16-book-s4+fluency+building+&+mouth+gymnastics.unlocked.pdf

1

Kev Nair

Fluency Building & Mouth Gymnastics Prof. Kev Nair was born in Kerala, South India, in 1949. He’s an eminent scholar of international repute. He’s a first class LL.B. and a first class LL.M. And he was ranked first in university in both the LL. B. and LL. M. exams. • “Nair was the first person in the world to give shape to the area of study now known as ‘English fluency development’ and to systematize it into a distinct teachable subject... So he is better known as the father of fluency development.” – General Knowledge Today. • “He had been researching since 1971, and the results... led him to new discoveries... ” – THE HINDU. • “Prof. Kev Nair is regarded the world over as the father of fluency lexicography... Fluency lexicography came into existence as a separate branch of dictionary writing with the publication of Prof. Nair’s Dictionary of Active Fluency Combinations in 1986.” – Competition Success Review. • “A renowned English language lexicographer” – The New Sunday Express. • “One of the world’s most respected English language scholars...Perhaps more innovative in method than Roget and more modern in approach than Fowler, Prof. Kev Nair is... one of the foremost Indian scholars who wield great influence on the thinking of the English-educated people around the world.” – General Knowledge Today. • “A towering English language expert” – Competition Success Review. • “Prof. Kev Nair... has... reached out to thousands – judicial officers, professionals, top executives, scholars – who

2 need that comfort and ease in speech with his specialised fluency techniques.” – The New Indian Express. Prof. Nair is a lawyer by profession. He lives with his wife and children in Kochi, Kerala, an enchanting place on the earth.

3

Fluent English Dictionaries1 by Kev Nair • A Dictionary of Active Fluency Combinations. • A Dictionary of Fluency Word Clusters. • The Complete Fluency Words. • A Dictionary of Essential Fluency Phrases. • Core Fluency Thesaurus. • Comprehensive Adjectival Fluency Dictionary. • Narrative Fluency Dictionary. • Thesaurus of Phrasal Verbs. • Thesaurus of Descriptive English.

1

Note: The Fluent English Dictionaries do not form part of Fluentzy: The English Fluency Encyclopedia. They’re separate publications – meant for those who want to specialize in fluency-oriented vocabulary. For details, visit www. fluencybookz.com.

4

Books by Kev Nair making up Fluentzy: The English Fluency Encyclopedia • B1: Idea units & Fluency. • B2: Speech Generation & Flow Production. • B3: Teaching your Tongue & Speech Rhythm. • B4: Key Speech-initiators & Speech-unit Patterns. • S1/B13 & S2/B14: Fluency in Functional English (Vols. 1 & 2). • S3/B15: Fluency in Telephone English & Sectoral English. • B5: How to Deal with Hesitation. • B6: Oral Training in Fluency Vocabulary (Vol.1). • B7: Packing of Information. • B8: Impromptu Speech-flow Techniques. • S4/B16: Fluency Building & Mouth Gymnastics. • S5/B17: Fluency in speaking about people. • B9: Fluency in Asking Questions. • B10: Oral Training in Fluency Vocabulary (Vol.2). • B11: Fluency & Moment-to-Moment Speech-production. • B12: Oral Training in Fluency Vocabulary (Vol.3). • S6/B18 & S7/B19: Fluency in Topicwise English (Vols. 1 & 2). • S8/B20: Fluency & Pronunciation.

5 S4

Fluency Building & Mouth Gymnastics “Helps speakers get their speech organs work smoothly in the way the English language needs them to work.” – THE HINDU. Fourth Edition

Prof. Kev Nair

TM

Adult Faculties Council

TM

6

For Uma fluency building & mouth gymnastics. Copyright © Prof. K. E. V. Nair @ KevNair 1982, 1995, 2001, 2008. First published 1982. 3rd edition 2001 (12 impressions). 4th edition 2008. Prof. K. E. V. Nair @ KevNair has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this book in accordance with the Copyright Act, 1957. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this book shall be copied or reproduced or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or manner whatever, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission, in writing, of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations or as expressly permitted by law. All quotations from this book shall credit the author, Prof. KevNair. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published, and without a similar condition, including this condition, being imposed on any acquirer or the subsequent purchaser. Any violation of these terms and conditions will invite civil and criminal proceedings and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Published in India by Mrs. Uma V. Nair, Adult Faculties Council, DP Lane, Elamakkara PO, Kochi-682 026, Kerala. Printed in India by Ayodhya Printers Ltd., Elamakkara PO, Kochi-682 026, Kerala. Adult Faculties Council’s websites: www.fluentzy.com; www.fluencybookz.com. Phone: (91)(0484) 2538449, 2408361. Fax: (91)(0484) 2408361. E-mail: [email protected]. Price: Rs.175.00

7

Contents Chapter 1: Fluency through mouth gymnastics, 13 Past experience handicaps advanced non-native learners, 13 Mouth gymnastics, 14 Ineffective methods, 15 Fluency in “wrong” usages is a handicap, 16 Word classes for mouth gymnastics, 17 Knowledge of organs of speech, 18 The vocal apparatus, 18 The Larynx, 20 The pharynx, 21 The soft palate (= velum), 21 Articulators in the mouth, 22

Chapter 2: Word groups for mouth gymnastics, 25 1. Throat class, 25 (i) The larynx group (Vowels & consonants), 25 (a) Vowels (including diphthongs), 25 (b) Voiced consonants, 29 (c) Voiceless consonants, 29 (d) Glottal continuant ‘h’, 30

(ii) The pharynx group (Vowels & voiced consonants), 33 (a) Vowels (and diphthongs), 33 (b) Voiced consonants, 36

(iii) The velar group, 36

8 (a) k and g, 36 (b) ng, 36

Chapter 3: Mouth class, 37

(i) The tongue group (Vowels & consonants), 37 (a) Vowels (and diphthongs), 37 (b) Consonants, 37

(ii) The dental group (Consonants only), 37 (a) Dental-tongue group (= 0 & ð), 37 (b) Dental-lip friction continuants (= f, v), 42

(iii) The alveolar (Upper gum) group (Consonants), 43 (a) Gum-tongue explosion group (= t, d), 43 (b) Gum-tongue friction group (= s, z), 46 (c) Gum-tongue lateral approximant (= l), 49

(iv) Post-alveolar approximant ‘r’, 50 (v) Palato-alveolar group (Consonants only), 51 (a) Palato-gum frictional explosives (= ch, dZ), 51 (b) Palato-gum frictional continuants (= sh, Z), 52

(vi) Hard palate approximant ‘y’ (= the sound ‘y’ of ‘yes’), 55 (vii) Velar group (Consonants only), 58 Velar-tongue explosives (= k, g), 58

(viii) The lip group (Vowels & consonants), 61 (a) Vowels (and diphthongs), 61 (b) Lip-explosives (= p, b), 61 (c) Dental-lip frictional continuants (= f, v), 64 (d) Velar approximant (= w), 64 (e) Lip-nasal group (= m), 67

9 (f) Palato-gum frictional continuants (= sh, Z), 68 (g) Post-alveolar approximant ‘r’, 68

Chapter 4: Nasal class, 69 (i) Lip-nasal consonant (= m), 69 (ii) Gum-tongue nasal consonant (= n), 71 (iii) Velar-tongue nasal consonant (= ng), 72

Chapter 5: Do mouth gymnastics with N+N Groups, 74 Chapter 6: Do mouth gymnastics with Verb groups, 86 Chapter 7: Do mouth gymnastics with mannerclusters, 97

10

11

Preface to the 4th edition Here’s the latest edition of this book. In this edition, I’ve added a considerable amount of word groups that are ideal for doing practice in mouth gymnastics. If you have any comments and suggestions, please do write to me care of the publishers. KEV Nair Kochi, 2008.

12

Abbreviations

fml

formal

infml

informal

sb

somebody

sth

something



sw

somewhere

13 Chapter 1

Fluency through mouth gymnastics All non-native speakers of English face a major problem when they try to speak fluent English. You see, every language requires your organs of speech to work in certain ways in order to produce the sounds and sequences of sounds in that language. Your mothertongue is no exception. And mind you, you’ve been using your organs of speech and producing the sounds and sequences of sounds in your mother-tongue since you were a child. From such a long experience, your organs of speech have got into certain habits. And they now have certain set ways of moving and working: These are habits that suit mostly your mother-tongue, and not English. Now many of the sounds and most of the sequences of sounds in the English language have features that are different from those of the sounds and sequences of sounds in your mother tongue. And so the English language requires your organs of speech to move and work in a different set of ways. But as your organs of speech tend to move and work in certain set patterns, they resist and fight shy of moving and working in the new ways that the English language requires them to work. And when you speak, they move in ‘non-English’ ways. This causes you to stumble on some English sounds at several places, and on most English sound sequences at most places.

Past experience handicaps advanced non-native learners For advanced non-native learners of English, there’s another difficulty: They know English reasonably well or quite well. But

14

F luenc y thro ugh mouth gymnastics

you see, they’ve been speaking non-fluent or semi-fluent English for some years. This experience is actually a liability, and not something helpful. The reason is this: From the experience they’ve had in speaking non-fluent or broken English, their organs of speech have acquired the habit of working in “wrong” ways — because in order to speak non-fluent English they’ve been using their organs of speech to work in non-English ways, that is, in the patterns set by their mother-tongue. So if they want to achieve true fluency, they’ll first have to get their organs of speech to break these “wrong” habits, and then re-educate them in the “right” habits suited to the fluent production of English speech. So remember this: If you want to become fluent in spoken English, you should train your organs of speech to move and work in the way that the English language requires them to move and work — so that they stop moving and working in ‘wrong’ ways, and start moving and working in ‘right’ ways while you’re speaking English. Now don’t get me wrong: All this doesn’t mean that, from now on, your organs of speech must stop working altogether in the way your mother-tongue or any other language requires them to work. No. What I mean is this: When you speak English, your organs of speech must work in the way the English language requires them to work, and not in the way your mother-tongue requires them to work. And when you speak your mother-tongue, your organs of speech must work in the way your mother-tongue requires them to work, and not in any other way.

Mouth gymnastics Now how can you get your organs of speech to get used to working in the new ways that the English language requires them to work? The only effective way is this: Train them. Train them in moving, bending and working in patterns that they’re not used to. You can do this by uttering aloud a “sufficient” quantity of specially selected word groups a “sufficient” number of times.

F luency thro ugh mouth gymnastics

15

These word groups must be those that are capable of exercising all the organs of speech in the new ways. You see, this sort of training develops the strength, coordination and agility of your organs of speech and increases their muscular dexterity. We’ll call this sort of training ‘mouth gymnastics’.

Ineffective methods There’s a traditional method that can train your organs of speech. But this method won’t help you achieve fluency. This method is to get the learners to train with what are known as ‘tonguetwisters’ or sentences that are difficult to say. Here are a few such tongue-twisters: • Lots of hot coffee in a proper copper coffee-pot. • Six thin thistle sticks. • A pinch of paprika pepper popped in a paper poke. • Two toads totally tired of trying to trot to Tetbury. This method is often used in English-speaking countries to train professionals like drama actors and actresses who are already fluent in English, but who have to produce and imitate different types of sounds and sequences of sounds other than their own genuine sounds. This method is not suitable to train the organs of speech of people who are trying to achieve fluency. You see, even native speakers of English who are quite fluent in speech find it difficult to say these tongue-twisters easily without special training. So remember this: What you need is not training with tongue-twisters, because that kind of training won’t help you achieve fluency. There’s also a variation of the tongue-twister training. This is to keep uttering aloud poems or nonsense word groups overstuffed with a particular sound or sequences of sounds. This method is also employed to train drama actors and actresses. Often, this method is adopted in English-speaking countries to

16

F luenc y thro ugh mouth gymnastics

train children in nursery schools in the basic sounds of English. Here are two such traditional poems: • Round and round the rugged rocks The ragged rascals ran their rural races. • Betty Botter bought some butter, But, she said the butter’s bitter; If I put in my batter It will make my batter bitter. So she bought a bit of butter Better than her bitter butter, And she put it in her batter, And so the batter wasn’t bitter. • Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper; A peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper, Where’s the peck of pickled pepper Peter Piper picked? But understand this: Even this method is not suitable for adult fluency trainees, because the skill of making the basic English sounds with perfection won’t make you fluent in speech. First of all, what you need is not just the skill of making the basic sounds in isolation, but the skill of making sequences of those sounds — that is, the basic sounds in a variety of combinations. Secondly, it’s even not enough that you gain the skill of making sequences of the basic sounds. What you need is the skill of making sequences of those sounds as they occur in the word groups used in normal speech. And the word groups used in normal speech are of a kind totally different from the poems, nursery rhymes and nonsense word groups overstuffed with one or two basic sounds.

Fluency in “wrong” usages is a handicap There’s another reason why the mouth gymnastics that nonnative speakers do must be with everyday word groups, and not with tongue twisters or nonsense word groups or poems and nursery rhymes overstuffed with one or two specific sounds.

F luency thro ugh mouth gymnastics

17

We’ve already seen that advanced non-native learners have an added difficulty, because their organs of speech have acquired fluency in working in the ‘wrong’ ways. Now advanced non-native learners face yet another difficulty. As they have the experience of speaking English for a few years, the chances are that they’ve acquired fluency in wrong and inappropriate usages — usages that do not occur in genuine, natural, native English. If they want to achieve fluency in genuine English, they’ll have to break these wrong habits, too — and they’ll have to pick up native speakerlike habits. Training with specially selected everyday word groups would help you get over all these difficulties at one stroke. So what I’m going to do in this Book is to give you collections of everyday word groups. These word groups are not random ones and have not been put together in a random way. No. They’re specially selected word groups. You see, each collection has been put together in such a way as to give most training to a particular organ of speech. This training helps that organ to stop being clumsy, stiff and awkward while producing English sound sequences and to start producing them smoothly and with suppleness — in co-ordination with other organs of speech. Each collection focuses attention on a particular organ of speech — that is, on the way it works together with one or more other organs in order to produce connected speech. And you’ll not find them overstuffed with any particular sound to an extent that is artificial. You see, in natural speech, there’s always a certain interval between the occurrences of the same sound or the same sequence of sounds within a word group uttered as a single unit.

Word classes for mouth gymnastics You’ll find the collections of word groups you’re going to get categorized into three major classes: 1). Throat class. 2). Mouth class. 3). Nasal class.

18

F luenc y thro ugh mouth gymnastics

And you’ll find the word groups under each class grouped organwise as follows: 1). Throat class. (i) Larynx group. (ii) Pharynx group. (iii) Velar group. 2). Mouth class. (i) Tongue group. (ii) Dental group. (iii) Alveolar group. (iv) Hard palate group. (v) Velar-proper group. (vi) Lip group. 3). Nasal class.

Knowledge of organs of speech Strictly speaking, it’s not necessary for you to understand why I’ve called a particular group of words a ‘larynx group’, ‘alveolar group’, etc. Nor is it essential to find out what a larynx or pharynx is. All that you need to do is to train your organs of speech with the word groups given under each head. This is because it’s from this practice that the organs become supple and you get control over them and become able to move them and bend them and make them work the way English language wants them to move, bend and work. But experience has shown one thing: If you’re a serious fluency trainee, you’ll find it helpful to have at least a general idea of what your organs of speech are, and what roles they play in forming speech sounds. This understanding helps you have a clear idea of how one English sound differs in quality from another. And this awareness would keep working inside you and would help you pronounce English better.

The vocal apparatus Your vocal apparatus is your speech mechanism. It consists of your organs of speech. Your organs of speech are situated along the path from your lungs to your throat and from there to the lips in one direction and to the nostrils in another direction.

F luency thro ugh mouth gymnastics

19

Some organs of speech can make movements, while others are relatively fixed. The movable organs of speech are the vocal cords, the soft palate, the tongue and the lips. Others are relatively fixed. When we speak, what we do is to produce sounds and sequences of sounds having various patterns. As far as English language is concerned, all essential sounds are nothing but airstreams modified. These air-streams originate in the lungs. Then they flow upwards through the respiratory tract and escape into the atmosphere either through the mouth or through the nose. And on their way to the outside (through the mouth or the nose), the air-streams get modified — first by an organ called the larynx, and then by other organs. The organs of speech that modify the lung air are the movable ones. But they do this by working together with the fixed ones. The larynx and the other organs that modify the air-stream are organs situated in our respiratory tract above the lungs. They have several important physiological functions. Apart from these physiological functions, they also help us produce speech. They do this by moving in certain ways (or by assuming certain positions) and by modifying the air-stream that pass through them. Though production of speech is not their chief function, these organs are called organs of speech, because they’re the organs that help us produce speech. And for the same reason, the respiratory tract is also known as the vocal tract. The organs of speech are the parts of the vocal tract. As they help you express yourself by producing the sounds of speech, the organs of speech are also known as ‘articulators’. When we form an intention to speak, the first thing that happens is the ‘encoding’ of the idea in the brain at the psychological and linguistic levels. The nervous system transmits this encoded idea from the brain to the organs of speech. The movable organs of speech then move in certain ways either independently of each other or in combination with each other or with the fixed articulators. Their muscles contract, and the

20

F luenc y thro ugh mouth gymnastics

contractions produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract. These changes cause corresponding modifications in the acoustic quality of the air-streams coming upwards from the lungs. This modified air-stream comes out to the outer air either through the mouth or through the nostrils as patterns of sound. These sound waves pass through the air (or the other media through which you speak), and the result is speech that listeners can hear. So you see, the organs of speech need the lung air to produce all essential sounds of English. That’s why speakers need to pause from time to time during speech for taking a breath. They make these pauses to refill their lungs with air, and so these pauses are known as breath pauses. (As you’ll see in Book 5, most of these breath pauses happen at idea unit junctions, and so they’re mostly junction pauses). Here are the organs of speech through which the lung air passes and gets modified:

The Larynx The Larynx is the first organ of speech above the lungs, and it’s the first organ that modifies the lung air. It’s popularly known as the Adam’s apple, though Adam’s apple is only the ‘forward portion’ of the larynx. It’s situated in the tract leading upwards from the lungs to the throat. It’s a cartilage-cum-muscle casing, and it’s located in the upper part of the windpipe. The casing contains the vocal folds (= vocal cords). The vocal folds have two elastic folds of ligaments and tissue. These two folds look like lips. They can move close together or move apart and can take up several positions to modify the lung air. It’s the movements of the vocal folds that give the quality of voice to all vowels and to all voiced consonants and the quality of voiceless-ness to all voiceless consonants. Here are 3 important positions that vocal folds take: 1). When the folds are sufficiently close together, the lung air makes the folds vibrate. This vibratory action produces the

F luency thro ugh mouth gymnastics

21

effect of voice in all the vowels and in 13 consonants known as the voiced consonants. These 13 consonants are: b, d, ‘dZ’ (= the ‘j’ of ‘just’), g, v, ð (= the ‘th’ of ‘the’), z, Z (= the ‘ge’ of ‘garage’), m, n, ng, l, and r. 2). When the folds move wide apart, the lung air passes through the fissure without any obstruction. This action causes the voicelessness of 8 consonants known as voiceless consonants, and because of the free flow of lung air, these consonants are accompanied by considerable breath force and vigour of articulation. These 8 consonants are: p, t, ch, k, f, 0 (= the ‘th’ of ‘think’), s and sh. This action also produces the pure-breathvoiceless consonant ‘h’. 3). Sometimes the vocal folds come in complete contact with each other and shut off the respiratory tract. This stops the flow of the breath stream for a moment, producing a sound called the glottal stop.

