Advanced Ndt 2

NDT PART 2

Wave forming •

Sending a bundle with a conventional UT probe (EMISSION) : – –

• Sending a bundle with a Phased-Array UT probe (EMISSION) : –

Pointing an acoustic bundle according to Huyghens principle

– Exact time delays are electronically generate, so that a certain angle is determined

Pointing an acoustic bundle according to Huyghens principle Sole introduces diverse time delays so that a certain angle is determined

Principles of Phased Array • Possibilities of Phased Array Technology This example illustrates a linear PA probe Beam Deviation

Beam Focalisation

Beam Deviation + Beam Focalisation

Combined bundle processing • The phased-array technology makes it possible to use almost every combination of bundle processing's like: – focusing + sending – linear scanning + sending –…

Contemporary Medical PA

Example of Phased Array equipme

Omniscan

 X: 0  Y: 0

Channel name

Scale Y

Zoom Y

Color palette

End Y

Begin Y

End X Begin X Scale X Zoom X

ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2 edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API 620

Vinçotte’s approach on Carbon Steel; By using linear phased array probes, the volume will be inspected with multiple TOFD channels

ASME BPV Code Section VIII div.1 & 2 edition 2001 Code Case 2235-6 and API 620 Vinçotte’s approach on C/St.; In addition to the two TOFD channels, Phased Array PE will be applied from both sides to compensate the limitations of TOFD at the surface and width

Probe movement

Data Visualization for TOFD and PE Combined

45-SW(left) 60 SW (left)

TOFD

60-SW(right)

45-SW(right)

Justification of the use of TRL PA probes on stainless steel The use of piezocomposite, twin, side by side, phased array UT probes, gives a good response to all of the diffuculties that are encountered in stainless steel welds / casts. With these TRL PA probes, multiple laws can be simultaneously generated (with variable refracted angle, variable focalisation depth and variable skew angle), as illustrated below : Variable Refracted Angle Variable Focalisation Depth Variable Skew Angle

Variation of Refracted Angle

Variation of Focal Depth

Variation of Skew Angle

FOCAL DEPTH

ANGLE = 0

SKEW = 0

Page 9

Vinçotte’s approach on Stainless Using low frequency TRL PA probes, PE channels from both sides for volumetric inspection

Applications of TRL PA Probes Illustration of the volume coverage using a set of 48 laws Examination of the inner surface

Examination of the upper surface

Searching for defects at the inner surface

Searching for defects at the upper surface

Elements 65-127

Elements 1-64

Elements 65-127

Elements 1-64

Real Image Complemenary Image 30 mm

Refracted Angle = 0°

30 mm

Refracted Angle = 8° 14.5 mm 14.5 mm

14.5 mm

30 mm

searching without skip

searching after skip

Searching for embedded defects without skip

Searching for embedded defects after skip

Elements 65-127

Elements 1-64

Elements 65-127

Elements 1-64

Real Image Complemenary Image 30 mm

Refracted Angle = 39°

30 mm

Refracted Angle = 37° 14.5 mm 14.5 mm

14.5 mm

30 mm

Applications of TRL PA Probes Influence of these different components is simulated Beam simulations using CIVA 7 and PASS software’s

Finite element code for piezoelectric structure design

Inspection on HHA (back scatter technique) •Micro cracks at the grain boundaries scatter ultrasound, •Example with conventional ultrasound equipment

Inspection on HHA (back scatter technique) •Micro cracks at the grain boundaries scatter ultrasound, •Example with Phased Array equipment

Welding: T-Joint Corner Crack weld

Corner Crack

Inspection of rotors and blades

UT Pipeline inspections Principles & Industrial Applications

Combination PE - TOFD

Combination PE - TOFD

Combination PE - TOFD

TOFD-PE Phased Array

Turbines disk, blade attachments Turbine bore

Upper Pressuriser weld

Turbines disk

CANDU feeder tubes

3D simulations Validation Work

High-speed pipe weld inspection

Inspection Of Pressure Vessels

RPV welds BWR core shroud, BMW, CCSS, & other austenitic welds

Advanced training Flexible PA Probes

CRDM head penetrations UT of SG tubes BMK Fuel Channels

Corrosion mapping • The efficient way to present, visualize and measure corrosion and erosion

Conventional thickness measurements After calibration a time measurement is done and it takes the sound 4,194..µs to get back to the receiver: 4,194..µs x 5,96mm/µs = 25mm After calibration a time measurement is done and it takes the sound 2,097..µs to get back to the receiver: 2,097.. µs x 5,96mm/µs = 12,55mm

25,00

12,50

Corrosion mapping

Corrosion mapping • • • • • • • • • • • •

Examination possible on complex geometries by positioning of probe with infrared camera or pattern recognition Analysis with help of computer Proof of entire examination Thin zones are directly visualized in a given color High reproducibility for repeated examinations No ionizing radiation ( On Streams) No interference with other activities (no evacuation/transport) No environment damaging waste Permanent data saving in digital format in on line produced C-scan High inspection speed Direct available information, automatic report printing Easy distinction between corrosion and laminations

