The Structure Of Kesha (hair Of The Scalp) And Its Relationship With Prakriti In Balyavastha.pdf

“The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha” DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE. AS PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF

AYURVEDA VACHASPATHI [M.D (Ay)] IN

Rachana Shareera BY Dr. Shrikumar.K B.A.M.S

Under The Guidance Of

Co-Guide:

Guide:

Dr. Raghavendra Rao M.Sc, Ph.D

Vd.Alapati Vinod kumar M.D (Ay)

Assistant Professor

Assistant Professor

Department of P.G. Studies in Rachana Shareera Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College & Hospital Moodbidri,Karnataka - 574227.

2010

ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA

DECLARATION I  hereby  declare  that  this  dissertation  entitled  “The  structure  of  Kesha  (Hair  of  the  scalp)  and  its  relationship  with  Prakrithi  in  Balyavastha” is a bona‐fide and genuine research work carried out by me  under  the  guidance  of  Vd.Alapati  Vinod  kumar  M.D  (Ayu)      Dept.  of  P.G  Studies in Rachana Shareera, Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College Moodbidri  and  Dr.Raghavendra  Rao  M.Sc  ,  Ph.D  Dept.  of  Biotechnology  Alvas  College Moodbidri. 

                                                                                    Dr.Shrikumar.K                                                                                    III Year P.G.Scholar                                                                                    Dept. of RACHANA SHAREERA                                                                                    Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College                                                                                    Moodbidri 574227    Date:  Place: Moodbidri 

     

ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA.

CERTIFICATE This  is  to  certify  that  the  dissertation  entitled  “The  structure  of  Kesha  (Hair of the scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha” is  a bona‐fide research work done by  Dr.Shrikumar.K under the guidance of  Vd.Alapati  Vinod  kumar 

M.D  (Ayu), 

Dept.  of  P.G  Studies  in  Rachana 

Shareera,  for  partial  fulfilment  of  the  requirement  for  the  award  of  the  degree  in  Ayurveda  Vachaspathi(M.D)  in  Rachana  Shareera,  of  Rajiv  Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka Bangalore. 

DR. RAMA BHAT. K. M. M.D (Ayu)  Professor and H.O.D.,  Dept. of P.G Studies in Rachana Shareera,  Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College  Moodbidri 574227

Date:  Place: Moodbidri   

ALVA’S AYURVEDA MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RACHANA SHAREERA MOODBIDRI, KARNATAKA.

ENDORSEMENT

This  is  to  certify  that  the  dissertation  entitled  “The  structure  of  Kesha  (Hair of the scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha” is  a bona‐fide research work done by  Dr.Shrikumar.K under the guidance of   Vd.Alapati  Vinod  kumar 

M.D  (Ayu), 

Dept.  of  P.G  Studies  in  Rachana 

Shareera,  for  partial  fulfilment  of  the  requirement  for  the  award  of  the  degree  in  Ayurveda  Vachaspathi(M.D)  in  Rachana  Shareera,  of  Rajiv  Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka Bangalore.       

 

 

       

  Date:  Place: Moodbidri 

 

 

 

  PRINCIPAL Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College       Moodbidri 574227 

  COPYRIGHT     I  hereby  declare  that  the  Rajiv  Gandhi  University  of  Health  Sciences,  Karnataka  shall  have  the  rights  to  preserve,  use  and  disseminate  this  dissertation in print or electronic format for academic/research purpose.        

Dr.Shrikumar.K  III Year P.G.Scholar  Dept. of P.G. Studies in Rachana shareera  Alva’s Ayurveda Medical College  Moodbidri 574227 

        Date:  Place: Moodbidri         

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka 

Abbreviations

ABBREVIATIONS

1. V – Vata. 2. P – Pitta. 3. K – Kapha. 4. Vp – Vatapitta. 5. Pk – Pittakapha. 6. Vk – Vatakapha. 7. Bl – Black 8. Br – Brown

Index

INDEX Sl.No.

Contents

P.No.

01

Introduction

1-2

02

Objectives

3

03

Review Of Literature

4-82

04

Materials And Methods

83-85

05

Observations

86-88

06

Discussion

89-99

07

Conclusion

100-101

08

Summary

102

09

Bibliography

103-130

11

Annexure

12

Master Chart

List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES Sl.No.

Topic

Page No.

1

Prakruti and Kesha Lakshana

15

2

Pathogenesis Khalitya flow chart

20

3

Sensory Nerve Fibres in The Skin And Hair

48

4

Sensory Receptor Cells in The Skin And Hair

50

5

Anagen Phase of Hair at Different Region

53

6

Endogenous Substances affecting Hair Growth

62

7

Follicle Growth by Age and Body Region

63

8

Hair Follicle Regeneration after Plucking

64

9

Determinants of prakruti

72

10

Types of Prakruti

72

11

Daihika and manasika prakruti flow chart

72

12

Triguna / Mahaa Prakruti

78

13

Prakrithi Analysis

87

14

Incident diameter variation range

88

List Of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES Sl no 01

Title Parts of Hair

Page No 28

02

Hair root bulb

35

03

Hair root bulb with layers

37

04

Dermal Sheath and layers of hair

40

05

Hair Fibre – parts

45

06

Skin and hair with parts

49

07

Cells of Perception in the skin

50

14

Anagen phase of hair growth

53

15

Catagen phase of hair growth

55

16

Telogen phase of hair growth

57

17

Exogen phase

58

18

Hair groth cycles and regeneration

65

Abstract

ABSTRACT Ayurvedic classics consider Kesha as a Upadhatu and also as a mala. Kesha is the cornification of skin appendage called the hair follicle. The hair follicle is like a cup, which forms and shapes the hair. Each hair has a implanted part called the root and a projecting part called the shaft. The life span of the hair varies from 4 months (eyelashes) to 7 years (scalp hair). About 1 lakh hairs are present over the scalp and everyday hundred hairs are shedding off and replaced by the new hair.This is happening by three phases of hair cycle ie Anagen, Telogen and Catagen phase.

Prakruthi is an unique concept of Ayurveda. For the identification of prakruthi of an individual, observation of each and evey part of the body is advised. So the shape, colour and structure of hair can be considered as standard to identify the prakruthi. In this work an attempt is made on this regard. The kasha (hair of the scalp) is taken for the study. Four hairs from each volunteer are plucked and examined macroscopically and microscopically. During selection of hair one hair is taken from the frontal region, two from parietal region and one 0from occipital region. They were individually examined and data was collected. The result shows that the structure of kasha got a good role in the determination of prakruthi

Key Words: Kesha, Prakruthi, Occulomicrometer

Acknowledgement

ACKNOWLEDGMENT At this jovial jiffy of elated integrate of my work, I meekly bow my head on the feet of almighty who have poured in me constant shore up for the liberation of crossing this mile stone as well as all success, progress & achievements in my life. I am in short of words while paying my chivalrous & affable regards to my admired Dad Late Sri Shankaranarayana Bhat & my beloved Mother Parvathi Amma, in whom I experience the blessings of God, for their supports, sacrifice & encouragement which brought me up to this stage. My inner strength, really none other than my beloved Wife Smt. Asha Gowri & my Children Srisharath and Akshara whose prop up, suggestion, adore & care is the dynamic force in each & every steps of my life. I express my genuine Gratitude for the Inspiration and Parental Gand auidance and Love given by Dr. Mohan Alva, Chairman Alva’s Education Foundation, Moodbidri. I take this opportunity to express my earnest gratitude to The Principal, Alva’s Ayurvedic Medical College Moodbidri, Dr. Lakshmeesha Upadhya for letting me disentangle the world of Ayurveda and explore the colossal possibilities. I express my truthful thanks to Dr. Vinaychandra Shetty, Vice Principal, Alva’s Ayurvedic Medical College Moodbidri. I put into words my deepest feeling of admiration towards my beloved teacher & guide, Vd. Alapati Vinod Kumar Asst. Prof. Dept. of Rachana Shareera whose stirring brainwave; persistent guidance finely tuned me to plot this murky task. Besides this, his tangy prosperity always provided me enough courage to filch up with each & every task. I bring about my authentic thankfulness to Dr. Raghavendra Rao Asst. Prof. Dept. of Biotechnology, for his shrewd direction, stanch benefaction, logical & significant suggestion which fictitious this activity a prolific I am short of glossary to thank my beloved respected preceptor and honourable Professor & HOD Dept. of Shareera Rachana, Dr. Rambhat whose masterly suggestions & ablest guidance at every step which has molded, twisted, and enlightened my elfin work into achievement. .

Acknowledgement I convey my ingenuous gratefulness to my adored teacher Prof. Dr. G. M. Kanthi, for his diligent work, gleaming conception for various difficulties right from the beginning, which made this work possible. I am indebted to utter my thanks to my beloved masters of solutions Dr.B. Mishra, Dr. H. Kulkarani, Dr. Shubhada, Dr. Rajeshwari, Dr. Ashwini Shetty, Dr. Sukesh & Dr. Swapna Kumari faculty, Dept. of Shareera Rachana, for their astute guidance and their sensible direction. It is my privilege to eloquent my heartfelt thanks to Dr.Subramanya Padyana, HOD Dept of Dravyaguna, and all the faculty of Dravyaguna dept whose sanguine views, noble nature, always put vigor in me to overcome the obstacles. I wish to offer my earnest thanks to Dr.Krishnamurthy,HOD Dept. of Bhaishajya Kalpana,and Dr. Chandrakanth Joshi HOD Dept, of Prasooti Tanta for their encouragement and support. I sequester this occasion to eloquent my gesticulate to resourceful thanks to Dr Nayana Bhat (Dermatologis) for her deliberating pedagogic views which helped me to extract the concealed principles. I cannot move further before thanking to my cherished friends Dr. Vivek, Dr. Madan, Dr. Bini, Dr.Jisha, Dr. Santhoshs, Dr. Anuprabha, Dr. Binoy, Dr.Dhananjay, Dr.Dheeraj, Dr.Mangala, Dr. Archana, Dr. Sowmya, Dr. Sibgath, Dr. Chandrappa, Dr. Sumanth and Dr. Mahabalesh for being with me by providing honest support to surmount each & every barrier successfully. It is gaffe to my element if I won’t tell thanks to my juniors, Dr. Pooja, Dr.Maya, Dr.Vidya, Dr.Anjana, & Dr. Sharath for their academic support. I am very thankful to Mr.Booba, attender dept. of Shareera Rachana, staff of Library, Hospital, Samruddhi Xerox and all my volunteers for their brand teamwork, which was very much requisite for the booming sleeve up of this work. Last but not least I thank to Dr. Prasanna Aital and Dr. K. N. Rajshekhar and all those who have directly or indirectly contributed to the successful .completion of this notion work.

Introduction

INTRODUCTION Hair care is million-dollar business in the modern era and the market today has a wide range of preparations in varied forms like oils, gels, conditioners not to forget different dyes and colors exclusively for Hair. An anecdote which goes as "The art of medicine is to amuse the patient while nature cures the disease" (Valaire 1600-1) seem to have more relevance with regard to Hair as the effectiveness of medicines is always under scrutiny. Hence, it is worth a discussion on whether all those medicines and cosmetic preparations under the guise of medicines are good for Hair. Equally worth is the question about the possible complications and nuances the individual face in case there inadvertent usage of harmful preparation. Even if the quality is met with and the preparation is found to be harmless in modern parlance the doubt remains as whether all such claimed preparations suit different type of people we find. Simple oil comes in two forms as saturated and unsaturated and their relative appropriative ness with thin and thick Hair is evident. As a ground, the need is to establish the relation between the Prakruti and features of Hair an individual present. This brings the the systems of Ayurveda and other medicines do far side lined as alternative medicines into prime stage where the conventional systems in vogue are not coming up with satisfactory results. Prakruti is the unique concept in Ayurveda. It is the constitutional behavior of an individual, which incorporates both physical and psychological traits referred under the caption of Dosha Prakrurti. Tridosha siddhaanta being the pillar stone for the edifice of Ayurveda, all most everything in Ayurveda circles through tridosha and so is Prakruti. The Prakruti of the person largely depends upon the the dosha predominance at the time of fertilization of the germinative factors called in Ayurveda as shukra and shonita . As Ayurveda system has its own principles, vision of life and most of the verses in Ayurveda classics are in coded form, and there is always room for exploration of the hidden meaning of the verses quoted in texts.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha

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Introduction Even though Ayurveda considers Kesha to be Mala of Asthi dhatu and protection and maintenance of Hair on the part of an individual is emphasized. Further, the type of Hair pertaining to different Prakruti is specified making the physician to be alert while prescribing medicines for Hair ailments. Genetic predisposition or exogenous factors produce and maintain Hair shaft abnormalities. Therefore profound knowledge on Hair biology and embryology is necessary to understand the different symptom complexes. Keeping all this in mind present study is chosen to investigate and try to establish the relation between morphological features of Hair with Deha Prakruti. The study includes the investigation into understanding of our fore fathers of the structure Hair. The study pattern used in forensic study of Hair for identification is employed for Hair micro as well as macroscopic studies. In this study only male volunteers were chosen and age limit was 10 – 15 years of age.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha

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                                                                                            Objectives

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. The Comprehensive Study of Literature related to Kesha with respect to its Utpatti, Sthiti, Roga and Upaaya. 2. Microscopic Study of Kesha. 3. Comprehensive Literary Study of concept of Prakruti in Ayurveda Samhita and its relative understanding in Western and other Eastern System of Medicine. 4. Analysis of different Prakruti relation to Structure of Kesha.

Previous work done:

1. The Study of Loma Pramana in different Prakriti persons by Dr.Baxi Manisha , Department of Shareera Kriya, Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya , Nagpur University, Nagpur. 2. Medosaara vyakti ke snehatva ka nakha, kesha evam loma sandarbha mein shareera drishti se ek vaignyanik adhyayana by Dr.S.R Lunge, Department of Shareera Rachana 2003 , Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Nagpur University, Nagpur. 3. Vibhinna Prakruti ke vyaktiyon mein nakha evam kesha ke rasayanik sanghatan ka tulanaatmaka adhyayana by Dr.Sawal V.H Department of Shareera Kriya 2003, Shri Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya , Nagpur University, Nagpur. 4. An attentive

and detailed examination of Kesha in Pittala Purusha by

Dr.Bhagat Yashvant , Department of Shareera Kriya 2005 M A M S S B Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya , Hadaspur, Pune University, Pune. 5. A Comprehensive Study of Kesha Shaareera w.r.t. Deha Prakruti by Dr. Amaranaath Department of Shareera Rachana 2009 S.D.M. College of Ayurveda Udupi, Karnataka.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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                                                                                            Review of Literature HISTORICAL REVIEW Ayurveda teaches that beauty health and a happy long life are achievable only by understanding how all aspects of life contributes to bring balance to the body and mind. In Ayurveda inner and outer beauty are intimately related. Outer beauty is what we most commonly consider as the field of beauty. It is the perfection of what is visually perceived. It includes the obvious traits such as contour of the body, texture of the skin, and the quality of the hair. The hairs play an important role in making body externally beautiful at all account. Persons, who are very much conscious about their look, can not neglect this unique part of the body. Nice and good-looking long hair makes a person mentally enthusiastic and healthy indeed.

3.01.1. ETYMOLOGY AND DERIVATION: Kesha the word is derived from root word ‘ke’ means mastaka ( head) with ‘Shi’ to shete (sleep) and ‘ach’ in ‘aluk’ samasa 1 Another vytpatti is is klishyate badhyate (klish bandhe, upataape klish is the word with sense both to bind and to to burn.) here the former meaning is employed 2 Klish vibadhaayaaam 3 Vachaspatyam, Shabdartana Mahodadhi and Nalanda Vishal Shabda Sagar say “Ke Shirasi Shete Shi” 4. Halayudha Kosha has derived th meaning by Kesha Mastake Shete 5

Synonyms and Definition: A.KESHA Kesha are the elements that grow on the scalp, Mastaka, Shirah.6The definition for kesha with etymology is the one that is sheltered over the head. Kashate prakaashate iti kesha, one which shines.7 The synonyms for kesha are chikura, kuntala, kunjara, bala, kacha, shiroruha, shirasija, murdhaja, asra, vrujina, jatadhara 8 Kesha word is also used for lord varuna with root word ‘ka’ meaning jala and varuna being the diety for water.9 The word Kesha stands for lord Vishnu as ‘ka’ has two more meaning like ‘brahma’ arriving at definition one who trimphs over brahma and

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                                                                                            Review of Literature ‘ke’ means jala arriving at definition as the one who sleeps in water10 (shabdaratnavali). Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Sanjnaa and shakti have kesha as their synonym.11Yoni, bhava, haava, lavanya, lampata purusha have kesha as symbol.12 The word baala is derived from the root word ‘bala pranane’ means ‘to strengthen’ by implication give the meaning one which protects the mastaka (head) 13 The outer protective covering for head is baala. Bala vyajana the fan like instrument was made of wool (fur) of a kind of deer .14 Murdhaja the one which grows over head,15 Kuntam the one which removes utkuna i.e, to breaks and spreads out16, Kacha the one which brightens,17 Chikura the one which makes ‘chi’ like sound ‘kur’ is the root word meaning sound18, Vrujina the one which is curly vrun + kyu19. Shirorut, shirasija, shiroruha means one that grows over scalp.20 Uttamaangaja the one, grows over utaamaanga. 21 B.ROMA The word roma is derived as ‘routi iti’ with application of Unaadi 22 Shareera jaatankura23 Tanu ruha is roma and loma and is termed shmashru when found on the face of a male after maturity

24

. Synonyms are loma, angaja, tvagja,

charmmaja, tanu ruha, tanu rut. 25 C.LOMA Loma is derived from root word ‘luyate’ meaning moistening with mavin pratyaya.26 other synonyms like Shareerasya kesha,27 Charmaja, tvagja – meaning developed over skin.28 Tanu ruha, tanu rut – developing over body.29

3.01.2. HISTORICAL REVIEW Elders carve the path for us, nobody flutters following the trusted path, and hence it has always been of great value to keep the historical background of hair in our mind. Romaali word is there in aryaa sapta shati 338 explaining rows of hair. 30 A.VEDA KALA Vedas are the oldest human literature. The loss of hair or the progress of any hair disorder was looked upon as disgraceful and inauspicious during Vedic period. Ayurveda is considered as an Upadrava of Atharvaveda as this particular Veda deals with many medicinal recipes. Many preventive measures were observed and many

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                                                                                            Review of Literature drugs were used for its prevention and treatment, some of which are Nitatni, Keshabrumhani, and Keshvardhini etc. 31 There it has been said that use of Swarasa of certain Virudha is beneficial in curing Khalitya, which shows that craving for healthy hair growth is natural since time immemorial, and diseases of hair were treated vigorously.32 The word vrujana a synonym of kesha found in rigveda.33 Daughter of bruhaspati by name romashaa quoted in rigveda 34 The case of Rishi Jamadagni, who was able to enhance the hair growth of his daughter, is also well known.35 Saayan bhaashya on rigveda quotes romasha samupastha 36 Manu smriti quotes roma 37 Manu smriti advises a woman not to indulge in auspicious practices after sixth month of pregnancy. the reason quoted is the development of lom and nakha in the foetus 38 Mundakopanishat compares development of kesha with annual plants in the universe 39 B.VYAKARANA Word keshaakeshi is used in samaasa to denote fight holding hair 40 Kitta of asthi is kesha and loma …………..further stree is identified with kesha and stana where as purusha features loma. Eunuchs present with mixed features or absence of either. 41 C.PURANA KALA In raamayana there was a vanara king by name ‘baali' who is said to be born of of shukra of ‘vasava’ dripped over hair follicle.42 Loma paada a king of anga desha who is said to be the father in law of rushya shringa - ramayan 43 The word kesha is used for hair by neela kantha while commenting on mahabhaarata 44 Kesha paksha said in mahaabhaarata Keshaakeshi found in mahabhaaratha

45 46

3 / 283 / 37

Mahhabharata says one who indulges in stealing grains(dhanyaapaharana ) in previous birth gets hairy body 47

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                                                                                            Review of Literature Brahma , Vishnu , Rudra , sanjna ( wife of surya) and shakti have the term kesha bhagavata

48

parabrahma shakti ( bhagavata) 49 kesha pasha in kumara sambhava 50 in garuda puraana the person with less amount body hair is regarded as best and hairy as unaesthetic, further hair and follicle ratio is mentioned for different sect of people.51 This was the period when Ayurveda in Garuda Purana that persons were categorized by seeing the number of hairs protruding out of the hair follicle.52 loma shatana practice was in vogue garuda puraana 185, bhaishajya ratnaakara vasheekarana adhikaara.53 kourma the hair pits or the pubic hairs are deemed to be inauspicious ( places of excreta) hence advises one not to touch those parts 54 In maarkandeya puraana there is reference for roma koopa 55 D.SAMSKRITA SAAHITYA VANMAYA Words like kesha paashi , keshara for lion , keshahasta , keshika found in amara kosha 56 Word keshaakeshi is used in samaasa to denote fight holding hair 57 Keshapaasha ,Romaavali, romodgama, found in kumara sambhava 58 Roma expressing adolescence rasa manjari 59 E.JYOTISHYA It is said that less no of body hairs signifies prosperous life 60 F.SAMHITA KAALA: During this period, the Indian science and heritage had reached its pinnacle. There are two main Samhitas available presently. Short review of kesha in Samhitas is as follows a.Charaka Samhita: The formation, development and constitution of kesha have also been discussed there upon. Chapter in Vimana Sthana points out that excessive use of various salts and alkali serves as an etiological factor of Khalitya Aetiopathogenesis, line of treatment and various modalities for the treatment of disease of kesha have been included in Urdhvajatrugata Roga and occur due to negotiation of Dushtapratishyaya

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                                                                                            Review of Literature b.Sushruta Samhita: In Sushruta Samhita, Acharya Sushruta elucidates number and presentation kesha, roma koopa disease of kesha under Kshudra Roga along with its pathogenesis in the Nidanasthana. c.Harita Samhita: Harita has mentioned about kesha lakshanas in different prakruti and ha also specified about bhru dosha .Harita has elucidated diseases of kesha by types, symptoms and treatment. d.Kashyapa Samhita: Kashyapa Samhita has thrown light on the anatomy and physiology of the hair with statement that the production, preservation and declination of the hair is due to Swabhava or Prakriti. G.SAMGRAHA KALA: a.Ashtanga sangraha: In Ashtanga Samgraha, Maharshi Vriddha Vagbhatta has mentioned about kesha and disease pertaining to kesha under the heading of Kapala Vyadhi.Difference between Khalitya and Indralupta has been described here. b.Ashtanga Hridaya: Ashtanga Hridaya dealt with kesha utpatti and sthiti and grouped dieases related to hair under kapaalagata vikara c.Madhava Nidana: Madhavakara has described the disease of kesha according to Sushruta, but in Madhukosha commentary Kartikacharya has clearly differentiated Indralupta, Khalitya and Ruhya from each other d.Banga Samhita: Bangasen has given the description of pathogenesis for all kesha according to Sushruta but the therapeutic aspects have been of his own (Bangasen – Kshudrarogadhikara). e.Bhava prakasha: Bhava prakasha has given the picture of the relation of kasha, asthi, and sveda. The Sara bhaga of ahara stays in srotas for sometime; thereafter being carried by vyana vata it enters through the channels of sira and comes out through loma kupa, by fifhth day it is processed to give out asthi and its mala.

