.: MSS. Q.^ Monosyllabic Words and Particles
X2S 36, 2 and 3)
B
42,
with latef S.
Compositum
d) Se.
!
Nnn"^
42, 27.
18, 18
"^"n^
Full vowel:
c)
has
d"'-p.
alone has
n^n-BriV
these instances B. punctuates
all
punctuates
B
C
24, 56.
'I'-nriNn
-
46
=
a.
^=
^"^1,-^1 (Syriac \^).
2, 4.
^). n=^n 15, 16 j^^nN).
-jnnn
(Hebrew
18, 9
U?^).
(Syr.
^5 13,
1^'5
(Syr. yji^).
17, 7
'In
-s).
19, 8
Cp. VI, § 3a)
(Cf.
^n
3.
15, i6.
n
nxH" 17,
(Syr. 4=»).
(Syriac
2
15,
n^^
17, 7 (Syriac (Syr.
tD^^r:
\\\^). 8.
19,
|i<
x^p
19, 26.
Concerning those words to which the corresponding
Hebrew
or Syriac forms are not given
correct, according to L.
and
(time) it
also written Nroi5>
is
with "1^; the
^
Hebrew
frap
(Hebrew
tjn).
-£;
Jv>Ns).
(Exodus 3, 21
'ipi-i
10,
9
27, ^'"'"''
TX^"P.-
42,
the correct reading
I
'what'
is
write the words
which
is
are in-
n5:n"a
and
form of
or,
5tr;s
')>
as
form may perhaps ac-
L. allows
Q. of x^p
by side
side
i;!
we may compare
22, 5).
(Syr.:
(Hebrew 13
and
1=
a contraction of 5
latter
MSS.
justify the
23 where,
'f:n"D
I
is
Miscellaneous words (VI, 3g) "^t
[i.
^
which
the
in
whilst to
v. "^"5
really a shortened
this '5 is
count for the Q.
s.
^isf).
'^0-
2, 18.
^^^''
'X'ir\
18,
'pn-JN'^
12
9;
7
(Syr.
3,
18
(Syr.: yi.sj).
however, L. says we must punctuate
and 36 &c. where, according "^riin^?,
but when
it is
as they appear in the
also written v**-
to
L.,
noticed that the
MSS.
2
Cf. Syriac
^
word
T\'h
merely a contraction of r^x x; may
is
b)
Vowel of
l^rsn-i-
rnrsi
'''^fn
4, 13.
Before
7.
x:tirinr
7.
2,
the
ns
3, 9.
x:
and
suffixes
^:
b=i^3'
3 c)
n,
3d) x:3
(VI,
20.
9,
njiip
7.
20.
18,
"'r-'JDN
=-;•£
2.
MSS.
with
15,
I
C'p5
16.
each
In
27.
18,
20 Chapters)
first
of the
punctuation
II,
'I'nb-j-'Tii
'•r.'z-:
of these
have compared which
of L. with
that
always agrees except nb'^np which L, prefers with a
•^tnr^.
nl^bsrx
=
H.
d) B. 5, 22.
4.
r-ofx''
=
•'ic'
9.
29.
i,
29.
5,
examples (taken from the
it
^~t: 8, 19.
11.
6,
Absence of Se. Compositum (VI, 3e) ili'^sb' 2, 3. ^rr-x 3, 13. MSS. H. (VI, 4) rniV 3, 22. c) B. S.:
0.
3, 12.
the
nVnrnx"
11
4,
15.
14,
p5uj73b?3
17,
P.
2nd Radical of a Verb (VI, 3b) unrzrn'-
Absence of Pausal Influence (VI,
p.
9,
MSS.
the
3, 8.
ly^'i^'-i
7.
3,
=
Q.
B.
not
this fact
which the MSS. read?
justify the Q.
a.
—
47
6,
10,
14.
15,
4.
18, 13
(y^
and
'ppi^T
'nr^ 19, 25.
C
S.
16,
T'i"!^"
8, 21.
c-'D-x
xr;-zV
25.
T^b'^nn
MSS.
u,
3.
6.
x:-r
here T'b^x).
ns-^zir'-i
19,
33.
'Tir-
n,
n^zr 18,
n^rp^r:
7.
"'iox
16, 7.
-;-Vn-
n1-Tnx= 9, 16.
13.
9,
-ssr:
S.
b-^nr 3, 14.
6.
2,
-iix 16,
12,
xr^-s^s
17.
13.
iVx
10.
19, 24.
19, 34.
All these agree with L., with the exception of ";ox ri"^=ai
and
rr^rpuj:
vowel with
which L. punctuates with H.
and
xns-'sb
correct as B.'s
I'^b'^x
xn'^nsia
He
admits either ibx
but prefers H.
since the Imperfect Peal of
and the Imperfect Afel
is
^^5•x which
A
and
C
is
"ib-
as inis
A
read.
some errors, punctuating the following words with S. of H. xrrm 2, 21. Tr\^^ 6, 15. -^rr S, 11 and b-nn B. S. MSS. Ho. (VI, 5) b-r-^r 2, 16. e) 19.
I
e.
g.
nn^'in 5,
i.
i-inp
8,
4.
xz--" 8,
Likewise Nestorian Syriac has the
v«»Jai.
7.
rso'^'
'
has
instead 18, 19.
=
3,
t^'sx
2-nr 17.
8,
sound with \'erba
\
—
jt'i'ipT
22.
8,
3'nirii
x^''n"i
Of
19, 32.
of x^in rnbin
30.
"TSD^.
g) B.
H.
10,
",iBay
=
=
n'lxn'
5.
9,
siip but prefers S. with ii^p
MSS.
S. -nil:?
has
compare Syriac
17.
15,
>i:^
'pi^^?
For
13.
7,
= with.
Of
sirn.
miri'^'i
xri^T
7.
4,
Of these L. only punctua.tes MSS. P. (VI, 7a) x^on 6,
^
15, 9.
i^-u;'''^'!
these L. admits either vowel in the case
xn-iiS"
Ho.
B.
f)
2 2.
8,
-
48
8,
n"J
22.
Ho.
"p^rJ with
n?5n
12.
the
8,
9.
we may
latter
the others L. justifies only
and x^bsa.
tiba-i
=
h) B. P.
=
B. S.
i)
MSS. H.
Aram. form.
the Bib.
MSS.
(VI, 7b)
(Dan.
4,
ns:^^
15.
is
13).
4,
(VI, 7c)
P.
x52U5b-
n^in
d5^5
7.
6,
9,
6.
nnp 19, 9 (Z> nnp) by"^i5 19, 31. s'-in 21, 6. aip these Of alone appears to be incorrect, since intransi-
nn^a 12,
6.
Verbs usually have S.^
tive
18, 19
"ih"!;)"!
has
S.
instead of
17
47^
of the examples
all
16,
and
2
"^^'n.
may
-jn^i'^sn
pronounce the Ho.
the
in
manner
same
is
tend to con-
about the Yemenite Jews
firm Derenbourg's statement^
they
has r?3
(VI, 7f.) inn^=5 25, 31, iVso^n 44, 23
''"iT
confirmed by L. ; and
that
A
(VI, 7d).
S.
= MSS.
^
I'lSO'-.n).
MSS.
both of which are wrong.
Ho.
k) B.
(C
=
B. P.
j)
viz.
as the
Polish Jews. 4) iriax
16,
(B
The Vowel of 6,
2
r=rix
7.
(C
"^'inrx).
aitrirs).
for S.
(C
"£nx).
-''n&'.
17,
8
those
In
the Imperfect (VI, 6) n^rn5u:^T 4,
23
14,
(C
examples with
nl^-rx 13,
alrirx
"^nnx^). initial
15.
15.
--frx 19,
20
x the P. stands
which would be the Sbl. punctuation. V
5) Interchange of Se. and a) rr^-in^^
b) 4, 10.
MSS.
Se.
14, 22.
MSS. -pbi-i'^
=
'p^xar 19, Se.
full
Vowel.
B. P. (VI, 8 a) in^ir^T 12, 5.
=
6, 20.
iTfi
7.
Q.
B.
I^nx 13, 8.
-iv5
9, 23.
4,
'xanis'
7.
-^rx
10, 13.
4,
9.
^:2np
"ixninx 10, 18.
however not always the case "Non solum intransitiva velut 5St« Dan. 2, lo, uVip Dan. 3, 27 in Zere 2 Manuel du Lecteur p. 511. terminari possunt" Baer: (I. c.) P. LIX. I
3';p
This
is
sed etiam transitiva velut
n'^px
16.
wsn5
(Z>
C!Ti<).
14,
17, 21.
15,
—
49
17.
xrxb^ 16,
Of
— t
7.
iTn
and
Se. correctly.
In
these
n^pS
.s.
being Preterites
N"!2>
V
Peal of Verbs have
ttv
-^-anp soxb'a and compositum with
T^nx the Se. mobile corresponds to the Se.
which these words may be punctuated but the Afel
forms
and
2*inft<
the Sbl. system;
in
seem
Q'^px
be
to
incorrect
V
with Se.
= S.;MSS. =
B.
c)
20.
10,
-Jibs
are truer to
12, 3.
the
Se. (VI, 8 c)
Tniv,
15,
forms are Hebraisms.
ful,
but, according to
|-nli23^BV
16.
18,
All these
18, 31.
of the Aramaic language whilst
character
B.'s
"^x^'i^S
b-^irS
4.
alone appears rather doubt-
""^ribN
V
Merx^
the Se.
is
justified
by Buxtorf
in his Dictionary.
n)
final
MSS. seems has
and
y^TT'
The
3'^n'^.
to
Chas
Orthographical Variations (VII, le)
6)
out
be
be
in
an unsettled
correct reading
doubt which
in
state.
same verse;
in the
3"^n^
is
is
2"^:^=.
in
C
Elsewhere,
correct
the
Thus
13, 12 -5
whilst £> has ^''n'
and
appearing
punctuation
writes
L.* admits either vowel but prefers H.
)i3'>ba^!
The same MS. has Tr^ immediately followed by 30, 31, but the P.
system.
(with-
Occasionally the punctuation of the
19, 24. to
n"iS'5
We
is
occasionally meet
J,
B
D
have xryin
C
B
Thus
Sbl. vocalization.
and
here correct since
"prrin in
stands for S. in the Sbl.
forms which remind us of the
has a^rxn 24, 50 and
-[Biiinx^
write
v/ith
it
28, 15
(but
D
bii'^N^
-jD'^ivx'i)
27, 25.
A
and
we may take as a Hebraism; the others more correctly Nnrnn. The MSS. read xnVnT and xrlna but xrbni and xrisn^ would be more correct forms since in Syriac these words are written with JLil,^o^», MSS. read xs^S. 23, 15. B. has "^rn. L. says that in this word and in xix the suffix of the In 14, 10 the MSS. imitate ist Person Singular is wanting^.
»
].
3
So
c.
s.
V.
19 which
2
1.
c.
s.
V.
also in Christian Palestinian
Person Singular (cf.
3,
is
wanting
in the
Noldeke's Article in the
word
ZDMG.
1.
Aramaic the \^\ which
suffix of the First
=
c.
p.
»*ai
5i4\
D
"my
father'
Hebrew
the
original reading p"'i ^"'3 but Pathsegen reads
and
B. viz I'^T?
of
perhaps assume either the Masculine
A
C
xn'N as B,
B
has VXG, says L.
^
D
and
and
V'-nx^.
18, 15
18, 21,
J^pnrj.
C
3i"ip.
(V. Pt.
L.
verse
has
Cand
B,
TO'-'Ti,
of the Pathsegen
is
which
is
B. and
have
likewise
C
the Arabic in which 19, 15 which
w*«
although L,
D
and
write
s.
v.
the
Likewise the P.
t*-*-
reading than B.'s
may compare
^Tnirix
I
1.
"tjV
mica".
c.
s.
p. 7.
naTs v.
w««a. •
= to thmk. is
more
the Syriac
In 42, 23 A,
We may
and B. give "^o.
word
aTrffix
20
19,
although L. gives
this
am
is
a better
form.
We
informed that
a word borrowed from the Assyrian which has
MSS.
ustizib or u.^tezib.
5
D
and compare
reading with the Arabic verb
former in the
"iinns'^ip
B
by the MSS.
mentions both forms.
C
19, 13.
We may
number and
the Syriac ojo^jtl although I
we have
3, 26.
having "linrb^np
when compared with
^ip'^nnii
whilst
^"^siiS
compare
= to
3^p, B. and
20 whilst A,
the reading given
is
correct than B.'s text
perhaps
50,
C
MSS. read
All the
I'-nn-'tcn
L. has the former reading.
I'raiin.
ippn'"
the better reading,
given by L.
read
A, B,
but Merx^ the former.
Aram. 3^p Dan.
Bib.
note).
B. gives
here.
here
A
19, g
the latter form,
gives
7
II, II, 3i,
In this
B
A
-pnNl, B.
corresponds to the Syriac form.
jxi;
C,
pre-
TT^^, B, A and Z rel="nofollow"> Both forms T'nx and I'nx are allowed by L. but the latter
the Trg. of
D
is
whilst B. writes T'Xp which,
"1x6
A's reading, says the author
TQ^'f.
B,
reading
latter
In the same verse
have.
the correct form.
is
Nsos but
read
original.
Levy^^, Pathsegen'' but Adler^
D
C
yxD,
which
""Nnix
by Berliner', Landauer^,
ferred
Hebrew
closer to the
read xn'x 18, 6 but
C
A, B,
in its plural.
is
as
The word being
also L.'s reading.
is
ending
has ~ED3 which
prefers
D
this
common Gender may
or Feminine
D D
—
so
a.
2
.
1.
•^rsfiT:?'
Massorah 6 s.
v.
v.
s. 7
s.
which both Landauer
19, 21
3 v.
s.
8
v.
4
To
this verse.
"Chrestomathia Targu-
— Bland Berliner give as a Nehardean reading and
which
and
to
L.
D is
is
B
has
C
others A, "jr"ip
reading
B.'s
xrnir which
x^ in
MSS.
the
B.
more Cf.
in
On
appears
reads
B.
and
"^sirdx.
and
D
In
24, 60
is
superfluous.
A,
B
and
reading.
D
B.
has
B.
D
'x^n of which
is
the other
Cf. the Syriac
C
P'^a^,
form
and again
form
rsx
Syriac
other MSS.,
Daniel
A
A^'^**^.
Cf.
27, 32.
is
P'^"^"'^-
arpif" 26, 3.
C invariably reads x^r-;i:^'». The K-nm Cf, the Bib. Aram. X'RiJ^
corresponding Syriac forms
tracted
^-
^5' ^5
'4-<*»-
c"^ps<1.
correctly,
C
"^Iri^
correct, although the x
again more correct in reading
is
B
^^n,
in
"'SS'ix
confirms the first-mentioned
L.
p'-'S'^D.
A
to
final
again preferable
is
fr^n'is'iJ
"^s^ri,
most
the
the
preferable
24, 14 and in "^rpiax 24, 43; B.'s readings being
''iii-ix
the
"r'V"
Of
form of which
^^.
Syriac
D
and
although L. also gives a
give,
and not as
2
24,
20, 4, B.
absurd.
is
classical
10
20,
C
A,
~r"''r
reading
v^.'s
But the reading of the MSS.
(s. v.).
n"'r"inn
read
n-i^r
A,
""'";?,
Perhaps the best reading
20, 7
retain the
Hebrew
22 B.
9,
x in his notes.
final
merely a contraction.
is
hand
D
Massorahs,
the
correct reading, according
'5t.
of course
i
and
D
and
uJ) \
Syriac
"jn^
The
adds the
C
in their
imitate
to
B. reads "5(1*32-
Nr"i~S'.
B.
A,
"X=t,
Cf.
"^st.
and
C
stn^if:^
i!
B.
^XST.
intended
which has "r^^-
original
B
evidently
is
M^.
MSS. more
10 and
5,
has the unconB.
27, 40.
"^nri
MSS. 'H^r which L. gives as the correct Imperfect of \ "'"'n. The MSS. are again preferable in the same verse, giving 1*1135^
whilst B. has
by L.
The MSS.
I
And
justifiable
his
Biblical
also
Aramaic
of Biblical
I'.erliner
(1.
c;
p.
occasionally occurs where
word
n-p
have
according to Uib. .Aram.
Paradigms
that of
although the
"|l"'2i"'],
again
and
-2T cf.
.\ramaic
XXII.
we
form
latter
more correct form
Ezra
2, 9.
Daniel forms
5,
^
22 rs^-.
gives
Dalman
But the Q, 3 But Baer
1
form
a similar
asserts
that
in
is
in
to
short
\. should expect Se. and he instances the 4
compares Hieronymus' transcription
of ="-s
62 of his Grammar). Cf. also C's readings of p"?"aV and 8'% reading '"n 24, 60. iVtrxn 12, (p.
given
is
the
to
19,
biom
20 and
— "'n-D-
30, 27 and not as B.
—
52
which
\n">D:
is
B
a Hebraism.
and
D
and C "Vpi-. The Hebrew B. have xV?ii 30, 39 but A, A, and have iVrrV; 31, 2 whilst B. and C is /il"?F?:.
D
B
give
B,
The
"i^sn'i^.
D
C,
ioned
appears
word with H. and ni'in 31, 27, C and and B are correct is
C
fault
A
reads.
in
D
to
the
n^^ri.
B.
D
the
Pathsegen
"(nXD
B
bVj, B.,
Pentateuch give his reading of
the
which
31, 49
Our Editions of
brji3.
