(1890) Armies Of Europe Illustrated

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

Cornell University Library

UA646 .K78 1890 Armies of Euroj

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Cornell University Library

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030725836

Eng

Printed by Q. LihveneoJm, Fuertji Bavaria

and.

|.

Published ly

William Clowes

&

Bam,

Ld

,

London.

THE

ARMIES OF EUROPE ILLUSTRATED.

TRANSLATED AND REVISED BY

COUNT GLEICHEN, Grenadier Guards,

FROM THE GERMAN OF FEDOR VON KOPPEN.

ILLUSTRATED BY RICHARD KNOTEL.

LONDON:

WILLIAM CLOWES & SONS, !

13,

CHARING CROSS, '.

18,90.

S.W.

Limited,

:

LONDON PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

'CONTENTS. o}
Contents

.

.

.

"

PREFACE. o»}>

" Si vis

ET

I

him who

is

pacem, para bellum

!

desirous of peace prepare himself for war."

Thus

runs the proverb which sums up the experiences and history of the most powerful Empire of old.

Roman

days,

how much more

If this

applicable

is

maxim held good it

in the old

to the present time,

when

war-clouds are darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in ruin and devastation on are,

however, few

who have

nations

all

who have

nations have been for

and bringing them

some

not heeded the warning

not heeded time,

it,

and are

There

!

and the governments of

still,

all

reorganising their Armies

to a high state of efficiency in accordance with

experience taught them by the great wars of the

the

last thirty years.

A.

\

It

is

^therefore (necessary for

matters, or in

foreign

politics,

and organisation of the armed for

it

is

to

all

who

take an

J

in

military

become acquainted with the strength

forces of the different

only by a study of these Armies that

relative value of our own.

interest

we

European Powers, get to

know

the

TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. oW«o

I^HE

matter contained

up

-*-

Italy,

to

and

date.

Russia,

the

in

following pages has been

The Corrigenda refer

to

the

corrected

end of Germany,

at the

alterations

that

have

France,

taken

place

during the progress of this work through the press.

A

few words of the original

have been retained

German p.

21,

countries.

etc.

in

text,

such as

"

Landwehr

"

and

" Ersatz,"

the translation, although applied to other than

For

their

meaning,

v.

"

The

German

Army,"

There are no corresponding English words. G.

November, 1890.

Engla

i

j

imi

Stuff Off'iocr

Off'iaep of Rij^le BpigacLe.

(Iagvee Bpg&s). Printed by 0. LBwmtokn, Fuertli Bavaria

Off'iace of Ro^al

Hopge

Sptillep^.

d.

II.

Published by

William Clowes

&

Bom,

L,

London.

—

ARMY OF THE

BRITISH EMPIRE.* oXKo

THE

British

Army

constructed on a

is

purely original system.

like

It is

ho other army in the world, and for this very good reason, that there is no empire The Empire.

.

11,000

Volunteers

.

224,000

Colonial Forces

84,000

Army

Indian Native

152,000

world like the British Empire.

in the British

Yeomanry

Great Britain and Ireland alone do not altogether, 864,000 men at the outside^ India, Australia, This apparently large number, however, constitute the Empire. every

Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other includes colonies in every quarter of the globe, help, to build

it

up,

and

for its defence

all

we

must have an Imperial Army constructed Let us see what we have got. to fit it.

who

or Native,

British

has been trained

bear arms :{*the Regular

to

not quite a quarter of gether,

this

an

gives

man,

able-bodied

single

Army

forms

Taken

it.

alto-

J

average of about

—

combatant to 350 non-combatants not The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of a decent size, it a large proportion. Germany's proportion 1

is

some people say

that

it

is

That, however,

large enough.

—

in fact,

is

nothing like

is

not by any means too large

is

a question

to 99.

1

true,

This

a large proportion,

is

but then she

powerful

on

enemies

her

it

by and

threatened

is

eastern

an island, which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer western frontiers, whereas We are as 'the first line of to our Navy and look and his pocket, and with which we have This being so, we can do with nothing to do at this moment, so we will defence. small Army, and need not moderately a ourselves to contemplating its

confine actuaj

The

Empire

9,000,000

326,000,000 these

(yet)

size.

of of

contains,

square

Strength

Army.

To

European

other

over

versal conscription.

defend

{

It is

lies

:

....

and 2nd Class Reserves Militia and Militia Reserve

countries

over

.

57.°°°

.

134,000

uni-

/

follow the principle which under-

the military systems of

whether their 202,000

—namely,

all

absolutely necessary, however, that

we have an Army which numbers we should

Regular Forces 1st

and

miles,

inhabitants.

roughly as follows

of Imperial

roughly,

have recourse to the system of

armies

conscripts or not.

are

all countries,

composed of

This principle

is

that of

keeping a small number of troops under

arms

in peace-time, with a large reserve of

* This article has been entirely re-written by the Translator.

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. men ready

trained

of war.

our case, the small number

In

under arms the Active

to be called out in case

in

peace-time

Army, both

represented by

is

British, Indian,

and

ing,

and

sufficed

hardly a matter for con-

this is

gratulation. let

:

to change

Up

now, the system has

till

us hope

we

never have

shall

it.

It is not generally known that there exists Colonial,* and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the Militia, an Act* which has to be suspended annually the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and by Parliament (or else it would now be in

the Volunteers.

force),

by which the Crown

Before starting on the details of these to raise by ballot as different forces,

the

Recruit-

ment.

mode

it

would be as well to give necessary

and terms

enlistment

of

of the country

may

service of the British soldier, with a slight

as

sketch of his history.

advisers.

The system the

Army

ment.

of recruitment throughout of voluntary

that

is

As mentioned

we

above,

enlist-

The

subjects of

European countries are jn the

and, as a

rule,

like

ment

is

one

that

1815.

of raising troops

N.B.

—This

the"

Em-

Bgbodiment

of

*o with

^T\

||the

.

of which

but,

in

;

on the other

hand, the strength •

Army

of our chiefly

is

dependent

on the number of

men who happen to fancy soldier-

*

The

Colonial

forces really form a 'class

two,

between the may be

but

taken here with the

Mounted (Tropical

Irz|anti?}?.

Fieia

Kit,)

Active Army.

The

Militia

Ballot Act.

those

to be

more

Recruiting *

need be soldiers

who want

Militia,"

hereafter.

a great

way,

mode

must not be confounded

enlist-

only

be

This Act has, however, not been

enforced since

advantage for us in

may

In other words,

This

it.

voluntary

as

be determined by the Crown's

or not,

it

empowered

to conscription, as far

other

all

they do not like I

is liable

be enrolled

liable to

army whether they

Army.

are the

only country in Europe whose soldiers are

thus enlisted.

for the

is

many men

CaValpO.

(Tropical

Fieia Kit.)

ARMY OF THE is

carried out

by paid

BRITISH EMPIRE.

recruiters (non-com-

missioned officers) in the different

districts.

Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant used to clinch the bargain with the would-be reciuit

by presenting him with a

which the

shilling,

recruit usually got drunk.

" Queen's

Shilling "

done away

with,

has,

and the

to get drunk at his

own

on

The

however, been recruit has

now

expe'nse.

After going through certain formalities

and answering certain questions before a magistrate, the recruit signs his "attestation-paper,"

and

is

then

considered

as

enlisted. (

The terms

of service are, as a rule, seven

years with the colours and five years thereafter

in the

Reserve.

/

Th ere

are a few

exceptions this

;

to

men join-

ing the House-

hold

Oj^ieei?,

5 t{)

(j^opfjjamBerlancl)

Fugiliei??!.

Cavalry,

Colonial

smaller

Corps,* and

branches

of

one or two other the

Service,

enlist

men

for

twelve years with the colours

for

the Royal Engineers or Foot Guards

;

have the alternative of the usual term, or three years with the colours in the

Reserve

;

whilst the

and nine years

Army

Service

Corps and Medical Staff Corps men and a few others serve for only three years

with the colours

and a varying term of

years in the Reserve. Recruits, at the date of their enlistment,

must have the physical equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least 5 ft. 4 in. high,

and must have a minimum

chest-

measurement of 33 inches, f Re-engagements up to seven or twelve *

I.e.,

West India Regiment, Malta

Artillery,

etc.

Officer?;*

Rpg$\

of Higl)lan3. ancl

laigljt

Sulgetflancl

Infant*^ an3.

Higl)lancl.e:£%

t More than 40 per cent, of would-be are annually rejected by the doctors.

recruits'

— ARMY

OF. THE

BRITISH EMPIRE.

years with the colours are permitted in

" raising or

most, and up to twenty-one years in special,

the

cases.

law," but

At

Sketch of

keeping a standing army within

kingdom

in

such

is

time of peace the

a very early period of English history every year to specially notify

man was bound

ever y able-bodied tory ofOur Army, take up arms in

war or

liable to serve

force thus

the event of

He

invasion.

in his

a

to

civil

to a standing

would cease

This

county.

formed was called the General

Levy.

Army

;

against'

its

consent

otherwise the

Army

'

to exist.

Since Charles

was, however, only

own

army

is

Parliament has

fact.

I I.'s

time, the Standing

has gradually been increasing

and.-

Voluntary enlistment dates*

improving.

from his reign, but

it

apparently has not

During the Middle Ages the feudal system always been sufficiently productive of men^, was in force, i.e., the retainers, tenants, and for we find in the last century that debtors: vassals of every knight were required to

and criminals were obliged to serve

attend their master

ranks, in order to keep the

The

abroad.

bound

if

he went to

fight

knights in their turn were

strength.

in the

Army up

The pressgang was

to'

also in force

when he went to till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then and thus a very respectable that some, nay, a. great many, ill-educatecL army was formed for the time being. This people have been taught, by means of army, i.e., the knights and their followers, traditions handed down from their greatto attend the king

fight abroad,

was

Towards the grandfathers, to look upon the Army as a end of the sixteenth century, members sink of iniquity, and that they still hold of the General Levy were told off for the extraordinary and utterly unreasonable service and defence of the Crown. They views on the subject. They need be under called the Feudal Levy.

were trained and exercised

in the profes- no apprehension about letting their sons and received the name of and relations enlist. The Army is now Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery composed of a very good class of men, Company, a similar force, was raised about drawn chiefly from the labouring and not this time. The Sovereign could, if from the criminal classes (as some people ,

sion of arms,

necessary,

hire

additional

mercenary seem

soldiers to

assist

him

and these educated

were

paid

War,

by

in

Charles

On

the Restoration, in

changes

able

I.'s

Civil

and

no National

to

improvements

1.

some people

that the

of

is

now

enlisting,

and

absurdly

is

is

divided into

The Regular Army The Native Indian Army and The Colonial Forces. ;

took 2.

;

3.

1.

The Regular Army consists of Cavalry,

Artillery, Engineers,

to

proportion

rapidly increasing, a

)

The Feudal Levy was abolished, General Levy became the Militia, and

may be news

CThe

small as compared with that of twenty years ago, and is still decreasing.

1660, consider-

the foundations were laid of the present

It

men

The Active Army

Standing Army.. (

is

military crime of to-day

place.

the

imagine). recruits

better class of

reign,, the

general military system, and

some time there was Army.

for

-

The

Parliament.

however,

upset the

in war,

these

are

the

and Infantry ;besides

non-combatant

branches,

Organisation.

—

.

consisting •

of

the

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

Army

Service

Corps,

the Ordnance Store Corps, the Medical

are

Staff Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains,

Cavalry.

and Veterinary Departments, and a few

The Cavalry

Cavalry.

and

light,

-all

the rest are

medium

TheLife Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th Lancers wear

more.

'

Hussars

are never .quartered abroad, the

the remainder of the Cavalry dark

scarlet,

consists of 31 regiments,

-including

blue, tunics.

The

2 Regiments of Life Guards (Household

Life Guards and Blues are the only

regiments

who wear

and these

cuirasses,

Cavalry).

would

on Regiment of Royal Horse Guards; active service. They, the Dragoon Guards (Blues) (Household Cavalry). and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots 7 Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st Greys, who wear bearskins), wear steel or they

probably

behind

leave

-:

1

<

to 7th).

.

helmets,

brass

Dragoons 3 Regiments^of "

2nd, and

(1st,

'

6th).

1 6th,

colour according to the

and

with

scarlet *

the

17th).

Regiments of Hussars 8th, 10th, nth, 13th to

(3rd, 4th, 7th,

15th,

and 18th

to 2 1 st inclusive);

The

in

The

regiment.

Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap, (5th, 9th, 12th,

is

the smartest in

In the Cavalry of nearly

foreign armies,

busby-bag

with

front

in

plume

and

of

different colours according to the regiment

;

and they have also six rows of yellow braid

British Cavalry

the world.

busby,

" plastron "

,The Hussars wear the

of their tunics. 13

glumes varying

•

Regiments of Lancers

5

with

Germany

all

and

for instance,

front, of the

across the

All the

tunic.

Cavalry wear dark, blue pantaloons overalls,

f

or

with red, white, or yellow stripes,

and the Household Cavalry has in addition thus white leather breeches and jackboots for

France, the horses are trained to a degree that

is

their

unheard of in the English arm

men

require but

and may be described horseback.

as

good

;

in riding,

little skill

soldiers

on

Ours, on the contrary, are born

horsemen, and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained.

sequence selves in

by the

The

The Cavalry

full dress*

ear..

Their

that when our men find thema predicament not provided for and with

Regulations, their natural qualities

arms ;

are

and

carbine

regiments

a red and white pennon.

pattern, with

is

in

difficulties.

The

The

of the Martini-Henry

a bore of -450

and dash they turn to good sighted up to i,0oo account a situation which might otherwise little weapon;

is

sword

Lancer

the

Cavalry carbine

brilliant riding

Cavalry

a

addition carry the lance of male bamboo,

is

serious

is

small round one, and always worn over the right

con- throughout

stand them in good stead, and by their

offer

forage-cap

yds.,

and

is

in.;

it

is

a

first-rate

in

the 17th

British

divided into Heavy, Medium, and

* Blue in the 16th. and white

Lancers.

Light, according to the size and weight of the men. 1st

and

2nd

The Household

Cavalry,

Dragoons, are heavy, and

+ Crimson in the nth Hussars and brickred in the le've'e dress of the officers of the 10th Hussars.

——

-

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron (2 troops) in the field

6

is

1

major,

N. C.

:

O.'s,

drivers), officers,

16 non-commissioned

officers,

122 rank and

whom

of

file,

1

captain,

and 160 men

26 are

dis-

A

The guns

in

composed

is

of:— I

lieutenant-colonel,

3 majors,

6 captains, 16 subalterns, and 6 other

officers, in-

quartermaster, adjutant, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 " vets."

cluding

75 N. C.

O.'s,

666 rank and 614

file,

and

horses.

A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and

details altogether

114

2,280

officers,

men, and 2,200 horses.

A Cavalry Division numbers

2 brigades

(6 regiments), 2 batteries Horse Artillery, 1

battalion

Mounted

altogether 325

officers,

Infantry,

and

details

6,600 men, and 6,500

horses, tillery.

The

Artillery forms one

ment,"" consisting of

"Royal Regi-

:

20 Batteries of Royal Horse

80

„

„

Artillery,

Field Artillery,

10 Mountain Batteries, and

96 Garrison

Batteries,

with several dep6ts and for their

3

dep6t batteries

maintenance and supply.

Horse and Field Batteries are formed groups of 2

or

3

batteries,

The into

chiefly

for

tactical reasons, called Brigade Divisions,

each under a Heutenant-colonel.

A

Horse Artillery Battery

consists

of

men and

much

52 horses

the

less.

use are at present of four

different patterns

Regiment (4 squadrons)

(of which 73 are

193 horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition

same, but with 9

144 horses, including draught-horses.

21

subalterns,

wagons, and 7 other wagons, Field Artillery Battery of

and

mounted, and

A

3

:

—

:

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. guns

o

which

are]

drawn

by]

They

of a spike.

f|

Henry

carbines,

are

and

armed with Martini-

either

swcrd or sword-

bayonet, according to their branch of the

elephants,'

arm.

and

brimless one, with a band of orange braid.

the]

wagons

The

by-

bullocks.

The rison 1

e r

into

Artil-

duties,

The

3 divisions

the Eastern; batter

ies),

South

ern (42),

them.

way

As

will

be seen, their

and especially those of the

officers,

officers

A

are

employed sometimes

men and sometimes large

apart from

number of R. E. in

officers

India, in ;

employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public works,

Sergeant - Dpummep, (£olcUtr>e:am

Gruapcb!.

by

of corresponding with the different

points of the compass in Great

the batteries composing in

dep6ts,

battalions,

others are

divi-

sions are

divided Enginee

connection with Native Engineer troops

though these

of

is

which are given below

units,

(between 350 and 400) serve

and

Al

S ).

number

with their

Western! (2

a small, round,

are extremely various.

in;

(29

is

corps of Royal Engineers

as far as possible.

is

y

a

forage-cap

and other

Gar-

grouped

The

them are

Britain,

scattered

every quarter of the globe, and the

Brigades attached are not neces-

Militia

sarily Eastern, Southern,

The Mountain

and Western

Artillery

ones.

armed with

is

2^-inch 7-pounder jointed guns, each gun

and gun-carriage being 5

One

mules.

port),

one

in

battery

carried in pieces on

is in

England (New-

South Africa, and the

rest in

India.

The Royal Malta

Artillery

defence of that island, and

Maltese

Men in

officers

for the

and men.

of the Horse Artillery are dressed

dark-blue

Hussar-like

busbies with a white

busby-bag in

is

composed of

is

;

jackets,

plume and

and

scarlet,

the remainder of the Artillery

dark-blue tunics with red facings, and

black

felt

helmets with a brass

ball instead

Ofj\azr?,

6tj)

Dpagoon dmapcU (CapBlneepg),

— ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

8

Survey,

A

military telegraphy and railways, Engineer

fifth

Schools, the Ordnance

-Military

Militia

and Volunteers, and a host of other

.duties

too numerous to mention.

In. fact,

proportion of the company, from oneto one-third,

mounted.

is

name

implies,

in digging, sapping,

making

These companies,

employed

are

•

as their

the Engineers form the Scientific Corps of field-works, and blowing up places, on active

Army. The officers are trained in the Academy at Woolwich, and the rank

the

R. M.

and

are nearly

file

well-educated men,

all

(c.)

(in

.

forming the bulk of them.

work does not soldiers has

That

interfere with their

and individual instances of

and

horses,

whole consisting

sections), the

4

N.

officers, 15

22

C. O.'s,

224 men, 171 Their

vehicles.

and making themselves generally useful in gallantry their branch of science wherever they may

their

a

field,

are numerous.

happen

Formerly the Corps was composed of a

to be.

A

(d.)

Submarine Mining

Battalion,

number (about 40) of independent consisting of one dep6t and split up and quartered through- companies (the old Nos. 4, 21,

companies,

Now

out the Empire.

and other

battalions

tbey have been

and formed into

collated together

different

now

is

composed

as

all

ranks.

A

numbering about

Thejr strength varies

(e.)

A

Coast Battalion of

altogether about 240

:

(a.)

Bridging

2 pontoon

of

760 of

40),

service

22, 27, 28,

employed.

Corps

follows

and

30, 33, 34, 35, 39,

II

according to according to the locality in which they are

units,

their work.

The

duties

in laying lines of field telegraphs,

worth as consist

many

been shown on

their

A Telegraph Battalion of 2. divisions

war, of

mechanics and trained workmen of 6

-skilled

large

service.

consisting

Battalion,

troops,

each troop

num-

ployed in

defensive

of

3

divisions,

ranks,

all

em-

on the sea-

works

coast.

and 183 (f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14,16, men, with 2o pontoon- and 8 other wagons, and 19), 330 men in all, engaged in the Each troop carries Ordnance and other official Surveys. and 190 horses.

bering

the

officers,

S

material

for

28 N. C.

O.'s,

i2o yards of pontoon-

bridge. (b.)

(g.)

17 Fortress Companies, of varying

strengths (Nos. Field

2

companies.

each

Battalions,

of

The companies however

their independence

4

still

1,

24, 25, 29, 31, 32,

are

employed

in

2,

3,

9, 15, 18, 20,

5, 6,

36, 41, and 42), which the repair and keeping

a great up of fortresses. In war-time they would extent, being quartered in widely divergent design arid execute siege-batteries, parpreserve

to

according to requirements.

allels, and all work connected with either former the attack or defence of fortresses. In Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23 independent peace-time they number altogether about companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 1 2, 26, 37, 1600 men.

localities,

The

and

A

1st Battalion consists of the

38.

(h.)

Field

26 N. C.

and 13

Company

O.'s,

consists of 7 officers,

184 sappers,

vehicles.

etc.,

70 horses,

Dep6t

8

employed

in

Companies,

work relating They number 820 men. recruits,

and

which

are

the training and drilling of in

to the Corps.

—

:

•

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE., 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and

(i.)

than enough of them

in

And

the Crimea."

io), which number 140 men together, and Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in would be employed in the laying and ,1885 : " No one but English soldiers 'could repairing of railway lines on service. have .done what they did." (k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly Such remarks speak for themselves. The Brigade of Guards consists of three 400 men, which is employed in a great variety of duties too numerous to regiments

—

mention.

420 more men

The Grenadier

-peace-time Officers

The Coldstream Guards,

sorts.

The grand

which there

of which there

are 2 battalions.

total

of Royal Engineers in

The

therefore about 7,300 men.

is

of.

.are 3 battalions.

parts of the world and in military schools

of different

Guajds,

are' distributed in different

Scots Guards, of which there, are 2

battalions.

and men are dressed, armed, and

equipped verysimilarly to the Infantry of Line (q. v.). They may, however, be

"the

These three regiments form the SoveBody-Guard, and do not usually

reign's

by the broad red serve out of Europe. The late campaigns and by the Royal in Egypt, however (1882 and 1885), and the Arms in front of the helmet. The forage- prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, caps of the rank-and-file are small round in all of which two or more battalions of readily

distinguished

on their

•stripe

trousers,

ones with a broad yellow band and no -brim,

worn on the top

of the head.

wear a black and gold pOuch a

"of

sash.

The

Officers

belt instead

facings are of dark-blue

The

British Infantry

The Brigade

is

West

At home,

of, the

It

;

the

India Regiment.

"It

is

the best infantry in the is

;

Two

it."

not

is

it

it

The

red, white,

Are your men

or

affirmative, said

:

"I

English Guardsman

am

sorry for

ever have to fight you again.

I

it,

Coldstream is

and dice

well-known

plumes

for

respectively.

round, with bands of for the three regiments

The armament and

equip-

precisely that of the Infantry of

the Line.

as fine a lot as they were

'54?" and on receiving an answer

is

being the

latter

forage-cap

much ment

was then.

years ago a distinguished Russian

general said to an

in

of

respectively.

with white or red

has certainly not deteriorated since his respectively.

day but, unfortunately, more numerous now than

"

much

not

are

the shape of the facings and in the headgear,

luckily, there

battalions

five

of the Guards differs from

Line.

Napoleon the Great said of the British Grenadiers Infantry:

usually

that of the Infantry of the Line chiefly in

of Guards (3 regiments).

bearskin,

world

go to prove that every

quartered in London, and the other two in

The uniform

composed of

69 Regiments of Infantry 1

part,

Windsor and Dublin

velvet, with yellow edging. Infantry.