The pharynx The lung air that gets modified by the larynx continues its movement up the respiratory tract through a tube called pharynx. This pharynx tube is about 7-8 cm in height, and it begins just above the larynx. At the top, this tube is divided into two openings: One is an opening to a side, and this opening is the back door into the mouth. The other opening opens upwards into the nasal cavity. The lung air moves upwards from the larynx through this pharynx tube, and as the lung air moves upwards, the muscles of the tube contracts and assumes different shapes. This contraction and changes of shape modify the air stream by resonating the ‘voice’ produced in the larynx.

The soft palate (= velum) Soft palate is the backward part of the roof of the mouth. It is a membranous curtain. The backward extremity of the soft palate

22

F luenc y thro ugh mouth gymnastics

is called ‘uvula’. You can see it hanging as a pendant above the throat if you open your mouth wide and look in a mirror. As an organ of speech, the function of the soft palate is to act as a valve and to close or open the door to the nasal cavity in the throat. The lung air that moves upwards through the pharynx tube reaches the top of the tube. There, it can move in one of two directions. Most often, during speech, it moves sideways and enters into the mouth and escape through the mouth (and not through the nose). And sometimes (that is, while producing nasal consonants m, n, ng), the air-stream moves upwards and enters the nasal cavity and escapes through the nostrils. How the air stream behaves when it reaches the top of the pharynx tube depends on the position taken up by the soft palate valve. Most often when you speak, the soft palate takes up a raised position, and then it shuts off the nasal cavity and totally blocks the entry of the air stream upwards into the nasal cavity, but allows its entry sideways into the mouth. The air stream (= breath) then escapes into the outer air solely through the mouth. This is the way all normal English sounds are produced — except the nasal consonants m, n and ‘ng’. Sometimes, the soft palate takes up a lowered position. This happens when the speaker prevents the air-stream from escaping through the mouth — either by closing the lips or by raising the tongue to the roof of the mouth. When the soft palate takes up a lowered position, the nasal cavity is opened, and the air stream escapes solely through the nose. This happens when you produce the nasal consonants m, n and ng.

Articulators in the mouth There are two types of articulators in the mouth: Movable and (relatively) fixed. The movable articulators are: • Tongue. • Lips.

F luency thro ugh mouth gymnastics

23

The fixed articulators are: • Teeth (the front upper teeth and the side upper teeth). • Teeth ridge. The teeth ridge is the convex part immediately behind the front upper teeth. The roof of the mouth begins there. If you feel it with your tongue, you’ll find that it’s covered with little ridges. It’s popularly known as ‘the gum’. The technical name for this articulator is alveolar ridge. • The hard palate. The hard palate is the relatively hard concave part of the roof of the mouth. It’s the part immediately behind the teeth ridge. (The part of the mouth roof that comes immediately behind the hard palate is the soft palate). Here’s how the articulators (= organs of speech) in the mouth help produce speech: When the soft palate shuts off the nasal cavity, the entire air stream enters the mouth. It’s then modified by tongue and lips, the two movable organs in the mouth. The tongue and lips modify the air-stream with the help of the teeth, the teeth ridge and the hard palate, the three relatively fixed parts of the mouth. As far as the lips are concerned, the speaker may hold them shut or hold them apart. When the lips are held apart, they can be held apart in various ways, and the different positions and their subtle variations combine with the various movements that the tongue makes. It is this combined action (of the lips and the tongue) that makes one vowel different in quality from another. The positions of the lips also determine the quality of the consonant sounds p, b, m, w, f and v. The consonant sounds p, b, m, and w are produced by the action of both lips. The consonant sounds f and v are produced by the action of the lower lip and the upper teeth — with the lower lip coming in light contact with the upper teeth. As far as the tongue is concerned, it also assumes a variety

24

F luenc y thro ugh mouth gymnastics

of positions and shapes, and makes many movements in order to articulate ‘vowels’ and ‘consonants’. While producing vowels, the body of the tongue assumes several bunched up positions and changes the shape of the resonance chamber of the mouth. This gives a distinct quality to each of the various vowel sounds. (But the blade of the tongue has almost no role in producing vowel sounds, and the tip simply remains in a lowered position ‘behind the lower teeth’). While uttering consonants, the tongue acts in one of two ways: • One of its parts makes a firm contact with the teeth ridge or the soft palate of the mouth roof and blocks the passage of the breath-stream through the mouth. Or — • One of its parts (by the position it takes) narrows the breath-stream passage through the mouth at certain points and causes friction that can be heard.

***

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

25

Chapter 2

Word groups for mouth gymnastics Word groups that help you do mouth gymnastics fall into three groups: 1). Throat class. 2). Mouth class. 3). Nasal class. We’ll deal with the throat class in this chapter. And we’ll deal with the other classes in the next two chapters.

1. Throat class (i) The larynx group (Vowels & consonants) (a) Vowels (including diphthongs) Here’s a collection of word groups in which vowels (and diphthongs) have special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice develops the muscular dexterity of the vocal folds in the larynx. And this adds to the general quality of the voice in the vowels you produce in speech. • A button is missing. • A car hit her and broke her back! • A chain is only as strong as its weakest link. • A double (room) please. • A gold medal. • A little work never hurt anyone. • A penny saved is a penny earned. • A popular sport. • Absolutely. • Accept your fate. • Act like a gentleman. • Act like a lady. • Admit it. • After you. • Again (, please). • Ah, poor baby. • Air mail, please. • All right. I’ll have it. • All those in favour, say yes. • All those

26

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

opposed, say no. • All together. • All you think about is yourself. • Allow me to clarify. • Am I ever surprised to see you! • And I had to do it again. • Another party will be sitting here. • Apply pressure to stem the flow of blood. • Are you sure? • Ask him to come. • At first, he was very lukewarm. • At last, you’ve arrived. • Don’t let them fool you. • Don’t spend more. • Each unit has a trash compactor. • Eat all your vegetables. • Either way. • Elevate his legs. • Elevate the arm. • Enough is enough. • Enter your personal identification number here. • Everybody must do a certain amount of work. • Everything is getting on my nerves. • Everything looks very nice. • Everything will come together. • Everything will fall into place. • Everything will fall together. • Everything will work itself out.• Excuse me for asking… • Excuse me, that’s mine. • Excuse me. • Find a candle. • Get me a short piece of wood. • Has he passed the test? • Hasn’t he got back home yet? • He asked for some hot water. • He climbs the hill everyday. • He found the situation awful. • He looked annoyed. • He pleaded guilty. • He was a fat man. • He was in a good mood then. • He was lucky. • He was preparing for his exam. • That’s a very unfair thing to say. • He was wet through. • He’s a thin man. • He’s their eldest brother. • He’s their old boss. • How time flies! • I can put you on the waiting list. • I can’t stand it. • I can’t take another problem. • I can’t take it anymore. • I can’t tell you about it — I wasn’t there. • I can’t tell you now. • I can’t understand it. • I charge by the hour. • I charge for more than one child. • I charge standard rates. • I collected almost ten pounds. • I don’t know where my next meal is coming from. • I don’t know, and I don’t care. • I don’t know. • I don’t like it. • I don’t like the color. • I doubt whether there’ll be time. • I expect he’d help. • I expect to see some results soon. • I expect you to be on your best behaviour. • I expect you’ve heard about Arun. • I

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

27

feel certain he’ll buy it. • I feel I could scream. • I felt sorry for Nina. • I have a coupon. • I have a deadline to meet. • I have a feeling. • I have a headache. • I have a hunch. • I have a mind like a sieve. • I have a problem with my bill. • I have just the thing. (= exactly the right thing). • I have my sources. • I have no intention of quitting. • I have no problem with that. • I have no response. • I have no time to call my own. • I knew he’d get on. • I knew it was coming. • I know all about it. • I know I brought a knife. • I know I brought an umbrella. • I know I’m right. • I know it all from A to Z. • I missed my ride. • I missed the bus. • I move that the minutes be approved. • I move that we accept the proposal. • I need a break. • I only have a vague idea. • I part my hair on the left. • I promise I’ll make it up to you. • I put it upstairs. • I put them back in the airing cupboard. • I ran out of petrol/gas. • I rang the bell several times. • I really have to go now. We’ll talk sometime. • I thought Parker was never going to answer. • I thought everyone had been told. • I thought I asked you to make up the fire. • I thought you didn’t like spinach. • I thought you didn’t take sugar. • I thought you played football. • I thought you said he was ill. • I thought you went by car. • I told him about your success. • I told him he was a fool. • I told him he was being foolish. • I told him personally about the meeting. • I told him to mind his own business. • I told him to scram. • I told you to go before we left. • I took your suit to the cleaners. • I’d like a new hat. • I’d like a receipt, please. • I’d like a room for the week. • I’d like a room with a king(-sized bed). • I’d like four seats for tonight, please. • I’d like half cheese, half sausage. • I’d like it as soon as possible. • I’d love to stay up for television. • I’d love you to come. • I’d

28

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

rather die. • I’d rather not. • I’ll see you real soon. • I’ll send it off tomorrow afternoon. • I’ll send it to him. • I’ll send it to you. • I’ll send out the missing issue right away. • I’ll send you a better one later. • I’m (so) very sorry. • I’m a bank manager. • I’m a bundle of nerves. • I’m a friend of Nafisa’s. • I’m a little absentminded. • I’m a Delhiite. • I’m a newcomer to this. • I’m a professional. • I’m a witness. • I’m afraid he’s already gone. • I’m afraid I can’t meet them. • I’m afraid I failed my exam. • I’m going to catch forty winks. • I’m going to do some shopping. • I’m going to emigrate. • I’m going to explode. • I’ve just mowed my lawn. • I’ve just read that new travel book. • I’ve just seen Hilda. • I’ve just seen Stanley in Fourth Avenue. • I’ve just seen that new musical. • I’ve just seen the Rubin girl. • I’ve left it at home. • If you need someone to talk to, I’m always available. • If you think that, you’ve got another think coming. • If you want comfort, this one is for you. • If you want me to leave, just ask. • Imagine that! • In a manner of speaking. • In good time. • In his opinion, vegetables are reasonable. • Invite him again in August. • Is your work done? • Isn’t he the sweetest thing! • Isn’t that something! • It tasted bitter. • It’s like breathing. • It’s like I’m talking to your mother. • It’s like taking candy from a baby. • It’s locked up. • It’s midnight. • It’s much too big. • It’s much too late now. • It’s muggy. • It’s my book. • It’s my exam tomorrow. • It’s my fault. • It’s my job. • It’s near transportation. • It’s not much of a cut. • It’s not much of a risk. • It’s not my coat. • It’s not my decision. • It’s not my job. • It’s not my responsibility. • It’s not my style. • (It’s) time to eat.

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

29

• Let him go. • Let’s vote on the motion. • Look at those birds. • Obviously, you’ve mistaken me for someone who cares. • Of course he’ll agree. • Of course, he knows. • Of course. • Off to bed now. • Oh, all right. I’ll get it. • Oh, but Thursdays are hopeless. • Oh, he’ll contact you. • Oh, I can’t do that. • I’m sure he does like your cooking. • Oh, I do feel poorly. • Old habits die hard. • Rupa says it’s vital to the plan. • On my honor. • On your left! • One man’s meat is another man’s poison. • One man’s trash is another man’s treasure. • Put it down. • She hates butter. • She hates grapes. • She sounded mysterious. • She talks in her sleep. • That was a black cat. • That was a little pill. • That was a rude thing to say. • That was the main idea. • That’s a silly film. • That’s a small town. • That’s not true. • The drink is very strong, and it will shock your system. • The last decade. • The streets are clean. • They don’t eat meat. • They live near the post office. • They’re tourists. • They’re very fond of him. • Unbelievable! • Understood. • Who broke the cup? • Who came first? • Who’s that noisy boy?

(b) Voiced consonants See b (Lip explosive), d (Gum-tongue explosive), g (Velar-tongue explosive), ‘dZ’ (Palato-gum frictional explosive), v (Dental-lip frictional continuant), ∂ (Dental-tongue frictional continuant), z (Gum-tongue frictional continuant), Z (Palato-gum frictional continuant), m (Lip-nasal), n (Gum-tongue nasal), ng (Velartongue nasal), l (Gum-tongue lateral approximant) and r (Postgum approximant).

(c) Voiceless consonants See p (Lip explosive), t (Gum-tongue explosive), k (Velar tongue group), ‘ch’ (Palato-gum frictional explosive), f (Dental-lip frictional continuant), T (Dental-tongue frictional continuant),

30

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

s (Gum-tongue frictional continuant) and sh (Palato-gum frictional continuant).

(d) Glottal continuant ‘h’ The word groups given below give special importance to the pure breath continuant h. These word groups can develop the suppleness of your vocal cords. Utter each of them several times — ALOUD. Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound h has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your vocal cords (and gives them some training in making the sound h). • Hand me the remote control. • Hands off! • Happy Anniversary! • Happy Birthday!… and many (many) more! • Hard luck, Nikhil. • Have a crack at it. • Have a go at it. • Have a good time! • Have a good trip! • Have a nice day. • Have a seat. • Have one for the road. • Have the kids in bed by 8:00. • Have to be moving along. • Have to go now. • Have to move along. • Have to run along. • Have to shove off. • Haven’t the foggiest. • He always gets it wrong. • He always writes on Saturdays. • He asked me for reference. • He borrowed five pounds. • He broke his arm. So he couldn’t play. • He came at quarter past two. • He came home before eleven. • He may still come. • He missed the train. • He must be made to obey. • He must make up his mind at once. • He must never try that again. • He must take it three times a day. • He only charged a pound. • He ought to have booked in advance. • He paid ten pounds for it. • He pushes my buttons. • He raises my hackles. (= temper). • He refused point blank. • He refused the offer. • He rubs me the wrong way. • He said he didn’t break the window. • He said he forgot. • He said he knew nothing about it. •

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

31

He said he’d sue me. • He said nothing more about it. • He said only he could use it. • He sat on the floor. • He says he’ll never speak to me again. • He says he’ll play. • He says he’ll repaint it. • He says he’ll sue me. • He says he’s already got one. • He says he’s coming. • He says he’s got an appointment. • He says he’s hard up. • He says he’s ill. • He says he’s interested. • He says I’m jealous. • He says it’s expensive. • He says they’ll both come. • He says you’ll give him the money. • He scored a century. • He seems rather a dull dog. • He shot an elephant. • He speaks Hindi and German fluently. • He speaks French. • He still does a full day’s work. • He swears he didn’t know. • He swears he’ll never speak to her again. • He thinks it’s your fault. • He thinks you’re afraid. • He told me he’d been in Rome. • He took me in properly. • He vanished. • He walked right across the flower bed. • He wants it by Monday. • He was afraid he’d fall down. • He was cross about the bill. • He was cross because you beat him. • He was intending to go. • He was quite ready to bluff it out. • He was treated by an osteopath. • He wasn’t very good yesterday. • He weighs eighty kilos. • He went to Agra ten years ago. • He wishes he could come, now. • He won a gold medal. • He won ten thousand pounds. • He won’t accept it. • He won’t come, I tell you. • He won’t give us permission. • He won’t take my advice. • He works sixteen hours a day. • He wouldn’t agree at all. • He’d bought it before I could stop him. • He’d like to play. • He’ll be here soon after six o’clock. • He’ll have to use his own car. • He’ll let me have it by Friday. • He’ll meet us at three fifteen. • He’s a chip off the old block. • He’s a good Prime Minister. • He’s a marvellous old chap. • He’s a real mama’s boy. • He’s a university lecturer. • He’s a wonderful old chap. • He’s accepted your offer. • He’s already called ten

32

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

times. • He’s an old fool. • He’s at the local comprehensive school. • He’s been on holiday in Spain. • He’s broken a window. • He’s broken his right leg this time. • He’s broken the record. • He’s coming next week. • He’s coming to stay with us. • He’s dropped it again. • He’s due home tomorrow. • He’s emigrating to Britain. • He’s expecting it this afternoon. • He’s finished the job already. • He’s from Delhi. • He’s getting better. • He’s going on holiday. • He’s going to get it mended. • He’s going to pay at the end of the month. • He’s going to resign. • He’s gone to see his father. • He’s got a terrible black eye. • He’s got his father’s features. • He’s got his mother’s nose. • He’s got two wives. • He’s said he’s sorry. • He’s sending you a copy. • He’s set in his ways. • He’s sitting on the carver. • He’s spilt the whole bowlful. • He’s staying for ten days. • He’s stone deaf. • He’s stone drunk. • He’s such a crook. I can hardly be civil to him. • He’s taken all the wheels off. • He’s taken my umbrella. • He’s the spitting image of his grandfather. • He’s threatened to resign. • He’s very busy these days. • He’s very keen to buy. • He’s won a gold medal. • Heads up! • Hear me out. • Hello, I’m Sunil. • Hello, my name is Nafisa. • Help yourself to a snack. • Help yourself to anything in the fridge. • Help yourself to the whisky. • Help, I’ve fallen and I can’t get up! • Her nose is very much like her mother’s nose. • Her nose looks just like her mother’s. • Here are my coupons. • Here are the emergency numbers. • Here are the tickets. • Here I am at last. • Here is your key. • Here is your order. • Here we are. • Here you are. • Here you go. • Here, let me take your coat. • Here. Use my pen. • Here’s an apple for you. • Here’s my expense report. • Here’s the name and phone number of the superintendent. • Here’s the number where you can reach us. • Here’s the pen you lost. • Here’s the phone number where we’ll be. • Here’s where you can reach us. • Here’s your change. • Here’s your hat. • Here’s

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

33

your order. • Here’s your tea. • His eyes are just like his father’s. • His name was Prasad. • His name’s Ali. • Hold still. • Hold your tongue! • Honest to goodness. • Honest. • Honestly. • How dare you! • Hullo, everyone. • Hullo, Merin. You’re early. • Hullo, Ned. Good to see you. • Hullo, little girl. • Hurry up! • Hurry up, Laila. • The house is to be finished by March.