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                                                                                            Review of Literature f.Bhoja Samhita : Though the Bhoja Samhita is not found intact at present, some of its references are scattered hither and hither in the works of his contemporary and succeeding authors. His views regarding the pathogenesis of Khalitya are that, the vitiated Pitta situated in the head, enters into the Romakoopa and causes the fall of hair. Then the Kapha and Shonita situated there prevent the growth of new hair causing Khalitya.According to this theory, the indulgence of Vata, Pitta and Kapha i.e.all three humors has been held responsible for the production of Khalitya.

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Review of Literature

KESHA IN PRAKRITHI A.Kesha determines Ayu and Swaasthya Snigdha bahula kesha and amhaa romasha karma signifies full life span61 Krushna mrudu deergha kesha yukta putra should be desired 62 Aayushmanta Kumara Lakshanas 63 Kesha one in each Romakoopa, Mrudu, Alpa, Snigdha, Subaddha Moola are preferred B.Kesha Shareera Ayurveda Classics have not explained of detailed anatomy of Kesha under single section. The information is scattered all around. The related matters with respect to Kesha should be extracted from different instances. a. Name (Based on location) There are many synonyms of Kesha as far as literary texts are concerned. The hairs growing on the different parts of the body are known by different names the hairs growing on the scalp are known as Kesha, Kuntal, and Chikura etc. Hairs over the body are known by Roma, Romaraaji, and Loma. Those growing on the eyelids are known as Pakshma

64

, the facial hairs are known as Shmashru65,

moustaches are called by the term Maasuree66,the hair on the eyebrows are known as Bhrukuti,

67

whereas the hair growing around the genetalia and in the armpits are

known as Vyanjana or Vyanjanana,68 Guhya Sambhava Roma69 and Medhropari Romaraaji.70 Indication for Rudha karna vardhana – jaataroma,71Pakshma mandala,72,Paksma vartma gata sandhi,

73,

Naasagata roma,74 Gudagata Kesha

gudoshta from Romaanta is ardha yava pramana, 75 Vana kesharinaama (For Lions ).76 b.Kesha Sankhya: In Ancient Classics, many controversies have been noticed on this topic. The number of Kesha as per various texts may be summarized as below. As per Acharya Yajnavalkya the Total Number of Human Hair is 3, lakhs; further he says77 Roma Pramaana Sankhya as 54, 67, 50,000. Acharya Charaka has enumerated Total Human Hair is 29956.He further stated that the Number of Kesha, Shmashru and Loma are equal.78 Acharya Sushruta believes that the Number of Hairs are innumerable like that of Dhamaniagras .80 Ashtanga Samgrahakara also gives same view as that of Charaka.81

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Review of Literature According to Vidyotini Teeka of Charaka Samhita the Number of Kesha stated by Aptopadesha is 72 crores 82 (Cha.Sa.7/14) c.Paanchabhoutikatwa Kesha loma roma mukha shmashru are Paarthiva dravya’s 83 . d.Kesha is mala Malabhuta Shareera Guna is Abaadhakara and which is accumulated in shareera chidra (Sukshma and Sthula) should be expelled 85.Kesha and Loma are Mala of Asthi Dhatu 86 Kesha Shmashru Loma Nakha are Apatana dharmi Mala87 e.Kesha is Shareera Avayava Kesha, Shmashru, Loma and Nakha are avayava and are nourished by Kitta bhaga of Ahaara 88 f.Kesha as Upadhaatu Kesha is one of the Upadhaatu and it does Dhaarana and not poshana89 g.Kesha and Twak Snigdha Shlakshna Mrudu Prasanna Sukshma Alpa Gambhira Sukumaara Loma is twak Saara Lakshanas. 90 h.Kesha bhoomi The place where Kesha grows Keshabhoomi described in Khalithya. 91Abyanga prevents Kesha bhoomigata gada. 92 i.Roma Koopa The follicle like structure from which Kesha spreads out is Roma koopa.It is the source of nutrition of the foetus till organogenesis and before the formation of nabhinadi (Cha.Shaa 6/26) Mala Kshaya is characterized by emptiness, dryness and lightness of part (Cha.Su 17 / 72). The number of Romakoopa remains the same throughout life.93, 94 Romakoopa and Meda are mula of Swedavaha Srotas. 95 Kesha, Shmashru, Loma and Nakha are Apatana dharmi Mala.96 Pakshma Kshaya is explained in Netra Vikara.97 Aalepa should be done in pratiloma gathi which favors’ proper fixation and absorption of medicine through Romakupa. k. Perception at Kesha Lunchana of Kesha and Loma for Sanjna avabhodanaartha in murchaa 102 If kesha is pulled, if there is no response, it can be considered as Arista lakshana 103 Severe pain associated with hairfall is an arishta lakshana.104

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Review of Literature The shareera as a whole along with mana and indriya are said to be the adhisthana of perception and the exception for this are the terminal parts of Kesha, Loma and Nakha .Chakrapaani says that the Dosha’s can reach Kesha where as the Sathva fails to reach 105

C.STRUCTURES RELATED TO KESHA Keshaanta is present above shankha and it is the hair line over the fore head

106

Shankha keshaanta sandhi and siraa are described.107 a.Shira Kapaala Keshanta and Mastakaantara should be eleven angula pramaana109 Mastakaantara110 (Madhya bhaaga with Romaavarta dalhana), Mastakaantara and Keshaanta should be dashaangula 111 b.Marma related to Kesha112 Bhrupuchchhaanta- Apaanga, Bhruvorupari -Aavarta, Bhruva antayo upari-Shankha Keshaanta shankhayo upari-Vishalyaghna, Mastakaabhyantarata, siraa sannipata romaavarto -Adhipathi ,Bhruvor madhye -Stapani( Su.Shaa.6) c.Vascular relations for Kesha Sira113 Four Avedhya Siraas related to Keshaanta, one related to Aavarta bhaga and ten are related to Shankha desha. Dhamani Ashtatiryaggaami dhamani (8) are described.115 Tiryaggta dhamani which carry all the four elements divide in hundreds to thousands and are innumerable. These Dhamanis are dispersed throughout the body and their opening is in relation with Romakoopa 116 D.KESHOTPATTI Ayurveda believes that the human body is built up by seven Dhatus. A specific manner has been thought of for the commencement of each and every Dhatu and their various manifestations. Inspite of some controversies the major part of them believe that the production of the latter Dhatus occur from the former by the action of their respective Agni.It has been further explained that, from the Poshakamsha of former

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Review of Literature Dhatu there is not only production of latter Dhatu, there is consequent production of their Upadhatu and Mala. There is no detailed description found in Ayurvedic classics regarding the production of hair in particular, but it has been stated in the process of Dhatu Nirmana that when Paka of Asthidhatu occurs by its own Agni, the Majja Dhatu emerges from the Sara Bhaga and at the same time hair of scalp and body and nail emerges as Mala (Waste product).117 a.Keshotpatti in Garbhaavastha : Vagbhatta has mentioned that the Keshotpatti Kala in foetus is at six months.118 Hareeta has mentioned that Roma utpattti takes place by fourth month.119 As per samhita kala Kesha appears in seventh month.121 b.Pitruja bhaava According to ancient classics the Kesha is Pitruja Bhava.The structure, color and quantity of hair of a progeny are dependent on paternal side.122, 123 Whereas Tvak is Maatruja Avayava124 .The hair will not decompose soon.125 Kesha and Asthi of external origin are remaining as shalyas only inside the body and they will not be absorbed.126 E.KESHA POSHANA: According to Acharya Charaka, from the ingested food an Ahara Rasa is formed, which further divides into two parts, namely Sarabhaga and Kitta Bhaga. The Saarabhaga nourishes the Dhatus and Kittabhaga nourishes Malas.127 According to Sushruta, Kesha gets nourishment from the end part of the Dhamanis which are attached to the Romakoopa.128 F.KESHA VARNOTPATTI: The colour of hair differs in different Desha, Jati etc. An exotic range of color is seen in hairs viz. black, brown, red, golden etc. Ayurveda has adored the black colour of hair, while describing the beauty of hair, the colour of hair like that of dragon-fly (Bhramara) has been much appreciated. Regarding the formation of the color of hair, Ayurveda says that Teja Mahabhuta is responsible for the colour of hair,i.e. Bhrajaka Pitta.Teja Mahabhuta, combines with Prithvi and Vayu Mahabhutas and produces black colour. The above physiology can be equated as follows: 129

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Review of Literature Krishna Varna = Teja + Prithvi + Vayu 130,131 The colour of hair varies from person to person and it is based on his Prakriti.132 G.SWABHAAVA While describing Prakruthi we find the term Svabhaava where it is said that the growth and shedding of Hair is due to Swabhaava (Natural).134 3.2.2. A. Kesha In Relation to Prakriti and Dosha The Kesha and Prakriti are interrelated, persons of different Prakrithi are having different types of Kesha (Hair). The Prakriti of a man is determined by dominance of the particular Doshas at the time of the genesis ( Shukra Shonita samyoga kaala). a.Vata Prakriti: According to Charaka Vaata Prakrithi persons have rough hair on the head, face and body.Where as Sushruta states that persons of Vaata Prakriti have often rough and grisly beard and mustache, nails and hairs136.Vagbhata and Sharangadhara mentioned that Vaata Prakriti persons have Sphutita, grey(dust), colour and small number of hairs.137 b.Pitta Prakrithi: According to Charaka, Sushruta and Sharangadhara Pitta Prakrithi persons will have early wrinkles, grey hair and baldness.They will possess scanty, soft and tiny Hair on the head, face and body.140 Vagbhatta mentions that colour of the Kesha is Pingala and is small in number.141 Aloma peeta loma in pitta.143 c.Kapha Prakriti: Sushruta, Vagbhatta and Sharangadhara mentioned that the Kapha Prakrithi persons have firm, fleshy, curly, smooth and dark black coloured hair 144, 145, 146. Sukesha , deergha roma 147 In brief Vata Prakrithi person - Dry with low-density Hair Pitta Prakrithi person -Yellowish Hair Kapha Prakrithi person -Thick, black and Curly Hairs 148. Sama Prakruthi person - Videerna Roma149

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Review of Literature Vaata

Pitta

Kapha

Parusha (Cha)

Mrudhu (Cha & A.S)

Sthira (Su)

Sphutitha (Su)

Alpa (Cha)

Samhata (Su)

Alpa (A.Sa)

Kapila (A.S)

Sushlishta (Su)

Ruksha (H.S)

Paalitya (A.S)

Saara (Su)

Dhusara (A.H)

Khalithya (A.S)

Sandhibandha (A.S)

Tanu

Pinga (A.S)

Kutila (A.S)

Stabdha

Karabha (A.S)

Aali (Su)

Virala (A.S)

Neela (S.S) Ghana (A.S)

d.Kesha & Satva prakruti Kapila Kesha is lakshana of Varuna Kaaya B.KESHA AND ITS RELATION WITH BIOLOGICAL ELEMENTS a.Dosha The lusture, colour and development of structures like Siraa and Kesha is due to Bhraajaka Pitta 150,151. The colour of hair and nails turn white in case of maruta upahata shleshma with alpa Pitta and Roma harsha is said to be due to Vaata153

b.Dhatu ™ Rasa -Rasa vikruti is associated with ayathakaala vali and palitaa154,155 Snigdha shlakshna mrudu prasanna sukshma alpa gambhira sukumaara loma is tvak saara lakshanas 156.Suprasanna , mrudu tvak roma tvak saaraa 157 ™ Rakta -Vyanga , Piplava tilakaalaka158,159 ™ Mamsa -Ganda arbuda are disorders characterized with new growth 161 ™ Meda - Prameha purva roopa is meda vikara where there will be jatileebhaavam kesheshu and prshasta kesha lakshanas explained in meda sara162,163,164 Vishesha sneha in Kesha and Twak in Medasaara165 ™ Asthi -Kesha is Mala or Upadhaatu of Asthi Dhaatu166

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Review of Literature ™ Majja -Arunshika is Majjagata Vikara.This diseaes is seen over scalp and described as Kshudra roga.179 Kesha is majja upadhatu told by Adamalla & Kashirama170 ™ Shukra -Shmashru , vyanjana related to shukra vyaktatva 171 Vaya parinaama is responsible for shukra pradurbhaava , roma raji in naari172 ( Roma raji signifies shmashru in purusha by Dalhana )

173

Shmashru is told as

shukramala by Adamalla 174 c.Kesha and Sweda sambandha Loma kupa sweda vaha Sroto moola175 –A total number of 29,956 ends of sira dhamani mukhas are present in a person so the same number of hair 176 also exists in the body.

3.2.3. Hygiene for Kesha a. Maintenance Neecha Nakha Roma is explained in daily regimen180 Short Nakha Roma are preferred for student of Ayurveda181 Neecha nakha roma advised for vishikhanu pravesha182. ♣ Combing of Hair Grooming of hair, beard with proper comb is nutritive, aphrodisiac, life promoting, hygienic and adds to the charm 185,186 ♣ Proper Hair style Charaka says one has to adopt proper hair style187 In Bodhaayana tying of hair signifies family and trait like eka shikha, dvi shikha, pancha shikha188 Naaraayani vritti says kula dharma signifies two types hair banding, like purva shikha and para shikha. One should follow her own family custom in shaping of hair189 ♣ Hair cut It alleviates papma190 .One should undergo Hair cut thrice in a fortnight191Shmashru dhaari is the Lakshana of a student suitable for imparting knowledge192 According to bhela Kesha samhara should be done once in a month193 ♣ Hair edge One should refrain from striking hair ends 194 ♣ Ushneesha Dharana It renders sanity, good for Kesha and prevents effect of Vaata , Aatapa & Raja196 ♣ Naasika jala pana in the morningprevents vali palita

197

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Review of Literature ♣ Shiro Abhyanga Keeping head unctuous always prevents Khaalitya, Paalitya198 .Savisha shirobhyanga causes

Kesha

chyuti199

.

Shirobhyanga

provides

Kesha

deergha,

Mrudu,

Stoola,Snigdha and Krishna varna.200 ♣ Ushnaambu Snana Ushnaambu for the body is promotive but the same is not advisable over the head. It is not good for kesha and chakshu201. ♣ Avagaha Sneha Sneha used in avagaha provides shareera bala by tarpana through dhamani entering through Siramukha in Loma kupa203 ♣ Udgharshana It opens up siramukha and enhances teja in Twak204 ♣ Nasya Murdha shirorogahara205 Prevents vali palita khalitya vyanga206 .Brumhan nasya is useful in akalapalita and kesha shmashru prapatana207 .Pratimarsha nasya is useful in valipalita.208 ♣ Anutaila Administration of anu taila nasya prevents graying of Kesha and Smashru. It promotes quality of hair.209 ♣ Dhumapaana Regular usage of Dhumapaana prevents Khalithya , Paalithya and other diseases of hair and scalp of Vaataja and Kaphaja origin.210 Snaihika Dhumapaana is useful in Kesha & Shmashru prapata.213 ♣ Anjana -Anjana is good for Pakshma.214 ♣ Basti - Cures Vali Palita.215 ♣ Rasaayana - Rasayana prevents Vali , Palita & Khalithya.216 Nasagata Roma utpatana should not be done as it causes Drushti dourbalya 217 b.Kesha and Rasa sambandha Madhura Rasa is Keshya

218, 219

Amla Rasa romaani samvejayati220,

221

Amla rasa

intake during pregnancy leads to Twakroga222 Lavana Rasa vali palita khalithyam aapaadayati 223 , 224 Lavana Rasa in pregnancy leads to sheeghra palita & Khalithya225 c.Keshya Dravya Madhuka is Keshya226 Tila is Twachya and Keshya227,228 Kaashmarya is Keshya229

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d.Keshaghna Shami phala is Keshaghna230,231 Kshara – excessive usage of kshara is kesha upaghaatakara .232

Consumption of vaaraha mamsa during pregnancy result in

offspring with parusha roma 233 Lavana rasa in pregnancy leads to Sheeghra Palita & khalitaya.235 Uses of Kesha Kesh is jangama Dravya. Keha keeps insects away and it is mosquito repellent. A.Kesha as Measure Saroma Charma is ideal for application of Lekhana Karma237 In Vyadhana and Visraavana the depth of of Shastra administration is Kesha Pramana and for Chedana it is Ardha Kaishiki238 B.Kesha Upayoga in Treatment ♣ Bala varti should be used to plug the the wound caused by Shalya stuck over Shira , if not done so then there are chances of Mastulunga srava. ♣ Baalanguli used for eshana in Naadi Vrana 241

♣ Kesha veshtita anguli praveshana into Kantha is useful for apara prapatana.

♣ Baala used for Seevana242 ♣ Kesha is one of Upayantra , Baala can be used in absence of Eshanya Yantra.243 ♣

Baala is used to remove Sukshma Shalya from the eyes.245

♣ Kesha unduka is used to remove Asthi shalya stuck inside throat.246 C. Significance of Kesha in Age and Sex Vali paalitya khaalitya is a Sign of Vaardhak,ya

247

,If Vyanjana appears in Sixteenth

year, the person will be Alpaayu and if it appears at 20th years is Deerghaayu248 Vama parshva romaraji and Kacha in Garbhini denotes female child and the same on the otherside denotes male child.249

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                                                                      Review of Literature KESHA VIKARA

a.Kesha is Shalya Roma is Shaareea Shalya (adi includes Shmashru by dalhana)250 Kesha is one of Uddhrana Shalya251 Vrana gata paanshu , Roma , Nakha and unfixed bone fragment does Paachana of Vrana252 b.Indralupta Pitta in the Romakoopa makes the hair fall at a small region by obstructing the vessels connecting Romakoopa and leads to Indralupta which is a synonym of Khaalitya253 c.Kesha dadru Kesha dadru is explained by Chakradatta 254 d.Peeta Loma Peeta Loma is because of Pitta Dosha255 e.Kesha Patana Angavayava patana in Kushta256 Marana linga in Visha257 Chatushpada dashta258 ♣ During Droni praveshika there will be withering of hair after four months and replacement with healthy Kesha in fifth month. f.Khalitya Khalli disease of Kesha261 Khaalitya does not occur in woman. Reasons quoted by Ayurveda Classics ¾ Stree is atyanta Sukumara , gets rid of Mala through Raja and as she does not take up vigorous physical strain262 ¾ Nyaya Chandriaka (Gayadaasa) says stree does not practice vyayama and hence she does not developing VataPitta Prakopa followed by Roma apachaya. ¾ Raja (Aartava) takes out Doshas and hence no Srotorodha takes place. Therefore there will not be growth of Hair in case of woman over the face.263

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                                                                      Review of Literature

Khalitya flow chart

Kesha in Anya Vyaadhi

♣ common affliction of Kesha is apperence of Baahya Krimi which reside in Kesha, shmashru loma pakshma i.e, yukaa , liksha 284 ♣ Prameha characterized by jatileebhaava and vruddhi of Mala 285 ♣ Shukla lomaraaji santaanaani in Kushta286 ♣ Raktaja krimi with the aetiology of kushta eat up kesha , loma dvipa and result in kesha shmahrunakha loma pakshma dhvansa 287 ♣ Raktaraaji 288 ♣ Kesha bhasma adhi rohana in svapna rajayakshma purva roopa 289 ♣ Kesha nakha abhivardhana 290 ♣ Maleebhavati 291 ♣ Pandu purva roopa Sheerna lomaa292 The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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                                                                      Review of Literature ♣ Urdhva and bhuta keshi explained by hareeta in putana & balagraha293 ♣ Roma sheernata, kesha bhumidaha, sparsha is like kurcha and kesha will be jatila in visha 294 ♣ Vishadadga keshaanta sheeryate 295 Palitya299 – krodha shoka and shrama shreeroshma cause paalitya (palitya two types pittta – prakrutitaha & shareera ushma nyaya chandrika vaikruta palitya – pachaka pittoshma , svaabhaavika – prakruta pitta kruta ) Kshudra Roga300 Masurika , Mukha dushika, Padmini kantaka are the diseases related to sebaceous glands. Pigment disorders – Mashaka , Tilakaalaka , Nyachcha , Vyanga , Neelikaa are manifested due to vitiation of Rakta. Pakshma Vikara301 Pakshma kopa , Vaata paryaya, Upapakshma Mala. Bhru Dosha302 Bhrudosha and its treatment with Siravyadha explained by Haareeta Anasthi Garbha304 alpa asthi bhava & Kalala without Pitru bhava Kesha as Upadrava

305

In case of non healing ulcer Hair from the surrounding area should be removed. Kesh in Swapna Kaala nisha with Deergha Kesha if is seen in Swapna signifies death329 Treatment of Kesha Vikaara Based on Asthi Dhaatu Tikta ksheera basti ,Tarunaasthi consumption promotes asthi vardhana.330 Loma rohana one of part of Vrana Chikitsa.331 Treatment 332 Treatment for khaliya palit vali hariloma is shodhana followed by nasya taila shira pralepa vaktrapralepa , Treatment of Indralupta , Arunshika, Darunuka, Palitya , Visarpa chikitsajatumani, nyachcha , Vyanga, Neelika , Youvana pidaka , Padmini kantaka explained in context in order. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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                                                                      Review of Literature Abhayaadi modaka palita, Vidaarigandhaadi nasya explained in Khalitya & Paalitya. Ksheeera pishta dugdhika & karaveeraka lepa after rooting out the kesha Maarkava svarasa Mahhaneela taila , prapoundarika taila , taila prepared of ksheera priyaala yashtyahva Jeevaneeya sarpi vali palita naashana . Snehana basti is vali palita nashana Vibheetaka taila, neeli taila ,Saireeyaka taila ,Triphalaadi taila -arunshika Nimba beeja taila palita shaamaka , Karanja taila indralupta , Bhringaraaja akaalapalita Shatapaakasukumaara taila for khalitya and palitya, Agastya hareetaki , Chitraka taila in kesha dadru ,Kapalaranjaka lepa Loma shaatana yoga333 Guhya sambhava roma ,Aaragwadhaadi ,Karpooradi, Roma paatana Kshaara, Kesha krishneekarana334 Bhringaraja Rasayana (Kesha Krishnikarana), Dhaatri Churna Rasayana ( Palita ) Gandhaka Rasayana - Kesha Krushneekarana Roma janana335 Hasti danta masi, Chatushpada tvag roma khura shrunga asthi, Kasisa and Naktamaala Pakshma vikara336 Pakshma kopa utkartana yava pramana , baala seevana Kesha is inauspicious One should avoid fondling with hair337 Kesha rashi before leaving or entering is inauspicious.338 Muktamurdhaja doota is inauspicious.339 Growth of Kesha after Death The Kesha continues to grow during Shareera Kshaya and even after death.341

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Review of Literature

ANATOMY OF HAIR Hairs, primarily made of the protein keratin are slender outgrowths of the skin of mammals. In humans, hairs found on the head, pubic region, arms, legs, and other body areas have characteristics that can determine their origin. Considerable variability exists in the types of hairs that are found on the scalp and body of animals with respect to length, color; shape other microscopic appearance rendering specification for the species. On animals, hair types include coarse outer hairs or guard hairs, the finer fur hairs, tactile hairs such as whiskers, and other hairs that originate from the tail and mane of an animal. Trichology is the study of hair, which is derived from the Greek term Tricho and in Latin; it is called by the name pili. Although its importance for humans has diminished the secondary functions of hair are now of primary importance. Hairstyles used to make a statement, to identify the individual with a particular faction of society, and/or to attract a mate. Hair is the foundation for a multi million dollars industry used on presenting, augmenting and preserving scalp hair plus removing unwanted body hair Hair is mentioned over 100 times in the Bible, often in the context of God’s loving care and protection for His people. For example, when God delivered Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego from the fiery furnace, “the hair of their head was not singed”342.Jesus warned His disciples of persecution but told them not to fear because “not a hair of your head shall be lost.” Finally, Jesus declared that even “the very hairs of your head are all numbered”343 Distribution of hair The skin is the second largest organ in the body after the skeleton and of primary importance, and studied in close association with hair. Hair being considered to be one amongst the appendages of skin , is present all over the body except at palm and sole and dorsal surfaces of distal phalanges, the umbilicus, the glans penis, inner surface of the prepuce, inner surfaces of the clitoris, labia majora and minora.