Guards took

rule has its exceptions.

in the if

Of

the 69 Regiments of the Line, one

(Cameron battalion

;

Highlanders)

consists

of

Corps and Rifle Brigade) of 4 battalions

we and

1

two' (60th King's Royal Rifle ;

the remainder of 2 battalions each.

had more Total 141

battalions.

ARMY OF THE

10

The regiments "Territorial districts

and

in

are

now .called

after their

which

Districts,"

whence

is

are

the

are drawn,

their recruits

which their dep6t

BRITISH EMPIRE.

situated.

Up

details

of

but

now known by

is

county or part of the. country

it

the

recruits in,

with occasionally the addition of a few other

Own,"

titles,

regiments

we

Fusiliers.

4

Rifles.

„

„

„

„

Highlanders.

„

„

Light Infantry.

„ Infantry

The Black

five

Watch (Royal

and

(pure

is,

of course, clothed

in scarlet tunics, with facings of

yellow,

or

green,

regiment

dark blue,

according

a

is

"

as

Royal,"

English, Scottish, or Irish one.

The

head-dress of the

busby of rough

the

Cameron, and Highlanders.

Argyll-and-Sutherland

and a few other

details differ

of the Infantry, whether

Light Infantry or not, wear* black

felt

sealskin,

tunic

aforesaid,

and

Their forage-cap

is

blue-black

the "Glen-

garry,"

The West

India Regiment consists of

two battalions Englishmen.

of

The

negroes, officered

by

battalions are quartered,

is

a

West Indies on the West Coast

and in our possessions shaped similarly of Africa. The men are dressed in white

much

The

Fusiliers

Northumberland

a red and white

trousers.

turn and turn about, in the

Fusiliers

to the Guards' bearskin, but (5th)

Highlanders),

Seaforth, the Gordon, the

helmets with brass spike and fixings, the

four Rifle regiments,

the

Highland regiments are the

The remainder

Infantry, with the exception of the

whether

full

dress.

scarlet

white,

at present black,

—

simple).

The

is

be exchanged for a black-

will shortly

sporran, hose,

5

„

it

in the various regiments.

7

44

The helmet

They wear the feather-bonnet and wellknown Highland dress plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan,

have-^-

9 Regiments of

head-gear used to be

Rifle regiments

all

such as "Borderers," "King's the

" Loyal," etc., etc.

Of the 69

;

Cavalry-like

other

few late

trailing

In that Astrakhan fatigue-cap, with plume for

to 109.

system was changed,

year, however, the

and a regiment

battalion

I

a

and the

a Hussar-like black busby.

of 109 regiments, mostly of

numbered up

and

swords,

to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted

each, and

wear round forage-caps,

officers

plume, the

smaller.

jackets, with a red vest over them, loose

wear blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow remainder gaiters. The head-dress is a turban.

none.

The Infantry, whose weapon for the last regiments are clothed in a seventeen years has been the Martini-Henry very dark green, almost black, uniform. rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those new magazine rifle, which has already been of the 60th K. R. R. red, and those of the

The

Rifle

other two,- Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark to England after Waterloo, and their uniform and light green respectively. The first two was so greatly admired that the 60th and 95th, mentioned are historically connected with who were in process of being changed from Hussar regiments,* and consequently the Light Infantry to Rifle regiments, adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern. * The Black Brunswick Hussars came over * With one or two exceptions.

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPTRE. issued action

system

a

to

on

is

by

;

The new

considerable number. the

breech-loading

bolt

may be

fired

cartridges

it

it

expected that each

is

be able to carry

A battalion

1

new

however, and

cartridges,

rifle

pouches,

ii

man

will

50 rounds.

composed of which is a black tin box, holding eight 8 companies, each company numbering 3 cartridges, and suspended immediately in officers, 10 N. C. O.'s, and III men on a either singly or

by means of

the magazine,

The bore

front of the trigger-guard.

extremely

The

being only

-small,

bullet

•

coated -with a hard metal

is

composition, for

if it

were of

lead, it

by degrees choke yet

not

numerous

varieties

on,

300 yards, and

is

30

By

India.

in

officers

(1

captains,

though

blank up to

sighted on the back sight

to 2,000 yards.

The

all

battalion

lieut.-colonel,

4 majors,

5

is

have been tried with

It shoots point

except

told,

numbers above 90 men

and

The powder

up.

definitely fixed

great success.

up

it

rarely

peace-time, the

In

establishment.

field

company

is

would consists therefore of—

" strip " in the grooves of the barrel,

as

is

303 inches.

of Infantry

a hanging foresight

1

6 subalterns,

etc., etc.),

91 N.C.O.'s,

975 men,

70

horses,

16 carts.

These horses and carts belong for the yards nearly two miles The cartridges most part to the Regimental Transport, are so small and light that more than twice which has been issued to each battalion the amount of ammunition can now be forming part of the 1st Army Corps (of arrangement,

—

it

can be sighted up to 3,500 !

carried than

was possible

in the

case of which more hereafter).

An

the late weapon.

The new bayonet implement than the like a large

is

a

much

Infantry Brigade

shorter battalions

late one, looking

knife than a bayonet.

and

more war-time 130 The

details,

officers,

of four

consists

and

numbers

in

4,350 men, and 530

horses.

An Infantry Division consists of 2 name of the new rifle is the Burton-Lee. The equipment consists of a valise and brigades, 3 batteries Field Artillery, I canteen, suspended by leather braces to squ&dron of Cavalry and details total,

—

the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle,

327

officers,

10,060 men, and 2000 horses.

An Army Corps is and bayonet-frog. Inside the valise is carried of Infantry, Divisions the great-coat (under the valise flap), and such

articles as are

being, such

shirt,

socks,

hold-

A new equipment, slightly different from the above,

is

now being

issued.

Horse

of

3

Artillery,

Royal

Engineers, Cavalry squadron and

details

2'

—total,

all, etc.

3

consist

batteries,

necessary for the time and

as"' boots,

to

Field

1,158

Artillery

officers,

35,000

men, and

10,000 horses.

The Medical

Staff Corps consists of 17 Medical /—

Lrreat pouches are attached to the belt Divisions, distributed throughout and numbering altoin front, holding twenty rounds Martini- Britain and Ireland, "officers and medical Henry ammunition each. Thirty more gether about 400. dep6t rounds are carried in the valise and havre- 2,000 N. C. O.'s and men. The Aldershot, and is at training-school With the and sack, making seventy in all.

Two

'

Stall

corps.

.ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

12

Army Medical School at Netley. This changing from station to station in accordCorps does not include the Indian Medical ance with different rosters and requirements. Staff Corps. The whole of the Regular Forces, with

the

•

:

.

The Army Service Corps r corresponds to , the former Commissariat and Transport

Army Service Corps.

and

Corps,

deals with the issue

and general

1

transport, duty.

It

and Brigade of Guards, take of rations their turn at foreign service in India and is divided the Colonies. .As a rule," one battalion

into 37 companies, distributed throughout

.Great Britain, and Ireland,' and numbering

230

C

3,363 N.

officers,

The

regiment of the Line

of each

for sixteen years, arid is

abroad

is

men

" fed " with

Chaplains' Department consists of

men

80

hardly be called a good one, but

a regiment are sent abroad, can

of

,

about

ment.

chaplains,

divided

classes.

There are four

nations

allowed,

Roman

Men

Wesleyans.

four

it is

difficult

For foreign service

denomi- to suggest another.

official

Church

Catholic,

into'

Presbyterians,

and, soldiers

belonging

any

to

sick

—they

in

would

probably only

a hot climate.

.

It

is,

know

men

they

as "

send them out as full-grown men.

Church of England."

The

departments, rinary,

of

organisation

Ordnance

i.e.,

and Pay,

is

remaining for

the

Store,

uninteresting,

Of the Regular _,

,

Cavalry,

and need regiments

of the

.

.

.

.,.

of Artillery, most

batteries

quartered

in

duty thoroughly, and theo complaints

that

It is

are

so

apparently

may

This

composed

of

be so with the

battalion, but if the complaint-makers

were to journey to the Colonies and see battalion, they

would soon

alter

Great Britain their opinion.

Great Britain

Ireland.

home

and 73 battalions of the other

Engineers,

Infantry are

and

are

" beardless boys."

Forces, 21 regiments of

,

91

reason

till

Vete- often seen in the newspapers that certain

not be detailed here. Military

this

their

fall

therefore,

necessary to keep and train the

prevalent in England are officially entered

•

it is

England, no use having the youngest and unmatured

of

other of the numerous sects of religion

Districts.

regiments

and men, and from the other battalion at home. This system, by which all the best and soundest

.O.'s

1,300. horses ,and mules.. Chaplains' Depart-

Heavy Cavalry

the exception of the five

is

divided

It

sometimes occurs that both battalions

are abroad together, in which case the 3, and the Channel Districts, each under the com- depdt of the regiment is largely increased;

into ir, Ireland into

Islands into

mand

2,

of a major-general.

These

districts

are sub-divided into Regimental Districts,

in order to feed the two.

Cavalry

each of these latter comprising the recruiting twelve to

regiments

fifteen years,

stay abroad from and are fed by their

ground, depdt, and Volunteer battalions of depdt. a Territorial *

.

.

(i.e.,

Line Infantry) Regiment

of two Regular and two or more Militia battalions.

The

both Regular, also

Artillery

all

more than two years

in the

is

one of the main

way

of recruiting by.

and Engineers, conscription.

Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry The* regiments, 88 batteries of Artillery, 3 com-

and Volunteer, are

Militia,

apportioned to each

Regular Corps of

This foreign service

impediments

district.

arms rarely remain panies R.

in

the same quarters,

E.,

are in India;

and 53 battalions of Infantry and I, Cavalry regiment, 27

Foreign

— —

'

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. batteries Artillery, 13

companies R.

20 battalions of Infantry are

The Royal

Marines.

E.,

and The English

in the Colonies.

Least

yet soldiers in the widest sense of the word,

They

consist of

two

Artillery (16 companies)

and

formation in 1755. i.e.

service,

and may re-engage

more.

In garrison they perform the sarhe

wdrk of a

and on board

part of armed force on boat service,

ing on shore under

and

in all climates.

of the Marine

is

all sorts

The

latest

qr. fight-

of conditions

development

not a Horse-, but a Camel-

Marine, a force of Marines having served

up the Nile with the Camel Corps. The 'Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form, chiefly no doubt owing to' their long service, some of our steadiest troops on

branches of the Regular Army.

A Marine

always be told from a Linesman by

Central India Horse. 2

Bengal Mountain Batteries.

5

Punjab Mountain

—a

globe with the thoroughly ap-

posite motto of

"

Native Indian

Army.

The Native

Corps of Guides,. Cavalry (6 troops), and, Infantry (8 companies).

45 Regiments Bengal Infantry. 5

of Native

Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F., Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry, and 6 regiments. Infantry.

Several Irregular Corps, and a Medicals

Department, chiefly Englishmen.

The Army

Army

1

composed

Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, etc.,

etc.,

partly

It

is

E,e/igal,.

2

of which

are

Lancer regiments. Corps of Madras Sappers.

Madras Infantry, and Madras Medical Department, etc.

33 Regiments

The Army

of

Bombay numbers

a.

—

Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are

2 'Mountain Batteries.

Corps of

Bombay

Sappers.

30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a

Bombay Medical Department,

etc.

about 152,000 men, including Natives enlist for any period of service,

3,000 Volunteers. '

Madras numbers

Lancer regiments. is

by Englishmen, and numbering

altogether

of

4 Regiments Cavalry,

7

Infantry, Medical Corps, officered

Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry.

4 Regiments Sikh Infantry, 6 Regiments Punjab Infantry.

Per Mare, per Terram."

Indian

Batteries.

Corps of Bengal Sappers. ,

the badge on his helmet and shoulderstraps

in-

service.

Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the corresponding

may

Cavalry,

4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry.

military character,- such as

guard mbunting, working big guns, forming

of Bengal numbers

cluding 7 Lancer regiments.

for nine years

duties as the Regular army,

one year with their English regiments.

.

Light Infantry (48 companies), in all nearly 14,000 men. They enlist for twelve -years'

ship

drawn from the

19 Regiments of Bengal

sea in every single campaign since their

divisions,

officers are

Corps of those Presidencies,

The Army

have been engaged by land and

for they

Staff

Marines, although not coming which they have entered after serving forat

under the head of the Army, are

strictly

three

i?

divided into the Armies of the

Madras, and

Bombay

Presidencies.

from three years to

thirty..

troops enlist for nine or fifteen

Most of the years. They.

— ARMY OF THE

14

must be

physically

and

fit

physically

They

equivalent to a full-grown man.

most

the

for

very keen

part

BRITISH EMPIRE.

—even

islands in the

ments, and food, on their pay of about

eighteenpence a day

and yet

;

of

West Indies and that

said

one

every

of

our

number

a certain

trained

service

almost every colony, according to

them are

In very few of

some requirements.

in

Pacific, it

men for home defence. The system of enlistment and

varies in

With

protection.

few of the smaller

of a

has

Colonies

accoutre-

horses,

own

its

soldiers,

West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the men have to find everything firearms

for

the exception

come from the North- may be

especially those that

except

Empire

are

hundred there permanent forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are candidates waiting for admission. The Infantry is armed and equipped called out for an annual training only.. popular regiments there are several

the British

similarly to rifle

of "the

is

Snider

and

pattern,

The uniforms of

the Indian

Cavalry,

and drab

head-dress details

The

green.

to

of costume

vary

Artillery, 19 batteries Field Artillery.

usual

much

too

The English

some regiments the

officers

Garrison Artillery.

for

native

wear

uniform,

in in

Infantry, 74 battalions of Infantry.

21

Cavalry regiment consists of

4 squadrons of N.

C.

O.'s,

officers,

and

Medical Staff Corps.

Native

about

Total. strength 38,500.

540

Of the above

privates.

A Native Infantry Regiment consists I

battalion

of 8

companies,

establishment of 9 English

N.

officers,

privates.

C.

of Rifles.

„

Independent companies.

.

establishment of 10 English officers,

S

troops each, with an

2

battery Mountain Artillery.

Engineers, 2 companies.

others an English one.

A Native

Brigades and 13 batteries

5

4-

description.

of Hussars.

„

4 Independent troops.

the turban, but the other

is

Canada are

4 regiments of Dragoons. 5

Army

are very variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow,

native forces of

is

the Martini-Henry

being exchanged for rifle.

The

Their

Infantry.

O.'s,

officers,

and

an consist of

with

troops, a very small

permanent

of are

troops;

Militia,

called

out for about

Native twelve days' training in the year.

about

820

is

number

remainder

the

There

universal liability to service in the Militia

Each Infantry regiment is linked Reserve

for all

men between

18 and 60, so

with two others, one of them supplying the that in case of war the armed levy of the other two with men,

The

etc., in

establishment

of

time of war. the

Batteries varies according to locality.

A is

Native Reserve

is

amount to over 600,000 more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country

country would

Mountain men

being formed, but

is

!

Not

divided into twelve Military Districts,

and these again into Brigade and Regi-

not yet completely organised.

mental Divisions. Colonial Forces.

The raised

Colonial Forces consist of those

by each Colony of the

British

Besides Military

this

force,

College,

there

is

a

Royal

and Royal Schools of

—

ARMY OF THE Instruction

for

Cavalry,

Infantry,

BRITISH EMPIRE.

and

classes,

numbering altogether over 4,500

men.

Artillery.

Cape Colony has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of Corps of

1st

Class

—"Permanent

(practically a

3rd Police Force),

— 135

— Defence —2,600 men. Class — "Volunteers" — about 1,800

men

Volunteer Artillery,

;

"

"

4 Lines of Reserves in national danger, composed of

besides

case of

Engineers,

„

Defence"

men.

2nd Class

Cape Mounted Riflemen

15

every male between 18 and 60.

Mounted

Infantry,

„

Infantry,

and a

„

Corps of Cadets.

South Australia has 2 troops of Lancers, I

Field and 2 Garrison Batteries, 2 bat-

talions Rifles,

and numerous Mounted

Rifle

Ceylon possesses a force of about 900 Corps, numbering altogether 2,700 men,

Volunteer Light Infantry.

Hong Kong

including Volunteers.

possesses a force of Volun-

Victoria has a force of several Cavalry

and Military Police (370). and Artillery Corps, 4 battalions Rifles, Jamaica possesses a force of Volunteer Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Garrison Volunteer Corps, besides a Reserve. Total Rifles, and Militia, Mounted

teer Artillery

8,300 men.

Artillery (1,300).

Tasmania has a small force of Artillery Natal possesses a paid Volunteer Cavalry, Field Artillery, and Rifles, 1,500 and 2 regiments of Rifles, total 930 of all ranks.

altogether.

Singapore possesses a paid Volunteer

Volunteer,

Artillery. and Military Police (1,000).

New Light

Zealand possesses a Corps of paid Horse

Volunteers,

batteries

13

Western Australia has a small force of

battalions.

New

more

Rifle

A total of 7,400 men.

and

Artillery

Trinidad and other islands

Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force Indies

of Militia Infantry, and 7 or

Infantry,

—640

altogether.

have

raised

small

in the

West

forces

for

their defence, about 1,000 altogether.

Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men.

South Wales has a force of 6,350

men, consisting of— Artillery) Regular b of } 940 Volunteer „

,

ranks.

all

)

Engineers, 200 of

all

We

and Volunteers.

will

;

not take into

ranks.

Mounted Infantry 160 4 Regiments

Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at home, composed of the two classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve, Yeomanry, account either the Native Indian Reserves,

of

ranks.

all

Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks.

as they are not yet fully formed, or the

Colonial Militia or Reserves, as they are

Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and inextricably mixed up with the Colonial besides a Forces already described. Infantry, 2,700 of all ranks ;

Naval

Brigade

and

Naval

Artillery

Volunteers numbering nearly 500 men. Queensland has a Defence Force of three

The

1st Class

1877, consists their

three,

Army

of

Reserve, created in Army

men who have

seven, or

eight

served

years with

Reserve.

4

ARMY OF THE

I«

who

the Colours, and

BRITISH EMPIRE. The

then pass to this

comprises Artillery, En-

Militia

Reserve to complete their service to twelve gineers, and Infantry.

They

years.

are liable to .service at

The

home

Artillery consists of 34 brigades of

and abroad when called out this would Garrison Artillery, attached to the regular happen only in case of war or national Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows :-— danger. The men would then either join to the Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to Division. The Engineer their own regiments or be formed into the Western ;

separate corps,

with their consent, be

Militia

attached to a regiment or corps other than

The

or,

Infantry consists of

This class numbers over attached

their old one.

54,000 men. The 2nd Class '

Army

men who have

Reserve, in which is

and

served twelve years

battalions,

other battalions, and belonging to the

of

Some

serve out of

same

regiments have

only one Militia battalion attached, others

The

a few other special

of,

They do not

classes of men.

1

regiments

different

composed regimental districts.

with the Colours' and then choose to enter as many" as this Reserve,

the

to

3

1

Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or

there are not quite 3,000. men,

of those

numbers 7 companies.

armed

five.

clothed,

equipped, and

identically with the

Regular Army,

Militia

is

Both classes are liable to the only distinction being that a Militia an annual training, but private wears the number -of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter in have never yet been so called" out. Great Britain.

be called out

'

for

M

The

men

Militia consists of

voluntarily-

power to

enlisted for six years, with

addition on his shoulder-straps.

The Channel

re-

Islands have 4 regiments,

engage for periods "of four years up. .to of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry The; recruits are Malta has 1 regiment of the latter.

Militia.

forty-five years of age.

trained for six

months or

less at.the

The

dep6t

of the regimental district, and have subse-

out.

men

During these, twenty-eight days the " receive regular pay, with a " bounty

of ioj. or upward'at the end of the training.

They

are then dismissed

In

cases

Militia

may

,

of

be

till

next year.

The

called out, Le.

for active service.

''

from the

for

These

annual training, case

of

or

national

created

embodied," expedient

;

during the caused

for instance, ten battalions

of Militia were garrisoning our possessions

.

we had

;

for

to

* Though liable to

.

in

.

fifty-six

days.

their

Militia-

to

an

embodiment

in

Army

war

The Reserve,

1866

of

body

temporary

a

uneasiness

to

our

absolutely no reserves whatever,

The inducement i.e.

£

1

It

to

bounty, paid

advance, for. every year's service in

Militia.

the

having

they discovered then that

in the Mediterranean, and no fewer than in case we went to war. •3 2,000 entered the Regulars and fought join is a pecuniary one,

before Sevastopol.,

of

Militia

years Eeserve

six

are. liable

danger.

an

extreme

authorities

for

1867 as

in

for

men

consists' of

Militia

remainder

the

engagements.

This has occurred four Austro-Prussiah

times already in this century

Crimean War,

or

Reserve

Militia

enlisted

emergency, the was

national

numbers altogether 103,500

men.

quently to undergo only twenty-eight days'* training a year with their corps when called

Militia

the*-

numbers altogether.30,160 men.

-

Eng

Private, Iaon&on Rifle Brigade.

Fidel Offiece, Ro^al Buck?. YeomanP}?.

Sergeant, konclon Seottial) Ppivate,

(i6tg Miaaiese* R. V.).

Printed by O. LVwetuohn, Fuerth Bavaria

<j

p 3- £«>n3.«n R. V.

md.

III.

Majop, ife Kent Bvtfflerg E. D. Ppivate (fall Mapef)ing Op3.e;p)'ana Offiatr?,

x P t;?b

(aoig

Miaaiw*

Ro^al

Hptillepy,.

r. v.).

^H tea*"**

v,....

Infantry ani Tpoopep, Hon. Hptilkpj?

Company

^.->m

'%

Ppivate,

Iaonloa Ipi^

(i6t§ M;aaie*e* r, v.) Publiahed by William Clowes

&

Son*,

Lf London.

!

ARMY OF THE Yeomanry.

BRITISH EMPIRE.

17

The Yeomanry is composed of 39 originally intended to be self-supporting, county regiments of Cavalry, and forms finding themselves in everything except Now, however, the Government, out annually for only one having awoke to their importance as a They are liable to be great national reserve for home defence,

a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. arms.

They

are called

week's training.

any gives a Capitation Grant of

called out, in addition, for service in

part of Great Britain in case of threatened invasion,

or

suppress a

to

They Volunteer on

riot.

an allowance

their arms,

clothing,

for

and a

;

-

Volnn-

their

officer

for

lists,

35J. a

every

and £2

year to efficient

10s.

more

and sergeant who obtains

certificate of proficiency.

Volunteers are liable to be called out for

from the Government but have

There is no to find their own horses. Yeomanry in Ireland. The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men The Volunteers consist of a large num-

Corps

different

allowances and pay during their for every

receive training,

teers.

the

active military service in Great Britain, in

case of a threatened invasion. It

however, a fact that,

is,

if

they chose,

the Volunteers might, on the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen

days

ber of Corps, both Artillery, Engineers, by simply giving notice of their wish to retire little legislation on this point might not Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2

A

Corps of Light Horse and Rifles.