A
the
and
L. writes n'^n^
form
12 A,
ment-
first
state.
(incorrectly) "i6i\
fuller
33,
xn"^.in.
"'ini?.
is
punctuates
L.
construct
although
L.,
and
'P^ 32, 14,
since
"O-i
reading
in
Cf. the Syriac rr'^J^-
Pathsegen also
in
is
it
The
B. x^^tts.
x'^^^ija,
preferable
supported by
also
which
^
rn2±5 31, 26,
reading
form, according to T.,
correct
reading
prefers
.^4
is
B B.
]0"'
again at
being preferable.
C
and
D
bbij.
Commentary
Rasi's
passage as
this
V,::^
but according to Luz. "^Oheb Ger' and L. Rasi also gave the correct reading
who
copyists Rasi's
MSS.
interpretation '^T-r-'zb .
remarked is
bli:"i3
strove
bring
of the word
by ignorant
only altered
harmony
the Trg. into !^^"C>:.
words are synonyms, and hence
C's reading
rendering of the
"^^it
Hebrew
'my grief 35, 18
"'lis*
than
is
with
14 B. xnnn'-s,
2)Z}
Pathbegen and L. read as B. but
that the
allowable.
which was to
is
may be
it
either reading
a
that of B.
more A,
literal
B
and
D
who write v'l %rief'. 35, 17. The MSS. reading "pBnin is more correct than that of B. who has l"'^)j'!ifl. L. gives the same form as that of the MSS. 37, 23 B. n'^rssin'^s, MSS. rr^i'-ni. The Hebrew text is "insna. B. seems to be a HebL. gives a similar reading to that of the MSS. raism. The latter reading is again 39, 23 B. "^^r;, MSS. "Tn. preferable and is given by L. We may compare the Syriac ivs. form -U. 41, 25 A (incorrectly) T^n?, B, C and I'n? Hebraism. which is a Cf. Syriac J-.^^. 43, MSS. B.
D
n
nin'iin'na
I
which Berliner,
We may
also
in his
Massorah^, following Luz. Lan-
compare the form with final n which occasionally Cf. nr-Trt Dan. 2, 41. 2 p. 117.
occurs in Biblical Aramaic.
—
—
53
nmnn nio^^ all B, C li'.-ip, D
dauer and the
declare a false reading.
nvflans. 45, ^ A,
here
is
the
and
best,
Chrestomathies
Merx and Levy^
of
give the curious reading
46,
but since the
'^nis'^rin
who
the Singular form inss-;-? the reading of B.
appears preferable.
12
49,
B
A,
B.,
Grammatical Variations.
Absolute and Emphatic (VIII, la,
snx
B
and
12, 6;
3;
8,
A
2,
each case has y^xn.
Text
18.
15,
Hebrew Hebrew n3-2.
B
r-^xn.
28,
niini
nsi^.
17 B.,
^
B.,
^
B.
x-nrx,
B
C
C
B.
and
C
^i^S.
xn-^nn-i.
and Z) xnail
and
C
x-,^s^.
y^,
^
^1515,
B
and Z>
and Z>
17
P)
Absolute
A
and
^
and
II,
Z>
reads
A
B
and
in
x^nl'j
B. x:^^':.
The
D
s^a;.
B,
xr^fb'.
xnb^n.
Hebrew Hebrew
Hebrew ='P"2n. 31, 39 Hebrew ns^J. n, 20 C Hebrew natp. 34, 10 B.
A,
B
xnjn.
and
D xmino.
37, 31
Hebrew n^r:;. Hebrew "^i^ss.
38,
2
(For
7J).
Construct
rV-x'i.
and B.
A
The Hebrew
D D
and
"i^s^.
^
'^ar,
variant reading, see Part 11;
min-j.
in^ri,
Cand
^
npian,
and Cx-inp (Pathsegen Hkewise). B.
is
^aa (ina), A,
B,
B.,
'("ini.
States.
C,
MSS. '^i.
14,
MSS.
C
D
and
rr^^'-'r:'
C
D
a).
xrix.
rest
and
|'2T5.
and
^, ZP and
A,
B.,
18,
20, 4 B.
21, 2
19, 26
"isia?,
C
B.,
'iriDia.
is
x>bb.
is
The
gives
"in"',
C.
Hebrew
vcz^.
6.
13,
A.
the
to
The MSS. Hebrew has
The Nominal
7) a)
t,
D
and
Both L. and Merx prefer the reading of
''St ^'^^n•'b
29.
B.
reading
Z>'s
by reference
confirmed
is
B. nu-p.
ii"^-p,
and
(VIII, B.
i
a,
3j.
"'b=XT (L.,
2,
9
and
likewise).
C
missing.
(B)
Number
(VIII,
able with the verb
C
and
upon
the
B,
D
i
mn.
give pn'^ns
reading
of
must be remarked
as
Several
b).
In I'fln.
the
i,
14
^
variations
^'s reading
Hebrew
text
is
probably based
nrx-2
Luz. has already pointed
in Adler's Edition of the
1
Contained
2
Cf. also Daniel 3, 26
a-)!.
are notice-
has x-in: -n- whilst B.,
Targum.
'n-;
but
out
in
it
his
— ia
nnx
that
in
the Plural,
In
the
Hebrew and Arabic languages
29;
is
justified
ing
,"in>
indeed
MSS.
given
is
is
whether
to use
describing
C
nxislai
1x3^35
A
"^.?'^2ti
given by
also
B,
"^T?"].
C,
D
B
^ir^
latter 'T!)?T'^.,
gular Plural
B,
is
B
A,
in",iii
again
is
"^nin
(incorrectly) 27,
C,
and B. xrin.
in
as the other
xn'^D'i.
27
and
B.
"iTH
The
D
B, C, MSS.
latter
is
read "p"- in
27,
12
the
B.
C
and
D
i6<^in
(text)
have
pi''"n:i
"i^Tr
13,
17,
Now, although
text
but
"'nt
is
'pin.
rt^-r^.
reading
xips-
we
^
12
21,
Sin-
is
require a
25, 26
The
S^'^n
the
confirms
by L.
B
(in-
original
26,
15
is
which
MSS. and B. give. 27, 15 A and B. sn^^n which L. con-
'fn.
the author of the Pathsegen;
C
'XJytS)
justify a plural here,
given
Verb being
incorrect
A,
and
Singular
The Hebrew
D
B.,
(margin)
i^b=^.
might being
Trg. since the Subject
in the
D
and
C
"par
likewise
')n^i5n\
the Subject of the
should be
firms.
D
C,
correctly) i'l^'i.
which
reading,
D
exist
noun when 18 (B. and
confirmed by L.
and B.
form of the original
the
A^
and
other
to
and
C
A,
B.,
and
B.
10,
(B.
(^ nxbtS).
12.
16,
"ixS^IS
24, 3
'^.s::'l3:2).
In
riN^in).
Sing-
read-
Parva but the
D
nN::;l5
the sense of the whole passage still
may perhaps
the Plural of a
or
24, 37
{B
the incorrect reading -''"i is
Massorah
C
and
30
34,
{B
the
9;
Thus A, B,
B
D
and
A,
D
cases
only cor-
the
Some confusion appears
an adjective
A,
B.,
which
these is
'I^Tn
15 ^^y be taken as The Hebrew is ib. B.'s
i<^i
9, 26.
literal.
nations.
ni<:s1:).
30, 21
'n'^'':>'
in Berliner's
more
reading
C
of
reading
is
B.
"^n^
the other two examples, through the subjects
in
being collective; B.
MSS.
but the reading given by the MSS.,
rect one,
ular.
each
In
24.
In 47, 24 B.'s
fi;^?!'?.
construction
this
employed.
frequently
is
and 47,
15
g,
Hebrew
is
even though the Verb precedes the Subject.
permissible and
be
custom of the Aramaic
the
place a verb in the Singular whose subject
language to
I,
contrary to
is
it
—
54
2-],
2>^
A,
B
"pnn,
C,
likewise given both by L. still it is
strange
D
and
why we should
Hebrew of both passages being
— nr-^^.
27, 39 B.
laniia
segen.
MSS. have
"(5ri^.
—
55
which
given by the
also
is
Hebrew
the Variant reading in his Massorah, but offers
upon
require the 31, 26,
Plur. Fern,
B
B.,
the
and
given
D
A
reading
first
MSS.
C
correct.
is
Hebrew
B.
34, 5.
B
34, 24
we should
•^:x:;,
MSS.
"pn'^n-';.
but since
B.,
•^nwa as the MSS.
e.xpect
which appears
"j^nrnp
(incorrectly)
31, 43
The Hebrew being
"^v.
preferable.
in:p::
is
We
iV?^',
more correct. Hebrew T^;
is
"irTi.
by the MSS,
and
is
"p"'^"''
no comment
D
and
Pathsegen supports the reading given by
iri-nij,
the
^rJ.
hence
T^a,
B.
reading
B
A,
K^-^s^i.
here,
and 50.
43
hence the
C
and
30, 39 B.
it.
Path-
BerHner mentions
is TjaiT"*^.
the
refer
to
V
Sehem and Hamor. The other MSS. have nTTip which corresponds to the Hebrew in'^r. 37, 4 ^ (incorrectly) "^niinx. The other MSS. 'I'ln'iax which corresponds to the Hebrew nn-^ns. The correct Trg. of rs-z 39, 5 is suffix
both
to
xr5ni which
which
is
B
C
•n'^S'^r-^XT.
A
D
and
Landauer supports
B
B.,
and
also given
B
C
and
subject
and
is
D
A
ic).
C
and has
text
A,
ipJo'i.
D
D
a
Hebrew
C
is
47,
^rsisx.
B
wrong. 30.
which
"^rnix
and
is
46, 20 B.
rrr^'n.
a-jvejiv.
"^iviy^
X'B?
reading in his Massorah.
Hebrew
(C) Gender (VIII,
The
A
The Hebrew
by L.
since
preferable.
correct xa-a
B.'s
(original reading)
26.
is
(plural)
XJ^s"!^
D and B.
A, C,
justified
(incorrectly) ^rn£x.
reading) p^Vc^.
I,
be
T'^'^n-'xn.
are
reads
B.
'{^STT-'^y^,
Noun, but the Singular
collective
and
B
41, 36
may perhaps
Either reading
*Tb^ "iiyx.
MSS. have.
the
all
incorrect.
is
50, 9 B.,
(corrected
br:;.
is
A
Nrn-^
and
B
D
x6n-n B. and
which being of
common
«J^nnn
gender,
perhaps admits of either form; but L. reads as B. B. "pbrp,
ever refers
MSS. pzp to
"'^n
4,
10.
whilst
the
Hebrew Trg.
is
refers
="P?s which how-
Pathsegen notices
7.
variant reading and
is
more
seems
is
correct.
to expect
MSS. B. x^n, A, B, D x-ri, C (incorrectly) ir The Hebrew is X"n which agrees with 7? but x^"^
that of the 14,
this
which
"rrm
to
feminine and hence the reading of the MSS.
-
-
56
masculine in Aramaic and hence
is
reading
B.'s
is
the cor-
L.
has the
rect one.
B
A,
D
and
nrh%
C
and
B.
nlsn
15,
9.
reading but points out that the Pesitta of this passage
latter
IJA,ol lii^o.
is
16,
A
and
135
D
A
2
C
(incorrectly)
B
rJ-^si^,
D
since
20, 13
incorrect
-[nia'^-j
is
T^Sn.
^
9
D
are
and
20,
feminine.
reading st^n
in
Rest have
B
A,
The
l^rin^.
of course a mistake.
is
the rest have 'p^s.
yh
the rest have n1^.
fT^Dp,
)i-v-fi,
B,
being
(incorrectly)
17i?3;
incorrect in having
C
and
19,
13
since K^nx
The Hebrew
in
each case
may perhaps account
19, 8 B.,
subject
for the error of ^,
read
is
masculine.
is is
B
xn.
ni
and
B and D in
this
20, 13.
D
21, 30 B. and C Nnn, A, B and "pSn. Since x^^^iii is given by L. as of common gender either reading may be justified; but ^'s reading N^n in 24, 58 and ^'s stin in 25, 30 are both evidently incorrect. The fact of t<^"'n being of common
gender may again verse
A
A
reads
C
and
(incorrectly)
who
gives
shepherds.
rTiS5,
proper
the
30, 37
B,
whilst B.,
B.,
which L. also reads.
I'lpiu^'i^
B.
both readings in 26, 20
justify
rr^p^L
A
MSS.
subject
the
C
B,
and B.
'pio'in is
of
being "p-'iin.
common
der we may take either reading as correct. 30, 40 MSS. have V'Dii^n^- which is the proper reading, B. has
which
D
is
"jxijo.
31, 10 B.,
^'s reading
C
and
Tl^'?']
the
Zl^ 7
and
feminine.
D
all
the
So genthe
"p?"'j^
39, 5
30,
43
^^'^0, B.,
T^^^"'']?
B,
is
masculme.
is
B.
C and more correct, "jsr being masculine. "ppHon, A and B ipSo^ which is a mistake
certainly incorrect.
smce Ni^^n
A
42
Pathisegen also as
1P'>a6^.
')'ii-'6=i,
and Path.^egen, but since
also L.
which
and
gender,
and Z>
in
D give nm 27, B and D n^n. 29, 3 C
A
^
is
again incorrect in reading
In both instances
4ij 3ninl,
B.,
A,
C,
D
nin\
we
B
require is
the
correct reading; the other imitates the
B
and
C
the verse is
read
'iirx
•jirx.
B.,
correct since the
Hebrew Idiom. 41, 20 2nd time the word occurs in
but the
A
and
first
one
D
have both times
refers to xn^in
'j'^ii'iN
which
and the second
— one
to
All
the
and both these words
i!<"3a'J
MSS. read
which reading as
it
same that
I'r^-^snx
defended
is
to
effect
in
13,
referring,
*
to the
it
'=•
"'V'P'!'^^'^ x^"?"!
7
Massorah
4
,-?'''=''=r'K
may be remarked, Cf. Targum Jonathan
But,
also sometimes masculine.
is
to Isaiah
48,
has
B.
Landauer writes
"^n'^'^'^r'
Massorah ^
liis
are feminine.
whilst
here,
in Berliner's
the feminine
does,
1;:
—
57
(D) The Conjugations of the Verb.
and Pael
Peal
a.
D
rnti
A
niaiii,
B.
4.
8,
B,
B.,
MSS.
-lT-f^
n^-J^
a Hebraism.
should be B.
A
35,
D
and
B
rnti,
^
^
43, 4
rnJi,
B.
(incorrectly)
C
'nVr,
B
and
= we
i.
D B.
31, 40-
and
^
here. "pitl^
A, C,
B.,
n'^n:-
B.
and
50,
29, 13;
•:Jir^",
Srh-t,
C
B,
B.,
27, 27;
20.
31,
nns^,
4.
p^\atn
D
perhaps
shall sell,
it
D
we shall buy, which is MSS. ?"^x£". B. bxir just like the Hebrew has the same orthography as the MSS, but I think given by A,
"^ir^
C,
43, 7
L.
text.
n-i^n-
C
A
2 a, a).
MSS.
Aramaic requires a Pael
inVu; 42, 16.
and
D
C,
A, B,
31, 34.
;i;"£4t
(VlII,
p"^w::^,
would be a preferable punctuation, since L. gives no B., B, C Pael of this root. 45, 24 A (incorrectly) n^MJi. Although L. nri;=i. and 50, 21 B. anr, MSS. n-in:\ b'^X'i;
D
mentions
both
forms
these
Pael of =~?
as
correct Aramaic form of the Pael
12,
and Afel (VIII,
Peal
p.
C
A,
\i,
and
supported by the
C
i^-ix
1
8,
13.
incorrect.
tainly
D
-in
D
and
Y.
Peal and Etpeel,
and
VII,
li).
1
1.
c.
B.
p.
25,
2
S.
V.
latter
B,
B. ""^rx,
form
is
D
"I'^'l'S.
B
is
is
A,
*i5x,
given
forms
other
ni:^^^
reading
Afel
the
readings
cer-
B.'s
is
nir", B.,
L. as B.
and i^nrx 23
by the MSS.
(incorrectly)
The
Etpaal or Ettafal
"Isnii
rRr-^n-
78.
23.
32,
n£:'i<=^
MSS.
i-^ts.
correct
the
C
three tw^o
B
.3).
rj-^:"!.
authority of L.
Of these Of the
preferable, although
A,
2 a,
B.
n-J-'^n,
only
the
still
that given
is
(Peal)
17,
(VIII,
2 a, 7).
26 and 27.
whilst
the
MSS.
B.
(Vide read
-
--
58
we may perhaps
Ciprrii (Etpaal).
In
reading,
both give good sense,
since
instance^
this
take either
having a
the Etpaal
reflective sense.
Pael and Afel (VIII, 2a,
6)
D
ri^sn
B.
''•^'^xi^,
The
18.
3,
A,
D
C,
B
and Afel forms give sense
C
and
and
given by L. Both the Pael
16.
Pael^I have made numan
B. has
numerous.
equally
MSS.
2
8,
D
7,11 A,
a, s).
itinnsnx,
L. also reads Etpaal, but in the Syriac
Ninnsnx.
language the Etpeel (and not Etpaal)
use\
C
B.,
also
is
13,
here.
made
have
Etpeel and Etpaal (VIII, 2
e)
B
I'iiiJNi
n^^n.