(ii) The pharynx group (Vowels & voiced consonants) (a) Vowels (and diphthongs) The word groups given below give special importance to vowels (and diphthongs). These word groups can develop the muscular strength and suppleness of your vocal cords. Utter each of them several times — ALOUD. • A bad man. • A big man. • A bit more. • A dark night. • A glib manner. • A room with a bath, please. • A sick man. • A table for one. • Absolutely not! • All the buttons were there when I brought it in. • And Ravi paid for the ice cream. • And you have a date for lunch next Saturday. • At first, I agreed to help. • At last I got it right. • Be firm with them. • Boil some milk. • Don’t be so hardhearted. • Don’t be so jealous. • Don’t stare at people like that. • Each unit has a window air-conditioner. • Enjoy yourself. • Everybody makes mistakes. • Everybody’s doing it. • Everyone was sure he’d manage it. • He died last week. • He doesn’t have much teaching experience. • He hugged the child. • He knocked on the door. • He left early today. • He pushed the door open. • He sang a sad song. • He sounded a bit worried. • He was furious. • He was snoring. • He was with us all day yesterday. • He’s lost his car key. • He’s very shrewd. • Her hands were cold.

34

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

• I can prove it. • I can’t quit. • I can’t quite make it out. • I can’t see my hand in front of my face. • I can’t see you today. • I come from Mexico. • I could do that in my sleep. • I couldn’t recognize his voice. • I didn’t order this burger! • I didn’t order this. • I didn’t pull it off, I’m afraid. • I didn’t quite catch that. • I didn’t quite get that. (= hear/ understand what you said just now). • I didn’t realize it was so late. • I didn’t realize this was so far away. • I didn’t say that. • I didn’t say you were wrong. • I disagree completely. • I discovered them upstairs. • I do hope he won’t let us down. • I do not understand your English. Please speak more plainly. • I do wish I could win. • I don’t agree. • I don’t believe a word of it. • I don’t believe my eyes. • I don’t believe you posted it. • I don’t care for it. • I don’t care if I do lose my job. • I don’t care who you are! • I don’t doubt it. • I don’t know. • I have to be back by Friday. • I have to get back to my work. I’ll call again later. • I have to get back to work before the boss sees me. • I haven’t seen him since last May. • I haven’t seen you in an age! • I haven’t seen you in years! • I haven’t the faintest idea. • I heard you. • I honestly didn’t mean it. • I hope he doesn’t hurt himself. • I hope we’re not late. • I hope you don’t mind getting yourself a drink. • I hope you don’t mind introducing yourself around. • I hope you started without me. • I hope you’re happy. • I hope you’re proud of yourself. • I think he ought to be paid. • I think I could eat another one. • I think I’ll have some chocolate. • I think I’ll say good night now. • I think I’m going to faint. • I think it would be foolish. • I think it’ll do. • I think it’s fine. • I think it’s going to rain. • I think it’s great. • I think it’s time to adjourn. • I was just doing my football pools. • I was looking for

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

35

parking. • I was only following orders. • I was only two hours late. • I was petrified. • I was punched in the nose by a man. • I was scared silly. • I was scared to death. • I was scared. • I’d like tea. • I’d like the quietest room you have. • I’d like the works. • I’d like thin crust, please. • I’d like to apply for a home equity loan. • I’d like to apply for a loan. • I’d like to apply for a mortgage. • I’d like to book the audio/visual room for today. • I’d like to borrow your shears, if I may. • I’ll always be there for you. • I’ll ask him sometime. • I’ll ask Deepa to lend us a corkscrew. • I’ll ask the professor. • I’ll be a little late. • I’ll be back by ten. • I’ll be back later. • I’ll be damned! • I’ll be darned! • I’ll be there in just a moment. • I’ll need financing. • I’m afraid I must be going. • I’m an intelligent human being. • I’m as happy as a clam. • I’m as merry as the day is long. • I’m as pleased as punch. • I’m asking you to leave me alone. • I’m at a loss for words. • I’m awfully sorry. • I’m bankrupt. • I’m glad he said that. • I’m glad the car’s all right again. • I’ve kept a record of all the expenses. • I’ve lost everything. • I’ve lost half a stone. • I’ve lost my train of thought. • I’ve missed my turn. • I’ve never been so mad in my life. • I’ve never loved anyone like this before. • I’ve never seen anything like it. • I’ve no cigarettes. • I’ve not written my letter. • I’ve paid my dues. • If you were late, you should apologize. • If you would put things where they belong, they wouldn’t get lost. • Is this seat free? • It all depends on the weather. • It appeared from the clouds. • It gave me goose bumps. • It gave me goose pimples. • It gave me the chills. • It has to be a nonsmoking room. • It is time to fertilize the lawn. • It isn’t as if he were ill. • It just disappeared. • It leaves a lot to be

36

Word groups for mouth gymnastics

desired. • It looks very nice. • Jaipur is a pretty city. • Keep going. • Look at the moon. • Not now. • People there are poor. • Rub it carefully. • Rude manners. • She had an asthma attack. • She has a sincere face. • She loves buns. • She sat on a stool. • She spoke in a clear voice. • Stop doing it. • That was a smart move. • That was her first novel. • That’s a new car. • The maths teacher had a green dress on. • They live in a hut. • They lost their lives. • Try and persuade him. • What are the terms? • Where did you spend the night? • Where’s that smoke coming from? • Why didn’t you say so?

(b) Voiced consonants See b (Lip explosive), d (Gum-tongue explosive), g (Velar-tongue explosive), ‘dZ’ (Palato-gum frictional explosive), v (Dental-lip frictional continuant), ∂ (Dental-tongue frictional continuant), z (Gum-tongue frictional continuant), Z (Palato-gum frictional continuant), m (Lip-nasal), n (Gum-tongue nasal), ng (Velartongue nasal), l (Gum-tongue lateral approximant) and r (Postgum approximant).

(iii) The velar group (a) k and g (See Velar-tongue explosives below)

(b) ng (See Velar-tongue nasals) Note: Drills with all word groups under the Mouth class as well as Nasal class also develop the muscular dexterity of the velum (= soft palate).

***

M outh cl ass

37

Chapter 3

Mouth class (i) The tongue group (Vowels & consonants) (a) Vowels (and diphthongs) See the Larynx group and the Pharynx group.

(b) Consonants See t & d (Alveolar explosives), ch & dZ (See Palato-gum frictional explosives), k & g (See Velar-tongue explosives), T & ∂ (See Dentaltongue frictional continuants), s & z (See Gum-tongue frictional continuants), l (See Gum-tongue lateral consonant), y & r (See Gliding consonants), n (See Gum-tongue nasal consonant), sh & Z (See Palato-gum frictional continuants).

(ii) The dental group (Consonants only) (a) Dental-tongue group (= T & ∂) The sounds T & ∂ are formed by the tongue-teeth action — with the tip of the tongue close to the very cutting edge of the upper front teeth. The word groups given below would develop the suppleness and muscular dexterity of your tongue.

∂ (= The ‘th’ of ‘the’) Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound ð has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound ∂.)

38

M outh cl ass

• That comes to $8.95. • That comes with a salad. • That didn’t fit the bill. (= That isn’t what is needed). • That does it! • That doesn’t even merit a response. • That doesn’t make the grade. • That doesn’t quite suit me. • That dress is lovely. • That dress looks nice on you. • That flatters you. • That flopped. • That goes without saying. • That has nothing to do with it. • That has nothing to do with what I’m talking about. • That is unacceptable. • That item is not negotiable. • That leaves a lot to be desired. • That looks great on you. • That looks nice on you. • That made you jump. • That milk’s nearly boiling. • That noise is deafening. • That noise is setting my teeth on edge. • That ought to arrive on Tuesday. • That parcel’s arrived. • The bathtub needs scrubbing. • The beach is closed today. • The beach is closing; come out of the water. • The big key doesn’t fit. • The bill, please. • The blue one’s larger than the black. • The bus doesn’t run on Sundays. • The bus leaves at seven. • The bus was late. • The car’s here. • The cat’s litter needs changing. • The changing rooms are over there. • The clock’s stopped. • The coach goes at three, I think. • The committee won’t help. • The computer crashed. • The concert’s on Saturday. • The concession stand is over there, if you’d care for something. • The copier is in the reference room. • The course finished on Friday. • The heat is out. • The hem needs to be let down. • The hem needs to be raised an inch. • The hot water heater is leaking. • The hot water heater’s out. • The house is full. • The house opens in about five minutes. • The important thing is that you tried. • The important thing is to learn from your mistakes. • The incinerator chute is at the end of the hall. • The jacket’s worn out already. • The kitchen looks lovely. • The lawn looks lovely. • The lord took her home. • The meeting is adjourned. • The meeting’s at five. • The meeting’s in the Stevens Hall. • The milk’s nearly boiling. • The monitor is wavy. • The toilet

M outh cl ass

39

won’t flush. • The toilet won’t stop running. • The train stops there sometimes. • The train was late. • The trash collector comes on Friday. • The tub faucets leak day and night. • The tub is leaking. • The unit is air-conditioned. • The units come with a washer and dryer. • The vegetables are overcooked and mushy. • The very idea! • The waist needs to be taken in under the arms. • The water heater keeps going out. • The water is discolored. • The water is never hot enough. • The water is rust-colored. • The water is too hot. • The Oxford Street is blocked by snow. • The world doesn’t revolve around you. • Their phone is out of order. • There are cobwebs in the corners. • There are only so many hours in a day. • There aren’t enough chairs. • There aren’t enough hours in the day. • There is a charge for replacing buttons. • There is a house on fire at 502 Arlington Street. • There is a long walk to the train. • There is a tear in the fabric that wasn’t there when I brought this in. • There is an attendant on duty 24 hours in the lobby. • There is an intermission. • There is lint up next to the wall. • There is never any flame in the water heater. • There is no seating after the house lights are dimmed. • There is too much starch in these shirts. • There must be someone who’ll help. • There seems to be a mistake. • There’s the Prime Minister. • These are for you. • These are two rooms. • These books are overdue. • These days, he rarely goes there. • These fries are too greasy. • These need shining. • These need to be laundered. • These vegetables are hardly cooked at all. • They accused me of telling lies. • They all got it wrong. • They always throw my paper in the neighbour’s yard. • They aren’t members any more. • They beat my brother, and he is bleeding badly. • They behaved like a couple of fools. • They both passed the exam. • They came about one o’clock. • They can have a week off. • They can’t be serious. • They can’t go after all. • They charged me three

40

M outh cl ass

pounds. • They come quite often. • They don’t like it. • They don’t make them like they used to. • They don’t often go there. • They drove by and shot my son. • They got the best of me. • They leave us a paper most days. • They left Italy last Saturday. • They let it go. • They let it slide. • They let me off easy. • They let me off with just a warning. • They live in Washington. • They live near Bangalore. • They lost it, I’m afraid. • They lunch there twice a week. • They might fall in with our wishes. • This book is due in three weeks. • This book is overdue. • This box is heavy. • This burger is cold. • This clock is fast. • This clock is slow. • This cocoa’s not very sweet. • This could be your lucky day. • This fish isn’t fresh. • This garment is simply not clean. • This gin is strong. • This goes on sale tomorrow. • This is a first for me. • This is a rush job. • This is a very popular model. • This is all so new to me. • This is an emergency! • This is between you, me and the bedpost. • This is between you, me, and the four walls. • This is difficult. • This is Tina’s coat. • This is far and away the best. • This is for your ears only. • This is for your eyes only. • This is from my uncle Stan. • This is head and shoulders above the rest. • This is Ayesha’s book. • This is it. • This is more than I can bear. • This is more than I can stand. • This is more than I can take. • This is Mr. Kimble. • This is my friend Pooja. • This is my new watch. • This is my round. • This is not for publication. • This is not for the record. • This is not public knowledge. • This is not to be quoted. • This is off the record. (= not to be quoted). • This is perfect. • This is priority one. • This is second to none. • This is the big moment. • This is the moment you’ve been waiting for. • This is the ultimate. • This is too much. • This is top priority. • This is top secret. • This is true. • This is you! • This is your big night. • This isn’t the paper I meant. • This isn’t what I ordered. • This item was marked on sale. • This knife’s too blunt. • This

M outh cl ass

41

meat is too fatty. • This meat is too tough. • This meat isn’t fresh. • This meeting is called to order. • This model is available with automatic transmission. • This needs dry cleaning. • This needs hemming. • This needs to be hemmed. • This needs to go first class. • Those were the days. • Those were the good old days.

T (= The ‘th’ of ‘thank’) Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound T has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound T). • Thank heavens they’ve gone. • Thank you and come again. • Thank you for all you’ve done. • Thank you for coming. • Thank you for everything. • Thank you for having us. • Thank you for inviting us. • Thank you for lending me your camera. • Thank you for the parcel. • Thank you for your help. • Thank you for your order. • Thank you so much. • Thank you very much indeed. • Thank you very much. • Thank you, I’m just looking. • Thank you. • Thank you. I’d love to. • Thanks. • Thanks a bunch. • Thanks a bundle. • Thanks a lot. • Thanks a million. • Thanks ever so much. • Thanks for coming. • Thanks for dropping by. • Thanks for dropping in. • Thanks for everything. • Thanks for having me over. • Thanks for having me. • Thanks for inviting me. • Thanks for the copy of his new novel. • Thanks heaps. • Thanks much. • Thanks so much. • Thanks very much. • Things are never as bad as they seem. • Things could be worse. • Things couldn’t be better. • Things will get better. • Think before you act. • Think before you speak. • Three thousand he paid for it. • Throw it away. • Throw it out.

42

M outh cl ass

(b) Dental-lip friction continuants (= f, v) The sounds f and v are formed by the combined action of the lower lip and the upper front teeth. The lower lip is held very close to the upper front teeth, so that the breath goes out of the mouth through a small passage between the two and makes a hissing sound.

f Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound f has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and lower lip and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound f). • Fancy meeting you here. • Feast your eyes on this. • Finish it off. • Finish your dinner. • Finish your food. • Forget (about) it. • Forgive and forget. • Forgive me. • Father’d take it round for you. • Fetch me my gloves, please. • First he says one thing, then another. • First I cleaned my shoes. • Five pounds I’ve paid. • For a long time, it looked hopeless. • Funny business about Kim.

v Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound v has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and lower lip and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives it some training in making the sound v). • Very impressive. • Very nice. • Can you drive? • Don’t block my view. • For me, this is a very important event. • He isn’t going to get my vote. • I couldn’t recognize his voice. • That was an act of revenge. • Their income is below the national average. • They put flowers on the grave. • Try and convince them. • We’re planning to

M outh cl ass

43

move house next week. • When did the problem begin to develop? • When did they leave?

(iii) The alveolar (Upper gum) group (Consonants) (a) Gum-tongue explosion group (= t, d) The sounds t and d are formed by the gum-tongue action. The tongue-tip is held firmly against the middle of the upper gum, so that the breath cannot go out through the mouth. The breath is also prevented from escaping through the nose (by raising the soft palate and blocking the nasal cavity). The breath then gets trapped in the mouth for a moment. The tongue is then lowered suddenly. The breath then rushes out with a slight explosion or popping noise.

t Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound t has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound t). • Take a deep breath. • Take a look at this. • Take a whiff of this. • Take care of it. • Take care. • Take good care of it. • Take it as it comes. • Take it easy on the onions. • Take it easy. • Take it one day at a time. • Take it slow. • Take my word for it. • Take the scissors, by all means. • Take things as they come. • Take things one day at a time. • Take your coat off and stay awhile. • Take your hands out of your pockets slowly. • Take your time. • Tapered in the back. • Tastes differ. • Tastes great. • Tell me more about it, I don’t understand. • Ten’s not enough. • Tens and twenties, please. • Time to call it a day. • Time to go. • Time to hit the road. • Time to move along.

44

M outh cl ass

• Time to push along. • Time to push off. • Time to run. • Time to shove off. • Time to start over from scratch. • To be frank, I’m not very keen on porridge. • To reiterate. • To repeat. • To your health! • To your right! • Tomorrow morning’s hopeless. • Too late now, I’m afraid. • Traffic was hell. • Traffic was slow. • Trim around the ears, please. • Trim my beard and mustache, please. • Trust me. • Trust you to do something silly. • Try putting yourself in my shoes. • Try this chair. It’s more comfortable. • Try to be on time next time. • Try to keep your money from finding a way out of your pocket. • Try your luck. • Turn around slowly. • Turn it down. • Turn it off. • Turn it up, please. • Turn on the air-conditioner. • Turn on the heat. • Turn that music down. • Turn that racket (= noise) down. • Turn that thing off. • Turn the heat up. • Turn the radio off. • Turn the stereo down. • Turn the stereo off. • Turn the TV off if you’re not watching it. • Turn up the heat. • Twelve dollars, since this is the weekend. • Twice as fast! • Two olives, please. • Two, please.

d Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound d has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound d). • Dad’ll pay for me. • Dad’s sure to agree. • Daddy says it’s too big. • Daddy’s asleep. • Definitely. • Delicious. • Delighted to have you here. • Different strokes for different folks. • Dinner’s (almost) ready. • Do as I say. • Do as I tell you. • Do as you are told. • Do come back soon. • Do I have to have an appointment to get a haircut? • Do let me into the secret. • Do not cut the grass so short. • Do not damage the base of the trees with the mower. • Do not use abrasive cleanser on the bathroom

M outh cl ass

45

sink. • Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. • Do what I tell you. • Do what you are told. • Do you know what I mean? • Do your homework. • Don’t be foolish with your money. • Don’t be late. • Don’t be so grouchy. • Don’t be so grumpy (= irritable). • Don’t be so sensitive! • Don’t be so spineless. • Don’t be such a coward. • Don’t be such a crab/a grouchy person. • Don’t be such a doubting Thomas. • Don’t be such a grouch. • Don’t be such a stick-in-the mud. • Don’t be such a worrywart. (= a person who keeps worrying a lot). • Don’t blow your cool. • Don’t bother to fetch me. • Don’t bother your father while he’s driving. • Don’t breathe a word of it. • Don’t breathe a word of this to anyone. • Don’t contradict me. • Don’t count your chickens before they hatch. • Don’t cross that bridge till you come to it. • Don’t crush the bread/eggs. • Don’t crush the flowers. • Don’t drink milk out of the carton! • Don’t drink milk out of the jug! • Don’t eat that; you’ll spoil your dinner. • Don’t fight it. • Don’t fly off the handle. • Don’t forget to call. • Don’t forget to take your homework to school. • Don’t get ahead of yourself. • Don’t get all bent out of shape! • Don’t get all excited. • Don’t get all worked up. • Don’t get excited. • Don’t get smart with me! • Don’t get your nose out of joint! • Don’t give it another thought. • Don’t go into hysterics. • Don’t go looking for trouble. • Don’t go off half-cocked. (= ill-prepared). • Don’t have a fit. • Don’t jump the gun. • Don’t jump to conclusions. • Don’t let it get to you. • Don’t let it get you down. • Don’t let it (= the secret) out of this room. • Don’t let it out of your sight. • Don’t let this get around, but… • Don’t let this go any further. • Don’t let’s stop for tea. • Don’t lose sleep over it. • Don’t lose your cool. • Don’t lose your temper. • Don’t make trouble. • Don’t mash the bread. • Don’t mention it. • Don’t mince words. • Don’t move him. • Don’t move so much. • Don’t move. • Don’t overstep your bounds. • Don’t play with

46

M outh cl ass

that. You’ll put your eye(s) out. • Don’t put the cart before the horse. • Don’t put your elbows on the table. • Don’t put your feet on the furniture. • Don’t quit your day job. • Don’t read at the table. • Don’t repeat this, but… • Don’t say I told you. • Don’t say who told you. • Don’t sit on the counter. • Don’t sit on the good furniture. • Don’t slouch (down) (in your chair). • Don’t speak until you’ve got your facts straight. • Don’t stand in front of the refrigerator with the door open. • Don’t stand on ceremony. Make yourself known. • Don’t swim past the buoys. • Don’t take food or candy from somebody you don’t know. • Don’t talk back to me. • Don’t talk to strangers. • Don’t talk with your mouthful. • Don’t tell a soul. • Don’t thank me. • Don’t throw a fit. • Don’t touch that. • Don’t trouble yourself. • Don’t wait for me. • Don’t wait up for me. • Don’t walk all bent over. • Don’t wear your shoes on the good carpet. • Don’t wolf your food down like that. • Don’t worry about it. • Don’t worry yourself sick. • Drink up! • Drop everything (and do it)!