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Review of Literature The average adult has over 3,000 square inches of skin surface area and the fat-free skin accounts for at least 6 percent of an individual’s total weight. The density of structures in the skin varies considerably depending on the body location. On average one square centimeter of skin contains about 10 hair follicles,15 sebaceous glands,100 sweat glands , Half a meter of blood vessels,2 meters of nerves,3,000 sensory cells at the ends of nerve fibers,200 pain receptors,25 pressure receptors, 2 cold and 12 heat sensory receptors. The salient features of hairs largely depend on place of distribution. Over eyelids, it is short and do not project beyond the follicle whereas over the scalp it is long. Hairs of eyelashes, pubis, whiskers, and beard are relatively thick and short. Evolution of hair Hair is a defining characteristic of mammals. Even the mammals tainted as hairless including pigs, elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, whales, dolphins, and other cetaceans are partly covered with very fine short hair, especially during adolescence. The most common theory currently in vogue is that hair evolved from reptile scales. Although both scales and hair preserve well in the fossil record, no evidence of hair evolution obtained after more than a century of searching. Another problem is that all primates have thick, coarse hair called fur, and explanations as to how this fur was lost in human evolution are deficient and contradictory. Theories of evolution of hair 344 Hair is an excellent heat insulator hence it is commonly believed to have evolved to help retain body heat which again is speculative as the primary question is still unanswered as whether hair evolved first or the endothermy. All humans evolved in Africa along with other primates, all of which were almost totally covered with thick fur. Reduction in dimension and its minimized function level has rendered the hair a vestigial organ status. Hair is widely believed to have evolved from scales, no structure is found as a transitional between hair and any other vertebrate dermal structure. Some mammals both horny scales and fully developed hair (which grows between their scales).Scientists have not been able to determine when hair evolved. Known is that it existed very early in the fossil record as fully developed, completely modern hair in all aspects. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature Hair is of much importance in forensics as it is the better-preserved part of the body and, in some situations, even better preserved than bones. Its resistance is due partly to the keratinized cuticle covering the hair. The structural features of hair can remain intact for thousands of years, and hence a critically important tool in the study of early humans and human evolution. Mammalian hair even been found perfectly preserved in amber, with preservation is so good that the order, family, or even genus can be identified. In addition, the hair of different mammals is often distinctly different, and no evidence exists that the hair from “more advanced” mammals is more evolved than that of “less advanced” mammals (such as rodents). The only current neo-Darwinian explanation is convergent evolution—hair evolved separately several times in history. In contrast to many structures (such as the eye, which Darwinists teach evolved independently as many as 34 times), scientists believe that mammal hair evolved only once and never reversed, i.e. is not the product of devolution from feathers or another structure. No phylogenetic trace for origin of hair is available and is still speculative. One view holds that hair arose initially as surface insulation, retaining body heat in primitive mammalian endotherms. An alternative view is that hair evolved first as tiny projecting rods in the hinges between scales and served as tactile devices. The “protohairs” could help monitor surface sensory data when an animal was hiding from an enemy or retreating from the weather. If such a role increased in importance, it would have favored longer shafts and perhaps the evolution of structures resembling vibrissae. This sensory protohair might then have evolved secondarily into an insulative pelage as mammals become endothermic. Although insulative in modern mammals, hair retains a sensory function. Some therapsids, ancestors to mammals, have tiny pits in the facial region of their skulls. These pits resemble pits on skulls associated with sensory vibrissae in modern mammals. Some have interpreted these pits as indirect evidence of hair in therapsids. Still not known when hair first arose in primitive mammals or in their therapsid ancestors.

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Review of Literature Loss of Hair in Human during evolution Darwinists claim that mammals evolved hair primarily because of sexual selection and for protection and heat insulation. With the exception of humans, the absence of fur is consistent with the animal’s natural environment—walruses and whales are aquatic, wild pigs are fairly hairy, and mole rats are ground burrowers. Darwin taught that at one time sexual selection selected for hair in prehumans, and later, sexual selection selected for hairlessness. The latest theory is that humans lost their hair to reduce their vulnerability to furloving parasites. Actually, hair protects against many types of insects, such as mosquitoes and biting flies. It also protects against sunburn and skin cancer. In addition, humans have enough hair on their heads and pubic areas that lice and ticks can still pose a problem. Darwinists also admit they have no idea why humans did not lose all their body hair, including that on the head, pubic, and auxiliary hair. Point to note is all primates (including all 192 species of monkeys) are covered with hair, the only exception being humans. Actually, humans have more hair than a chimpanzee; the difference is that most human hair consists of the almost invisible, fine hair. The fact that most of humans, the great apes, all covered with thick hair and most aquatic mammals are hairless. The aquatic ape theory supported by Sir Alister Hardy, Daniel Dennett, and Elaine Morgan argues that so many aspects of human anatomy resemble not the great apes, but aquatic mammals. Thus, the idea that we once lived in the water, like dolphins, considered appears to be a reasonable interpretation .This theory has never been widely accepted among paleontologists. In addition, this theory illustrates the difficulty evolutionists’ face in explaining the loss of fur if the human evolutionary ancestor resembled the great apes. Hair appears in the fossil record as a complex, fully functional structure, without antecedent evolutionary stages. The reason for the putative problem of human hair loss in evolution is unknown, and the reasons proposed are contradictory. Studies of 23 anthropoid primate taxa have found that the larger the primates, the fewer hairs per equal unit of body surface. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Anatomy of Hair: Anatomy of Hair is studied under following headings. •

Gross and descriptive anatomy

•

Embryology

•

Molecular anatomy

•

Functional anatomy

•

Clinical anatomy

• Fact file I The Gross anatomy of hair Features two main parts 344, 345, 346 1. The Shaft It is the part of the of the hair fiber which shoots above the skin. It is composed of cells containing particularly strong form of keratin in which many disulphide bonds cross-link the attention protein to form resistance material with high tensile strength. Shaft feature three main parts. ƒ

The cuticle

ƒ

The cortex

ƒ

The medulla

2. The Root Root also called by the term Radix, and lies within tubular invagination of epidermis and extends deeply into hypodermis called hair follicle. At the proximal end, it is expanded and continuous basally with epithelium of hair follicle as hair bulb. In the bulb conical vascular deeply indented area called papilla or hair dermal papillae. The hair and its follicle with associated arrector pili muscle , sebaceous gland and some times an apocrine gland all together consists of Pilosebaceous unit.

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Fig 01. Parts of Hair

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Review of Literature Hence, the study of hair invariably includes detailed structural, functional as well as developmental factors related to each related structures of hair in close association with skin. Therefore, the gross and descriptive anatomy of hair includes both hair fiber and follicle along with accessory structures. 1. Anatomy of hair follicle 2. Anatomy of hair fiber 3. Anatomy of accessory structure 1. Gross anatomy of hair follicle The hair follicle grows from the embryonic epidermis. The central cylinder forms the shaft, the outer cylinder forms the outer root sheath and the middle cylinder is the inner root sheath. The total number of hair follicles for an adult human is estimated at 5 million with 1 million on the head of which 100,000 alone cover the scalp. Division of a mature hair is into vertical or concentric (horizontal) compartments. For clear understanding of the anatomy of the hair follicle, it can be divided into 3 regions: the upper segment, the middle segment, lower segment in vertical disposition. ¾ The upper follicle consisting of the infundibulum and the isthmus ¾ The middle portion of the hair follicle comprising of the bulge ¾ The lower follicle consisting of the suprabulbar and the bulbar areas The upper and middle parts of the follicle are permanent, but the lower follicle regenerates with each turn through the hair follicle cycle. Apart from above, three the follicle also presents three sheaths. ¾ The outer root sheath ¾ The inner root sheath ¾ The perifollicular sheath A.Upperpart It is again devided into two parts. a.Infundibulum The upper segment extends from the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct to the follicular orifice in the hair canal (epidermis) and is called the infundibulum. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature b. The isthmus The isthmus is the shortened segment of the hair follicle, extending from the attachment of the erector pili muscle (bulge region) unto the entrance of the sebaceous gland duct. It is a border zone peculiarly devoid of specific features. B. Bulge The inferior most portion of the isthmus contains the bulge area of the hair follicle. The bulge region believed to be the storage area for hair follicle stem cells. C.Lower part a. The suprabulbar region The suprabulbar area of the follicle is the region below the isthmus and above the bulb. This is comprised of four layers from outermost to innermost: dermal sheath, outer root sheath, inner root sheath, and hair shaft b. Hair follicle bulb The bulb is the deep, bulbous portion of the follicle that surrounds the dermal papilla. While the dermal papilla is responsible for directing and dictating the embryonic generation of a hair follicle, the bulb is the structure of actively growing cells, which eventually produce the long fine cylinder of a hair.

2. Root Sheaths A.The perifollicular sheath The perifollicular sheath (dermal sheath) envelops the epithelial components of the hair follicle and consists of an outer layer of cells called the connective tissue sheath and an inner basement membrane called the hyaline or vitreous (glassy) membrane. This basement membrane of the follicle is continuous with the interfollicular basement membrane and is most prominent around the outer root sheath at the bulb. B. The outer root sheath The outer root sheath forms a non-keratinizing region at the periphery of the follicle and is continuous with the epidermis. It extends all the way to the tip of the bulb, around which it is composed of two layers of greatly flattened cells.

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Review of Literature The “bulge” region of the outer root sheath is the site at which the arrector pili muscle is attached. The pool of progenitor or stem cells for the outer root sheath, inner root sheath, matrix cells and possibly other structures of the hair follicle appear to reside in this bulge area. C. The inner root sheath The inner root sheath extends from the base of the bulb to the isthmus. the inner root sheath actually consists of three different cell lineages; which are (from outermost to innermost) Henle’s layer, Huxley’s layer and The inner root sheath cuticle. D. The dermal papilla Dermal papilla directs and dictates the embryonic generation of a hair follicle and it also retains this instructive ability throughout the life of the hair follicle. The dermal papilla presents as a healthy “pear” shape in normal hair follicles. As the name suggests, derived from the dermis mesenchyme the dermal papilla consists of a highly active group of cells shown to be capable of inducing follicle development from the epidermis and production of hair fiber. II Gross anatomy of The Hair Shaft (Hair fiber) The hair shaft is the part of the hair seen above the scalp. The hair fiber is the cylindrical, keratinized, often pigmented filament of hair above the skin. It consists mainly of dead cells that have turned into keratins and binding material, together with small amounts of water. The hair shaft is composed of three parts. Starting from outer to inner part of a hair fiber, they are the cuticle, the cortex, and the medulla. A. The cuticle The cuticle is a single row of cells, identified at the level of the lower bulb .These cells are cuboidal initially, then columnar as they extend up the bulb, and then flatten to form an overlapping pattern with their free edges oriented upwards. The lusture of healthy hair is due to the cuticle. B. The cortex The cortex makes up most of the hair shaft, and is the component that gives hair its special qualities such as elasticity and curl. The cortex packed with strands of keratin, lies along the length of the hair. These keratin fibers are made of the low-sulphur The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature keratins compressed into bundles of larger fibers. The cortex also contains granules of the hair pigment melanin. C. The Medulla In some of the terminal hairs, the cortex has a central hollow core, called the medulla. The medulla identified as a pale-staining, sometimes discontinuous line of cuboidal cells. In some animals, the air within the medulla plays a role in the regulation of body temperature.only present in large terminal hairs, i.e. hairs greater than 60 microns in diameter. III.

Gross anatomy of accessory structures

A. sebaceous gland Sebaceous glands are scattered all over the surface of the skin except in the palms, soles and the side of the feet. Sebaceous glands extend from the ORS. It consists of a few cells focused on production of oils (lipids). B. Arrector pili muscle The “bulge” region in the ORS is the site at which the arrector pili muscle is attached. The other end of the arrector pili muscle connected to the epidermis. . Since the arrector pili muscle attaches to the posterior side of the hair follicle, contraction of the muscle shifts the hair shaft into a vertical orientation, making the hair “stand on end”, as it were. The contraction of the muscle pulls on the skin making a bumpy surface. C. Sweat glands Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are simple coiled tubular glands divided into two principal types: eccrine and apocrine. a. Eccrine glands Eccrine glands are the most common. Their secretory portion can be located in the dermis or in the hypodermis. They produce sweat, a watery mixture of salts, antibodies and metabolic wastes. Sweat prevents overheating of the body and thus helps regulate body temperature.

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Review of Literature b.Apocrine glands Apocrine glands found mainly in the skin of the armpits, of the anogenital areas and of the areola of the breasts. Their secretory portion can be located in the dermis or in the hypodermis. Their excretory ducts open into hair follicles. Their secretion is more viscous than that of the eccrine glands. They start secreting at puberty and may be analogous to the sexual scent glands of other animals. c. Ceruminous glands and mammary glands Ceruminous glands (or earwax glands) and mammary glands are modified apocrine sweat glands. II Descriptive Structural anatomy of Hair

A. Upper Part a. Infundibulum The epithelium of the infundibulum is continuous with the epidermis, although the epithelium is similar in appearance to the epidermis, its cells appear to have a higher proliferative capacity and they can regenerate after its removal, wounding or injury. This uppermost part of the follicle is the first structure in the developing skin to contain keratohyalin granules and keratin. It shares a similar mode of keratinization with the interfollicular epidermis, with a granular layer underlying cornified squamous cells in a basket-weave pattern.. The lumen of the infundibulum normally contains the hair shaft, keratin material and sebum. Sometimes the lumen may also contain secretions from apocrine glands, lipophilic yeast, bacteria, and parasitic mites called Demodex. b. Isthmus After the advancing hair has hollowed out this segment, the posterior wall consists of two or three rows of flattened cells, the nuclei of which exhibit a characteristic change of direction.Those of the lower part slant from the inside up and out and the cells resemble those of the bulge. The nuclei of the upper part of the isthmus slant downward and those in between are quite flat and parallel to the axis of the follicle. The cells are more or less devoid of glycogen and contrast with those of the bulge and lower follicle. The transition is not quite so abrupt along the anterior wall, but the

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Review of Literature cells also are less high and contain much less glycogen. The nuclei of the central cells of the isthmus undergo pyknosis before the tip of the root sheath reaches the area. The outer root sheath of the isthmus, in contrast to the epithelium of the infundibulum, has no granular layer and its cells have pale cytoplasm, an indication of an increased amount of glycogen. The isthmus has a distinctive corrugated, compact, eosinophilic keratinization called trichilemmal keratinization. Unlike the epidermis, the outer root sheath remains non-keratinized throughout its entire lower portion where it abuts the inner root sheath and only begins to keratinize in the isthmus, immediately above the bulge area. At or above the insertion of the arrector pili muscle, the fully keratinized inner root sheath disintegrates. Above this point, there is trichilemmal keratinization of the outer root sheath. The vitreous membrane does not cover the isthmus. B. Bulge The inferior most portion of the isthmus contains the bulge area of the hair follicle. The bulge is composed of a biochemically distinct population of keratinocytes that possesses the characteristics of epithelial stem cells. Keratinocytes in the bulge area are relatively undifferentiated structurally. They are normally slow cycling, but can be stimulated to proliferate transiently. Moreover, they are multipotent, giving rise to several different cell types including epidermal keratinocytes, sebaceous gland cells, and at least seven different types of epithelial cells in the lower follicle. The insertion of the arrector pili muscle generally approximates the location of the isthmus. Hair follicles go through a cycle of growth, transition and rest. With each successive effort to produce hair fiber, the hair follicle must obtain a source of cells to form the matrix cell population that make hair fibers. The source of these cells believed to be the bulge region. Other dermatologists suggest that stem cells are not present in the bulge region at all and that new matrix cells obtained from the root sheath. Although the bulge area is cylindrical and often difficult to identify in adult anagen (period of growth) hair follicles, it becomes quite prominent during telogen (period of inactivity).

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Review of Literature

C. lower part

Fig.02 Hair Root Bulb

a. Suprabulbar region The supra bulbar area of the follicle is the region below the isthmus and above the bulb. This is comprised of four layers from outermost to innermost: dermal sheath, outer root sheath, inner root sheath, and hair shaft. In this region, the three inner root sheath layers viz. the Henle’s layer, Huxley’s layer, and the cuticle, completely keratinize and become impossible to differentiate from one another. However, in the supra bulbar region, these three layers completely keratinize and become indistinguishable. The cells at the periphery of the outer root sheath are columnar and walled. The outer root sheath cells progressively contain less glycogen in the superior portion. b. Hair follicle bulb The bulb is the deep, bulbous portion of the follicle that surrounds the dermal papilla. The bulb is the structure of actively growing cells, which eventually produce the long fine cylinder of a hair. The bulb of the hair follicle divided into two regions: a lower The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature region of undifferentiated cells, and an upper region in which the cells differentiate to form the inner sheath and the hair. A line across the widest part of the papilla separatesthe two regions at the critical level, and known as the line of Auber. Below the critical level lie the matrix, or germination center of the follicle, where every cell is mitotically active and the dermal papilla. From the matrix, cells move to the upper part of the bulb, where they increase in volume and become elongated vertically. Some of the cells in the upper bulb still show some mitotic activity, but these are too few to account for much of the growth of the hair. The upper bulb divided into four parts. o Pre-elongation region is in the wide portion of the bulb immediately above the critical level. At this level the cells are larger and have vertical alignment o Cellular elongation region -lies above PER. Diameter of the bulb at this region is narrower and as the name suggests cells are conspicuously elongated o Pre keratinization region.-above the CER made up of distinct fine fibers referring to post mitotic and differentiating cells. o Above the critical line of Auber- Region - where cornification of inner root sheath and hair shaft takes place and both lose their keratohyalin granules. Further up is the keratogenous zone where the cells hyalinized, and the keratin of the hair stabilized the mature hair above the keratogenous zone shows no distinct cellular elements, and has a narrower diameter. Root sheath A. Outer root sheath Each hair follicle has an Outer Root Sheath (ORS), which surrounds the hair follicle until deep into the dermis, like a sleeve all the way to the bulb. The outer root sheath is essentially a stratified epithelium that is contiguous and hence continuous with the epidermis. The ORS surrounds the hair fiber and inner root sheath. Just above the bulb region, the it tapers and ends. Thus, the ORS does not entirely cover the hair fiber and inner root sheath. The ORS consists of several layers of cells identified with unique ultra structural properties. The outer sheath extends all the way to the tip of the bulb, around