Mounted be out of

of

1

The Honourable Artillery Company

(composed of

I

battery Field Artillery, 6

troops Light Cavalry, and

may

be considered as

coming under

this

is

though of course such a

not to be dreamt

Artillery Volunteers are divided into

9 Divisions according

their

to

locality,

Militia,

military

They

and cannot be employed as a

body

in aid of the

receive no pay,

every

Civil

Power.

and have to attend

drills

year, otherwise

of different sorts

they are not con-

sidered efficient.

The Volunteers

forming 62 Corps.

of.

Volunteers are exempt from service in

a certain number of

head.

The

catastrophe

companies the

8

Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers,

place,

are not yet thoroughly

The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps equipped for service, but strenuous efforts of Engineers, 9 Divisions Submarine Miners, are being made in this direction by private Railway Staff-Corps. The Infantry comprises no

and

and public

I

battalions, Britain,

distributed

and attached

less

than 211

enterprise.

Their uniforms vary greatly in colour,

throughout Great from green or scarlet to drab or grey, and to

the

regular regimental districts.

different

31 Infantry

in appearance.

that

all

Corps

It

will in

is,

however, expected

time present a similar

Volunteer Brigades have now been formed, appearance to the Regular Forces, with the each consisting of five or more battalions, main distinction of silver or white-metal

and each commanded by a

colonel

of embroidery and buttons instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars.

Auxiliary Forces.

The number

of Volunteers

is

unlimited,

and has gone on steadily

increasing, since

their formation in 1859.

The Corps were

The

rifle

of the Volunteers

is

either the

Martini-Henry or the Snider.

The

organisation of the Volunteer Corps

— ARMY OF THE

i8

is

"

BRITISH EMPIRE.

identical with that of the corresponding

attached for two months each

officer- is

two branches of the

to the

Regular Forces. '

•

—

The mode

jf Officers '

candidate,

if

total 224,021.

entitled to put p.s.c. after his

of entrance

Army

Army

the Regular

is

to

of officers follows

as

:

—The

is

then

name

in the

he

;

non-efficients

and then

to,

.

Entrance

other

service

There were on the 1st January, 1890, than that which he belongs 216,999 efficient Volunteers, besides 7,022 rejoins his own regiment

.

List.

School

(b.)

Gunnery

of

at

Shoebury-

wishing to enter the Cavalry ness, where experiments are carried out

or Infantry has two routes open to him.

and new inventions

He may

etc.

either pass a competitive "pre-

liminary" and "further" examination for

gunnery

College

Artillery

(c.)

in

tried, etc.,

Woolwich.

at

—

Instiuction, etc.,. in the higher branches of

Royal Military College, Sandhurst, remain there one year, and then enter his gunnery. (d.) School of Military Engineering at regiment direct (if successful in passing the

the

examination), or else' he may be Chatham, where officers and N. C. O.'s of appointed as 2nd lieutenant to a Militia different Corps are put through a course, battalion, undergo two annual trainings, and experiments in engineering tried, etc., etc. " final "

then pass an examination equivalent to the

Formerly

Sandhurst "final."

mode

of. entrance,

i.e.

through the

was considered much the there

is

not

much

easiest,

to choose

latter

this

Militia,

but

now

between the

A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has

two

pass

to

M. Academy,

R.

spend

two

years

examinations

Woolwich,

The

there.

and

then

order

join

rule,

the

those

out

passing

Establishinents.

which

Army

Medical

and the School of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain

Aldershot,

Army

cFitre.

at the latest accessories to the

in the

shape of Mounted Infantry,

Machine-guns, and Cyclists,

of

:

Staff College near Sandhurst, officer

may

enter

The authorities consider Mounted Infantry (i.e.,

rifles

by means of use

on horseback)

to the

Army

a competitive examination, after he has ingly, a force served five years at least with his regiment.

Here he remains instructed

in

the

for

two years, and

higher

branches

Having passed the

of

final

is

acquirements

various

necessary for a good Staff the

Signal-

may

not be

Engineers, and the others the out of place here.

The an

the

Aldershot,

A glance

high up

Other Military establishments are Military

at

Gymnasium and

School at Netley, the Veterinary School at

of their raison

join.

O.'s in the

and experiments

details

in

Schools of

(f.)

Artillery.

a ( -)

and

of,

and N. C.

concerning, small arms.

" final

determines which branch they are to a

the

in

merit in which the cadets pass the

As

use

ling

two.

School of Musketry at Hythe, for

(e.)

instruction of officers

officer,

his

and

in

profession.

examination, the

is

a force

that

Infantry with

be of the greatest

will

in case of war.

being trained,

Accordlittle

by

which would be available to act as such on active service. little,

For the past two or three years 2 companies at Aldershot, formed of volunteers

from

the

different

quartered there, and

Infantry 1

battalions

company

at

the

ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Curragh, consisting of

50

1

men

each, have

Finally,

19

mention must be made of the Army

been trained during the winter months to act recent apportioning of the British Regular as

Mounted

Infantry.

the course, the

men

are sent back

regiments, and a fresh lot

Army

of

Army

to their

culties

have

matter,

for,

On the conclusion

come on the follow-

into

Serious

Corps.

arisen

regiments are

since

diffi-

organising

in

this

always

These companies are intended on the move from point to point at home, to be formed into battalions when required. or between home, India, and the Colonies, it ing winter.

The duty act as

of this force on service will be. to

transport from one place to attainable

they

by ordinary

may be pushed

village,

is

a very

another un- to take the

Infantry.

Thus

It

forward to attack a the 1st

hold a defensive position

to

notice.

supported by other Infantry, to

till

assist the

Army Corps at the

field

has, however,

Army

The 2nd

fact.

task indeed to arrange so

difficult

Infantry, but with a rapidity of that even one

Corps is

should be ready shortest possible

been done, and an accomplished

is

on the high road to

completion, though as yet

it is

badly off for

Cavalry, or to perform a hundred other horses. duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry. It is

The above

gives a tolerably fair idea of

the strength and constitution of the

Army

proposed that every battalion of In- of the British Empire. The Navy, it true, is still our first line of defence, as

fantry and regiment of Cavalry should in

future wars have a Machine-gun Detach- has

been

for

hundreds

of

years

;

is it

but

ment of 2 machine-guns, worked by I officer although the best in the world, it is not yet and 12 men, attached to it. A large number large enough for our needs. Our Regular of men have been trained in this work, but Army has also been shown to be barely there are at this

detachments

Corps of

moment but few complete

It

is,

necessary to keep the

in existence.

Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer,

also lately been started, but

enough.

large

it

have pitch of

efficiency,

seems very everything needful,

and

therefore,

doubly

Army

a high

at

fully supplied

with

we

ever

in order that if

into collision with one of the colossal

questionable whether they would ever be

come

of any use in a hostile country except to

European powers detailed

carry messages to and fro along good roads.

pages,

we

shall not

in the

following

be found wanting.

THE GERMAN ARMY. oXKo The Empire.

TT

in the autumn of 1870, during to a successful conclusion, and on the 18th Franco-German War, that the January, 1871, William of Prussia was preliminary arrangements were made for declared Emperor of Germany with the -*

was

the

the forthcoming consolidation of the Ger-

man

Empire.

Up

to that time, Ger-

title

the

of William forces

of

I.

At

the

same time

the

different States

many consisted of a were combined, and multitude of States, the

each with

its

Government and its own Army. The interests

States,

is

the

result.

peace

In

of these war

ranging as

Ger-

present

own man Army

Army

is

and

United

this

under the

they

did from command of the kingdoms down to Emperor, and each small principalities, man is bound by were extremely oath to render him conflicting, and faithful and loyal internal

hostility

was frequently the result.

The

great aim of

one

service.

Several

of

the

States, whilst keep-

King ing

their

William of Prussia troops,

have,

own by

was to see them means of special all united into one military convenEmpire, and de- tions, attached fended

Army..

Ppujsjsian

te

Husjsap of
by one themselves Aided by their forces

and still

the genius of Bis-

closer to the chief

marck, the negotia-

military

tions were brought

the

power of

Empire,

Pptiggian Coppst, ctae??;.

drapcle:

3.U

Coupi |ull-

German

Qpumm
of

(auap3.?,

Infantry,.

(Mapefjing Opclep.

)

Pp&ggian Offiez* of Housjsapa. Printed by O. LSwensohn, Fuertli Bavaria

(Fiel3.-3.a£

OpIcp.)

Ei

npire.

I.

Published by

William Clowes

&

Sons,

L

,

London-

—

.

—

THE GERMAN ARMY. On

namely, Prussia.

the other hand, a

few of the larger States have reserved themselves a certain independence

management of outward and

in the

The

armies.

their

chief

visible sign thereof is seen in

the variations of uniform from the

Prussian pattern.

fantry has kept

Saxons skirts,

strict

Thus, the Bavarian In-

and

the

double-breasted

tion.

1.

The

commence

to 1

his Terms of Service,

•

with his 21st year.

period of service

is

as follows

:

3 years with the Colours.* 4 years in the Reserve of the Active

Army.* 5

years in the 1st Class Landwehr.

wear

By

and grey

great-

tunics

be roughly divided into

time the soldier

this

is

in his

45th

year.

The

The Army may

•,,

rule,

Wiirttembergers

.

four groups

bound

is

a

7 years in the 2nd Class Landwehr. 6 years in the 2nd Class Landsturm.

coats. Organisa-

man

service, as

their

tunic, the

light-blue

its

have red piping round

still

A

.

for

1st Class

complete

units,

Landwehr

is

divided into

and these are formed into

Reserve Divisions for the Active Army.

:

The combined

forces of Prussia

and The 2nd Class Landwehr garrisons the

the following States, which have concluded

conventions with her

:

Saxe- Weimar, SaxeT

and

interior out, as

a-

fortresses,

and

acts, if called

reserve for the above-mentioned

Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Al- Landwehr Reserve divisions. tenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the two principalities of Reuss, Oldenburg,

All

men between

Schwarz- who are

fit

to bear

the ages of 17 and 45

arms and who are not

burg-Sondershausen, Lippe, Schaumburg- serving in either the Active Army (including

Hamburg, Wal- the Ersatz Reserve) or in the Landwehr, Grand Duchies of Meck- are enrolled in the 1st Class Landsturm. lenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Stre- This body can only be called out in case litz, Grand Duchy, of Baden, and Grand of national invasion, or for garrison duty at Lippe, Lubeck, Bremen, deck, Brunswick,

Duchy of Hesse. (one). 2. The Saxon Army Corps (two) Corps Army Bavarian The 3. Army Corps Wiirttemberg 4. The

—

—

(one)

Universal Conscription

is

the keystone

home.

The Ersatz (i.e. Supply) Reserve consists men who are physically fit, but have,

of those

owing to surplus numbers or other causes, escaped being sent to serve in the Regular

Army.

Part of this Reserve undergoes a

Introduced on September training of ten weeks in the first, six of the Army. 3rd, 1 8 14, first of all, it was amended by weeks in the second, and four weeks in the These are considered as the law of the 16th April, 1871, and per- third year. fected by subsequent laws passed in 1 874 belonging to the so-called "Furlough

and 1881.

The

February,

1888,

touches to

it,

recent edict of the Ilth

has

so that

put it

the

now

throughout the whole Empire.

finishing

of

bound

complete the

and serve when required to

Army

in the field. thirty-first

On year,

the

the

According men are sent to the Landwehr and 2nd

German who is physicapable and who is in the enjoyment

civil rights, is

class,

holds sway completion of their

to this law, every cally

Men " t

to serve as a soldier.

*

Or

in

the

Navy and Naval Reserve

spectively as required, f

" Beurlaubtenstand."

re-

;

THE GERMAN ARMY.

22

Class Landsturm, and there they remain till

the termination of their liability to

service,

men of

their

i.e.,

Reserve remain available

The

for service

up

to

and then pass over

their thirty-second year,

industrial or scientific.

of the conscription law

This disadvantage

makes

itself felt in

proportion to the progress in education

and general culture made

in the country.

At the same time man who has the

obvious that a

it

is

assistance of a well-

and 2nd Classes of the Landsturm educated and well-trained mind does not require so long a period to master the

to the 1st in

year.

forty-fifth

the untrained portion of the Ersatz

it

due order.

If every single able-bodied

were to be taken

for the

young man

Regular Army, two

disadvantages would accrue to the State

intricacies of soldiering as

one who

is less

intelligent.

For

Government allows

this reason the

on the one hand an immense amount of young men who have either received a industrial labour would be lost to the certificate of educational efficiency from one country, and on the other, it would be of the higher schools or else passed an impossible for the State to support such examination before a commission appointed a huge Army. PFor this reason the law for the purpose, to enter the service as of the constitution has the peace

Army

is

laid

cent, of the population.

Army

that

men

(not

volunteers on completing their seventeenth

Of

these numbers

a supplementary clause to the

law of universal conscription, and that

furlough " to

and food during the period of

may become

manner

as recruits. is

on

the Active

to find themselves in uniform, equipment,

about 156,000 annually enter the ranks They

There

"

of Reserve, and for this privilege they have

including officers and

one-year volunteers).

After one year with the Colours they

This gives the are sent

respectable peace-strength

the

468,409

down

not to exceed one per year.

:

their service.

officers in the

following

they have behaved well and

If

have subsequently, during

two trainings

is

of several weeks each, whilst attached to a

the one which allows of One-year Volunteers.

Corps, shown themselves professionally and

It stands to reason that with a three-years'

socially qualified to become officers, they bout of compulsory service, a large portion of are balloted for by the officers of their the youth of the country are interrupted in district. If the ballot is favourable, they the studies which are to prepare them for are commissioned by his Majesty and

and that at a become full-blown officers of the Reserve. when they can least afford to' lose the These have, in case of war, to complete the For the labourer, who needs but little active establishment of officers to war-

their particular professions, .

period time.

knowledge

for his daily task,

and

for those

handicraftsmen whose work demands but little

brain capacity or culture of any sort,

this interruption of business

is

of small

strength, or in the

have to

fill

vacancies as officers

Landwehr.

The German Army under arms, and their

represents the people officers represent

the

moment. It is far otherwise, however, with cream of the Army. The road to the the young man who requires to spend some higher, and even to the highest ranks, lies time

in the

higher schools in order to

fit

himself for the profession he has chosen, be

open

to

reference

every to

educated

social

man,

without

standing or

birth, if

Officors.

—

—

-THE he only have the necessary

GERMAN ARMY.

qualifications

23

proverb that " the apple

falls close to

the

" is well

exemplified here, for amongst Every candidate for an officer's com- the cadets are many who bear celebrated mission must possess soldiers' names, such as Roon, Steinmetz, Canstein, etc., etc. 1. A good general education, of which the candidate must give satisfactory proof, Although the training in the Cadet Corps

stem

thereto.

either

by the

rient "

possession of an " Abitu-

by

or

certificate,*

in

qualifications

service, including 3.

An

military

for

satisfied the authorities

subjects, the

candidate

now

on these

serves

as

a

private for five months, generally with the

At the end

regiment he intends to enter. during which he

this time, "

left

when they

in after-life,

the Service, to pursue a civilian greater

ease than

their

if

education had been purely military.

honourable character.

Having

have

calling with

good eyes.

Thus

that of a first-class civilian college.

they are enabled

Berlin.

Physical

on the whole

chiefly a military one, yet

an the cadets receive an education equal to

passing

examination before a commission held

2.

is

Fahnrichs

of are

called an

is

Mention

avantageur," he undergoes an examination

may

also be

made

establishments in which the

the

"

here of the "

Porte-dpee

(ensigns) are instructed

military

colleges

.

of

they

:

Potsdam,

Engers, Neisse, Glogau, Hanover, Cassel,

Anklam, Metz, and Munich.

The

higher

in military duties, etc., and on receiving branches of military science are pursued a certificate of satisfactory service from in the United Artillery and Engineer

his

superior

ensign

officers,

becomes

he

("Porte-epee Fahnrich

sent to a

military

college

There he passes a

final

military knowledge, and, successfully

ment of

his

by the choice,

").

an

and

is

a year.

for

examination

in

if

balloted for

officers

of the regi-

he joins as second

School, and the

military education

As much

College. (Kriegs-

Berlin.

and

The

training

entire

of the

country are managed by an InspectionGeneral.

As

in all large armies, the three

great

branches of the German service are Infantry, Cavalry,

lieutenant.

Staff

akademie), both in

and

Artillery,

besides

the

En-

gineers and Transport Corps, the latter of

40 to 45 per cent, of the drawn from the Cadet Corps, which is called the " Train." As everybody knows, Infantry is intended which is distributed amongst establishments to go anywhere and fight anywhere. It is, at Lichterfelde (near Berlin, head college), as

officers are

Kulm,

Potsdam,

Bensberg, therefore, equipped for

Wahlstatt,

Plon and Oranienstein, in Prussia

that

may

arise,

and

is

all

contingencies

armed with a weapon

Dresden Saxony, and Munich in Bavaria. new for use either at a long range or in close college will shortly open in Karlsruhe. hand-to-hand fighting. The German Infantry is * armed with a This Corps is chiefly composed of the sons ;

A

in

of

officers,

excellent

who

training

receive

a

cheap

and education.

and

capital magazine-rifle, with a bore of "315

The

inches, which, with

* Corresponding somewhat to our University

Degree.

a point-blank range of

over 300 yards, will carry up to 2,400 yards. *

Or

rather, will be, in the near future.

Tr.

Infantry,

THE GERMAN ARMY.

24

The magazine

de-

is

training, with the sole

and

of instruction

exception that the Rifle battalions. (Jager)

tachable, spend somewhat more time and pains on and holds their musketry than the other troops.

cart-

8

id ge s. The bayo-

r

net

"

Grenadiers

indicates, they

short

ranks.

sword-

men were

Tor

Louis;

attached to each

the

bayo-

As rule,

a the

German

i§e Train.

name

powerful

France,,

in

company

;

under

at first

subsequently,

each battalion received a Grenadier comGrenadiers

were

now

introduced

into every civilised army, but as there

was

seldom an opportunity for the employment

net.

oj rel="nofollow">

and

selected,

XIV., four Grenadiers were

new Eng- pany.

Sepgeani

as their

this object, particularly

bayonet,

lish

;

were originally intended to

very simito

sprang into existence

in the seventeenth century

a throw hand-grenades amongst the enemy's

is

lar

WiifttemBepg.

" first

of their

weapon, they were given

name, and thus the

foot-sol- applied

own equipment, both march and in action. The equipment

special

muskets, and remained Grenadiers only in

name came

to

be

to particularly fine bodies of troops

The

Prussian Grenadier battalions

dier has to carry his

only.

on the

of Frederick the Great were the flower of

consists of a

knapsack with large mess-tin

his

Army, and

in

memory

attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to

which

latter

havresack,

is

and

fastened a small spade), water-bottle,

and

three

pouches, two in front and one behind. These

pouches hold, altogether,

1

50 rounds.

whole thing can be put on or taken

The

off at a

by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt and slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. moment's

notice,

This new arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused by the older pattern

of equipment, which

com-

pressed the man's chest considerably.

The

old

division

of the

Infantry into

Grenadiers, Musketeers, and Fusiliers has

now no

significance, except

point of view.

the

they

Infantry being all

from a historical

Nowadays, the whole of identically

receive exactly the

equipped,

same amount

-

pngjsian

of these troops

—

—

—""

THE GERMAN ARMY. the

Regiment motto engraved on

Foot-Guard

Prussian

1st

wears the old sugar-loaf brass helmet

still

on big

The

of "Grenadier Regi-

title

ments," which the

first

Prussian

twelve

their

"

hirschfanger

" stag-sticker," a large knife

(lit.

still

worn

special by keepers for the purpose of giving the

and other

review days

occasions.

25

Infantry regiments received in 1861, was

stag his coup de grdce) in his day, and

it is

the watchword of the Prussian Rifle-

still

men

Frederick recognised that

of to-day.

only bestowed in order to keep' green the the true method of employing Riflemen was to extend them as skirmishers, and there pmemory of the old Grenadiers.

names of "Musketeers" and a story which tells how, when one day, in "Fusiliers" come from the different fire- Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past arms their predecessors bore, i.e., the musket him in close order, the old king shook his and the rifle (fusil), first introduced into crutch-stick at them and shouted: "Get

The

France

Musketeers were at in

Heavy Infantry, and made them march the Fusiliers, who order.

however, on

same it is

Light

the

each

firearm, the

now

Later,

Infantry.

branch

receiving ceased,

distinction

only remembered through the old

is

the chaffing of the

heavy Musketeer.

The

On

Infantry

good

Light Infantry have been developed par

their recruits

The Guard are

and' Grenadier

12 Prussian 1-12),

Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109

in

and no),

the Infantry. They with firearms and can shoot

2 Wiirttemberg

acquainted

they can put

up with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange country, and they have studied

in

the school

short,, they are the very

men

1

of

I

Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101),

into

Grenadier

regiments

(Nos. 119 and 123). Bavarian Body-Guard regiment, Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No.

to

US)-

and marksmen, The Fusilier on outpost or element their in and are Regiments are patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the

make

regiment

2

2

;

Grenadier

Mecklenburg (No. 89),

Such men

are. well

Guard Grenadiers,

1

from the gamekeepers and

have of necessity been already trained

in

Regiments

Grenadier regiments (Nos.

the attainments required for that branch of

—

21 Rifle battalions

:

4. Regiments of

proportion of

very large

forester class of the country.

nature

regiments of 3

total S 34 battalions.

excellence in the Prussian Rifle battalions. ,a

German

4 Regiments of Foot-Guards,

peculiar qualities necessary for

These draw

171

!

past in extended

the 1st of April, 1890, the

numbered and battalions each, and the

Fusilier songs, of which there exist several,

and whose burden

out of that, get out of that, you scoundrels

the

first

contradistinction to

represented

The

seventeenth century.

in the

skirmishers

and

Rifle

(Schutzen)

:

first

and "

12 Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed

to train the J.ager as Light Infantry, his

Vive

le

influence roi

et

is

ses

Guard Fusilier regiment, and Nos. 33was the 40/73, 80, and 86 of the Line).

seen to this chasseurs

"

day.

of

1.

— ;

;

THE GERMAN ARMY.

26

i

Mecklenburg

I

Saxon

Fusilier regiment

(No.

and

go),

order.

Rifle (Schiitzen) regiment (No.

Although both branches of the Cavalry, Heavy and the Light, receive an identical

the

108).

Of

generally confined to the attack in close

the remaining Line regiments, 81 are

Prussian,

i.e.,

Nos.

13-32, 41-72, 74-79.

8[-8s, 87-88,97-99, 128-132, 135-138, and

140-143 No. 91

is

Oldenburg,

No. 92 No. 93

„

Brunswick,

„

Anhalt,

The Cavalry of

German Army

and

Saxe-

and

equipment and arms

Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-

that

of

Besides

the

group.

first

group, Bavaria, has

1

8 regiments

the

straight sword, whilst

curved.

slightly

is

As it men may have to

being armed with lances. that the

use

firearms

on

all

carbine (Mauser,

1871 pattern)

officers

foot,

armed with a

present they are

;

at

useful

the non-

and trumpeters wear

a revolver instead.