(b) Gum-tongue friction group (= s, z) The sounds s and z are formed by the gum-tongue action. The tip and blade of the tongue are held very close to the upper gum, so that the breath goes out of the mouth through a small passage between the two and makes a hissing sound.

s Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound s has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound s). • Safety first. • Saints preserve us! • Same as always. • Same as usual. • Same to you. • Save it. • Save my cat! •

M outh cl ass

47

Save your breath. • Say “excuse me”. • Say “please”. • Say “thank you”. • Say “you’re welcome”. • See what you can do. • See you around. • See you at Riverdale Cross. • See you in a little while. • See you in an hour. • See you in the morning. • See you later. • See you next year. • See you on Friday. • See you on Saturday. • See you real soon. • See you soon. • See you then. • See you tomorrow. • See you. • Send Steve to meet them. • Separate bills, please. • Serves you right. • Settle down. • Sewage is flowing in instead of out. • Sign here, please. • Simmer down. • Simple. • Simplicity itself. • Sit down. • Sit up straight. • Sleep tight. • Sliced (bread), please. • Slow down. • Snap out of it. • Sniff this. • So close and yet so far. • So far, I haven’t had time. • So good to see you. • So he came late. • So he had to wait for a few minutes. • So he’s charging you ten pounds. • So he’s giving up smoking. • So he’s reading geography. • So I rang him up and told him I was calling for it. • So it seems. • So it would seem. • So long. • So near and yet so far. • So sorry to hear you were unwell. • So sorry. • So that’s your new hat. • So to speak. • So we finally meet face-to-face. • So we won’t arrive before seven. • So you all thought him guilty. • So you asked him about it. • So you borrowed my copy. • So you called on Abdul. • So you did go to their house. • So you didn’t like the pudding. • So you enjoyed going to the club. • So you had to give up. • So you rang him at once. • So you said. • So you think I’m dishonest. • So you think I’m wrong. • So you think they’ll help us. • So you weren’t able to go to the cinema. • So you’re expecting Stanley. • So you’re going to resign. • So you’ve heard from Rahul. • Some flowers for you. • Someone has to walk the dog. • Someone’ll have to do it. • Someone’ll have to go. • Someone’s bound to have one. • Something suddenly came up. • Sometime towards the end of the month, I imagine.

48

M outh cl ass

• Sorry for the inconvenience. • Sorry I can’t help you with yours. • Sorry I have to dash. • Sorry I haven’t finished reading it. • Sorry I haven’t returned it. • Sorry I was out when you called. • Sorry I’m late. • Sorry I’m so late, Ajay. • Sorry to be a bother. • Sorry to be a pest. • Sorry to have kept you waiting. • Sorry to keep you waiting. • Sorry, but I have to leave now. • Sorry, I forgot to change my shoes. • Sorry, it’s all gone. • Sorry, you have to have an appointment. • Sorry, you will have to stand in line. • Sorry, you will have to take a place in line. • Sorry. • Sorry. He’s out. • Sorry. I must dash. • Spare (me) nothing. • Stand tall. • Stand up straight. • Stay at it. • Stay put. • Stay right there. • Step out of the car slowly. • Step over to the dryers. • Stick with it. • Stop beating a dead horse. (= keeping on arguing a point even after winning it). • Stop bothering me. • Stop carrying the weight of the world on your shoulders. • Stop circumventing the issue. • Stop complaining. • Stop gripping. • Stop grumbling about it. • Stop harping on that subject. (= keep talking about it). • Stop it. • Stop making fun of me. • Stop pestering me. • Stop pestering your little brother. • Stop picking on me. • Stop pouting. • Stop speaking in circles. • Stop stirring things up. • Stop sulking. • Stop teasing your little sister. • Stop that. • Stop the flow of blood. • Stop, look, and listen. • Students are Rs. 5.00 off. • Suppose I have no money. • Sure. • Surely one of these screws will fit. • Sweep the clippings from the driveway. • Sweet dreams.

z Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound z has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound z).

M outh cl ass

49

• Close the zip, will you? • Don’t make so much noise. • He used to work on all his projects with great zeal. • I want to spend a lazy day at home. • My ears are buzzing. • She’s full of life and zest. • She won first prize in the competition. • That’s a security zone. • The doctor advised her against it. • The fire brigade found the whole building blazing. • The news came as a surprise to us. • They rate his chances as zero. • We visited a zoo. • We were really amazed by the response.

(c) Gum-tongue lateral approximant (= l) To produce the sound l, you must hold the tongue-tip and tongueblade firmly against the upper gum. This causes the breath to pass out of the mouth round the sides of the tongue (rather than down the centre of the mouth — as in the case of all other sounds). Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound l has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound l). • Ladies first. • Large bills, please. • Lay off, will you! • Learn to roll with the punches. • Leave him alone. • Leave him be. • Leave it be. • Leave it go. • Leave it long. • Leave me alone. • Leave me be. • Leave off the onions. • Leave off the nuts/garlic. • Leave that alone. • Leaving a place. • Let’s clarify that. • Let go of that. • Let him be. • Let it be. • Let it go. • Let me make myself perfectly clear. • Let me alone. • Let me be perfectly clear. • Let me be. • Let me bring dessert. • Let me carry it for you. • Let me carry your bag. • Let me carry your suitcase for you. • Let me check with my supervisor. • Let me get this (one). • Let me have a shot at it. • Let me have a vegetarian pizza. • Let me have it. • Let me have six of them. • Let me have some coke. • Let me have them by tonight.

50

M outh cl ass

• Let’s get out of here. • Let’s get to the serious matters. • Let’s get together soon. • Let’s give it a road test. • Let’s go and meet him. • Let’s go and see Meg. • Let’s go for a beer. • Let’s go for a drink. • Let’s go for coffee. • Let’s go to the pictures. • Let’s go. • Let’s have a shot at it. • Let’s have another round. • Let’s head out. • Let’s hit the road. • Let’s hope so. • Let’s hope that arrives on Friday. • Let’s keep in touch. • Let’s keep it for a fortnight. • Let’s leave this place. • Let’s organize a task force. • Let’s paint one of the walls pink. • Let’s play pool. • Let’s see what it’ll do on the highway. • Let’s see your homework. • Let’s sit here. • Let’s take a taxi home. • Let’s talk to him on the phone. • Let’s talk. • Let’s try it that way. • Let’s try to be here on time. • Let’s try to get here on time. • Let’s use Laila’s. • Life’s been good to me. • Like father, like son. • Like mother, like daughter. • Listen to me when I’m talking to you. • Listen to me. • Live and let live. • Linda says she can’t do it. • Look at the time. I really must go. • Look at this. • Look before you leap. • Look both ways (before crossing the street). • Look both ways before you cross the street. • Look down. • Look me in the eye and say that. • Look out! • Look sharp! • Look what we have here. • Look who’s here! • Look, a spider. • Look, Mummy. I’m right at the top. • Look, this meat is still pink! • Look. It works. • Look. It’s raining. • Look. It’s stopped raining. • Looks like you just got a haircut. • Lord be! • Lord have mercy! • Lord knows. • Lord! • Lunch won’t be ready till one, I’m afraid.

(iv) Post-alveolar approximant ‘r’ When you make the sound ‘r’ in English, the tip of your tongue should be almost past the extreme back part of the upper gum, and it must point towards the hard palate. It must not touch the gum or hard palate or any other part of the mouth-roof. Though

M outh cl ass

51

the tip of the tongue must be near the mouth-roof in this way, it must not be so close to the mouth-roof as to produce friction or to tap against the gum (when the breath goes out of the mouth through the passage between it and the mouth-roof). The breath must go out freely, without friction. And here’s an important point to remember: When you make the ‘r’ sound in English, your lips should be somewhat rounded. Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound r has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and lips and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound r). • Read you loud and clear. • Really doesn’t matter to me. • Reference books cannot be checked out. • Relax. • Rent doesn’t include gas. • Rent is due by the fifth of the month. • Restrain yourself. • Right this way. Everyone seems to be in the kitchen. • Roll over. • Rules are meant to be followed, not broken. • Don’t talk rubbish. • He’s a supporter of the ruling party. • He was reluctant to accept the offer. • Interest rates have been cut. • I very rarely eat meat. • She rubbed the back of her neck. • Take this tablet — it’ll relieve the pain. • That hill is bare rock. • That’s a remarkable achievement. • The floor of the car was rusting. • They’re his relatives.

(v) Palato-alveolar group (Consonants only) (a) Palato-gum frictional explosives (= ch, dZ) To make the ch and dZ sounds, the tip of your tongue must touch the back part of the upper gum. The breath then forces the tongue-tip slightly down and finds its way out of the mouth through a small passage between the two with a hissing sound.

52

M outh cl ass

ch Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound ch has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound ch). • Change the channel. • Checkout (time) is (at) 11 a.m. • Cheer up! • Cheerio. • Cheers! • Chew with your mouth closed. • Childhood was a happy time for them. • He’s a former world champion. • He was sitting in his chair. • I had no choice but to agree. • I think drastic changes are needed in the present system of education. • She sat there chopping the onions. • She’s just a child. • They don’t stand a chance of winning this time. • They raise chickens. • This is a really big challenge.

dZ Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound dZ has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound dZ). • Just a little harder. • Just a minute. • Just a moment. • Just a sec(ond). • Just a trim, please. • Just between you and me… • Just between you, me, and the lamp post… • Just coffee for now. • Just coffee for the moment. • Just go in and meet everyone. • Just looking. • Just never (you) mind. • Just one minute. • Just one moment. • Just one more. • Just one sec(ond). • Just trim off the ends.

(b) Palato-gum frictional continuants (= sh, Z) The sounds sh and Z = the sound of ‘s’ in ‘pleasure’, ‘ge’ in ‘garage’, etc.) are formed by the action of the tongue together with the extreme back part of the upper gum (= that is, with the extreme forward part of the hard palate). That is, the tongue-tip is held very close to the border between the upper gum and the

M outh cl ass

53

hard palate, so that the breath goes out of the mouth through a small passage between the two and makes a hissing sound. You see, you must hold the tongue-tip slightly further back than for forming s and z. And here’s another point: While forming sh and Z, you must round your lips slightly. You see, this is not done while forming s and z.

sh Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound sh has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and lips and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives it some training in making the sound sh). • Shake hands. • Shampoo and blow dry, please. • She can play any day. • She didn’t reply. • She favours her mother. • She gave up for health reasons. • She has her father’s eyes. • She insists on going alone. • She keeps it in the garden shed. • She knew about the dangers, surely. • She looks just like her mother did at that age. • She looks just like her mother. • She never answers letters. • She ought to be able to get it. • She plays a fair game. • She pulled a gun on me! • She rang promptly at ten. • She looks like her Aunt Agatha. • She said she’d vote for Alfred. • She says she can play. • She says she will buy it. • She wants some chalk. • She was quite exhausted by the trip. • She was wearing purple stockings. • She went home yesterday. • She won’t do it without being prompted. • She’d prefer to go camping. • She’ll be here at twelve. • She’s a dear friend. • She’s a real daddy’s girl. • She’s already got one. • She’s beautiful. • She’s coming home for Christmas. • She’s daddy’s little girl. • She’s due at the station at ten. • She’s emigrating to Germany. • She’s following in her father’s footsteps. • She’s going to have a shot at it. • She’s got her mother’s nose. • She’s having

54

M outh cl ass

a hard time with her homework. • She’s just off to the Thompsons’ party. • She’s knitting a magenta pullover. • She’s left us six. • She’s like a sister to me. • She’s my best friend. • She’s my closest friend. • She’s my true love. • She’s now sent it off. • She’s one of a kind. • She’s only twenty seven. • She’s only working half time. • She’s positive it won’t work. • She’s pregnant. • She’s really attractive. • She’s really beautiful. • She’s really gorgeous. • She’s really lovely. • She’s really pretty. • She’s so big! • She’s the life of the party. • She’s the love of my life. • She’s the picture of her mother. • She’s thirty six. • She’s very good looking. • She’s waiting for my brother. • Show a little resolve. • Show some courage. • Show some spine. • Shut the window.

Z (= the sound of ‘s’ in ‘pleasure’, ‘ge’ in

‘garage’, etc.)

Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound Z has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and lips and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives it some training in making the sound Z). • Classical music seems to give him great pleasure. • He’s a garage mechanic. • He wants a job with some prestige attached to it. • How do you spend your leisure time? • It won’t be easy to turn this vision into practical reality. • Life goes on as usual. • That was just a casual remark. • The confusion hasn’t been cleared up yet. • The government is planning to introduce certain austerity measures. • The government should make better provision for senior citizens. • The nurse gave him a massage. • These are some of the memories I treasure. • This is an occasion for us to celebrate. • You’ve made the right decision.

M outh cl ass

55

(vi) Hard palate approximant ‘y’ (= the sound ‘y’ of ‘yes’) The sound ‘y’ is a very quick and short glide from the vowel sound ‘i:’ (= the sound of ‘ee’ in ‘feel’) or from the vowel sound ‘i’ (= the sound of ‘i’ in ‘fill’). (When the glide starts, the tongue is held up close to the hard palate. From that position, the tongue moves down to a lower position.) The glide is towards another vowel — any other vowel. So this sound is also called a semi-vowel or an approximant. Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound ‘y’ (= the sound of ‘y’ in ‘yes’) has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue (and gives it some training in making the sound ‘y’). • Utilities aren’t included. • Yes, he told me at the meeting. • Yes, I called on him personally. • Yes, I paid the bill. • Yes, I’m going to the meeting. • Yes, I’m sure we can. • Yes, that’s Ravi Shankar. • Yes, he passed all right. • Yes, I had a letter ages ago. • Yes, I’ll certainly call at the grocer’s. • Yes, I’m quite willing to be on committee. • Yes, I’ve told Tina. • Yes, occasionally I watch television. • Yes, that was Salman Iqbal. • Yes, they’ve bought that house. • Yes, we’ve been playing bingo. • Yes. I’m going to stay with my brother. • Yes. We got home just in time for it. • Yet again, he’s broken his promise. • You are a gutless wonder. (= a coward). • You are an idiot. • You are not going to buy one surely. • You are overdrawn. • You are really trying my patience. • You are still a little new to all this. • You are your father all over again. • You bet. • You better believe it. • You can bank on it. • You can borrow it any time. • You can borrow my Porsche. • You can count on it. • You can count on me. • You can drive if you like. • You can have it back on Friday.

56

M outh cl ass

• You can have one of them. • You can have tropical fish. • You can have whatever you like. • You can keep it if you want to. • You can lay that notion to rest. • You had all of it. • You had better believe it. • You had no sunshine at all. • You have a beautiful home. • You have a lot of gall! • You have a lot of nerve! • You have a wonderful place. • You’d try the patience of a saint. • You’ll catch on. • You’ll find it in the drawer. • You’ll find the restaurant just around the corner. • You’ll get a stomach-ache. • You’ll get the hang of it eventually. (= learn how to do it). • You’ll get the knack of it. • You’ll get what’s coming to you. • You’ll get your due. • You’ll get yours. • You’ll have to accept. • You’ll have to give them some. • You’ll have to keep quiet about it. • You’ll have to make it yourself. • You’ll have to wait a bit longer. • You’ll just have to wait. • You’ll learn more as you go along. • You’ll like using the new mower. • You’ll miss the bus. • You’ll never guess what I heard. • You’ll pick it up as you go along. • You’re (just) running around in circles. • You’re a bit disappointed then. • You’re a bit grumpy today. • You’re a good little boy. • You’re a good little girl. • You’re a pain in the neck. • You’re a pain. • You’re a royal pain. • You’re all dressed up. • You’re all wrapped up in yourself. • You’re an old fool. • You’re as busy as a beaver. • You’re as busy as a bee. • You’re as stubborn as a bull. • You’re blowing it out of proportion. • You’re blowing this all out of proportion. • You’re carrying the world on your shoulders. • You’re cold-blooded. • You’re damned if you do and damned if you don’t. • You’re dead wrong. • You’re doing too much. • You’re dressed to kill. • You’re driving me up a wall. • You’re driving on a flat tyre. • You’re forgiven. • You’re getting off the subject. • You’re going to break your neck. • You’re grounded. • You’re growing so tall. • You’re

M outh cl ass

57

heartless. • You’re in for it. • You’re in our prayers. • You’re it! • You’re just being contrary. • You’re just disagreeing for the sake of disagreeing. • You’re just disagreeing to disagree. • You’re just in time. • You’re just like your mother. • You’re just the person I’ve been looking for. • You’re kidding! • You’re late again. • You’re late. • You’re letting the world pass you by. • You’re living beyond your means.• You’re looking on top of the world. • You’re lying through your teeth. • You’re so vain. • You’re standing on my paper. • You’re still new. • You’re still young. • You’re taking it out of context. • You’re taking on too much. • You’re taking too many things on. • You’re thick-skinned. • You’re to do exactly as you please. • You’re trying to do too much. • You’re under arrest. • You’re wasting your effort. • You’re wasting your energy. • You’re wasting your time. • You’re way off base. • You’re wrong. • You’ve done it now. • You’ve gone off the deep end. • You’ve gone over the edge. • You’ve got a heart of stone. • You’ve got a lot of nerve! • You’ve got it (all) wrong. • You’ve got me wrong. • You’ve got my backing. • You’ve got my support. • You’ve got my vote. • You’ve got no heart. • You’ve got that wrong. • You’ve got the facts wrong. • You’ve got to be kidding me! • You’ve got to be kidding! • You’ve got to begin somewhere. • You’ve got to play the hand you’re dealt. • You’ve got too much time on your hands. • You’ve got your facts wrong. • You’ve gotten so big! • You’ve made a mistake. • You’ve really done it this time. • Your book’s arrived, sir. • Your cabbage, madam. • Your car’s too slow. • Your change, sir. • Your conduct was inexcusable. • Your father looks very well. • Your luggage will be there shortly. • Your order comes to $8.95. • Your references are really excellent. • Your rent is always late. • Your rent is due. • Your rent is past due.• Your ticket,

58

M outh cl ass

please. • Your total is $8.95. • You’re turning into (quite) a little lady. • Your umbrella, Reshmi. • Your waiter will be Antonio.