Aramaic form.
inferior
B.,
=I
Afel
erous,
reading
latter
'''m%
B
A,
0).
iirfONi, B.
but according to Bernstein-Kirsch,
the conjugation
is
in
L. again has Etpaal
ii^sripNi.
the Etpeel
the usual
is
and 27, 13 MSS. ^6i
MSS. may again be
Etpaal, so that a^sp.iO,
A
and
B
D
10, 9
^i-'Bsnsii,
C
s^snxi,
C
but again notices Etpeel= Etpaal.
possible form.
29, 26 B.,
The Hebrew is «^b^'\ the Hebrew Imperfect
B
and
Berliner,
C
A
in his
has an im-
29 and 42, 24.
A,
B
and
has
form.
34,
!iK-'C:r.ix'i.
when
C
same reading
D
A
as
and
form
(E)
is
latter
given by L.
V.
45,
i,
MSS. reading of Etpeel
The Tenses of
a) Perfect
the
Verb
and Imperfect
Bernstein-Kirsch
that
and
D
1.
c.
B.
s.
v.
D which
31, 24
and
n^'jox.
L.
nx''D3n-i5<-.
B.
and B.
reading will be considered
the Variae Lectiones will be treated
firms the
I
B
A,
7
The
^DiCDn-ixi.
C
n^'JDx.
two readings, the Etpaal appears this
T'isn^
Massorah^ says
thus appear to give the most correct reading.
Etpaal
D
and
here to be rendered by the Aramaic
is
Participle, but L. gives the
the
D
reads as
L. here
T^isn-a,
A,
14, 15
justified.
B. assnxi..
of.
Of
the other
be more correct, since
to
On
the other
hand
L. con-
B. has ST^T^^,
here.
MSS.
(VIII, 2 b, a).
''p-'rn^Ty^'i 4,
2
1.
c.
p.
14,
25.
B,
C
and
D
— 'irrcu.^n,
Hebrew
A
Of
has ^ppns'r'^.
other forms given L. prefers
B,
B
incorrect since the
is
T\'^¥\^
the Afel
A
9, 14.
"'n'^i
and Present
Perfect
p)
D
C,
'
xss''^,
A
these
could not be translated by a Perfect.
''N^fb
n^ni, B.,
—
59
4, 9.
MSS. word corresponding no
There
but the
text,
is
seems
sense
Landauer
perhaps preferable. 27,
14 MSS.
be
to
B.
a"^n^n,
D"'rinn.
Text
A
and
B.
agrees
and Landauer
nn£r, B. T'ljur-rx in
Hebrew
the
B.
is
reading.
variant
this
and therefore the
::-x
is
B
and hence
present
notices
D
which
to
give xssT' as the correct form here. 23, 13.
Q
A,
[^).
^rnrn-^
is
form; but the Massorahs of both Berliner
in
the
3j.
here incorrect.
is
(VIII, 2 b,
The Hebrew
Of
VIII, 2a,
(Cf.
MSS. give the better text. 29, 5 B. -w^s-^r!, MSS. rn^n-n The Hebrew is EPsn"n which is again Perfect in form but Pathsegen reads Participle which he
meaning.
Present in
says the Aramaic
idiom
So L. although he also
requires.
mentions the reading of the MSS. similarly
above
see
A
C
and
under
x-n-nx-,
B. has the
41
and
B
correct
between
here
Etpaal
again Perfect.
.S
D x-an-n^i.
reading although
the Perfect
31,
in
and
and Etpeel.
the
is
"'ic^ B.,
A,
i<"3n;ri<-,
The Hebrew is some confusion In
Participle.
Participle
B
30, 41
and
29, 26
in 44, 27.
30, 39 B.
but
used; C,
D
30, 3 in
''•^^'\
^^r;-:.
exists
and
1
10
31,
L.
reads
according to the Aramaic idiom, although looking at
iiiy^i
we might perhaps have expected the PreDic)'^rs¥, B. MSS. 31, iT^?"!: Merx, in the tionary to his Chrestomathia Targumica regards the manuscript reading as a vulgarism, and Luz. in his Oheb Ger
the
Hebrew
also
gives
MSS. D-^5r,
Dt"i
6
terite.
the
p-^?-'".
B.,
B
participial
in-'T^-j,
niH.
to
A,
as
The Hebrew is and C =5n. The Hebrew
Perfect. text
also supported
is
41, n>ii
i
A,
D
but L. has
by Pathsegen, ac-
Aramaic language. 41, 45 ^• and Z? "p^j-an, C (just as the Hebrew) ntcs
the
B
is
31, S B. "d'"',
correct.
again
the reading D^*n which
cording
form
L. reads
use
as
of the
B.
''a
man who
best reading appears to be that of C,
reveals
who
secrets".
The
does not attempt
—
name.
to give a rendering of the
certain
uage ^
has
nrs^'i']
B
reading of A,
C
and
44, 15 B.
Hebrew
D
and
by no means
it is
C)^V\'^"T,,
D
and
D
Here the
'\^ry•S^.
and hence the 47, 22 A ^l3?N^, B,, B, is ^ib^xi and the sense T T
better.
is
The Hebrew
'
B
A,
of a Perfect
sense
the
and
V^rx^.
Gesenius* explains the
PeSitta).
of the age" in the Egyptian lang-
"saviour
signify
to
title
Trg. and
(as the
secrets"
Besides
two Egyptian words mean "revealer of
these
that
—
6o
text
:
of the passage appears to require a Past Tense and therefore the reading of
A
preferable.
is
Imperfect and Present (VIII,
T)
reading
C
and
B.
Vi^
(Present)
C
represents
words
the
inserts
11
^'i5G';i
^a^i''.
who wish
interpret the
to
denote generally that the
figuratively, to
Divine protection encompassed and preserved him. has bi before preceding.
by
^
B.
riijisp
18,
2t^
probably confusing
D
A, B,
have
as an incorrect reading
^
before
ti'^a
which
A
I
avoids
1.
c.
and Stade (Leipzig,
ing to
s.
in
irreverent
V.
their
2
'p^^n
and
this
which
this
LXX
is
pointed out
so also the insertion of
Adler and
when speaking of
has
'Lov9oiJ.cpavrj/,
Worterbuch zum
the
Siegfried
Testamente "Egyptian title of Joseph. Accorde f. agypt. Sprache u. Altertumskunde
"Ilebraisches
1893) give njye nsE".: G. Steindcrff, Zeitschr.
C
reading since the Targumist
language
The
14, 12
verse with the
has in the same verse.
Pathsegen also both object to always
1=13^
latter
D
opinion of those
the
p^;2
48, is
The
10.
text.
D
and
read rr^n^-^rji before "^fi^^s 2). A and same word on the margin. This version
(F) Additions (IX, 7, 16.
Hebrew
^
^j
2 b, y)
The Hebrew
perhaps better.
is
noticed that
us the sense of the
text literally, but B. gives
(Imperfect),
may be
It
quoted above the MSS. follow the Hebrew
in the instances
alten
—
XXVII, 41 f. es spricht der Gott und er lebt". Jerome renders "salvator mundi" but according to Rosellini the name means sustentator •vitae,
support or sustainer of
the popular Jewish
life.
interpretation.
The Targum Cf.
version seems to be
Josephus Ant.
and Delitzsch, Commentary to the Pentateuch, Vol. I, lated by Martin. (Edinburgh 1874). 3 1. c, p. 221.
II,
p.
6.
35.
V. Keil
Trans-
— But, since
Deity.
Hebrew L.
seems
Massorah
and
know
to
D
of the
I
standing
and follows the xirn thus
first
mm
word.
best suffix
23, 8.
which improves the sense
C
24, 67
original.
giving the
has ni^-^x n-,6n before
translation before proceeding
literal
Hag. rendering which follows and which may perhaps
to the
with advantage be deleted.
D
affixed to this
is
- of
The
of time.
do not know why the
I
his
in
and also explains the
Xii"3"a.
n^x before
insert
r.x.
is
but Landauer
"'•^^"1
34
19,
The Hebrew
accusative
an
for
of the original
preferable.
"vi^nS.
readings
Person Singular
St
C
"^Tr-an,
reading would then be
The MSS.
literal translation
of no reading
both
gives
^
as
'U;'2"i2
B
A,
mi-o^,
more
a
manuscript reading seems
the
B.
is
it
—
6i
25, 8
^
has
has the same word on the margin,
this
word
as
26,
26 B.,
C
gloss which
a
and
D
''Hrarn,
the latter reading which
We
idiom.
is
after r£D'.
Since
we may perhaps
take
has crept into the text of B.
A
and
B
Tiirinn-s.
L. rejects
against the spirit of the
must then read,
have exactly the same
T^'i''
Aramaic
either "riirnn or "^rii^nn^
significations, the
"c
which
being part of the
word and not a preposition. 31,13 MSS. r\'^iz.. B. r.i?. Hebrew The sense justifies the reading of the MSS. and although Pathsegen also reads n"'3 he seemed to have expected the reading n^an and hence we may take the reading of the MSS. as
TTO..
correct.
31,
48
^
A
has
at
the preceding
B
39, 6 fore
C!iE2
before
and
"^rTirs.
C It
incorrectly inserts
before
n-"?
"p"'".
42, 28
but the scribe was probably looking
"'Jsrj
verse.
14
B
before
5=.
34,
insert
Tr^
may be
noticed
has
thas
n"i
43, 29
these
before
B
has
S'sar'^B. n-'
be-
insertions, the
majority of which appear to be incorrect are confined to
and
C.
Finally, I
have
to
B
mention a few Prepositions which
are here and there added.
added by C in nsV 17, 5 and il^s' 17, 10, A, C have TcnV 29, 3. A has X2sb and -p^-^ 45, 8 which bxr-iV 49, 8 and reading is rejected by Pathsegen. A, h is
D
and
B
1
1.
c.
D
— Merx
which 9,
reads.
also
lo which
i
which follows the Hebrew
A
26, 26 by
B
and
original.
before
it'ON
in
edition of
D'^^ii's-'
MSS. read
the
have
C
Q^-^a-inT
give
word
b^'n
n^iin
24, 22. xsb^'i
A
By
Xi"
C
A
i.
A
read.
has
20,
'^tr^
of
:
20, is
B
2 bs*
»
to
A,
hv
MSS. before Qx
and other
D
C,
B.
-pnsiu^bb
B.,
A,
B
1 1.
44,
and B> which
ii'w'f,
?
corresponds
Or 2374 sometimes omits
1
and in
where
B.
iT=,\£
Aramaic.
1.
Trt'J'.
Daniel
4,
The Scribe however
which case
it
is
9 in
all
by
3.
22,
bs.
Hebrew 12 MSS.
inserted in Baer's Edition
it is
Daniel
of which the
21,
37 where we should
3,
(Babylonii)
orientales^
C
A,
and
instance
this
(Palaestinenses)
the
to
Particles.
and
In connection with
occidentales
the
to
C
hardly seems necessary.
i
Daniel
in
the
remarkable Hag.
all
Cf.
initial
and
in
this
By
of the Aramaic portions of the Bible. 3,
B
of the passage.
makes
xrix
T
and according
br
D
omitted^ by
is
i
and the following we may compare Nehemiah read
i.
All
and Z>
sense
Prepositions
n:jnx. T
the
-(-n'ra^Bn
(incorrectly)
Hebrew
initial
smoothly.
initial
(incorrectly)
Z> x^iKP".
An alters
13 which
much more
C
according
C
42, 6.
c:"'V>^l
1
has nnNn 20, 5
MSS. read "^fiinKn 46, added by A, B and
this
Interchange
B
20.
and
is
44, 27 where again an
10,
given
initial
(incorrectly) 'rrr^i'incn 35, 5.
(IX, 3).
but
21
8,
before
(H)
this is
is
A
All
a
13.
and
45^ 8
iTn'iii
31, 13.
passage run
(IX, 5)
iii'ionn^a
in
B
40,
45, 13.
50,
(G) Omissions before
the Trg.
18 which
15,
and again inTi
added
is
The same reading The MSS. add an
really the sense of the passage. in Adler's
'2
but this has already been noticed as a
D add
A,
faulty reading.
added by the MSS, X^WSa*! text and in "nni'or 33, 13
is
Hebrew
against the
is
—
62
'••};_
inserted this
omitted in Baer's Edition.
'.
in
2, 43,
-prirVa-jS^
MS. omits the
"r.'izV'.
Daniel 2
4,
13
Vide Baer,
3 "There is a tendency in Hebr. esp. p. 125. K, Je, Ez, to use Vs in the sense of hv (and vice versa) sometimes !;s being used quite exceptionally in a phrase or construction which regularly and in ace. with analogy has h'j, sometimes the 2 preps.
(].
c),
in S,
B.
t
L. allows either reading here,
wS-ai's^'yV'.
which the MSS. have
''S5''ob"
who has
given by B.
which simply gives
C
the other.
B
"lian
A,
'b
though
and B.
gives
sense.
Pathsegen
B
4,
8
in
"iJb
and
"^3.
A
is
The
3,
12
inferior,
al-
=r;;b.
is
3,
D
b£n5,
A
D
cor-
xrnxa,
reading
j9's
^'s
expect
to
C
and
more
rest,
23 B., A, C,
reading of
the
text
nT2nsn nx I prefer
seems
Hebrew
xiip".
and B. xrnV \c which
17 u5 xn.
also
justifies
give
B.
C
^'s reading
^oi'.
3,
and B. b£nf,
nJ'^na
B, give
again allowable in 37, 22 where
D
The Hebrew is n\ The text being
the
D and
A, B,
The Hebrew
correct.
D
C,
it
xr-ix
and
is
C,
'Sx.
rectly
B
A,
whilst
more
appears
B
Hebrew
has xn^aa, one reading being as correct as
41, 55 ^, Z rel="nofollow"> K^nsb'; B,
-JN,
be a Hebraism,
to
the Aramaic language requires a
"ir?,
Either reading
has Nrii
22, 18
than that
3^, 21. Unlike the
""Vp?-
Preposition to point out the direction. k-'ijV whilst
reading
a better
is
which appears
"^I'aipa
corresponding to the Hebrew text
-
63
reading.
b£n r-i
Adler
.
and C; he says we
never find the Verb np construed with bx but with 3 or
and
B.
reading would
j9's
reading
is
inferior,
ment than
D
C,
that
B
D--,
reading
'1^.
"from
is
shown by Hebrew
reading
incorrect;
is
Pt. II, II, 7C).
is
nan.
the
B.
15,
x^in,
C
A,
1^,
16 B., A, B, are correct;
is
both
O. Test, by Brown, Briggs
Jeremiah
27,
19.
C
are
idea
is is
C's
X'^ri.
Hebrew composed of
x=n.
Cf,
liquid b inserted.
in the
same or
prob. that this interchange, at least in
not original but due to
-ff's
reading
this
B and D
D x=bn,
interchanging apparently without discrimination is
A,
B.,
regards the difference of Gender,
(as
Both readings
It
13
6,
The sense of
of the earth" but
words xn and X3 but nsbn has a
sentences.
text.
= with.
Hebrew nx and hence ^'s
14, 7
V.
Hebrew
rx
move-
indicates a slower
it
the is
off the face
not contained in the again incorrect.
then be a Hebraism;
inasmuch as
br.
whilst Z>'s
parallel
many
cases,
transcribers" i^Heb. and Eng. Lexicon
&
Driver,
Oxford 1S92.
s.
v.
Vk)
cf.
of
also
Syriac
i8,
liioi.
B
19
(incorrectly)
MSS. and
to that of the remaining
Hebrew
Perhaps
I'^^N.
is
anthropomorphism
''in
19, 34 A nx == with.
B
rr,
24, 7
be
B's reading appears to
D
and B.
"J^i'.
text being
the
justifies
notice
~x,
preferable
is
A,
C,
D and
Hebrew nx
B
D
C,
that
and
'^.
B.
Since
here indicated by
is
D
it
j5's
s<"isx,
C
ip^p.
may perhaps be
Although Landauer
'p.
rather
is
usually
is
and
still
here merely the
is
is
"h.
the correct one, the
Accusative, which would justify ^'s reading.
A,
Hebrew Hebrew
Dp
since
the
Him".
''with
^3.
Massorah,
reading in his
latter
that the
B.
avoid
to
dsj.
20, 40 A,
reading
latter
D
C,
although the other reading
B n^,
27, 6
justified.
This
used
and B.
C, Z>
with ^r in Aramaic.
construed
was
B,
B.,
A,
The
B. viz ^'^^x:^p 18, 29.
%Ti^"ip
'^'^3,
and Z>
preferable
is
His presence" and not
(incorrectly)
C
A,
B.,
ii^hi',
on the other hand, £'s reading Hi^r
but,
"^ri'br
-
64
we must
sign of the
B
27, 37
N=n
place
time than
reading seems faulty.
A
The Hebrew is "im n!!< and A gives the sense of this relative more clearly. B (incorrectly) xni 31, 5, B., A, C, D -IN. Hebrew is ''S. B (incorrectly) '$z. Rest s<=n 31, 37. The latter reading corresponds to the Hebrew Ks here. B is again wrong in "i? where he reads Hebrew text, but exactly the as 31, 43 B,
xa,
C,
and B. rh
28, 15.
=
Aramaic idiom here requires a
the
C
of B., A, in 35,
with
other
'^-\
less
"i^*
and K^J
usually construed
is
C,
emphatic Particles are the correct ones
(and not as
not "^!^ as
A,
and hence the reading B is again wrong
corresponding to the Hebrew
"]^S"
MSS. have
1
correct,
is
b.
