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Paper 2 / Section B (SUBJECTIVE) 1. List 2 types of stress intervention program 2. 2 main factors to determine the chemical toxicity 3. 2 forms effect the effectiveness of general ventilation system 4. Motor vehicle on Construction site always accident. Name 2 method to control the accidents / avoid 5. 4 machines at construction that need Certificate of Fitness 6. Air sampling to _____ & _______ contaminant? 7. Biological monitoring to human? ___________ & _____________ 8. Excessive Load for electrical equipment, how to control? name 2 9. Fire Spread Method, name 2. 10. Name 2 diseases associated to heat strees
Paper 2 Section C Question 1 Explain 5 problems that happen to shift workers (20 marks)
Paper 2 Section C Question 2 A welder fell from a roof while welding a metal beam. A ladder was used instead of scaffold. The supervisor instructed the worker to use the ladder. The assistant to the welder in on leave. Explain 5 control measures to prevent recurrence (20 marks)
Answer Question 2 The 5 control measures are: 1. Employees: training to ensure their awareness and competency 2. Duties and responsibilities: the need for ownership of the task. 3. SOP: this will ensure a safe system of work, and can be effective if it is derived from a risk assessment or job safety analysis 4. Scaffold: the use of scaffold will reduce risk of falling when safety harness is used 5. Working at ground level. A study should be carried out to establish the feasible for welding to be done at a ground level. This will eliminate the necessity of working at height.
Paper 2 Section C Question 3 a.List the other 4 components in the diagram (next slide) (4 marks) b. Explain 2 of the components above (6marks) c. Explain 5 control measure to prevent biological hazard (10 marks)
10a. List the other 4 components in the diagram below (4 marks) Pathogen
Transmission through environment
10a. Ans: The other 4 components in the diagram are: Pathogen Reservoir Escape from reservoir
Transmission through environment Entering route Susceptible host This is known as the chain of infection
10b. Explain 2 components A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host. It is used to refer to infectious organisms which includes bacteria, viruses (e.g. HIV), and fungi (e.g. yeast). The Reservoir Host. This is where the organism in which the infectious microbes reside (humans e.g. in lung, in animals or insects) Escape from the reservoir. This is the escape of the pathogen from the reservoir. Examples: respiratory secretions, blood exposure, breaks in skin Transmission through environment. This is the method by which the pathogen gets from the reservoir to the susceptible host. Transmission may occur through: direct contact (person-to -person), indirect contact (object such as contaminated endoscope), air (droplet nuclei of tuberculosis) or insect
Explain 2 components Entering route. This is the route through which the pathogen enters its susceptible host e.g. through inhalation, ingestion of breaks in the skin Susceptible host. This is the organ that accepts the pathogen. The support of pathogen life & its reproduction depend on the degree of the effective resistance to a particular pathogenic agent.
10c. Explain 5 control measure to prevent biological hazard Control measures - Chain of infection A circle of links, each representing a component in the cycle must be present and in sequential order for an infection to occur. Interrupting the chain of infection is essential to control biological hazard
10c. 5 control measure to prevent biological hazard Interrupting the chain of infection: 1. Pathogen Identification: Identification of infectious agent & appropriate treatment identification of infectious agent 2. Asepsis & Hygiene: Potential hosts & carriers must practice asepsis & maintain proper personal hygiene 3. Control Portals of Exit: Employees must practice necessary precautions such as control and disposal of body secretions & washing hands. Asepsis: practice to reduce or eliminate contaminants (e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites) from entering the operative field in surgery or medicine to prevent infection. Ideally, a field is "sterile" (free of all contaminants), but difficult to attain. Elimination of infection is the goal of asepsis, not sterility.
10c. 5 control measure to prevent biological hazard 4. Prevent a Route of Transmission by: practice good hygiene such as washing hands, use of appropriate disinfection & sterilization. Other prevention techniques include isolation of infected patients and not working when one is contagious 5. Protect Portal of Entry. Ensuring that ports of entry are not subjected to pathogens (nose, mouth, eyes, urinary tract, open wounds, etc.). Use of PPE may help in some cases
Paper 2 Section C Question 4 a) List 4 hazards in the office b) Explain 2 hazards that you have stated in (a) c) Explain 6 control measures for the hazards mentioned in (b)
Paper 2 Section C Question 5 Cradle to grave concept. Discuss. (20 marks)
Paper 2 Section C Question 6 a) Definition of confined space and 2 examples b) 4 main hazards when working c) Causes of oxygen deficiency in confined space d) 4 safety measure + illustrations