The main

Nos. 120-122 and 124-126.

though

weapon, the whole of the

this is

Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony, commissioned i.e., Nos. 102-107, 133. 134- and 139. Six belong to the 3rd group, Wiirttem-

weapon

chief

sword,

latter

dismount and

Total, 95 regiments of the

shock,

i.e.,

point in a Cavalry fight

the

is

the

moment when they come

into contact with the enemy. This must numbered apart be the result of gradually quickening the of the Army. pace till at the supreme moment an (Jager) battalions are thus irresistible mass is hurled with crushing

Line, which are

of the

from the

The

rest

Rifle

divided

:

force

Prussia

1

:

battalion Rifles of the

Guard

of the

Guard

Schiitzen

battalion

II

battalions

(Nos. 1-1

Saxony

:

(Nos.

Bavaria

1)

battalion

the

Line

Mecklenburg

4

and

15).

at

The

horse must there-

moment, and

it is

a fact that the turning-point of an action has

often

been

decided

by the mere

the

Prussian

whole

German

arm has the

best

Cavalry record.

the

This

dates from the time of Frederick the Great

The Cavalry ground.

man and

fore be reserved for this

Of

battalions Rifles (numbered

apart).

chiefly

on the ranks of the enemy.

best powers of

impetus of the charge, and without any 3 battalions Rifles of the Line use whatever of cold steel.

12, 13, :

I

;

of

Rifles

;

Total, 14 battalions.

Rifles.

Cavalry.

the

is

may happen

Nos. 111-114, and 144, are Baden, and

I

they are

;

Cuirassiers differ from the others in being

Cavalry

Nos. 116-118 are Hessian.

The 4th

The

Hussars.

the

armed with a long

of Reuss,

i.e.,

is

divided into four groups, distinguished by

throughout

Rudolstadt, and the two principalities

berg,

the

old significance.

the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers,

Coburg-Gotha, is

between them

its

different

No. 94 „ Saxe- Weimar, No. 95 „ Saxe-Meiningen No. g6

training, yet the distinction

has not yet entirely lost

close

is

intended quarters

for

and

fighting

on

and his celebrated Cavalry leaders Zieten,

open Seydlitz, and

Their use on the battle-field

is

and clever

others,

who made use

offensive tactics

of bold

which led to

)

German

E

jfiw^

Saxon Rifleman.

(Mapeljing Opclep.)

OlclenBapg Bpagoore ancl Bpunswick Hujsgap.

(Review OpJerC)

i

1

v

k-'-^'d&m^

>

SaXoti Iai^e-druapcUman

(Review

Printed by O.

arccl

0p3.ep,

Liheenxrfm, fuerth Bavaria

Iaaneef.

§aj(ort

^^>

Hop?e-Spl!llepV' Tpumpetep.

)

mpire,

^alen

II.

(Irpenacliep

>/.

(auap&gmart

(auapclss.

{csklercBupg-Segwepin

&

Oji|iee:p oj>

Kesxian

Bpagoon

_g

(Bismoantecl.)

(Mapping Op&ep.

® uap ^* man

(Full E>p***0

-

Bpagoon.

Wcipl«:mBa«gfclhfan,ip\p

'

Sergeant

oj?

WiiptemEepg

(M&pefjing Opclep.

in Jsivouae.

Published by

William Climes

&

Aptillcpjj. )

Sons,

h

,

London

THE GERMAN ARMY.

2^

grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen, Zorn- yet with the lance, just introduced a dorf, and other actions. Prussian horses genuine knightly weapon has been brought are powerful, siderable

fast,

and capable of con-

endurance,

they

are

particularly suited to military service.

In

so

that

addition, the Prussian soldier

is

groom.

conjunction

These

a capital

in to take its place.

The

Prussian Regiment of

Corps, whose chief

of Prussia,

is

is

Gardes-du-

ex-officio

the King

equipped and armed

in the_

same way as the Cuirassiers. Although it, with thorough discipline and tactical forms a Royal body-guard, still the regitraining, have brought the German Cavalry ment has seen a considerable amount of to a height of excellence that is surpassed service. History tells of a memorable qualities,

by few. The Cuirassiers their

in

saying of the are the troops

who from

Commander

of the regiment,

Colonel von Wacknitz, at the

outward appearance most resemble Zorndorf (25th August,

1758),

battle

of

where the

Although enemy, the Russians, were getting the best the cuirass, from which they take their of the day Frederick the Great was with name, has lately been abolished for field his regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and service in consequence of its weight and said anxiously to Colonel von Wacknitz the knights of the Middle Ages.

;

:

inability to

keep

off the

enemy's

bullets,

WiipiiemEetfg.

"

What do you think of

Dragoon.

it ?

My

idea

is

THE GERMAN ARMY.

28

we shall get the worst of the action." number of guns Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said, " It is a feat that

said

my

"

:

Your Majesty, no

"

is

lost, in

where the Gardes-du-Corps

opinion,

have not charged." the king,

battle

"Very good,"

And

then charge."

said

the fortune

:

as Frederick the Great

unparalleled in history."

This regiment was, at a later period, turned a Cuirassier

into

known

as

the

regiment,

Queen's

and

is

now

2nd Cuirassiers

(Pomeranians).

The Bavarian Chevau-legers correspond

of the day was decided by the brilliant

and successful attack made by

this regi-

to

ment

and

record testifies to their gallantry in action.

The

was won,

battle

the

Prussian Dragoons, and

the

The

country saved.

many

a

of Zieten, the " Hussar-father,"

spirit

Heavy and of old Blucher, "Field Marshal Saxony the regiments Forwards," still lives in the Hussars of the of Horse Guards and Carbineers, corre- German Empire. Activity, boldness, and In Bavaria the two regiments of

Cavalry, and

in

spond to the Prussian

cheeriness are the attributes which make a good Hussar, and many are the songs to combine the fire-action of Infantry with which record their successes in camp and the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and field. were therefore armed, on horseback, with a The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such Cuirassiers.

The Dragoons were

light

burg

originally intended

musket and bayonet. Dragoons of the

Frederick William came

The BrandenElector

great

greatly to the

fore in this double capacity at the battles

of

Warsaw and

Fehrbellin.

The

uncer-

tainty, however, of the results of shooting

when mounted, and

terror

amongst the enemy

1870-71,

from Tartary.* For

Turcos.

fight

The

raged on foot or on

lance, with

sternation

mounted

infantry,

brought to perfection. therefore, during

and

could

and

however, the only

mode

German. weapon of the Uhlan, the

which they caused such con-

among

the French, although

it

had been the most popular weapon of the The Dragoons were Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely century,

from European armies on the introduction

Cavalry pure and of

at the present time they are

horse-soldiers,

is,

not yet be

the eighteenth

gradually formed into simple,

French

such as the

essentially

is

chief

horseback, showed plainly as time went on

goes,

Steppes, or the African

The name

that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of

tribe,

the inconvenience of foreign element about them, for their

dismounting or mounting according as to of fighting

whether the

name

this reason, the

took them for a wild Kirghiz of the

the war of

in

as far as their

hail,

horse-soldiers

only.

firearms;

the

Russian

Cavalry alone retaining Silesian

war

in

it.

and

Polish

After the second

1745, Frederick the Great

One of the most celebrated Cavalry attacks armed a body of Light Horse with lances, was that of the regiment of Anspach- and gave them the name of "Bosniaks." Bayreuth Dragoons in the battle of Consisting at first of only 1 "company," Hohenfriedberg (4th June, 1745). In this their strength was increased afterwards to regiment rode down no fewer 10 companies, and jn the year 1800 they than 20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500 * The word Uhlan means " belonging to the prisoners and 66 standards, besides a large hoof," in the language of that region. action, the

—

THE GERMAN ARMY.

29

were founded into a regiment under the altogether of 93 regiments of 5 squadrons name of "Towarczys," i.e., experienced in each total, 465 squadrons. On the regi-

—

war. "

In 1808, the

name was changed

to

active service, one

ment being ordered on

Uhlans," and the corps was divided into of the squadrons remains behind as supply-

several

regiments,

number

whose

was squadron

for

the

Its

rest.

duty

to

is

In 1870 the replace the partially-trained or unserviceFrench peasantry called the whole of the able horses by good ones, and. also to fill German Cavalry "ulans," and the sudden up the ranks of the other squadrons with

increased at a later period.

appearance of a few of their horsemen a

in

time when

flat-

tered themselves

far

still

this

and gains greatly are

in

is

means,

brought

for

There

:

14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including

The Garde-du- Corps regiment, The Guard Cuirassier regiment,

ulans!

les

8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments,

ulans!"

uni-

shouts

Of

versal

conster-

nation,

and im-

mediate

flight.

The German Uhlans were everywhere

populous

town, e.g.,

Nancy

the

,on

1 1

1870,

opened

their

gates

at

their

approach,

and

the

small

ress

of

;:

:

1-16),

2 Mecklenberg (Nos. 1 7 and

fort-

sur-

to

a

Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20-

19).

22),

2 Hessian

Dragoon regiments (Nos.

23 and 24), 2

Wurttemberg Dragoon (Nos. 25 and 26), and

regiments

6 Bavarian Chevau-leger Regiments. 20 Regiments of Hussars, namely

:

Body-Guard Hussar regiment,

Uhlans.

16 Prussian

consists

18),

3

I

Empire

regiments

Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No.

mere handful of

The Cavalry of the German

Dragoon

1

Vitry

le frangais

rendered

Heavy Cavalry regiments, Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and 1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers. 34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely 2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards, 16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1

th

August,

:

2 Bavarian

at

once. More than

one

action,

efficiency.

" les

caused

distant,

(Fall-a«a«s.)

By

enemy

that the

Bavarian HalEercliep,

required.

the to a high state of readiness

Frenchmen

was

good men when

a the active part of the regiment

at

district

„

regiments,

1

Brunswick

„

regiment, and

2

Saxon

„

regiments (Nos.

18

and

19)..

:

THE GERMAN ARMY.

3°

25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely 3

tinctive

Guard-Uhlan regiments,

Uhlan

16 Prussian

in the

produce end than good.

much

Before closing the subject of Cavalry,

(Nos.

regiments

mention ought to be made of the lately-

1-16), 2

uniforms, would

more harm

Saxon Uhlan regiments and 18),

(Nos.

17 formed Empress's Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two sergeants, and 24 men.

regiments They were first put on duty in August, Uhlan (Nos. 19 and 20), and 1889, during the visit of the Emperor of Their uniform is the usual darkAustria. Bavarian Uhlan regiments. blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs,

2 Wiirttemberg

2

Of

late years there

has been a good deal besides a full-dress white Cuirassier tunic. with cerise cloth and

of talk about reorganising the present force

The

into a so-called " General " Cavalry,

fastened back with hooks.

would be

distinctly a

The term

move

and

this

in the right

cuffs

skirts are lined

Both

collar

and

have white braid-lace on them, like

Guard Corps. The breeches branches of the Cavalry arm should be are of white leather, and big knee-boots equally and thoroughly equipped, armed, like those of the Cuirassiers complete the and trained for any service in which costume. direction.

implies

that

all

Cavalry could be called on to take part.

An

important step has been

made

in this

the rest of the

Artillery has but one r61e to play on the battle-field,

and that

is

to

come

into action

by the recent arming of the whole and do as much harm as possible to the of the Cavalry with lances. There is, enemy from a long distance off. however, no intention whatever on the part The German arm is divided into Field

-direction

of the authorities to carry out the idea to

Artillery and Garrison Artillery.

The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on the field of the different branches of the Cavalry, or battle. One particular branch of it forms giving them all exactly the same uniform, the Horse Artillery; in which all the men are would never be entertained for a moment. mounted. The whole of the Field Artillery It is obvious that such measures would be is armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (c. 73), extremities.

away

Such

their particular

the deathblow of as

measures

all esprit

we know, has

results in the past.

mode

led

to

as

taking

of action from

de corps which, such

The shock

brilliant

of Cuirassiers

the Horse Artillery guns having a bore of 2-95,

They

and the others a bore of 3-43 carry " double-ring shells

on their big horses, the charge of Uhlans segment with

their

fluttering

lance-pennons,

the

pieces),

" (a

inches.

form of

which fly into about 180 Shrapnel shells (each containing shell

sabre-work of Hussars, and the mobility cf 240

bullets), and case-shot. The guns Dragoons and Chevau-legers, each has its themselves are handy to work, and carry particular effect on the enemy, and each with great accuracy up to about four miles.

distinctive

serious

that

A

must be taken into Battery is formed of six guns, though There can be no doubt as a rule not more than four in peace-time amalgamation of the four have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw

attribute

account.

a total

branches, and the abolition of their dis-

them.

Artillery,

)

THE GERMAN ARMY.

3i

There are altogether 318 batteries of Horse Artillery, and also a common projecand 46 batteries of Horse Artillery, tile which would combine the advantages the whole forming 27 regiments. of common shell and shrapnel. The introField-

To

the Prussian group belong 29 regi-

duction of this latter would tend greatly to ments, forming 245 Field- and 38 Horse simplify both the action and the supply of Artillery batteries total 283 batteries. the gun.

—

Saxony has

regiments (Nos. 12 and

2

28) forming 21 Field-

The men of

and 2 Horse Artillery employed

batteries.

fortresses.

in

the Garrison Artillery are

the

attack and defence of

They have no guns of

Wiirttemberg has 2 regiments (Nos.

and

1

3

forming 18

29),

own, ;

of the Siege-train or

the

has

fortresses,

cording

4

forming

regiments,

their

simply

^work the big guns

\

Field batteries.

Bavaria

but

ac-

circum-

to

These

stances.

34Field-and 6Horse

gunners go by the

Artillery

batteries.

name

Grand

Total, 364

the 29

sian "

are

"

Prus-

regiments,

Guard

"

cannon-

They

are

armed with the Mauser carbine of

batteries.

Of

of

iers."

the

2

1

87 1 pattern.

The

Artillery,

Garrison Ar-

24 (Nos. 1— 11, 15and 26, 24, 27,

tillery consists of

31) are Prussian, 2

talions

Baden (Nos. 14 and 30), and 1 (No. 25) is

companies each, be-

belong

to

battalions,

Of

Bavarian Offiazp of Ijianeeps

the next few years

4

alto-

ments

Artillery

the

Field

undergo considerable changes well

as

in

intended to give each

in

organisation.

Army

Corps

ma- regiment and Nos. It

3 F.

is

regiments, each of 2 divisions of 3 batteries

Thus each of the two

Army Corps

divisions of

would have one

F.

A.

regi-

ment of 6 batteries, and the 3rd regiment would be available as Corps Artillery. It

1

to

8,

force,

latter

(1

Guard

10 and 11) and

2 independent battalions (No. 9

A. the

this

Prussia has 11 regi-

(AicLe-le-Camjp.

will

each.

of

gether 31 battalions.

In the course of

the

each,

sides 3 independent

Hessian.

teriel as

14

regiments of 2 bat-

and No.

14),

belonging to Baden.

Saxony has

1

regiment (No.

Wiirttemberg has

1

12).

battalion (No. 13),

and Bavaria has 2 regiments.

There remain yet the Engineers and the

is also proposed to introduce a common Train. The calibre of gun for the whole, both Field and

officers

of the corps of Engineers are

Engineer*.

—

:

THE GERMAN ARMY.

32

divided into the Engineer Staff Corps

14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies,

{i.e.,

generals and field officers) and 4 Engineer- and a dep6t (the Guard battalion, and Nos. i-ii, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one Inspections " (captains and lieutenants). This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, (No. 14), in Baden, and 1 Train company in "

Wurttemberg, and Bavarian

officers are

not

Hesse

either with the " fortification branch,"

To

i.e.,

that branch which superintends the con-

5

struction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with

with

the " Pioneers,"

There are

German Army

nineteen

Guard

battalion and

I— II, 14-16), including

I

battalion

(No. 13), to Prussia. 1

battalion to

1

battalion to

Saxony (No. 12), Wurttemberg (No.

and

field .hospitals 1

bakery

field

bearers,

section,

1

and

remount5

sections

of transport.

The above account gives a general Tactical resume of the fighting force of Germany.^* 8** It now remains to give the tactical organisation

of

the different

branches of the

In the Infantry, the smallest indepen-

numbers 4 companies dent body of troops, or " tactical unit," is a of these the 1st is a Pontoon company, the battalion (except in the case of the inde2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies i.e., pendent Rifle battalions, where the unit is battalion

;

:

for sap-work, construction of siege-batteries,

represented

and

Cavalry

field-works,

Mining company,

etc.

;

for

and the 4th

is

a

laying mines and

subterranean galleries in siege-work. Besides

these,

there

is

a

it

by the company). a

is

squadron, and

The war

Artillery a battery.

a battalion

is,

In

the

in

the

strength of

at the outside, 1,000

Railway that of a squadron

is

men

;

about 150 mounted

Regiment of 4 battalions (including 1 men and that of a battery is 6 guns, with Saxon and I Wurttemberg company), and 12 wagons and men in proportion. The I Bavarian Railway battalion of 2 companies, peace-strength of each unit is dependent, on ;

the construction of military railways the one hand, on the numbers required for Included in the its full strength in time of war and railway-bridges. and, on Railway Regiment are the Field-Telegraph the other hand, on the amount of training and Balloon sections. requsite for its efficiency. In a less degree for

;

The

Army

" Train "

(corresponding

Service Corps)

is

to

our

for the transport

of supplies, ammunition, and war-material

The

also, it

is

dependent on the state of the

Treasury.

The

peace-strength of a Prussian Line

and men of the battalion (4 companies) is of corps are trained in peace-time in the 1 major (commanding the Train battalions, and the wagons are 4 captains, all

sorts.

drivers

:

stored in Train depdts.

There are 19 Train battalions and

company, thus divided

:

provision sections, 3 medical detachments

18), and Army.

2 battalions to Bavaria.

Each

in'

in Bavaria.

:

14 others (Nos.

Baden

13),

Saxony, one

in

and 2

the dep6t of each battalion belong

dep6t,

Field Engineers.

i.e.,

in the

Pioneer battalions, distributed thus 1

one (No. 12)

;

Engineer officers are employed Wurttemberg (No.

so divided.

battalion),

12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants, 1

1

adjutant (usually a lieutenant),

559 N. C.

O.'s

and men, and

German

Bavarian Aptilki?^

(Review Printed by G.

LiSv-ensohn,

Offiazr?.

Op3.er<,)

Fuerth Bavaria

Bavarian Rifleman an3. Inj>antpV of Ige h'me..

E

pire.

111.

Bluejaekefe (Fall (Fall

R*«

B««

an3

WoAing

Rig).

ana U.nZ*c$%). Published by

William Clowes

&

Sons,

LJ

London.

—

THE GERMAN ARMY. 7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster,

4 privates trained as medical and I armourer-sergeant). N.B.

—A Regiment

assistants,

Saxony

33

much

is

regiments and are

somewhat

the same.

The Guard

those in Alsace-Lorraine

stronger.

of Infantry consists

As

of three battalions, so that in calculating

a rule, two regiments of Infantry Formation

the strength of a regiment, the regimental

(6 battalions), or

staff

squadrons), form a Brigade, under a Major-

(colonel,

lieutenant-colonel,

mental-adjutant, surgeons,

etc.),

regi-

should be

The

That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of arms squadrons

25

is

(8 to

10

is

first

unit

composed

the Infantry division.

of all

It consists

of usually two brigades of Infantry and

:

one regiment of Cavalry

officers,

;

and, in the

field,

has in addition 6 batteries of Artillery and

686 N. C.

I

and men,

14 others (paymasters, veterinary surgeons, medical assistants, armourers, etc.),

etc.,

and

troops

the

of Engineers, the whole under

command

of a lieutenant-general.

Cavalry Division varies if

possible,

in strength,

A

but has

one or two batteries of

Horse Artillery attached.

peace-strength of the corresponding in

company

always,

667 horses.

The

™'

1

Jjj

three

2 or 3 surgeons, O.'s

Brigades,

Corps.

general as brigadier.

taken into account.

five

two of Cavalry

Bavaria,

Two, or

Wurttemberg, and brigade

(2

three, Infantry Divisions, with a

regiments) of Field Artillery,

\%:

Praggian 0||lee:p

ancl

Trumpetei? of Aftillei5 ^.

— THE GERMAN ARMY.

34

Engineers and Train, constitute an Armjythe command The Army Cor-ps

under

Corps, general.

comprises is

of

a

full

therefore

branches of the service, and

all

thoroughly independent.

The berg)

1

2th (Saxon) and 13th (Wurttem-

Corps

have

a

They

composition.

Infantry, 2 Cavalry

Brigades (each

slightly

and

different

number

each

4

Field Artillery

1

brigade consisting

of

2

regiments), besides one battalion of Field

Engineers and one of the Train.

Corps also

from any Size of

Army,

On

is

The Guard

constituted rather differently

other.

the

1st

German Army

April,

1890,

consisted

Corps, quartered as follows

The Guard

Corps,

in

of

the

entire

20

Army

:

Berlin,

Potsdam,

Charlottenburg, and Spandau (with

exception

of

the

Regiment, which

Corps.

is

the

4th Guard Grenadier quartered at Coblenz).

—

—

ADDENDUM TO GERMANY. oJKo

P. 25.

The German

173 regiments and

Infantry

538 battalions of Infantry, 465 squadrons of Cavalry,

now numbers

19 Rifle battalions

434

total 538 battalions. P. 31.

The

Artillery

has

lately

1700 guns.

been

increased to 387 batteries of Field, and 47 batteries of Horse Artillery, the whole

batteries of Artillery, with over

The

at war-strength,

Reserve, and

forming 43 regiments.

German Army Active Army, Active

latest estimate of the i.e.

1st

class

Landwehr,

follows P. 32.

The Engineers number 20

bat-

officers,

2,253,841 men,

talions.

The Army now numbers P. 34.

48,635

peace strength of the

German

445,104 horses, 3,982 guns.

is

as

THE GERMAN ARMY. and strength

will

necessarily

depend on

the theatre in which they are to be utilised,

on the plan

of campaign, and

strength of the enemy.

The

Although

this

tremendous

Army

of close

on two million of well-trained and well-

on the armed men

resources of

35

menace

may

at first sight appear a

to the peace of the world,

still

we

the Empire will not, however,

come to an must remember that Germany is absolutely end with the 20 Army Corps whose strength obliged, for the preservation of her very we have just been describing. Behind the existence, to keep up these huge forces,

men doing

their seven years of service, who and that she has no intention of using compose the Active Army, come those of the them except for that purpose. As an old " He who wants 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr, and behind national proverb has it these again come the Ersatz Reserve and to come to grief in war had better try a :

the Landsturm.

fall

with Germany."

—

'

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. THE

next on the

list

Germany's purchase, formerly alio wed, is now abolished, ally- The forces are divided into the Standing

is

powerful neighbour, friend, and

on

her southern

Austria-Hun- Army, the Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr,

frontier,

and the Landsturm,

gary.