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Fig.3 Root with Sheeth which it is composed of two layers of greatly flattened cells. Just above the bulb the outer sheath attains three layers. It becomes gradually pluristratified and attains its greatest thickness a third of the way up the follicle. At this point nearly all of its cells have vacuoles (fluid–filled bubbles), with the exception of those in the axial border. The peripheral cells are tall columnar and oriented perpendicular to the axis of the follicle. In the upper third of the follicle, none of the cells of the outer sheath are highly vacuolated and the peripheral cells are cuboidal. Most of the follicles have some degree of swelling of the outer sheath on the side of bulge. The bulge region believed to be the storage area for hair follicle stem cells and the place for arrector pili muscle attachment. Also extending from the ORS is the sebaceous gland. The outer root sheath contains many vacuoles, Golgi complexes, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria etc. The outer root sheath also contains great amounts of glycogen in the lower part of the follicle. Histologically, the outer root sheath is noticeable at the base of the bulb as a thin rim of pale cells. Closer to the surface, the cells are larger and columnar, with peripheral The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature palisades. Within the keratogenous zone, the outer root sheath is expanded and stratified and the cells contain abundant glycogen and golgi complexes,smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria with clear cytoplasm. Glycogen is the source of the energy for protein synthesis during hair growth, and the presence of glycogen in the outer root sheath suggests the existence of an energy-consuming activity in these cells and materials for bulbar cell activities. The cells at the periphery are more vacuolated than those in the axial border, which show a relatively intact cytoplasm. Intercellular bridges, nodes of (a system of fibers found in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells) are particularly well Bizzozero and tonofibrils developed in the more axially located cells. The cells that rest against Henle’s layer (outermost layer of the inner root sheath) are rich in tonofibrils; about halfway up the follicle their cytoplasm becomes hyalinized and undergo partial keratinization. Some mitotic activity (cell division) is seen in the upper part of the follicle, where the outer sheath blends with the surface epidermis. This part is similar to the surface epidermis and forms a keratinized surface layer which is constantly being shed. Lower down in the follicle the outer sheath is a morphologically static structure. Both necrotic cells and mitotic figures are occasionally found in the outer sheath; showing the occurrence of both cell death and cell division. Active hair follicles can be divided into upper and lower halves, where the lower half is mostly a transient structure that comes and goes with the proliferation cycle of the hair follicle. During catagen and subsequent telogen, the outer sheath in the upper half of the follicle forms at least part of the “hair germ” and the epidermal sac around the club hair. During wound healing, interfollicular epidermis can be regenerated from the outer root sheath of hair follicles. Outer root sheath companion layer The companion layer is the innermost layer of the outer root sheath, and is more prominent in some follicles (especially of the beard) compared with others. It contains cells that are morphologically and biochemically different from the inner root sheath and outer root sheath. The cells of the companion layer are more flattened than the other cells of the outer root sheath and do not contain glycogen. In addition, a novel human type IIcytokeratin, K6hf, is specifically expressed in the companion layer of the hair follicle. It has been suggested that the border of the companion layer and the The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature outer root sheath is the slippage plane between the inner root sheath and outer root sheath. B. Inner root sheath The inner root sheath extends from the base of the bulb to the isthmus. The lower inner root sheath is characterized by large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions called trichohyalin granules. Keratin fibers are also produced in the inner root sheath. The lower inner root sheath characterized by large eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions called trichohyalin granules. The cells of the inner root sheath are interlocked with those of the cuticle of the hair, firmly anchoring the hair in the follicle. The inner root sheath must grow at the same rate as the hair, or faster as it molds and guides the shaft in its passage outward. The outer side of the Henle’s layer of the inner root sheath must slide over the axial border of the outer root sheath, which is stationary. These two layers have very smooth surfaces at the interphase, which facilitates the movement of the inner root sheath. The cells of Henle’s layer are keratinized immediately after they rise from the matrix and slide easily against the partially keratinized axial cells of the outer sheath. The inner root sheath (IRS) is produced by matrix cells sitting above the hair follicle. While those matrix cells in the center of a hair follicle proliferate and produce the hair fiber and cuticle, the matrix cells towards the periphery of a hair follicle proliferate and produce the IRS. As with cells making up the hair fiber, the cells destined to be IRS gradually become differentiated and keratinized as they are pushed away from the bulb region. As keratinization occurs, the cells die and form the IRS surrounding and protecting the development of the hair fiber. The IRS subdivided into several layers. Adjacent to the hair fiber we see a single cell thick IRS cuticle layer that closely interdigitate with the cuticle layer. The next IRS layer, the Huxley layer consists of up to four cell layers. Outside a single cell layer called the IRS Henle layer running adjacent to the ORS layer. The products of the sebaceous gland believed to help break down the IRS. The IRS does not extend out of the hair follicle. Only the hair fiber protrudes above the skin surface. The IRS disintegrates at the level of the sebaceous duct opening. The debris from the IRS break down mixes with the sebaceous gland oils and the result is sebum.

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Review of Literature Hair follicle inner root sheath structure This structure features three distinct layers of epithelial cells based on structure, patterns of keratinization and incorporation of trichohyalin. . A single type of progenitor cell, the matrix epithelial cells gives rise to all the layers of the inner root sheath. The cells move upward and laterally from the matrix and arranged in three concentric layers in the upper bulb.

Fig 04 Dermal Sheath and Layers of Hair

a.Henle’s layer Henle’s layer is one cell layer thick and the cells of Henle’s layer acquire trichohyalin granules immediately after they have arisen from the matrix. Initially the granules are very small and cuboidal in shape. Moving upward, they elongate vertically and form large homogeneous globules and parallel rods in the upper bulb. In this region, the cells undergo hyalinization, a form of degeneration. The nuclei of the cells become

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Review of Literature indistinct and finally disappear. Unlike the cells in other keratinizing tissues, those of the inner sheath do not decrease appreciably in volume. b. Huxley’s layer Huxley’s layer is two to four cell layers thick and undergoes cornification above Henle’s layer at the region known as Adamson’s fringe. In the cells of Huxley’s layer, trichohyalin granules first appear at the top of the bulb, at which point the cells of Henle’s layer are completely hyalinized. Some cells without trichohyalin granules send lateral cytoplasmic processes across Henle’s layer and penetrate as far as the axial layer of the outer sheath. These specialized Huxley cells have been termed as Flugelzellen, and represent living bridges of cytoplasm across the dead Henle’s layer. All nutrients or energy sources from the outer sheath to the hair root come across these bridges. About midway up in the follicle, the cells of Huxley’s layer are hyalinized. c. Inner root sheath cuticle The inner root sheath cuticle is one cell layer thick and the cells of the inner sheath do not acquire trichohyalin granules until they are about halfway up in the follicle. They are the smallest cells in the follicle and recognizable even in the lower bulb. Above the bulb, the nuclei of the cuticle cells elongate vertically. They remain small and compressed up to nearly halfway in the follicle, where they begin to show a few small trichohyalin granules. At this level the cells are somewhat flattened, and the proximal edges become slightly dislocated axially so that they overlap the distal ends of the cells below. These cells are in opposition to the cells of cuticle of the hair shaft, which are oriented upwards, thereby anchoring the hair shaft in place. Shortly after they acquire trichohyalin granules, the cuticle cells become hyalinized and their nuclei fade away. Above the middle of the follicle, the three layers of the inner sheath all become fused and hyalinized. The fully cornified inner root sheath anchors and directs the growth of the emerging hair shaft. Formation of the inner root sheath Matrix keratinocytes rapidly propagate at a rate of proliferation that is one of the highest of any tissue in the body. As the cells of the matrix divide and differentiate, they form columns of cells that become the hair shaft and inner root sheath.

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Review of Literature Positioning of the cells of the future hair shaft at the apex of the dermal papilla subsequently form the medulla (in terminal hairs), cortex and hair shaft cuticle. Lateral to these are the cells which in due course become the inner root sheath: the immediately adjacent single layer becomes the cuticle of the inner root sheath, the next two to four cell layers become Huxley’s layer, and the next single layer becomes Henle’s layer. The actual line of keratinization varies with each layer of the inner root sheath and hair shaft: Henle’s layer is the first to keratinize followed by the inner root sheath cuticle finally with Huxley’s layer and the hair shaft. While in the first push the tip of the hair is sheathed by the inner root sheath, the inner sheath is non existent in the pilosebaceous canal. There is a suggestion that the disappearance could be caused by chemical changes culminating in re-absorption or dissipation of the inner sheath and that this could be brought about by an enzyme (keratinase) possibly contained in the outer root sheath. The hair shaft, being slightly more acidic and covered by an epicuticle, consisting of lipids and carbohydrates, is protected from enzymatic action. At the place where the inner sheath begins to be dissipated are concentrated large amounts of A-S-esterase, which may also play a role in keratinolytic activity. At the level of cornification of the inner root sheath, the organelles (compartments within cells) and trichohyalin granules degenerate. D. Dermal papilla The DP consists of a small group of fibroblast cells derived from the mesoderm. They are

spindle-shaped cells with cytoplasmic processes called fibroblasts, collagen

bundles, stroma, nerve fibers and a single capillary loop. It is continuous with the perifollicular sheath (dermal sheath) of connective tissue, which envelops the lower follicle.The sheath consists structurally of an outer layer of longitudinal fibers and an inner layer of circular fibers.The term dermal papilla should be used to designate only the connective tissue element which is enclosed by the bulb of the follicle during anagen, and which forms a compact ball of dermal cells underneath the "hair germ" during telogen (the period of quiescence in the hair follicle cycling process). The dermal papilla is attached to the connective tissue sheath by a basal stalk.

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Review of Literature The cells are held close to the base of the epidermal derived cells that produce the hair fiber and root sheaths but there is a thin layer, called the basement membrane (or basement lamina, or glassy membrane) that separates the DP cells from the hair fiber/sheath cells. In other words, the basement membrane provides a physical dividing line between cells descendant from embryonic ectoderm (epidermis) and embryonic mesoderm (dermis). This physical barrier has a role to play in our immunological protection. Hair dermal papilla cells are specialized mesenchymal (stem) cells that exist in the dermal papilla, and play pivotal roles in hair formation, growth, and cycling. In a growing follicle, the papilla is large and the cells are far apart. The nuclei are big and ovoid and stain a pale color. The cytoplasm of the cells has fluid – filled bubbles called vacuoles, evident when stained with basic dyes. Between the cells are the hyaline ground substance and a loose argyrophilic framework. In the resting follicle, the dermal papilla is a flattened, compact ball of cells with dense, round nuclei and barely visible cytoplasm. Some pigment granules may be scattered between the cells. Holding the DP cells in place is a capsule that surrounds the DP cells in a cup and extends up the sides of the hair follicle to the epidermis. The whole follicle structure sits on a pad of fibrous tissue called the Arao-Perkins body. Nerve fibers and blood vessels penetrate through small gaps in the base of the hair capsule and invade into the DP area. The bigger the DP, the more cells it has, then the thicker the hair fiber that the hair follicle produces. The DP cells are very active with lots of cytoplasm when the hair follicle is producing a hair fiber although the DP cells do not multiply and proliferate unlike the hair producing cells above the DP. When a hair follicle is not producing a fiber the DP cells lose much of their cytoplasm and become inactive. Experiments have revealed that the removal of the DP stops hair growth. However, that the lower third of the dermal sheath is capable of supplying new cells for regeneration. New DP is formed by infiltration and transformation at the site of the original DP with subsequent hair follicle re growth. With removal of more than the lower third of a hair follicle, reformation of a DP is unable to occur and the hair follicle is permanently destroyed. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature Descriptive anatomy of Hair fibre. The morphologic characteristics of hair vary from one species of mammal to another. Within species as well, the hairs from one region of the body are different from those from another region. Furthermore, even within a single region, hairs of different length and texture found on the body. The hair fiber is the core part of any hair follicle. Epidermal derived cells close to the DP remain undifferentiated cells, called matrix cells that focus on multiplying and proliferating to produce more cells. Those cells made in the center of the hair follicle are destined to become part of the hair fiber and are called cortex (cortical) cells. As the cells multiply the constant stream of production pushes the cells upwards towards the skin surface. As they move up the hair follicle they begin to differentiate into particular cell types. The cortex cells change from a round into a flattened appearance. They are squeezed together into layers (lamella). If the hair follicle contains melanocyte cells then melanin pigment is incorporated into the cortex cells. These cortex cells become keratinized and harden. As they do so, it becomes impossible for the cells to function properly and the cells die. The keratinized cells are then pushed away from the hair bulb region and upwards as new cells come in behind. The cortex cells are now part of the dead keratinized fiber. Some large hair follicles have a central strand of cells that are loosely organized and not packed together. This tube in the very center of the hair fiber is called the medulla. Around the outside of hair fiber we see a cuticle. The cuticle is made up of more keratinized cells but they arrange themselves in a slightly different way to cortex cells. As the cuticle cells are produced, they lay over the cortex cells and flatten into an overlapping roof tile fashion. Cuticle cells become progressively flatter as they get older.As with cortex cells, when they keratinize the cell can no longer function properly and dies. Hairs also show extreme variations in color, diameter, and transverse contour. Some hairs may be almost perfectly round while others are so markedly flattened or oval that they resemble ribbons. The cuticle cells have different staining properties than the surrounding structures, which may signify chemical differences in the keratins. The keratin of the cuticle of the cortex seems to be different from that of the cuticle of the inner sheath, and it might explain the split that occurs between. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Fig .05. Hair fibre A. Hair fiber cuticle The cuticle is a single row of cells, which may be identified at the level of the lower bulb. Unlike the cells of the inner sheath, the cuticle cells of the cortex do not show the presence of trichohyalin.. The cells of the cuticle can also be differentiated from cells destined to become the cortex by their lack of melanin and can be recognized in the upper part of the bulb as they sweep upward as a single row from the matrix. About midway in the bulb, these cells are cuboidal in shape. When stained with a basic dye, the microscopic appearance of a histological section of these cells is found to be etched with numerous granules. When the cells reach the upper region of the bulb, they become columnar, with the long axis oriented radially. This orientation is maintained for a short distance above the bulb, and then their outer edges begin to be tipped upward. Since these cells are at least twice as broad as they are high, they become imbricated when the outer sides shift at the tips. As their orientation shifts from a horizontal plane to a vertical one, the cells become flattened. This orientation is completed below the midway mark of the follicle. In the upper half of the follicle,

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Review of Literature these cells undergo hyalinization, a form of degeneration. Their nuclei disappear, and the mature cuticle adheres to the cells of the cortex. The cells of the cuticle of the hair are interlocked with those of the inner root sheath, firmly anchoring the hair in the follicle. The inner root sheath must grow at the same rate as the hair, or faster as it molds and guides the shaft in its passage outward. A major function of cuticle on the hair shaft is to protect the inner, softer tissue called the cortex, or else the cortex could become frayed and fall apart. The scale pattern of the cuticle in human hairs is routinely imbricate. Cuticles are also classified as coronal when each cell surrounds the hair. The free edge of cuticle cells may be simple, dentate (with short ridges), or serrate (saw-edged). Cuticle cells may be elongate, acuminate the hair and the inner sheath. The cuticle is responsible for much of the mechanical strength of the hair fiber. A healthy cuticle is more than just a protective layer, as the cuticle also represents the structure that controls the water content of the fiber. Much of the shine that makes healthy hair so attractive is due to the cuticle. B. Hair fiber cortex Cortical cells constitute the bulk of a hair to give it eventual shape, resilience, elasticity and curl. The cortex as the main body of the hair is composed of elongated and fusiform (spindle-shaped) cells containing bundles of hair protein called fibrils, running parallel to the fiber axis, Matrix is a softer material between the fibrils. The cortex may contain cortical fusi, pigment granules, and/or large oval-to-roundshaped structures called ovoid bodies. In the living portion of the hair root the fusi are filled with fluid; as the hair grows and dries out, air replaces the fluid. Pigment granules are small, dark, and solid structures that are granular in appearance and considerably smaller than cortical fusi. They vary in color, size, and distribution in a single hair. C. Hair fiber medulla In some of the terminal hairs, the cortex has a central hollow core, called the medulla. The medulla is easily identified as a pale-staining, sometimes discontinuous line of

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Review of Literature cuboidal cells. In some animals, the air within the medulla plays a role in the regulation of body temperature. Humans always have an amorphous medulla, if present.In human hair, the medulla may be as much as one third of the diameter of the hair fiber, and may be continuous, discontinuous, or fragmental. In coarse hairs it is usually continuous or fragmental, whereas in fine hairs it appears discontinuous or absent.Some authors are of the opinion that even though some adult hairs appear nonmedullated when observed under the light microscope, when viewed under polarized light, all hairs, with the exception of the very fine ones, shows a fragmental or discontinuous medulla. The medulla may be only one or two cells in diameter, but it is present nonetheless. The type of medulla present can vary even within the same hair. The medulla is composed of large, loosely connected keratinized cells. Large intra and intercellular air spaces in the medulla determine to a large extent the sheen and color tones of the hair by influencing the reflection of light. That is why hair color looks a lot different in sunlight than it does in the shade. Desrcriptive anatomy of accessory structure A. Sebaceous glands These cells are large with their cytoplasm filled with vacuoles containing lipid. The cells often divided into several lobes of the sebaceous gland connected together by a sebaceous duct. The duct has a single opening into the tube where the hair fiber sits. The cells often divided into several lobes of the sebaceous gland connected together by a sebaceous duct. The duct has a single opening into the tube where the hair fiber sits. The sebaceous duct empties into the hair canal at the border of the isthmus and infundibulum.Sebaceous glands’ oil glands are simple branched areolar glands. Functionally they are holocrine glands. They secrete the sebum (seb = oil) a semifluid secretion consisting chiefly of fat, keratin, and cellular materia. Sebum usually secreted into a hair follicle but in a few regions of the body (lips and mammary papilla for example); directly secreted onto the skin surface. Sebum is a natural skin cream: it helps hair from becoming brittle, prevents excessive evaporation of water from the skin, keeps the skin soft and contains a bactericidal agent that inhibits the growth of certain bacteria. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature The cells at the periphery of the gland are small, nucleated, and devoid of lipid (fat). These cells divide and are displaced into the center of the gland where they produce and accumulate lipid. They then lose their sub-cellular organelles, disintegrate and release their contents into the sebaceous duct. In addition to its role in producing sebum, the sebaceous gland may also be important in normal hair shaft outgrowth. Nourishment of hair Capillaries in the papilla nourish the hairs. Hair follicles are not vascularised in the early stages of their development. When the follicles enlarge and contain hair, capillary networks develop nearby, and capillary loops are formed in the dermal papillae. Therefore, large hair follicles have a rich network of blood vessels; the vascularization is less in smaller ones and non-existent in the follicles of lanugo. Nerve supply and tactile perception The hair follicle often acts as a sensory organ for the skin. The skin detects mechanical stimuli above the skin and when the hair moves even slightly, neuroreceptors in the follicles transmit a message to the nervous system. The Langerhan’s cells and Merkel cells are the main neurosecretory cells responsible for this. The Langerhan’s cells also activate the immune system when required. Nerve Fiber A-beta

Function Responds to hair displacement.

A-beta

Responds to pressure on skin.

A-beta A-beta

Responds to pressure. Responds to vibration. Most sensitive in 150-300 Hz range

A-beta

Responds to vibration. Most sensitive in 20-40 Hz range Different types of free nerve endings that respond to mechanical, thermal or noxious stimulation. Responds to pressure of the skin.

A-delta and C A-beta

Location Wraps around hair follicle in, of course, hairy skin. Dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin. Lips, tongue, and genitals. Deep layers of dermis in both hairy and glabrous skin. Dermis of glabrous skin. Various types are found throughout the skin. Epidermis of glabrous skin.

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Review of Literature Corpuscles of touch - A group of specialized sensory receptors composed of a relatively rounded globular mass of cells, located in the dermis, or rarely the epidermis, which respond to varying degrees of mechanical pressure or vibrations. Tactile corpuscle = Meisner's corpuscle - An exteroreceptor located in the dermal papillae, especially in sensitive hairless areas such as the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and nipples; a small receptor consisting of a few spiraling sensory terminals surrounded by Schwann cells and a thin egg-shaped connective tissue capsule; they are receptors for light or discriminative touch. Lamellated corpuscle = Pacinian corpuscle - An exteroreceptor scattered deep in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues; a large receptor consisting of a sensory dendrite surrounded by layers of flattened cells and layers of collagen fibers forming an eggshaped capsule; they are receptors for vibration.

Fig 06 skin and hair with parts

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Review of Literature Four cellular sensory structures found in skin and their specific sensory functions. Merkel cell Tactilecorp=Meisner's corp Lamellated corp = Pacinian corp Root hair plexus

Exteroreceptor for light or discriminative touch Exteroreceptor for light or discriminative touch Exteroreceptor for vibration Exteroreceptor for fine touch Detecting external movements of the hair shaft

Fig 07.showing cells of perception in skin and hair

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                                                                      Review of Literature Human Hair growth cycle 352 All mature hair follicles undergo a cyclical process consisting of four phases - anagen (growth), catagen (regression), telogen (rest) and exogen (shedding). Anagen is followed by catagen, a period of controlled regression of the hair follicle. Ultimately, the hair follicle enters telogen, when the follicle is in a so-called resting state. ¾ The length of the anagen growth phase for scalp hair is usually 3-6 years ¾ telogen lasts just 30-90 days ¾ Catagen is best estimated at 14-21 days. The relative duration of these phases varies with the individual's age, nutritional status, hormonal factors, and other physiologic and pathologic factors. The duration of anagen determines the final length of the hair and thus varies according to body site; catagen and telogen duration vary to a lesser extent depending on site. whereas Other Factors which can influence and inhibit

include adverse reactions to drugs and

cosmetics, or as a result of scarring, tumors, radiation, the genetics of the individual, hormones and/or their immune system. The normal cycle of growth and rest in human hair follicles occurs in a mosaic pattern. That is, each individual hair follicle determines its own anagen growth time period and cycles without paying much attention to the growth activity of neighboring hair follicles..

Hair follicle cycle The characteristic three-part cyclical growth pattern of hair is the result of follicular activity. Unlike other mammals, hair growth and loss in humans is mostly random and the seasons have relatively limited impact on the hair follicle cycle. Numerous growth factors and growth factor receptors are critical for normal hair follicle development and cycling. Two secreted molecules that have important roles in hair follicle development and cycling are insulin-like growth factor-1 and fibroblast growth factor7. Both are produced by the dermal papilla, and their receptors are found predominantly in the overlying matrix cells.

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                                                                      Review of Literature Anagen in the hair follicle cycle Anagen is the active phase of the hair, and extends from the termination of the inactive phase, telogen, to the beginning of the regressing phase, catagen. These are actually dynamic, continuous processes and the setting up of stages is purely for understanding. Anagen further subdivided into proanagen, mesanagen and metanagen. Proanagen marks initiation of growth with RNA and DNA synthesis in a follicle which then quickly progresses through mesanagen to metanagen and maximum follicle length and girth. The 6 stages Anagen may be divided into are: table Stage I -growth of the dermal papilla, increased RNA synthesis and on-set of mitotic activity in the germ-like overlying epithelium Stage II -bulb matrix cells envelop the dermal papilla and begin differentiation, proliferation of the hair follicular melanocytes, evolving bulb begins descent along the fibrous streamer. Stage III-bulb The bulb is now completely formed and the papilla cavity is constricted at its base, matrix cells show differentiation into all follicular components. The melanocytes become aligned along the papilla cavity and each develops melanin granules and numerous dendritic processes Stage IV- matrix melanocytes reactivate, Although the hair has formed, it is still within the cone of the internal root sheath, which now extends upward to about the level of the sebaceous gland, the keratogenous zone becomes established. The cuticles of the hair and of the internal sheath are clearly visible. Stage V-hair the tip of the hair has broken through the tip of the internal sheath, shaft emerges and dislodges telogen hair. Stage VI- begins as soon as the hair emerges at the skin surface and continues until the onset of catagen. the clubbed hair is discharged, In human beings, a follicle on the scalp may remain in this stage for two or more years, producing a hair at the rate of about one-half mm/day new hair shaft emerges from skin surface .