The viz
viz "iBin
where he has
I
The
^"5N.
D
and
D
A
n-b'.
which would tainly
I
more
and
B C
linii)
have).
Hebrew justify
literal.
is
and
in 35, 17
37, 35 bx.
B
(text) br.
12 B.
V. Note to 20, 2 above.
B
has nib;
all
(margin),
but n^V the
38
(and
T^-i
Rasi says that here bx
^'s original reading, 38,
in 19,
and 20
= b?^
is
cer-
MSS. read
-
The unknown author of
hi.
mb
is
usually
Trg.
the
the Pathsegen also reads as B.
3X whilst
for
Hence
identical in both languages.
superior here.
7
39,
n-V. The Hebrew may be defended still
qoi"^
So also Pathsegen. to Deut.
the
B
tp^'^z,
of B. and
that
Preposition
the text of the
C
C
is is
and
D
here the best.
is
usually construed with
cipt is
A
~;0"i"'3',
by
MSS.
Although the MSS. readings
bx.
is
42, 28
32,4.
C
and
B.
-
6s
has
X'.n
which
spit
Cf. Trg.
2.
not such a
is
good rendering of the Hebrew nsn 051 as the other MSS. and B. have, these give xn qx". I do not know why B. has jnib as the Trg. of ~\> in 43, 9. All four MSS. read ~^. have xin whilst A and B 43, II B., i^ (te.xt), C and (margin) read N=n. The Hebrew text is xisx to which word
D
xSn usually corresponds, but
being
emphatic
an
merely
of
that
to
MSS.
The Hebrew
^^.
we have another sense of which
is
MSS.
special
again
is
On
use
of
"^sx.
For a similar use of rx
(Exodus
29)
where,
Hebrew (I)
the
9,
text
A,
most instances.
MS. does not
all
the
MSS.
D
and
B.
C,
rx
B.
"'rxs:
have
aip
the
r.^.
The
i-i.
"^^sb-:.
is
Hebraisms (VII,
the other
however,
(incorrectly) n-b^,
and
"^r^b
"r^rn
cf.
be
In this verse
the
n;^.
B
to
other hand
the
44, 4.
(incorrectly)
47, 10
appears
is
text
Hebrew word nx, MSS. render "li.
tlie
and hence
'from'
"niV
"^5.
45, 10 where he reads
B.'s reading is preferable in
the
The Hebrew
23.
which has
B.
particular verse X'EX
this
43,
of the
reading
the
"^bx
superior
in
particle.
differ
MSS.
I
Of
ig).
actual Hebraisms
so greatly from
do.
C
presents
have previously remarked that
Yet
B
this
the Trg. text of B. as
reads 3?r^ 1"= 27,
C
17.
whilst
B
has
reads
11, 29; 3 27, 34 and 38 and same word in 41, 45. B has p (for -^S) 21, 9. All the MSS. read ^"'^; 27, 9, when we should expect 'is as B. A has ^T^"^"^ 4I; 55 and 47, 15. C and Z> "pb" 4, 15. The 21.
QuJ
•'rinn
the
rest read "li.
C
has
2-p"^
37, iS.
D
It
should be s-'T.
itSTr 26, nhave nxbn^ 35, 21 &c. B and raism ir 38, I and that of all the MSS. "i-rn 43,
All
B's Heb6
have
^
when speaking of
already been noticed above,
the variations
use of the Particles.
in the
A
Variant readings (X).
(J)
B
II.
1,
—
66
As a mere
p"'En.
D
and
niiinn
(so
also B.)
Hebrew words
translation of the
'O^'^ ^^1*^ ^^^ version of JS would suffice "Let the But as the Trg., in most cases^ earth bring forth green".
^^^.
not only
way
translate the original but actually goes out
to
tries
obtain an
of
its
D
and B. seems superior.
A
8
2,
to
"^W^
B
A's reading
jects to
form,
identical
and B>
B.
"inrx^f.
the
reading of A,
"^yii^).
Pathsegen ob-
xpI DJin i-i^xi" Nevertheless
"'^itt;'!
A
gives
more literal rendering of the Hebrew diu;;'! than does the which means "And he made to dwell". 2, 14 word "'iiUNi and B. n^an. A is probably a Hebraism, B, A ^i^'^^, of the Tigris being rts'i. name Syriac i^;. the Aramaic a
—
D
Sl^J.
Arabic
Assyrian Tiglat^
A
24 B.,
2,
B
tri-cx
literal
iax
n^i
and
Akiba4.
rendered
is
to the
Pathsegen
jAaai.
is
The
A
rest
n">aKi
have
B
vSamaritan
LXX. TiYpu.
rts^n
^'^1iN
from bs3.
"^SaTiJa
reading
latter
has
version
but
trri
being
The Hebrew
former.
quite
text
reference
to
is
a
of these words by the Rabbis Eliezer
To understand MSS. n-'iti. we may compare 27, 35 where
d^n^,
B.
MSS.,
irasTinS
t]''2n
is
in
the
i<^'^n.
xnnnpn,
niiBi.
Heb.
C 2
Trg.;
but
only applied to men.
also used for cunning.
xr^si^pr,
I
i
3,
of the
na"!^::
The
The other
traditional translation
the reading
here
the
to
mx.
T^ax
have n-3.
"iri-nx
superior
is
nx'i
D
and
Hebrew form
L. says the
of the word has a prosthetic n just as
^,
3
B. is
4,
Syriac
(incorrectly) xnDX
Which
n^":nri.
xrnD?D.
B
22
according
The
and Z>
i<3a-inp,
correct?
Or Dignat, Tignat, Diqlat
(?).
Cf.
The
also
4 V. Ber. MasSo Samaritan nax r«l n-as rr. S According to sorah p. 117 and Adler "-h nrrj to this verse. Dalman Jewish Aramaic does not emply the root d3n in the simple
3
signification of "to
know",
this
use being confined to Galilean Aramaic.
The corresponding Jewish Aramaic
root
is
:>T'
(1.
c.
p. 38).
Hebrew is f^C?^'the word nni^a
-
C-J
^- ^"^ Pathsegen
both give
means 'offering' But it must be borne
here
if
correct translation.
this
^ = to
snmipn is bad, as when speaking of persons making
Luz. says the reading
God
other and never in connection with
A
133^1,
B
C
•)1'a^,
D
lt"cn,
As
ll^n-i.
that the
-* *»
word can also mean a present (Arabic this would justify both A and Cs reading. used
B
this
4,
The Hebrew
that the reading "p^^i
D,
in B.,
B or
ben.
is is
word 2
justifies
original
can find no sense
I
/^'s
A
had
cf.
Berliner p. 128
this
word
the text, but
in
afterwards erased and ps^i placed on the margin in
Probably the whole phrase xbns ois br text as superfluous.
lations cf. 3, 21; 4,
49, 8 in the latter n-i?
5, 3 B.
Hebrew is Of course
A
tr^n^,
It is
n-^ox sb
great
D
a treble rendering.
n-^s
B
-^-iDnn,
is
the
s.
A,
C,
D.
whilst
B,
C.
z.%
difference
5,
D
probably
The
n-^^s-B.
most
literal.
Hebrew
24 B. has insert x?
has
its
n^Tax
on the
origin
in
Luz. in Philoxenos^ remarks "he (Enoch)
point.
living for
one tradition
1
C,
and hence ^'s reading
n'
This
some Hag. moth 166
similar double trans-
the other readings give the sense of the
has
margin.
is still
A,
Path^egen reads
passage.
place.
should be deleted
'iSs^t
For
was
it
its
21; 24, 21; 30, 8; 40, 10; 49, 4 and
we have even
f^"'r"7'!,
'i'abss
or
say
to
reading seems to be the
Yet
his reading).
from the Trg.
al-
"'SSjia'i
readings of the two last-mentioned MSS.
C, the
one since
only
each
B. IJ'Mn,
1
goes on
Pathsegen
not being even correct Aramaic forms (but
who
is
to
we have not
if
a mistake, and
wrong.
is
presents
^
and
give)
ready sufficient variations, Path^egen wishes to read •|">D53t)'i.
only
the
mind
in
^
and
5<33i"'p, is
God
did not
kill
him".
In Tosafoth to Yeba-
we read of a difference among Hagadoth being that Enoch died whilst another recorils that
V.
piDB
noteworthy that a similar variant reading occurs in the Samaritan Targum, the Editions of Briill and
different Editions of the
Uhlemann both giving rr'Vs 2
Philoxenos
p.
31.
3
whilst p.
32.
that
of Petermann reads
nr:«2.
— he entered Paradise whilst
quoted without
notice
is
out
how
it
A
2
g,
but
sense
30
lo, is
B
of place
incorrect since
''ninSb''.
11, 3
i^nnn-itj,
A,
B.,
D
C,
Tin-iia
D
C,
ni^!
rvh'^n'ii,
Hebrew
iO'i-'"ip^3i.
rsnx* that
^p"^
C
6
11,
Pathsegen also
justifies
D
lii-ifln.
'ix^nujT
A, B,
B.,
has simply confused the end of the verse with the
iK-'-im.
C
31 B., j9 and
II,
mentioned reading
D
A,
"il"i%
is
Similarly
only used for entirely
is
merely drying.
for
B.
iiE'^ip:';.
(according to L.) Intransitive.
the reading Tirs-iasi.
C
Hebrew,
readings are here equally good.
"i5
consuming and not
which gives
of the
reading
ip"^ is
Luz. says in his
beasts'
translation
A
of course the
B
C,
11, 3
A,
B.,
D
is
A\
B,
The
in?"!.
Nsnx which
means Vild
correct
the
an absurdity ^
D
C,
A
y^^iji^.
not
is
j\T^t''i'i'',
there
is
but we can understand and
here,
B,
B.,
of
B. Tin^ni^,
Hebrew
text
crept into the text.
>t^3,
Trg.
correct
The Trg.
\
alive
still
and without troubling ourselves about the we can see by the original Hebrew text
sbi
different traditions,
that i(^
—
68
The
3">63i.
first
first-
more correct 5. There are two Aramaic Hebrew root npb (i) "la'i when
is
Verbs corresponding
to the
speaking of to lead from one place to another (2) 303 simply
nn*!
14,
in
21
Again
"nm.
but in
all
it
means
B
n3"'63"^,
D i)
13,
the
MSS. here
67
B
24,
Here
and
But some confusion
marry.
Aramaic
the use of these two
30, 9
incorrect,
= to
ttnrx
to take, or with
noticeable
to B.,
9 B.
hence
marry,
A,
C,
and
Hebrew
-Iscix".
has
36^.
D C
L. here again reads
A,
"ilin,
B
D
C,
and
wrong.
is
j<3i3"^:iV
A, B,
xrx,
The
Cf. Bezold's "Schatzhohle" Leipzig 1888,
B.
n-^DsV.
Finally
nnnin in which case
nb'^N^sm'i.
is
B. has
roots.
B
C
is
in
again
(margin)
Trg. here renders
II,
p. VI, also
Qoran,
57 and 58 where Edris is identified by Abulfeda with Enoch (Cf. Abulfedae Historia Anteisiamica: Ed. Fleischer, Leipzig 1831, p. 13).
Sura
19,
2
be
=
But i^n"3nm» (in one word) "their seats" and would therefore 3 Likewise the Samaritan has ""snV. 4 1. c. p. 33.
correct. 5
Although the Samaritan has
rosi,
6
Samaritan
2D3'..
ao.
7
Samaritan
also
cf.
^
Singer
1.
c.
Samaritan raor.
p.
21.
Hebrew
the
-
69
ad sensuni. The manuscript reading comes Hebrew in form, whilst B. and C (text) make run more smoothly in Aramaic. L. appears to read text
nearer to the the verse
no verbal
as B. since he gives 15, II
The
^
B.,
(text),
difference
above.
L.
away".
On
in
reads
Z?
C
n^rii',
A
")E3S
in
B
has already
vocalization as
root
avi<^. A,
B
and
been treated of "he
(margin)
other hand Luz.
the
^
takes
Dictionary.
his
(margin) nnoii^.
drove
them
reading n-iexi
the
as a marginal gloss, which, although incorrect, subsequently
crept into the
and
a^'nxi
Pathsegen^ says the traditional Trg.
text.
an authority as L. reads otherwise.
D
A, B^
Hebrew
T^PN.
the sense of the passage
"'nrj. is
roots
us
only parts of
Future and
Hebrew
used, L. solves
"irn. is
and Cn''in''3
B. is
preferable, but
in
"iPJ
use
As regards
justified.
our
by
difficulty
in
D
telling
Aramaic are
the
B
x^n^.
Path>egen supports the former version.
This
Infinitive.
expression
15, 18
reading
Future, and therefore the manuscript
the different the
B.'s
may perhaps be
reading, though inferior,
that
is
reading appears preferable, although so great
this
17, 2 B.,
another instance
A,
C,
''"•a"'^
'p^,
of the Targumist's constant
endeavour to avoid anthropomorphic expressions; whilst translates literally.
=
this
in
D
SJ^EPX,
snsnx
The Hebrew
xs".
text
commentators have remarks passage.
ficult
Text "I
»
of the ist Person Singular
suffix
word and in xnx according to ''ra. 18, 21 B. and C (text) have xV A, B, C (margin) and read T^i^n cx^
wanting
xra
The
will
c.
1.
maritan
p.
'J-a.
suffix in
his
is
to
L.
T^i^n csi
T^i-n
simply nrnx xb cx\
make on
this
is
Hence
5
ox-
B
xb"*
nx
All the
peculiarly dif-
Luz., Pathsegen and Adler all justify B.'s (make an end with you, come to terms with
2 To this verse. 4 Sa3 Samam.iu rzr'. Dalman likewise mentions the avoidance of this grammar p. 162 "Die Form des .SiifT. der Pers. Sing.
35.
5
i
nach vokal. Auslaut soUte wohl T sein. Sie wird aber geflissentlich vermieden und bei as (und ns) durch die det. P'orm ersctzt". But he places
k:"3
weakened
under those words in which the diphthong
to a.
Thus Nra
= Ta
of.
also 'i-ys
=
•>3"""'y.i
ai Sec.
became
— you) forgive you,
you repent but
if
end with you) destroy you, repent,
is
is
33
19,
A
s
if
and
and
it
B
B.,
D
punish
shall
I
"I shall (make an
you do not
repent, but
Both readings,
not punish you."
shall
correct.
Pinpi
B,
I
very obscure
ever,
text
if not,
The corrected (MS.) reading runs
you".
is
-
70
you
if
how-
are,
very doubtful whether either
is
C
and
A
n^P,
The
and Z> n^pi.
are both wrong, they probably wrote
through confusion with verse 35 of which the Hebrew B., A^ 19, 33 and 35 C (margin) n^^pa'i nnDiiS ^
cpw.
C
(text)
D n^-pan'i
and
marginal (corrected?)
n^Siurin, C's
readings merely appear to be Hebraisms. 21,
original
33 is
C
^"sV-^N,
b^x.
A,
B.,
B
and
D
reading k'jVix
bably a marginal note which crept into the
MSS. supplanted hand has already
A,
B
and not
means.
which we 5>1a'i3.
C
distinctly.
According
in
the
6 B.
and
QiJ"ini K-ip.
later
B
12
un-
is
hast for-
Hebrew
"jli
C
h-ny which
"^Vs^
B
"^V:^,
C
and
is
the
A,
B
D is
a form exactly like that of
punctuation
The Hebrew
their
some
again incorrect in this verse in
(as usual) has
system more
stance of
is
23,
preserves
and Landauer
a.
22,
= "Thou
noticeable difference between
B
B. whilst
A
which the
withheld"
written instead of
^^")!=i.
The only
the fact that
in
xryl^^ which
so L. xnpsuj
hast
^
18
"jBi-in
find
correct Trg. of
text;
"thou
22,
D
(margin), C,
pro-
is
and
inserted xsb-x
doubtedly the proper
Pisiyn
text,
more correct reading. In on the margin.
the
(text) xnpnir, B.,
saken"
The Hebrew
xa^^j.
The
L. reads as B.
is
Massorahs give
of the
nV=\ this
Superlinear
Both Berliner
word
as an in-
Similarly, the author of the Pathsegen.
to these authorities, the first-mentioned reading is
the correct one.
But
it
has already
been noticed that our
MSS. do not follow these Massoretic rules of Qijnn xnp. At the same time i^:^"^ conveys the sense of the original and both Rasi4 and Ibn Ezra explain nbD^
I
Likewise the Samaritan has
3
Samaritan
•jvo'^.
4 a.
1.
rr^^pa'.
=
nas'ija.
~2n\
2
24,
10
B
Samaritan rsva.
— C
A,
B.,
•lEiy.
B
19
24,
'ipuj^b"'.
D
and
Hebrew
given in the
21
D
Pathsegen accepts the
B
A,
"^P^a^b',
A,
B.,
is the same word as that and hence, perhaps, a Hebraism.
avj which
text,
(incorrectly)
24,
—
71
(margin),
B
na ^^6,
The Hebrew
Massorah places nn
in his
nm
"irnu
(text)
bx'
nii-T.
"^ax n-ia
B
""i-ixb'
B
is
mentioned give us a V^^x
C
vrx,
(text)
n£ 'rr.
was already pointed n? nxn-r^.
a Suraan
Berliner
reading whilst
(margin) and the remaining
bs the last-mentioned text
44 B.
24,
is
A
"'b-s-'X,
D "'Vrx.