There

Army

Austro-Hungarian

in the

is

a varied assemblage of different races

honest

smart

Hungarian, the hearted

etc.,

are

Army, of which Those

Czech, the

true-

able-bodied

onion-eating Croat, the

the homeless gipsy,

represented in

all

mitted into the Standing

Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000.

hot-blooded

nomad Slowak,

the

are yearly ad-

fiery

Tyrolese, the thin

Wallachian, the

:

recruits

and

proud

the

Austrian,

About 103,000

its

ranks.

these have been welded together

etc.,

All

by the

iron bands of discipline into the " Imperial

Army.

young men who

into the Standing or Active

is

and seven years

Active

the Austrian

Army was entirely reorganised.

are sent

which

to provide re-

Service

in the latter is for three years with the Colours

decision for peace or war.

After the disastrous campaign of 1866

Germany,

intended, as in

inforcements for the Active Army.

Service in the

"

Army

for ten years to the Ersatz Reserve,

The Emperor is Commander-in-Chief, and with him rests the

and Royal

are not taken

for those

who

in

the Active Reserve.

Landwehr

is

for

two years

have served ten years in the

Army and

Reserve or

in the

Ersatz

Reserve, and for twelve years for those

have been sent straight

who

thither, for various

now almost com- reasons, on conscription. After the Landpleted, and the Army now takes its place wehr service, the soldier is sent for five as one of the foremost in the world;/ The years to the 1st Class Landsturm, and for

The

reorganisation

division of the

is

Empire

into Cis-

and Trans-

five

years more to the 2nd Class Landsturm.

and By this time he is forty-two years of age. that side, i.e. the Hungarian, of the Leitha, The one-year Volunteers are enlisted in the a tributary of the Danube, is only partially same manner as in Germany (q. v.). carried out in the military system. The whole Empire is, for military Leithania

i.e.

this side, the Austrian,

According to the conscription law of purposes, divided into fifteen Territorial December, 1868, universal conscription is Districts these are of various sizes, so that ..

;

now

the

Hungarian

rule

)

in

the

Empire, and

whole

Austro-

exemption

the Austrian

by same

Army

strength.

Corps are not

all

of the

In case of war, the whole

Organisation.

"

A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y. "Imperial and

grouped

into

37

Royal" Army would be three

armies, under one supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army Corps. The Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each

The

of 2 brigades.

by

division

is

commanded

" field-marshal-licutenant,"

a

corre-

sponding to our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a major-general.

Each Infantry brigade has and i battalion

as a rule 2

regiments,

Besides

the

2

Infantry

of

brigades,

Rifles.

each

Division has in addition 2 to 4 squadrons

of

Cavalry,

1

battery division. (2 to

batteries of Field Artillery),

and

1

3

company

of Engineers.

The

Infantry.

prises 1

Infantry of the Active

Army com-

102 regiments, each of 4 Field and

Ersatz battalions

;

the latter

is

in peace-

time represented by a cadre only.

Cavalry Offices (UncLpegg),

The 4th Field battalions, so-called " Mobile battalions,

have mostly a stronger peace-

establishment than the others, and are used

and the

to garrison Bosnia, Herzegovina,

Sanjak of Novi-Bazar

;

i.e.

they are com-

pletely separated from their regiments.

The

Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle

Regiment of battalions,

10

and

Active

2

Ersatz

and 32 independent battalions

of Rifles, each of 4 Field

and

I

Ersatz

companies.

The aside

now

Infantry its

(since

1868)

laid

and

is

clothed in dark blue tunics or loose

jackets, in

has

historical white uniform,

the

and light blue trousers, the latter being regiments Hungarian

ornamented with embroidery and fitting The Hungarian regiments like tights.

wear lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons.

The

usual head-dress

is

the

fatigue-cap,

and, on great occasions, the shako. Officer of Infanlfg

(Mailing

OpcLzp),

Rifles are dressed in blue-grey.

/

The

A USTRIA-HUNGARY.

38

After

1866 the Austrian Infantry was and

armed with an excellent breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry

Ersatz

41

The

Cavalry Regiments

have attained a certain moral superiority according by being armed with a magazine- Dragoons rifle,

the authorities

have

introduced

a

magazine-rifle for the Infantry and Rifles.

the

besides

squadrons,

Staff Cavalry.

Uhlans

to

their

wear

a

light-blue

The

tunic,

their tunic of peculiar cut,

Hussars the jacket and

clothed

are

nationality.

attila,

the

and the

the latter as

So quickly has the work of manu- a rule suspended by yellow cords from the and issuing them proceeded, that shoulder. The whole Cavalry wear red by the autumn of this year (1890) it is breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and

facturing

expected that they

and

will

have

called

Mannlicher, fire

the

German

after is

its

inventor,

of '315-inch bore, and can

Regiment

possesses the

in

an

Hussars, on their small

swift horses, are a peculiarly national

Colonel institution. These Hussars (from a

30 to 40 shots in the minute.

Austria

in the others.

The Hungarian

The new Austrian magazine- but

Infantry. rifle,

be thus armed, loose

will all

overtaken

excellent

Rifle

Tyrolese, the so-called

word

" husz,"

meaning

"

Magyar

twenty," from the

fact that every

twenty houses in Hungary

had

one horseman

to provide

in

days gone

by) have always been particularly promi-

mentioned above, which nent in the Austrian Army and were long composed of men accustomed from their held to be pre-eminent in their mode of youth up to the use of the rifle. They are fighting, until Frederick II. formed some recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg. regiments after their pattern. These were Emperor's

Rifles,

is

Cavalry.

The Cavalry

of the Active

Army

consists

of—

under celebrated leaders

14 Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians

won

for themselves

like Zieten,

soon

renown equal to that

of their Hungarian cousins.

and Bohemians), 16 Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians),

and 11

afterwards increased to ten in number, and,

The whole with

of the Cavalry

sword and Werndl

Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Uhlans'

lances

have

been

with since 1884, but there

Reserve).

is

armed

carbine.

is

done

alike,

The away

a question of

Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons the re-introduction of this old Polish and a depot-cadre. In case of mobilisatron- weapon. After the Infantry has been into one Ersatz fully armed with the magazine-rifle, the the latter develops squadron

(in

which are trained the Ersatz Cavalry

will,

it

is

said,

be armed with

men and

the extra horses required), one repeating-carbines, which will have been Reserve squadron for supply purposes, and served out by next spring (1891). This is two sections of Staff Cavalry for service at an example which, it is to be hoped, other

the headquarters of Corps and at Field-

armies will soon follow.*

Supply stores. The peace establishment of The Artillery comprises Field and Austro-Hungarian Cavalry the accordingly Garrison Artillery. The Field Artillery comes to 246 squadrons, and the war- consists of 14 regiments of Corps Artillery, establishment to 246 Field, 41

Reserve,

*

Turkey

set this

example long ago.

—

TV.

Artillery.

A USTRIA-HUNGARY.

39

numbered according to their Army Corps and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery and each of 5 batteries and of 28 inde- carrying the Werndl rifle instead. pendent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of The Corps of Engineers is composed of Engineers, ;

Corps

Several

batteries.

3

Regiments have Horse Artillery

Artillery

a couple of

in addition

Mountain

Batteries, or a

Battery.

The 4,

and

An

The former officers

have each

batteries in

war-time

exception

to

in

the

are

guns.

1

exclusively

composed of

Each

Reserve, and

battalion has

4

bat-

5

Field,

Dep6t-cadre companies.

1

The Pioneer Regiment, not

Horse Engineers, consists of 5

considered as

battalions, similarly

which always have 6 constituted to the Engineer battalions. The* Railway and Telegraph Regiment,

Batteries,

found most useful

peace-time.

fully-horsed

this

in the battery.

The Mountain

8,

in

is

the latter of 2 regiments of

;

talions each.

Artillery batteries,

guns

the Engineer Staff and Engineer troops.

which have been which has but recently been formed,

campaigns

in

Dalmatia, the

Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature of the Austrian Artillery.

Their

1

German model,

after

consists of 2 Field

and

Dep6t-cadre battalions.

The Train

consists of 3 regiments of 5

guns can be dismounted and packed on the squadrons each and a Dep6t-cadre. There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian backs of mules, and in this way they can be

Army, so several bodies of troops have been The Corps Artillery Regiments are to formed for the honour of protecting the have their number of batteries increased Emperor's person and guarding his palaces. by one each, but this will barely be com- These are the Arcieren squadron of Lifetransported along narrow mountain-paths.

Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the

pleted before 1892.

The Austrian excellent

weapon

inch Uchatius

Field Artillery has in

steel

an Trabanten Body-Guard, the squadron of

the shape of the 2-95-

that of the 343-inch bronze gun for the

heavy

Krupp

batteries,

gun.

both equal

The

Horse-Guards, and the Infantry

bronze gun, and also of the Guard.

in

dressed in peculiar uniforms.

The Landwehr is formed

worth to the

German

shells are of the

the Active

than the German ones.

its

jectiles, case-shot, fire-shells,

and

high-angle shells, for bursting

among troops

so-called

behind cover, are carried with the battery.

The

Garrison

Artillery

numbers

12

own

Army

two

distinct Reserve

distinct

from

each Landwehr is under

;

ministry of defence.

only the cadres exist of 92

into

which are also quite

bodies,

pattern, but the shrapnel have fewer bullets

Besides these pro-

Company

These troops are richly

;

that

In peace-time is

to say, that

Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry

regiments (24 squadrons) of Cis-Leithanian

Landwehr, only

I

strong

company per

and 1 strong squadron per battalions, each of 5 Regiment are kept up. cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions Cavalry The Native Rifles (Landesschiitzen) of have been projected, and will be formed in Tyrol and Vorarlberg consist of 10 batthe the course of the next few years according talions in time of peace, which are in warthe amount of money in hand. Field and

I

Depot- battalion

to

The uniform of the Artillery is dark- time increased by ten Reserve battalions. In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms brown. The men are armed with sword

I00V B

-

A USTRIA-HUNGAR Y.

40

a peculiar national Hungarian Army, the Queen, The Honved.

Honved Army, which

so-called in

and

came

to

her

Parliament at Presburg in dire distress. her newly

peace-time only to the Royal with

in

Hungarian

subject

Theresa,

only to the commander-in- Dressed in the national Hungarian dress,

war-time

chief,

is

Maria

jurisdiction,

i.e.

the Ministry of

Defence and the Landwehr Ministry.

It

become Joseph

born son (destined to

II.) in

her arms, pain and

courage depicted on her noble countenance,

Ro^al Hungarian Bocly - draapcL

forms

in

peace-time

Infantry and rons).

The

1

5

the cadres

regiments of of

officers

for

92 battalions

Honved Hussars

this

are

force

of

(60 squad-

trained

in

the

Honved Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It is on this Army, whose standards and badges are of the Hungarian

colours,

and which

in

time of war reaches

nearly 200,000 men, that the pride of fs

this

Army

whose predecessors

Hungary

rests.

It

saved the Austro-

Hungarian Monarchy from destruction a century and a half ago.

On

the 2 j

st

of September, 1741, the

Empress

Hun^afian Palace

(auapcL

Austria-Ht

Hungarian

laanci.wef)*' Ii*fanip]j

(HonvecL).

p (aenepal in

Hungapian tlm^opm

(Review

Ot=clep).

s""**

Hungarian

Kassaf of

ifyz

HonvecL (J^ewj

Printed by


Lifteeimkn, Fwerth Bavaria

Infant*)?

Equipment).

ngary.

||.

ijgi

&a#s. Published by William Clowes

<£•

Sons,

L

,

London.

A USTRIA-HUNGARY.

4i

she advanced towards the Hungarian nobles, (on a war establishment) of the Austro-

and

in

a powerful Latin speech asked for

Army

the National

to be called out, to

protect her and her country from her

that the Cis-Leiinferior in warlike

Moriamur

Theresa

tore

!

"

pro.

With

rege

nostra

:

Line, and

spirit,

Maria to

the help of her brave

their brethren

on the

far side

of the

come to the conclusion the Austrian Army, with its excellent

we

shall

Prussia, Corps of officers and excellent material in numerous the shape of men and horses, any State in enemies. Europe would find either a powerful If we consider that the total strength adversary or a most desirable ally.

with

succeeded

sions.

that inheritance of their forefathers,

Leitha,

Hungarians, Maria Theresa, after making that in

peace

Conclu-

one million of trained

of which 778,889 belong to the 1st

we remember

Then the Hungarian magnates

clashed them wildly together, and shouted "

included, exceeds

many men,

crooked swords from their scabbards, thanians are in no way

foes.

their

Army, Line and Landwehr

Hungarian

in

Frederick beating

II.

of

off her

ITALY. <*«:o

N

r

Italy we have the who have formed

third of the

Powers Standing Army (three with the Colours and

the Triple Alliance

five

in the

Reserve)

four years in the

;

Europe Landwehr, and seven years in the Landand to make common cause against any sturm. Those who have been exempted disturber thereof. The history of this from service by ballot are sent straight to country has been very similar to that of the Landsturm for nineteen years. in order to maintain the peace of

When

young men attain the age Prince, King Victor Emmanuel them liable to serve, those getic of Sardinia (died 1878), supported by an physically unfit are "cast," and some active statesman, Count Cavour, placed are put back who are ill or excused for himself at the head of the national move- domestic reasons. The remainder of ment in favour of unity, and formed the the men draw lots and are placed Germany.

In this instance also, an ener-

the

rendering

various States of the Peninsula into one

according to their

lottery'

number

in the

1st or 2nd class, those excused being kingdom under his rule. The kingdom of Italy appears thence- placed in the 3rd class. The 1st class forth as the last formed among the European conscripts are distributed throughout the Powers, and it has raised an excellent Army Standing Army. The 2nd class go through

in order to maintain its position as such.

three months' training, to form an Ersatz

The development of the

(or reinforcing) Reserve,

that

time

progressed

latter

has since

considerably,

especially so during the last decade,

and

men

and the 3rd

class

are called out every four years for a

when few days

at a time for instruction in the

use and manipulation of their arms. a distinct advance has been apparent. The Standing Army consists accordingly Constituted on the principle of Universal Conscription, the land forces of Italy are

formed, similarly to those of the

German

of eight yearly batches of the 1st class and eight of the 2nd class the Landwehr of ;

Empire, into a Standing Army, a Landwehr four yearly batches of men who have (Milizia mobile), and a Landsturm (Milizia served their time in the Standing Army, and four batches of the 2nd class and the territoriale). ;

The liability to

Terms of Service.

t

serve

commences with the Landsturm comprises seven batches of the

wen tieth year, and continues

ninth.

It

consists

till

the thirty-

of eight years in the

1st,

seven of the 2nd, and nineteen of the

3rd class.

—

ITALY. Infantry.

The

Infantry of the

regiments

96

of

consists

Army

Standing

2

(including

43

tion

is

paid to musketry instruction, and shooting are given and en-

facilities for

Grenadier regiments), each of 3 battalions couraged by the holding of National Rifle and I Ersatz company. Besides these, Meetings at stated times. At these meet-

Corps

there are the special

("marksmen"

Bersaglieri

=a

target),

The

bersaglia

and

shots,

The Cavalry

is

allowed to

rifle.

of the Italian

Army, on

Cavalry,

account of the scarcity of useful horses,

Ersatz company, are and the mountainous character of the land,

1

execute

trained to

Infantry,

compete, with his Service

Rifles).

Bersaglieri, in 12 regiments, each of

all

weak

is

comparison with the Cavalry of

in

at the "double," exceedingly other European armies.

movements good

—

from and the Alpini (Alpine

3 battalions

Light

the ings, any soldier on furlough

d' Elite,

and looking very smart

It

in their

neat uniforms, the large hats of which are

of 24 regiments, each of 6 and an Ersafz-cadre'; i.e., 10

consists

squadrons

ornamented with a waving bunch of cock's Lancer regiments and 14 regiments of Light Cavalry (Cavalleggieri).

feathers.

The Alpine Troops (forming

^companies),

75

to

Composed

These are

lance.

game-

and

the Alps, never fatigued, quick of sight shots,

The

the

original r61e their

of

field

although

battle,

their

passes.

panies are placed in

whose defence

is

assigned to them, and are

stationed for only half the year

the

in

towns as winter quarters. in

shooting,

is

carried out with a particular

view,

and

consists

skirmishing,

constant

mostly

in

patrolling,

The heavy

and

in

minor

armed with the Light and

batteries are ;

(until

2* 76-inch

guns, for

the transport of each of which three horses or mules

are

provided, are

calibre, of steel-bronze,

wooden carriages. The Garrison regiments

;

the

-

of 2 95-inch

and mounted on

Artillery

consists

Siege-train

of

The Engineers

consist of

4 regiments,

is

Com-

at pany, a Pontoon and a Bridging Troop.

the alteration

The

Artillery and

Engineers

provide

of their former weapon, the single-loader their own Train. 12 Commissariat companies are told Vetterli, is completed) with an excellent repeating

rifle,

the Vitali.

5

of 2 parts

including a Railway and Telegraph

tactics.

whole of the Italian Infantry

The this moment armed

batteries.

war-time 1,196

marches each of 200 guns.

over mountain paths, reconnaissance duty

and

guns.

in the field in

Artillery,

there are also

;

The Alpine com- Horse Artillery batteries with summer as near as breech-loaders. The mountain

possible to the particular mountain passes

object

can put

It

that of acting in defence of 3 54-inch breech-loaders

mountain

Their duty

ments, each of 8 batteries

•

is

rifled

Field Artillery consists of 24 regi-

they are 6 Horse Artillery and 9 Mountain

equally valuable in reconnoitring work or

on

armed with a

is.

breech-loading carbine.

keepers, familiar with every footpath in

and hearing, and excellent

In addition to these weapons, the

whole of the Cavalry

d' Elite.

herdsmen

of

armed with a

are

are long curved sword, and the Lancers with a

which

attached 9 mountain batteries. also considered Corps

The Light Cavalry

consist of 7 regiments

Particular atten-

for,

service in the dep6ts.

off

Enginaer

.

ITALY.

44

The men of Engineers

sword

the Field Artillery and

carry

a

revolver

besides

a

Garrison Artillerymen are armed

;

with a breech-loading carbine.

There with the

is

also a Corps closely connected

Army

which deserves mention,

namely, the Gendarmes, or

" Carabinieri

whose strength amounts to 543 22,487 Foot Gendarmes, and II legions of Mounted Gendarmes. Formerly many a story was told of the Reali,"

officers,

fights

between the Carabinieri and the Nowadays, both the robbers

banditti.

and the old Carabinieri have disappeared, and the present Carabinieri Reali form an excellent Corps, whose duty tain peace

and good order

it is

to main-

in the country.

In war-time a battalion of them

with each

Army

Corps.

is

sent

They have then provide orderlies for the

Staff, as well

to act as Military Police.

The whole kingdom twelve

Army

is

Corps

In peace-time the

vary

Army

Corps

strength. In war, each Corps consists of 2 Di-

visions, the

Division

Brigades

(each

numbering

brigade con-

sisting of 2 regi-

ments

of

fantry),

and an

In-

Artillery

Di-

vision of 3 bat-

Besides

teries.

these,


Army 1

N,

each

Corps has

regiment

Bersaglieri,

of 1

2 Artillery visions,

BepgagVre

o_f

tge

Kfnean Contingent

4

Organisation.

in

Army 2

divided into Districts.

or

Di-

each of

batteries,

1

—

ADDENDUM TO

ITALY.

oj<«o

P.

43.

have

lately

1

service in Africa.

They

1

Additional troops

been raised

for

consist of 1 1

Regiment African Rifles (4 battalions), Regiment Native African Infantry (4 battalions),

3

Battalion African Bersaglieri,

Squadron Native Cavalry, Batteries African Mountain

These are

all for

service at

Artillery.

Massowah.

ITALY. regiment

of

Cavalry,

companies

2

Engineers, with bridging-train, and talion

of Carabinieri,

I

of troops, such as the Brigade of Guards in

bat-

27 battalions of Infantry,

5

or 6 squadrons

and 2 companies of Engineers,

The

men and

Alpini

etc.

—

total,

are not

The Landwehr of Infantry,

1

will find

on seeing the the

German Foot-Guards much that is strange Italian Army, resulting from

Park, or the

peculiarity

of

included in the

He

race.

miss

will

the upright bearing, the regular move-

ments and the steady

112 guns.

Corps organisation. Milirie.

Hyde

forming altogether at Potsdam,

of Cavalry, 12 to 16 batteries of Artillery,

about 29,000

45

drill

of the Infantry,

and the well-groomed and glossy horses of the Cavalry but he will be pleased with ;

consists of 48 regiments

8 battalions of Bersaglieri, 22

the picturesque uniforms of the

Army, the and active

extremely smart appearance

Alpine Companies, 61 batteries of Artillery, movements of the Bersaglieri, with their

and 35 companies of Engineers. It is waving green plumes, and with the, martial formed into twelve divisions in time of war. and powerful bearing of the Alpini,- with Besides the above, there are 342 their upright plumes in their head-dress

;

30

battalions,

Engineer

companies, and

and he will find that the cry of " Evviva

100 companies of Foot Artillery of the

Re Umberto " sounds

Landsturm,

strong here as our

for garrison purpose.

In peace-

just

as

own English

loud "

God

il

and save

time dep6ts for the Landwehr and Land- the Queen." The impression that he will sturm are not organised preparations are take away with him will be that the war:

like spirit of the ancient Romans has not them. however being made In this manner is organised the Army been lost in their descendants, and that the which has now for about ten years proudly young kingdom of Italy is well prepared taken its place alongside the proved and to throw her Army as a decisive weight on

for instituting

Concln-

'

war-tried

armies of the

Anyone accustomed

senior

to English or

Powers. to

the side

German European war.

of victory in

some

future

FRANCE. oi<«o

'

I

"HE

next on the

list

is

France, our

nearest continental neighbour,

•*-

who

thorough revision

and reorganisation of

Army. The laws

her

of 1872 and 1873 were passed European Military Powers. In the dis- with a view to this object, and by them astrous war of 1870 she lost this position Universal Conscription was introduced, as for

a

long time was

the

foremost

of

(

and has ever since then been in Germany. On economical grounds, all making the most strenuous exertions to able-bodied conscripts were divided into regain something of her old strength by two classes, the first of which serves five

entirely,

years with the Colours, and the second only

one year. After his

five years' active service

one year, as the case

may

(or Terms of

be) the soldier

goes for four (or eight) years to the Active Reserve.

Thereafter he enters the Terri-

Army Army

torial

torial

for five years,

and the Terri-

Reserve for a subsequent six

making twenty years in all. The Active Army and its Reserve form the Army of the 1st Line, and the Territorial

years,

Army

and

its

Army

Reserve the

of the

2nd Line.

The

institution of one-year Volunteers

much larger area than in the German Army. The main point looked to

covers a

would-be one-year Volunteer is whether he can pay his 1,500 francs the scientific in a

;

and educational

from such candidates in Germany are quite a secondary consideration in France. certificates required

France was not content with following Officer?

of-

Mountain Kptilkp^,

the

German model when she

re-constituted

Franc

Offiezp of (Sulrasglees wii§ Stan3.ar3..

Si3.e-3.e-Carr.p.

In^antr^ of

Printed by 0. Liiwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria

ilje

Iaine.

(aenCTal,

;e.

i.

Ppivaie ancl Ofjjisep of Ri|kg. (Zljaggeup a eijeval.

Tpanspopi Coppg.

tttgtne&t Published by

William Glowet

&

Sons,

L

,

London.