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                                                                      Review of Literature

Fig 14 Showing Anagen Phase of Hair Growth

Anagen phase for hairs of different regions of the body Region

Scal[p

Leg

Arm

Eye brow

Time

2-6 years

19-26 weeks

6-12 weeks

4 - 14 weeks

At any given time, it has been estimated that approximately 86 percent of scalp hairs are in anagen, 13 percent in telogen, and 1 percent in catagen.

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                                                                      Review of Literature Catagen in the hair follicle cycle Catagen is the transitional phase and there are chemical and structural changes that take place in the hair follicle during this phase. The involution process largely brings about apoptosis in the majority of follicular keratinocytes. Formation of melanin also ceases during this stage, and some follicular melanocytes undergo apoptosis as well. If the dermal papilla fails to reach the bulge during the catagen stage, the follicle stops cycling and the hair follicle is lost. Catagen is a highly regulated event, in its initiation, development, and termination. The purpose of catagen is to delete the old hair shaft factory and to initiate the stem cells of the bulge and the papilla to set the stage for the formation of a new follicle.

Mechanism of catagen Severe stress characteristically precipitates catagen. Environmental factors, such as trauma, chemicals, experimentally administered endogenous hormones, like Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and 17b-estradiol can induce catagen. The catagen stage of the hair cycle has been divided into eight sub phases beginning with late anagen and ending in early telogen. Extensive destruction of the lower follicle marks the onset of catagen and the first indicator of regression in the catagen follicle is the withdrawal of papilla cell fibroblast projections from the basement membrane. The papilla shrinks, probably through the loss of extra-cellular matrix substance. Keratinocytes abruptly stop proliferating and undergo apoptosis. Melanocytes stop producing pigment before matrix cell proliferation stops, thus leading to a nonpigmented proximal tip to the telogen club hair. The production of cytoskeleton proteins of follicle epithelial cells, namely trichohyalin, transglutami-nase-I, and desmoglein, ceases. Progressive shrinkage of the lower follicle withdraws as an epithelial strand. The basement membrane thickens dramatically, and the lower follicle retracts upward with the dermal papilla. The perifollicular sheath collapses and forms a fibrous streamer comprised of fibroblasts, small blood vessels, and collagen. Meanwhile As the lower follicle slowly degenerates, the outer root sheath loses its glycogen and the inner root sheath disappears. The outer root sheath keratinizes or hardens, forming a ridged thick eosinophilic layer, which anchors the lowest portion of the hair shaft. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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                                                                      Review of Literature

Fig 15 Showing Catagen Phase of Hair Growth Fibroblast growth factor-5 (Fgf5) trigger catagen onset. The fact that Fgf5 is expressed in high concentrations during mid anagen and in low concentration during late anagen VI, catagen, and telogen could explain the mechanism of this important pathway.

Apoptosis in catagen Insulin-like growth factor IGF-I receptor expression by the dermal papilla appears to be switched off during the transition from anagen to catagen, which implies a regulatory role for IGF-I during the hair growth cycle. Neurotrophins are a family of molecules that encourage survival of nervous tissue, and the neurotrophins, NT-3,

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                                                                      Review of Literature NT-4, and BDNF as well as TGF- 1 all have recently been identified as crucial catagen-promoting age.

Telogen in the hair follicle cycle Telogen is considered as the resting stage or the period of quiescence in the hair follicle cycling process. When hair follicles enter telogen and stop making hair, they dump their last cells on to the end of the fiber. This lump of cells acts as an anchor to hold the hair fiber in the tube of the hair follicle. The hair is now called a "club" hair as the lump of cells on the end gives it a club appearance. This non-living hair is attached to the skin with a "club-like" root, but will eventually be pushed out or pulled out during combing or washing and replaced by a new growing hair. The percentage of follicles in the telogen stage varies according to the region of the body. For example, 5 to 15 per cent of scalp follicles are in the telogen stage at any one time, as compared with 40 to 50 percent of follicles on the trunk. On an average, people lose from 50 up to 150 scalp hairs a day. It is not as yet clear whether shedding is an active, regulated process or a passive event that occurs at the onset of the anagen stage, as the new hair grows in. Telogen is a heterogeneous state, since about one percent of telogen follicles shed their hair fiber each day.

Mechanism of telogen In telogen, the dermal papilla can become isolated in the dermis as the remaining hair follicle regresses and sits high up in the dermis. The telogen follicle sits in the dermis as a small finger of “quiescent” epithelial cells above a tight cluster of papilla fibroblasts. In telogen follicles the volume of the dermal papilla extracellular matrix is much reduced. Fibroblasts in this phase also have scant cytoplasm. The epithelial cells of the lower telogen follicle do not show significant DNA or RNA synthesis, nor is there any synthesis of proteins such as trichohyalin and the hair cortical keratins. However, Keratin 14 (K14) synthesis continues in the epithelial sac to which the telogen hair fiber anchors. Embedded in the epithelial sac is the club hair (or telogen) shaft. The region of the epidermal sac at the very base of the club hair is composed of tightly packed, small cells known as the hair germ.

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                                                                      Review of Literature

Fig 16. Showing Telogen Phase of Hair Growth Telogen is by far the most difficult phase to identify morphologically since the earliest phase of anagen and the latest phase of catagen may appear structurally like telogen. The evidence gathered demonstrates that desmoglein 3 is critical for anchoring the telogen hair to the outer root sheath of the follicle, and that cathepsin L is an important regulator of keratinocyte and melanocytes differentiation during hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling.

Mechanism of exogen All mature follicles enter into a pattern of cycling. There are three main stages of hair follicle cycling - anagen (growth), catagen (regression) and telogen (rest). Subsequently the hair shaft is shed. This process is called exogen. Protease seems to play an important role in the attachment of the hair club, people being treated with protease inhibitors for immunodeficiency virus suffer from excessive hair shedding.Although exogen deals with the shaft base and not directly with the hair follicle, exogen and anagen influence one another.

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                                                                      Review of Literature Lack of DG3 does not indicate the process of exogen but it establishes the importance of a tight grip of the surrounding epithelial cells for mooring of hair. Recent studies have also shown, secretions of a chymotyptic enzyme by the sebaceous gland, and that a plasminogen activator inhibitor manifests in the cells of the attachment site. This has led to the conclusion that proteolytic pathways play a critical role in process of exogen on hair shedding.

Fig 17 Showing Exogen Phase Theories of hair follicle cycling

Several theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism of hair follicle cycling. Six theories have been discussed recently. 1. The Epithelical Theory – It suggests that in bulb area, a cluster of slow cycling cells harbor a second cycle that triggers follicle cycling.

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                                                                      Review of Literature The Papilla Morphogen Theory – Growth morphogens are released by the cells of the papilla during the Go and G1 phases of their cycle to trigger anagen. It is also related to the fluctuation in mitotic inhibitors. 2. The Bulge Activation Theory – The cycle is initiated by the stem cells of the papilla region. The growing cells only undergo a limited number of mitosis and thereby determine the duration of anagen and onset of catagen 3. The Resonance Theory – This proposes that the hair cycle clock is not located in a single cell compartment, but is a result of the diffusing and reacting morphogens interacting within a whole tissue pace. 4. The Oscillating Signal Theory – An oscillating mechanism exists within the telogen cells which, after a definite time moves the follicle into anagen. 5. The Inherent Embryonic Cycle Theory – The hair cycle clock is established during embryogenesis and continues throughout life. 6. The Inhibition – Disinhibition Theory – A mitotic inhibitor accumulates in the epithelial hair bulb during anagen. When a certain threshold level of this accumulation is reached cell growth stops and catagen sets in. During telogen, the accumulation drops to a level of disinhibition and anagen again sets in. Unfortunately, none of the theories fully explains the hair cycling mechanism. It is yet to be determined how the follicle cycle is autonomous and spontaneous, independent of any seasonal or circadian rhythms, and how individual cycles differ in duration. Regulation of hair growth Any form of skin damage will force telogen hair follicles in rodents into anagen growth in and around the site of injury. Any skin damage induces temporary hair growth. As the injury heals so the hair follicles go back to normal. There is similar evidence that skin injury in humans will also promote growth and induce anagen in hair follicles nearby if hair follicles are in telogen. Hair growth stimulation can come from cuts, scrapes, heat/chemical burns including sunburn, limited local necrosis, and some forms of skin irritation. So long as the hair follicles are not significantly damaged, then mild skin injury seems to promote hair growth. In part, this activation of growth is probably due to an increase in cytokines (signaling chemicals) due to the skin injury and damage.

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                                                                      Review of Literature Neural factors controlling Hair growth The role of neural factors on hair growth is affirmed by the fact that the hair follicle is richly innervated. A constant remodeling of these innervations takes place during the follicular growth cycle. Transplantation studies of skin in rats and of hair follicle relocations in human scalps have shown that cycling process continues despite the temporary denervation. Follicles have also been seen to complete part of the growth cycle in organ culture. An intact neural system is not therefore necessary for hair cycling and it is not critically dependent on neural influences. However, a direct or indirect regulating influence of the nerves on hair growth cannot be ruled out. Observations have shown that neurotransmitters and neuropeptides play a role in hair cycle control. It has been seen that stimulation of the neuropeptides and neurotransmitters can alter the proliferation and differentiation keratinocytes. When substance P was administered to mice, it induced development of anagen and catagen depending on the stage of the hair growth cycle when the substance P is applied. In the early anagen stage, the epithelial stem cell region of the hair follicles express beta – adrenoreceptors. It has been observed that the beta – adrenoreceptors agonist isoprotenerol causes cycling progression from anagen stage 3 to 4 in skin organ culture of mice and norepinophrine depletion induces premature anagen onset. This proves the relevance of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in hair cycle control. Trauma or toxic degeneration of the peripheral nerves can also lead to loss of hair follicles. On the other hand, after major thoracic surgery, an increase in hair growth is often observed because of peripheral nerve damage - possibly because of post traumatic sympathetic hyper innervation. Another phenomenon is hair loss due to severe psycho emotional stress. The nervous system also has an influence on the immunology of the skin indirectly affecting hair growth. Animal experiments have proved that hair growth may well be affected by neuro-peptides released by the sensory nerve fibers that act on mast cells and in turn, the mast cell degranulation response controls hair growth cycling. Neuroendocrine influence on hair growth-Neurohormones such as prolactin, melatonin and ACTH play a role in the hair growth cycle. The pilosebaceous unit itself can produce The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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                                                                      Review of Literature neurohormones in different degrees over the different stages of hair cycling. Neurotrophins and their receptors play a definite role in hair follicle morphogenesis and cycling. Hair follicles produce neurotrophins NGF, neurotensin—3, NT – 4 and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The follicle cycling is also affected by these neurotrophines. •

Neurotrophins are expressed by the cells in the bulge region of the hair follicle. They stimulate the cognate receptors in the hair follicle epithelium and mesenchyme.

•

Production of neurotrophins depends on the hair cycle. This in turn influences hair cycling.

•

Follicle or glia - derived neurotrophins affect the mast cells or macrophages which are essential immunological elements influencing hair cycling.

All these factors taken together definitely establish a connection between the nervous system and hair follicle cycling. Role of the immune system in regulating Hair growth ICAM-1, an adhesion molecule, which is expressed by some follicle compartments leads to the accumulation of perifollicular macrophages. This suggests that changes in the number, location or activity of these macrophages affect hair cycle control. It has been proved that immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine, FK506 and glucocorticosteroids control hair growth. Perifollicular mast cells are responsible for the remodeling of the skin tissue during hair cycling. Blocking mast cell degranulation by inhibitors can block anagen and catagen development in hair follicles. While mast cell chemical secretions can induce catagen and anagen stages in mice, administration of histamine or serotonin receptors can also slow down anagen development in vivo. Westgate postulated that during the end of anagen IV stage, there is an attack of macrophages on MHC class 1 negative keratinocytes of the hair bulbs. This it is believed triggers the onset of catagen. IL-1, TNF-alpha and FGF5, which are needed

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                                                                      Review of Literature to induce catagen, are all secreted by macrophages, suggesting a relation between the two. Other factors that regulate Hair growth Increased vascularity, with application of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) promotes hair growth in certain stages of anagen. Sometimes the resting hair follicles near the site of a mechanical wound enter into anagen and this might be due in part to an increased VEGF production in the skin as part of wound healing. Cell division of matrix cells is stopped by irradiation and the follicle enters a catagen stage, though no club hair is produced. Lower radiation doses damage the matrix cells and cause temporary epilation. If the dermal papilla is damaged, as it can be with high radiation doses, it causes permanent epilation. Sex hormones can activate hair growth in humans. Further investigation is required for a full understanding of this phenomenon and about differences in hair growth response to estrogens in rodents compared to humans. Plucking of telogen club hairs promotes hair growth in the plucked follicle. Irritant chemical stimulus may also induce hair growth possibly through promoting a mild skin injury. Use of some chemicals affects hair growth. Chemicals like methyl cholanthrene result in resting hairs to fall out in mice, although it does not affect hairs in the anagen stage.

Endogenous substances that affect hair growth Substance

Site of action

Effect on growth

factor

Dermal papilla

Increase

factor

Dermal papilla

Increase

Transforming growth factor beta

Dermal papilla

Decrease

Dermal papilla /

Increase

Basic

fibroblast

growth

(bFGF) Platelet-derived

growth

(PDGF)

(TGF- beta) Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)

Hair matrix

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                                                                      Review of Literature Macrophage Stimulating Protein

Dermal papilla /

Increase

(MSP)

Hair matrix

Interleukin1-alpha (IL-1- alpha)

Hair matrix

Decrease

Fibroblast growth factor type 5

Hair matrix

Decrease

Hair matrix

Increase

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)

Hair matrix

Decrease

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF)

Hair matrix

Increase

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)

Hair matrix

Increase

Substance P

Unknown

Increase

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Unknown

Decrease

Estrogens

Unknown

Decrease

(FGF5) Vascular

Endothelial

Growth

Factor (VEGF)

Hair follicle growth rates by age and body region (After Myers 1951)

Daily growth rate (mm)

Age category

scalp hair

eyebrow hair

thigh hair

Pre puberty

0.41

0.14

0.13

Adolescent/young adult

0.30

0.14

0.16

Mature adult

0.34

0.16

0.25

Retirement age

0.32

0.16

0.19

Maximum length that Hair can grow Research on humans suggest that active hair fiber growth production from scalp hair follicles may last anywhere from 500 to 1800 days. Hair follicle density on the scalp is 200-300/cm square that is about 100,000 to 150,000 hairs total. The growth rate of

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                                                                      Review of Literature scalp hair is between 0.3 to 0.35mm a day. For the most part, the studies were done with male volunteers, but a few other studies indicate similar results for women too. The research would suggest that the maximum length scalp hair can grow to is between 20 and 60 centimeters and the sum total length of hair produced each year is about 9km. Hair follicle regeneration after plucking by body region Typically, females will have slightly faster growing scalp hair than males of the same age but slower growing hair elsewhere such as on the leg. Age category

Scalp hair

Eyebrow Hair

Thigh Hair

Pre puberty

134

58

77

Adolescent/young

138

65

88

Mature adult

112

56

141

Retirement age

139

73

240

The average number of days required for regeneration of hairs in 90% of the follicles from which hairs were plucked was 129 in the crown of the scalp, 123 in the under arm, 121 in the thigh, 92 in the chin, and 64 in the eyebrow. Hairs of the scalp regenerate more quickly for males than females, but hairs of the under arm, and thigh regenerate more quickly in females than males. Regions in which hairs are long and grow at the fastest rate require the longest interval for regeneration.

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                                                                      Review of Literature

Fig.18 Showing Different Stages of Hair Growth, fall and Regeneration

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Review of Literature

Introduction to Prakrithi Man is no doubt a social animal; still there is a never lasting urge to keep or to identify one different from others. That urge to separate oneself, be it called as uniqueness or to put in terms of philosophy as ‘ego’ help the individual with the recognition of ‘self ’. Every individual has features. which are very distinct Identifying oneself with the environment be it in the form of race, religion ,ethnicity, habit and habitat has been the key factor for growth of humanity but awareness of self is equally important as for as growth of an individual is concerned which shapes up the personality or the ‘I’ factor. To put in Ayurveda lines it is Pruthaktva one of the Paraadi Gunas

is

responsible for such an identity. It is again debatable that whether this uniqueness is termed Prabhava in Dravyaguna where a drug in spite having qualities similar to that of other drugs in terms of Rasa , Guna , Veerya and Vipaka can bring about action which is very much distinct. That reason behind it yet said to be Achintya one can safely say uniqueness of combination of different factors itself is responsible for Prabhava thereby giving the drug a separate identity. Similarly a man inherits features which derived from his parents, the environment and the factior called aatman based on past deeds. Hence this uniqueness has been emphasized throughout Ayurveda Samhita. All other sciences tend to stick to any one of the side either highlighting social or individual part. Point to ponder is Ayurveda keeps its uniqueness by giving importance to both facets of life that is Sukhaayu and Hitaayu. In spite of this individuality, being enjoyed by human beings there is need for grouping, if not to rationalize instead to predispose certain disease tendencies. Further to understand the behaviour of a person as to whether the trait is inherited or something unnatural we need to understand certain features human beings present with, to different environmental stimuli which can be easily be categorized under the heading Prakruti.

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Review of Literature Etymological Derivation361 Prakruti derives its meaning from the root word kri meaning creation / action with upasarga (Preposition) pra here giving the sense of initial or principal may be principle either, with ktin suffix in active voice. Historical Review 362 Veda kala In Manusmruti Svaami , Amatya , Pura, Rashtra , Kosha , Danda and Suhrut are collectively called as Sapta Prakruti. In Maarkandeya Puraana the word Prakruti is used in sense of bringing back Homoestasis. Mandukopanishat refers to Prakruti as the one which is self evident, self existent, innate and is not a byproduct of another thing. Further it is said that prakuti never alters its originality. In hitopadesha the word Prakruti is used in the sense of termination of existence. Definition of Prakruti Prakruti in Ayurveda is said to be aatmaa363 (soul), avyakta 3

365 & 366

svabhaava (inherent nature), arogya

364

(impercievable),

(state of well being ), homoestasis

amongst dosha , dhaatu and ,mala368 , homologous state of tri guna (strength or the godess),yoshit(woman)

371

369

, shakti

370

,Pradhana Prakruti mayaa shakti

chaitanyamityapi (as predominant factor for life)372 &373,Prakruti shareera svarupam ( physical character) 374 deha janmaakhya doshakarya ( the effect of the dosha at the time of conception)375 Prakruti is also called by the term kaarana (causative factor) behind creation.376 Further the charactristic features rpresenting dosha is made use to express deha Prakruti

377

Prakruti of disease is the tmmediate inherent cause for a disease is called

by term prakrutifor example Prakruti of jvara maanasa and shaareera dosha are causative factor for jvara 378 . To sum up the word Prakruti is used in the sense of initiation, inherent nature, predominance,. Homeostasis and termination. The purpose of using it in active voice signifies its augmentative role in whole creation. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature Hence the word Prakruti arrives at two basic definitions 1. One which is eternal since the beginning of creation. 2. The causative factor (kaarana) behind the creation (kaarya).The augmentative factor for the entire creation. Moola Prakruti The word Prakruti is used to quote many things like the nature outside, the primordial creation, the behavior or the response, and for mere existence also the same word is being used. Hence it is necessary to understand the primordial creation hereafter being called as moola Prakruti needs to be elaborated with its consequential implication on the Prakruti we the pupil of ayurveda discern .Acharya sushruta has quoted different words like svabhava , ishvara , kala , yadruchchaa , niyati and parinaama with the word Prakruti grammatical interpretation of the stanza arrives at four different meanings. Whether these factors are simple synonyms for the word Prakruti, or else they are different constituents of a single entity called Prakruti, or else each of the above in its weight, stand equal to Prakruti representing individual darshanas and finally whether Prakruti is the parinaama of the first five entities. Whatever is the case may be the role of these factors in the formation of Prakruti in philosophical and Ayurveda clinical understanding is unquestionable.379 Prakruti in Ayurveda As mentioned earlier the word Prakruti has been applied with different connotations. It is the physical constitution which stands ahead of all other owing to its multiplicity of utility. And also if there is no specification about the meaning to be drawn from the word Prakruti in a particular context then by rule of the sconce it should be physical constitution in Ayurveda. This makes clear the path, which the needle has to pass through while clothing the concept of Prakruti. Chakrapani on AcharyaCharaka in a single word defines Prakruti as behavior. The governing principles behind these behavioral patterns are many in number. He himself further corroborates by saying the behavior or response which is innate is svabhaava and thereby it helps in recognition of existence of self. Man’s nature is determined on the basics of his physical body built up, his action and way of thinking, his adaptability and responses to physical and social stimuli. Like wise the moolaPrakruti deha Prakruti is also

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Review of Literature permanent. This eternality is established by its association with creation and termination of a life (Ayu). As for its creation is concerned it is said that Prakruti is formed right at the time of union of male and female reproductive entities called Shukra and aatrtava respectively. Formation of Prakruti takes place by the predominant dosha during amalgamation of shukra and shonita.380 The Formation of Prakruti The expression of salient features is an outcome of predominance of dosha during amalgamation of shukra and shonita.381 Dlhana clarifies that predominance is qualitative and not pathological. Gayaadaasa endorse dalahana, the vitiation of dosha affects the formation of garbha . Even if utkata refers to aggravation, it is partial in sense. The shukra and shonita without svabhava and karma dosha and partly afflicted by vaatadi dosha results in Prakruti 382 Haraana Chandra says word utkata means potent. Factors determining Prakruti 383 Charaka has quoted four main factors in the determination of prakruti 1. Maaturaaharavihaara Prakruti- the diet and regimen of the mother before after conception 2. Shukra Shonitha Prakruti- the predominance of the dosha in the male and female germinative factor. 3. Kaalagarbhaashaya Prakruti- here kaala has two meaning one is the environmental factors in the form of seasons and the other is the age through which the parents are passing. Garbhashaya is the state of the female reproductive pathway . 4. Mahhabhoota Vikaara Prakruti

- the five basic elements which are

responsible for creation are also prime factors in determining the prakruti. But thses elements have to express themselves either through male and female germinative factors and the diet and regimen of the mother. The shukra and the male aartava and female determine Prakruti the resultant effect is Prakruti 384 Other factors 386 The Prakruti is also determined by Jati prasakta – the caste of the person The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature Kula prasakta – the family or the clan of the person Desha anupatini – the habitat of the person Kala anupatini – the season Vaya anupatini – the age Pratyaatmaniyata – the features which are exclusive to the person Dosha and Prakruti relation Dosha derives its very definition as the one which has the tendency to afflict since the beginning of formation of garbha387 Vata , pitta and shleshma are the factors for the formation of deha , the normalcy of these factors the body sustains and affliction of the same causes extinction.388 While explaining santata jvara charaka says Prakruti acts antagonistic for dosha389 Role of Rakta in defining Prakrithi Arunadatta clearly in there are no features which are are expressed by rakta as by dosha hence there can't be rakta Prakruti390 The dosha responsible for Prakruti are not harmful This is explained with simile of vishkrimi as the worms born out of poison are not affected by Prakruti the doshas do not affect the shareera 391 During the expression of garbha the Prakruti is formed. After birth the doshas in their normalcy bring about health and and vitiation leads to pathology where as in in garbha utpatti kala even the vitiated dosha do result in janma but with affected organs. Prakruti and vikruti dosha – Prakruti is not affected by apathya seva392 Determinants of Prakruti 393 Types of Prakruti In maatsya puraana 394 The homoestasis amongst satva, raja and tama is responsible for maintenance of Prakrithi.