"'b-x,
Hebrew
more
is
literal
and
B
The Hebrew
Although none of the readings here
"I shall draw".
ax'iiJx
C is
the corresponding
Since
and hence, perhaps, preferable'. (margin) ^b^x,
C
head of the Nehardean readings.
the
"'r^ns^b'i
xrx
texts "^n'^iilVn •inrB'::^
under
falls
B
24, 38
text
as
"^rx^
J) and B.
6',
-rri,
but L. writes as B- ami
latter reading,
as early as Rami's time the reading of
out as incorrect.
ni-
literal
translation of the
Hebrew
still
undoubtedly incorrect, (for the differences of vocal-
is
ization see above).
appears
to
C
and
24, 59 B.
^•^''-la:,
have taken
'warriors' but there
the
B
Hebrew
nothing
is
D
and
A
^ri^ai,
sense
the
in
"^aisc
"^n-l-iaj.
in the context
.-/
of
which admits
The vowel-changes have already The Hebrew text runs xizti X2 F^^" ?r pnr>^ Targum is according to B
of such an interpretation.
been noticed.
24,
1X3 of which the
62.
—
'•v.^'i'i-ii
Knin ns whilst the other versions give
We
and
B
D
has x^3^o
xrx which
inir.i-6^
have xn:n^
is
rnx'i' x-^in-ipV,
snxb" xoiT^pV.
i':5
more
A
'2t;
literal.
25, 6 B.,
r:xb x-sm-^p whilst
The Hebrew
text
is
no-ip
and most literal translation and 25, 25 supported by the authority of L. and Pathsegen.
A
fi'np 7"^!!<"^»^.
is
"^nT-^i br prs"
can reject both these versions and follow that given by
Nachmanides^
C
xn-^i-2
B.,
B,
C
I T'Jjv
Cf.
A
1^23,
L. explains
all
LXX ij.O'j.
is
the best
"pba^,
D
yizz.
The Hebrew
text
is
r-^x2.
these words to be of similar signification and
'AX).*
ei«
Tov oixov toO zaxpo;
2
To
this verse q. v.
(jlo-j
TtopeiiaiQ
xai
v.;
— mean
all
'cloak' or 'mantle'.
/.oxXa^ sc.
of
D
from the Greek
and explains
word
that of
iff&Tji
-
72 B.'s
A
reading being derived from
from the Persian
/XaTva.
Pathsegen
that a s comparationis
is
C
t^inbs,
Hebrew.
This
instance
Massorah under
rri'iny
mentioned
also
is
DiJini xnp.
in
he uses
centuryj
5 th
the
Berliner's It
verse
this
lived at the beginning of
word
the
as
nTins',
however, remarkable that in the quotation of
the
C
14
26^
just
Pathsegen also gives
by Theodorus Mopsuestenus % who
"jBiD
omitted because the
and remainder
(text)
that
reads
used adjectively and not substantively.
is
(margin)
is,
and
f^
also
although the
JjUkA-oso,
which he usually quotes has here H^slXo. Mopsuestenus however, by no means exact in his quotations from the
Pesitta is,
PeSitta, his rendering
both from Trg. and
A, B,
D
and B.
of Biblical passages 26, 18
Pesitta.
'-Hp
Hebrew
ninn.
might expect the Trg. to be K'ipX ]nU;p in
B
27, 31 B. bi^JX^
D
h'<^^^,
C
is
and
only that of
readings
is
C (margin),
"npn.
for
s*'^;^
which we
27, 3 -5 after
omitting
gives the incorrect marginal reading
text,
its
frequently differs
C (text)
C
V^^^\
A
^n^xi..
"^n^i'^T.
Of
these
Although the Targumic form usually corresponding with the Hiphil of S413 in Hebrew is the Aphel of hh'S, still we also occasionally find the Aphel of i«nx thus employed. (Cf. 27, 7). 27, 34 ^
The
kIx^
rest
have
incorrect.
Hebrew is "^sx. B imitates T Hebrew original; but is remarks "Those who would read
the
"^b.
•
peculiar construction of the
Luz.
correct Trg. forget that the B.
it
Hebrew and
C
^
l^^^l^S A,
D
Z> as a "Gafel" form of 5.
B
b^nj$
Cjx^
a prosthetic has ^n-b^
I
Edit. Sachau,
3
1.
c.
p.
41.
xlis
not the object of the Targumist to retain
is
obscurities,
but rather to clear them up". ^^^Sstr,
B
i^-inat^^.
n^ij.
^nis5b
A
is
and
Rasi also reads the word with
has a mistake in the Gender. "-"^
29, 8
The Hebrew
L. permits either reading, taking the reading of
sibb;-],
the
"^p
b^ip.
B.,
Leipzig 1879 (page «»).
A,
C
and
2
30, 6
D
jff
simply
Samaritan nss.
— read
'^n'lVa b-^ip
>l?'ip?
s^u; Da^.
-
73
which corresponds
p.v
The
literally to the
part of ^'s rendering
first
Pebrew
perhaps a
is
marginal gloss which was afterwards inserted in the text by an ignorant scribe. and (margin) ns, A 30, 15 B.,
D
B
and
reads
(text)
C
niib'.
the reading r>^ although
<^b,
passage appears to be incorrect,
C (margin),
'^xfr>->\
is
But
worthless.
ead xnn
i^r-iS
UJ'i'iBx^
B
and not
text
A
31, 2 B.,
C
and
(text)
The Hebrew incorrect. As
Z>"orr^;.
B
and
to
pb
D
are
Cs
marginal correction
would be a more correct Aramaic
'^dp'^V
(incorrectly)
nVx. The Hebrew
-i^nn
which corresponds
to the
other
MSS.
r5<.:n
y~t
In this verse ^'s reading n'^r^in appears to be pre-
16.
31,
ferable
C
13
31,
"^sx
Hebrew
the
giving the sense of the
-(^s-^rVJ,
The forms given by
13.3"'S.
form.
^
^rhr-^i ,
the suffix refers to is
B
Since
missing.
is
the
to
"who
by
given
text
C
A,
B.,
The Hebrew
separated".
D
which give
is b'liin
nm. 31,21
and
text
The rest have nni Tr-. Neither are literal Hebrew is simply ^^'^t.^. Pathsegen similar to B., A, C and D. It is difficult to say which reading is preferable, but perhaps B is, since it preserves the word of the Hebrew text "ina. 31, 29 C (text) b->prr xiSs'i, C (margin) and the others i<5l3':ba3. The Hebrew being "i=f^ the latter nns'i i^^nl
since the
reading but
C
is
literal.
34,
the
B.
7
correct
gives the sense of the original
ix-'pjrw,
C
sense
D
A, B,
the former reading
— which
is
also
is
On
which gives no sense here.
tried"
hand the reading of us
(text)
The meaning of
iCo'dpni.
men were
C
correct.
is
not
•i<''6:n"'X%
"And
the
the other
given by L.
— gives
"And the men were grieved" which Hebrew wssT'^^ In this verse then
exactly corresponds to the I
think
we should by
the rest
Hebrew
'ibs*.
In verse 27
»
i
LXX
C.
of this
also Aeia.
Samaritan
'*5y.
given by B. in favour
reject the reading
of that shown
34,
7
1x2.
chapter
2
B
(text)
Which all
is
render
Samaritan pr-V.
'nx,
the ix::
B
(margin) and
better
by
3
reading? so
that
Samaritan
V't'si.
"br
— perhaps
But there
be preferred.
should
reading
this
—
74
are
many passages in the Trg. in which the Aramaic Verbal Root which corresponds to the Hebrew K12 is xhn. We may perhaps then accept either of the above-mentioned The rest have ''npsn x^^iS ^ readings. 35, 5 B ""npS 'pii. which is the correct Trg. of the Hebrew '^ri'^s 'aV'ri. It is true that
B
gives us the exact sense of the original, but yet
reading
the
Hebrew
B
35, 8
faulty.
is
Rest have
n'lnni.
'S^h'o^.
As an instance of the close connection between these two Aramaic words compare XSJip'nb 31^73 i, 7 and again i^'^^m mnn^ i, 9. The words are really synonyms inriF'a.
but Pathsegen
^
tries
make
to
a distinction between them by
saying that one refers to a greater depth than the other and that a fine distinction does exist in the use of the
may
be
has h
I, 7
being h here
The
other
seems
for
B.
nxais.
B axo
used psn.
is
h
is
the correct Trg.
and Z> ax^ "^^pf^^, A The original has ^Na trim of which
;^6,
s'^n^.
The
which
read ps^ii
also
(incorrectly)
the
D
35, 18
35
C
B.,
gives the most literal Aramaic.
A
As
9 ninrra.
i,
preferable.
MSS. and
Hebrew
Dxa'i xbpria,
A
and
S"i^b
i^i^^
of the
two words
by comparing the Heb. of i, 7 and i, 9. nnna whilst i, 9 has only nnn?3, the Trg. for i, 7
seen
B
is
decidedly incorrect.
MSS. and B. read linniD. AuthorBerities differ which of these readings we should prefer. liner in his Massorah"* remarks "Many copies have the incorrect reading "pnyi which imitates the word given in the Hebrew text; the Aramaic word a"^!: first bore the meaning of calumniating when joined with XTli'^a". Similarly Luz.s after the Araciting many passages in which the Hebrew na'^i maic a^'u adds that the reading ini'i is nothing more nor 2,T, 2
linai.
other
=
less than a mistake.
our root
(ai;::)
On
the other
hand L.^ remarks; "Since
hardly ever occurs in the Babylonian Trg. in this therefore the reading
signification (viz. that of calumniation)
I
Samaritan
4
p.
78.
•^npy 5
nra.
Philoxenos
2
p.
Samaritan 43.
6
s-hti. s.
v.
3
To
this verse.
— We may
superior."
I'lnai is
Hebrew X3
B. xrx.
D
"P'^in •^2,
B
and
L. although
therefore accept A's reading as
37, 23 jB (margin) bs
the correct one.
and
Nlb-^is i:,
mentioning the
D
B
to
the Jewish
is,
of course, an interpolation.
bnx.
Hebresv has reading as
reading
we
C
xb-rx nS.
But how
The Hebrew
B
"tsn,
able
are
is
the version
original
C
xnan,
is
simply
The
":?:=.
an
give
to
which
opinion
necessary to be quite clear about
is
it
Hebrew
Samuel
Rasi, R.
differ.
37,35 and
although L. also mentions the other render-
''x;?^??
the signification of the ities
D
L. and Pathsegen both give the correct
"'??;?=.
preferable,
is
C,
i9 (text)
appears to be an allusion
It
D
A,
^?3;:^^
But before
ing.
.-^,
of the Immortality of the soul, but
doctrine
B.
2
37,
be explained?
to
A
B.,
B (margin).
and
j).
reading gives as correct
latter
of
^ (text),
',
above 34,
(see
(margin)
the text given by (text)
—
75
original
and here the author-
Meir,
Nachmanides, Gerso-
b.
nides and Mendelssohn render "merchant" whilst the Revised
Adler aptly remarks
"Canaanite".
rendering "merchant"
But
lation.
D
and
and
B.
B
nnirx,
merely a is
think
I
all
given by L. which
that
by
after
B
is
17 B.
1%,
literal.
The
little
to
L.
who quotes
Levita
the root "nir only occurs in 1%, 20 and 23 to the author of the Pathsegen,
merely,
repayment
/.
c.
and
fp-^
not
as a loan.
have p"'62 which although
,/,
is
the
as
it
here 41, 5
has
^
^^•?.
correct reading,
to
of r.br
I
Samaritan
Vio'.
Samaritan
rr^BK.
^
Samaritan
-!«:;:r.
is
i^rx
prove that
signification
of
idea
ot
with
the
The
other
according
has precisely the same meaning as
4
C
where, according
the
giving
is
readings given
Afel
the
since
nV:i-<x,
stronger than the Peal, but the reading
wrong according
'giving'
trans-
this
most correct reading
the
equally good,
are
translate
nrn3 3 that the
support of
in
Hebrew nbox.
nVinx'*.
Pe'sitta
spare Judah's honour, he
given to
is
and
his -5?
in
Talmud and Midras
quotes
also
LXX
Ibn Ezra, the
English Version,
•;"i"''JE.
3
To
MSS. to
L.,
41,
30
this verse.
B
(text)
"^S^^
fitsiK
B
njins
"isb
a.
vh
and B.
VoA.
i
but as Adler points out in
^
root nba
the
1.
D
(margin), A^ C,
One would only expect xr^x his
-
7^
more applicable
is
the
to
ruin of the inhabitants of a country than to the ruin of the
country
We
itself.
must therefore
versions are faulty or
that both
A
ini<.
(incorrectly) iin, B. 1X3.
is
I'is;;^.
A
The X5?'
B
C,
(incorrectly)
one
is
to
hence
Benjamin.
Hebrew t:ni.3S
B,
A
C
'jia'^bd
VS)
14
44,
B
B
ii;;i7".
N^^^rn
of
the poetical
and
44, 29.
is
correct.
(margin) and
the cf.
rest v.
3.
Hebrew
l^^i^"!, rest xn'^rn.
the verse refers
have
rest
'I'lpS':
'^n'i^^j5,
n-^ii? s<-7:ic?3
^'^^D3^.
So
The Hebrew
B.
The
X"^^?- V^"^^-
who employs
original
Both renderings are equally
hardly satisfactory, although
some of
A
T^iisizj "(in'^
'piHr.
in
which
(which would be the Trg. of
a mistake. 48, 19 ^^
D give
incorrect in
is
others have arnxn which
"j^nisx bs,
and hence
is
instead
B
wrong although, of course,
is
i'':slp
D'Ssn-xb^
B
42, 10
an inferior reading.
of homoiteleuton.
The
bi^rx'i.
is
and
xsi'inn. is
xnttJ'^in
iinoix,
that both
The Hebrew The Hebrew
ihS.
Hebrew n^na
the
for
the correct Trg. of ndn. 44, 2
'(VJisin
D
other hand
the
x3!3'
^'s mistake
A
B,
D
and
B. here give
n^-'ap'
(text)
"i£S.
43, 18 is
On
XJiiia.
MSS. and
other
43, 5
C
xriiJiM.
sri^i as the Trg.
giving
B,
assume
equally good.
gives the correct sense but
has
also
L.
A
42, 38
is
either
are
we must bear
free in
isnn,
is
and hence
mind
that in
prophetical passages of the Pen-
tateuch, O. doubtless allowed himself great freedom in giving
sense
the
of the original, besides which our texts of the
Trg. are frequently hopelessly corrupt. here given A'^ kings
who
of Judah
is
ruled
Of
the two renderings
historically inaccurate, as the great
Hebrew
over other nations sprang from the tribe
and not
from
that
of Ephraim.
But the
tribe
of Ephraim was the most powerful of the kingdom of Israel
and hence the other rendering
The Hebrew I
text
is
is
at least historically true.
very obscure,
As the Samaritan Trg.
gives.
but
whatever
it
does
mean here
not represented by either of the Targumic versions
is
A
quoted.
C (margin), A, B
D "^rban'
and
strives
cob's language.
A
to
C
48, 22 B. and
soften
quite
is
is
njT3 on
apparent
the
B.'s reading
D
"la^
"'rrps'
(text)
which
^^V?:£i
V. Rasi and Adler in his
Targumist
means "ex-
"fullness of nations" j^robably
ceedingly numerous".
ing.
-
71
a Hag. render-
49, 27 B., B,
literal.
is
amplified in this verse to such an extent that
renderings
the
here
Although the Hebrew original
xjn-i^p.
but unrecognisable in
Aramaic
the
given
of Ja-
harshness
wxla-iip,
all
The
verse.
this
C
x;|\a-:p,
"'inni,
the
mentioned
first
becomes
it
translation,
still
of
the only
is
one that gives the correct Aramaic word and therefore the only reading we can here adopt.
This
a complete
IS
may be
changes and grammatical
how
noticed
Undoubtedly
provement upon the seen
how
irregularities
very often
texts it
edition
B.'s
which preceded
may be improved
his,
but we have
upon.
much
for us to expect the Trg. text to
accurate
since
many
is
text to
Hebrew
cognise
the
lation.
But what we
improvement as
scribes
later
such an extent that
critical
as
original
may
in
at
I
am
afraid
be perfectly
have tampered with the
many all
critical
a vast im-
is
too
it
it
whjch we have already
very far Ave are from having a correct
of the Trg.
text
of the Variae lectiones and
list
seen by a perusal of these toget'ner with the vowel
in
places the
we cannot
Targumic
reasonably hope for
is
re-
trans-
a gradual
we shall have obtained a text which is we can possibly expect under the many dis-
until
advantageous conditions which surround the editing of such a text.
As a
first
step
in
this
direction
I
now
give a few
specimen chapters of the Trg. of O. with Superlinear vocalizationj
which, besides showing an improvement in language
probably represents the original Palestinian Version.
-
-
78
III.
In the
chapters
following
which has already been noticed text.
Occasionally
to be
more
so
give
I also
have inserted a reading which appears
I
from
the
the text of which varies very con-
of B.'s
text
Edition.
this
may
although the reading
B.,
reasons for doing
readings which are given by the Editio
the
every word in regard to which
of
My
explained in the body of this work.
(Venice, 15 17)
siderably
D
give the best and clearest
to
correct in the foot-notes.
may be found
Bomberg
have followed the MS.
I
I
have inserted
Edition differs from that
coincide with that of the
D
invariably write the TetragramMSS. The MSS. C and whilst the Editio Bomberg writes '"'\ A ""•'I maton thus and B '•V* \ The dot over the Sin is not written, Sin is written thus 45 but is usually replaced by D. The word Q^p *>"'•''
is
usually
abbreviated in the MSS., which simply write
'p.