(vii) Velar group (Consonants only) Velar-tongue explosives (= k, g) When you make the k and g sounds, you must trap the breath in the throat for a moment. You can do this by holding the back of the tongue firmly against the soft palate, so that the breath cannot go out through the mouth. At the same time, you must also prevent the breath from escaping through the nose (by raising the soft palate and by blocking the nasal cavity). Then the breath gets trapped in the throat a moment. Then all of a sudden, you must stop holding the breath from going out through the mouth (by lowering the back of the tongue from the soft palate). The breath then rushes out of the mouth with a slight explosion or popping noise.

k Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound k has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and soft palate (and gives them some training in making the sound k). • Call an ambulance. • Call everyone to the table. • Call the family to dinner. • Call the police. • Call when you get there. • Calm down. • Calm yourself. • Can I call you back? Something has come up. • Can we continue this later? My other line is ringing. • Can you beat that! • Careful, the plate is hot. • Catch you later. • Clean (up) your room. • Close your mouth while you’re eating. • Coffee with cream. • Coffee, please. • Comb your hair. • Come again. • Come back anytime. • Come back

M outh cl ass

59

soon. • Come back when you can stay longer. • Come here. • Come in and make yourself at home. • Come in and relax for a few minutes. • Come in and sit down. • Come in and stay a while. • Come in and take a load off (your feet). • Come off it! • Come on into the living room. • Come on in. • Come right in. • Come right on in. • Coming through. • Coming to the point of the matter. • Complex matters. • Confidentially. • Confirming that you are paying attention. • Congratulations! • Cool it. • Could be better. • Could be worse. • Could I please have some milk? • Couldn’t be better. • Cream and sugar. • Cut it out! • Careful. You’ll fall. • Come and have a game, Jim. • Come on. Let’s be off. • Come on. Let’s get going. • Come on. Let’s go for a walk. • Come on. Let’s go. • Keep all the doors locked. • Keep an eye on it. • Keep at it. • Keep both hands on the handlebars. • Keep cool. • Keep him quiet. • Keep it to yourself. • Keep out. • Keep quiet! • Keep still! • Keep the change. • Keep trying. • Keep up the good work. • Keep your ears open. • Keep your feet off (of) the furniture. • Keep your hands off your little brother. • Keep your hands to yourself. • Keep your mouth closed. • Keep your opinions to yourself. • Keeping busy. • Keeping myself busy. • Keeping out of trouble. • Key in this report, will you? • Kick him out. • Knock it off! • Quiet! • Quit complaining. • Quit pestering me. • Quit whining.

g Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound g has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and soft palate (and gives them some training in making the sound g). • Garbage is collected on Wednesday. • Get a doctor quick. • Get a first aid kit. • Get cracking! • Get going already. • Get going. • Get me the police. • Get moving! • Get out of

60

M outh cl ass

the water. • Get real! • Get rid of it. • Get right on this. • Get some blankets. • Get some help. • Get the paramedics. • Get to the heart of the matter. • Get to the point. • Get your elbows off the table. • Get yourself a drink and something to eat. • Getting back to the point. • Getting by. • Give it a rest. • Give it a shot. • Give it a try. • Give it time. • Give it to me in plain English. • Give it to me. • Give it your best shot. • Give it your best. • Give me a chocolate donut and a cup of coffee. • Give me a cream filled pastry, please. • Give me a subscription to Time. • Give me all twenties. • Give me another. • Give me the remote. • Give me your name and address. • Give the kids dinner at six. • Glad to meet you. • Glad to see you, Jeff. • Glad you could come. • Glad you could drop by. • Glad you could stop by. • Go ahead and ask him. • Go away! • Go brush your teeth. • Go by the book. • Go easy on the onions. • Go for it. • Go on. • Go on; you can do it! • Go sit down; dinner’s ready. • Go tell your father dinner’s ready. • Go to bed. • Go to your room. • Go wash your face. • Go wash your hands. • God forbid! • God only knows. • Good afternoon. • Good boy! • Good evening. • Good for you. • Good girl! • Good going! • Good gracious! • Good grief! • Good heavens! • Good job! • Good lord! • Good luck! • Good morning. Do sit down. • Good night. • Good running in to you. • Good seeing you again. • Good to meet you. • Good work! • Good-bye (for now). • Good-bye until later. • Good-bye until next time. • Goodness gracious! • Got me. • Got to be shoving off. • Got to fly. • Got to get moving. • Got to go home and get my beauty sleep. • Got to hit the road. • Got to run. • Got to shove off. • Got to take off. • Gracious. I nearly dropped it. • Great. • Guard it with your life. • Guess what I just found out. • Guess what. I’ve won first prize.

M outh cl ass

61

(viii) The lip group (Vowels & consonants) (a) Vowels (and diphthongs) See the Larynx group and the Pharynx group.

(b) Lip-explosives (= p, b) The sounds p and b are made by the action of both the lower and upper lips. The lips are closed firmly, so that the breath cannot go out through the mouth. The breath is also not allowed to escape through the nose (by raising the soft palate and blocking the nasal cavity). Then, for a moment, the breath is trapped inside the mouth. The lips are then opened suddenly, and the breath rushes out with a slight explosion or popping noise.

p Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound p has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your lips and soft palate and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound p). • Paper bags, please. • Pardon me. • Perhaps Benny would give you a game. • Perhaps I could help. • Perhaps someone’ll give us the money. • Perhaps tomorrow I’ll write to him. • Perhaps you misunderstood him. • Perhaps you’d break it to him. • Perhaps, we could send Deepa. • Pick up your clothes. • Pick up your room. • Pity they all disliked it. • Place the bags at the curb. • Place the clippings in the large paper bags. • Place the clippings in the plastic bags. • Play dead. • Play dumb. • Play it cool. • Play it safe. • Pleasant dreams. • Please accept my apologies. • Please accept my apology. • Please accept my heartfelt apology. • Please address the chairman. • Please adjust the antenna. • Please ask the adult services librarian about CDs. • Please

62

M outh cl ass

be seated at the table. • Please be seated. The show begins soon. • Please call me a taxi. • Please carry your own dishes to the kitchen. • Please clean the (cat’s) litter (box) now! • Please come in. • Please come into the living room. • Please connect me with the police. • Please do exactly as you please. • Please don’t do that. • Please don’t eat the last piece of pie. • Please don’t go yet. • Please don’t tie up the telephone for long periods. • Please edge around the shrubbery. • Please edge the sidewalks and driveway. • Please explain a fixed rate loan. • Please explain the service charges on this account. • Please feel free to mingle with the other guests. • Please fill out a form and bring it back to me. • Please forgive me. • Please forgive the inconvenience. • Please give Tom his medicine at bedtime. • Please go around and introduce yourself to everyone. • Please go away. • Please go over that part again. • Please have my luggage brought down. • Please help me! • Please leave me alone. • Please leave the porch light on. • Please make sure it’s well-done. • Please make yourself at home. • Please pass me the salt. • Please pass the butter. • Please pass the pepper. • Please polish them, too. • Please print legibly. • Please put your dishes in the sink. • Please read to the kids before they go to bed. • Please say yes. • Please scrub the floors. • Please seat me as far as possible from the smoking section. • Please send me the bill, and I’ll take care of it. • Please show me your driver’s license. • Please sit down. • Please speak more slowly. • Please spread fertilizer on the lawn. • Please step down. • Please trim more carefully. • Please try to find my brother! • Please turn down the TV. • Please turn on a porch light. • Please turn your head to the right. • Please vacuum and dust the whole house. • Please wash the floors. • Please water the grass. • Please wax the kitchen floor. • Please write it down for me. • Please write

M outh cl ass

63

it out. • Point well taken. • Pull yourself together. • Put that away. • Put that down. • Put the kids to bed at 8:00. • Put your hand on your head. • Put your hands up! • Put your napkin in/on your lap. • Put your things anywhere and sit down for a minute. • Put your toys away.

b Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound b has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your lips and soft palate and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound b). • Back to the drawing board. • Be a good boy. • Be a good girl. • Be calm. • Be careful around the rosebushes. • Be careful! • Be good. • Be happy. • Be mine always. • Be mine. • Be my guest. • Be my love. • Be my sweetheart. • Be prepared! • Be quiet and eat your dinner. • Be quiet and eat your food. • Be quiet! • Be still! • Be sure and wash behind your ears. • Be there in a minute. • Because I said so. • Bed time is 8:00. • Been getting by. • Been keeping myself busy. • Been keeping out of trouble. • Behave (yourself). • Behind you! • Believe you me. • Best wishes! • Better be going. • Better get moving. • Better keep quiet about it. • Better keep still about it. • Bill me. • Bill, please. • Black coffee. • Bravo! • By all means. • By the way… • Bother. I’ve forgotten to tell Arun. • But a letter takes so long. • But he already knows. • But he got it right. • But he may refuse. • But he only gave me ten pounds. • But he says he’ll resign. • But he was extremely offensive. • But he’d already gone. • But he’s already gone. • But I can’t leave Rajiv here all the morning. • But I don’t like the pudding. • But I get so airsick. • But I haven’t got a racquet. • But I haven’t had time to write to them. • But I only did it once. • But I really wanted them.

64

M outh cl ass

• But I thought you didn’t eat breakfast. • But I thought you didn’t take sugar. • But I thought you were on your way to Pune. • But I thought you’d like one. • But I won’t finish it in time. • But I’m almost broke. • But I’m such a hopeless player. • But I’ve already seen that film. • But I’ve been to the dentist’s. • But it’s a nice pudding. • But it’s cold outside. • But Paul’s quite satisfied. • But surely the house is large enough. • But surely your husband was there to look after you. • But Deepak is very much against it. • But the purchase tax may come down. • But there’ll be no one to meet him. • But we still need Susan’s help. • But you aren’t free on Sundays. • But you might win. • But you never lose your temper. • But you promised me. • But you said he was married. • But you said I could have it. • But you said it was in Brazil. • But you’re so very clever. • But your father said no.

(c) Dental-lip frictional continuants (= f, v) See Dental group above.

(d) Velar approximant (= w) The sound ‘w’ is a quick glide from the vowel sound ‘u’ (= the sound of ‘u’ in ‘pull’) or the vowel sound ‘u:’ (= the sound of ‘oo’ in ‘pool’) to the vowel that immediately follows — whatever that vowel may be. A very important point you should note is this: This glide should start with the lips rounded closely. (When the glide starts, the tongue-centre is held up close to the forward part of the soft palate. From that position, the tongue moves down to a lower position). Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound w has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and lips (and gives them some training in making the sound w).

M outh cl ass

65

• Wait a minute. • Wait a moment. • Wait a sec(ond). • Wait it out. • Wait one minute. • Wait one moment. • Wait one sec(ond). • Wait your turn. • Wait, I forgot my wallet. • Wake me up when it’s over. • Watch it! • Watch out for the undertow. • Watch out! • Watch out; it’s hot! • Watch your feet! • Watch your step! • Watch yourself. • Water is coming into the tub through the waste pipes. • We aim to please. • We all hate the sight of him. • We are (all) family. • We are going to have to do something about these weeds. • We are not responsible for missing buttons. • We are ready to leave now. • We are very pleased with your work. • We are very proud of you. • We are waiting for another couple. • We can count on Patrick. • We can have one more game, surely. • We can’t go to the Munshi Hall tonight. • We can’t leave till Monday. • We can’t play. Dick’s not here. • We could always give them bread and cheese. • We could offer him five pounds. • We could try apologizing. • We did not order this item. • We don’t handle foreign exchange here. • We don’t have it in that color. • We don’t have that in your size. • We don’t want your kind around here. • We get the point, already. • We go that way. • We got here about midnight. • We had a splendid game. • We had a very wet fortnight. • We have a big busy day tomorrow. • We have a power outage almost every week. • We have a proposal. • We have a table ready for Parker, party of four. • We have no alternative. • We have no studios available. • We have our ways (of finding these things out). • We have to control our spending. • We have to cut back on expenses. • We have to do this again sometime. • We have to get up early tomorrow. • We have to keep track of our expenses more closely. • We have to make plans to get together sometime. • We have to trim the budget. • We have to watch our spending.

66

M outh cl ass

• We heard you, already. • We hired a car. • We may get there in time. • We met him last summer. • We must be off now. • We must cut the frills. • We’ll have to take a taxi. • We’ll keep you in our prayers. • We’ll meet sometime tomorrow. • We’ll never get there. • We’re (all) out of those. • We’re best friends. • We’re crammed solid. • We’re cut from the same cloth. • We’re going shopping. • We’re going to Dubai this year. • We’re going to play bridge. • We’re headed in the right direction. • We’re like brothers. • We’re like two peas in a pod. • We’re made from the same mould. • We’re not making much progress. • We’re off and running. • We’re off on the right foot. • We’re off to a good start. • We’re on our way. • We’re one short for doubles. • We’re out of that item. • We’re packed in like sardines. • We’re pretty tight. • We’re quite sold out, I’m afraid. • We’re ready to deal. • We’re ready to order. • We’re ready. • We’re skating on thin ice. • We’re stuck. The car won’t start. • We’re the best of friends. • We’re the closest of friends. • We’re trapped in here. • We’re trapped up here. • We’re two of a kind. • We’re very close. • We’re willing to compromise. • We’re willing to strike a bargain. • We’ve been looking forward to seeing you for a long time. • We’ve been meaning to have you over. • We’ve been meaning to invite you over. • We’ve been wanting to see you for a long time. • We’ve both got the same answer. • We’ve got no choice. • We’ve got to save our pennies. • We’ve got to start budgeting our money. • We’ve got to tighten our belt. • We’ve got to watch every dime. • We’ve hit a stumbling block. • We’ve hit the ground running. • We’ve just refurnished this room. • We’ve laid a good foundation. • We’ve only just begun. • We’ve painted the bathroom red. • We’ve reached an impasse. • We’ve sold our house. • We’ve wanted to have you over before this. • We’ve wanted to invite you over before this.

M outh cl ass

67

• Well anyway, Ryan has got enough copies. • Well Anil’s car is available. • Well he left a week ago. • Well I’ll have this pair. • Well I’m not sure. • Well it’s raining. • Well no. Not absolutely. • Well said. • Well, ask him about it. • Well, he paid it this week. • Well, he says he needs it. • Well, he’s apologized. • Well, I never! • Well, I think George’ll help. • Well, I’m a bit short of money. • Well, if I have to. • Well, if you insist. • Well, if you really want me to. • Well, it’s back to basics. • Well, it’s back to square one. • Well, it’s getting late. • Well, look who’s here! • Well, sometime next week, then. • Well, that’s my opinion. • Well, that’s that. • Well, they said they’d bring it. • Well, Madhu, it’s really good to see you, but I really must go. • We require the first and last month’s rent and a security deposit up front. • We’ll ask Jim. • What a big girl! • What a character! • What a delightful surprise! • What a downpour! • What a great spread! (= display of food at a party). • What a mess. • What a nice surprise! • What a racket! (= noise). • What a storm! • What a surprise to meet you here! • What an adorable baby! • What do you want the card to say? • What I would like to say is... • What nerve you have! • What’s the sticker price? (= the retail price suggested by the manufacturer). • Whatever you prefer. • When I was a kid… • When I was your age… • Where did you buy that sweater? I’ve been wanting to get one. • Which route do you suggest? • Will wonders never cease! • Wipe your mouth. • Words cannot describe how sorry I am. • Wow! • Wow! I’m late. Look, I’ll call you. • Write it off. • Wrong on both counts.

(e) Lip-nasal group (= m) See Nasal class.

68

M outh cl ass

(f) Palato-gum frictional continuants (= sh, Z) See Palato-alveolar group above.

(g) Post-alveolar approximant ‘r’ See Alveolar group above.

***

N asal cl ass

69

Chapter 4

Nasal class There are three nasal sounds. They are: m, n and ng. To produce all the three, you should prevent the breath from going out through the mouth — and allow all the breath to escape through the nose alone. But how you do this is different with each of these sounds.

(i) Lip-nasal consonant (= m) To make the sound ‘m’, you should prevent the breath from going out through the mouth. And you should do this by closing the upper and lower lips. The soft palate then gets lowered, and the breath escapes through the nose. Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound m has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue, soft palate and lips and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound m). • Make sure the drapes hang straight when you finish. • Make sure the kids are in bed by 8:00. • Make sure you vacuum the rugs. • Make the best of it. • Make us proud of you. • Make us proud. • Make way! • Make your bed. • Make yourself at home. • Make yourself comfortable. • Make yourself comfy. • Make yourself right at home. • Makes the same track repeat endlessly. • Many hands make light work. • Many happy returns! • May God strike me down if I am not telling you the truth. • Mind your manners. • Mind your own business! • Mine’s a whisky. • Mummy’s proud of you. • Money doesn’t grow on trees. • Money is no object. • The monitor is blank. • More milk, please. • Mother’s looking for you. • Move back

70

N asal cl ass

from the TV. • Mum’s the word. • He goes jogging every morning. • My alarm didn’t go off. • My baby has stopped breathing. • My baby is asleep in there! • My bathroom is flooded. • My blood curdled. • My blood ran cold. • My boss has been harassing me. • My calendar is full. • My car has been stolen. • My car is missing. • My child has been run over. • My cousin fell off a ladder! • My daughter seems to be having trouble in class. • My disc is full. • My document isn’t printing right. • My ears are ringing. • My electricity was cut off. • My feet hurt. • My fingers are crossed. • My friend will be along shortly. • My gas was cut off. • My God! • My goodness! • My gut tells me that…. • My hair gets so wet. • My hair stood on end. • My head is going to explode. • My head is in a cloud. • My heart goes out to you. • My heart is heavy/broken. • My house has been robbed! • My job is on the line. (= at risk). • My kid could do that. • My kitchen sink is full of garbage. • My knife’s broken. • My lights keep flickering. • My lips are blue. • My mind’s at ease. • My mistake. • My mother’s very ill, I’m afraid. • My mouth is watering. • My name’s Freddie. • My name’s Sandra. I’ll be your server this evening. • My name’s Priya. I’ll be your waitress this evening. • My neck is on the line. • My nephew returned to Delhi this morning. • My paper has been arriving late. • My paper was missing the comics section this morning. • My pencil’s broken. • My pipes are rusty. • My pockets are empty. • My rate is $5.50 per hour. • My reputation is at stake. • My reputation is on the line. • My savings are wiped out. • My shoes are too tight. • My sink is clogged. • My sink isn’t draining properly. • My sixth sense tells me that…. • My stars! • My teeth are chattering. • My toilet overflowed! • My tulips got first prize. • My uncle is having chest pains, and we need the paramedics. • My watch has been running slow.

N asal cl ass

71

• My watch is running fast. • My watch is terrible. • My water pressure is very low. • My, my! Haven’t you grown!

