Topnotch Digital Handout- Biochemistry Juan Dela Cruz

TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP BIOCHEMISTRY MAIN DIGITAL HANDOUT BY RONNIE E. BATICULON, MD @RONIBATS For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://web.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/

ATP

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SAMPLE TOPNOTCH DIGITAL HANDOUT

ENZYMES

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE • Adenosine molecule to which three phosphate groups are attached • Acts as the energy currency of the cell, transferring free energy derived from substances of higher energy potential to those of lower energy potential • Hydrolysis of ATP yields a large – ΔGO • ATP → ADP + Pi (ΔGO = –7300 cal/mol) ATP = Pera! Energy currency of the cell. If you hydrolyse cut or breakdown ATP into ADP + P, such reaction will generate a very negative ΔG, which can be used to couple with other reactions. Dr. Baticulon

“ABCD” Anabolic – Building, Catabolic –destroying. Usually, catabolic reactions yield free energy, anabolic reactions require energy. If you Catabolize or Catay ATP, it will release energy (kaya nga –ΔG/exergonic), that can be used as payment for certain reactions to proceed. Kaya energy currency ang ATP, pambayad mo para mangyari ang mga bagay-bagay/reactions. Dr. Recuenco

• Protein catalysts that increase the velocity of a chemical reaction and are not consumed during the reaction they catalyze • Isozymes are physically distinct versions of a given enzyme, each of which catalyzes the same reaction “Enzymes- tagapagpabilis ng reaction pero di sila nauubos. Nilolower nila ang activation energy (kaya bumibilis) pero di mababago sa ΔG. Gawa sila sa protein, so enzymes can also be denatured by certain agents (acids, strong heat, detergents etc.) Dr. Recuenco

Isozymes have same function but different names, i.e. LDH1, LDH2, …LDH4 Dr. Baticulon

CLASSES OF ENZYMES 1. Oxidoreductases • add oxygen or remove hydrogens (oxidases, dehydrogenases); or • add hydrogens (reductases) to substrates 2. Transferases • move chemical groups (glycosyl, methyl, and phosphoryl) from one substrate to another 3. Hydrolases • cleave substrate bonds using water (adding H or OH to the cleavage products) • subtypes include peptidases, lipases, etc. 4. Isomerases • rearrange substrate molecules to form a different isomer 5. Synthases • join substrates by forming new bonds 6. Phosphatases • remove phosphate groups 7. Phosphorylases and Kinases • add phosphate groups to substrates Hydrolase –water used to lyse; Lyase = lyse o layas single bond!; Ligase: joining! Dr. Baticulon

https://qrs.ly/75bhtfn Classes of enzymes

TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP BIOCHEMISTRY MAIN DIGITAL HANDOUT BY RONNIE E. BATICULON, MD @RONIBATS Page 1 of 2 For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://web.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/

TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP BIOCHEMISTRY MAIN DIGITAL HANDOUT BY RONNIE E. BATICULON, MD @RONIBATS For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://web.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/ Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in cytosol & mitochondria. In glycolysis, you gain 2 ATP net. The substratelevel phosphorylation in TCA is catalyzed by succinyl thiokinase: mnemonic: SuSu = Gatas: meaning: SUccinyl CoA → SUccinate reaction produces GTP Dr. Baticulon

ATP is made by Phosphorylating ADP (you add P to ADP → ATP). We have 2 ways to do that: 1st: substrate-level phosphorylation: you phosphorylate ADP using a substrate. 2nd: oxidative phosphorylation: a chain of oxidation reactions (pasapasahan ng electrons) are utilized to generate ATP.

https://qrs.ly/96bhtgy ATP

Dr. Recuenco

ATP is more readily available, it is the energy currency. Hydrolysis of molecules such as glucose-1-PO4, Ppi, F6P, G6P, G3P release lesser amount of energy (vs. hydrolsis of ATP) so hydrolysis of those cannot be used to produce ATP. Whereas, PEP, CP, 1,3-BPG, creatine phosphate, if they are hydrolyzed, they produce more energy; hence they can be used to make ATP Dr. Baticulon

HOW IS ATP PRODUCED? https://qrs.ly/fubhtic Krebs cycle 2. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION • Greatest quantitative source of high energy phosphate in aerobic organisms • Free energy comes from successive oxidation of substances in the respiratory chain within mitochondria • Molecular O2 is the final substance to be reduced Needs oxygen & mitochondria Dr. Baticulon

1. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION • Done through coupling reactions where a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from another substance with higher ΔGO • Glycolysis o Net formation of two high energy phosphates results from the formation of lactate from one molecule of glucose, generated in two reactions catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase • Citric acid cycle o One high energy phosphate is generated directly at the succinyl thiokinase step

PARTS OF THE MITOCHONDRION • Outer Membrane o Freely permeable to most molecules • Inner Membrane o Impermeable to most molecules • Cristae o Increase surface area • Matrix o Contains enzymes, mtDNA, mtRNA, mitochondrial ribosomes If there’s mitochondrial issue, yari ang MSK & CNS since these need lots of ATP Dr. Baticulon

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https://qrs.ly/4dbhth2 Cellular Respiration

https://qrs.ly/j1bhthc

https://qrs.ly/kebhths

Glycolysis

TOPNOTCH MEDICAL BOARD PREP BIOCHEMISTRY MAIN DIGITAL HANDOUT BY RONNIE E. BATICULON, MD @RONIBATS Page 2 of 2 For inquiries visit www.topnotchboardprep.com.ph or https://web.facebook.com/topnotchmedicalboardprep/