Place Of Suit Section 15 – 21of The Code Of Civil Procedure: University Institute Of Legal Studies

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UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF LEGAL STUDIES

Place of Suit Section 15 – 21of The Code of Civil Procedure

Submitted to:Dr. Karan Jawanda Assistant Professor, Uils, Panjab University

Submitted by:Dishant Mittal 130/15 (13754) Section C B.com L.L.B

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Acknowledgement Success is a blend of multiple efforts. The final import of this project is also a result of the sheer hard work and constant support of many people. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all of them. To begin with, I would like to express my humble gratitude to my teacher, DR. KARAN JAWANDA, for her able guidance and mentoring. The meticulous manner in which she teaches has paid significantly in the completion of this project. Secondly, I would like to thank my department, University Institute of Legal Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, for providing such an expansive library which provided me all the relevant material required for this project. Last but not the least, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my parents and my friends who have constantly supported and motivated me throughout this project.

Dishant Mittal

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Table of Contents Acknowledgement .......................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ 3 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 4 Suit .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Jurisdiction ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Institution of Suit: the Provisions under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908: ..................................... 7 Place of Suing ................................................................................................................................. 7 Pecuniary Jurisdiction ................................................................................................................. 8 Section 15 Court in which suits to be instituted ......................................................................... 8 Territorial Jurisdiction ................................................................................................................ 9 Section 16 Suits to be instituted where subject matter situate- ................................................... 9 Section 17: Suits for immovable property situate within jurisdiction of different Courts- ...... 12 Section 18: Place of institution of suit where local limits of jurisdiction of Courts are uncertain- .................................................................................................................................. 13 Section 19. Suits for compensation for wrongs to person or movables- .................................. 14 Section 20: Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside or cause of action arises- ..... 15 Section 21: Objections to jurisdiction- ..................................................................................... 18 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 19 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 20

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INTRODUCTION The basic aim of a legal system of a country is to impose duty to respect the legal rights conferred upon the members of the society. The person making a breach of that duty is said to have done the wrongful act. On the basis of nature and gravity of such wrongful acts, those are separated under two categories: Public Wrong and Private Wrong. Public wrong is deemed to be committed against the society and the Private wrong, against individuals. The gravity of the former is greater than that of the latter. The first category is termed under the Law as ‘crime’ governed by the Criminal Laws (Substantive and Procedural) and the second category, as ‘civil wrong’ governed by the Civil Laws. In case of civil wrong, the remedy is the compensation either liquidated or unliquidated damages; the remedial measures ensured to the people is based on the Latin maxims damnum sine injuria (damage without injury), injuria sine damnum (injury without damage) and ubi jus ibi remedium. According to the first two maxims if the legal right of a person is violated he will get the remedy, even in case where no actual damage is caused to him; but where he has no legal right, then if any actual damage is caused to him, he cannot be entitled to get the remedy. The ubi jus, ibi idem remedium (where there is a right there is a remedy), speaks of the remedial measure available in the formerly mentioned cases. Such remedial measures are enforced through the institution of suit. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 is the procedural or the adjective law of India in civil matters1. The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 came into force with effect from 1January 1909. This is consolidated Code as to procedure to be followed by civil courts. As observed in Prem Lala Nabata v. Chandi Prasad Sikaria2, the code consolidates and amends the laws relating to the procedure of the courts of Civil Judicature. It is consolidated code collecting all the laws relating to the procedure to be adopted by civil courts. It is designed to facilitate justice and further its ends and not a penal enactment for punishments and penalties. The provisions of the code, should be construed liberally and technical objections should not be allowed to defeat substantial justice.

1 2

www.legalserviceindia.com (2007) 2 SCC 551

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Suit The word ‘suit’ has wider application. There is a little difference between the suits under the CPC 1908 and the other civil suits. This is under the CPC the suits is instituted by the presentation of the plaint which has particular format and in other suits like the suit for divorce, the same is instituted by mere presentation of the petition by or on behalf of either spouse. It should be mentioned that ‘suit’ is different from the ‘writs’. Suit is instituted to enforce the legal rights (not the political and religious) only; but the ‘writs’ are concerned with the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by Part III of the Indian Constitution. Only the High Courts and the Supreme Court have the Writ jurisdiction governed by the Indian Constitution. The term ‘suit’ has not been defined in the Civil Procedure Code, 1908. According to Chamber’s 20th Century Dictionary (1983), it is a generic term of comprehensive signification referring to any proceeding by one person or persons against another or others in a court of law wherein the plaintiff pursues the remedy which the law affords him for the redress of any injury or enforcement of a right, whether at law or in equity. In the Black’s Law Dictionary (7th Edition) this term is defined as the proceeding initiated by a party or parties against another in the court of law. According to some other views, ‘suit’ includes appellate proceeding also; but it does not include an execution proceeding. Ordinarily, suit under the CPC is a civil proceeding instituted by the presentation of a plaint3.