(ii) Gum-tongue nasal consonant (= n) To make the sound ‘n’, you should prevent the breath from going out through the mouth. In the English language, you should do this by pressing the tongue tip against the upper gum — and not on the teeth. The soft palate then gets lowered, and the breath escapes through the nose. Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound n has special importance. Utter each word group several times — ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your tongue and soft palate and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound n.) • Negotiations have broken down. • Never been better. • Never get into a car with a stranger. • Never in a thousand years. • Never thought I’d see you here! • Next Saturday’s difficult. • Next, please. • Next. • Nice job. • Nice meeting you. • Nice of you to invite me. • Nice running into you. • Nice talking to you. • Nice to meet you. • Nice weather we’re having. • Nice work. • Nine dollars, please. • Nip it in the bud. • No chance. • No comment. • No complaints. • No dessert unless you clean (up) your plate. • No dessert unless you finish your dinner. • No dessert until you finish your vegetables. • No glass bottles or drinking glasses allowed around the pool. • No good asking Dennis. • No guests while we’re gone. • No house was ever as dear as that. • No ice, please. • No, it wasn’t Monday I saw him. • No ketchup. • No news from Rahul, I’m afraid. • No nuts, onions, garlic, lettuce, bacon, pickles, please. • No nuts. I’m allergic. • No problem. • No pun intended. (= I didn’t say what I said as a joke or as a play on words). • No running on the deck! • No skin off my back. • No skin off my nose.

72

N asal cl ass

• No skin off my teeth. • No small bills. • No snacks before bedtime. • No starch, please. • No strings attached. • No television until you finish your homework. • No thanks. I don’t smoke. • No that’s not Vidya’s house. • No that’s not the one I want. • No trouble. • No TV during dinner. • No visitors while we’re gone. • No way. • No, you haven’t left it here. • No, I didn’t go to the cinema. • No, I don’t think so. • No, I’m a foreigner. • No, I’ve got nothing on later. • No, it can’t have been yesterday. • No, no, this one’s on me! • No, that one’s yours. • No. This is the town hall. • Nobody seems at all keen. • Nobody turned up. • Nobody wants to try them. • None of us wants to go. • None too good. • None too hot. • None too well. • Nonsmoking. • Not a chance. • Not a moment to spare. • Not a single penny I will give. • Not another word! • Not difficult. • Not for a million dollars. • Not good. • Not if I can help it. • Not in a million years. • Not in your wildest dreams. • Not likely. • Not quite. • Not so good. • Not so great. • Not so hot. • Not so well. • Not that it’s any of my business… • Not too good. • Not too hot. • Not too well. • Not very well. • Nothing can go wrong. • Nothing doing. • Nothing happens. • Nothing to it. • Now guess where she bought it. • Now I have let the cat out of the bag. • Now I really must fly. • Now I really must go. • Now you’ve done it.

(iii) Velar-tongue nasal consonant (= ng) Just as while you do when you produce the other two nasal consonants (m & n), here too you should prevent the breath from going out through the mouth. But here, you should do this by raising the back of the tongue and by pressing it against the soft palate. Then all the breath escapes through the nose. Here’s a collection of word groups in which the sound ng has special importance. Utter each word group several times —

N asal cl ass

73

ALOUD. This practice increases the muscular dexterity of your

tongue and soft palate and develops their co-ordination and agility (and gives them some training in making the sound ng). • And still you’ve got it wrong. • A storm is brewing. • Fred says you’ve been cheating. • I can’t see a thing without my glasses. • I could do that standing on my head. • I just have this feeling. • I hope I don’t break anything. • I hope I’m not disturbing you. • I hope everything is satisfactory. • I have nothing to say. • I have a lot of studying to do. • I hate quarrelling with Meg. • I hate climbing ladders. • I expected something more. • I don’t want to hear a single peep out of you! • I don’t see what you’re getting at. • I don’t like being here any better than you do. • I don’t feel like going out. • I didn’t receive a newspaper this morning. • I’d like to be considered for the opening in the sales department. • In the long haul, it will all work out. • I’m shivering. • I’m quite enjoying this. • I wouldn’t dream of going in for it. • I was wondering if you’d like to see a movie. • I was in the wrong place at the wrong time. • I need a room with two single beds. • I’m (just ) dying of hunger. • It’s like looking for a needle in a haystack. • Horrible weather we’re having. • He’s resigning. • He’s just become Managing Director. • He’s been missing for ten days now. • He’s arriving at Pune. • He was complaining to the manager. • Thanks for stopping over. • The meter reader never waits long enough for me to get to the door. • That item is no longer on sale. • Try hanging the door the other way. • You’re as strong as an ox. • You don’t know your own strength. • Yes, they rang us up this morning.

***

74

Do mouth gymnastics

Chapter 5

Do mouth gymnastics with N+N Groups In this chapter, I’m going to give you a carefully compiled collection of word groups that will help you get a lot of practise in mouth gymnastics. I have chosen these word groups for two reasons: i). They can give you excellent practice in saying chunks of English by applying the principles of mouth gymnastics. ii). They are noun + noun clusters that you should get your organs of speech to become thoroughly familiar with, so that your fluency becomes strengthened. Here we go. Practise saying each word group ALOUD:

Group 1 land force; • life cover; • air link; • stage actor; • share capital; • art exports; • body heat; • tax base; • stock market; • village community; • government failure; • youth club; • insurance industry; • problem area; • strike action; • research initiative; • bank failure; • army camp; • ground crew; • problem behaviour; • job creation; • paper chain; • court file; • board level; • staff discipline; • union membership; • dream home; • tax benefit; • area code; • game bird; • pay day; • world conference; • investment business; • council estate; • business asset(s); • cabinet meeting; • class distinction; • drug habit; • art criticism; • river bank; • holiday home; • autumn/autumnal colour; • business card; • gas industry; • street market; • house fire; • wage claim • food mountain; • world league; • price control(s); • church building; • art critics; • market crash; • hair cut; • service industry; • building block; • family duty; • council chief; • hand ball; • union meeting; • text book; • film editor; •

with N +N Groups

75

love affair; • Friday morning; • job application; • tax authorities; • world affairs; • policy formation; • civil claim; • mountain air; • home market; • Stone age; • paper bag; • market discipline; • health implication; • blood group; • world economy; • field event; • air force; • group activity; • student magazine; • art conservation; • street map. • government direction; • service cut; • family friend; • trade catalogue; • test case; • mountain area; • mountain home; • town garden; • party member; • office desk; • head height; • health food; • policy document; • police horse; • consumer demand; • management conference; • business colleague; • defence case; • government finances; • weekend job; • life history; • family budget; • family doctor; • food exports; • forest home; • ground cover; • customer care; • security chief; • car insurance; • hospital management; • trade flow; • health cover; • guide book; • woman artist; • energy industry; • power cut; • chance discovery; • hospital bill; • hand mirror; • cup match; • music criticism; • government leader; • army command; • investment fund; • power generation; • school friend; • power base; • record card; • rock group; • Cup game; • business appointment; • line drawing; • lunch hour; • price increase; • environment minister; • colour image; • service contract; • university city; • government grant; • health minister; • business community; • police custody; • party chairman; • day dress; • air defence; • security force; • family feud; • hospital complex; • committee chairman; • control key; • interest charge; • oil exports; • party boss; • state machine; • body movement; • love letter; • university college; • tourist industry; • help desk; • wage increase; • Sunday league; • test drive; • family man; • sign language; • video conference. • prison food; • car engine; • government delegation; • base metal; • Ice age; • day course; • party hat; • field day; • design department; • land management; • production director; • government machine; • control experiment; • May evening; • business environment; • knife attack; • air base; • investment

76

with N +N Groups

capital; • record crop; • office furniture; • home address; • election commission; • government favour; • party leadership; • quality food; • air cover; • report card; • club member; • air flight; • job description; • development manager; • peace agreement; • dog food; • company boss; • night flight; • deputy director; • tea break; • time difference; • research agency; • vegetable food; • research contract; • second division; • party membership; • package deal; • staff member; • pollution level; • business contract; • youth leader; • air attack; • radio frequency; • body count; • food fight; • labour costs; • health education; • government money; • food item; • town house; • job interview; • design award; • student fee; • information gap; • culture change; • government control; • team leader; • wage demand; • family formation; • trade gap; • hair care; • summer morning; • building conservation; • theatre group; • guitar case; • war crime; • staff cut; • enemy attack; • family circumstances; • hospital grounds. • life chance; • defence cut; • church leader; • client care; • election agent; • paper money; • business empire; • community care; • council hall; • home computer; • cabinet minister; • wall light; • family finances; • hospital care; • party food; • car door; • plant cell; • car accident; • weekend home; • evening course; • age difference; • security measures; • family business; • summer month; • farm land; • defence force; • group discussion; • office building; • business interest; • music college; • world index; • film criticism; • discussion meeting; • bank holiday; • police activity; • business association; • birth control; • paper file; • service engineer; • area manager; • student grant; • market index; • entry level; • family crisis; • deputy leader; • world map; • rock fall; • world final; • information file; • state control; • school management; • university appointment; • customer demand; • league match; • pay increase; • golf club; • business culture; • evening air; • state education; • paper mountain; • school book; • guest list; • trade union movement; • government investment; • film crew; • health impact; • cloud cover; • election

with N +N Groups

77

day; • water garden; • news agency; • hospital appointment; • second favourite; • pub food; • computer age; • stress level; • student exchange; • order form; • family history; • class act; • split decision; • car factory; • rebel leader; • charge code; • street fight; • football club; • school desk; • account book; • skin condition; • surprise attack; • team effort; • oil industry; • school discipline; • health ministry; • company car; • opposition leader; • travel book; • side entrance; • coal industry; • member country; • enemy army; • school bag; • gun attack; • information flow; • head count; • street fashion; • government budget; • business initiative; • age gap; • research library; • price inflation; • radio equipment; • child development; • car key; • side gate; • book launch; • family matter; • campaign launch; • health department; • war artist; • deputy minister; • associate member; • market hall; • second chance; • love life; • air display; • office file; • expense account; • street culture. • business circles; • police force; • bank balance; • business meeting; • surface area; • car driver; • board game; • family expectation; • police guard; • April evening; • city hall; • war baby; • price band; • party election; • party leader; • drug addiction; • championship fight; • pub fight; • age limit; • leader column; • university library; • Cup favourite; • trade figure; • second movement; • air crash; • industry chief; • research institution; • crowd control; • hospital doctor; • property development; • hospital drama; • world leadership; • study day; • snow cover; • course fee;

Group 2 trade credit; • day hospital; • news magazine; • training day; • world events; • charity fund; • evening job; • film censorship; • cover charge; • home fan; • security file; • government institute; • investment decision; • car licence; • union member; • reserve bank; • seat cover; • drug dealer; • road crash; • software development; • government expenditure; • music licence; • business manager; • client base; • car industry; • age group; • peace conference; • home care; • art dealer; • mountain country;

78

with N +N Groups

• school doctor; • house guest; • business deal; • hospital bed; • party chief; • family holiday; • radio journalist; • family cat; • election defeat; • music festival; • population change; • school dance; • motor industry; • court appointment; • party dress; • industry association; • colour film; • building material; • April morning; • company failure; • art history; • time limit; • skin care; • pay cut; • chance meeting; • war museum. • heart condition; • wedding day; • house magazine; • computer market; • food chain; • second language; • bank finance; • pay claim; • home leave; • company culture; • design concept; • order book; • team event; • discussion group; • police chief; • office environment; • motor home; • community college; • policy implication; • school band; • health benefit; • sex life. • leadership election; • protest campaign; • Saturday afternoon; • party convention; • school improvement; • car dealer; • land improvement; • office complex; • drug(s) charge; • investment bank; • community leader; • tree house; • water conservation; • oil crisis; • police file; • fish food; • market demand; • city life; • house husband; • child abuse; • minority community; • bird call; • wall map; • labour movement; • world expert; • desk job; • family farm; • protest meeting; • radio appeal; • reference book; • hand gun; • court circles; • picture book; • heart attack; • policy issue; • address book; • summer job; • street crime; • colour magazine; • research method; • company director; • office manager; • pollution control; • strike leader; • currency market; • radio audience; • sea change; • business correspondence; • school holiday; • distance event; • trade association; • government enquiry; • base coat; • market day; • security camera; • health care facilities; • video film; • home birth; • job market; • village life; • student association; • book cover; • cost implication; • design feature(s); • health budget; • club football; • family favourite; • security guard; • opposition force; • class conflict; • road map; • dream house; • winter/winter’s day; • police department; • case law; • research field; • golf course; • union leadership; • murder case; • peace

with N +N Groups

79

initiative; • lunch break; • school hall; • enemy force; • child benefit; • case file; • school building; • time delay; • business life; • April afternoon; • youth group; • art editor; • party game; • road construction; • land grant; • care home; • business development; • art exhibition; • tax cut; • law firm; • time gap; • ground improvement; • summer/summer’s day; • race favourite; • student movement; • marketing drive; • reading list; • conference complex; • school dinner; • minority group; • radio link; • government agency; • engineering firm; • school gate; • music critics; • government agent; • union chief; • radio address; • team member; • farm building; • home crowd; • damage(s) claim; • state finances; • government commission; • crisis meeting; • deputy head; • holiday job; • phrase book; • life drawing; • opposition demand. • stage career; • hair colour; • information management; • power boat; • news conference; • health facilities; • planning committee; • ball game; • class division; • music hall artist; • reserve force; • life insurance; • end-of-term/year exam; • work experience; • television/TV campaign; • problem child; • government demand; • job cut; • Friday evening; • school context; • family background; • base camp; • council house; • home game; • research degree; • family income; • policy decision; • school clothes; • town museum; • road building; • enemy action; • forest cover; • university education; • second marriage; • fire department; • home favourite; • computer game; • building land; • bank credit; • self interest; • paper cup; • community affairs; • research facilities; • art form; • charge card; • food industry; • business context; • government measures; • school days; • car market; • record industry; • computer business; • world crown; • trade exhibition; • May afternoon; • security box; • water fight; • customer base; • radio channel; • noise level; • history class; • press conference; • school library; • school bus; • land dispute; • labour camp; • Christmas day; • woman friend; • council home; • home city; • battle line; • school grounds; • school entry; • business link;

80

with N +N Groups

• family affairs; • root cause; • party machine; • car crash; • rule change; • family commitment; • conference hall; • market force; • company asset(s); • electricity industry; • May morning; • street light; • school life; • union activity; • car journey; • insurance cover; • district council; • security equipment; • school entrance; • Labour government; • record club; • teaching hospital; • trade agreement; • trade deal; • court battle; • play area; • health chief; • radio interview; • design engineering; • health check; • family meeting; • health consideration; • bank job; • business aspect; • country gentleman; • championship match; • appeal committee; • family group; • price movement; • sea air; • family household; • art establishment; • study leave; • crime level; • government announcement. • security light; • court action; • tax increase; • party guest; • hotel industry; • business expenses; • company chairman; • entry form; • record exports; • telephone line; • community hall; • tea cup; • construction industry; • court decision; • world centre; • grass court; • board member; • school assembly; • tax advantage; • state institution. • health authorities; • Stone age man; • title fight; • business communications; • police dog; • water creature; • contract law; • business account; • business investment; • night air; • employment history; • health care; • trust fund; • peace force; • self help; • finance department; • team meeting; • help facility; • music industry; • family connection; • drug culture; • service improvement; • school board; • staff conference; • radio communication; • news item; • background information; • court case; • appeal (court) judge; • business confidence; • club chairman; • form letter; • business activity; • labour leader; • government minister; • town centre; • trade mission; • government cut; • book club; • side issue; • security check; • video game; • class interest; • election campaign; • country district; • home match; • student leader; • export market; • army chief; • running event; • school day; • Friday afternoon; • sex/sexual drive; • war machine; • sex change; • government commitment; • prize fund; • body language; •

with N +N Groups

81

land bird; • side door; • cup final; • second course; • television film; • unit cost; • baby girl; • paper document; • marketing department; • health issue; • summer house; • team discipline; • life form; • government activity; • process engineering; • wonder drug; • city gate; • rent control; • stage direction; • security consideration; • race horse; • housing market;

Group 3 job loss; • stage door; • law degree; • hospital food; • economy measures; • restaurant food; • system failure; • night duty; • housing demand; • product mix; • weekend meeting; • training course; • cost advantage; • electricity demand; • film festival; • world culture; • dream job; • Labour leadership; • body bag; • phone line; • colour display; • office equipment; • gun control; • education cut; • target figure; • world demand; • Sunday dinner; • phone/telephone book; • second floor; • business client; • City editor; • building industry; • power line; • press campaign; • autumn month; • road communication; • farm house; • temperature increase; • insurance claim; • market cross; • market confidence; • community hospital; • community association; • army boot; • school fee; • foundation course; • family hotel; • record harvest; • town council; • island home; • water flow; • housing land; • design fault; • family link; • union boss; • pocket money; • fire cover; • night club; • meeting hall; • music fan; • home assembly; • street corner; • Saturday evening; • business call; • minority government; • phone/telephone call; • state boundary; • bank loan. • quality control; • home ground; • radio drama; • hill country; • staff meeting; • business discipline; • government circles; • film fan; • road accident; • district hospital; • exam(ination) result(s); • university degree; • state investment; • price advantage; • education department; • finance director; • family environment; • reserve army; • thought experiment; • tax demand; • winter home; • group interview; • research fellow; • power failure; • state benefit; • oil fire; • building