— FRANCE. her

Army, but endeavoured

47

to organise a

system whereby an enormous number of trained soldiers should be turned out in

the shortest possible time

—something

like

the " levee en masse " which took place at

the time of the French Revolution in 1793.

This has been the aim of successive war ministers since

1

87 1.

It

seems to have been

New Law. brought to a conclusive issue by the law of the 15th July, 1889, which for severity

and harshness

appears

military sacrifices

to

any

surpass

and duties ever demanded

of any people.

The main follows 1.

points of

this

law are as

:

Extension of

liability to service

from

twenty to twenty-five years. 2.

Change from

five years' to three years'

Offiazp of Mountain Rifle?.

service with the Colours.

exemptions

from conclusion if, however, they have not service even the only sons of widows, the given satisfaction in the ranks, they may eldest sons of orphans, and those whose be kept on for another two years. Candi3.

Abolition

of

all

;

;

brothers are already serving, must serve

one year, and

may be

sent

away

at

its

dates

for

higher

the

professions

and

theological students will have to serve for

one year, the

latter

to serve

as bearers

during active service.

One-year Volunteers

4.

to

be drawn

exclusively from students of science,

and

from a few moderately high schools.

Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who are unfit for service, and by any who are con scribed for 5.

less

A

than three years. final

point

is

stating that no one

mental

given to this law by is

to accept a govern-

departmental

or

having previously served either

Army

office

without

for five years in

or Navy, and during two of

these years to have served in the capacity of

either

officer

or

non-commissioned

officer.

Hospital OpSerl^

>uP2Con.

The

war-strength of France was, before

w*rStrength.

Franc*

Printed by 0. L&weiiaohn, Fuerth Bavaria \

Marine

inj'anipj?

(Tpopieal SFiop2 Rig)

Marine Kptillew (Tpopiea! S/jor-e Rig). (tln3.pe.sg ai;3. Full ]9p£#g),

PvMhlied by William

Cloives

&

Horn, L^,

Limdmu

FRANCE. dress

shako and double-breasted dark-

is

The

blue tunic.

battalions wear

Rifle

blue-grey trousers.

The

foreign troops, chiefly African, form

a remarkable feature in the French

Army

;

they consist of Zouaves, Turcos, Foreign Legion, and Spahis, and take the

French

the

troops

against

field

with

any Power,

civilised or otherwise.

The Zouaves were tribe,

forced

whom

picturesque,

Arab

French conquered and

the

pay

to

originally an

Their

tribute.

consisting

of an

dress

is

open blue

jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers,

and white

gaiters, their

head-gear being a

red fez with or without a white turban.

At

the ^present time, there are but few

Africans amongst them, the greater portion

being Frenchmen, pure and simple.

The Turcos

are natives of Algeria and

Tunis, induced to enlist

£16.

Their dress

Zouaves,

is

excepting

by a bounty of

similar to that of the

that

knicker-

their

bockers are blue, or white, instead of red.

Both Zouaves and Turcos have many The attributes of good Light Infantry. former are renowned for their energy and activity in the

attack,

and the

latter for

and crawling powers.

their stalking

As

a prospect of victory, these

long as there

is

troops are

Han and courage, but a much of their spirit out of

full

defeat takes

of

them.

Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions

of Z6phyrs Light African

They consist of very bad who are sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison Infantry.

characters

different districts in Algeria, as

a rule the

most unpleasant ones, and though formerly never employed in Europe, will allowed to do so in future wars.

now be

28

49

FRANCE.

5°

as

many

men,

as 25,000

is

more or

less

connected with the Army, for though peace-time in

it is

war-time

many

it

employed on police-duty, would be formed into as

Field Divisions of military police as

would be required of the

in

for

keeping order

in rear

The Garde-Republicaine of

Army.

Paris (Cavalry

and Infantry),

a branch

is

of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army, and the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers,

though militarily organised,

is

in

reality

only the Fire Brigade.

The Train

consists of 19 squadrons of 5

companies each. Besides

the

military corps

Telegraph

Hallway Troop.

above

troops,

there

are

organised for Postal and

service

in

the

field

;

also

a

Balloon Corps, a Carrier-pigeon Corps, a

and horse straining every muscle to be

first

Cyclist Corps, and a Dog-training Corps.

in the race.

The

Artillery.

Field

Artillery

brigades (one to each of 2 regiments.

has

12,

so that each

Each

Army

of

19

Corps), each

One

of these regiments

n

batteries, including

the other

between them

consists

3 batteries of

Army

Horse Artillery,

Corps has 23

batteries.

battery has 6 guns, fully-horsed even

Besides these, some moun-

in peace-time.

tain batteries are going to be formed, but

only in case of need.

The

Artillery

(3'53-in.) gun, It

was

is

armed with an excellent De Bange system.

on the

entirely re-armed with these after

the 1870-71 campaign, and at an enormous cost.

The

Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of

6 batteries each, rate Engineers.

new of

also

armed with

first-

there

are

4 regiments,

battalions.

An

independent

Of Engineers each

is

guns.

5

Railway Regiment has lately been formed.

The Corps

of Gendarmerie, numbering

Trumpeted

o;f

(aapcle

i§z

Papig

Mounted

RepuBlieaine,

FRANCE. Military Schools.

/

There are numerous schools

in

France

intended either for military education or further military instruction.

them

ceedingly numerous, well armed,

Chief amongst warlike

the Military School of St. Cyr, into

is

Sf

it

is

well organised,

and endowed with a proper "

Although not

spirit.

the best in

Frenchman

the world," as every

will tell

which 400 candidates are admitted every you, the French soldier is possessed of year as cadets, after a competitive ex- many excellent and soldier-like qualities.

The

amination.

and

the

course lasts for two years,

cadets

are then

lieutenants to the

The

sent

Infantry and

as

Cavalry.

Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250

cadets annually under like conditions to the

one's

judgment by the

of the men, both as regards physique and uniform.

The

soldier

called

is

"

Piou-piou," as the Infantry

by

his fellow-countrymen,

who

Artillery

lounges

and Engineers.

about with his

In the time of

k^pi

Napoleon

the back of his

great

the

a

I.,

many

of

and

his

hands deep

officers, in-

some

on

well

head

of

cluding

in

most

baggy trouser-pockets,

famous

mar-

does

shals, rose

from

not

his

the ranks

even

Total Forces.

One cannot form

2nd extremely slack and unsmart appearance

;

his

and

now

certainly

present

a

soldier-like ap-

a

but

pearance,

same

the

very large pro-

all

portion of them

he

come from the same source. The whole

and handy man

of

France

on

service,

and

field

of

battle advances

is

Cfjaggeup

3.'

p 1 u c k i 1 y through a mur-

Sfrigae:

ministrative and organising purposes each of which an

in

The

an active

on the

divided for ad-

quartered.

is

into 18 Regions,

derous

Army

alarm.

19th Corps

is

Corps

is

in Algeria.

Each Army Corps comprises

2 Infantry

If

with

fire,

with

we now come an

Army

thought of danger or

little

to the question why,

which

has

given

many campaigns

such

Divisions, each of 2 brigades of 2 regiments

numerous proofs

each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade

valour and excellence, France has not kept

of Cavalry (2 regiments), and a brigade of

up her

reviewing the size and organisation

of the French Army, struck

by the

prestige, the

answer

not in the morale of the

Artillery.

On

in

we cannot

help being

fact that, besides being ex-

is

of

its

to be found,

Army, but

in that

of France herself, a country in which the spirit

of order and

subjection,

stern devotion to duty

which

is

and that

the founda-

FRANCE.

52

have never taken declaration of war, in conjunction with the Ambition and desire of conquest troops she has had stationed on her frontier

of

tion root.

discipline,

all

and for defence by means of a defensive system and are certainly not wanton a vast scale, the French character. Higher than the outer line of which consists of frontierhowever, stands the feeling of duty fortresses and stop-gap forts from the Swiss

form the motive-power of many great and during peace-time

;

glorious deeds,

ing in these,

man

which keeps a all

hardships and

for his

own

gain or

without a thought

loss,

simply because he

has learned to subject his

On

one.

discipline

through to the Belgian

his post

at

perils,

this foundation

will to a

frontier,

a strong

Behind

this

firs.t

line

of defence a second one has been built,

which permits of no loosening of consisting of entrenched camps between

the bonds of training and order even in

forty

times of disaster, and which keeps up the

Langres to Rheims.

spirit

now

Toul and Verdun, on the right

fortress,

higher bank of the Meuse.

can be raised a

from Belfort, over

the Vosges ridge to Epinal,

of the

Army

and

faith in ite final

and fifty miles apart, and reaching from There are, in fact, but roads

few

into

France

which

are

not

by the fire of some fortress or cannot be learnt other. The central point of the whole of years', nor even this vast defensive system is the huge

success even under the heaviest blows of covered

This feeling

misfortune. in

a three years', nor

five

twenty-five years' service,

if it

is

not in-

of Paris, which, with her circle of

fortress

grained and actually born in the national

protecting forts surrounding her on a fifteep-

character and national system of education.

mile radius,

Without these main features even universal than a

The

conscription itself will not be successful, and

the

Draconian

recent

although

it

may

law

in

armed men, will not produce that combined action and willingness their

France,

lie

bring forth vast masses of the

leaders to the

death

feeling of

to follow

which

is

so

is

more

like a fortified province

fortress.

secret of victory, however, does not

armaments like these. "It is which forms the body " and brings

in vast spirit

into subjection the material powers for

own

objects.

War

material forces

;

is

it is

its

not only a combat of in

a higher sense a

whom

the combat of cultured forces. Let us, theremilitary spirit is thoroughly implanted. fore, remember that the best preparation for France is well-armed for attack as well trial by combat does not lie in continual for attack, by means of the striving to over-reach another in material as defence great armed masses which she can throw and brute force, but in the striving after a

characteristic

of nations

in

;

into

the

enemy's

country

at

the

first

more complete development of warlike skill.

ADDENDUM TO FRANCE. <*®ioc

Now

Pp. 46, 47.

come

that the

new law has and young, who have

into force, July 1890, the terms of

have been entirely changed.

service

the law

now

stands, seven-tenths

As

of the

annual contingent of recruits have to serve for

3 years,

and three-tenths

After his colour-service, a

for

man

1

Active Reserve for 7 (or 9) years, then the Territorial Army for 6 years, and after

Reserve for 9 years

that the Territorial

more

—total 25 years.

312,000 youths reach the military age

Of

(20) every year.

these

only 174,000

is

strength.

put

it

The

latest trustworthy estimates

at 2,790,000

P. 49.

therefore hardly

French fighting-

a just estimate of the

year.

joins the

and

military training,

ever received any

men.

The Cavalry

is

now, or

be

will

very shortly, composed of 92 regiments of 5

squadrons, and 4 regiments of Spahis of

6 squadrons each

They

—

total,

484 squadrons.

consist of

14 Regiments of Cuirassiers,

34 22

,.

»

Dragoons,

„

„ Chasseurs a Cheval,

be that by 19 15 A.D.

14

„

„

Hussars,

there will be no fewer than 3,500,000 of

8

„

„

Chasseurs dAfrique,

Frenchmen properly trained as soldiers and ready to take the field, and 60,000

4

„

„ Spahis.

are required for colour-service.

new law

of the

trained

added N.B. given

men

to the

will

per

army

annum

will

The

effect

have been

P. 49.

formed.

!

— The war-strength of over 4,000,000 on page 47 includes

Total, 96 regiments.

all

men, old

numbers

12

Mountain Batteries are being

There given,

are,

12

Algeria, and Tunis.

in

addition to

batteries

in

the

Corsica,

—

RUSSIA. *«o

T) USSIA

I\

situated,

is

from a military

point of view, quite differently to

The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the requisite age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these

any other European country, for of the whole Russian Empire only about a only 225,000 are conscribed, and the requiquarter lies in Europe. This quarter, it is site number for the Army are selected from true, is larger, than the rest of all Europe these by lot the remainder are sent to ;

put together, but

contains only a third

it

of the population.

far

greater

lies

part

Although by of her dominions

the in

body, there-

latter

of a huge mass of men, but

fore, consists

There

mostly untrained.

another continent, Russia has had a pretty body of men, large finger in the European pie, and will

The

the Opoltschenie.

like the

is

no middle

German Landwehr,

Russian Army.

in the

no doubt, often mix herself The Regular Army is divided into four European politics. Her policy, if it bodies, according to the respective duties

in the future,

up

in

can be called

so,

Western questions

is

in

eventually to bring

her

to

try to influence

such a manner as Slav races under

all

on an European

and

footing,

German model.

chiefly

ever, the

In 1874 she brought in

upper

the clergy, and

classes,

officials,

i.e.,

the nobility,

that the soldier

is

The

are exempt.

actual Colour service lasts six years

;

after

sent for nine years

more

to the Reserve, which can be called out to

reinforce the Standing rest of his time,

year

of

—a

During the

up to his twentieth he belongs to the

i.e.,

service

Opoltschenie

Army.

body of men

German Landsturm.

first

similar to

Field Forces are intended to be the

to take the field in case of war.

Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments

on the

Universal Conscription, from which, how-

the

Local Forces.

The

Army

are the Field

Forces, Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and

rule.

Russia has therefore organised her

They

required from them.

of

4

and

each,

battalions

battalions, as follows

58^

Rifle

:

12 Regiments of the Guard.

16

Grenadiers.

„

Infantry of the Line. „ 4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard.

164

S4i

»

The

Guard

privileges officers

Line.

„

»

Regiments

denied to the

enjoy

rest,

and

many their

rank one step higher in the Army.

Many

alterations

in

the uniform have

Infantry,

RUSSIA.

54

been made by the

The

Czar.

present

dark green colour has been preserved, but the cut of the tunic has been altered from that

of the

Prussian

tunic

to

a

loose

double-breasted jacket fastened with hook

and

eye,

gear

is

and with no buttons.

The head-

a round fur-cap, white in the case

of Generals and Staff-officers, and black in all others.

the still

way

The

soldier has

of metal-polishing,

little it

is

to

do

true,

in

but

the eye misses the accustomed glint

which one usually associates with a miliThe Regiments of the tary uniform.

Guard and Grenadiers have

special

dis-

tinguishing marks on their uniform.

The

Infantry

rifle

is

a useful breech-

loader with bayonet, on the system of the

American the

General

question

Government has

of

Regarding

Berdan.

magazine-rifles,

not yet

made up

Infant^ (5 eaV ^ mapel)mg

ot=ckp)

the its

Cossaek of

Cogsaek of

ifje

ijjet

(auapcL

Caueagu?,

— RUSSIA. mind

;

so

that,

events, Russia

is

for

the

present

at

all

rather behindhand in the

matter. Cavalry.

55

Brigade

Guard

of

and

Artillery,

besides the above, there are two

The Cavalry of the of:—

Field Forces consists

Mountain

The

;

Mounted

Batteries.

Field Batteries have 8 guns, only

of which are horsed

Guard Cavalry 4 Regiments of

23

Horse Artillery of the Line

batteries of

4

A

peace-time.

in

:

Horse Artillery

2

„

„

Dragoons,

2

„

„

Hussars,

2

„

„

Lancers.

and

46

regiments

fully-horsed guns.

The

materiel consists of excellent steel-

mostly

guns,

works

Krupp's

from

in

Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns of Dragoons

of the

Line.

The

has 6

always

Battery

Cuirassiers,

being

4' 16 inches,

and that of the

light ones

3"39 inches.

Cuirassier regiments have

is

The Engineers

Besides the of Sappers

remainder 6 squadrons each. above, there

4, the

a Division (2 squadrons) of Grenadier

consist of 17 battalions Engineers,

(including Battalion),

Guard and

I

and

a

few

I

inde-

Crimean Tartar Cavalry, which would be pendent companies, 8 battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6 Fieldexpanded in case -of war to a regiment. The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as parks, 16 Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 can be seen by our plates, is very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of the Line. The whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved sabre, called a " Shashka," which is worn on a narrow

band over the

right shoulder.

The

front-

ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry

Siege-parks.

There

is

time by Reserves. mobility

Army

no Train

taking

Hence

;

it is

formed

men from it

in

war-

the Cavalry

would appear that the

and manoeuvring power of the

in the field

would not be very

During peace-time the Reserve

great. forces,

and on full-dress which would have to complete the Army occasions, but these would not be taken on to war strength on its taking the field, and service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, the Ersatz forces, whose duty it would be somewhat shorter than that of the to fill up gaps caused by death, wounds, Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on disease, etc., during the war, are only other Cavalry represented by dep6t-cadres. the " Shashka "-scabbard To the Local forces belong 50^ battalions regiments carry the Berdan carbine. of Garrison Artillery, distributed amongst The Field Artillery consists of :— lances on garrison-duty

;

Artillery,

3 Brigades of

Guard Field

4 Brigades

of

the fortresses of the country, besides 32 Artillery,

Grenadier

Line battalions, quartered

in Asiatic

Russia

Field for garrison duties

;

they may, however,

if

Artillery,

necessary, be

44 Brigades of Field Artillery of the

To

Line. troops,"

Each brigade numbering 6

The

Horse

Artillery

of

1

out,

"

Service.

Instruction

which practise new regulations,

and otherwise, as they are brought and experimentalise with new arms

tactical

batteries.

consists

employed on Active

these forces also belong the

RUSSIA.

56

The Corps have

and equipment when necessary. of

Gendarmes and the Frontier Guards may dominion

also

be said to form part of the Local

Forces.

The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19

Army

Corps and the Grenadier Corps) Infantry Divisions, and

;

Cavalry Division,

1

with their Artillery, form an

The

to 3

Army

Corps.

Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry

Brigades, each of 2 regiments and

A

of Field Artillery.

numbers

same way

in the

regiments each

Horse

brigade

2 brigades of 2 2

besides

;

I

Cavalry Division batteries

by the Cossack chief Jermac,

ingly interesting.

The peace-strength of

the

in

exceed-

His conquering

that oi the Spaniards

progress equalled

under Cortez

is

1758 with a following

of only 840 Cossacks.

Mexico

in

for

adventure and

for the great results that flowed

from his

successes.

Although attached sacks are Russian

ordinarily

Regular Army

history

This bold leader crossed

and

sharp

language,

Gifted with extra-

senses,

born

hospitable,

to Russia, the Cos-

in neither their

of religion, nor customs.

Artillery.

The

further into Asia.

Corps (including the Guard the Ural mountains 2

Russian

the

carrying

in

of the settlement of these tribes in Siberia, led

forces. Total

assisted

good-humoured,

warriors,

excellent

comes to something like 700,000 men and horsemen, and good shots, they are yet 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to difficult to govern, and inclined somewhat to 1,800,000

men and

3,260 guns.

In addition to this enormous number bound there are the Irregular troops peculiar to Russia

The

Cossacks.

—a

force quite

—namely, the Cossacks.*

Cossacks

are

Now that

insubordination.

of

tribes

down

to

stay in settled districts,

instead of wandering their wildness has

mixed down, and they

they have been

all

over the country,

been somewhat toned

are of inestimable value to

They Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, are descended from tribes of horsemen, who in the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the after the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth Crimea, and on the Seas of Azov or of In return for lands granted by century settled on the Don and Dnieper Aral. and established their own forms of govern- the government on the different fron-

'Russian, Turkish,

ment.

a

and Tatar blood.

Every three years they used to

"Hetman"

as

chief,

elders, " Narschines," to

Don

elect

with a council of assist him.

tiers,

every Cossack

They

soldier.

The and

is

bound

to serve as a

have a military organisation

are divided into Cavalry regiments, or

Cossacks of Great Russia have their " polks."

head-quarters north of the Sea of in the

mountainous

Azov and

districts of that region.

They are

gradually being more and more

definitely organised, disciplined, and trained.

Branches of these Cossacks have settled on

Each man has to provide himself with Sea of clothing and equipment according to reguthe Volga, on the shores of the Azov, along the Ural, in the Kuban North- lation, and with a horse, and keep them western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever up during his time of service. The uniform since they *

From

became subject the

which means

to Russia they

Turco-Tataric

word and

in Turkish a robber,

a free lightly-armed warrior.

Kasak, in Tatar

short coat, "kasakin," or a long one, " tcherkesska," with a woollen

consists in a

shirt, "

no

beshmet," loose trousers, k»g-boots,

spurs,

and a

fur-cap, " papasha.'/ Their

RUSSIA.

Offieo? of

Hz FieU

weapon

chief

is

57

Fielcl

Poliee (fall a«wi).

GkncLapme: (gepvlee

kit).

a long pennonless lance, worst forage possible does not come amiss

with sabre ("shashka"),

pistol,

or in the to them.

case of Cossacks of the Caucasus,

long

A

Cossack rides

in the Oriental

manner,

...

" kin-

knives, z

ha

finally,

a

of some

sort.

Their

with a loose

t.e.

rein,

and

1,"

short

and

stirrup, toes

small

down

horse

looking horses

of

his

are not to be

and

treats

beaten

kindly.

Their extra-

bility,

journey

not too

and in

over

getting ;

all

and the

obstacles of

ground,

extraordi-

nary,

endur-

cleverness

their hardiness is

mo-

a n c e,

much

them

for

him

ordinary

of twenty hours is

he

fond

insignificant-

day's

;

very

is

for enand speed A durance.

teristics.

high

saddle,

rifle

Cossack Charac-

,

Cogjsaek of

if)£

^moup,

cularly

partifit

the

RUSSIA.

58

Cossack

troops

for

naissance duty, for

and recon- the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although rapid raids and bold these people render Russia most valuable outpost

surprises, as well as for the pursuit of the

What

enemy.

is

advantage

least

service in her Asiatic possessions,

still

she

also by no means their can hardly count on their services in an

is

that this

mode

of em-

European war, so that an invasion by these

ploying them in war would leave the regular Asiatic races, like what happened in the Russian Cavalry free for actual combat in times of Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need the

not be taken into account by the Europe of

field.

The Cossack Army which

best

shows to-day.

Laying J a

the Cossack peculiarities of character and organisation

which numbers

Bodyguard

Don

that of the

is

Cossacks,

in peace-time, besides the

Regiment

regiments of Cavalry,

of

Cossacks,

15

battery of Guard-

1

Cossacks, and 7 batteries of the Line.

In

the

aside

of these

question ^

sions.

Russia possesses

we cannot deny that a well-disciplined Army,

and one which

prepared for war.

Irregular

mistaken

troops,

is

idea

to

It is

a

Russian

imagine the

soldier to be half a barbarian

and a foe to

Frederick the Great learnt

war-time these numbers can be considerably higher culture.

and the whole Cossack Army to respect Russia as a powerful adversary, would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, and in the beginning of this century she 136 regiments Cavalry, and 40 Horse brought a heavy weight to bear in favour increased,

of Austria and Prussia, and fought valiantly

Batteries (236 guns).

This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who as their ally against the power of Napoleon eat,

drink,

saddles,

eager

precede the Regular selves

where

to

it,

is

well

for

Army

in

plunder,

their

either

or attach them-

known

in

Germany,

appeared during the Wars of the

it

Liberation (1806-1815). Schiller

and die

sleep, live

and,

:

"

One mightsay with

The rider and

fearsome guests."

his swift horse are

On the whole,

it

I.