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www.legalserviceindia.com

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Jurisdiction The term ‘jurisdiction’ is not defined in the Civil Procedure Code, 1908. The word is derived from the Latin terms ‘juris’ and ‘dicto’ which means “I speak by the law”. It is interesting to note that the jurisdiction is always granted by the Legislature but the power to determine the jurisdiction vests in the superior Courts. Two meanings of jurisdiction can be analyzed: (i) The authority or power of a court to entertain and decide on any judicial proceeding, (ii) The area over which the power of a court extends4. By jurisdiction is meant authority by which a Court has to decide matters that are litigated before it, or to take cognizance of matters presented in a formal way for its decisions. The limits of this authority are imposed by Statute or Charters or Commissions under which the Court is instituted and may be extended or restricted by similar means. If no restriction or limitation is imposed, the jurisdiction is said to be unlimited. A limitation may be either as to the kind or nature of the actions or the matters of which a particular Court has cognizance or as to the area over which the jurisdiction extends, or it may partake of both these characteristics. Sometimes jurisdiction is also defined in terms of ‘power’. It is the power of the court to hear and determine a cause, to adjudicate and to exercise judicial power in relation to it and to award the remedies provided by law upon a state of facts proved or admitted and presented to the court in a formal way for its decision. The concept of jurisdiction thus embraces the power to grant the remedies provided by law. Before a court can be held to have jurisdiction to decide a particular matter, it must not only have jurisdiction to try the suit brought but must also have the authority to pass the orders sought for. It is not sufficient that it has come within jurisdiction in relation to the subject matter of the suit. Its jurisdiction must include the power to hear and decide the questions at issue, authority to hear and decide the particular controversy that has arisen between the parties5.

4 5

Justice C.K.Takwani (Thakker), Civil Procedure (CPC) with Limitation Act (8th ed. E.Book 2017). Avtar Singh, Code of Civil Procedure (4th ed. Cent. Law Publications 2015).

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Institution of Suit: the Provisions under the Civil Procedure Code, 1908: Section 26(1), CPC says that every suit shall be instituted by the presentation of a plaint or in such other manner as may be prescribed. Sub-section (2) provides that in every plaint, facts shall be proved by affidavit. The procedural framework relating to the institution of a suit is give below: i. Preparing the plaint ii. Choosing the proper place of suing iii. Presentation of the plaint

Place of Suing There are basically three kinds of jurisdictions on the basis of which the place of suing may be determined. These are 1. Pecuniary Jurisdiction 2. Territorial Jurisdictions, and 3. Subject Matter Jurisdictions Suits may be of different types. They may relate to movable properties or immovable properties; they may be based on contracts or torts; they may be matrimonial proceedings, suits for accounts and so on. The jurisdiction of a court to entertain, deal with and decide a suit may be restricted by a variety of circumstances and the first thing which is to be determined is the place of suing. The expression ' place of suing' simply means the venue for trail and it has nothing to do with the competency of the court. section 15-20 of the Code regulate the forum for the institution of suits6.

6

Justice C.K.Takwani (Thakker), Civil Procedure (CPC) with Limitation Act (8th ed. E. Book 2017).

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Pecuniary Jurisdiction Section 15 Court in which suits to be instituted:- Every suit shall be instituted in the Court of the lowest grade competent to try it. Section 15 refers to the pecuniary jurisdiction of the court. The word competent to try indicate the competency of the court with respect to the pecuniary jurisdiction. It means, the courts of lowest grade who has the jurisdiction with respect to pecuniary value shall try the suit at first. The object of this provision by requiring a suitor to bring his suit in the court of the lowest grade competent to try it is that courts of higher grades may not be overcrowded with suits. At the same time it does not oust the jurisdiction of the courts of higher grade, but the higher grade court should return the plaint in such cases to the plaintiff to be presented to the court of the lowest grade competent to try it7. Prima facie, it is the plaintiff’s valuation in the plaint that determines the jurisdiction of the court and not the amount for which ultimately decree may be passed. Thus, if the pecuniary jurisdiction of the court of lowest grade is, say, Rs. 10,000/- and the plaintiff filed a suit for accounts wherein the plaintiff valuation of the suit is well within the pecuniary jurisdiction of the court but court latter finds on taking the accounts that Rs. 15,000/- are due, the court is not deprived of its jurisdiction to pass a decree for that amount8.