82

with N +N Groups

construction; • price cut; • art college; • trade balance; • charity home; • baby brother; • music editor; • business contacts; • world environment; • minority language; • world exports; • state capital; • business affairs; • home affairs; • history degree; • design engineer; • marketing director; • government majority; • home improvement; • railway line; • pressure group; • motor car; • body fat; • committee meeting; • factory building; • family circle; • rock face; • security budget; • church history; • car crime; • border control; • house insurance; • day duty; • stock car; • road link; • council meeting; • magazine cover; • night clothes; • cost control; • case history; • club membership; • music library; • air flow; • Saturday morning; • air force base; • committee member; • family dog; • programme editor; • student discount; • paper boat; • stock control; • group leader; • service charge; • body hair; • trade dispute; • defence minister; • business customer; • news editor; • education minister; • afternoon meeting; • championship hope. • road improvement; • League game; • security implication; • group member; • home environment; • night creature; • government institution; • night life; • study room; • planning department; • student body; • baby food; • government lawyer; • community facilities; • labour force; • war aim; • state insurance; • age band; • choice cut; • company finances; • house key; • chance conversation; • government body; • finance minister; • floor area; • vegetable matter; • country house; • education conference; • library book; • life jacket; • Christmas break; • action group; • business address; • risk capital; • house/ housing construction; • water level; • country hotel; • research establishment; • street child; • traffic control; • film critics; • world history; • bank crash; • school equipment; • trade conference; • finance committee; • police drama; • home country; • train line; • breakfast meeting; • wage cut; • world football; • diet food; • court fee; • health district; • cigarette case; • product market; • question box; • system file; • information desk; • school environment; • office block; • enemy country; • youth

with N +N Groups

83

court; • state assembly; • export drive; • car bomb; • business arrangement; • world authority; • security arrangement; • staff appointment; • team game; • bank manager; • government authorities; • rent increase; • winter month; • dog fight; • police car; • minority interest; • unemployment figure; • Sunday mass; • life expectation; • exercise book; • fund manager; • Saturday job; • child actor; • world championship; • transfer charge; • government decision; • conservation area; • class difference; • tax band; • government approval; • evening class; • election chance; • government leadership; • bear market; • health legislation; • trade magazine; • government ministry; • call charge; • feature film; • family firm; • membership drive; • rest home. • marketing campaign; • research exercise; • volume control; • colour combination; • murder charge; • hill land; • police cell; • music journalist; • business commitment; • country home; • family dispute; • village home; • bank account; • business failure; • leadership campaign; • state budget; • appeal court; • business degree; • campaign fund; • policy direction; • property market; • account balance; • software firm; • export demand; • story book; • pension fund; • name change; • degree level; • government document; • city council; • state constitution; • environment conference; • service delivery; • road crew; • rest day; • management committee; • policy measures; • office hours; • job advert(isement); • second choice; • party conference; • labour market; • energy demand; • autumn day; • teaching job; • branch line; • drug abuse; • investment account; • country air; • gun control legislation; • history museum; • business leader; • tax implication; • stage crew; • house arrest; • hand movement; • country court; • cost estimate; • labour dispute; • music magazine; • film library; • chance encounter; • glass case; • world champion; • health insurance; • performance art; • policy initiative; • land animal; • health improvement; • tax bill; • party line; • city centre; • baby daughter; • bomb attack; • spring day; • family conflict; • prize money; • radio

84

with N +N Groups

message; • class background; • land agent; • degree course; • crew member; • pay deal; • health expert; • road death; • call box; • accident claim; • government hierarchy; • family home; • student days; • product manager; • head injury; • wall clock; • state farm; • peace movement; • record level; • Labour majority; • project leader; • industry conference; • road bridge; • fan club; • policy change; • prison building; • transfer list; • star actor; • government aid; • growth area; • business district; • record company. • display case; • theatre company; • government funds; • spring morning; • state election; • research grant; • paper copy; • water channel; • eye colour; • home farm; • business letter; • community council; • police interview; • market failure; • consumer market; • skin colour; • second cousin; • pay demand; • hospital facilities; • family member; • government initiative; • crash course; • conference facilities; • film industry; • council leader; • World cup; • security gate; • government assistance; • wall display; • state agency; • majority interest; • snow (snowfall) fall; • air-port building; • theatre director; • car manufacturer; • board meeting; • business magazine; • business concept; • product launch; • ground level; • computer industry; • war cry; • record month; • government appointment; • film actor; • ground floor; • transport minister; • Sunday dress; • export control; • school magazine; • oil can; • police check; • world market; • family life; • government bureaucracy; • government force; • council election; • kid brother; • market expectation; • police enquiry; • market conditions; • school age; • sea level; • rebel army; • school career; • eye level; • stone building; • business crime; • street guide; • football match; • rebel force; • difficulty level; • election address; • health board; • labour demand; • engineering industry; • business management; • second generation; • business equipment; • food can; • war hero; • film director; • forest land; • government department; • university entry; • trade link; • business connection; • research council; • air campaign; • hospital building; • career

with N +N Groups

85

break; • track event; • trade licence; • police college; • school examination; • office employment; • foot fault; • spring month; • party discipline; • home insurance; • staff management; • land battle; • penalty area; • selection committee; • majority decision; • record crowd; • strike committee; • race course; • bank charge; • ground force.

***

86

Do mouth gymnastics

Chapter 6

Do mouth gymnastics with Verb Groups You’re now going to get another collection of word groups for doing mouth gymnastics with. These word groups fall into the category of word groups called verb groups (= action word groups). What is important about the word groups in this chapter is this: They all contain a grammatical particle2 – either a prepositional particle or an adverbial particle. (Actually, most of the word groups you’re going to get now are either word clusters whose core is either a phrasal verb or a prepositional verb or a word group containing a prepositional phrase. But don’t worry about these grammatical niceties. From the fluency-building angle, it is not important to be able to correctly identify a vocabulary item as a phrasal verb or prepositional verb or prepositional phrase). Go ahead and practice saying these word groups ALOUD – by applying the principles of mouth gymnatics you learnt from this book. Here we go:

Group 1 serve as a basis; • confess to a crime/theft etc; • come to your feet; • drop off a bag; • travel by car; • come up with an estimate; • come off badly; • sing in a band; • work to sb’s advantage; • carry out a commission; • belong to another age; • ride in/on a bus; • fight for democracy; • use in evidence against sb; • stay in a flat; • rise from a desk; • meet in the final(s); • come into force; • agree with an estimate; • travel on foot; • laugh till/until you cry; • arrive by bus; • adhere to a convention; 2

As you know, particles are words like at, down, for, in, on, under etc.

with V erb Groups

87

• live up to (sb’s) expectations; • enter into a discussion; • travel north along the coast; • stay in the background; • drum up business; • participate in a debate; • turn on the charm; • apply to a college; • turn out a drawer; • fail in a duty; • hammer out an arrangement; • call for an explanation; • die of/from natural causes; • run in the family; • meet with sb’s approval; • rely on sb’s assistance; • zip up a bag; • jump in at the deep end; • turn on the current; • arrive in their dozens; • rise to fame; • fight back your fear; • come under an exam(ination); • lead to a break (in the deadlock); • argue in a circle. • belong to the computer age; • land on sb’s desk; • call off a deal; • run for cover; • dip into reserves of courage; • come (to) death; • break down and cry; • arrive at an estimate; • act like adults; • belong to a local club; • act in a fit of anger; • weigh up the pros and cons; • compete in the finals; • climb into bed; • disappear from the face of the earth; • come to a compromise; • fumble in a bag; • come off your bicycle; • rise by a large amount; • lie on a beach; • work out the details; • rebel against discipline; • drive over a long distance; • come to nothing/sth/not much etc; • feed in data; • blown off course; • work out an arrangement; • sit for an exam(ination); • draw to an end; • cling to a belief; • play with the ball; • step onto/ off a bus; • deal with complaints; • fly from an airport; • hand over/sb a document; • arrive at a decision; • step into a boat; • mix up data; • add up to an amount; • move into a flat; • come up with a design; • fit for human consumption; • live in fear (of sth); • fill in the details; • share out sth among/between…; • appear at the arts festival; • call for emergency aid; • sit at a desk; • marvel at an achievement; • work out a code; • resort to a device; • cut down on fat; • hand out an award; • confirm sb in their belief (that…); • break up a crowd; • deal with these affairs; • come to dinner; • burn up fat; • sit for an artist; • come to an end; • attend to your private affairs; • appear before the health board; • print in colour; • sit at a counter; • sink into despair; • lead to a concept; • lay down your arms; • come into

88

with Verb Groups

a category; • lead to financial difficulties; • stress on desirability; • live on the coast; • finish with an affair; • cope with change; • fight for a crown; • break off your engagement; • cover up your activities; • drop to the floor; • move against the flow; • comply with a convention. • stand at/to attention; • appeal to a consumer; • weep with emotion; • fill in/out a form; • strike up a conversation; • consider sth in a context; • agree to an arrangement; • judge by/on appearances; • wake from a dream; • pass through an airport; • contend with difficulties; • stand out sw in the cold; • sit on the bed; • jump at the chance (of doing sth); • deal with enquiries; • skim off the fat. • resign from an association; • blow out a candle; • throw away an advantage; • belong to an association; • grow in amount; • rise from your chair; • lead to a division; • tell from sb’s expression; • match up to (sb’s)expectations; • come to a conclusion; • escape from the fire; • rummage in a bag; • graduate from Harvard etc; • work in computer etc. business; • ride on sb’s back; • draw to a close; • tap on/on a door; • cut across boundaries; • fight to the finish; • listen at the door; • wind up a debate; • lay out capital; • step on your foot; • comply with a demand; • tell by appearances; • roll out of bed; • walk on air; • shake out a duster; • move to the country; • work for an aim; • serve on the safety board; • fill in the blanks; • talk to adults; • learn from experience; • travel first/second class; • live to a great age; • start for the door; • qualify for the finals; • stay the course; • arrive at a conclusion; • live for the day; • trump up charges; • speak to the person in charge; • live in a flat; • convert to Christianity/Islam; • come to sb’s assistance; • shake with anger; • drive sb into exile; • stay for dinner; • act as a deputy; • lead to an emergency; • speak in a debate; • believe in discipline; • approve of sb’s decision; • carry on a discussion; • pray for your brothers (abroad); • die from a disease; • register with an agency; • run on fuel; • travel over a long distance; • disappear into a crowd; • act without delay; • land at an airport; • assign sth to a category; • act on sb’s advice; • shake with

with V erb Groups

89

emotion; • work with computers; • move out of a flat; • launch into an explanation; • come into existence; • ferret (around) in a bag; • pick up confidence; • bring up a family. • float on air; • hang in the air; • act in good faith; • appear in court; • come forward with an explanation; • turn out to be a failure; • hurry to sb’s aid; • live next door; • ward off disaster; • draw up a convention; • work out the cost; • dry your wet clothes; • play in the first division (of the league); • revise for an examination; • arrive at an arrangement; • go out of existence; • come to sth’s defence; • live at/on a farm; • vanish into thin air; • match up to (your) expectations; • break for coffee; • patch up their differences; • rise above the criticisms; • shake with fear; • ask for an estimate; • run up a huge bill; • apply to an agency; • pick up the trail of an animal; • search for an answer; • work on your delivery; • suffer from depression; • come to an arrangement; • turn to ashes; • take cover; • die in battle; • ask for a drink (of water etc.); • draw up a document; • suffer from cancer; • jump to conclusions; • arrive at an explanation; • find out the facts; • depend on charity; • proceed with an arrangement; • hand out advice; • learn by/from (your) experience; • approve of an action; • back up your arguments; • rise to the challenge; • come to a crisis; • come in a range of (all/three etc.) colours; • speak with authority; • come on duty; • work for an exam(ination); • key in a code; • beat out the fire; • join in an activity; • carry out a duty; • call it a draw; • remain in (complete) control; • live to a ripe old age; • knock at/on the door; • turn to drugs; • dig into reserves of energy; • ask for an explanation; • fail in an aim; • call in a doctor.

Group 2 • date back to the Bronze Age; • laze on a beach; • hatch from an egg; • choke with emotion; • carry out an exercise; • stand no chance; • cope with an emergency; • leave from the fold; • come in for criticism; • cut down on expenses; • arrive by the dozen; • deal with an emergency; • submit to discipline; •

90

with Verb Groups

come in first/second; • play in the finals; • stand as a candidate; • play in a band; • knock off a computer; • appear on the display; • come under attack (for sth); • live in the country; • rush to sb’s defence; • leap to your feet; • come under fire; • live in difficult conditions; • work as a cook; • throw off a feeling; • behave like an animal; • bring up a child; • refer to an Act; • serve on a committee; • hand down a decision; • dry up the dishes; • strike in protest at; • clean up the environment; • zip up a dress; • sink into crisis; • climb into a car; • call out an engineer; • conform to an arrangement; • burst into action; • enrol on a course; • speak in English; • tread on sb’s foot; • work by electricity; • arrive at an agreement; • bleed to death. • screw up your face; • work for a company; • swim against/ with the current; • call for assistance; • find out sb’s attitude; • throw up evidence; • enter into an agreement; • burn off fat; • head off a crisis; • spring into existence/being; • hit on an explanation; • apply to a company; • drive over a bridge; • succeed in business; • clean up a beach; • ask for charity; • come into conflict (with sb); • belong to a category; • climb out of bed; • fail in an exam(ination); • rise to your feet; • come to a close; • resign from the management board; • write in code; • stand up to exam(ination); • break for dinner; • move towards the door; • break down the door; • suck on a cigarette; • enter into communication; • roll on the floor; • cut off communications; • come to sb’s defence; • place sth in a category; • adjust to the environment; • carry out an attack; • succeed in an attempt; • meet with an accident; • agree on a date; • act in an official capacity; • scroll through a document; • sit on a committee; • hang in folds; • move with the crowd; • come of age; • settle for second best; • step up exports; • bring out a contrast; • return to the fold; • live in the countryside; • enter into an alliance; • work in a field; • crawl into bed; • burn to death; • run in an election; • find out the details; • talk to the director; • break its banks; • listen to the evidence; • walk down a flight (of steps/ stairs); • work under cover; • search for a clue; • trade in rice/

with V erb Groups

91

textiles/gold etc; • run up a flight (of steps/stairs); • shoot down an aircraft; • run into debt; • react to a drug; • come in through the door; • indulge in a dream; • work out an answer; • form/ forge an alliance. • happen as a matter of course; • rebel against the establishment; • come under criticism; • carry on a conversation; • play with fire; • break up a fight; • appeal for calm; • fail in your duty; • understand sth in a context; • turn to sb for assistance; • bring on a (bad) cold; • pose for a camera; • stray from the fold. • send in an application; • jump off the bus; • appeal to the country; • suffer from a disease; • earn in the region of Rs. 5000 etc; • come to a bad end; • beat off an enemy; • sum up the content; • end in a draw; • ask for assistance; • screw up your eyes; • cry (sth) in alarm; • fish for compliments; • fight for a cause; • shut down the factory; • pile up capital; • disappear into thin air; • stop at a bar; • sit at a computer; • live on an estate; • live in a forest; • fail to turn up for an appointment; • rest in bed; • leap into action; • force sb into exile; • come up for discussion; • scrabble in a bag; • send for a doctor; • knock down a building; • pay back the capital; • arrive on your desk; • act through an agency; • drive away sb’s fears; • come from a (poor/happy) background; • start sb in business; • ring in your ears; • dig up dirt (on sb); • work in a professional capacity; • wait for the latest developments; • withdraw from an affair; • come by car; • end in divorce; • follow its course; • draw on experience; • qualify for a discount; • talk about an experience; • dine with the boss; • bring in an Act; • lay off an employee; • lie back in a chair; • date from the Stone Age; • vote for an assembly; • carry on an affair (with sb); • arrive at the average; • draw on sb’s experience; • glance through a document; • stand for election; • burst into flames. • walk in the door; • prepare for an exam(ination); • break down barriers; • stand out in a crowd; • pick at your food; • explode in your face; • break off contact; • work for an employer; • deal with a customer; • stand before your eyes; • search for a

92

with Verb Groups

concept; • work up an appetite; • move with the flow; • pick up the scent of an animal; • shoot to fame; • believe in exercise; • enter into conflict (with sb); • carry on a function; • vanish off the face of the earth; • adhere to a concept; • live in a dream; • come under (heavy) fire; • write in English (about/on sth); • comply with a code; • interfere in sb’s affairs; • concentrate on your career; • veer off course; • hush up an affair; • slip into debt; • vie for attention; • blow on your fingers; • strike up the band; • end in deadlock; • run down a flight (of steps/stairs); • study for an exam(ination); • vanish from the face of the earth; • stub out a cigarette; • turn out the attic; • apply to a council; • run into difficulties; • study for a degree (in sth); • bring to an end; • prepare for an emergency; • pick up a bug; • change to a different sort of cooking oil etc; • end in a tie; • shake with cold; • care about the environment; • fail in an attempt; • build up capital; • perform to an audience; • enter into a contract (with sb); • bring up a daughter/son; • lie down on the bed; • spark off a debate; • stand by this/that attitude; • draw up a constitution; • enter into a contract; • drag on a cigarette; • throw on a coat; • enter into an explanation; • believe in democracy; • carry off an award; • burst with excitement; • clamp down on underground activities; • engage in a debate; • watch for an announcement; • carry out an experiment; • drain off fat.

Group 3 • live up two flights (of stairs); • slip into a decline; • sink into debt; • straighten out an economy; • run to fat; • participate in social activities; • sit at a bar; • hammer at/on the door; • run for a bus; • talk to an expert; • bring to mind the student days; • swing into action; • work sth to death; • sort through a document; • wind up your affairs; • kick against sb’s authority; • graduate from college; • end in a fight; • pick up a cup; • sue for damages; • run up debts; • hand over control; • carry out a marketing exercise; • lie on your back; • work in sb’s favour; • vary in degree; • fight out a fire; • add to the fun; • enter into an

with V erb Groups

93

association; • stray off course; • ride in a car; • move (out) from a flat; • move in fashionable/the best etc. circles; • search for an explanation; • cut out fat; • conform to a convention; • study to be a doctor; • dig in for a fight; • come to an agreement; • slam into first (gear); • turn to disaster (for sb/sth); • search through a document; • fight to the death (for sth); • ask for damages; • enter for an exam(ination); • crack with emotion; • jump into a car; • listen to sb/sb’s advice; • grow in confidence; • pick out a factor; • reach into a bag; • engage in a conversation; • stand on sb’s foot; • report for duty; • deal with an aspect (of sth); • turn to page 100 etc; • work to a (tight) deadline; • lead to disaster (for sb/sth); • stick out your chin; • live at an address; • work out the average; • act for a client; • die from/of cancer; • come to sb’s aid; • call for economy. • deal with danger; • meet with failure; • refer to a document; • end in disaster (for sb/sth); • cut off electricity; • work on an article; • respond to complaints; • travel by bus; • lead to a discovery; • run out of capital; • lose at cards; • belong to a community; • sink into chaos; • blow out a fire; • lead to difficulties; • sneer at an achievement; • sponsor sb for charity; • wait for a bus; • stand in an election; • arrive at an answer; • stare in amazement; • add to sb’s difficulties; • turn to crime; • build up your contacts; • bring up a boy; • win over critics; • bring about changes; • draw on a cigarette; • run down sb’s face; • worry sth to death; • disappear off the face of the earth; • break down fat; • cover up an affair; • summon up (the) courage; • run off some more copies; • bang on the door/ window; • stare in disbelief; • add to the excitement; • carry out an exam(ination); • arrive at your destination; • listen to arguments; • rise to the rank of colonel etc; • move in different circles; • arrive at a concept; • live rent free; • back out of a contract; • lie in bed; • depend on a few factors; • work in awful conditions; • act out of compassion; • sit on the board; • cut down the scale of production etc; • act on behalf of a client; • walk along the coast; • lie in ambush; • vote for a candidate;