DEPEC • Detection and Evaluation of Piping Erosion/Corrosion • Carbon Steel piping 4” to 10” • Evaluation of corrosion under pipe supports

DEPEC • DEPEC – Way to inspect under piping support • Lower costs • Removes the risk of damage during lifting – DEPEC is able to detect corrosion or erosion on large surfaces in a fast way – Wall thickness diminutions will form an obstruction for the sound passage – Analysis is done by looking at the A-scan characteristics – Data can be analyzed on-line or afterwards by saving a B-scan

• Disadvantages – With this method it’s only possible to evaluate the quality of the erosion / corrosion signs, i.e. reporting the gravity of the corrosion : • • • •

no discrimination between erosion/corrosion slight corrosion serious corrosion (thickness decrease larger than 35% of the nominal thickness) The gravity of erosion according to graphics

Digital Radiography A radiographic pattern is exposed on reusable phosphor plates, which creates a latent image This latent image is read and digitalized in a “CR Reader”, and can be viewed on site => No reshoots This data is processed and can form a digital radiographic image => Data can be used in data base (RBI) Immediate follow up. No chemicals, no darkroom D5/D4 film type image quality Exposure time 2 to 20 times less than with conventional radiography, depending on necessary image quality

Digital Radiography

RawContrast Image enhancement Sharpeningwindow/level Emboss inby ROI

– Change contrast – Measure

WT-Scope for On-Stream applications Wall Thickness measurement :

Source set up for tray 3 Diameter of tower (bottom section) : 7m400 Phospor Plates Wall thickness : 20 mm Inside 4 trays of 3 mm thickness each In normal condition a few centimetres of liquid on the trays and in the downcomer Downcomer Operating temperature : 400°C TRAY 3

Co-60 Isotope ( positioned 50 cm below tray level )

North-East View of 3rd Tray

Wide gap between two panels

Downcomer

North-West View of 3rd Tray

Wide gap between two panels

Source set up for tray 2 Phosphor Plates Downcomer

TRAY 2

Co-60 Isotope ( positioned 50 cm below tray level )

North-East View of 2nd Tray

Panels missing from tray 2

North-West View of 2nd Tray

Panels missing from tray 2

Digital Radiography • Digitizing Films

Positive Material Identification •

Positive Material Identification Positive Material Identification (PMI) is one of the more specialized non-destructive testing methods. With Positive Material Identification the alloy composition of materials can be determined. If a material certificate is missing or it is not clear what the composition of a material is, then PMI offers the solution. PMI is particularly used for high-quality metals like stainless steel and high alloy metals. While engineers push the boundaries of material capacities to their limits in the design, assurance that the proper material is used becomes ever more important.

Eddy Current • Heat exchanger pipes (ferritic and non ferritic) • Surface and near-surface defects

UT - ET Eddy Current

Ultrasonic

Good at detecting surface defects

Poor at detecting surface defects

Near sub-surface defects reasonable to detect

Near sub-surface defects difficult to detect

Deep sub-surface defect detection is impossible

Good sub-surface defect detection

Probes are less sensitive to flaw orientation

Signal is strongly influenced by flaw orientation

No couplant needed, stable results

Couplant is needed between probe and material causing cariable results

Probe can be made wide and profiled to cover wear face

Defect must be on probe centre line

Faster inspection speeds

Slow inspection speeds

Materials • Material structure – Macro structure – Micro structure – Corrosion

Materials • Material analysing – – – – –

Destructive testing Hardness testing Replica’s Certification Welding & Welders certification – ……..

Other • Other:

•– Assessment – – – – – – – – –

Inspection of rotating machines Measurements using a dilatometer Machines Vibration analysis Tele-visual inspections Pipe Current Mapper (PCM) Storage Tanks Vacuum testing Tightness Helium tightness studies Coating inspection Roughness ISO 805

NON INTRUSIVE INSPECTIONS • POTENTIAL BENEFITS ARE: Improved safety for inspection personnel, by averting vessel entry Increased confidence in plant integrity Basis for plant life extension Critical flaw size can be quantified for future purpose Intrusive inspection can be averted, saving operational and maintenance costs The method (s) applied are: • • • • •

Systematic Fully auditable Compliant with applicable regulations Derived using competent personnel throughout Cost effective

RISK BASED INSPECTION

• Risk Based Inspection is the explicit use of Risk Assessment to plan, justify and aid the assessment of results from inspection, testing and monitoring regimes.

Our NDT & Inspection clients / services

Petro- Chemical

Construction

Training

Pipelines

Power Generation

Energy Storage tanks

Off shore

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Cross point – Leuvensesteenweg 248 1800 Vilvoorde +31 (0)2 536 84 31 +31 (0)2 536 84 42 WWW.Vincotte.com [email protected]

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