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Review of Literature Determin ants Prenatal

Preconcep tion

Post natal

Post conceptio

Heredity

Metaphys ical

Personal

Environm ental

Matruja

Matru rasaja

Satmyaja

Desha

Aatma

Pitruja

Matru vihara

Vaya

Kala

Karma

Kulaja

Matru satva

Psycholog ical

Jati

Tanmatra

Doshaja Prakruti395 Ekadoshaja - vataja, pittja , kaphaja Dvidoshaja – vatapittja, vatakaphaja, kaphapittaja Dvidoshja is not prefered owing to viruddha upakrama. Even amongst dvidoshaja pittakaphaja is hina, vata kaphaja is more and vata pittja is most . Hemaadri says eventhough vata and kapha are mutually yogavaahi the final outcome is because of vaata as it is predominant396 Sama – vatapittakapha Pancha boutika Prakruti 397 Bhoutika Prakruti is explained through characters expressed by charactrs of pancha maha bhuta those of vaayu , agni and jala are similar to vata pitta and kapha . for pruthvi and akasha represent their respective features Innumerable types dalhana Prakruti is innumerable by permutation and combination of doshaja and bhoutika Prakruti 398

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Review of Literature Dosha Prakruti

Bhautika

Mahaa

Jatyaadi Prakruti

Prakruti

Prakruti

Vaataja

Paarthiva

Saatvika

Jaati niyata

Pittaja

Aapya

Rajasika

Kula niyata

Kaphaja

Tejas

Taamasika

Deshaniyata

Vatapittaja

Vaayaviya

Kalaniyata

Pittakaphaja

Aakashiya

Vayaniyata

Kaphavataja

Balaniyata

Tridoshaja

Pratyaatmaniyata

Prakruti

Physical

Behavioural

Bhoutika

Satva

Doshaja

Raja

Saara

Tama

Triguna Prakruti / Mahaa Prakruti

Saatvika

Rajasika

Taamasika

Brahma

Aasura

Pashu

Aarsha

Rakshasa

Maatsya

Aindra

Paishacha

Vaanaspatya

Yamya

Preta

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Review of Literature Koubera

Saarpa

Vaaruna

Shakuna

Gaandharva

Prakruti is permanent.399 Further it is said that the Prakruti of an individual once formed remains the same throughout life span and do not change and if at all a change is observed that itself marks the process of termination of life (ayu). Prakruti and dosha 400 Tridosha siddanta is the foundation stone for the entire edifice of ayurveda darshana. Hence it is no wonder that the concept of Prakruti is ushered through the light of tridoshas. Features of vaata Prakruti: Vaata Prakruti people are usually tall and thin. They are low in weight with prominent bones and noisy joints. Their skin is thin and dry with prominent, darkish veins on it. It is cold to touch. Vaata people have curly, coarse, dry and darkish colored hair. Large, crooked, protruding teeth are also vaata markers. The head is relatively small and eyes are black, lusterless and dull. Constant movement of eyes is again a marker of vaata Prakruti. Their appetite is low though they like sweet, salty and sour foods. They prefer hot beverages to keep them warm. They face problems of digestion because their bowels are dry. Most vaata Prakruti people have tendency towards constipation. They are hyperactive and restless but creative and artistic in nature. They love music. Their moods are extreme and range from extreme joy to extreme fear. Anxiety and insecurity is very common among them. They are erratic in nature and unpredictable. Their memory is good but short term. They run, jump or fly in their dreams. Their have very light sleep that tends to be repeatedly interrupted by the smallest noise. Their voice is high pitched and they speak fast, intermingling words at times. They fantasize a lot about sex but are poor on the level of performance. They think a lot and plan meticulously but it is physically beyond their capacity to achieve all that they plan. Their pulse is thin, feeble and like a snake through the blood vessels.

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Review of Literature Features of pitta Prakruti: These people are medium in build and average in weight and height with a bony structure. Their skin is soft and oily with a reddish yellow tinge. Skin temperature is slightly higher than normal with a tendency towards flushing. Pitta people are fair with a good complexion. Their hair is soft and oily and they have a tendency towards baldness. They have medium sized yellowish teeth and soft gums which show tendency to bleed. Eyes are sharp and penetrating with a glittering look. Forehead is large and face is pleasant. They have a strong appetite and eat a lot. They become restless if they do not get food in time. They like sweet, bitter and astringent food. They get frequent natural calls with an urgent need to relieve them. They are moderately active and assertive; at times they may be aggressive. They are very intelligent and methodical in their work. Sharp memory is a nature’s gift to pitta people. Very often, they go into irritable phases and jealousy is one of their prominent characteristics. Sleep is short but sound. Dreams are related with fights, battles and monetary transactions. They are talkative and sharp in nature, thus they always conquer their opponent in debate. They love having a luxurious life and are ready to spend for it but only after conscious saving. They like things, which boost their egos. They live an organized life. They are passionate and sexual performance is good. Pulse is moderate and jumps like a frog through the blood vessels Features of kapha Prakruti: These people are strong with big and thick bones. Their presence is always marked in a group. They have a tendency to put on weight and most of these people are heavy in build. Skin is oily and cool with good texture. Hair is thick, wavy, oily and darkish in color. They have strong, pearl colored attractive teeth. Eyes are large and beautiful with thick, long eyelashes. They have deep blue irises on noticeably good sclera. These people have a small appetite; they eat slowly but digest very well. They require rich and energy giving food in order to satisfy their hunger. They like pungent, bitter and astringent food. They drink less fluid but have no bowel problems.

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Review of Literature They are seldom very active. They are studious and have a very good memory. They are slow but steady and thus naturally win the race in their respective fields. They have an impressive personality and are generally reliable and faithful. They make good money and have a tendency to save. They are compassionate, forgiving, loving and have the patience to do tedious jobs. They sleep deep and long and have poetic dreams. They speak slowly in a husky voice. They are not aroused easily but perform extremely well. Their pulse is slow but strong and travels like a swan. Dvandva Prakrithi. Most people show a mixture of features and this helps in deciding their Prakruti. If this logic is stretched a bit we can say that there are seven types of Prakrutis in all. Vaata dominant, pitta dominant, kaphaa dominant, vaaat-pitta, pitta-kaphaa, kaphavaaat and lastly vaaat-pitta-kapha (a state of equilibrium). Few features of vaata Prakruti with a few of pitta demonstrate vaat-pitta category, few features of pitta Prakruti with a few of kafa demonstrate pitta-kafa and so on. Prakruti utility and appliacation ¾ To increase the health of an individual 401 ¾ To know the sadhyaasadhyata(prognosis)402 ¾ To guess the occurance of diseases & its strength403 ¾ To ascertain rogi bala pramana 404 ¾ To give favourable treatment according to

mana405:

¾ To give treatment406 ¾ To give specific treatment407

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                                                                                           Review of Literature Typology of Hair fiber / follicle: Several different types of Hair follicle present in humans that are distinct from Hair types found in other species. Although the basic human Hair follicle structure remains the same, the type of fiber that is produced can be quite different. More than one Hair type can be made by the same Hair follicle at different times. Humans have several different types of Hair that can be classified depending on their body position and form. Size, angle of penetration through the skin, embryological time of first appearance, and structural variations in the Hair follicles are all taken into account when classifying Hair types. Types of Hair based on appearance Anatomy of Gray describes two basic varieties of Hair •

Straight Hair – comparatively stronger than the other and on transverse section it is either cylindrical or oval.

•

Curly Hair – They are weaker and flat in transverse section.

Some do opine that form of Hair has no relation with transverse section354 Tortora explains three types of Hairs on cross section •

Straight Hair, which is round in cross section

•

Wavy Hair is oval in cross section

•

Wooly Hair is elliptical or kidney shaped. 355

A. Types of Hair based on Embryology Dermatologists working on embryology or pediatric development of Hair with age describe three different Hair types, primary, secondary, and tertiary Hair. The categories are based on the length and diameter of the Hair follicles in the skin. B. Types of Hair based on Development Essentially, there are three basic groups of hair based on Hair follicle size. A) Lanugo: Lanugo Hair is the very first Hair fiber to be produced by a Hair follicle. As an embryo develops in the womb, the Hair follicles form and begin to produce this type of Hair. Lanugo Hair is long, un-pigmented and very fine. The embryo normally The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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                                                                                           Review of Literature sheds this first wave of Hair growth at around 8 months gestation while in the womb and replaced by terminal or vellus Hair ready for birth. B) Vellus: Vellus Hair is short fine unpigmented Hair. It is the fuzzy Hair found on the nose and over the cheeks. Sometimes, it is incorrectly referred to as lanugo Hair. C) Terminal: Terminal Hair comes from large Hair follicles. It is long, coarse, pigmented and frequently contains a medulla. A Hair follicle is capable of switching from vellus Hair production to terminal Hair and switching back again. During puberty many Hair follicles around the genitals, arm pits, beard and chest in men transform from vellus Hair to terminal Hair under the direct action of hormones. C. Classification of Hair based on location and function In adults, Hair exists in a variety of locations, patterns, and density over the body. Terminal Hairs can be further subdivided into different types depending on their nature and/or position of growth on the body. The Hair characteristics are genetically determined within each follicle. Different terminal Hair types include, 1) Eyebrow Hair: Eyebrow Hair is a protective patch of Hair above the eye sockets. It channels away sweat and other fluids and helps reduce any excessive glare from sunlight entering the eyes. Average maximum Hair length is about 10mm. The Hair fiber is curved and coarse and includes a medulla. Hair growth rate is typically 0.16mm per day in both men and women. This is one of the slowest growth rates of any Hair follicle type found on the human body. 2) Eyelash: Eyelash is very similar to eyebrow. Average length is around 7.5mm and the growth rate is about the same as for eyebrows. Eyelashes are very important in protecting the eye from dust and debris. 3) Scalp Hair: Scalp Hair is terminal Hair. Terminal scalp Hair grows in a clockwise whorl pattern on the top of the head with merging of this pattern into Hair angled downwards and away from the face around the ears and lower back of the scalp. Growth rates are up to 0.35mm per day, possibly slightly faster in females (0.36mm) than males (0.34mm).

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                                                                                           Review of Literature 4) Beard Hair: The beard develops in response to testosterone/steroidal hormones during puberty. These Hair follicles produce thick, coarse, terminal Hair. The Hair follicles are some of the fastest producers of Hair with a mean growth rate around 0.38 mm per day. 5) Body Hair: Some Hairs on the arms legs and torso are mildly responsive to androgens. Other neighboring follicles may not have androgen receptors. This distinction leads to some body Hair follicles producing pigmented terminal Hair in response to androgen stimulation in adulthood when neighboring follicles continue to produce vellus Hair. 6) Whisker Hair: The Hair follicles on the chin are highly androgen responsive in both men and women. Women with abnormally high androgen levels can grow beards. Whiskers are not the same as the vibrissae on rodents and cats. Vibrissae are specially modified follicles with numerous sensory nerve endings in an around the Hair follicle structure to detect movement in the Hair fiber. 7) Pubic Hair: Pubic Hair is a kind of terminal Hair type. It is usually pigmented and of large diameter. The kinks in it make its appearance distinctive. 8) Peri-anal Hair: They are terminal Hairs and, as the name suggests, they surround the anus. Body parts Scalp

Length

Diameter

Tip

Medulla Varied type

Blunt Fine

Discontinuous Varied

Axilla

1-5cm

17-210 microns Broad Vary along length Broad

Tapered

Beard Chest

1-100 cm 5-30cm < 3cm

Cross section Circular/ellip tical /oval Triangular Circular

Varied

Circular

Limbs

0.3-0.6

Complicated

Circular

Eyebrow /lashes Pubis

< 1cm

Sharp, Wavy Pointed

Round / frayed Fine Pointed

Broad

Circular

Curly/kinky Wavy

Round / frayed

Broad

Irregular

1-5cm

Table The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

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Review of Literature

Functional anatomy of Hair fiber and Hair follicle ¾ The main function of the Hair follicle is to produce a Hair shaft or fiber. The shaft is the physically visible portion of the hair and plays a significant role both biologically and psychologically. ¾ The Hair in different parts of the body has an ornamental function-specially in humans. The appearance of a person can be changed by changing the Hair pattern and so Hair plays an important role in social communication. ¾ The Hair fibers also form a protective layer on the surface of the epidermis, protecting it from injury, insect bites and electromagnetic rays. Hair responds to external stimuli and any movement of the fiber is picked up by the follicle to transmit a message to the nervous system. The Hair fibers can therefore be said to act like “antennas” to receive sensory signals. ¾ Hair also plays a part in controlling the body heat by providing insulation against sudden heat loss or gain. ¾ The main function of the hair follicle is of course to produce the Hair fiber. The form and shape the Hair takes depends on the shape of the Hair follicle. A straight follicle produces straight Hair whereas a curved follicle will produce curly Hair. Each part of the follicle plays a distinct role in the growth of Hair. ¾ One major function of the Hair follicle is to tie up the Hair shaft. In the telogen stage of Hair, cycling Trichilemmal keratinization of the outer root sheath forms an adhesive at the base of the shaft. The shaft is embedded in this trichilemmal keratinous mass. The cells surrounding the area where the Hair club is attached have been found to be rich in desmosomes and keratinK14. Studies on mice have shown that in specimens lacking DG3 Hair is not properly anchored, proving the importance of these enzymes in providing a tight anchorage to the Hair. ¾ The outer root sheath of the Hair follicle is a reservoir of sebaceous glands. The cells of the outer root sheath also secrete keratins, adhesion molecule, cytokines and other growth factor receptors that help to regenerate and repair the epidermal layer after injury. The epithelial cells in the upper outer root sheath can restore ulcerated wounds while the Langerhans cells can restore the cells lost due to ultraviolet radiation.

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Review of Literature ¾ The dermal papilla at the base of the follicle with its dome like shape provides a supportive base to the basal lamina. This basal lamina structure is under considerable pressure due to rapid cell division. The dome shape also enables it to accommodate a larger number of matrix cells. ¾ The Hair follicle often acts as a sensory organ for the skin. The skin detects mechanical stimuli above the skin and when the Hair moves even slightly, neuroreceptors in the follicles transmit a message to the nervous system. The Langerhan’s cells and Merkel cells are the main neurosecretory cells responsible for this. The Langerhan’s cells also activate the immune system when required. ¾ Finally, the Hair follicle cycle influences the surrounding skin environment and the study of Hair biology is therefore essential to the study of the biology of skin itself.

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Review Literature

Hair Density Density is commonly evaluated by a phototrichogram, a close up photo of individual hair fibers where the surface area is known and consistent between photos. Phototrichograms are less accurate than counting hairs one by one, but they are quicker. The average density of hair on an adult who does not have baldness is 200-300 hair fibers per square centimeter (cm2). . In adults the sides and back of the scalp may have a Hair density as low as 150/cm2. For the crown of the scalp pre-puberty, the density is 250-400 hairs/cm2.

Hair follicle density Hair follicle density refers to the density of hair follicle structures actually in the skin. The number of hair follcles is always more than that of hair. At birth the follicle density has been shown in one study to be 1135/cm2, 3-12 months = 795/cm2, third decade 615/cm2, and 435/cm2 by 70-80 years of age. On the scalp there is an average of 1,000 hairs per square inch or about 250 hair fibers per square centimeter.

pH and Hair357 Hair responds to changes in pH. If a Hair is placed in an alkaline solution it swells, and the scales of the cuticle lift. In a slightly acidic solution, the scales lie smoothly and the Hair becomes soft. In a strong acid or alkaline solution, the keratin protein startsbreaking.

Porosity Porosity refers to the ability of Hair to absorb moisture. The processing time for any chemical service depends much more on Hair porosity than on any other factor. Coarse Hair that is porous will process faster than fine Hair that is not porous. The more porous the hair, the less processing time it takes, and a milder solution is required. Hair porosity is affected by excessive exposure to mechanical abuse such as blow-dryers, hot irons, sun, chlorine and continued use of harsh shampoos, colors, highlights and straighteners/relaxers. Hair that’s over-porous should not receive a chemical straightening/TR treatment until the hair has been reconditioned, or removed by cutting.

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Review Literature

Elasticity Elasticity refers to the ability of the Hair to stretch beyond its normal length and then spring back. Normal Hair when wet can be stretched to about 40 to 50% of its normal length and return. Dry Hair is not so elastic, it will stretch about 20 percent of its length and return to its normal position. When elasticity damage occurs, the cortex have been seriously disrupted or even destroyed.

Tensile Strength Hair fiber is as strong as copper wire of the same diameter. It has a tensile strength of around 1.6 x10-9 N / m2 (one points six in to ten to the power of minus nine Newton’s per meter square of Hair cross section diameter). Normally, dry Hair can be stretched one-fifth of its length before breaking. Wet Hair can stretch between 4050% of its length. The average anchoring strength for a scalp Hair is 100 grams. That is, you can hold 100 grams of weight to one scalp Hair before it breaks.

Keratin One keratin protein molecule measures 10 nanometers across. 10,000 keratin protein molecules lying side by side cover the width of one human Hair. So the cross section of one human Hair can contain up to 78,000,000 keratin proteins. Seasonal Hair Shedding Much of the mammalian world, have two main shed seasons. The biggest shed occurs in early autumn and a smaller one in spring. Researchers have looked at prolactin and melatonin levels among other factors as a potential regulator of the changes in Hair growth. Changes in daylight hours possibly modify the melatonin secretion rate from the pineal gland and this in turn affects hormones and/or their receptors in the skin. The shed cycle in humans has not been investigated in much detail, but a few studies from the UK demonstrate the seasonal shed cycles. Although there is an increase in shedding during spring and fall, the number of hairs shed still falls within the generally recognized limits of 50 to 100 Hairs a day. So in spring and fall the daily shed rate may be closer to 100 Hairs a day and in summer and late winter the typical shed rate may be closer to 50 Hairs a day. However, the average rate of shedding does vary from person to person. Some people can be high shedders, but also have high rates of Hair growth and replacement so they have no net Hair loss.

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 Observations

OBSERVATION Observation is made with prakruti analysis as against microscopic features of hair like shaft diameter, root diameter and root length . The above characteristic features are evidently proved to have significant role in racial identification .Hence the significance of same features is utilized to analyze prakruti relation.

A. Prakruti observations a. Incidence of Age The study was aimed to establish specific correlation of prakruti with hair features the age group was limited to ten to fifteen years .criteria for fixation of age group is to limit the study group to balyavastha.

b. Incidence of Sex All the units of observation belonged to male sex.

d. Incidence of Diet Eighty percent of total no of observation units has non vegetarian dietary habits.

e. Incidence of Educational Status All are school going children’s .

g. Incidence of Habitat All the observations belong to Puttur Taluk of Dashina Kannada District.

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 Observations k. Incidence of Prakruti Prakruthi Analysis

KaphaVata  8%    4 

 

VataPitta 

16%    8 

Vata 

10%    5 

Kapha 

18%    9 

Pitta 

42%    21

PittaKapha  6%    3 

5. B. Incidence Hair Observations Out of 50 volunteers 18 were processing black coloured hair while 32 hair brown coloured hair. Pitta and Pitta dominant volunteers showed brown coloured hair while vata and vata kapha volunteers showed balck coloured hair. So 64% brown colour and 36% black coloured hair. The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha

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 Observations

d. Incidence Of Diameter Variation Range. Root length according to the prakruthi are like this Vata prakruthi – 402.30 microns. Pitta prakruthi – 362.03 microns. Kapha prakruthi – 365.98 microns. Vata pittaprakruthi – 340.91 microns. Vatakapha prakruthi – 406.16 microns. Pittakapha prakruthi – 351.14 microns.

Root diameter according to the prakruthi are like this Vata prakruthi – 226.89 microns. Pitta prakruthi – 207.37 microns. Kapha prakruthi – 169.21 microns. Vata pittaprakruthi – 185.93 microns. Vatakapha prakruthi – 202.0 microns. Pittakapha prakruthi – 189.07 microns.