94

with Verb Groups

• act as an agent; • place sth in a context; • bring out the best (in sb); • come into contact (with); • rotate through an angle; • engage in political activities; • touch sb on the arm; • suffer from a block; • work at a bank; • resign from a committee; • pass over a document; • work on the arrangements; • break off communication; • shrug off a coat; • respond to a challenge; • free up capital; • appeal to sb’s feelings; • stand on your (own two) feet; • come under sb’s control. • rush to sth’s defence; • act like an expert; • stick to the facts; • carry on a business; • work in construction; • work in a (cement etc.) factory; • walk up a flight (of steps/stairs); • think of an explanation; • leave sth out of account; • starve to death; • die from/of burns; • sort out a department; • drink from/out of a cup; • find in sb’s favour; • apply for an award; • sip at a drink; • yield to a demand; • wait for ages; • run out of energy; • return to camp; • drop out of college; • stay to dinner; • start out in business; • head off an enemy; • participate in outdoor activities; • drift into a state of chaos; • lie on the bed; • slam on your brakes; • call for discipline; • rule out an alternative; • hand in your copy; • speak to the person concerned; • compete for (sb’s) attention; • wait for an explanation; • cope with severe difficulties; • shrug (yourself) into a coat; • step up an activity; • indulge in illegal activities; • throw out the wood ash; • end in failure; • detract from sb’s achievement; • travel in an aircraft; • rise from the dead; • lose sb in the crowd; • arrive at the retirement age; • sit towards the back; • attend to detail; • arrive at a compromise; • fill with fear; • spring into action; • chop down a forest; • travel by air; • help with the costs; • shrug on a coat; • stay with a friend; • cater for emergencies; • run over the facts; • run down the ball; • slow to a crawl; • appeal to an audience; • act on the brain; • cut down your expenses; • cut down a forest; • stay out of debt; • draw up a contract; • come back to the fold; • belong to a close-knit circle; • subscribe to a concept; • come up against grave difficulties; • appear out of thin air; • drop into a bar; • count in sb’s favour; • compromise

with V erb Groups

95

on beliefs; • throw up your career; • work out an agreement; • carry out a check (on sth); • tell (just) from appearance; • emerge from an egg; • arrive at a compromise; • find out a fact; • break off an engagement; • lie on the floor; • call in an expert; • come off best; • break off your association (with sb/sth); • live in desperate circumstances; • run on electricity; • shout out a command; • come to a decision. • serve in the army; • check with sth for details; • pluck up (the) courage; • move through an angle; • tune (in) to a channel; • engage in an activity; • come to fruition; • stub your finger; • build up an audience; • tie up the loose ends; • choke to death; • stay in bed; • trust to chance; • climb into/out of your clothes; • come into contact; • rush to sb’s aid; • jump in a car; • burn off/up energy; • trust in sb’s ability; • ask for advice; • teach in English; • tie up capital; • break into applause; • rebel against convention; • lead to an argument; • decide on an estimate; • ride in the back (of a car); • come as a blow (to sb/sth); • sit on a chair; • arrive at an airport; • die from cold; • come into effect; • campaign for freedom; • result in failure; • cope with a demand; • jump to your feet; • blow away a cloud; • lay down conditions; • stay in contact (with sb); • comply with a ban; • preside over a commission; • carry out an analysis; • work for a bank; • come into flower; • punch in a code; • come into fashion; • succeed to a crown; • come to blows (over sth); • approve of an event; • write off a debt; • hit upon a device; • pass on the savings to the customers; • live to fight/see another day; • carry out a decision; • run for the bus/train; • lose its appeal (for sb); • turn to drink; • skim through an article; • breathe in air/fumes etc; • carry out a function. • step up demands; • not make the blind bit of difference; • focus on an aspect; • come down with a crash; • start at the bottom; • act on advice; • work in a department; • call for a ban; • jump out of bed; • stand to benefit; • come to a climax; • call for action; • appeal against a decision; • come by bus; • stay in business; • fight for freedom; • turn to alcohol; • deal with problem behaviour; • leap to sb’s defence; • come to

96

with Verb Groups

sb’s attention; • wind up an activity; • run its course; • hand out criticism; • send sb into exile; • play down the extent; • build up a concept; • speak with feeling; • think on your feet; • gain in confidence; • move into first (gear); • depart from an airport; • come into focus; • save up capital; • win at cards; • sit on the floor; • act out of desperation; • come round a bend; • come from a (poor/happy etc) family; • live on charity; • spring to sb’s defence; • respond to an emergency; • sit at sb’s feet; • live to the age of 80 etc.

***

Do mouth gymnastics

97

Chapter 7

Do mouth gymnastics with Manner-clusters Manner-clusters are word groups saying how something was done or how something happened. The most common way of saying this is to use a verb + adverb (or adverb + verb) combination: E.g. play brilliantly, talk enthusiastically, cry helplessly, invest profitably, agree strongly, pay willingly etc. Word groups like these have been covered in another book in this series. Now, there is another way of saying how something was done or how something happened. That is to use word groups of the type you’re going to get in this chapter. And what is interesting about these word groups is this: They’re ideal for doing practice in mouth gymnastics too. So go ahead and practice saying these word groups ALOUD – by applying the principles of mouth gymnatics you learnt from this book. Here we go:

Group 1 in a clever underhand way; • in a very honest way; • in a moral way; • in a friendly way; • in a morally correct way; • in an angry way; • in a widespread way; • in a helpful way; • in a logical and unconfused manner; • in a noisy way; • in a systematic and efficient way; • in a cheerful way; • in a very angry way; • in a childlike way; • in a strong way; • in a slightly formal way; • in a definite and direct way; • in a certain way; • in a crushing way; • in a systematic fashion; • in a punctual

98

with M anner -clusters

way; • in a cruel way; • in a very offensive way; • in a grave and thoughtful way; • in a disloyal way; • in a cruel and deliberate way; • in a stronger way than before; • in a favourable way; • in a continuous gradual way; • in a synchronized way; • in a loud and uncontrolled way; • in a playful way; • in a calm and controlled manner; • in an unfair way; • in a strong and powerful way; • in a cursory way; • in a scientific way; • in a silly and annoying way; • in an incomplete way; • in a lazy way; • in a subdued way; • in a disapproving way. • in a rather rough way; • in a secret way; • in a very unpleasant way; • in a careless and unappetizing way; • in a very complicated way; • in a skilful way; • in a more obvious way; • in a forceful manner; • in a socially unacceptable way; • in a solemn way; • in a hurried way; • in an artificial way; • in a clear and unambiguous manner; • in a mischievous way; • in a stupid, unacceptable way; • in a cheerful and relaxed way; • in a slightly angry way; • in a logical way; • in a persistent manner; • in a more effective way; • in a stupid and annoying way; • in a reasonable and safe way; • in a servile way; • in a tolerant way; • in a precise way; • in a steady calm way; • in a legal way; • in a false way; • in a sensible and logical way; • in the correct way; • in a smooth way; • in a not very careful way; • in a protective way; • in a determined way; • in a very clear way; • in a polite and kind way; • in a brutal manner; • in a chivalrous way; • in a normal and unaffected manner; • in a thought-provoking way; • in an untidy way; • in a determined way; • in a plain and ordinary way; • in a reasonable way; • in a steady way; • in a more acceptable way; • in a strange way; • in a graceful way; • in a reasonable and sensible way; • in a troublesome way; • in a superficial way; • in a heavy and clumsy manner; • in a satisfactory manner; • in a disappointing way; • in a proud way; • in a despicable way; • in a contrary manner; • in a careless and irresponsible way; • in a bouncing way. • in a negative way; • in a hesitant way; • in a definitely approving way; • in an exact way; • in a persistent way; • in a

with M anner -clusters

99

curt way; • in an aggressive way; • in a confidential way; • in a quiet way; • in a deliberate formal way; • in a comfortable way; • in a fair and kind way; • in a desired way; • in a discourteous manner; • in a united way; • in a random manner; • in a clear direct way; • in a violent and cruel way; • in a more modern way; • in a sincere way; • in a simple factual way; • in a worse way; • in a strong and confident way; • in a systematic way; • in a clever way; • in a simple utilitarian way; • in a biased way; • in a meaningful way; • in a strange and confused way; • in a very successful way; • in a rough and noisy way; • in a brutal way; • in a critical way; • in a simple and direct way; • in a forceful and noticeable way; • in an open manner; • in a very mysterious way; • in a very informal way; • in a perfunctory way; • in a charming way; • in an aimless manner; • in a limited way; • in a careless hurried way; • in a showy way; • in a surprising and unexpected way; • in a thorough way; • in a noisy and eager way; • in a slow way; • in a very complete way; • in a systematic and methodical way; • in a correct and satisfactory way. • in a delicate way; • in a leisurely manner; • in a planned way; • in a very serious way; • in a serious way; • in a very thorough way; • in a ridiculous way; • in a public manner; • in a not very exact way; • in a respectful way; • in a blunt and forthright way; • in an artistic way; • in a courageous way; • in a cruel and violent way; • in a violent and uncontrolled way. • in a rude and offensive way; • in a slow and formal way; • in a formal manner; • in a very strange way; • in a casual and effortless way; • in a very bad way; • in a creative way; • in a normal way; • in a very slight way; • in a jolting way; • in a strict and unreasonable way; • in a standard way; • in a harmonious way; • in a harmful way; • in an unscrupulous way; • in a more ordinary way; • in a calm and controlled way; • in a calm way; • in a normal ordinary way; • in a funny way; • in a purposeful way; • in a normal manner; • in a fashionable way; • in a sincere and emotional way; • in a sudden and surprising way; • in a particularly unusual way; • in a clear and obvious way; • in an

100

with M anner -clusters

enthusiastic way; • in a rude way; • in a valuable way; • in a very small way; • in a familiar way; • in a more organized way; • in a clear and unambiguous way; • in a continuous way; • in a fairer way; • in an appropriate way; • in a resigned way; • in a basic and obvious way; • in a perfect manner; • in a new way; • in a rough way; • in a very untidy way; • in a very different way; • in a healthy and attractive way; • in a constant way; • in a realistic way.

Group 2 • in a good way; • in a careful and particular way; • in a dangerous way; • in a kind and understanding way; • in a very sensitive way; • in a clear and confident way; • in a very unfair way; • in a direct way; • in a powerful way; • in a methodical manner; • in a very urgent way; • in a quick way; • in a very sincere way; • in an attractive way; • in an incompetent way; • in a general way; • in a severe and harmful way; • in a kind and friendly way; • in a sensible and practical way; • in a frank and open way; • in a typical manner; • in a sexual way; • in a detailed way; • in an aggressive manner; • in an unkind way; • in a sensible way; • in a familiar and intimate way; • in a devious way; • in a surprising way. • in a slightly literary way; • in a mysterious way; • in a crude way; • in a brief way; • in a special way; • in a very strong way; • in a dismissive way; • in a very friendly way; • in a severe way; • in a random way; • in a determined and strict way; • in a very strict way; • in a sudden and disorienting way; • in an innovative way; • in a palpable way; • in a calm and reasonable way; • in a very limited way; • in a terrifying manner; • in a fairly ordinary way; • in a crazy way; • in a violent way; • in a plain way; • in a gentle way; • in a distinct way; • in a negative way; • in a noisy, fast way; • in a humorous way; • in a deliberate and systematic way; • in an effective way; • in a careful and thorough way; • in a foolish way; • in a disrespectful way; • in a musical way; • in an aimless way; • in a quick angry way; •

with M anner -clusters

101

in a pleasant manner; • in a big way; • in a regular way; • in an alarming way; • in a remarkable way; • in an irresistible way; • in a dangerous manner; • in a characteristic way; • in a loud and confident way; • in a soft way; • in a completely different way; • in a deliberately unhelpful way; • in a concentrated way; • in a brutal and disorganized manner; • in a treacherous manner; • in a linear fashion; • in a close way; • in a tired way; • in a traditional way; • in a quiet angry way; • in a noisy and uncontrolled way. • in a threatening way; • in a relaxed uncontrolled way; • in a twisting way; • in a very careful way; • in an eager way; • in a manipulative way; • in an amusing way; • in a very impressive way; • in a hopeful way; • in a moderate way; • in a satisfactory way; • in a correct way; • in a clever and funny way; • in a slow relaxed manner; • in an accidental way; • in a perfect way; • in a terrible way; • in a coarse way; • in a restrained way. • in an impatient way; • in a confident way; • in a noisy, violent way; • in a very approving way; • in a desperate way; • in a heavy way; • in a more confident way; • in a furtive manner; • in a fair and respectful way; • in a dishonest and disloyal way; • in a stiff manner; • in a kind and considerate way; • in a busy way; • in an unhappy way; • in a clear way; • in a sharp way; • in a indecent way; • in a stimulating way; • in a careful and exact way; • in a noticeable way; • in an organized way; • in a limiting way; • in a structured way; • in a clumsy and unsteady way; • in a very violent way; • in a careless and noisy manner; • in a plain and honest way; • in a sexually exciting way; • in a rude but funny way; • in an unusual way; • in a cold and clinical manner; • in an environmentally responsible way; • in a proud confident way; • in a clean way; • in a strong steady way; • in a speedy manner; • in a romantic way; • in a stated way; • in a heavy-footed way. • in a threatening manner; • in a rather uncontrolled way; • in a sudden and mysterious way; • in a similar manner; • in a relaxed manner; • in a correct and intelligent way; • in a

102

with M anner -clusters

successful way; • in a particular manner; • in a slow unhurried way; • in a friendly and informal way; • in a careless way; • in a very controlled way; • in a silly or excited way; • in a loose way; • in a confused way; • in a relaxed way; • in a clear and definite way; • in a modern way; • in a strong and healthy way; • in a roundabout way; • in a definite way; • in a ruthless way; • in a pleasing way; • in a severe and critical way; • in a permanent way; • in a preferable way; • in a polite and pleasant way; • in a public way; • in a strained way; • in a detailed and intellectual way; • in a very efficient way; • in a loving way; • in a natural way; • in an affectionate way; • in a specified way; • in a grovelling way; • in a similar way; • in a faithful way; • in a logical and rational manner; • in a natural relaxed way; • in a wild way; • in a stupid way; • in a beneficial way; • in a leisurely way; • in a deliberate way; • in a simple but intelligent way; • in a figurative way; • in a haphazard way; • in a selfishly careless way; • in a snug tight way; • in an uncontrolled way; • in a lucky way; • in a smooth and easy way; • in a very enthusiastic way; • in a better way; • in a strange and cruel way; • in a direct and honest way; • in a casual way; • in an official manner; • in a complete way; • in a more complete way; • in an interesting way; • in a simple way; • in a very effective way.

Group 3 • in a completely uncontrolled way; • in a lively and compelling way; • in a complicated way; • in a proud complaining way; • in a dishonest way; • in an official way; • in a poetic way; • in a hollow way; • in a reticent way; • in a friendly, informal way; • in a relaxed and untroubled way; • in a personal way; • in a disorganized way; • in a silly way; • in a complete and thorough way; • in a planned and controlled way; • in a dependent way; • in a thoughtless way; • in a crazy way; • in an exaggerated way; • in a private way; • in a very severe way; • in a very broad way; • in an illegal way; • in a socially expected way; • in a rough and violent way; • in a nice way; • in a natural

with M anner -clusters

103

and friendly way; • in a frightened way; • in a relaxing way; • in a particular way; • in a fair way; • in a defective way; • in a severe and angry way; • in a very foolish way; • in a goodhumoured way; • in a smooth and fluent way; • in a slow and determined way; • in a curving way; • in a formal way; • in a composed manner; • in a beautiful way; • in a boring way; • in a joking way; • in a gradual way; • in a slightly rude way; • in a slow relaxed way. • in a completely honest way; • in a very simple way; • in an impetuous way; • in a deliberately humorous way; • in a reckless way; • in a sudden way; • in a very special way; • in a very excited way; • in a pleasant way; • in a fair and honest way; • in a very funny way; • in a deliberately outrageous way; • in a showy and vulgar way; • in an alarming manner; • in a willing way; • in a humane way; • in a very positive way; • in a strong healthy way; • in a kind way; • in a safe way; • in a fast and powerful way; • in a logical and intelligible way; • in a novel way; • in a coordinated way; • in a very disapproving way; • in a friendly manner; • in a quick and reckless way; • in a clever and wily manner; • in an extreme way; • in a sensible and reasonable way; • in a romantic and sexual way; • in a blunt and rude way; • in a very forceful way; • in a set way; • in a rhythmic way; • in a sad and resigned way; • in an unnatural way; • in a humble way; • in a bad-tempered way; • in a forceful way; • in a very rude way; • in an easy manner; • in an authentic way; • in a very polite way; • in a distinct and unmistakable way; • in a circular way; • in a severe and disapproving way; • in a firm way; • in a plain and direct way; • in a relaxed informal way; • in an equal way; • in a highly successful way; • in a suitable way; • in a methodical and organized manner; • in a skilled way; • in a careful way; • in a happy, cheerful way. • in a domineering way; • in a dramatic way; • in a vague way; • in an unpleasant way; • in a straight way; • in a slightly rude way; • in a smooth graceful way; • in a boring and annoying way; • in a slightly troubling way; • in a lively way; •

104

with M anner -clusters

in a nonverbal way; • in a literal way; • in a lenient way; • in a careless and thoughtless way; • in a very obvious way; • in a very unfriendly way; • in a careful organized way; • in a serious and quiet way; • in a responsible way; • in a simple traditional way; • in a true way; • in a motherly way; • in a sincere and unaffected way; • in a positive way; • in a determined and unshakable way; • in a brave and determined way; • in a very direct way; • in a superior way; • in a parallel manner; • in a holy way; • in a thorough manner; • in a very eager way; • in a more skilful way; • in a thoughtful way; • in a secretive way; • in a practical way; • in a more sensible way. • in a very powerful way; • in a well-mannered way; • in a sympathetic way; • in a frightening and unnerving way; • in a sufficiently emphatic way; • in a nervous way; • in a socially correct way; • in a traditional manner; • in a calm unemotional way; • in a generous way; • in a calm self-controlled way; • in an embarrassing way; • in an honourable manner; • in a slightly dishonest way; • in a happy, friendly way; • in a clever and amusing way; • in a harsh way; • in a remote way; • in an obvious way; • in a basic and important way; • in a sensitive way; • in an emotional way; • in a tidy way; • in a quaint way; • in a clearly organized way; • in a thoughtful and helpful way; • in a different manner; • in a smooth and attractive way; • in a very determined way; • in an offensive way; • in a different way; • in a cruel violent way; • in a mechanical way; • in a sexually suggestive way; • in a determined way; • in a sexually interested way; • in a detailed and enthusiastic way; • in a moral and honest way; • in a socially acceptable way; • in a tentative way; • in a very detailed way; • in a brave way; • in a polite and sincere way; • in a clever and humorous way; • in an evil way; • in a happy way; • in a very direct way; • in a sudden and uncontrolled way; • in a smart manner; • in an immoral way; • in a clear and intelligent way; • in an uncontrolled manner; • in a fixed way; • in a slightly careless way; • in a childish way; • in a polite way; • in a quick careless way; • in a fierce and rough way; • in a

with M anner -clusters

105

discreet way; • in a rather disorderly way; • in a proper way; • in a very cruel way; • in a strict way; • in a rudely confident way; • in a more general way; • in a loud way; • in a loyal way; • in a comical way; • in a controlled way; • in a respectable way; • in a small way; • in a very uncontrolled way; • in a selfish way; • in a strong enough way; • in a straightforward way; • in a very noticeable way; • in a forceful and energetic way. That’s it. Bye for now.

***