Since that period Russia has

but in the organisation and arming of her

as

a

;

universal conscription has also acted

powerful

Germany

seems to future ;

is

papers.

than

tribes

such as

the Tatars of the

Crimea, the

inhabitants of the Caucasus, theTchcrkesses,

fight

near or in the distant

pro and

of the

con to the news-

The time may come, but all we know about the matter is that Germany is fully prepared and, though need

some of the other foreign found amongst the Russian Irregulars, respecting her

the Cossacks are

universal will

will leave the discussion

than as friends. discipline

to

Russia

a matter that does not concern us

we

probabilities

amenable to

the

in

with feelings of greater respect as enemies

less

assistant

Whether

education.

be the fate of the Cossacks to be regarded here

Still

made

important progress, not only in her culture,

Army

afraid of her.

possible

Conclu-

adversary,

is

not.

—

—

ADDENDUM TO

RUSSIA.

>:*k°

P. 53.

The Russian

Infantry

now num-

bers

Pp.

10 Regiments of the Guard, 18

„

„

Grenadiers,

164

„

„

the Line,

20

„

„

Rifles (2 battalions each)

4

38 Rifle Battalions of the Line.

Rifle Battalions of the Guard,

56-58.

The Cossacks form

gether 32 Regiments Regular Cavalry,

136 Squadrons Irregular 7 Battalions of Infantry, 1

2 Batteries of Artillery.

„

alto-

Switzerland.

Office? o| In|antp^.

OffiazT of Kpiilleev. 1 rinted by 0. LBweruohn, Fuerth Bavaria

Denmark.

Published by

William Qlnw*

&

Sont,

L

,

London-

——

DENMARK.

T

HE

military organisations of the Great

patterns to the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must have an

own wherewith

to defend

its

Army

actual or imaginary.

depend on the Historical.

size,

of

its

independence

and secure the vindication of

and

its

rights,

strength would

Its

geographical situation,

recent

times

Denmark has once

the

small

State

to

and courage,

Prussia.

of the tiny Danish

Army

Powers,

and

which they

the

offered,

fortifications at

withstood the

of the

other two

determined

opposition

vastly superior forces

more

especially in their

Danewirke, Duppel, and the

Island of Alsen, until their last hope of

historical associations of the State.

In

Denmark and The resolution however, with which the men

separated the Duchies from

Powers of Europe have served as gave them

of

or twice been obliged

foreign intervention

honourable

had gone, bear most

testimony to the excellence

to have recourse to arms, in order to keep

and courage of the Danish troops. possession of the Duchies of SchleswigAfter this war Denmark made use of Holstein, to the right of attaching which her bitter experience in reorganising her to the Danish crown, or rather to their Army on new lines, a proof that she had, absorption into the Danish commonwealth, in spite of the loss of her lands, by no Prussia objected. In the year 1848-49 means given up the idea of being a Power the

small

Danish

making such a

Army

succeeded

in

gallant stand against the

might of Prussia, that time was gained

for

the North of Europe.

in

She has now

made an important step in by introducing universal

line

the military conscription,

other great Powers, namely, Russia and

the terms of which are four years with the

The

Colours, four in the Reserve, and eight in

England, to step

in in

her favour.

Terms of

was that Prussia was obliged to the " Reinforcement " Reserve. The Danish Army is now constituted stay her hand from taking under her result

protection the

German

inhabitants of the

r

as Organisation.

,,

follows

:

two Duchies. In 1863-64, when Prussia and Austria

took in hand the German rights

in the

Infantry I

Duchies, circumstances were considerably,

and the war, which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close by the Treaty of Vienna, which once and for all altered,

10

Infantry,

Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve. Battalion

of

Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and 1 battalion Reinforcement Reserve, forming

5

brigades

—— DENMARK.

6o

and

lions

batteries only exist

depdt-

as

cadres.

The

Infantry

loading

is still

armed with a

the Remington, but

rifle,

single-

it

is

in-

tended to shortly arm them with a magazinerifle,

which

now

is

The Cavalry Remington

is

in course of preparation.

armed with the sabre and Their Jutland horses

carbine.

are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large purchases of horses have been in

Germany to improve the The Danish character is

for

stout resistance and

for daring courage,

ingly

made

breed. better adapted

endurance than

and the

Army

accord-

better fitted for a defensive r61e,

is

such as holding a fortified position to the last

extremity, than

and bold

The

attack.

general plan of national defence

Copenhagen, Jutland, 2 Seeland and

1

garrisoned

Danish

is

going to be turned into a

by the

Army

larger

portion

in case of war.

Cavalry 1

Regiment Hussars of the Guard and 4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 squadrons.

Artillery.

Artillery

—2 Regiments of 2 — 12 Line and

Field Artillery sions

each

divi-

total,

4

Reinforcement Reserve Batteries. Garrison Artillery

—

2

Battalions

—

total,

6 Line and 4 Reinforcement Reserve Companies. Engineers.

Engineers

—

1

Regiment of

5

Line and 3

Reserve Companies. Train

—4 Sections.

The is

total strength of the

Danish

Army

reckoned at about 50,000 men, with 128

guns.

is

Funen) great entrenched camp, which would be

of 2 regiments each. Cavalry.

offensive action

based on this characteristic, for the capital,

Foot dmapcUman.

(2

for

The Reinforcement Reserve

batta-

-•— v„

of the

Sweden.

aval Offieep.

Dragoon -druapcU.

Engineer*.

Printed by O. LBwensohn, Fuerili Bavaria

Officer of Artillery.

tf)e

Bo3.y-(suap3..

Norway.

(suapcU. Itrfantpj?

(Maying

Office? of Engineers.

Op&er).

Pvblithed by

William Clowes

&

Som,

Ld ,

London.

——

—

SWEDEN AND NORWAY. oi*?o

QWEDEN, *"-*

which once,

time of Corps, whilst the latter

in the

the Thirty Years' War, represented

part of the

greater

during the

are,

year,

on

furlough,

first Military Power in Europe, keeps looking after their farms. up now only a small Army, just large The third portion is the "Bewaring," enough for the needs of the country. The which consists of all men between their military system of Sweden is a peculiar twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age. one, and entirely different from that of In case of war they would have to reinforce other States. the other two portions. OrganisaThe whole land is divided into a great The Swedish A'rmy consists of tion. " small many Rote " or Divisions, each of

the

Military

which has to supply one able-bodied man of the right age for the

Army.

This

man

Infantry

2

serves for as long as his physical powers last.

He

receives a small property, con-

„

Body-Grenadiers,

»

»

Infantry,

pay as long for the

2 Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and

and ploughland, and

as he

4 is

Rifle battalions.

actually with

the Colours.

Men

„

17

sisting of house, farm, definite

Infantry.

2 Regiments of the Body-Guard,

Cavalry are provided

in

a

Each regiment consists of 2 battalions and 3 in war-time this would

in peace-

:

very similar manner with their horses by give 48 and 69 battalions respectively. the larger landowners or " Rusthalters," in return for their

1

taxes.

The second

" Indelta "

portion of the Swedish

enlist voluntarily for

to six years' service,

men.

Army

men

of the " Varfvade," the

which body

of

of

Life-Guards

of

4

4 Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons, 2

Regiments of Dragoons with altogether

1

Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons.

from two

15 squadrons,

and may re-engage

for further service.

The Varfvade men can be

trained

more thoroughly than those of the for the

Regiment squadrons,

These troops are called consists

Cavalry.

Cavalry

exemption from certain

much

Indelta,

former are continually with their

Total, 47 squadrons.

Artillery

of

5

— 3 Regiments of Field

Artillery, Artillery,

divisions of 2 batteries each, the

—

:

SWEDEN AND NOR WA Y.

62

regiment consisting of 10

6

(2 " Driving,"

and

Horse-Artillery,

batteries, besides the

there are only cadres in existence.

"Foot") event of war, the Line

2

Reserve Artillery consist

of

brigades

5

In the

Infantry would

of 4

battalions

—

and 6 Driving-batteries. each total, 20 battalions. The Cavalry of Each battery has about 6 guns, which 1 brigade of 3 Corps of Light Dragoons gives a total number of 234 field-guns. total, 1 1 squadrons the Artillery of 5 Foot

of 3

;

Engineers.

Engineers

—

Pontoon

1

battalions =11

battalion, including

a Field-Telegraph Company, and

Engineers of a small division.

I

—

1

The

battalion of 2 companies.

The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat The quiet and leisurely way which a battalion

astonishing.

The

is

Every time a man his

rifle,

the

total,

will

of the Swedish and Norwegian the Remington, which, however,

is

shortly be

replaced

by a magazine-

something

are

by a

directed

sergeant in the centre with uplifted

rifle.

in the firing-line

snaps

he shouts out "Piff-paff!"

The

introduction of a

Grand

;

skirmishers have to keep

and

exactly in line

drills

rifle

Infantry

out of date. in

66 guns

about 18,000 men.

battalion of Sappers.

Train

batteries with

new

magazine-rifle will,

therefore, probably cause

some

fatigue to

the throats of the Swedish Infantry.

NORWAY. Although Norway is united under the same Crown with Sweden, still her military system

entirely from

differs

that of the

latter.

Military System.

Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years old

is

sent to the so-called "

armament," to serve

five

Land-

years in the Line,

"Landwehr" and four in the " Landsturm." The conscripts remain but very few weeks With the Colours. The main portion of the Army consists of men voluntarily enlisted, who are bound to stay four in the

|

for six years. Organisation.

The

Rifle Corps, of five

companies, of

which one forms a Guard-Company, conj

sisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted

men, |

constitutes the only Corps under

time of peace

;

of the

arms

'

in

Offleee

remaining troops j

(StancLapcl-Beape:)?)

of ige

(auaPcU (KncLpa larfgapclet),

hife.

—

)

SWEDEN AND NORWAY. rifle

invented by Colonel Jarman of their

Army.

63

The Cavalry carbine

made

addition to the

in

Artillery

is

the

carries

Remington

The

sabre.

being re-armed with new guns,

partly

in

the

Krupp works

at

Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel works. It is

strange to find here, in the north of

Europe, a head-dress similar to that south of the Alps.

The Norwegian Rifleman

wears an almost identical

hat with the

Italian Bersagliere.

The

idea of having their Army organised

for a foreign

campaign does not appear

to

have been entertained by the Norwegian-

Swedish government.

The men, however,

are tough fighters and

good campaigners,

sturdy

and

is

every reason to

believe that the Scandinavian

be in any case fully equal to Iaig§t Cavalpj?.

(Jemilancbs

§asijagai»eeoifp2.

destined country.

use

i.e.,

the

and

abstemious

enduring,

unassuming, and there

Army its

defence

would

true and

of

the

"

AND PORTUGAL.

SPAIN N I

most European States the Army is belong to certain named professions are worked by the Sovereign or Govern- allowed to buy exemptions from service for

ment of the country for the defence of the £60. Of the remaining able-bodied men Crown and the nation, and for the up- it is the ballot which decides which are to holding of the Law. This, however, was for enter the Active Army. a long time not the case portion of Europe, It

i.e.

in the south-western

the Iberian Peninsula.

could not be the case, for during even

this

century

revolution,

the

different

government introduced

even

on the whole,

for twelve years

rule,

at rapidly-recurring

have made

Army to

be always at the beck and

of purchase,

the head of the State for the time being.

The

All those

is

passed in

who

are not

taken by lot to serve with the Colours,

impossible for the including call

or three, or

are passed with the Colours.

less,

of the Active Reserve.

forms

intervals

it

is

succeeded remainder of a man's service

has

revolution

and

Service

of which six years, as a

Recruits

;

exempted by law and

those

classed

are

" these receive

"

as

Disponible

only a very short

The energetic young king, Alfonso XII., training and are called out to reinforce who ascended the Spanish throne in 1874 Army in case of necessity only. After (and

died

in

necessity of

Army, and

1885),

experienced

making himself

the

chief of the

instituted a military

system by

which he hoped to put an end to the

earlier

The Army

Disponible

2nd Reserve. The kingdom of Spain is divided up into

recruits enter the

14 Military Districts, each under a Captain-

is

therefore

Islands.

latter two battalions are in peace-time founded on the represented only by cadres, which would system of universal conscription, to which be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line every Spaniard becomes liable on attaining battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the

The

his

Peninsular

twentieth

Organisaoa"

general.

of Spain

and the Philippine Terms of

as such, the

six

These are again divided into 140 now Military Zones, each under a colonel, who divided into the Peninsular Army, which is responsible for mobilisation and supply serves in Spain itself, and the Colonial details. Each Zone comprises 1 Active, Army, which serves in Cuba, Puerto Rico, 1 Reserve, and 1 Dep6t battalions. These irregularities.

OrganisaHon.

years' service

"

the

Army

year.

is

Those

who

are

140 active battalions 20 are Rifles

exempted by law from the

Army

called out in time of war,

and those who battalions each.

are only

remainder form 60 Line regiments

;

the

of 2

infantry.

Spain.

R.i|leman.

Iaine InjWtpj;

(Mapping OpcUp. )

Offiee? of

Offhzp of Mounted

Rifle?.

GrencUpmepie.

Hopjse Sptillep^.

Ofjucep o| Ppineesg' Hw»ap;s.

(Mapping OpScp Printed

%


Luwensohn, Fuerth

Havana

)

kanea?.

ipain.

Portugal.

Published by

William Chives

&

Sons,

Ld

,

London-

— SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Artillery

—

5

65

Regiments of Divisional Ar-

Artillery,

6 batteries each, altogether

tillery of

30 batteries with

1

80 guns

;

regi-

5

ments of Corps Artillery of 4 batteries each, altogether 20 batteries with 1 20 guns

;

2 regiments of

Mountain

Artil-

each of 6 batteries, altogether

lery,

72 guns, and

1

regiment of Siege and

Position Artillery, 4 batteries of 4 guns

Total there-

each, altogether 16 guns.

and

guns,

388

fore,

9

battalions

Fortress Artillery.

Engineers

way and There

The

—

Pioneer regiments,

5

battalion,

Rail- Engineers,

Telegraph battalion,

1

S

Reserve regiments.

is

no Train

in

peace-strength

Army amounts

1

time of peace. of the

Peninsular

to 116,000 men.

Besides these there are 16 regiments of

Gendarmes 15,000

(Guardia

men,

and

Civil),

11,000

Carabineros, or Frontier Force.

There are higher

units

brigades,

Palaee.

of k§z

Hal6ei?clie:i?

peace-time no

in

than

divisions,

battalions

;

army

and

corps would be formed only in case of war.

The remainder

Army

consists of

Cavalry

—8

Lancers,

of the Spanish :

Regiments 14

of

Regiments

of

Cazaderos (Light Horse), 2

Regiments of Hussars, 4 Regiments of Dragoons, each of

4 squadrons. there

are

28

Besides these

Reserve

regi-

ments, of which only cadres exist

in

peace-time,

and

squadron of Life-Guards.

1

(srencpal

(|ull

ctaejfg).

numbering

men

of

the

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.

66

The Armament.

Colonial

Army, about 33,000 men

in

Army

exchequer), so that the

does not

by any means comprise as many men as The Infantry is armed the would appear from the strength as laid with Remington rifle, the Cavalry with sword down on paper. With a nominal peace and Remington carbine. Three sections* strength of 37,000, the actual strength is formed by voluntary enlistment.

all, is

of each squadron of Lancers lance. steel

The Artillery Krupp guns of

is

carry the only about 18,000.

armed with

inches calibre;

3*15

the Mountain Artillery with those of 2-95

The guns

inches.

the Colours, five years in the 1st Class,

and four

2nd Class Reserves.

in the

Infantry consists of 24 Line and Organisa-

The

however, been

have,

of service are three years with

The terms

cast-

12 Rifle regiments, each of 2 Active

altered to Colonel Placentia's system.

The two Royal Household Companies,

1

and

Dep6t battalions, altogether 72 battalions, Dep6t battalions being skeleton ones. Cavalry 10 regiments, of which the

Halberdiers, are the only ones who wear the the

—

old Spanish dress.

two are Lancers, and the remainder hot blood of the southerner with the Light Dragoons (Cacadores a Cavallo). determination and endurance of the Each regiment consists of 3 Active and 1 northerner, and would now count as one of Dep6t squadrons. the best soldiers in Europe if it were not Artillery 3 Regiments of Field Artil-

The Spaniard combines the

and

liveliness

first

—

that, in

consequence of the long

and disturbances

wars lery of 12 batteries each, 2 Regiments of

he had Garrison Artillery of 12 companies each, 1 amenable to dis- Mountain Brigade of 6 batteries. Total, If an instance is 32 Active and 10 Reserve batteries with

in the country,

become somewhat cipline than

civil

less

formerly.

—

fighting for

what Spaniards can do when 132 guns. their land and freedom, we Engineers

have only

to

required' of

look at the

guerilla

mountain warfare waged by nation

the

against

Napoleon

old

this

and

before the English troops

came

PORTUGAL. Service.

Universal Conscription

„

,

.

is

in

The

Force

of

Infantry

Army, a

this

men,

9,600

is

now armed

Kropatschek

repeating-rifle

had the Enfield

inch steel

chiefly

is

chiefly

Krupp

with the quite

till

;

rifle.

The

armed with

3 • 54-

guns.

,.

More

attention

but there are numerous exemptions and

Portugal to the

sendings on " unlimited furlough with the

and

"

besides

has,

recently, they

Portugal as well as in most other countries,

Colours

Reserve

1

Torpedo Company.

1

Field Artillery the rule

and

Active

natives.

to their

assistance.

Terms of

Portugal

of Colonial

at the beginning of this century,

and

battalions,

plucky

campaigners

—2

(in

order to save the national *

Out of four.

it

Navy than

to the

seems unlikely that the

engaged to

appears to be paid in

come.

Army,

latter will

in war, at all events for

be

some time

tion.

—

SWITZERLAND. —
THEFree

Swiss Republic, or

rather the

in the four "

At

time of war.

the

same

begin-

of any use, would require the people to be

Forest " towns of Schwyz,

naturally of a warlike tendency, and every

Uri, Unterwalden,

its

and Glarus.

was by man to be thoroughly accustomed to the use of a rifle in fine, it would require that

It

the treaties of 1815, upon which, after the

downfall of Napoleon tribution of

in

Confederation of twenty-two time, however, this system, in order to be

small Republics (Cantons), had

ning

Army

large

the present dis-

I.,

Powers was founded and

still

to

;

there

should

always

be

a

nucleus

of

thoroughly-trained troops, even in peace-

a great extent remains, that the neutrality time. of Switzerland was recognised, so that she

now,

is

to

all

and

intents

excluded from taking part war.

in

she

is

obliged

neutrality very strictly.

to

the

Of these

service, thirteen

are

"

by three spent in the Auszug (Active Army) and at any twelve in the "Landwehr." All able-bodied from any men between the ages of 17 to 50 who are guard her not employed in either of the above branches

This object she belong to the " Landsturm."

is

adapted to the exigencies of the country

on

from the

may

and by a military system which rests

liable to service

"

seeks to accomplish by universal conscrip-

and

is

an European twenty-five years of

her territories

traverse

quarter,

tion

Every Swiss

20th to the 44th year of his age.

Being, however, surrounded

Great Powers, whose Armies time

purposes,

so-called

"Militia

is

not

fine as

to serve has

fit

Anyone who pay a small

to

a sort of compensation.

In case of war the " Auszug " would provide the

Army

as follows

:

System."

According to

this

has to pass only a few weeks or months in

being trained, and

is

subsequently called

out for only a few weeks annually during peace-time.

—98 Fusilier and 8 Cavalry— 8 Regiments (24

system the conscript Infantry

This system certainly allows

of universal service in the widest sense

Rifle

Bat-

talions.

of Dragoons

and 12

squadrons)

Companies of

Guides. Artillery

— 24

of the word, and also gives a small State

Artillery,

the power of calling out a proportionally

lery,

Regiments

and

1

of

Field

of Mountain Artil-

each of 2 batteries of 6 guns

Organisa-

SWITZERLAND.

68

each

—

total,

300

guns,

10

besides

Engineers Train

The

nations.

Infantry

repeating Vetterli

batteries of Position Artillery.

—9 Battalions.

short

similar

—8 Battalions.

armed with the

is

the Rifles with a

rifle,

and

repeating-rifle,

Dragoons with a repeating-carbine.

the

The

Field Artillery has three patterns of guns

The

Strength

Army.

Army

Army comes

strength of the Field

to a jj OUt

IOOOO o men.

Staff and

It consists of

Divisions, each

8

the

com-

the light

-

soldier

is

comprising 2

Cavalry,

Rifle Battalion, 1

1

Company of Guides,

1

and

Hospital

Company. The Landwehr

many men

duty at home. troops

are

1

of Train,

not

As

for

as

as

the

the

Swiss

Cavalry of other

The Swiss Militiaman

1

uniform and consists

of

nearly as

to serve for

behindhand

with

other

home

keep

his

eye is,

in."

a'

with his

Thereafter he appears

yearly for a short training, "

on garrison education

arms, the Swiss

rifle.

trained for

is

Administration short time and then sent

1

as the Auszug, but the former

are only called on

;

not to be considered on the

is

Brigade of Artillery, nations, being feeble.

.Battalion' of Engineers,

Field

it

Regiment of Dragoons, same footing

1

The Swiss

more of a Light Infantry man

anything else

than

1

the heavy 3-93-^., and

the mountain 2 92-inch guns.

prising 2 Infantry Brigades^ each Brigade

Regiments of Infantry,

3-28-in.,

:

in

order to

This sketchy military

however, greatly helped by the

numerous Cadet divisions

by Volunteer

Rifle

in the schools, and

and Gymnastic

clubs.

Holland.

Printed by G. LSweneohn, Fuertii Bavaria

Belgium.

drcticle,

Engineers. Published by William Clowes

CapaB.iniep.

&

Sons,

L

,

Lcmdtm*

;

:

HOLLAND AND BELGIUM. oJ»io

HTHE -*-

Kingdom

"

instituted

of the Netherlands,"

that the training of the Militiamen

by the Vienna Congress so thorough

as

not

is

might be, and also that

it

In 1815, was, after the revolt of the southern

the troops are not always kept up to their

divided into two kingdoms, Holland and Belgium, the former extending from the mouth of the Ems to those of the

full

provinces,

Rhine, Maas, and Scheldt, and the latter

from these mouths to the north-eastern of

frontier

The

France,

Powers of Europe,

have

so

exempted them from keeping up standing

of

far

large

much

as

it

was

Militia

is

a com-

years of age

number

is

of'

bound

2

of

Rifles),

Regiments

of

5

— Grand 45 Regiments Cavalry — 3 each

Artillery

of

3

—

1

-

of

and

Corps

of

Field

Hussars,

one

Horse

Dep6t

Artillery,

Artillery,

alto-

Artil-

lery.

Engineers 1

—3

length of service of these

to

is

as

a

Field

1,000

matter

nine or even six

I

Companies,

consists partly of voluntarily-

Company, and Dep6t Company.

Army Depdt

3

Railway and Telegraph 1

Instruction

Besides the above there

The Army

and

battalions

and 4 regiments of Garrison

Fortress,

shortened

Field

5

of

battalions.

total,

regiments

to enter the Militia

these not to exceed

The

and

3

25

months.

enlisted

Line

Regi-

Rifle

battalions

able-

man between 20 and

men, nominally one year, of fact

(comprising

gether 42 batteries with 252 guns

Every

systems.