In such cases the missing letters have been added in brackets.
Numerous emendations appear sonantal
text,
until
be necessary
which should be purged from
we have
in the
con-
numerous
its
such corrections should be post-
superfluous elements, but
poned
to
attained a
more accurate vocalization ^ Merx in his "Chresto-
Different chapters to those given by
mathia Targumica" have purposely been chosen.
I
Cf. Part
I,
Cp.
II,
text,
but
it
2
2.
both systems of vocalization
Merx considers
it
necessary to apply
and critical vocalized possible by means of the
to arrive at a correct
has been shown that this
Superlinear vocalization alone
(cf.
is
Merx "Bemerkungen",
p.
188).
CHAPTER DnnxS
''V ib";.ns*=
^-^zt
yfrn
I'a'ir^
^72^7 S'JD I'is
Dnnns
I'^d's^i
^-I'iDsn
i^nn
nSt
rr.rr:
V»~kt (2)
nnns
""iD^rnsn
"^npn-^ k'^t
xinS sin5 v.^
^i^'^^
fz'^ni
n^ niy
]^5
^'o^p
'c^iix^
n^ ^a'^psi
"inni iiab'^ 'nSs5 15 ^^'inr': c^ji?yns bS
Tnna
n"^
innnnin yns n^ ^-rn
^:ni r,K
f25 ]iai
ni:ri i^-^p it'
jiD^i'^ii
T;ib=i ^b^
nsi onnns':
"inri^ i^S
'pntirT
a^^p
nsb
''''in'^i
"^V
'^r^p
xniDT bS I'^n
bi:\
^^rinn ^-cr ^'li^^p '^ir: i
i^©
pDnbn:?! snoa rr
(i)
s:n rf^ irxi
'^^c bit
niiir b^5-ci "^niBK bj
-flr
2s':
innn i:n p5i
13 z-ns
'inti''^^''ii •^•c-p
'irc "^nH onns
"^icd5'5
'^"^^zr
''^ip
D''-5Tr '•'•im*
Kin's '^xinb" "in^
XVII.
(3) (4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
o^-'p':
"j-n-'SiS
Y"^^^ (S) "-irsi
^'^^i
^isb'
(9)
(10)
'•''"ib'c
T^ri
f^nnni (11)
inBom. 'nit'!, C ',rf^'- ^ ^ "^^p. omits. xnnV. Bora, C £ ^ / I'^n. "JO, B ^it. "g. / Bom. and ^ Bom. "^nr^ // Bom. and •\.-'h^v^'. Bom. T^'r^s. 'vy^EX% « w C Bom. k Bom. innn^ /
a Edit. Bom.
stead of
''.'in?.
»<'-''=
-^
'^n-Q-'-o
.-/
.-1
"The best form would be S-5X5, s Bom. .5 nHx?. Bom. r q Bom. ""^"^^ ^om. cbr. « Bom. ri^*?"* C "prx-. t Bom. 'iD>?', "!>-'?, W. ",iiar Bom. ,/a Bom. ^?^^ y Bom. xn. Bom. T^^ C" "^nn-. C "in-is.
Bom.
Tr^'^r"!.
c:"pi<\
/ Bom.
tT^'-
'^:n';5.
•^"
:r
M
— ^•"Si
xniDi bS
i^D'^nnB
xin ^"oy
'^inii
'Wiu^i
f]^'5
isn'a xSi
"isoS ''iinn
''nin'5-iyT
xnoi
So
—
w
I'^^i'' x^'^D'an
^ai
xsdd
b3T3
(12)
w
i^Si iiiiDi bnyn
inr '"n'c© n^ inpri xS inri< in© onnnK^
''V'
-in
)Srv
na5n
rr^nia
""'Tbr '^''
nla
K^i'a^yn
'''im
"I'asi
'j^iw 'jiywri
"bxy^tj^n
D^'-ipn^i
°nn^ "T^nxi
iS "^ns^ ^)^r» qx=i
^'^ti'jiri "I'^Db'a^
'inisi^
b^
annix
nan nnr dxi
'"'"'"ib
^Tr
"iSi
(14)
n-asi (15) rraTiJ
'nsDnnxT
nnw
bsan ^'^ri^
(d^)p oninsc nrixi
i^prii
''m^na nifi^
iT'S'^na
"inni
(17)
nx^
I'^iw
(18) < < —
l^ip
Tbn ^nni? nnr xnwpa ^Srxi (19) rri^y "nSy a^b ''''^'a^p tv ^^o^piji pns^ n^a©
n5 i3
*innDn5
"^nx
(16)
')-wi5^
(>p '^^
n'^
xnia
"i-inTi
^tS^ nn^ ^b)2 (13)
in-in
n"'>
^n
'j^'atiy
iX"^
xn ^nibi
n-iS^ap
bxyiaTB^
bri
(20)
^ T3'!^ c B, C XSDD, y^ i<E03. ^ Bom. "^nr^ « A '^T^'?. Bom. f^Tonn, B Vi^^'r^i / Bom. n^"P>. g Bom. obs. n^nW"!. nb;x. /^ B '^•u^p. / Bom. ^:m. /; Bom. i Bom. ;« Bom. t^a. « Bom. Tin^?". o Bom. P^n^ / Bom. •Pix, ^ "prsi and omits rS^, q Bom. w^a. The 3rd Sin. Fem. (^
Suffix
is
always punctuated with Q.
in
this
Edition,
so this
Bom. M'^3"inN\ -'nn. s Bom. u Bom. T^Vh- x Bom. "i-fn"!. / Bom. T^t'isV ilH" is a more "'«n% "ibi. s Bom. a^z ^ T>^n. y Bom. correct form, cc A, B bj<3)5au3\ ^a^Bom. ^'''!PT'.. Bom. I^'^p.. //^ Bom. -172X^ zV Bom. D^s. hh C "'•i'p. _^^ Bom. Q^ps". ^-^ Bom. ^'CX'i. // Bom. ""ipxi. ?;//« B's reading 'p"iri appears preferable when compared with the Hebrew t-^rr. nn Bom. fi^ins*;'. variation
will
riot
be
noticed
again.
r
<5(^
— n^c
k:'ot'3
K^p
^^nii'^j-c 'Vi
p';rcx^ niv;?
'rfr-
r:c
-;:
i"t5
•'i^p r*'^
(21)
"^s^r^
''22)
^x'';"';r'5r
pDi
n^-ar ''b^5'si xtq5 I'l^n x^i'>
•fJr
x*^,ci
pns^ 27 "'cpx
^•S'irri
"^S
—
8i
nn
r^'i^r
'iinn'!;^r- x-^ci
nn^^x?
(24) n,
X'^ci r^ nr:
..
—
!••
XEcS
112
<-<
xr^ii
'';"»ir
'nx^^p
•>^"'b^
""'^n xr*"' '"^rn
(26)
rr^r-^n "^ir-x bSi
(27)
^i-i'Tr-rx x'-c-^r
XXVI.
xibz-c ""in xr->xn x:rr rrn'
nn.Vr "^xrrb'E-i xzb-i ib'c''2X
"c^ns^y
xb 'i^x^
r^n"*:"
r-b pns^
C
/^
Bom.
B
xr:-nx,
'-\.
.-J
m
and
also
nx-cnp. ""ttj.
'-t:-
j-
y
A
Bom.
C
The
x-n,
xr:-r-x.
Bom. ^r";r-:. Bom. vnr;nr-i.
nir-D-^rn.
^ -£
?.-prx.
c-px.
^ e
«
Bom.
3*x".
-r"'Nj(!)
/
better
Bom.
xf-'xi
/B
"'a-'r'.
Bom.
xr:-r-x,
•'crxn, "".
Bom.
"rrx.
punctuation.
"-x".
//
B
=~:i":5.
A
xrri;':, -i':x:.
,/
/
Bom.
on the other hand has
for ^"Tjrx in verse 27).
a
(2)
^'-i-c-'X'^
Bom.
k Bom. 5"5r
"^I^rx (B.
would be
,/
Bom. //
cn^nx
form would be n-px.
best
x^xr.
a
7:r5->-n,
V'tT^.
c
xf:-nx,
Ber. xVr-:5. /
^
n^x,
T'lr
(0
'b'Txi
'br.rx^
rpb'
"^V
ii a B,
-
-A
CHAPTER
"'^'c
'
bxr^r^i (25)
nirj
'^ah'^i rrf\-,
•
'"n'^rb-i'yn
—
<
rr^^n
-in
bxy^r^- cn-^nx "itj-x
n-inn
^5
'^cj nbr
"rr i^iir
••
/>
r .v
"j:
Bom. Bom. Bom.
— "TDnnsi ''11^65
•ins
n^
bS
^iz^i
-ii::i
xin xns5
s-^r ^55iD5
"iiT
roxi
""iin ty^
(3)
(4)
b5 i:n b^in )i3^in^i i^bxn 'xrins
'""^rsTGy
in^i^ °mt:^
-
in^a^ia ''^nii
'i^rxi
N^^s
82
^n^^'ab
nnnax "biip
^ibn
(5)
'^n^nixi ''^a^p ^^iips
nnsn pnsj^
'"ir;s
^::ibt:p^
sicb-i
^nnsi
xiri
T^i^iJ "^^rcxi
^^y
n^n^i
(6)
n-^nnx "pcir by xnnx 'iuj-n ibixtDi
''nns n^si
sinx
'
x^'aT' 'Tcn
pnsji
'^^-j^'^n^
xni
n^5
XTm
nr'^'ab ^b'^rin
(7) s-in
"inx
infi nnisir ^ni? ''''npni by '^"ii?\-D
iiSnn
mm
-o
(8)
liipirbB-i
)^
xSb-a
nirni? npn-i
x^n
stn
-fnrii
nna
^^-i^xi
pn2iV5
Y-^^ix
nby -iiyT5
jns
xnin N:by a Bom.
s<:b
""'m5y "«in^
I'rti'iiN
frns f^m
'^'^smr^i?T
5<"^pT
(9)
s^bi
^''b-'Dpns
"tcsi (10)
''°x^y5
irnai
""n^iir
Bom. "ins-s::. Bom. -;i"^='ii2Si. d Bom. / Bom. ni-jirxi (correctly). ^ C '^i^p. --Z. /^ Bom. / Bom. "iRX". /^ Bom, l"in3. / Bom. xrr-x. ;;/ Bom. "i^^^;. Bom. b^np ?i Bom. "'i-j-c. ^ Bom. i-iiip-'S. r Bom. "r^l'ix':, B 'ri^n^xi. j Bom. S'^n'^l. q B lii-p. / Bom. '•r:x. po'^". /^ Bom. „t Bom. "rnx. y Bom. ^Ti. « Bom. 'd;s. aa Bom. np::n (and not npsn as B.). Bom. ^xi;d. ^(T "^iroNwould be a better reading, dd Bom. T'^'^^j C -"'xn-s. ee Bom. c:^' (B. has r,;:). Bom. "ipxi.. gg Bom. r!-;-:x, ^ r^i^x. T'lnisx. "rriN. hh Bom. zV Bom. j5{< correctly; also C b-^ipnx. //Bom.xn n-?. ;«w Bom.n-ins;. ii7i Bom. "nx.
e
'1-1-,.
d
<;
Bom. n~>~n.
•>-[.
<^/^
^
/'/f'
-'=::,
=:.
C 3':"i\ ^^ Bom.
00 Cf.
LXX
xr-^r-^x-.
which has ix tou ylvou;
The
[jioo.
^^ Bom.
best reading would be xr^r-ix-.
''x^ni's
^^^^'i
''•p-^ri'^^t
-
83
xrr
bz r^
-
XTiri
bt-
xrf5 nzcs"
xin5 ''xSi- nr °x:nbET
''io
'^iini
"i^nn
^r^^ix nips^
xrjpnx
''bi'jprp
X"^nn s~"ix5
"^
(i i)
n-rrxb'
pni- 7^t- (12)
'>r;inx
'i:ci^5
x:y '"\^^3 n^5' 'inni (14)
'^eht
^'^nr
x^E^ ^ns'ipn 'lie
x'l^i'TC ^'b'^rx
"|-':V5^i
pris^b
bri
''^n-^ii
ixrrtE
'7"''c''2X
•'S'^:p=i
(15)
'n-zx
']'<:iT2i;
"n-^xi
(16)
""^xini
pr
"a-^rr
''Tcrn
nnr^-r
xSn:3 x^ir^ pns^ ^^'ir-c
ir^-> ^'^^^'^2
"insni
inpi cn-inx r^r^ "ir5
"Tninx
"°V3
]rri
Bom.
'^
'':c '"t'tx «5tki x-^n: xnii (13)
°''r'«5=i
•'"XPtr-E rr^d
annnx
-<-.7\
'''•jinb
rp
"ixrrbi ''''•'np
lEm
b^rx'
x^ri-i
(i;)
pnr^ 2ri (18)
^^•j'^iT'c-^T
^^^r.^nx
"n^nT pTici "nrr
znnsx '''''i'nb'
"""nnzrxT xbn;n pr:i' ^^nr "-nsn- (19;
^ Bom. x~-;2. r Bom. r.-rrsr". Bom. "i-. / Bom. "^ninrr? ^ Bom. 2js:. // B has this word added on the margin. B. omits it. /: Bom. xr— ^n. / Bom. I'rr C -•-'. /« Bom. / Bom. '^;o. "r-';i. r^?Bom. Bom. xrrrns?.. A has this word « fl!
d C
p"'T:-n.
e
b-^zjpn^.
t>
erased in the text but added on the margin; whilst B has it in the text and nn'^r* on the margin. / L' ^sr-'iz. -. ^"^-'' ""En Bom. t-is. s Bom. Bom. "r-'rj ^ ": ';-•. Bom. // / Bom. "r-v and Ra^i quotes the word thus. (J
z Bom. N~S"pr, C ri'-f. Bom. "•:s". y Bom. '"t-s. Bom. ::"r-- r/*/ Bom. n— z, aa Bom. sir;. M Bom. 'r-'^^Bom. ^ xn-^a. ^^ Bom. ^I'Er'-^n. // Bom. ttizx. The best reading would be 7:" :::;•. /th Bom. •,n3 (B. "n-). // Bom. r^\kk C has "^pi instead of ^~p rirrr,. // Bom. ^^sn\ ////// C 'nzrx-, .-i ?r=rs*. //// Bom. N-sr. co Bom. .V
<-'c
•,'i:'!':::5.
jf^'-
—
":?"!•
;.
PP Bom.
r^a-i:.
^x:':"'! n^'>"i£'5 pn'sr-*
^n:i:ir snpT
n^©
-
84
xr^iJn ay nnr^i
^xriji
xnpi nSy qs iSDi ^^nns
is;i
insm
^"T^i
(21)
nri? ix: xSi *'''ini? ^n^^n "lEni "i^rna p-roi^i (22)
ynr °n^n':x x:s "rasn
xinn
]^n)2 '"p^noxi
njini
x^-'b-^bS
'V'
lir rp6n£i
xrri
•'Iri
^^ni^nn
''ny^ci
nn:\)3
onnnx b^i5
^bsi 'xn5"!-c "irn
sn-ti
pn2^
n^r.nb
ssni
'>ri5
''^jin^rx
x^r'i'G '^nin
""^j"'!^
^ni?
"xrx
pns^ linb
x:">Tn
f]5 rn
(25)
•'iny ]"an tidt 'n^DDTC'cb
jS^'^aNT n'^b'-'n
(insi
(23)
"iS:nxi (24)
n-ib'
1-in^
•flri
(20)
^'xmia
"f^^
(26)
nn biD^si
'n-cxi
(27)
'^'^in'axi
(28)
n^p nn:i
"|d^5t
x:r5
xn':-'-. ^ Bom. xrb-in. Bom. xis'a. d Bom. ~ T Bom. x"-";;. / A, B, C •'-rh^, Bom. "^"^nix. The Sewa compositum given by is irregular in the Spl. vocal"-r.'N would be the best reading. ization; g Bom. n^"'^. n'a">nn. ""^nix. k Bom. ipx:. / C h A, B, C --n'x, Bom. riE-;ais-'b'i. and m Bom. p''^^ i A, B (more correctly) ^ Bom. !!<"';n. « j5 ^'^:r5<-. ^, C (more correctly) p-bo'i. / Bom. -nzx. ^ Bom. "7"?:. r Bom. -:""i-:is:. j Bom. ^ix, ^4 irs. wxns^n. .r A r"-c\ ?/ Bom. / Bom. n^Dsd^. y Bom. "^n'.^an-^p, A, B '"'rhz'rrco, and the word is thus quoted in Gen. Rabb. c 64 § 9 (in Wilna Edition), z Bom. ~rX.". aa Bom. nr. //^Z Bom. ^"i^x.^ ^^ Bom. '\^rrr^. cc Bom. 7=r'b'3. irn. Bom. hh Bom. Bom. x^nr. Bom. ""J^'c?. ^^ ff rt!
Bom.
sippiTN.
<;
T
T T
-;
e
D
-|-.n
^'
c'Prr-
« Bom.
xrrn^x.
