Teaching Plan For Tb

Learning Objectives 1. The client will learn the concept of tuberculosis a. Etiology of tuberculosis

Content Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs. But TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. TB disease can cause death if untreated. Once inhaled, the body’s immune system typically reacts by enfolding the bacteria, forming a tubercle that contains the bacteria to help keep it from spreading. Most cases the bacteria will die; in others however, the bacteria can survive, become dormant and the infected individual may develop active disease at a later date.

Learning Method/Strategy -Explanation -Printed Materials

Latent TB infection

b. Difference between TB infection and disease and corresponding signs and symptoms

In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. The bacteria become inactive, but they remain alive in the body and can become active later. This is called latent TB infection. People with latent TB infection:

Have no symptoms >Don’t feel sick >Can’t spread TB bacteria to others >Usually have a positive skin test reaction or positive TB blood test >May develop TB disease if they do not receive treatment for latent TB infection Many people who have latent TB infection never develop TB disease. In these people, the TB bacteria remain inactive for a lifetime without causing disease. But in other people, especially people who

-Explanation -Printed Materials

Resources/ Visual Aids -Image of positive chest x-ray result -Image of a positive sputum exam descriptive report of TB etiology -Table of the difference between latent TB infection and active TB disease w/ correspond ing diagnostic requireme nts -narrative description of between TB infection and TB

Evaluation The client recalled about 80% of the content

The client recalled about 80% of the content

disease

have weak immune systems, the bacteria become active, multiply, and cause TB disease. TB infection If the immune system can’t stop TB bacteria from growing, the bacteria begin to multiply in the body and cause TB disease. The bacteria attack the body and destroy tissue. If this occurs in the lungs, the bacteria can actually create a hole in the lung. Some people develop TB disease soon after becoming infected (within weeks) before their immune system can fight the TB bacteria. Other people may get sick years later, when their immune system becomes weak for another reason. Symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the TB bacteria are growing. TB disease in the lungs may cause symptoms such as:

- a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer - pain in the chest - coughing up blood or sputum - weakness or fatigue - weight loss - no appetite - chills - fever - sweating at night c. Risk factors of tuberculosis

Babies and young children often have weak immune systems. People infected with HIV, the virus that

-Explanation -Printed

-List of risk factors and

The client recalled about 80% of the

causes AIDS, have very weak immune systems.

Materials

relation to content susceptibili ty of TB infection/di sease

-Explanation -Printed Materials

-list of modes of transmissio ns -list of prevention of transmissio n

Other people can have weak immune systems, especially people with any of these conditions: >Crowding

>Substance abuse >Diabetes mellitus- People with a weak immune system, as a result of chronic diseases such as diabetes, are at a higher risk of progressing from latent to active TB >Silicosis - Silica particles irritate the respiratory system, causing immunogenic responses such as phagocytosis, which results in high lymphatic vessel deposits.[8] It is probably this interference and blockage of macrophage function that increases the risk of tuberculosis. >Cancer of the head or neck >Leukemia or Hodgkin’s disease >Severe kidney disease >Nutrition - Low body weight is associated with risk of tuberculosis. A body mass index (BMI) below 18.5 increases the risk by 2 to 3 times. An increase in body weight lowers the risk 2. The client will enumerate the different modes of transmission of tuberculosis

TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. When a person breathes in TB bacteria, the bacteria can settle in the lungs and begin to grow. From there, they can move through the blood to other

The client recalled about 80% of the content The client verbalized understanding of importance of prevention of transmission

parts of the body, such as the kidney, spine, and brain. TB disease in the lungs or throat can be infectious. This means that the bacteria can be spread to other people. TB in other parts of the body, such as the kidney or spine, is usually not infectious. People with TB disease are most likely to spread it to people they spend time with every day. This includes family members, friends, and coworkers or schoolmates.

Reducing Transmission of TB in households Interventions: 1. Triage Major risks for household infections are usually through close contact with the infectious case before diagnosis. Early detection is still a major intervention for reducing the risk of household TB transmission. All patients should be screened upon arrival for chronic cough (i.e. >2-3 weeks), fever, weight loss, night sweats, haemoptysis, or contact with a person with TB. 2. Separation Family members with TB should sleep alone in an adequately ventilated room. Benefits include reduced transmission of close contacts. 3. Cough Etiquette and Respiratory Hygiene Patients should be instructed to cover their

mouths and nose when coughing, with hands, cloth such as handkerchief, clean rag, tissues, or paper masks. 4. Houses should be adequately ventilated, particularly rooms where people with infectious TB spend considerable time (natural ventilation may be sufficient to provide adequate ventilation). Adequately ventilated rooms are defined as a room with at least 12 air changes per hour.

3. The client will explain the prognosis of tuberculosis

Reactivation TB may occur if the individual's immune system becomes weakened and is no longer able to contain the dormant bacteria. The bacteria then become active and make the person sick with TB. This is called TB disease. The greatest risk for developing reactivation TB disease is within the first two years following the initial infection. Reactivation can also occur in people with HIV, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, or those who take medications that weaken the immune system, such as steroids or cancer chemotherapy. It can also occur with aging and weakening of the immune system. Reactivation may also occur for other, unknown reasons.

-Explanation -Printed Materials

-narrative report of TB reactivatio n -narrative report of health maintenan ce to prevent reactivatio n

The client recalled about 80% of the content The client verbalized understanding of importance of maintenance of health