Prakruthi Vata Pitta Kapha Vatapitta Vatakapha Pittakapha

Root Length in micron(Mean) 402.30 362.03 365.98 340.91 406.16 351.14

Root Diameter in microns(Mean) 226.89 207.37 169.21 185.93 200.20 189.07

Stem Diameter in micron (Mean) 74.23 89.65 90.88 73.42 90.56 68.80

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Discussion

DISCUSSION Discussion is under four headings. I. Kesha shaarera in Ayurveda II. Kesha v/s anatomy and physiology of hair III. Discussion on Prakruti IV. Discussion on observation and relation of Kesha and Prakruti

I. Kesha Shareera A. Etymology and literature 1. The term Kesha categorically specifies hairs on the scalp where as Roma and Loma

stand for body hairs. The

synonyms like shiraisja , shiroruha ,

uttmangaja for Kesha and charmaja , tvakja, tanuruha substantiate the above statement. Yet at times, the word Roma is used in the sense of both body and scalp hairs. But nowhere Kesha term is used for Roma. 2. The word ‘bala’ with definition ‘bala pranane’ is characteristic evidence of the purpose and precision on the part of our scholars towards identification and designation of the body parts 3. Literature review reveals that the people in the past regarded Kesha as mala and inauspicious. On the other hand they have emphasized maintenance and hygiene with respect to hair. The hair style patterns determined class and race of an individual 4. the classics and sangraha granthas have given clear idea about structure , development of hair with due respect to its ailments and treatment

B. Structure Of Hair 1. Molecular anatomy

of the hair speaks in terms of

basic elements and

Ayurveda sees in terms of panchamahabhuta where prithvi mahaaabhuta plays a predominant role in maintenance of hair with invariable involvement of vaayu

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Discussion mahaabhuta . Notable point is that tvak is ap and vaayu predominant and Kesha is is prithvi and vayu predominant. 2. Kesha and nakha are considered shareera avayava, mala and upadhatu at different places by different acharya. These should be considered according to different contexts. Dalhana’s classification patana dharmi and apatana dharmi of mala may throw some light on the aspect the nakha , Kesha,Roma are apatana dharmi and hence attain the designation of upadhatu in that sense and may act as mala and may cause discomfort later . it is produced as a mala of ahaara paka but stays for sometime to act as upadhatu. 3.

Sushruta has categorically said that the Kesha and Roma do not undergo degeneration after death and another statement that even prolonged contact with body they do not become one with body tissues. Fossil studies have justified the same and has provided evidential knowledge for evolution.

4. The arrangement and absence of hair over palm & soles as a character determined by svabhava that is predestined, may be directing us towards genetic role-play in hair structure and function. 5. Regarding anatomy of Kesha we have references like Kesha, Roma , Loma , Roma kupa , Keshabhumi, Loma koopa which require detailed description. 6. As for as Kesha bhumi is concerned it is the scalp region over which the hair grows, the extent of which we can determine references related in angula pramana and marma. Keshaanta and mastaka is about 11angula and mastaka and avatu measure about 10angula.marma related are apnaga, apanga Subject:and avarta all related to bhru i.e, eye brows. On the other hand vishalyaghna is above Keshaant and shankha and adhipathi. Siraa related to the region as quoted by sushruta are four which reach upto Keshaanta and one each in aavarta and shankha which are avedhya .dhamani related are

ashta

tiryaggami dhamani in urdhvagaami siraa reach nutrients to sveda vaha srotas ( similarly four tiryaggami sira have direct relation to sveda vaha srotas which end up in Roma koopa ).

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Discussion 7. The Roma koopa can be considered as the follicle of the hair. ¾

Recent medical works now accept the statement that the number of Roma koopa remains same through out life. No new follicles are formed at any stage of life after birth.

¾

Formation of Roma koopa take place during garbha kaala only where in it acts as the channel for nutrients .where in it is said that the aggregation of hair follicles take place by 60 days to 120 days, Where as the nutritive property of hair follicle at the embryonic level is yet to be established.

¾

The extent of follicle as according to anatomy texts is up to the superficial three layers of the skin. But the extent of Roma kupa in Ayurveda seems to be some what deeper may reach up to mamsa dhara kala . The references quoting about relation of Romakupa with dhamani hint at the same .

¾

Roma koopa and sveda are said to be moola of meda vah a srotas clearly speak of close relation of hair follicle with sweat glands.

¾

The mention of pakshmashaya as the seat of eye lashes give us the picture of sac like structure.we also have the terms like Loma koopa .

¾

All external applications especially fat soluble substances which are micro molecules gain entry through the body pores where there is association of raised temperature followed by increased circulation the mechanism is clearly depicted in alepa action aided by bhrajaka Pitta. Sushruta is clear in his stand that the medicine as a whole do not get entry into the body through the body pores instead it is the veerya of the drug, which passes through.

¾

The extent of Roma kupa is further understood by utkartana of pakshma which is yava pramana

¾

The nidana for sveda vaha sroto dushti and asthivaha srotodushti are similar . further vyayama being quoted as the nidana for khalitya give the idea about their function in unisan.

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Discussion III. Discussion on Anatomical Physiological aspects of Kesha Anatomy texts' classification of hair is based on location , stages of development, influencing factors and shape of hair fibre. Ayurveda classics even though do not give such classification but references for such presentations are found scattered at different places. ¾ Regarding location of hair various names like Pakshma for eye lashes, Shmashru for beard and moustache (Sanskrit literature gives name maasuri for moustache), Bhrukuti for eye brows, vyanjana as a general term for secondary sexual characters which includes pubic and axial hairs and in upadansha abnormal fibers of pubic and

hairs and nasagata and karma

paligata Roma for nasal hairs and hairs of pinna of the year. and as for as anal hairs are concerned the reference we find in arsha diseaseof sushruta . ¾ Regarding developmental categorization the idea of primary lanugo hairs can be drawn from garbha kala Romakoopa karma , for vellus hairs in the treatment of indralupta as explained by vagbhata in AH where there will be shukla Roma after lekhan karma. ¾ Regarding shaft forms we have alpa, tanu , stabdha , mrudu , sthira , kutila which derive at various shaft forms like straight, thin , wavy , poky and curly hairs.

A. Regarding number of hair and hair follicle ¾ Charaka quotes about presence of 29,956 hairs , and claims for the figure to be similar to shmashru and Roma.in the body where as recent evidences say that the no of hair follicles in scalp ranges from 90,000 to 1, 50,000. but chakrapani clarifies by saying whatever the figure quoted is at macro level where as at micro level the number would be countless. ¾ During alepa pratiLoma gati is advised where as anuLoma gati is advised during Shastrapatana karma.

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Discussion B.Nutrition of hair ¾

No reference is there as for as Kesha is concerned but vascular supply in terms of sira and dhamani relation has been emphasized in relation to Roma koopa.

C.Perception at the root ¾

Perception at the hair and at its root is discussed at different places. The examination of unconscious patients by painful stimuli of pulling hairs signifies the understanding that the root of the hair has terminal nerve endings . chakrapani limits the extent to hair root by quoting thqt the satva cannot reach hair and nails.

D. Relation of Dosha and Kesha ¾ Vata is responsible for perception at the root level , Roma harsha is due to vyana vayu vikruti ¾ Pitta renders color to the hair and sveda is related to Pitta ¾ Kapha keeps hair strong and tightens root.

E.Relation of dhatu and Kesha ¾

Ayathaakala palita is due to Rasa and vyanga and neelika like pigment disorder establish its relation as quality and longevity of hair is dependent upon rasa . Further rasa has direct relation with tvak and Kesha is integral part of tvak . the health and quality of tvak has direct bearing on Kesha.

¾

Roma harsha is due to mamsa gata vata and it is debatable to consider arrector pili muscle for mamsa. The hair is said to stand on its root due to pull of arrector pili muscle. Further, the diseases quoted in mamsa dhara layer of tvak are characterized by new growths and it can be related to stratum germinatum of the skin layer.

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Discussion ¾

Relation of meda and Kesha is understood through prameha poorva roopa where in there will be Kesha jatileebhava eventhogh it is not possible to find such cases in this era. Consequently, the qualities of Kesha are related with medasara. This draws the role of sebaceous gland in maintenance of hair. As the hair shaft shoots up through the follicle the sebum (predominantly of lipid) secreted by sebaceous glands is smeared over its surface.

¾

Asthi can be related with bone and other hard structures in the body. Kesha is sometimes held as mala and sometimes mala avayava related to asthi. Kesha and Roma vikara are explained to be due to asthi pradosha.

¾

Relation of Kesha with majja is quite tiresome and the commentators of sharngadhara have tried to state Kesha as upadhatu of majja . Arunshika is a disease related to majja dhatu and the sequence of arunshika in kshudra roga along with Kesha vikara would through some light on the relation.

¾

Expression of shukra in the body is perceived through appearance of shmashru and other features, which clearly state the relation of shukra with hair. In modern parlance, the derivative of testosterone that is dihydroethyl testosterone is so for proved the cause behind andrgenic aloepaecia, where there will be gradual loss of scalp hair and appearance of body, pubic and axillary hairs along with moustache and beard in men. As for as relative less manifestation of androgenic aloepaecia in woman acahrya have come up with the idea that it due to expulsion of dosha through maasika raja srava and absence of vyayama which would have aggravated vata and Pitta leading to khalitya in men. These could well be established by the action of oestrogen and progesterone over hair growth.

F. Relation of Kesha with mala ¾ Sveda comes out through Roma kupa and sveda kshaya is characterized by Roma chyuti. Anatomical explanation of the same in Ayurveda with regard to Roma koopa and sveda and tiryaggami dhamani is explained. The same is explained in garbha poshana where there will be nutrition

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Discussion through Roma koopa. This is understood through eccrine apocrine glands related to skin.

G. Regarding siraa and dhamani and Roma koopa ¾ Siraa and dhamani are vessel like structures. Sushruta has commented upon their similarity. Yet at times there they are found to be used interchangeably.

By the word meaning ‘siraa’ is one which allow

something within whereas ‘dhamani’ is said to have a pulsatile movement with this information siraa can be considered as vessels where there is no close association of nerve fibres. on the otherhand dhamani are vessels be it a blood vessel or any other structures like oesophagus, trachea where there expansion and reduction of bore whch implies association of nerves and nerve plexuses. H. Usage of Kesha as suture material ¾ At many places hair fibres are used for suturing. The logical reasoning would be to prevent tissue reactions. I. Discussion on maintainance of hair ¾ Charaka opines one should go for cutting of hairs thrice in every fortnight. It implies that one should go for hair cut once in five days. At outskirts it appears as having simple hygiene but the position of athi dhatu as the fifth dhatu and the theory that ahaara rasa reaches successive dhatu day by day is looked upon it gives another picture. Bhavaprakasha gives detailed account on the matter. ¾ The statement of charaka that one should refrain from cutting hair edges in the same context appears to be contradictory. ¾ Amla rasa as said in Ayurveda is good for Kesha and lavana and kshara are responsible for hair disorders. Till today it is observed that the acidic preparations are good for hair where as alkalies disrupt the hair texture. Ayurveda speaks in terms of internal usage and current world in terms of application

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Discussion ¾ Kesha as said in Ayurveda do not get digested and become one with body elements. The same nature of hair result in baddha gudodara if there is consumption of hair due disturbed psychae. The same is approved by medicine to-day as there is a disease chracterised by hair mass in abdomen called Tricho-bezoar

J.Growth of hair after death Much debated is observation of the fact that the length of the hair and nails to be increasing after death. Many theories like dhatu paka and loka bhutagni paka have been claimed to be responsible foe such an event. modern scholars of medicine opine that the shrinkage on the part of skin after death while hair and nail remain static give the wrong impression of their development after death

III. Prakruti discussion ¾ According to Ayurveda, basic constitution is determined at the time of conception. This constitution is called Prakruti. The term Prakruti is a Sanskrit word that means, "Nature," "creativity," or "the first creation and it is fixed through ot life. ¾ The combination of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha that was present in the individual at the time of conception is maintained throughout lifetime. ¾ Every person is subjected to the constant interaction with his or her environment, which will affect the person's constitution at any time. The body will try to maintain a dynamic equilibrium or balance with the environment. such a reaction of the body against the influences of the environment is determined by Prakruti. Hence the statement by Charaka ‘doshaanushaayitaa hi dehPrakrutiruchyate’ ¾ Following are the factors which decide the Prakruti and it happens during the in uterine life.

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Discussion ♣ Prakruti of the parents ♣ Dosha status of mother and father according to age and time, when they are planning a new baby. ♣ Food habits and daily routine of parents before conceiving of new life ♣ Time, place and conditions in which fertilization between ovum and sperm occurs ♣ Food habits of mother during Pregnancy period ♣ Daily routine of mother when baby is growing ¾ The constitution of the human being, according to modern science is a complex intersection of a number of different elements. It is an esoteric system, based upon the idea of different levels or planes of being, which interact with each other to a greater or lesser extent.

IV . Discussion on experimental work Present study is comparative understanding of Prakruti lakshana of shareera with Kesha shareera. In the experimental study. 50 volunteers of age group 10 – 15 years were selected. Four hairs from each individual was plucked and examined. Result was tabulated and mean while the prakruthi was analysed. The prakruthi and the dimension of hair was compared and correlated. Out of 50 individuals 5 are vata prakruthi, 21 pitta prakruthi, 9 kapha prakruthi, 8 vata pitta prakruthi, 4 vatakapha prakruthi and 3 pittakapha prakruthi individuals were observed.

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Discussion

A. Discussion on shaft form Shaft diameter was measured at three places and average was taken. It shows that kapha prakruthi hair shaft is maximum in diameter with 90.88 microns (mean value) followed by 90.56 microns in vatakapha individual, pitta prakruthi individuals hair showed 89.65 microns, vata prakruthi individuals hair 74.23, vatapitta prakruthi individuals hair diameter 73.42 microns and pittakapha prakruthi individuals hair showed the

minimum girth ie 68.80 micron. On

observation of these Acharyas description about hairs holds good.

B. Discussion on Hair Root Root length according to the prakruthi are like this Vata prakruthi – 402.30 microns. Pitta prakruthi – 362.03 microns. Kapha prakruthi – 365.98 microns. Vata pittaprakruthi – 340.91 microns. Vatakapha prakruthi – 406.16 microns. Pittakapha prakruthi – 351.14 microns.

Root diameter according to the prakruthi are like this Vata prakruthi – 226.89 microns. Pitta prakruthi – 207.37 microns. Kapha prakruthi – 169.21 microns. Vata pittaprakruthi – 185.93 microns. Vatakapha prakruthi – 202.0 microns. Pittakapha prakruthi – 189.07 microns.

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Discussion

Above observation shows vata prakruthi individuals hair is deep rooted while kapha prakruthi individual hair are not so much deep seated. It is observed that vata kapha individual hair is very deeply seated regarding the diameter the vata prakruthi individual hair is having more root girth where as kapha prakruthi individuals hair is minimum in root diameter but the combination of vata kapha gives firm deep rooted hair. Where as pitta or pitta combined prakruthi individuals hair is not so much fixed to the skin with minimum length and minimum girth.

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Conclusion

CONCLUSION 1. Kesha in Ayurveda is specifically scalp hair and roma or loma signifies hair elsewhere. Word Roma or loma is used in place of Kesha and not otherwise. 2. A different name for hairs distributed over different places is unique in Ayurveda where as recent anatomy texts identify them with the body part they are associated. 3. Keshbhumi referes to scalp region over which the hair grow. 4. Romakoopa and pakshmashya words used in the sense of sac give picture of hair follicle. Vascular

supply for roma kupa is explained and

Formation of

Romakupa by the end of third month is quite similar to anatomy texts. 5. Association of roma kupa with sveda and medasara with Kesha lakshana give clear idea about their unified structure and function, thereby establishing Pilosebaceous unit. 6. Words Kesha and roma are used as mala, upadhatu and avayava. These are context specific. 7. Kesha lakshana is useful determining health status of an individual and an intricate analysis of relation would help to establish Kesha as a marker for state of dosha, dhatu and mala in the body. 8. Prakruti in Ayurveda is determined at conception and factors which act later can affect Prakruti but cannot alter Prakruti and Rakta has minimal role in determinig Prakruti as according to Ayurveda 9. Prakruti lakshanas explained in Ayurveda are valied till date as of Kesha lakshana. 10. Colour incidence in the study did not give conclusive results. 11. Shaft form certainly has relative variation on Prakruti. Wavy hair pattern is predominantly seen in Pitta Prakruti. 12. Regarding the shaft diameter kapha and vata kapha individuals hair girth is more where as pitta kapha is minimum.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 100

Conclusion 13. Regarding the root vata kapha individual is having long firm root where as vatapitta individuals hair root is minimum length and kapha individuals hair is having minimum hair root girth. 14. The study sample is not adequate to give proper conclusive statements. Large sample size study would help in arriving at desired results. 15. In addition to the above study the strength of the hair will also give a better information about the prakruthi.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 101

Summary

SUMMARY The dissertation entitled “The Structure Of Kesha (Hair Of The Scalp) And Its Relationship With Prakruthi In Balyavastha” comprises of 8 chapters namely Introduction, Objectives, Methodology, Observation, Discussion, Conclusion And Summary. Chapter 1: A brief introduction, which gives concise idea of purpose of the study with relevance of the study in the current need of the society is given in the beginning with short note on the results obtained by experimental study with conclusions which could be drawn from the results availed. Chapter 2: Gives an idea about Aims and objective of the study and previous works done with relative topics. Chapter 3: Review of literature is dealt three sections kesha in ayurveda and hair in recent anatomy texts, brief note on prakruti in ayurveda and other systems of medicine with subsections. Chapter 4: Methodology explains method of data collection, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the features of hair counted for test and their procedures being discussed. Chapter 5: Observation of Prakruti of individuals with their incidence of age , sex , occupation , habitat along with observation on microscopic study of the hair samples is presented in this chapter. Chapter 6: Discussion on kesha in ayurveda, discussion on anatomical and physiological considerations of kesha in ayurveda, discussion on prakruti

and

finally discussion on the observation of experimental study. Chapter 7: Conclusions drawn from the conceptual as well as experimental study with application of the study and its limitations are noted. Chapter 8: A bird’s eye view on the entire course of the dissertation work is done

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Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Raja

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Bibliography 26. Shabda kalpa Druma 27. Shabda kalpa Druma 28. Pandit Narahari, Raja Nighantu with Dravyaguna Prakashika Hindi commentary by Dr. Indradeva Tripathi; Edited by dr. Indradeva Tripathi; 4th edition; Chaukambha Krishnadas Academy; Varanasi; 2006 29. Mundaka Upanishad 1/1/7, Shabda kalpa Druma 30. Aarya Sapthashathi.shabda kalpa druma 31. (shabda kalpa druma) 32. shabdakalpa druma) 33. Rugveda 6/35/5, Shabda kalpa Druma 34. Rugveda 1/127/7, Shabda kalpa Druma 35. Atharva Veda, 6th Khandha, Sookta 21-23, 136, 137 36. Sayana Bhashya, Rugveda, Shabda kalpa Druma 37. Manu smrithi, Shabda kalpa Druma 38. Manu smrithi, Shabda kalpa Druma 39. Mundaka Upanishad 1/1/7, Shabda kalpa Druma 40. Laghu Siddhantha Kaumudhi. 41. Siddhantha Kaumudhi, Bala Manorama, PurushaVichaya Prof.Vinayak Jayanand Thakar, 1stEdition 1984,Ayurveda press Jamnagar,858pp, pg.no 414 42. Ramayana, Uttara Kanda 37, Shabda kalpa Druma 43. Ramayana, Shabda kalpa Druma 44. Neelakantha, Mahabharatha Tika, Shabda kalpa Druma 45. Mahabharatha 4/39/41, Shabda kalpa Druma 46. Mahabharatha 3/283/37 shabda kalpa druma 47. Mahabharatha 119/119, Shabda kalpa Druma 48. Bhagavatha, Shabda kalpa Druma 49. Bhagavatha, Shabda kalpa Druma 50. Kumara Sambhava, Shabda kalpa Druma 51. Garudha Purana, Shabda kalpa Druma 52. Garuda Purana, Shabda kalpa Druma

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Bhodayana dharmasutra Shabda kalpadruma

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189.

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Bhela samhita 7/15 Page No 12

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Chikitsa Sthana 24/75 Pge No 491 196.

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

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Sharangadha, Uttara Khanda 8/31 Page No 342

207.

Sharangadhara Uttara Khanda 8/46 Page No 344

208.

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5th edition 1992 Sutrasthana 5/60 Page No 41 209.

Charak Sutrasthan 5/30-33 Page No 40

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Chikitsasthana 40/22 Page No 552 213.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Chikitsasthana 24/66 Page No 490 214.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Chikitsa Sthana 35/3 Page No 525 215.

Hareeta Samhita 2/21 Page No 9

216.

Yogaratnakar Nitya Pravrutti Shloka No 42 Page No 49

217.

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

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Sushruta sutraSthana 46/185 page No 228

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5th edition 1992 Shareera sthana 234.

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5th edition 1992 Shareera sthana 235.

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acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 238.

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acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana

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acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 240.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

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acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita uttara sthana 243.

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acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 244.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 245.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 246.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 247.

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 252.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita chikitsa sthana 253.

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5th edition 1992 samhita chikitsa 256.

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5th edition 1992 samhita chikitsa sthana 6 257.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Sutrasthana 35/29, pg 155. 258.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita kalpa sthana 259.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita kalpa sthana 260.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita kalpa sthana 261.

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Sutrasthana 25/18 Page No 118 265.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

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Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

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5th edition 1992 vimana Sthana 7/7 Page No258 277. 278. Vagbhata, Astanga Hrudayam, with Sarvanga sundari by Arunadatta and Ayurveda Rasayana By Hemadri. Anna Mooreshwara Kunthe and Pt Krishnashatri

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5th edition 1992 Chikitsasthana 25/43 Page No 593 282.

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5th edition 1992 Sutrasthana 17/67 Page No 103 285.

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5th edition 1992 Sutrasthana 18/6/1 Page No 106 286.

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5th edition 1992 Sutrasthana 18/6/2 Page No 106 287.

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5th edition 1992 Sutrasthana 18/6/3 Page No 106 288.

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5th edition 1992 Sutra 25/11 pg294.

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5th edition 1992 samhita Nidana sthana 6/13 pg-221 303.

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5th edition 1992 samhita Chikitsasthana 8/36, pg 460 305.

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5th edition 1992 Indriyasthana 6/16 Page No 364 312.

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5th edition 1992 samhita Indriyasthana 12/ 19 page No 372 320.