T
;
K)2y\ ^iip'^iiii
i<^b
if.'i'>
-
85 NTD^3
^-^arr ex (29)
K:"ci'
^ns-^rtn ^ibSxi ^s^^ncia ^in'5 '^inrn
'prni£n ''•ninxS
n^'5"
is-^in^
y5c
-IS2
-13^
pns^ ^^27 'inxT snnn
xn-ipi ''n^r
n-'inn^ n^
xnsin
nis^^pi
xrrx
by
)^5
n^-'-^p^i
(30) (31)
nnnn (32)
XT2i-'5
Pnymr nr^ xnpn
(33)
n^o:i riir "ivnix nn nry nini
ns
na r'aon
"jibx
-i^-i:!:
by
'friinTaT
r'-'i
(34) nicrn iis5 P2
pncia nx^rn (35)
CHAPTER XXXI. TV npy^ "n^5:
rbxn T^'^'Hv
'jirr-'b"
']''n^s
bS
sni pb"
pb
'"^-z
^a:rs
r.^^
yrci
«:p ^'NsiaNbiiai ""x'lnsbi bS
n"-*
^iis
nao
n"-'
^pr^
XTm
"^riiia^pTii
a Bom. ni^-p.
(i)
(2)
"•'brrxrr
Bom. "iip-iTrx. c Bom. x:-'::""'!, j5 x:i£rn. Bom. x^rr-c, C x^rrii. / Bom. VjIwX'. j5 n^5 instead of "^n-nS-r -1I5, Bom. "'ronss. / Bom. -i^rribri, B vrnbr-. i?tx'. k Bom. / Bom. "rs". VI Bom. pD^r. !nsn">n. n-ixi. n Bom. ^ Bom. p Bom. nri'i:
d Bom. ^iv. g C "vc'i. //
^
e
(and not as B. nrri).
This
is
likewise the Bib.
Aram. form.
Bom. "i;?"'';''. s Bom. nprnn-i (and not as B. np^-;'). So also B t A Bom. i^'^'ca. i-a-'-ab' (which is better than D). .v Bom. u Bom. =d;. N2!i:xb-^"!. z Bom. Tiri:rV?, C (text) y Bom. N:i::i<^ ^-yv^. 'i'":r-'5. On the margin ^"^•^^;"'. <7
Daniel
(which
is
4,
13.
q Bom.
better than D).
N"2'r.
/-
— "irnSi?
'^innS-bi
''^^niiS
86
—
nin
:ipy^^
^nrsi
"^X^
(3)
1ij'c5 in^''^ ^^ri^i ^n^'ir nib' ^sSpn5
bnn5 s^pi
ns^'bi
'i^x '')i3inx ^EN nno n^ s:x
'^"iirinx
sn
r,'^
"nci? inr^s
-j^i^T
53
^'p'l'i^i
bS
p'l'i^i
"jn^x ^n.'^s
V5
'^''n^mi
N-.xn
Pn^ii'^E ^'jifi
^ro
vp
"i'ln^tt:
(5)
°pnyi^
"]''rxT
(6)
^i 'npiij '']iDTn^T
(7)
iSi?
n^i '•'iirsi
-j^bir^n
(4)
-"n^xi
'''n'cx
•'ri"
n'^Epn
°°N^^Tr^r,
i?:^
''''
npS-"^
nin
nin
Tci?
inii ^'"(iDiniJi Kn^i?5
"nrxi 3pyi
^^pbcT
b55
nSiri
''-jin^
'"^in
"j^iS
'j^id
est
jia
"^X"^
ns
"ffi^nssi
"i?^n'^ni
'^''i{r5nn
''X'^-
xrsbr
^b
(8)
"ji-ii^:
x:y
(9)
(10)
"nrxi (11)
bS ""^im """'[•ir ]r5 qipT ''tgsi (12)
^ Bom. "irnix. d Bom. Bom. x"iN^. T;-; ITTT^ Bom. "'n-'V / Bom. x^^pn. ^^ Bom. 'rry^. h Bom. ""''""r-t''"1"^ (B. -pn?). z Bom. "^"r. k Bom. -rsi^x, fpinnx. / B xni. lirxi. w Bom. which is the best reading. }i Bom. Bom. "r^ti"- / Bom. "irts. ^ Bom. -z^sx (B. 'i'^='ax). r Bom. =!ax:i (B. "r=«x'). s Bom. ^irir, / Bom. '^JTrxi, u B "yt's. (the best reading would be X Bom. T^x. j; Bom. of t<'J^"2 "-s, Bom. reads art: Instead z Bom. •C"'-SN\ 'P?"!). Ni" n-^. ^/5 Bom. irnxi. Bom. r^tri\ a B. x-snTxi. x^TiJ"". ee Bom. X"^'^nr, Bom. ^ "P'6^. ^ 1i^?'?1j ^^ yT" ///^ Bom. ""^lis^ Bom. X's'rna. // Bom. a Bom, i^axi. J^''^"!'^?*". mm A, C ":" and •yTV. tin Bom. "^Tni. ^t? Bom.
Bom.
"T2N1. --:-
b
"I'l:"'''",
l"]''^"^'!
afaf'
M
•"pSn bS
"irnp ^'^y "^ns ""i^niiti loin's: -j^Sijn x:r br
n"i
'pns Dip
'snbs x:x (13)
-|br ^ ^r.-'br.rsT
^xrn£'^-i bs "n-^ia Ni-^.s ]-c
-
S7
"1^5
D^^-'p
irn '^^p
x^p
'"xr^c^'^pi
^
irr
'irnnb^ yiNb n^ri ''s^n x:d ]y5 °^iTn r^b' "snrxi nsb'i bnn "'rn%^xi
^s
'b5i
xb-zl
"^^s n-'b'
'xin^rrnx
'-jsn^-:
(14)
(15)
ifiir\
n;edd n^ 'x;b'»i
^srnx
ir
"r^nDST
-^V
-r2y lb
^nin'^i s<:pi
n^rrp bS
bnn
vs
^^rn^cDT
n^=i
mb'
pr\2^
si^nxb' ^rnni?
'^n-'-y
rpb ^^lin sbi b^
^is (16)
bS
^^n^si bS pT\
b^ ^nhnf: ^S^ ^nn:3 n^
s^-'b^a:
ri^
-^"o
"s^^.ny
bi;:i
"^nin-'ij bS
^-^'cb
'''^s-ix
"n-cb'
rp
nsrnx pb
bS^-a
^^x:;i-i=i
=p
2plr
xin
(17)
nnT. (18)
Tr<
ps^
alp-i
pb=i
b'ri?
"
)^ np-j=^
n^r:pi
(19)
(20)
-^dSi
sin bvx
Bom. 1:^'; '". c Bom. 5<~';i<. ^/ Bom. / Bom. s
^ Bom. y
xi'nx^.
"'"!•
s
tv
'^nns
""i^i
""-layi
-
88
Dpi
bSi
^r^'^ii
sin
(21)
'""stsi
npy^ bis ^ns nsn-ibn s^ii5 pS'i ^ninnsi (22)
^symrT^n^ 's^cbnn
ni:^
ns^ns pi nib
n^:5TS^
(ni)p
il"!
ons npy-i
n"-'
'^sr^oSi
'rriin sbi
pb "i^si
npy^b
^snx5i
\'^:nbi
''lib
^^fzz
'iSniijD
br-ab
s'-ibibi
(25)
'i-im pbi sni-jn
Psriny
'i^Einn '^'^jrinTUnni
p5
^^snb^sDS
'"piiisi
n"^
"liTi
^^p"i:ini
n-asi
n'^b'
";yb5i snitjn ""^ninx
"sti
(23)
snsi (24)
"raiic
p5
n^
npy"^
"inn lb
]Ta
=y b^brn s^bi ^b ''nrnox
npi?"^
^i^
iriinnS qini n^'ay ^riins tv nn'ii
''srn'a-j
" siinn
(26)
'^211
n'^
s^b (27)
^^)\^ '"''^nnbEi
sp£':b' ^^^inpiTi: sbi
(28)
^^inyrb"
"snbsi ^''.wi a Bom. r-isn
1:1X1.
which
Bom.
1-rx.
better
N^ls-ina. T
m
mar.
:
V
/>
"iiy^b" ^i^i sb^^ n^s (29) rr^^ ^1. Bom. Bom. x^aa, C
Bom.
(^
better.
is
would be a ?
"jiDry
^r
reading.
The
/^
correct text should be "i^nox.
Bom.
^ Bom.
xr-'ori.
n Bom.
"i^x\
r Bom.
^
5
Bom.
A
xnni r^
/
Bom.
:
'^ninx.
^
xnVoi.
B. xrad.
g
^
n?^;^,.
rrr.
m^^^,
I'lnrxp"'?"iJ<".
Bom. / Bom. /
B
ninn\
(B. TJ^), j5 "^nja. Bom. / Bom. !n:]2ds, ^ ^""^^rThe best reading would be ivi3Ti;5. u Bom. N^nr. x Bom. xm^-j, v4 xm^c-jN. y Bom. Nr,"^o:i, 2 ^,'i? n-iin. The best reading would perhaps be xp-'in. Bom. "^^1^1^^ A, B "]>nb6K\ Bom. adds *|is before Niina. C has the same word here "irja
i-
<7(3:
/^Z"
and
D
ZDMG. XXX,
p.
whilst
ee
^
Bom.
'i-'"r=^%
hh Bom.
"i?<':l?.
xnbxi (B.
x^J^xi),
insert
it
on the margin.
Vide Barth
in
dd Bom. ina^ra. ^ 'r"!r==''""'i^T-^"^gg Bom, Xv^?cx. ff /^/& Bom. 'J"3. // Bom. ?V Bom. "i?"?^. 190.
^; B,
cc
C
Bom.
sri?x\
x^nnz.
-
-
89
en 113X
xiian
rr^i^ ''sni-'^n
'nin-as ins •'n-'^ini 'nx
^xrblx bra
"^nx
'li'i
^nrxT npj^ ^i^i
XDns D-p
-rs:
(30)
'n\^x-,
(31)
ir:5 n^ ''oirr srbi ^
np5?''iT
nsb'i j<:5ti;^^ ps:i
by=i
2-jt: np?-'
^ —
S5 ""inim n^ 'noirr^ irs (32)
nsbi xzzirrni
s-rir-ani
x:5Trrn
Qi^pn^
17
xlrrrn pS bii (33) nzrx xbi sr^nb )^rnr-> brill
sra'rn S'j^ii'n
nzTTs
'
sn
iirns^ir^
nHib^
s;5Tr^ b5 n^
pb
r^ "nn^c: bnni "t"'c^i
(34)
i^n^by 'na^n'^^
S5 ins '^ibi iri?5 '^pn^ N5
©bni
sSi
-^b
^^r:
^sn^asb "n^iiri (^^) nnis ins i^ip --6 ^^uf.^i "^biD-'s s^^:^b2 ni
"irsi npyi
'^^
n^rsi
pba
si-:t
npr-^r
^'''nrn snsin ins ^^linno
flf
C
i^ has X"£-:-z 13
Text
-.-^n
in
"qipm
sr
linn
nscs
(36) ^^s-2
pbb
the text, but margin as above.
as above. c Bom. nbix. "^p"'""^. or Bom. -"^rx:. e Bom. "^rX:. / Bom. /> "--ex. /^ Bom. n-'b^nn. / Bom. Bom. o^:r. / Bom. 't rrcn. -;-;nn. ?// Bom. n Bom. c^pr-^. Bom. nr. Bom. n^ic?. / Bom. i'H": (B. v-fi)q Bom. "iirrir-c:. J Bom. "'iST'^'ip':, B •,'"'3''r"'Tr^. Bom. ri^ir"i-. u B «£"!:•. .V Bom. rTzx". (?
d
^ Bom.
h-oir.
x-^b-i.
Margin
xrn-:~.
t?
;-
/*
-
b^nx
s9 frin ^I'^nn f^y
"'i^ "'iiih^'a
s-'b^'in
''Sy ''ninj
''V.^ri^i? s<S
°'':'::2^
rnnx ''nrnSs
zrnnxT
n^ri'rx
"ir-iSn
S3xi
a
Bom.
B^^'p. is
^
'i^n^Dni
(39)
'"''n^n'is
Bom.
'"5
preferable here.
""^-iTS
(B. Vr). e
nS ^y5 rx
''nzTr 'ni:i
"-i^ncy
i-^iir
"^:a ii^:m ''"^nrn sn:n npy^i "ni2XT
"r which
(38)
i/i-am iri'in (40)
i-'ii?^
^^ci"
fiT
n^n6:i si^r^i "n^ni::
''5«ni"6
xi-^Srii
iincr
"j^b
s:i<
n^ni ^S
'i^'^-^r^Tr
—
90
B
pb
<:
"E'r.
^5
x-'b'i^i'i
f-i
(41)
xSib^^x
(42)
'"''n'^rsi
(43)
Bom.
f
Bom. Bom. "n^N
n^.
i Bom. x-i-r, ^ niinn, Bom. -'::'^r-^. h Bom. r-b=x. /& Bom. "niri^x. The best punctuation would be ^r^n^ix. / The correct punctuation is x^Jir. w Bom. n:^:'?^ (B. -p x":^), A xs-'S-a 70, ^ ss^D'b 'co. ji Bom. n-m-j:. ^ Bom. ^:b:x. p Bom. N^ni:;: (but xa-^-:: better), q Bom. nin: (B. ht::). ^, / Bom. T3ir. s Bom. m:!i. r Bom, "^v. ^, C rr: rn:. Born. 7"D^' (B. ?"?&"). .v Bom. "r'r'-?. // 7 Bom. TP'iJ]. aa Bom. -('E-bib-x. Z'^ Bom. M"^DbN. Bom. z Bom. xr-ri'Ni. 5-r;-i-% rt"^ Bom. •Ir:'??. ^
«
<:<:
given by the Mss. //
Bom.
"-ra.
ii
Bom.
"'CN^
kk Bom. "ri2
(B. TJ^).
—
s:s '2^p
nsi
''in^i
-;^nc'5
—
91
''sr^x
"Tn:
"iJDi
(44)
iriJT
s^p ""HEpn s:ns 2pzn in^cn "i^ins rjip5 ^riinsS
j-'-nx
''snn:\T ni'5
snp
N'ci''
"ir5i
srn^iniij
npi?"^T
Trie
"y:"*!:
by irn
nr
•j'^^n
fi'^iii
in:3
by
sri
^3131
sjiii 'p->r\
T^nc 'sni.-;T
sS
s:sc
'irsi (48) n^"c© snp i"'5 by
sn
"^Ti-,
B
-^tr.
^/
Bom. "''Jr, Bom. ^s"'-!, B <^
"jit
^'sniDoi (49) ninnnti na: ^''^bBc:
"''•yn
n"-'
ss (50)
sn'ci'a lin si'ay ''^iris
npy'^b
3s "snrp sinoi
a Bom. X3r\
A
(47)
pS
)2^ 'tcst
T-'iT '"''nays
Pinsn
"n^si
'^''inDn ""Iri
snpi
n^5
*sni:\T
snr'^r: ^•"^c^i
ncn csi
1^©;
"sr^p sni
'^'^t
(45)
''sni^i
""ibSsi
)£S
Sri
"nrsi (46)
np^'^
""Ti'b? •'nis*
'n^c:i
sri
(51)
^^r,'i'j2"'psT
;''^n 'sni:\i i^rio
yi ^"i.
"^rr,
C
"^.t:
Bom.
rr^b'
c
(52)
Bom. "^•n / Bom.
"":::'-";.
/i x^^^; is a better vocalg Bom. "i^i"':^? (B. pn'^s::!?). / Bom. c'^p. Bom, "^ni'i. / Bom. n^D:i. ;« Bom. nsjrn. ;/ Bom. "irs-.. B "p^x. / Bom. ^^3r^ ^ Bom. X"!t5"i. r Bom. ibrxi. j Bom. I'sx', B has r.i? before ",£;. ^' xt'^n. t Bom. x-nsn. /^ x Bom. "lyb:, ^ nrs:. y Bom. Nr!i33";. s Bom. t?x ^/a Bom. "C"; (B. "C"^ which is perhaps the best vocalization), C "p"''', B ~D1^ bb Bom. "rtr"-The best punctuation is 'crn->:. cc B "'iyr. ^V Bom. "r:3 ""• -•:"'X. (B. T^s). Bom. ff Bom. x~^i^. gg Bom. n^'iT? The vocalization should be r'^-pxn. hh Bom. ~"::'X,
rrz.
ization.
/C'
"^"i.
<-,f
C
-:J-x.
—
92
— sin "sniBp
^tiiib"
trn
I'^in
^N:r5 ^]iri- Sth-t "n^inSsi onnnsi '^n^nSs (53) °^riinsS
b5"'^5
s^npT
snrjn i^roD:
""T^ai n^rrnbi ^niDnS "^p^irDT snsrn
CHAPTER "nin
s?ni
^'D^iip
ii'j^i\
i^iir
npi?"^
pS
"oddt
n^i-piii
(54)
(55)
XLI.
"i^rnn
qio'a
nini (i) Sinn:
piE"ir
Jinn"]
^^iin^nnS "sp^bo
by
"i^a
]inbnpb
s^niini
"s^^pi
f^sins
i65
pin
p
sni
(2)
ynir 5(ni
(3)
""^pin ^^yar "ipbo sin!