7 8

D. N. Mathur, Code of Civil Procedure (3rd ed. Cent. Law Publications 2015). Justice C.K.Takwani (Thakker), Civil Procedure (CPC) with Limitation Act (8th ed. E. Book 2017).

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Territorial Jurisdiction Section 16 Suits to be instituted where subject matter situate- Subject to the pecuniary or other limitations prescribed by any law, suitsa) For the recovery of immovable property with or without rent or profits, (b) For the partition of immovable property, (c) For foreclosure, sale or redemption in the case of a mortgage of or charge upon immovable property. (d) For the determination of any other right to or interest in immovable property, (e) For compensation for wrong to immovable property. (f) For the recovery of movable property actually under distraint or attachment, shall be instituted in the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the property is situate: Provided that a suit to obtain relief respecting, or compensation for wrong to, immovable property held by or on behalf of the defendant may, where the relief sought can be entirely obtained through his personal obedience, be instituted either in the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the property is situate, or in the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the defendant actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain. As per Section 16(a) when the suit is for the recovery of immovable property then in such case the suit shall be instituted only at place where the property is situated. Section 16 is applicable only if property is situated within India. If it is situated outside India, then suit will be instituted as per provisions of section 20. If suit is recovery of rent but without the recovery of possession of property then jurisdiction has to be decided as per section 20 not as per section16. In Title Adcon Electronincs Pvt. Ltd. v. Daulat9, if suit related only to title of mobvable property then in such case it will not fall within provisions of section 16. It will be governed by rules laid down under section 20. If this relief of rent or title are claimed along with recovery of

9

(2201) SC 3712

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possession then in such case section 16 will apply and suit can be instituted where the property is situated. As per section 16(b) when the suit is for the partition of immovable property then in such case the suit shall be instituted only at place where the property is situated. In Raja Row v. Rajajah10, the suit for the partition of immovable property where the immovable property is situated. If property relates to movable property only then in such case territorial jurisdiction has to be decided as per provision of section 20. The court in this case held that if suits related to partition of both movable and immovable property then jurisdiction is to be decided as per section 16 of Cpc. As per section 16(c) if the suit relates to suit of mortgage in relation to redemption, foreclosure or sale. Or the suit relates to the creation of charge on such immovable property and the property is situated within India then suits can be instituted at a place such property is situated. Section 16(d) provides if suit relates to any of point in relation to immovable property situated within India. The suit can be instituted the place where such immovable property is situated. Because of principle of Ejusdem generis, the word any other right has to be read in relation to clause a,b and c of section 16 that is similar kind. Suits for Injuction, segrogation etc. are covered under this clause. In Seetha Rama Chetty V Kamala Amma, suit filed in Bangalore for a property located in Tamilnadu, to determine right and interest in the immoveable property, Court held that as long as the defendant is residing within the jurisdiction of Bangalore Court, where the suit is instituted, the suit was maintainable under S.16(d) read with the proviso. As per section 16(e) if some tort is committed on a immovable property and immovable is situated within India then in such case the suit can instituted where such property is situated. Therefore suits relating to torts on immovable property are not covered under scope of section 19. As per section 16(f) if suit is for the recovery of movable property actually under distraint or attachment, then suit shall be instituted where the property is situated. This is only clause in section 16 which relates to movable property. Otherwise all clauses i.e. Section 16a-16e relates to immovable property. 10

1963 Andh. 474

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Proviso of this section provides if in cases referred in section 16a-16e court is of opinion that the relief for compensation so claimed can be entirely obtained through personal appearance of defendant then in such case suit can be instituted:a.

Where property is situated, or

b.

Where defendant actually and voluntarily resides, or

c.

Where defendant personally works for gain, or

d.

Where defendant carries on his business.