Organisa-

squadrons.

military system

bodied young

annually.

8

in 1830.

bination of the old Voluntary Enlistment

the

Grenadier and

1

armies, that their organisation

The Dutch the

—

ment

each

remains very

and

Infantry

—

of

tion.

Grenadiers neutrality

these two States, recognised by the other

Great

establishment.

The Standing Dutch Army consists

is

and-

a Colonial

of three companies, and the

men, who bind themselves to six Corps of Mar^chaussee, which corresponds

and partly of Militiamen. to the Gendarmerie in other States, 373 Gaps are often caused by the impossibility men. of filling Volunteer vacancies by MilitiaThe total strength of the Active Army men, and this leads to the disadvantage approaches 64,000 men and 270 guns. The

years' service,

Strength

HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.

7o

devoted to the furthering of her commercial interests, the chief duty of the

and colonial

Army

national

and

L

•

probably be confined to that of

will

defence.

obstacles

The numerous

numerous

to an invading army,

would be

which would

of great assistance in case of war. in fact,

sluices

offer

canals,

It has,

already happened that the country

by letting in the sea through the sluices and forming a general has

been

saved

inundation.

BELGIUM. Belgium also

is

not one of the warlike

She has, however, often served as a theatre of war for other nations, and her States.

neutrality

Colonial

Army,

recruited entirely

comes

enlistment,

to

by volun- prevent her

total

about 30,000 other Powers.

numerous, and

men. In case a necessity should arise for re-

been

always

dependence on the

Her Army is

is,

men

another body of formed,

the

" Schutterij,"

of

men between

their 20th

Dutch-

all

and

30th years not included in the Active

No

Army

the

or Militia.

great expectations can

be formed of

trained

for

body, for

this

members

only

are

forty

to

fifty

The Landsturm and

Rifle

hours annually.

Clubs are also destined to increase the strength of the

Army in

case of emergency.

Since Holland has been declared

a

neutral

and her energy

is

State, chiefly

Officer?

of

How

will of

considerably behindhand

both in organisation and training.

has

called

duly

however, not

Dutch Army,

inforcing the

been

not

She must therefore possess an Army, if only to watch her frontiers, and to

Infinity of i§z Seljuitcpij.

tary

has

respected.

Sptllkifg.

(HolW.)

:

—

:

)

HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.

7i

This makes altogether 58 Active and 20 Dep6t, battalions.

The Cavalry numbers

2 Divisions of 2

brigades of 2 regiments each,

i.e.

:

2

Regiments of Light Dragoons,,

2

Regiments

of

Guides

to

(similar

Hussars), and

4 Regiments of Lancers, each regiment numbering 4 Active and 1

Dep6t squadrons— Grand

ments, forming 32

total, 8

regi-

Active and 8 Depdt

squadrons. Artillery

—4

Regiments

Field

Artillery,

consisting of 30 Field,

4 Horse and

6

The Reserve

Reserve

batteries.

batteries are skeleton ones

and have

no guns. The remainder have 6 guns each total, 34 batteries with

—

204

0||iee:p

besides

3

regiments

turn.

dti?e:nacl.ie:i?;s

Conscripts are chosen by ballot at the

Terms

of Service.

o|

guns,

yearly

so-called

but

"Appels,"

this

is

either paying a substitute,

by by paying an exemption of £64, in consideration of which the Government provides a substitute of its own finding. easily evaded

or

Organisation.

The The

Belgian

Army

is

formed as follows

Infantry numbers 4 Divisions, or 9 Brigades of 2 or 3 regiments each, i.e

Regiment of Carbineers. Regiment of Grenadiers. of Rifles. Regiments 3 14 Regiments of Infantry of the Line. 1 1

The Carbineer Regiment Active and 2 Dep6t battalions

consists of ;

4

the remain-

der of 3 Active and 1 Dep6t battalions, the latter being only skeleton battalions.

Oj>jnee:p

oj^

CafZmCe:f$.

(Bdgiam,

of

HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.

72

Siege Artillery, each of 16 Siege, Reserve, and

Engineers

and

— 5

1

1

Depdt

batteries.

Regiment of

3

battalions,

companies for special work,

pontooning,

i.e.,

I

railway, telegraph,

pyrotechnic and general trades.

Train

—

Battalion of 6 companies.

The whole peace-strength numbers about

Army.

4 ^ 000 menj w j t 1 2Q^ guns j}^ Y) utch and Belgian Infantry are armed with single ]

breech-loaders, the rifles

rifles.

The Belgian Army

is

clothed

according to the French model bearskins of the Grenadiers peculiar

and

respectively,

_

follow the

adopting will

;

chiefly

the

tall

and Guides are

striking.

Both Holland and Belgium 1

strength of

present intention of introducing magazine-

will

have to

example of other nations

strict universal conscription.

be only when

this is

in It

accomplished that

their Armies will represent the armed Beaumont and Albini strength of the nation and satisfy the and there seems no demands made en a National Army.

TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. o}®>

N the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

Historical.

I

the inhabitants of Europe were several

times alarmed by a

common

danger, that

of invasion of their territories by a foreign race, Asiatic

by

extraction,

as

master of Constantinople, the capital

of the Eastern

and

set

up

This race<

its

Roman

their

Empire,

in

1453,

government there under a

Padishah or Sultan.

and connected extended

primarily with the Mongols.

known

itself

From

this point

they

empire further and further

to the north-west, over

Hungary and

the

Turks or Osmanli, had made intervening lands, and took possession of the Hungarian capital, Buda, or Ofen.

In

1683 they actually besieged Vienna, and this city it

would undoubtedly have

had not been

for its heroic

fallen if

defence

by

Field-Marshal Riidiger von Starhemberg,

Offices?

of l§& BoroBanje:

(full

clfe:^).

Offizev of t§e Ro|ioi?i

(un3.r>e:gs),

TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.

74

he was succoured by Duke and who was sent for that purpose to Charles of Lorraine with the Army of the Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Austrian Empire, and John Sobieski, King Mahmoud II., from 1835 to 1839, is no less

who

held out

till

The Turkish power now began and

its

during

than

a personage

of Poland. to wane,

forces gradually declined in strength

wars

the

with

Russia

Count

Field-Marshal

Moltke.

Army

Since his time, the Turkish

Though

has

is the improved after every war. One yet by no means equal to that of any of the

in

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

great Powers,

that

it

the fault of neither

is

by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire became detached from Turkish rule and

the military system nor yet of the Turkish

proclaimed their independence under their

soldier.

own

confused system of military administration,

sovereigns.

In this

way

arose the

still

The

responsibility lies with the

independent kingdoms of Greece, Servia, which deals in the most hopeless and in and Roumania, and the principality of the worst possible way with the clothing Bulgaria (under Turkish suzerainty),

all

of and equipment, and even with the feeding

them during the present century. Eastern and pay of the Army. According to the Law, every able-bodied Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but she has her own administra- Mahomedan inhabitant of Turkey is bound Christians are once the terror to serve in the Army. tion. The Turkish Empire payment of a fine. exempted on of Christendom is now fighting for very

Terms o£

—

—

and to retain her hold over the small remnants of her European possessions. existence,

Russia,

who

considers herself the champion

of the Greek-Catholic Church in the East,

Service in the " Nizam," or Active lasts six years, of

spends three and the Cavalry and Artillery-

man

lands

Bosphorus,

the "Sick

of if it

Man"

fleeting is

determined not to

let

frail

but subsequently six years

the Landsturm or period

go of her European of service with the Colours is usually reduced them, to two years, or three at the outside.

what

foretell

far-

reaching consequences such a war would

The whole Turkish Empire

give a short account of her

Army as

well as

stituted.

"Ordus"

peace-time to

of the others. since the disbanding of

is

divided

Nizam

is 1

supply

exceptionally conto 6 have each in 1

Army

troops, and, besides

Corps

this,

1

of

to 2

Army Corps of the Redif in case of necessity. and The seventh Ordu only possesses 1 Army

the Janissaries (who formed the Sultan's

body-guard, of 12,000

men

at

later of 100,000), organised her

purely European footing. is

The

first,

Army officer

on a Corps altogether.

who

chiefly responsible for this organisation,

Organisa-

tion into 7 military districts or " Ordu," of which

not skip her over, but must the seventh, Arabia,

Turkey has now,

in

As a matter of fact, the

stiff fight for

and since no one can

we must

Active Reserve or

After this the soldier joins the

him. Since, however, Turkey " Muhstafiz."

possessions without a

entail,

" Ikhtiat."

in the

were not that the ambition Landwehr or " Redif " for eight years, and

of other Powers has secured a life for

on the

and the

four years with the Colours

would by this time have undoubtedly seized remaining time the

Army,

which the Infantry soldier

Each

Corps

consists

of

Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions,

2

Infantry

1

Regiment

'

—

—

TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA. of Field Artillery,

and

i

A

i

battalion of Pioneers

Division consists of 2 brigades

Infantry brigade numbers valry

3,

regiments.

of strong positions, has faded.

one now look

of the Train.

2,

;

an their

and a Ca-

A regiment of Infantry

fiery

for the Spahis

horses,

With the

exception

In vain does

and Delhis on

crooked swords,

with

turbans and

flashing

75

waving

garments.

of the red

fez,

the

numbers 5 battalions, of which 1 is a uniform of the Turkish troops has a disDep6t battalion a regiment of Cavalry, 5 tinctly European cut. The " Nizam " wear squadrons, of which 1 is a Dep6t squadron. a dark-blue coat, usually wide in the body, The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 to allow of the growth and alterations of batteries, of which 3 are Horse Artillery the body, which take place during their and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns. six years' service, and the "Redif" wear The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most ;

Army,

Field

(including Redif) comprise a

adventurous-looking are the Bashi-Bazouks

strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512 guns,*

(i.e. " lost heads "), a wild body of Irregular and these could be heavily reinforced by troops who carry on war in their own drawing on the " Muhstafiz." fashion, and who are little amenable to disThe Infantry is armed with three different cipline. These wear bizarre and wildpatterns of rifles at this moment, but will looking dresses, and are armed with long shortly be armed altogether with a magazine- rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in

Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are war, but

rifle.

is

sadly deficient in good officers

armed with a repeating carbine. The guns and non-commissioned are good cast-steel breech-loaders from the

Krupp have

works.

The mountain

batteries

armies of the smaller States of the

Balkan Peninsula, organised on the

steel guns.

As

The

regards discipline and training, the

As

for

a discipline

lines of

great European Powers, will in future wars

Turkish soldier cannot be compared on the probably only act as

same grounds with

officers.

allies

to either Russia

European comrade. or Turkey. We need therefore founded on feelings of hasty glance at them.

his

cast but a

honour, respect, and love of country, the

Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, Greece has, in consequence of her Greece. however, compensated for to some extent by universal conscription Infantry 27 battalions of the Line and a religious fanaticism and a warlike spirit.

—

The Turkish soldier

is

easily satisfied,

quiet in his demeanour, unruffled, sparing

9 battalions of Cavalry

— 12 squadrons. —2 and

of words, dignified, obedient, and true to Artillery the

death.

The romantic

halo

which

endowed the Turks with unequalled fighting powers in the assault and formerly

unconquerable stubbornness in the defence * Numbering 468

battalions

squadrons Cavalry, 252 batteries 72 companies Engineers.

Tr.

Infantry, 432 Artillery,

and

Rifles,

Field,

and

talions,

1

2 Mountain

Garrison

bat-

Artillery

battalion, altogether 10 batteries with

64 guns.

The Army

(including

Engineers

and

Train, as well as Gendarmerie) consists of

about 30,000

in peace-time,

which could be

reinforced in war-time to 80,000

men

—

—

—

;

TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.

76

Servia can put into the

namely Field

Army —45

25

field 5 Divisions,

SEBVIA.

:

battalions, 25 squadrons,

Engineers and

besides

batteries,

Train— total, 65,000 men and iooguns. Reserve

Army — 65,000

men,

formed

similarly to the above.

Landsturm

—60

30,000

ID

1

30,000

comprising

battalions,

war-strength

Total

men.

men and 200

guns.

Bulgaria, although her constitution yet not definitely

behindhand

Army;

^>

The

put into the Tupki?B Inf&nity of

Roumania can bring 4 Army

ilje

in

settled,

the

of over 30,000

ReSi|,

into the ist Line

Corps, well-drilled and well-armed

(with repeating

rifles

and Krupp guns), and

2nd Line 4 more Divisions.

into the

Her

peace strength consists of Infantry

— 16

of the

battalions

Line,

4

battalions of Rifles and 65 battalions

of the Dorobanze (a Territorial Militia)

—

85 battalions.

total,

Cavalry

— 16

squadrons

of

Rosiori,

(Hussars) and 54 squadrons of Kalaraschi total,

species of

(a

Gendarmerie)

70 squadrons.

Artillery— 54 batteries with 312 guns.

The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men.

The

war-strength

battalions

Cavalry,

of

72

companies altogether

Infantry, batteries

of 1

120

80 squadrons

of

of

20

Engineers,

50,000

of

consists

Artillery,

and

men and 448

details

guns.

Besides these there are 32 Local Militia

and a body of men corresponding German Landsturm.

battalions to the

Bagf)i

-

as BTCall

would be able to

Army

an

is

not at

organisation of her

principality field

is

Ba?oukg

)

Rour

:;

(Review 0p3.ep. Fnnfed Jy

(?.

LSwamhn, Fuertk Bavaria

fe&

ania.

m&*. Engineers {evie* OrcUp.)

Transport.

of denaapmcptz.

(Ma*e§ing OrcleF.)

(In (speai-eoate.) PubSthed

%

JP»W*oto

CAhkk

<6 $»>*,

£

,

London.

e

TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.

77

a tiny country of only about 2,300 square

The

miles.

inhabitants

They

their country.

wild

are as

as

are a small, liberty-

loving nation, of great physical beauty, and

When

born warriors.

the Czar, the other

day, called the Prince of Montenegro the best

had

friend he

probably referred self

and

than

the

to

determined

on

earth, his speech

Prince him-

to the

less

whose

people

he

bravery

merit

much

so

admired.

This nation has for centuries known to preserve tried to

people,

independence.

its

Turkey,

how who

exercise a sovereignty, over the

came

determined

to grief

when met by

their

1862

the

opposition.

In

inhabitants of Herzegovina rebelled against

the sovereignty of the Crescent, and were

Montenegro

:

supported

Solcliep.

in

Montenegrins. well-trained men, besides 24,000

Landwehr thereupon

revolt

their

recalled their best general,

and 7,000 Landsturm. eastern LIA.

The Army species

of

of Eastern Roumelia

Militia,

which would

time amount to 64,000 men.

Army numbers efficiency

MONTE-

is

is

a

in war-

The Standing

only 3,400 men, and their

not very great.

Montenegro.

In the western portion of

NEGRO.

the Balkan Peninsula, between the Dinaric

Mountains and the Adriatic, though not touching the

mountain tants, "

latter, lies

land.

When the

a wild and craggy

According to the inhabiCreator was walking over

the earth, distributing rocks and plains, the

bag

in

which the rocks were

those which remained

fell

split,

and

on to Monte-

negro."

There can certainly not have>been many rocks in the bag, for the land of the Black

Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora)

is

by

the

The Turkish Government

Monienegpo

:

Jj°i 2

Omar

TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.

78

Pasha, from exile, and gave him the chief to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark

command

of

the

Herzegovina and her

forces

sent

against

against the advance of the Crescent.

Montenegro requires no law of universal

ally.

Pasha forced his way into conscription, for every able-bodied man Montenegro at the head of a powerful has, as a matter of course, been trained to Army. His forces were so superior to arms from his youth up. It has also no those of the Montenegrins that the latter Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for the

Omar

could not keep up their brave opposition Prince, composed of 300 men,* of for very long, but the

so

considerable,

impossible to get

glad

when

and at,

Turkish losses were are mounted. their

enemy

that the former were

the Montenegrins showed them-

selves willing to treat for peace conditions.

so

leasjt

35,000

It

is,

men and

could be put in the

50

a few mountain-guns

field in

case of war, in

order to defend the country against an

on easy invader from any quarter.

Montenegro, therefore, stands

whom

however, stated that at

* "Peganicis."

—

—

—

APPENDIX. <*s#>

SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE. \T

A

now

7"E have

VV

f

the Armies of Europe.

armed

country's

does

strength

however, consist exclusively of her

her

We

Navy has

not,

Army

;

to be reckoned with as well.

therefore,

will,

Brought forward

finished with our bird's-

e y e v ; ew

glance at the

naval

Torpedo-ships, mine-layers,

etc.

ships

.

.

....

.

.

There have certainly been

standstill

i.e.,

—

England. however,

the

in

The last

naval

late

is

development

as to the strength and

There were

at that time, off Portsmouth, several square

miles of vessels, altogether this

112 fighting-

was but a small portion of

England's Navy, for the total English Fleet

amounts follows

to

altogether

763

vessels,

as

:

Ironclad corvettes and cruisers

.

.

37

.

.

80

Sloops and gun-vessels

Gunboats

23

702

.28

Australia

2 31

.

Grand

total

763

France possesses

now

........ "Carried forward

.

FRANCE.

Men-of-war

25

Other ironclads

29

Cruisers

Gunboats and avisos

.....

Gun-sloops (small)

58

82

54 16

Torpedo- vessels, etc Torpedo-boats

136

Transports and sailing-ships

Coast and harbour service,

Turreted and belted men-of-war

195

of

great Naval Review,

efficiency of the British Fleet.

Yet

.29

taken into

August, appeared to disarm

all hostile criticism

ships.

.

South Africa

when

backsliding,

the race with foreign nations

account

33

Total

however much other

voices heard lately in Parliament anent the

alleged

43

....

try to overhaul her in ships

and material.

.

.

service

India

may

nations

259

Transports, sailing-vessels, and turret-

European States. Various, for coast and harbour The first place amongst Naval Powers is Auxiliary ocean steamers undoubtedly still held by Great Britain as seas,

.

Despatch-vessels and survey-ships

forces of the chief of the

queen of the

.

.120

Torpedo-boats

Auxiliary ocean steamers Total

...

etc. .

.

.

.

72

.107 .

14

593

40 102

259

Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks.

—

— —

APPENDIX.

8o RUSSIA.

81

Brought forward

Russia has of late years considerably increased her

56

spending her substance Torpedo-boats

fleet,

on large ironclads, which appear to Harbour and coast service be the fashion nowadays. Her biggest

chiefly

Navy

should not be,

all

The

latest recruit to the

boats are out of date, and not up to the organisation

The

requirements of modern naval warfare.

21 ..

44

..

Torpedo-.vessels and gunboats

21

Sailing-vessels, etc.

.

etc...

Coast and harbour service

So

Boat-flotilla..

33

.

.

we

officers

few

will give a

of the

is

whose naval details.

German Navy

consist

helmshaven with 2 captains,

flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-

corvette-

17

post-captains,

64

"captain-lieutenants,"

admirals,

33

120

sub-lieutenants. and 114 I40 lieutenants, Besides these, there are 1 00 naval cadets,, So surgeons in 123 and engineers, paymasters, and

Torpedo-boats (old and new) Transports,

Naval Powers

of 2 "Station-Chiefs" at Kiel and Wil-

numbers altogether

Men-of-war Monitors, and cruisers

126

" last not least," of

great many of her ironclads and- torpedo- Germany,

fleet

19

.

.

the same,

considered as a very powerful one, for a

The Russian

.

.

Total

The

ironclads are those in the Black Sea.

Russian

5

.

.

proportion.

The men, when on

shore, are formed seamen and 2 Divisions dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelms-

into 2 Divisions of

Total

482

of

Besides these, there

haven. ITALY.

The

naval forces of Italy have increased

very rapidly during the

At

present they

last

twelve years.

of "ship-boys," a Naval

a Division

Police Corps, 2

battalions of Marine Infantry at Kiel

and

Wilhelmshaven,

number

is

Marine

Artillery

at

2

companies

of

and

Friedrichsort

Men-of-war

19

Corvettes

Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval Medical 19 26 Department. The Marine Reserve and " Seewehr " are 10

...

Torpedo-vessels and avisos

Gunboats Torpedo-boats

122

Transports and survey-ships

Harbour and coast

service

Auxiliary ocean steamers

.

.

.

.... ....

19

92 7

formed similarly to the

Army

Reserve and

Landwehr.

The

materiel consists

of—

Men-of-war and other ironclads

.

.

Cruisers

Total

AUSTRIA.

and

her

fleet.

It

now

26

314 Torpedo- vessels, gunboats, and avisos Torpedo-boats

Austria also has considerably increased

26

Various for harbour service

...

1

93 42

consists of

Total

Men-of-war and cruisers

.

.

Torpedo-vessels and gunboats Corvettes, Transports,

and avisos

.

.

.

.

15

The

.

.

21

started

51

from

Carried forward

.

205

15

original

in

in

plan for forming a

1872-73, has. been

several

details/ gained

fleet,

departed

from the

GER-

MANY

APPENDIX. experience of other nations and from the

81

the foreign invasion of her coasts an im-

requirements possibility. It is difficult to forecast the knowledge of German economy had also something to do with probable development of the German ;

The building of huge ironclads Navy, for the colonies which the country was not persevered in, and more attention has recently founded and is still founding was paid to increasing the torpedo-flotilla will increase its task and may lead to the for the defence of the coasts and ports. formation of a much larger fleet.

the matter.

Although the Imperial Navy is not yet The recognition which the German Navy strong enough to compete successfully with has lately won on all sides, especially on those of other great naval powers on the the part of England, allows of the hope open

sea, still

gained,

merchant

service.

enabled to political

one great object has been that

the protection of trade and the

i.e.,

enter

Germany into

relations with

and to make the German all

parts Of the world

is

commercial distant

will also

now One and

countries,

flag respected in in

a

way which

would not otherwise have been

The Navy

also

be able

possible.

in the future to

defend the German coast-line and make

it

hand

soon be considered as fit to go hand with the German Army.

will

in

thing

successes,

is certain,

arid that

is,

that

its

whether in the hoisting of the

national flag in distant parts of the world,

or in the

more peaceful task of cementing

friendly relations with other Powers, are

followed

with

appreciation

Empire

the

greatest

interest

and

by the whole of the German

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_.

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.

„

1876 1878 1880

. . 1877 „ 1879 . „ 1881 .1882 „ 1883 .'.;,. • '.'„ 1884, „.' 1885 1886 ,,..1887 ~.," 1888' „ 1889 .

„.

.

.

.

.

,

.

Total include only pupils

.

.

.

.-

..',..•.. Sixty-seven,

r --r

...... .

"' -.

,

who were reading in Mr.

.

'

T.

.

,

•,'-:•-"''

iFitty-six

Sixty-two

56

67

..../,',

i

,

6a-

Eighty-oije

8t . . One hundred and seven 107 One hundred and twenty-one I2r One hundred 'and twenty-two 122

..

'.

.

.

.

; .

.

.

.

-.

.

.

.

.......

'

'

N.B.—The above Lists

.

,

.Six hundred and sixty-two. 662

.

'/

Wolflram's Establishment up to the date, of the Examinatioh,in question.

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