'""•'"inrb
^•"in^om
I'tmab
by
-jir^n
a Bom. NiJiJ-i. C "i3i-n. ^ Bom. xnrp. d Bom. n%ib!<. " T T Bom. ""^n^x';, C 'n^rii^^. f Bom. "lin:"! (B. ^"in:), A VT^T'..' y4 x:3i:. y^ i Bom. linnsx-. i Bom. ^n?N. g Bom. 7Dn\ • O T/ Bom. b-n-i-is. tn Bom. "^n-ax. « Bom. 0"^=?^ B D'^ir. Bom. 'n'f^x?. / Bom. ^^N^ q Bom. p"'^23?% ^ Bom. ""'"iri. -r". / Bom. b.Txi. J Bom. 'itir^ ic Bom. .r Bom. c-'lsr, Bom. cix;?. aa Bom. rrr. ^ Bom. (P^o. ^, C cpn, (-^ Bom. "^'.ripb. Z-^ Bom. -p-jir.
T'T
:
T
V.
..
_
e
'
T
:
jj;
be x^pn.
v:
f
-
^s^2p5 ^p'56
']-'';mr
'"in^s
n^"ip
Nr^-^UD
s^^Smr
—
93
raw sn^ n^r:P rpS
'lE^pOT
yao
]V:53c
xn^pS
n^
"3""3m
i^qt
(5)
xni
(6)
^^t^
xySni (7)
s«-53Tij
Pxiabn xni ni^iE °n'TN- sr^b^T b3 n^
r^
xnpi
n^iiji
-lin'"?
n^ri^n '^s£n6i2T
''jrncsT
ni?-iE
s:x '»:n"iD n^
"ra'^r^
b5
^xr.'a''in
nirns
d7
n-ini
x-^Ei-n
'pis
D^st: ''iTin
n^i
in
^b-'bri
(^1 r-^a
'"'n-ii:T23
tp
nn-»i
•miny by
(8)
(9)
1216
KriT""
nyns (10)
^^T'«:in
"''cirn: n^ n^T
•'p.^
s«^'';ii:p
nn
;ncs5 nn? xini n:x in x^^v^^ p^Tsbn '^'^x-iabm (11)
N-^Sn s^ti'jp
nCD
nnb Nin^" "iini" "'b'ly
Pn^TcbriD
x-^r
""jfrT
^""N^^bn n^ s:5 tost
laii
n^b' ^^
Pn-iTcbn
(12)
sryrirsi
a Bom. Nb:x-,
^ Bom. vr^s-n (B. V-"'-"^). ^ Bom. ari'-sz^ y" Bom. x's^iy. Bom. obnv g Bom. lirbD. >^ Bom. N^:;^2. z Bom. nr. A i-bts. / Bom. E^pii^si (B. jET"'^'^). /« Bom. in-:^ (B. |n-::j). n B. rn^-ra. C -.yrx\ / Bom. wX^^n and usually S. C xrbn and
d A
lynxn.
/C'
always r
Bom.
H.
q
""J~n.
J
would
NE-ii^ sr^^in
is
be
a
better
vocalization.
the correct punctuation.
/
Bom
x Bom. nrsn ^ -irsn. y Bom. b-5-:n ^ Bom. -:n-i!iD (B. 'rn-TC). ,7,7 Bom. n-. Bom. r-jr:r. ^f Bom. 'TPns (B. "'^Wp?). xj'^'bn^ ^Vz' Bom. ee Bom. •^ri. (B. "irr"). Bom. Nrrr^x*. /f Bom. ns-r:*, ^ "x-ns;. /^/^ Bom. i<;":bn but is very inconsistent; thus in verse X":bT and i^^'>?^f^ and in verse 12 n'^pbns. yrrs-.
u
C
iT^ibn.
/^(^
^
1
1
— br ^n\-S
n^5
]-Q
n^'i"
n'lb"
^TCEi
iizi
']'>'i
'^^ninr.nsi
^ri^Dn
"'"i^nbic
nin
•'n^
^nt^DT
s?^5
nini
(13)
xnpi
nyns
nSioi
(14)
n^
cioi^
'^n'''a';n
—
94
x^bn
nins
t\cS^'5
n^ici
xb 'i^i'ab nyns n^ poi^ ^n'lnxi (16)
)-q
ni^nsi ""N^b^ 'inr,^ Qij^p
by
x:sn
oy
jicr
^'abna
pin
jn^Eri nc5 "i^^DE
"b^bri
ni?ns
xnn:
:>3Ty "ipbc
pin
"^spbo ''pnni?
i«yns bSn ]inniDT ^n^'tn
(Di)p
"iX"^
I'tnrb
fiJni
srn (19)
s^aia
non pioni sinb 'im^b
i?b
p
(17)
xni (18)
'jii
sinsn "S^cn "i^n^nnd
(15)
'i£"iii
iTC^nb D^nsiai
snnnn
5>5r
"pn^i-)2b
i?by
a Bom,
would be ^"rs>i /^
/C'
/
(B.
n^ snw^ii
^is-ii. —
of
words
v.
verse 3.
.T
;
B.
nin;^.
niri
this
Bom.
:'-
g
"lasn'i.
should expect / Bom. "i'9''^b. The best vocalization would be 'pn'sx. For an m Bom. x-^b^-n:;. ;^ Bom. b'^b-cii.
s
•
'sbyn (21)
The best vocalization ^ Bom. rraibn. e Bom.
^
"nrB'2!i,
We
-(-n'-rb).
^~^r~R.
.
word
"Aruh.
cf.
^ For the correct
"J.
s. V.
Bom. / Bom.
n^rN. ^
"inrjnnxi.
<:
n'is!i).
Bom. -T5<% Bom. "r'"'^. Bom. 2n"in\
"^jin^y^b
sbi
Bom.
<5
.
.
a'^PN.
explanation
yi^ni?
"ini?
snnin sbDsi (20) ^smsius 'sn'^'aip
sn5''6n
A
"ri^ns,
Nr-i-i-jB.
Bom.
B f
p^'Hrti
of Nalan of
vocalization 'f^i^n^,
Bom. (B.
C
b.
r
-fDnnix.
5<55!_\
'iin'^m^!)).
z/
Jehiel".
these
two
Bom.
Bom. )\]'^".'c)) Bom. n? _>/
— 'nn
''x"-':p5
"ipc
'']"^'t:3i:"
—
95
vzz snn ^rbnn 'nnrn (22) » < -
^)rim Dinp
'si^at:
'iD-'pr
r£r
vr'i2'c:
''fp':
^li-:
H
xr^p's
]'^'i2'C
n^ s^n in niriDi STcbn
''X'^T
n'^b'-,
x^'':3'ir
yncT
'-i-iis
s-iir
11
Di-p
xr^pb
jE-'piri
'I'^is
yniri
x^'bmrj
(24) ""
r'5r
ySiCT I'^ix
'T«ri' iVi
^nins
xinx
b55
xni
xrzc
b5
'TTinr
ai'
"xy-ixi xry n^ x:23
"iiTr
'^i:'>ii•'^
(26)
(27)
"^it
xn
(29)
)i)2ip"'i
(30)
yniij
y^c
'''"
c^'^s^'O'^
xynx5 "xirno
"jii
(25)
rnc
y5r
xr^ri xin (28)
x^tr
f-rx
x:sr
jirT'^rn
xinn x:e5 Dip
''n^b^b^T
r'^nTzsi
'x^^-c
x:s5
iny^b
i
s^:r r£r sr5-3
'spbo-^ srir^DT xr^-'cn xrnin
"iin-i^nn
.
n ''-inra ^T^rp
y£r xnni: xnnin
xin in s6bn
"pni
sr'raT
"x-'Trnnb
ni7"iEb qci'' °n:csi
ni-nsb
-
7£r sni (23)
ar'i^ij
^b ''in'o':
f
yi=^ni
x^-ixn
xbn
'^"^xi:3c
(31)
ir£ in^i xinb xin ^^B^pn :ppn ^ix 11 X rS ]
Bom. r'^tn". ^ Bom. Bom. I"'^'^. c Bom. •);r^o. ",:":":. Bom. e Bom. n". Bom. /i / "rrp?. ^ Bom. y.*?. /' Bom. ,S"'~w\ z Bom. ir-iu (B. "i""?^). '« Bom. / .^ !^~~'-?« Bom. N^r-r?. Bom. -r:s"i. / .-^ -,'^rv. q Bom. ^''"t?-''' Bom. y:"^N so i? and C p^-iss"2'tJ See verse 3. Bom. r'^V'"^ / Bom. V?"^" Bom. 'r.T>'.}' ^ inserts n^ before ^y-. aa Bom. rrx. ^i!^ A ni?-S3 z B n^rr. (omitting n;i). dd Bom. a- Bom. *,n':!ipi'; (]^. T^ip"'"), C '{z-^'-'. <7
/;
N-:p?3.
-'^
Nvrr.
ff Bom.
dv
B
(text)
NV2-r.
^^r
sr-x
Bom.
"^-'t
"^"i-
but margin as above n:-nt
r-ipr,
(B.
ciT^i')-
s-:r.
^rpn
^rnn
T'i^T
•'^.N
'<;i
r^ "^nri xrnx b^ i^zr^nr
iVsT snn6
s:e5
''ir
N:sf5
nins
^:"c^i
n"^
jibi
''jiTC'iD^i
(35)
r^b•^L
n^3
^Ni b5 n^ ^^^ '>
:s>nTni
in£
'^'^n^i
D^'^i)2'i
Ti^^nyb
"nfir-n
'j'^iS
cici'^b
siaSns
(34)
^rii^n^ b5 ^ryai ni-nc ''i^ya xiaBnD
'^mni nn:
(32) its
^-r^ar'^
T:: sniny
x'ci'b
xti^" '^iiric^
x>-ni?i
(nn)p
•'>
•'ini'ai
'niny b5
x^-ir
xirisi
yfcb'
si^bn ^''•niJT byi
ni""iE5
Vp'^ny^i
'"'bs
-
96
iVi
(36)
xi?nsn '-^iin-^ lEffii
(37)
n^ci^i
(38)
(d"i)p
irj
ni-ns nicsT
nxin:
(39)
Tni5 wifi^ ^"nbDo bS
iirp
bS
br
"nr3
b^i
T^Tc^-a
iri
nr.1T
ir^D^i
n^^i
bt-iz
^ Bom. "r^xn, '|ipri,
f ^n'^n
^
ini5
"lin
b^
'^^s:?:^
cici^b
"niripri' n-
•'insn.
It
nine
nins
/
nrxi (41)
"^'^^iysi
should be
the correct punctuation.
is
n"'b'
inn rs (40)
:nx=i.
d Bom.
(42)
d
Bom.
.T'nsy'sVi.
/; Bom. Bom. "i^':^©, ^ Bom. n-:-;ri-. (i^w-wi-;. /& Bom. / C -^iz-i: / Bom. N:^-2r. "(raa-^i. ;^ Bom. fn Bom. 'pVsn. o Bom. xn". / Bom. ----. nir-£-j. r A t":. j Bom. t'C!, ""I, <^ ')""n-a ^ Bom. / £ -I'li-fc-. « Bom. i-:=-r:-, A r=r:-. ;c Bom. nn-i-i. ",-7. "'^=^0 irtsiion) Bom. 2 Bom. B, C •fiz^ti'^. (B. y aa A X:"2"^dd A I'l"^!. bb Bom. "nx. ^^ Bom. •!:. Bom. n-r;rTr. A rT.-T-pvj, B r-rT^":: (?). ff Bom. .--;.
e
Bom.
"^.'n;:.
n—:;: (B. t??!').
—
^^^2X1
''n-^b^i
n-nrr^
srnis'
sb 11^''^^
'^xri'-ijn
sf^rnn
b3 br rr^r^
S31
7^^^'^
*'"':^i
n'^b'r^n
n^i
'"n^r-isi
NSbrb s5n
nr-i2 k;x qc-'^b
br aSnrb
'x^'^DiD
-
97
ny-iD
nrsi
•^rii'a-^p
(44)
r^ nn5
"in'^rb n'^i^'
'']it
(43)
^^t
"^Di-i^
D^nstti Viink b55
xnni
"n-'b" '"I'-'bS '"iny-jri
rc^"" pE:i
tp\'^ ''Di© nj^iD
°inxb fixi xnn yns
nn
'^tf-c
nlci* n^
n^"^2r^
K5b£ nrns
Dp nS
(D'i)p
z-^S^rri i«5nx
b55 nnrn ni-iD (Di)p
s-^7n5"
'xrnc
'z^^,•^'cr^
xynsi nsTni x^:r
xyns
rSirn
^'ic
in
r^^bn
"j^:©
Kipi (45) rr^b"
nn*!!
xynx ^by
j-'bc
pDi''n
^©Idi
'^^n^^T
{46)
psr
poi^
"j^
a^-^s^^
(47) ^"i-iir-iXb
n'^35
:?nr nini" bS
nn^ •^s{n:^ncn'^ "xrnp bpn i^ay
pcE-T
"ly
Ninb
s^^^ xbnr
^36
n"^
s^^^sr rci'^ ir^sT
''\^bj
ny
xb
•j^Mi
xnn
ii:5
""^i^-ib-nN
i^nr
y'^.E ""tiis
n-ib'
n5
(48)
xn^nr nn^i
i<"-'^np5
fvc.
snw
'cdsi
">ns5
qDi-ibi
(49) '"^b^srbii
50)
rTics n^b' "n'^'^b'i-:
s<:£r'='
Bom. x:-:-c. Bom. ^"'x\ c Bom. N:":r. d Bom. ">£" "3^!!. vocalization. f Bom. would be a better / ?• A n'^"i\ // Bom. "p-^T. ,^ Should it be c''iJ? i Bom. s-OJit). / Bom, l'^^:?'?" (B. •j-^'cii'T). Cf. Winer: De Onkeloso eiusque Paraphrasi Chaldaica: Leipzig 1S20. p. 28. »i Bom. "3?. <7
/;
T
tT5
//
T
;
TT
1
:
'"i.
Instead of
rr^b
'{h'j,
-f-^-j-si
s-::5,
C
simply has rirs rlss
Bom. ir:sb. p A has b:^ instead of br. r/ Bom. "''"T / Bom. srsr. s Bom. r-:i^5
is
perhaps preferable.
G
:
lip
^i:^r:N
^ynxn
"^V
""nx
nic:^
-
98
xnoi di©
'iTTEx 'Sic '^d^^bs*
xnp
n^ni^i Njnxa nsini xrao qoii ^-i-asi 55^5 ^n^^S
xrnS nin n^ns^n ni?iE (ai)p
s^y
tr>
t\bi^
syisn
jTD
qoi''
'^XD'^sn
'';iij
•^:t
^5y^i?
bSni
qi©
n'^-'i
yniij x^''5TrT
y^w
iiztiD
x^pi (51)
^nx^-iiai
(52)
(s^,)
(54)
xn^ns bin k;bd ninn
'nnsi n^na^i i«yns bS ^rc^sDi
(55) nib ib^rs 'isna^ bSb nyns -irsn ''s^nbb
"ntt'i^n qoi''
bS
rr^
nnsi x^ns
ids bS by nin s:&di (56)
q^^pni 'a^nsrib
s':s5
xniiy p-jinsi "s^^nsix
'^'j-inn
sSiny pT^b D^na^b 'ins K^ns
'^n'^^'i
bSi
(57)
s^ns? bSn 5c:b5 "ci^n "^^x :|6ii
^ ii^ffl3i<. d Bom. "i^^:?, ^ iB^s'. c A xri-^ar. Bom. xy-xa. / Bom. nsi-nij^ s: Bom. "i^x "n. rrE=\ / Bom. nis'-. i ^, C s-anb" b:-. / ^ D'i-i:i-3. - T T Tc^:^'^-!. "inarn ft Bom. Bom. s<:;l:jix. (B. "^"las'ri). •[•ina ^-n. ^ Bom. n';n-4^b (B. ^xnu-cb). ^ Bom. 'par.. '^^^!i. >irix. / Bom. // Bom. ;qT^.
a Bom.
^
^
D-'-iEx.
Bom. Bom. / Bom. s Bom. /;
?/^
i:'i-iJ2X,
e
:
^
.
.
ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA, An
italic
number
that the
signifies
line
is
counted from
the bottom of the page upwards.
Page
3,
Cf. Zunz,
line 5.
6,
8,
„
7.
13;
„
17.
13,
„
1'.
Pro
3-
Cf.
1
5;
;;
ult.
c.
1.
Pro he lege
„
132.
p.
the.
Cf. Seligsohn.
1.
c.
p.
20.
Pro devise lege device. lege S.
S.
Diwan of Jehudah Hallevi; No. 65
Luzzatto's Edition where tcsi
be
"i";x"')
is
15,
„
6.
Pro '5np lege
16,
,,
4.
Cf.
rimed with
in
should
n-sh.
"''snp.
'^A third system of
Friedlander.
Hebrew vowels and
bols for the
(it
sym-
accents".
(Jewish Quarterly Review VII, 27. p. 567), \6,
„
2.
Pro exemples lege examples.
19,
„
2.
Pro "'JPwT lege
21,
„
6.
Cf.
nT3-ir"^
T;-ri7J
bibx
]'^-3ir^.
(Jeremiah
2.
Pro XTj-cn lege xtj^d5,
„
7.
Cf.
Aboth de R. Nathan.
37,
„
12.
Cf.
Rasi
46,
„
9.
26,
32,
„
14,
14)
and
(Jeremiah 15, 11).
a.
Ch. 34.
1.
c^:P lege D^;p.
47,
,,15.
^^6' lege
47,
„
2.
Cf. Earth
48,
„
2.
Pro
50,
,,
4.
Cf.
'Sy:j
-"nci.
in
ZDMG. XXX,
p.
193.
lege -Vr.
Midras Genesis Rabba ch. 42.
Wilna Edition.
§ 7 in
Page 50,
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