Equity acts in personam: The proviso to the section is an application in a modified form of a maxim of Equity, viz., “Equity acts in personam”. In England the Chancery Courts had and now the Chancery Division of the High Courts of Justice has jurisdiction to entertain certain suits respecting immovable property, though the property might be situate abroad if the relief sought could be obtained through the personal obedience of the defendant. The personal obedience of the defendant could be secured only if the defendant resided within the local limits of the jurisdiction of the court or carried on business within those limits. It’s essential feature was that the land in respect of which the suit was brought was situate abroad, but the person of the defendant or his personal property was within the jurisdiction of the court in which the suit was brought. In Harshad Chiman Lal Modi v. DLF, Universal Ltd.11, Court held that this proviso is based on the maxim of equity that "Equity in personam". If the court is of the opinion that no evidence has to be taken from property and relief can be granted only through personal appearance of parties. Then as per maxim of equity the suit shall be instituted where the parties are.

11

2005 SC 4446

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Section 17: Suits for immovable property situate within jurisdiction of different Courts- Where a suit is to obtain relief respecting, or compensation for wrong to, immovable property situate within the jurisdiction of different Court, the suit may be instituted in any Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction any portion of the property is situate : Provided that, in respect of the value of the subject matter of the suit, the entire claim is cognizable by such Court. Section 17 provides if the property in relation to which suit instituted is situated at different limits of local courts then the suit can be instituted at any of such courts, but subject to pecuniary and subject matter jurisdiction. A suit to obtain relief respecting, or compensation for wrong to, immovable property which is situate within the jurisdiction of different courts may be instituted in any court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction any portion of the property is situate, provided that in respect of the value of the subject-matter of the suit, the entire claim is cognizable by such court. The object of the section is to avoid multiplicity of suits, but the section is no bar to parties bringing successive suits where the properties are situate in different jurisdictions12.

12

Sir Dinshaw Fardunji Mulla, Mulla’s the Code of Civil Procedure (19th ed. Lexis Nexis 2017).

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Section 18: Place of institution of suit where local limits of jurisdiction of Courts are uncertain- (1) Where it is alleged to be uncertain within the local limits of the jurisdiction of which of two or more Courts any immovable property is situate, any one of those Courts may, if satisfied that there is ground for the alleged uncertainty, record a statement to that effect and thereupon proceed to entertain and dispose of any suit relating to that property, and its decree in the suit shall have the same effect as if the property were situate within the local limits of its jurisdiction: Provided that the suit is one with respect to which the Court is competent as regards the nature and value of the suit to exercise jurisdiction. (2) Where a statement has not been recorded under sub-section (1), and objection is taken before an Appellate or Revisional Court that a decree or order in a suit relating to such property was made by a Court not having jurisdiction where the property is situate, the Appellate or Revisional Court shall not allow the objection unless in its opinion there was, at the time of the institution of the suit, no reasonable ground for uncertainty as to the Court having jurisdiction with respect thereto and there has been a consequent failure of justice. A case may, arise where it is not possible to say with certainty that the property is situate within the jurisdiction of the one or the other of several Courts. In such a case, one of these Courts, if it is satisfied that there is such uncertainty, may after recording a statement to that effect proceed to entertain and dispose of the suit.

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Section 19. Suits for compensation for wrongs to person or movables- Where a suit is for compensation for wrong done to the person or to movable property, if the wrong was done within the local limits of the jurisdiction of one Court and the defendant resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain, within the local limits of the jurisdiction of another Court, the suit may be instituted at the option of the plaintiff in either of the said Courts. Illustrations: (a) A, residing in Delhi, beats B in Calcutta. B may sue A either in Calcutta or in Delhi. (b) A, residing in Delhi, publishes in Calcutta statements defamatory of B. B may sue A either in Calcutta or in Delhi. It has been said that movables follow the person – Mobilia sequuntur personam According to section 19 if suits relates to: 1. Wrongs done to person 2. Wrongs done to moveable property Then suit shall be instituted at a place where I.

Wrong is committed, or

II.

Defendant actually and voluntarily resides, or

III.

Defendant personally works for gain, or

IV.

Defendant carries on his business. Where such wrong consists of a series of acts, a suit can be filed at any place where any of the acts has been committed. Similarly, where a wrongful act is committed at one place and the consequences ensue at another place, a suit can be instituted at the option of the plaintiff where the action took place or consequences ensued13. Section 19 does not cover all cases of torts. The torts in relation to immovable property instituted as per section 16 that where property is situated not as per section 19.