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5th edition 1992 samhita Indriyasthana 12/52 Page No 373 321.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 samhita Indriyasthana 12/55 Page No 373 322.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 samhita Chikitsasthana 4/17 Page No429 323.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 samhita Chikitsasthana 7/175 Page No 458 324.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutrasthana 29/16 Page No 132 325.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutrasthana 31/10 Page No 139 326.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutrasthana 31/12 Page No 141 327.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita Chikitsasthana 3/41 Page No 570 328. Agnivesha, Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 Samhitha, Yadhavji Trikamji Acharya, Munshiram

Manoharlal publishers pvt limited 5th Edition 1992 Indriya Sthana 5/39, 738pp, P g.no 362. 329.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 125

Bibliography 330. 331.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 5 332.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 333.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 samhita chikitsa sthana 26 334.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 ChikitsaSthana 7/176 Page No 458 335.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Sutrasthana 33/16 Page No 145 336.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Sutra Sthana 32/3 page No 141 337.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 SutraSthana 23/6 Page No 111 338.

Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd

5th edition 1992 Sutrasthana 8/18 Page No 58 339.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 sutrasthana 29/47 Page No 134 340.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Sutrasthana 29/65 Page No 135 341.

Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji

acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 Sutrasthana 29/62 Page No 135

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 126

Bibliography 342. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 , Shareera Sthana 4/61, 824pp, pg.no- 360. 343.

http://bible?passage =Daniel 3;27 and version=NKJV

344.

http://bible?passage =luke21;18 version=NKJV

345.

Jerry Bergman , society quarterly journal CRSQ Vol 40 No 3 pp 216-2303

march 2004 346.

Gray Henry, Gray’s Anatomy; Edited by Peter L. Williams, Roger Warwick,

Mary Dyson and Lawrence Bannister; 37th edition; Churchill Livingstone; London; 1989; Pp: 1598 347.

Gerard J. Tortora and Sandra Reynolds Grabowski; Principles of Anatomy and

Physiology; Harper Collins college Publishers; 8th Edition;1996; Pp: 984; 348.

Anthony’s text book of anatomy and physiology

349.

Human physiology by c c chaterjee

350.

http:// www.keratin.com/az/follicle development 2

351.

keratin.com

352.

Gray Henry, Gray’s Anatomy; Edited by Peter L. Williams, Roger Warwick,

Mary Dyson and Lawrence Bannister; 37th edition; Churchill Livingstone; London; 1989; Pp: 1598 353. Gerard J. Tortora and Sandra Reynolds Grabowski; Principles of Anatomy and Physiology; Harper Collins college Publishers; 8th Edition;1996; Pp: 984; Page N 354.

Douglas W. Deedrick , Unit Chief,Trace Evidence Unit,Federal Bureau of

Investigation,Washington,DC,Hairs,Fibers,Crime,and

EvidencePart1:

Hair

Evidence 355.

Forensic Human Hair Examination Guidelines,Scientific Working Group on

Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) 356.

Forensic science hand book vol III Richard safordstein page no 38

357.

A guide to the analysis of forensic dust specimens page no 42

358. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita shaareera sthana 3/ 25 page 315 – 16

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 127

Bibliography 359. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita shareera sthana 1/17 360. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 1/ 21 (1) 361. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 6 / 13 362. chakra pani charaka samhita sutra athana 9/4 page 62 363. chakrapani

Agnivesha,

charaka

samhita,

yadavji

trikamji

acharya

,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita sutra sthana 5/4 page 36 364. chakrapani chraka samhita sutrastha 9/4 page 62 365. Shaarngadhara samhita purva khanda 5 366. shabda ratnavali shabda kalpa druma 367. raja nighantu ni manushyadi varga page no 113 368. amara kosha 1/4/ 2 369. arunadatta

ashtanga hrudaya 1 / 9 -10 page 8-9

370. aayurveda rasayana ashtanga hrudaya 1/ 9 -10 371. chakrapani Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita sutra sthanna vi 8/3 page 53 372. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita sutra sthana 7 373. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita sthana vimana sthana 3/ 12 374. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita shareera sthana 1 375. 4/ 63 page 360

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 128

Bibliography 376. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita shareera sthana 4 / 63 page 360 377. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita shareera sthana 4 / 63 page 361 378. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 8 / 95 page 277 379. Gangadhara jalpa kalpa taru commentary Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 8 / 95page 277 page no 1693-94 380. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita indriya sthana 1/5 page 354 381. madhava nidana vijaya rakjshita page 63 382. ushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita sutra sthana 21 / 3 page 99 383. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita indriya sthana 3 384. Arunadatta Ashtanga Hrudaya 1 / 6-6 ½ 385. Madavakara, Madhava Nidana Part I with Madhukosha commentary by Sri. Vijayarakshitha and Srikanthadatta and Vidyotini Hindi commentary by Sri. Sudarshana Sastri; Edited by Yadunandana Upadhyaya; 30th edition; Chaukambha Sanskrit Sansthan; Varanasi; 2000 ( madhava pancha nidana , madhu kosha) 386. Ashtanaga hrudaya shareera sthana 3/84 387. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita Shareera sthana 4 /80

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 129

Bibliography 388. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita Shareera sthana 4 / 80 page 362 389. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita Sutrasthana 7/41 390. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita Sutrasthana 10/21 &10/41 391. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 6 / 15 392. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita vimana sthana 8 / 14 393. Agnivesha, charaka samhita, yadavji trikamji acharya ,m.m.publishers pvt ltd 5th edition 1992 samhita shareera sthana 4 / 40 394. Sushruta,Sushruta samhita nibandha sangraha of dalhana by yadavji trikamji acharya and narayan ram acharya, choukhambha orientalia, varaanasi 8th edition 2005 samhita Shareera sthana su sha 4 / 18 395. Ashtanaga Hrudayaa sutra sthana 12 / 67 & 68 396. Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 397. The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company 398. Mosby's Dental Dictionary, 2nd edition. © 2008 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. 399.

William boyd Basic pathology

400.

Forensic science hand book vol III Richard safordstein page no 38

401.

Figures and photos :

1. www. Keratin.com 2. http://education.vetmed.vt.edu 3. http://www.fbi.gov

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha 130

Prakruti and Hair examination Proforma Alva’s Ayurvedic Medical College, Moodbidri Department of Shareera Rachana Title: Comprehensive Study of Kesha Shaareera with Special Reference To Deha Prakruti Scholar: Dr Shrikumar K SL.No: Name: Address: `

Guide: Vd. Alapati Vinodkumar

__________ __________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________

Age:

Sex:

Edu Status:

Primary

Male / Female

High

Socio economic Status: Diet: Prakruti Typing:

Marks

I Sharirika (Physical Traits)

II Manasika (Behavioural Traits)

Vata

Vata

Pitta

Kapha

Pitta

Kapha

Total______________________________________________ Dominant Prakruti

Signature of scholar

Signature of guide

Prakruti Questionnairre Behavioural 1. I consider myself as: Lively, intuitive, Motivated, perceptive, warm Resilient, content, loyal, slow 2. My acquaintances describe me as: Enthusiastic, changeable Friendly, independent, courageous, discriminating Deliberate, relaxed, compassionate 3. My friends describe me as: An initiator A good leader, goal-oriented, competitive Patient, nurturing, stable 4. My memory is Quick to remember-and to forget. (Best in the short term) Average, clear, distinct (Good overall) Slow to remember and to forget (Best in the long term) 5. My thinking style is Restless, quick Organized, efficient, accurate Slow, methodical, exacting 6. I process information Quickly At medium speed Slowly 7. My creativity level is Filled with ideas, but tends to follow through poorly Inventive in many areas, with good follow-through Best in the field of business

8. Under stress I become Anxious, insecure, tense, and sigh and hyperventilate Aggressive, angry, irritable, headachy, nauseated Lethargic, dull, in denial 9. I dream of Activity, running, flying, frightening things Violence, fire, anger, passion, the sun Romance, sentimentality, water and snow 10. My speech pattern is fast, talkative (Quick, often imaginative or excessive) Precise, convincing (Clear, precise, detailed, well-organized) Slow, monotoned, melodic (Soothing, rich with moments of silence) 11. My voice sounds High pitched, fast, dissonant, weeping Medium pitched, sharp, laughing Low pitched, melodious, slow, monotone, pleasant, deep 12. My lifestyle is Highly active Active Rather inactive 13. My spending habits are Wasteful, can't save, throw money away on trifles Moderate, can save, but spend money on luxuries Thrifty, accumulate wealth but spend money on food. 14. Regarding temperature and weather: Idislike weather that is cold, windy, dry. I am comfortable in the heat. I dislike weather that is hot, with strong sun. I perspire easily. I thrive in winter. I dislike weather that is cool and damp. I tolerate extremes well.

15. When making decisions I am Unsure Quick and decisive Deliberate 16. Emotionally, I Worry, am anxious, moody, and emotional Get angry and irritated easily Stay calm, complacent, get angry slowly 17. I love Traveling, art, esoteric subjects sports, politics, luxury Good food 18. The pace of my activity is Fast Medium speed, intense Slow, steady 19. When threatened, I become Fearful, anxious Angry, irritable, fights Indifferent, withdraws 20. My taste preference is: Oily, heavy, sweet, soupy, salty, sour Medium, light, sweet, warm, bitter, astringent Dry, light, low-fat, sweet, pungent 21. My mental tendencies are: Questions, theorizes Judgmental or artistic Stable, and logical 22. I generally eat Quickly

Moderately fast Slowly 23. My sleep is most often Interrupted, light Sound, moderate Deep, long. I am slow to waken. 24. I am most sensitive to Noise Bright light Strong odors 25. My way of learning is To learn quickly. I enjoy more than one thing at a time. I can lose focus. To focus sharply, discriminate. I finish what I start. To take my time. I tend to be methodical. 26. I learn new material best by Listening to a speaker Reading or using visual aids Associating it with another memory 27. If there was one trait to best describe me, it would be Vivacious (lively, active, spirited and full of life) Determined Easygoing 28. Regarding my relationships, I Easily adapt to different kinds of people Often choose friends on the basis of their values Am slow to make new friends but am forever loyal. 29. My family and friends might prefer me to be more Settled Tolerant Enthusiastic

30. I am Flexible, optimistic Ambitious, practical, intense Calm, peaceful, solicitous

Prakruti Questionnaires Physical 31. Compared to others of my height, I have Smaller bones Average size bones Larger bones 32. My height is Above to below average Average Average to tall 33. My muscles are Wiry, undeveloped Moderately developed Solid, stocky, well developed 34. My weight is Below average, I lose weight easily Medium, able to lose or gain weight Above average, I gain weight easily 35. Most of my fat is located Around my waist Evenly over my body Around the hips and thighs 36. My skin is Dry, flaky, thin, rough, cool to touch

Delicate, sensitive, with freckles or moles, warm to touch, glowing Oily, thick, smooth, soft to touch 37. My complexion (compared with others of my race) is Darker More reddish, freckled, or yellowish Lighter or pale 38. My hair is Dry, brittle, thin, coarse, brown, black Fine and straight, blond, red, graying early, Oily, thick, luxuriant, wavy or curly, dark brown, black 39. My eyebrows are Thin, dry, and firm Medium Thick, large, firm, bushy, oily 40. My eyes are Small, nervous, dry, black or brown Sharp, bright, sensitive to light, gray or green, with a penetrating gaze Big, calm, blue, with a loving gaze 41. My teeth are Big, crooked or protruding, with thin receding gums Medium-sized, yellowish and soft, with tender gums Strong and white with healthy gums 42. My nose is Uneven in shape, small, thin Long and pointed Short, rounded, thick, oily 43. My lips are Dry, thin, dark Soft, pink, red, or yellowish Oily and smooth, large, thick and firm, pale

44. My veins are Prominent Somewhat visible Not visible 45. My shoulders are Narrow and slope downward Medium-sized Broad, firm, developed 46. My hips are Narrow Medium width Wide 47. My hands are Small, dry, cool, with small, long fingers Medium-sized, moist, warm, pink Large, oily, cool, firm 48. My joints are Thin, small, and make cracking noises Moderate in size, soft and loose Large, well lubricated and well knit 49. My nails are Dry, rough, brittle, and break easily Flexible, pink, and lustrous Thick, smooth, shiny, and hard 50. My perspiration is Scanty with no odor Heavy with strong odor Moderate or heavy with pleasant odor 51. My appetite is Irregular, with skipped meals

Strong, must eat regular meals Constant, but can skip meals 52. My sleep pattern is Irregular, light, interrupted, 5-7 hours a night Sound and even, 6-8 hours a night Prolonged and deep, difficult to wake up 53. My gait is Quick, short steps Medium pace, purposeful Slow and graceful 54. My energy or endurance is Low, energy comes in spurts, then need to rest Is moderate or high. I can push myself too hard. Good, long-lasting 55. My bowel movements are Dry, hard, constipation Soft, oily, loose Heavy, slow, thick

Photo plate 01

Ph 01 :

Ph 02 : Arrector Pili

Ph 05: Pacinian C

Cross section

Ph 03 : Root Sheath

Ph 06: Meissenner’s c

Ph 04 : Sebaceous Glands

Ph 07

: Dermal Papilae

Sl. no

region

MASTER CHART Root Root Diameter length

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

diameter

Prakrithi

of hair

F

429

143

57.2

P

457.6

157.3

100.1

O

242.1

228.8

100.1

F

457.6

85.8

51.7

P

314.6

286

85.8

O

171.6

85.8

85.8

F

314.6

157.3

71.5

P

357.5

228.8

85.8

O

286

214.5

42.9

F

457.6

314.6

85.8

P

429

214.5

57.2

O

414.7

328.9

71.5

F

357.5

228.8

114.4

P

715

228.8

57.2

O

357.5

286

107.2

F

171.6

128.7

100.1

P

543.4

157.3

114.4

O

143

171.6

128.7

F

457.6

314.6

85.8

P

429

314.6

71.5

O

214.5

371.8

71.5

F

457.6

214.5

57.2

P

429

286

71.5

O

400.4

114.4

57.2

F

429

200.2

78.65

P

457.6

114.4

85.8

O

357.5

243.1

85.8

F

414.7

228.8

57.2

P

429

114.4

71.5

Colour of hair

Kv

Bl

Vp

Br

Vp

Br

v

Bl

k

Bl

v

Bl

p

Br

v

Bl

Pk

Br

Vp

Br

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

O

357.5

314.6

85.8

F

443.3

100.1

71.5

P

300.3

300.3

85.8

O

157.3

100.1

92.95

F

314.6

157.3

71.5

P

357.5

214.5

85.8

O

343.2

228.8

85.8

F

343.2

200.2

114.4

P

572

200.2

57.2

O

343.2

271.7

114.4

F

457.6

300.3

85.8

P

429

300.3

71.5

O

214.5

357.5

85.8

F

429

214.5

71.5

P

457.6

286

85.8

O

429

128.7

71.5

F

457.6

100.1

71.5

P

357.5

114.4

85.8

O

400.4

214.5

85.8

F

414.7

214.5

57.2

P

343.2

114.4

71.5

O

429

286

85.8

F

429

143

85.8

P

457.6

157.3

100.1

O

243

228.8

100.1

F

429

143

57.2

P

457.6

157.7

85.8

O

243.1

214.5

100.1

F

429

100.1

71.5

P

314.6

286

85.8

O

171.6

85.8

85.8

F

314.6

157.3

42.9

p

Br

p

Br

Kv

Bl

p

Br

p

Br

p

Br

p

Br

k

Bl

Vp

Br

p

Br

Pk

Br

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

P

343.2

214.5

55.8

O

300.3

200.2

85.8

F

343.2

214.5

114.4

P

686.4

228.8

57.2

O

143.2

286

114.4

F

171.6

128.7

100.1

P

529.1

157.3

114.4

O

157.3

171.6

114.4

F

457.6

286

85.8

P

429

286

71.5

O

228.8

228.8

85.8

F

443.3

200.2

71.5

P

429

100.1

85.8

O

357.5

200.1

92.95

F

429

214.5

71.5

P

457.6

286

85.8

O

429

128.7

71.5

F

457.6

100.1

71.5

P

357.5

114.4

85.8

O

400.4

214.5

85.8

F

414.7

214.5

57.2

P

343.2

114.4

71.5

O

429

286

85.8

F

429

143

85.8

P

457.6

157.3

100.1

O

243

228.8

100.1

F

429

143

57.2

P

457.6

157.7

85.8

O

243.1

214.5

100.1

F

429

100.1

71.5

P

314.6

286

85.8

O

171.6

85.8

85.8

k

Bl

k

Bl

p

Br

p

Br

p

Br

p

Br

p

Br

k

Bl

Vp

Br

p

Br

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

F

429

143

57.2

P

457.6

157.3

100.1

O

242.1

228.8

100.1

F

457.6

85.8

51.7

P

314.6

286

85.8

O

171.6

85.8

85.8

F

314.6

157.3

71.5

P

357.5

228.8

85.8

O

286

214.5

42.9

F

457.6

314.6

85.8

P

429

214.5

57.2

O

414.7

328.9

71.5

F

314.6

157.3

42.9

P

343.2

214.5

55.8

O

300.3

200.2

85.8

F

343.2

214.5

114.4

P

686.4

228.8

57.2

O

143.2

286

114.4

F

171.6

128.7

100.1

P

529.1

157.3

114.4

O

157.3

171.6

114.4

F

457.6

286

85.8

P

429

286

71.5

O

228.8

228.8

85.8

F

443.3

200.2

71.5

P

429

100.1

85.8

O

357.5

200.1

92.95

F

414.7

228.8

57.2

P

429

114.4

71.5

O

357.5

314.6

85.8

F

443.3

100.1

71.5

P

300.3

300.3

85.8

Kv

Bl

Vp

Br

Vp

Br

v

Bl

Pk

Br

k

Bl

k

Bl

p

Br

p

Br

Vp

Br

p

Br

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

O

157.3

100.1

92.95

F

314.6

157.3

71.5

P

357.5

214.5

85.8

O

343.2

228.8

85.8

F

343.2

200.2

114.4

P

572

200.2

57.2

O

343.2

271.7

114.4

F

457.6

300.3

85.8

P

429

300.3

71.5

O

214.5

357.5

85.8

F

429

214.5

71.5

P

457.6

286

85.8

O

429

128.7

71.5

F

357.5

228.8

114.4

P

715

228.8

57.2

O

357.5

286

107.2

F

171.6

128.7

100.1

P

543.4

157.3

114.4

O

143

171.6

128.7

F

457.6

314.6

85.8

P

429

314.6

71.5

O

214.5

371.8

71.5

F

457.6

214.5

57.2

P

429

286

71.5

O

400.4

114.4

57.2

p

Br

Kv

Bl

p

Br

p

Br

k

Bl

k

Bl

p

Br

v

Bl

                                                                  Materials and Methods MATERIALS AND METHODS Hair examinations and comparisons, as generally conducted by forensic scientists, often provide important investigative and associative information. Reports abound in the literature concerning the use of human and animal hairs encountered in forensic casework. These guidelines represent a recommended procedure for the forensic examination, identification, and comparison of human hair.

Source of Data A comprehensive study of concept of prakruti was carried out due importance to deha prakruti in light of dosha. References regarding kesha in classics of Ayurveda and other related texts of Indian literature was reviewed and the information studied in relation with hair in anatomy texts The data obtained is taken for scientific analysis and discussion with due regard to basic principles of Ayurveda and recent medical texts For the present study, 50 volunteers were randomly selected from a school.

Methods of Collection of Data 50 male healthy individuals were taken with age group of 10 to 15 years. To obtain specific data the age group was fixed Male sex was selected Four hairs were selected from each volunteer

Inclusion Criteria Apparently healthy males in the age group of 10 to 15 years

Exclusion Criteria Individuals with known asthi and twak vikaara Individuals with any infectious disease affecting hair and scalp Individuals with any metabolic disorder affecting hair and scalp Individuals with chronic illness and those who are exposed to radio and chemo therapy affecting hair and scalp Individuals who are using hair dyes and who alter the structure of their hair

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

83

                                                                  Materials and Methods Study Design Assessment of Prakrithi Prakruti analysis of the volunteers was done with prior consent based on a set of 56 questions with 31 behavioral and 25 physical traits and scoring was given with score 1 for every affirmative answer for each prakruti character representing each dosha Numerical data of dosha traits

was evaluated for statistical tests of

significance

Hair Study The proforma employed in forensic study of hair was used as module for experimental study. Microscopic study of hairs was done with transmitted light fluorescent microscope with 184 magnification. Hair samples were placed over slide with cover slip. The features like color , shaft form , shaft thickness , shaft diameter

and

shape of root, its length and dimeter were the hair features subjected for comparative analysis. 1) Colour Macroscopic and Microscopic 2) Shaft macroscopic - form 3) Microscopic - Diameter and diameter variation range 4) Root -shape 5) Root – Length and Diameter

™

Colour- Five basic shades of colour are used to in forensic like White, Blonde, Red, Brown and Black. Present study was limited to three colours like white, brown and black as it is carried over samples of Asian ethnicity.

™

Shaft - Macroscopic shaft forms like Straight, Arced, Wavy, Curly and tightly coiled were identified.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

84

                                                                  Materials and Methods Microscopic Study: Mounting -

A

colorless, non yellowing mounting medium with a refractive index in

the range of 1.50 to 1.60 was used to view hairs in transmitted light. One hair sample at a time was mounted on a glass microscope slide with an appropriate cover slip. Each slide must be labeled as to the source of the hairs. Diameter - the diameter of the hair sample was measured at three different

™

places along the proximal two centimeter length of the hair fiber. The thickness was determined at average of three obtained numerical values. The samples were adjudged thin or thick on the basis of average diameter value obtained. Diameter variation range - the diameter variation range was calculated

™

with difference between lowest numerical value of diameter thickness and highest numerical value of diameter thickness. three groups were made with those falling within -------------- of DVR and those crossing above ------------- DVR Calibration of the Ocular Micrometer In order to measure the thickness of the hair, a calibrated ocular micrometer in the microscope was placed. A stage micrometer with a linear scale of known dimensional divisions was placed on the stage of the microscope. Focusing on the dividing lines of the stage micrometer the scale in the ocular was aligned with the scale on the micrometer. The number of ocular divisions that equal a defined increment of the stage micrometer was determined . This procedure should be repeated for each objective. The calibration at the magnification 184 was obtained with implementing formula. ™ ™

Root – The length and diameter of hair root was measured. Stem – The diameter of hair stem was measured.

The Structure of Kesha (Hair of the Scalp) and its relationship with Prakrithi in Balyavastha.

85