13

Justice C.K.Takwani (Thakker), Civil Procedure (CPC) with Limitation Act (8th ed. E. Book 2017).

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In Sabhash Chandra Jain v. Vidyitt Jain,14 Court held that section 19 only covers the cases of torts in relation to movable and not suits in relation to immovable property. The other suits in relation to movable property are covered under section 16 of Cpc.

Section 20: Other suits to be instituted where defendants reside or cause of action arises- Subject to the limitations aforesaid, every suit shall be instituted in Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction(a) the defendant, or each of the defendants where there are more than one, at the time of the commencement of the suit, actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain; or (b) any of the defendants, where there are more than one, at the time of the commencement of the suit actually and voluntarily resides, or carries on business, or personally works for gain, provided that in such case either the leave of the Court is given, or the defendants who do not reside, or carry on business, or personally work for gain, as aforesaid, acquiesce in such institution; or (c) the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises. Explanation-A corporation shall be deemed to carry on business at its sole or principal office in India or, in respect of any cause of action arising at any place where it has also a subordinate office, at such place. Section 20 lay down the place of suing in case of suits other than specified in section 16 and section 19. Therefore, section 20 is general provision in relation to place of suing. Section 20 of code has been designated to secure that justice might be brought as near as possible to every man's hearthstone and that the defendant should not be put to the trouble and expense of travelling long distances in order to defend himself in cases in which he may be involved15. 1) If the suit relates to disputes referred under section 16a - 16e but property not situated within India then in such case the jurisdiction will be decided as per section 20.

14 15

1978 All. 234 Laxman Prasad v. Prodigy Electronics Ltd. (2008) 1 SCC 618

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2) If disputes of immovable property does not relate to any of description under section 16a -16e then such case, jurisdiction will be decided as per section 20. 3) If dispute relates to movable property other than torts, then jurisdiction is decided as per section 20. 4) If dispute is any of other description then jurisdiction is decided as per section 20. According to section 20 the following courts have territorial jurisdiction:I.

Where the defendant at the time of institution of suit actually and voluntarily resides, or

II.

Where the defendant carries on his business, or

III.

Where the defendant personally works for gain at time of Institution of suit, or

IV.

Where the cause of action wholly or partly arises. But if there are more than 1 defendants and they are residing at different places or personally works for gain or carries on his work at different places then suit can be instituted at any place of residence or personally works for gain or where carries on his business but witha. Leave of Court; or b. Acquiesce of other defendants. In Laxman Prasad v. Prodigy Electronics Ltd.16, Supreme Court held that the purpose behind section 20 i.e. territorial jurisdiction is to avoid destruction of evidence and exploitation of process of law by instituting frivolous or vague litigation against defendant.

Voluntarily Resides: Under section 20 words "actually resides" mentioned means the place where defendant intends to reside will be deemed to be his residence. The intention can be gathered from facts and circumstances concerning defendant. eg:- the address used by defendant as postal address, the place where he is currently residing and time period of his residing there etc. these things will be considered to find where the defendant intends to reside for purpose of his actual residence17.

16 17

(2008) 1 SCC 618 Satya v. Teja Singh 1975 SC 105

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In Jeewanti Pandey v. Kisimn Chandra18, question before court whether Jail can be considered to be residence of defendant when going under imprisonment? Supreme Court held that the Jail cannot be treated to be residence for the purpose of section 20 because word 'Voluntarily resides' mentioned and jail cannot be considered as voluntarily residence.

Cause of action: “Cause of action” means the cause or the set of circumstances which leads up to a suit. It may compendiously be defined as being the fact or facts which establish or give rise to a right of action or the existence of which entitles a party to seek redress in a court of law. Where the cause of action is fraud, discovery of fraud is no part of the cause of action. The cause of action must be antecedent to the institution of the suit, and no cause of action can be founded on any allegations made in the proceedings. Every plaint must disclose a cause of action when alone the court will be able to proceed to a determination of the dispute. In ABC Lamnart Private Ltd V AP Agencies19, held, the jurisdiction of Court in matter of contract will depend on the situs of contract and Cause of Action arising through connecting factors. Further held, the parties may agree to vest jurisdiction in one of the many competent Court and such Ouster Clause is valid if the clause is explicit , precise and unambiguous and not hit by Ss. 23 and 28 of Indian Contract Act. In case of contract when suit is for its breach or for specific performance of contract, suit can be instituted at following places: I. II.

place where the contract was executed, or place where contract

Only these two cases are considered to be the places where cause of action arises.

18 19

1982 SC 3 1989 SC 1239

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Section 21: Objections to jurisdiction- No objection as to the place off suit will be allowed by an appellate or revisional Court unless the following three conditions are satisfied(i) The objection was taken in the Court of first instance; (ii) It was taken at the earliest possible opportunity and in cases where issues are settled at or before such settlement; and (iii) There has been a consequent failure of justice; all the above conditions must co-exist. The object underlying section 21 is to protect honest litigants and to avoid harassment to plaintiffs who have bona fide and in good faith initiated proceedings in a court which is later on found to be wanting in jurisdiction. Dishonest litigants cannot take advantage of this provision. It is a fundamental rule that a decree of a court without jurisdiction is nullity. Halsbury rightly states: “where by reason of any limitation imposed by statute, charter or commission, a court is without jurisdiction to entertain any particular action or matter, neither the acquiesce nor the express consent of the parties can confer jurisdiction upon the court nor can consent give a court jurisdiction if a condition which goes to the root of the jurisdiction has not been performed or fulfilled.” In Kiran Singh V. Chaman Paswan20, court held that an error is committed by the court in exercising the jurisdiction with respect to pecuniary or territorial jurisdiction, the decision so given will not be void, it will be considered as irregular exercise of jurisdiction. No doubt, party has a right to raise the issue but at the earliest possible time and once the court proceeded with the matter and given the decision the same cannot be raised at the appellate stage at all. In Hira Lal v. Kali Nath21, where the suit which ought to have been filed in an Agra court was filed in the Bombay HC with the leave of the court, it was held that the objection to such jurisdiction falls within section 21 of code.

20 21

AIR 1954 SC 340 AIR 1962 SC 199

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Conclusion When a suit is related to immovable property, the court within whose local jurisdiction property is situated have the jurisdiction to try the matter. In case when a part of the property is situated in the local limit of the other courts as well, I mean when the property is situated in more than one territorial limits of the courts than in that case the courts in whose territorial limit any portion of the property is situated have the jurisdiction and in such situation it is the plaintiff who will decide which court to approach. Where it is not possible to say with certainty that the property is situated within the jurisdiction of the one or the other of several courts, in such case one of these several courts, if it is satisfied that there is such uncertainty, may after recording a statement to that effect proceed to entertain and dispose of the suit. When suit is related to moveable property, as we know moveable property follow the person and hence suit may be brought at the option of the plaintiff either at the place where the wrong is committed or where the defendant resides, carries on business or personally works for gain. Where such wrongs consists of series of acts, a suit may be filed at any place where any of the acts has been committed. Similarly, where a wrongful act is committed at one place and the consequence ensue at another place, a suit may be instituted at the option of the plaintiff where the action took place or the consequences ensued. A suit for compensation for wrong (tort) to a person may be instituted at the option of the plaintiff either where such wrong is committed, or where defendant resides, carries on business or personally works for gain. Jurisdiction as to Subject-Matter Different courts have been empowered to decide different types of suits. Certain courts have no jurisdiction to entertain certain suits. For examples, suits for testamentary succession, divorce cases, probate proceedings, insolvency matters, etc. cannot be entertained by a Court of Civil Judge (Junior Division). This is called jurisdiction as to subject matter. In case, court took up the matter which is not been allotted to it, that is the matter is beyond the subject matter competency, what will be the status of the decision given by the court in such situations. 19 | P a g e

Bibliography

BOOKS 1. Justice C.K.Takwani (Thakker), Civil Procedure (CPC) with Limitation Act (8th ed. E.Book 2017). 2. Sir Dinshaw Fardunji Mulla, Mulla’s the Code of Civil Procedure (19th ed. Lexis Nexis 2017). 3. D. N. Mathur, Code of Civil Procedure (3rd ed. Cent. Law Publications 2015). 4. Avtar Singh, Code of Civil Procedure (4th ed. Cent. Law Publications 2015).

Websites 1. http://www.legalserviceindia.com 2. http://www.scconline.com/ 3. https://indiankanoon.org 4. https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com 5. https://definitions.uslegal.com/ 6. http://www.legalcrystal.com

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